// LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE iColie|e,__.^uT\cls June 26, 1892.] THE GAEDENEKS' OHEONIOLE a TOtckb HlustrattiJ Journal OF Horticulture and Allied Subjects, [ESTABLISHED IN 1841.) VOL. XI.-THIRD SERIES. JANUARY TO JUNE, 1893. LONDON : 41, WELLINGTON STEEET, COVENT GARDEN- W.C. 1892. Pev 1812. i.oNii'.j.- : BRADBL-RT. ARNEW, & CO. LIMD . PRIKTEUS, WHITKFUIARE. The Gardeners' Chronicle, INDEX OF CONTENTS. JANUARY TO JUNE, 1892. Aberdeen, 147 ; University Natural History Museum, 311 Acacias, hardiness of, 108 Acreage of fruit in Great Britain, 242 ; of nursery grounds in 1800 and 1891 in Great Britain, 274 Action of some soil constituents on fruit and vegetables, 466 Adelaide, 331 ^"Eschynanthus pulcher, 143 Africa, West, plants from, 146 Agaves, 146 ; American, flowering, 54 Agricultural statistics, 18, 498 Albury, 147 Algeria, 115 Alkaloid from Clirysanthemum flowers, a new, 338 Allotment ground at Clewer, high rental for, 407 Alnwick Castle, 662 Aloe aristata, 720 Alpines at Newick Park, 749 Amateur's experience with Orchids, an, 307 Amateurs' garden, the, 144, 212, 244, 268 ; notes, 211 American blight, 245 ; and kerosene, 281 American nursery, a large, 436 Analysis of Spanish Grape soil, 76 Ancistrolobus carneus, 138 Anemone ITannini, 761 ; A. hortensis, St. Bridgid's variety, 760 Angraecum Chailluanum, 45 ; A. Leonis, 593 ; A. sesquipedale, 84 Anonas, are they evergreen ?, 469 Anthracite coal, 247 ; as fuel, 310 Anthurium, hybrid, 434 ; Novelty, 658 ; A. Scherzerianum Wardii, 589 Apiary, The, 47, 111, 175, 270, 431, 495, 559, 685, 755, 811 Apple, Ashmead's Kernel Improved, 374; Cockle's Pippin, 439, 466; Newtown Pippin, 491, 596 ; Norfolk Beaufin, 491, 597 ; Northern Spy, 491, 532, 564, 697 ; Reinette pomo- logue Hage, 143 ; Sturmer Pippin, 469 Apple bushes, forming, 458 Apple crops, our, 177, 246, 278 Apple grafts, 211 Apple orchard, a natural, 344 Apple trees, thinning and cleaning, 148 Apples, arsenic in American, 84, 439 Apples, Canadian, 118 Apples, alleged disappearance of En- glish, 212 Apples and Pears, in suburban gar- dens, 20 Apples, &c., from Tasmania, 243, 765 Apples, home grown, 211 Apples, little known, 469 Apples, multiplicity of varieties of, 330, 406 Apricots attacked by caterpillars, (!0U ; late-flowering of, 466 Araliad, a new, 50 Aralias, 82 Arbutna Andrachne, 405 Aristolochia clypeata, 435 Arsenic and weeds, 314 ; in American Apples, 84, 439 Artichoke, the Jerusalem, 4.34 Ash as a timber tree, the common, 237 Asparagus, 729 ; French, 790 Aspidistra elatior bearing seed, 22 Aspleniums, some useful, 109 Association on Railway and Canal Traffic, the Mansion House, 244 Aster. China, farm at Erfurt, Mr. T. C. Heinemann's, 172 Auricula, the, 565, 589, 629, 666 ; the show, 108 ; A. white, 694 Australia, fruit from, 628 ; perfume- plants in. 73 Avondale Park, opening of, 759 B Bactehia in soil, 370 Balsams in small pots, 532, 684 Bambusa Metake, 523 Bananas c. Plantains as food, 338 Bartram House and garden, 498 Baskets for Odontoglossums, 277 Battersea Park in summer, 683 Beau culture, 74 ; weevil, 345 Beans, Haricot, 237 Beaufortia sparsa, 466 Beet, cultivated, origin of, 626, 695 ; diseases of, 726 Beets for sugar, 594 Begonia Princess Beatrice, 734 ; B. octopetala-Lemoinea Fleur d'Au- tomne, 145 Belgium, 211 ; Parcel-post tariff, 594 Bequests to domestics [gardeners], 406, 438 Berberis Darwinii and B. steno- phylla X , 728 Berlin Public Park, 758 Berry-bearing covert shrub, 461 Biarritz, 436 Bignonia venusta, 212; at Syon, and others, 157 Birds, British, 137 ; of commons and woodlands, 14, 75 ; and the past summer, British, 54 Birmingham Rose show, 625 Black Currant and Gooseberry cater- pillar, 473 Blenheim Palace Gardens, 693 Blinds for greenhouse, 565 Bocconia cordata, 23, 149 Becking Place, Orchids at, 429 Bodorgan, Anglesey, 75 Bomarea sororia, 338 Bones, how to dissolve, 314 BOOKS, Notices of :— Africa, Flora of (Durant and Sohin-), 18 ; Annals of Scottish Natural History, the, 50 ; Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 468; Book of Choice Ferns for the Garden, Conservatory, and Greenhouse (Geo. Schneider), 760; Botanical Magazine, .50, 240. 496 ; Conspectus Florae AfriciE {Durant and Schinz), 18 ; Dictionnaire de Botanique (Baillon), 338: Die Na- tiirlichen Pflanzen Familien (Eng- ler), 466; DieVeredelungen liir die Verschiedenen Baiime und Straii- cher {Von Xicholas Gaucher), 23; Disease in Forest Trees (C. £. Curtis). 564 ; Elements of Agricul- ture ( W. Fream) -04 ; Fruit Growers' Guide, the (Jno. Wright). 499; Frukthnset nied Dertil Horande Kulturer (M. P. Andersen), 18; Grasses of the South West {Dr. Geo. Vasey), 338; Grevillea {Dr. Cooke), 371; Grasses of the United States, 402 ; Handbook of Destructive In- sects of Victoria, 683 ; Handbuch der Laubholzkunde {Dr. Dippel), 19 ; Handbuch fur Pflanzen siimmler (Dr. Udo Dammer), 403; Hooker's Iconea Plantarum, 240, 594; Hor- ticultural Exhibitor's Handbook {W. Williamson), 659; How to be Comfortable with one Servant (Mrs. J. E. Baker), 19; Indische Heil und Nutz Pflanzen und der Cultur ( Von A. Tschirch), 177 ; Jas- min, life of (Samuel Smiles), 18 ; Journal of the Scottish Meteorolo- gical Society, 371 ; Journal of the Royal Horticultural Societv, 464 ; Kew Bulletin, 113. 210. 240, 369, 402, 691 ; La Rose (M. J. Bel) 20; Les Fleura a Paris. Culture et Commerce (M. Phillippe de Vilmdrin), 684 ; Les Maladies des Cereales(./('a» Loverdo), 564 ; Letters from a Country House (Anderton), 23; Manual of Orchida- ceous Plants, Part Vlll. (/. H. Vcitch). 628 ; Miniature Fruit Gar- den, the ( T. F. Biirrs), 20 ; Natural Science, 242 ; (Jrchid Album, the, 18; Orchidienbuch (Stein), 530; Orchid Hunter, Travels and Adven- tures of an (Albert Millican), 48; Pflanzen Biologische Schilderungen (Prof. Gochel), 274; Philosophical Notes on Botanical Subjects (E. M. Bonaria), 684; Poultry for the Table and Market (W- ^- ^''i"''" meier), 628 ; Revision der Arten von TroUius (Dr. Buth), 1-2^ ; Rosarian's Year - Book, the (Bev. H. H. D'Ombrain), 115; Seven Dreamers (Annie Trumball Slosson), 23 ; Sar- gent's Silva of North America, vol. iii., 564 ; The Book of Choice Ferns (George Sehneider), 275; The Apo- didce ; a Morphological Study {H. M. Bernard), 684; The Carnation (Dodtoell), 243; The Formal Garden in England (Reginald Blomfiehl and F.Inigo Thomas), 276; The Garden Oracle, 338 ; The Oak : a Popular Introduction to Forest Botany (H. Marshall Ward), 596; Traite de Chimie Agricole (P. P. Deherain), 727 ; Traite d'Horticulture Pratique (Georges Bcllair), 564; Xenia Orchi- dacea (Dr. Kriin:lin), 371. Bordeaux Mixture as a Preventive to the Potato Blight, 106 Botanic Garden, Brussels, 242 ; Glas- gow, 532; Institutions in the United Kingdom, India, and the Colonies, 56; Cape Town, 76; Montpellier, 530 ; Natal. 464 ; Saharunpur, 76 ; Trinidad, 172 Botanical Congress, International, at Genoa, 466 ; Study in Glasgow, 532 Bouvardias, 719 Brebner, Mr. George, 19 Briar stocks, 149 ; for standard Rosea, 82 Brighton and Sussex Horticultural and Mutual Improvement Society, 657 Bright winter shrub, a, 342 British Guiana, 461 Brittle timber, 211 Broccoli and Cauliflower, G33 ; late, 792; notes on. 473 Brown spots, 467 Brussels Botanic Garden, 242 ; Or- chids at, 211 Brussels Sprouts, 84, 237; club in, 696 ; B. Paris Market, 405 Bryngwyn, 103 Buddleia Colvillei, 788 Buildings erected by tenants, 314 Bulb garden, the, 312 Burleigh House by Stamford Town, 105 Burmese Vanilla, 692 Butter-nuts, 146 Cabbages, Ellam's Early and others, 631 CKsalpinia japonica, 143 Caffeine, new use for, 692 Calandrinia umbellata, 469 Calanthes, potting, 438 Calceolarias, hardiness of herbaceous, 247, 278 California as a home, 2.36, 310, 556 California, plants in, 108 Calochorti, hardiness of, 181, 238 ; in the open air, 138, 180 Calophaca Wolgarica, 730 Camellia, a venerable, 242 ; grafting, 461 Camellias, 342, 438 Camphor in Formosa, the production of, 81 Canary Islands, the, 692 Cannes, a garden at, 487 ; Winter ram- bles round, 265 Canterbury Bells, 694 Cape fruit, 628 Cape Town Botanic gardens, the, 76 Carex variegata, 54 Carnation, an emerald-green, 115 Carnation and Picotee Union, Oxford, 462 Carnation, Winter Cheer, 277, 342 Carnations at Canford Manor, 761 Carnations, tree, 86 Carnations and Picotees from seed, 308 lY The Gardeners' Chronicle,] INDEX. Carrot grub, the, 500, 564, 597, 661 Castor- oil Plant, the, 236 Cattleya Alexandrse, 340, 406; C. eranulosa var. Sohofieldiana, 171 ; C. labiata, 74, 307 : and the Gardeners' Orphan Fund, 115; C. 1. var. Lud- demanniana, 171 ; C. Ptrcivaliana, 107; C. P. Southgate var. 180; C, Triana; Cobbii, 220 Cattleyas, disease in, 275. 279 Caucasus, and its flora, 585. 686 Cauliflower, Walcheren, 631 Cedar of Goa (Cupreesus glauca), 22, 180 Celery culture, 140 Celery, dwarf v. tall, 180; in May, 631 ; iTery's Nonsuch. 491 ; old and new varieties of, 237; Sulham Prize Pink, 333 : varieties of, 278 Celsia arcturus, 373 Centropopron Lucvanus, 238 Ceylon, 172. 233 ; Peradeniya Gar- dens, 268 Charing Cross Embankment Garden, 210 Charred refuse, 83 Cherries, the changes which ripening undergo, 434 Chfster, new park at. 531 Chestnuts, sweet, 762 Chicago Exhibition, 146, 370, 530, 563, 625, 658, 789 ; horticultural building at, 107 ; monster tree for, 498 Chimonanthus fraarans, 213, 407 China, plants of Western, 146 Chinese economic products, 492 ; Primrose, the aboriginal, 12 Chiswick Gardens. 151 Choisya ternata, 335 Chnrozema cordatum var. splendens, 205 Chou de Burghley, 149, 151 Chrysanthemum, colours of the, in Japan, 306 Chrysanthemum Exhibition at Vienna, the first, 18 Chrysanthemum flowers, a new alka- loid from, 338 ChrysaDthemum Golden Gem, 309; groups, .53; C. Louis Bcehmer, 55; C.Mrs. Robinson King, 22; leaves in salad, 403 ; C. sports in Austra- lia, 312 Chrysanthemums in Eebrnary, 238 ; foreign opinion of some new, 274 ; show-stands for Japanese, 182; for show and usefulness, 84 Chysis bractpscens, 652 Cinerarias, 475 ; at Farnham Rival, 594; crossing and raising, 475; white, 374 Cirropetalum americanum, 364 Citron culture in Corsica, 149, 182 Clematis from seed, 729 ; in pots, the, 205 ; indivisa lobata, 530, 662 Clewer, high rental of allotments, at, 407 Clianthus Dampieri, 281, 341 ; C. puniceus, 345 Climbers for conservatory, 398 Clove Tree at Zanzibar, the, 81 Clnb, Horticultural. 50, 113, 178, 244, 370, 530, 724, 758 Club in Brussels Sprouts, 439 Coco-Nut, double, at Kew, 562 Coco leaves and Eucalyptus oil, 403 Coco-de-Mer, Barr^, and the discovery of the, 649 Ccelogjne lentiginosa, 490 Coffee in East Central Africa, 526 Coke, watering, 117, 180, 277, 311 Colonial fruit trade, 695 Colonial notes, 24, 76, 108, 172, 312, 331, 474 Coloration of flowers, the artificial, 306, 329 ; of leaves, 691 Colour of fruits, 663 Committee of Nomenclature, a hint to, 497 Comus, forest of, 617 Conifer garden at Chiswick, 369 Conifers, introduction of, 52, 74 Conservatory climbers, 398 Cooke, Mr., presentation to, 371 Cooks and gardeners, 118 Copper salts, for the prevention an! palliation of the Potato disease, 403 ; solution, 505 (see Potato disease) ; sulphate, and Potato disease, 50 Cork pavement, 692 Comus sanguinea, 342 Correspondence, foreign (see Foreign) Corsica, Citron culture iu, 149, 182 Corsican Pine, the, 174 Cottager's Kale, 374 County Council instructor, a case for the, 338 " Covent- garden lifeboat," 273 Covert shrubs, berry-bearing, 461 Creepers for a wall, 475 Crichel, Lord AUington's garden at, 810 Cronberg, hothouse at, 234 Crosses and crossings of plants, 235, 206, 298 Crotons in winter, 54 Crown Imperial, the, for pot culture, 590 Cryptophoranthus Dayanus, 338 Cucumbers, 663 ; for exhibitioD, 790 ; Blue Gown, 760 Cultural analogies. 306, 341 Cultural notes, 341 Culture V. Nature, 786, 815 Curled Kales, notes on, 469 Currants, green, 406 Cyclamen, a well-bloomed, 301 Cyclamens at Greenlands, 342; at Hanwell, 340 Cyclone in Mauritius, 759 Cycnoches glanduliferum, 204 Cymbidium eburneum, 588; C. erandi- florum, 267 ; C. pendulum, 45 Cyphomandra betacea, 23 Cypripedium BoescheriariumX, 11 ; C. calceolus, 760; C. Chamberlaini- anum, 496; C. Xchrysocomes, 781; C. insigne, 107 ; C. Lawrebel X . 561 ; C. Niobe, 45; C. ornatum, 42S; C. Youngianum X , 74 Cypripedinms, hybrid, 11 ; in hanging baskets, 781 Cytisus Ardoinii.632; C. scoparius var. Andreanus, 594 Daffodil bulbs, analysis of, 593 ; disease of, 18; pallidus prascox, 490 Daffodils in Ireland, 556 Dahlias, Tom Thumb, wanted in- formation about, 54, 118 ; pompon, 685 Daisy eradicator, 532 Daphne Blagayana, 493 Daphnes, deciduous, 729 Datura suaveolens, 593, 694 Davenham Bank, Chrysanthemums and Orchids at, 23 Decimal system, the, 656 Decoration-house, 406 Dendrobium atro-violacenm, 490; D. crystallinum, 490 ; D. infundibulum, 652; D. nobile, 728 Dendrobiums at Mr, James Cypher's, 307 Dendrobiums, pruning, 247, 309 342, 407, 469, 565, 652 Deutzia gracilis, 460 Devon fruit farm, a, 178 Dew, and its action on plants, 753, 815 Diagrams of wild flowers, 307 Dianthus Freynii, 692 Dickson, Mr. George, made J.P., 19 Diervilla hortensis, 174 Diosma uniflora, 538 Directory, American Florists' Com- pany's, 530 DIsa incarnata, 619 Disas, &c., at the Cape, 341 Diseases of plants, 245 ; of the repro- ductive organs of plants caused by fungi, 301, 331, 373, 397, 472, 490, 524; of Cattleyas, 275, 279; of Gooseberries, 815 ; of Melons, 530 ; of Potatos, report of Board of Agri- culture, 789 (see Potato, copper- salts) ; of Figs, 663, 666 Dogwood, 374 Doronicums, 685 Doryopteris and Pteris, 523 Downton Castle, 747 Dry Glazing, Messrs. Sam Dearda & Co., 403 Dublin, Tercentenary of Trinity Col- lege, 273 Dulwich Park, 807 Dutch Potato crop, 401 Dyer, Thiselton-, Mr. W. T., 434 ; and the honour of C. I. E., 693 Early Peas, 212 Eaton Hall gardens, 625 Edinburgh public parks, 18 ; school of art and science, 594; University, forestry lectures at, 504 Education of Gardeners, the, 83, 141, 147, 148, 179, 212 ; in gardening and spade industry, technical, 9. 51, 82, 113, 116, 240, 246, 304, 309. 342, 681 ; in the counties, 148 ; in the villages, 178 ; Question, the, 80 Egg plants, 22 Egypt, rural industries of, 733 Elseagnus, evergreen, 308; E. japonica variegata, 342 Elders, scarlet-berried and other for subtropical bedding, 439 Electric lighting from windmills, 434 Electro- culture, 42 Elm Lodge, Beckenham 395 Embankment garden. 210 Emigrants, hints to, 724 Emmenanthe penduliflora, 339 Endlicher, Stephen, monument to, 211 Epidendrum macrocheilum album, 107 Erica hyemalis, 498, 532 Bridge Castle, 720 Euadenia eminens, 434 Eucalyptus farming, 18 ; fruiting. 46S ; globulus flowering, 180, 212, 247 Eucalyptus Gunni, 787 ; oil, 203 ; trees flowering, 469 Eucharis Bakeri, 563 ; culture, 766 Euphorbia hiberna, 20 Eurybia Gunniana, 780 Exhibiting, methods of, 630 Fastening wall trees, new method, 629 Feeding London, 272 Fern, a new. 434 ; stealing, 502 ; Moonwort. 790 Fernery at Nant-y-Glyn, 336 Ferns, British, of the future, 756 ; exhibitions of. 560 ; multiple parent- age of, 87, 428 ; rare and new, 813 Fertilisation of Wheat, 475 Figs, caprification of, 562 ; diseased, 663 ; fungus on, 666 Florists' fiowers, 55, 86, 139, 238, 308 ; by seeds, improvement of, 176 ; hardy, 752 ; vagaries of, 336 Flower distillation at Grasse, 779 Flower garden, the, 15, 46, 79, 110, 143, 175, 207, 239, 270, 302, 335, 367, 399, 430, 463. 494. 526. 558, 591, 625, 655, 689, 723, 764, 785, 810 Flower trade, Scilly, the, 273 Flowers, formation of, period of, 627 Flowers, artificial coloration of, 329 ; transpiration Irom, 691 ; writing on, 658 Flowering of Apricots, late, 466 Fog-eliminating plant-house, 242 Foliage plants, for rooms, 497 Foreign correspondence, 24, 77, 141, 238, 307, 727 Foreetrv. 142. 206, 237, 367, 559, 653, 721,785,811 ; in 1891, 86; for deer, 85; lectures, University of Edin- burgh, 242 Forget-me-not, the, 523, 630 France, prohibition of American Vines into, 693 Free gardeners, order of, 789 Freesias, culture of, 205 ; in New Zealand, 108 French Asparagus, 790 French cut flowers, 338; Roses, new, 687 Frost in May, 625 ; iu Norfolk, 278 ; in Wiltshire, 23 ; effects of late, 814 Fruit and small holdings, how to make the best of 10 acres of, 84, 751 ; crops, 728 ; culture, 528 ; in Lanca- shire and Cheshire, 498 ; culture profitable, 619 ; exhibiting, inter- national, 791 ; Farm Co., Torquay, 562 ; growing in Sydney, 402 ; in the Midlands, 309 ; growing, for profit, 721; in Great Britain, acreage of, 242; nntes, 752 ; prospects, 496. 629, 662, 792 ; and protecting trees, 311 ; room in May, 596; trees, injury by frost to, 435 ; mixtures for spraying, 330 ; pruning, 53; spraying, 626, 657; colonial and foreign, 496 ; colouring of, 466 ; dried and preserved, 532 ; from Australia, 628 ; from South Africa, 339, 403; from Tasmania, 531 ; from the Cape, 304, 531, 628 ; show, international, 273, 466, 497, 731 Fruit and vegetables, action of soil on, 466 Fruit-buds and sparrows, 309 Fruit garden, hardv, 14. 47, 79, 111, 142, 173. 207, 239, 271, 302, 335. 366, 398, 431, 462. 494. b'lT, 558. 591, 622, 655 688, 722, 754, 784, 810 Fruits, hardy, colour on, 663 Fruits under glass, 47, 78. 110, 143, 174, 206, 238, 270, 302, 334, 366, 399, 430, 462, 495, 526. 559, 590, 623, 654, 689, 722, 754, 785, 810 Fuchsias, seedling, 202 Fuel ; anthracite coal, 247 Fuels and stoking, 180, 246, 278, 312 Fuels, the comparative value of various, 135 Fungi, Australian, 18 Fungus, the Larch, 729, 761, 790 Galanthds caucasicas, 312 ; G. Fos- teri, 312 Gambia, cultural industries at, 628 Gambir, 659 Garden, Embankment, Charing Cross, 210 Gardens, Lai Bagh, the, 114 ; Royal Botanic, Manchester, 52. 375, 758 Garden produce and parcel post, 468 Garden pupils, 20 Gardener, a royal, 652 Gardeners and their employers, 247 ; associations, 691 Gardeners' Magazine, the 2000th weekly number of the, 306 Gardeners' Orphan Fund, 50, 208, 214. 306, 371, 656, 659, 692, 695, 729. 758, 790 ; sale of Cattleyas for, 50 ; bequests to, 69 Gardeners' position, 281 Gardeners' Royal Benevolent, the, 51, 112, 120, 339, 788 Gardeners' training, 278 Gardeners, two famous, London and Wise, 361, 621 ; unlucky, 54 Gardenia disease, 376 ; 6. florabunda. 565 Gardening as a profession. 304, 342 ; instruction in, 681. (See, under Education) Gardening notes, 312, 730 Gardening periodicals, list of, 119 Genoa International Botanical Con- gress, 466, 693 Geographical names, spelling of, 51 Ghent, horticultural meeting at, 115, 242, 531 ; quinquennial, the thir- teenth, 210, 243, 402; Orchids at, 658 Ginger, 562 Ginger-beer plant, the, 19 Gladiolus brenchleyensis, 438 ; in Rose beds, 438, 565 Glannsk Park, 521 Glazing, clip, 473 ; dry, 403 Gooseberry caterpillar, 473, 532 Gooseberry without spines, 594 The Gardeners' Chronicle,] INDEX. Gourd garden, a, 4'.t Grafting, 4(5 ; Khododendrons, 735 Grafts, Apple, 211 Grape, new, Marchioness of Down- shire, -47 Grape soils, 13S ; Vine, treatment of, 118, 14'J Grasse, flower distillation at, 777 Greenhouse blinds, 437 Greening of plants, 726 Grimston Plant Protector, 43G Gueldres Kose, &c., 490 Guiana, British, 4GI H Uajipton C-^urt, spring bedding at, 6'Jl Hardy florist's flowers. 752 Haws, &c., sowing, 238 Hawthorns, planting. 237 Heating by steam, 604 ; by hot water. Hedges for woods and plantations, 341 Hedychium Garduerianum, 178 Helianthus, 238 Hellebores (Lent Koses), 564; of the ancients, the, 13 Herbarium pest, 2U, 54 Heredity, 724 Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh Hor- ticultural class in, 439 Highbury, near Birmingham, 525 Hinge for glass-house lights, 119 ; new garden, 311 Hippeaatrum, the, 489 Holly hedges, manuring, 374 Hollyhock rust, a new, 19 Holmes Memorial Fund, 371; challenge cups, 691 Horticulture at the Columbian Ex- position, 788 Horticultural building at the Chicago exhibition, 107 (see, under Chicaco) Horticulture, lectures on, 82, 277; practical teaching of, 788 (see, under Education) Horticultural Club (see Club) Horticultural College at Swanley, the, 402; Exhibition, International, 145, 369, 464, 562, 624, 651 Hot-beds, how to make and use them, 44 Hothouse of the Empress Frederic at Cronberg, 234 House decoration, 406 Hyacinth Monsieur Krelage, 273 Hyacinth and Tulip show at Haarlem, 176 Hyacinths at Haarlem, 505 Hyde Park, spring bedding in, 588 Hydrastis canadensis, 662 Hjeres, 409 Hylurgus piniperda, 469 Hypericum Buckleii, 143 Ilex cornuta, 405 Importation of plants, &c., to Mexico, 307 ; see plants, &c. International Fruit Show, 273 International Horticultural Exhibition, 369, 464, 624, 651 Ireland, Willow growing in, 53 Islands, Mascarene, 717 Isle of Man, exhibition at, 338 Isles of Scilly flower trade, the, 273 jAcaniNiA aristata, 108 Jamaica, 172 Japan, flora of, illustrations of, 178 Jardin des Flantes, the, 50 Jasminum nudiflorum, 182 Jerusalem Artichokes, seeding of, 211 Jodrell laboratory at Kew, 531 Jubilee -vpar of the Royal Gardens, Kew, 16 K Kkw Gardens, 691 ; history of, 297, .•J93, 435, 45S Kew, Jubilee year of the royal gar- dens, 16, 240 Kew notes, 525 ; plants in flower at, 780; rock-garden at, 435 ; scene at, 656; temperate-house at, 18; theft of Cactuses from, 726 ; Water-Lily house at, 751 Kingston gardeners at Clareraont, 788 Kitchen earden. the. 15, 47, 79, 110, 143, 174, 217, 238, 271, 303, 334, 369, 399, 430, 462, 495. 527. 557, 590, 654, 688, 722, 754, 785, 810 Kniphofias at home, ■554 Laeken, conservatories at. 5.55 LiElia anceps. a tine, 74 ; L. var. tene- brosa, 171 Lajlio-Cattleya X Phoebe, 791 Lagenaria virginalis, 85 Lai Bagh Gardens, the, 114 Land cleaning, 692 Larch fungus, 729, 761, 790, 815 Law:— Chard v. Corry & Co.. Lmtd., 7(i5 ; Fern stealing, 502 ; Hamill v. Keid & Bornemann, 183 ; Lady gar- deners, 248; Parker v. Freeman, a claim for wages by a gardener, 344 ; Sale of " weed-killers " by seedsmen, 280 ; Wholesale Fern pilfering, 473 Leaves, acquisition of green colour by, 691 : effect of exposure on the size of, 659 ; from Vines, removal of, 52 ; removal of the, 467, 500 Lectures on horticulture, 82, 277 (see Education) L'i-^e, new and rare plants at, 682 Lilac, forced, 341, 406 Lilium auratura, price of, 342 Lime, on heavy soil, 659 Literary gardening, 216 Lithospermum fruticosum, 632 Livistona, the Australian species of, 179 London and Wise, two famous gar- deners, 361, 621 London, feeding, 272 ; new market in. 789 ; public gardens association, 813 Longleat gardens, 626 Lycaste lasioglossa, 364 : L. Skinneri, second flowering of, 149 M Madras, forest department, 627 Maidenhair Ferns, 11. 57, 77 Manchester Royal Botanic Gardens, 52, 375, 758 Manganese in place of iron, 371 Mangroves from Colombo, 370 Manitoba, 498 Manure, depreciation of. by exposure to wet and fermentation, 275 Maiechal Niel Roses, earlv. 460 Market gardens in Paris, 658 Market, new, in London. 789 Mascarene Islands, the, 717 Mauritius, cyclone in, 759 Meehan, Professor, 789 Melbourne, 474 Melon growing, modern, 300 Melons, as cordons, 490; diseases of, 530 Mesua ferrea, 138 Metropolitan Public Gardens Associa- tion, 273 Mexican plants, 146 Mexico, importation of plants to, 307 Mignonette Golden Queen, 460 Mildew in vineries, 406 Miltonia hybrida Bleuana, 74 ; vexil- laria, 75, 171 Mistleto, 116, 179 ; on fruit and other trees, 246 Moles and wireworms, 406 Monte Carlo, public gardens at, 77 Moonwort Fern, 790 Moore Fern herbarium, the, 149 Moorea irrorata, 489 Mormodes Rolfeanum, 203 Moss, what it is, 314 Movements of plants, photographic representation of, 628 Mowing machines, an improvement in, 662 Mulberry, the, 41. 117, 149; as a weather gauge, the, 118 Mushroom culture, 278 Mushrooms, outdoor, 686 N Names, length of, 403 ; popular, 562 Narcissi, repeated hybrids and recipro- cal hybridism in, 331 Narcissus, basal rot in, 695 Natal Botanic Garden, 464 Nebraska, 692 Nectarine and Peach trees, experiments with, 83 Nectarines, early, 814 Nepenthes stenoohylla, 401 New Guinea, 26.S New Zealand, Freesias in. 108 Newick Park, alpines at, 749 Nicotine fumigator, 729, 761 Niphetos, climbing. 22 Nitrate in soils, the formation of, 338 Nitrification, 691 Nitrifying ferments of the soil, the, ."lO Nitrogen, how do plants obtain their, 50 ; of our leguminous crops, the scarce of, 432 ; the loss of, during the decomposition of manures, and how to prevent it, 307 ; sources of, 434, 592, 694 Nomenclature committee, a hint to, 497 Nomenclature of plants, the, 368, 400, 403, 562 ; question, 531 Normanhurst Court, notes from, 344 Notes of the day, 178 Novelties of 1891, 10,43 Nursery, American, an, 436 Nursery at Christmas, a market, 55 ; gardening, then and now, 687 ; grounds in Great Britain, acreage of, in 1890 and 1891, 274 ; J. Veitch & Sons', flowers at. 404 Nursery notes. 55. 77, 269, 307, 340, 404, 436, 469, 470, 500, 566, 567, 096, 631. 663, 761 Nymphifia Daubenyana, 691 Oak 1100 years old, burning of an, 657 Oaks. West American, 18 Oakwood, Wisley, Mr. G. F. Wilson's garden at, 810 OBITUARY:— Acton, W.T.. 25; Bow- man, Sir William, 440; Brown, W., 440; Brunt, G., 816; Butters, C, 154; Caird. Sir Jamea, 215; Cole, Edmund, 702; Conmbe, B., 89; Cooper, Edward. 599; Cowburn, Thomas Brett,440 ; Daviea, William, 699; Fairbairn. Edward Frederick, 154; Fitch, W. H., 120; Grant, Colonel, 215 ; Grant, Mrs., 67 ; Henderson, Montgomery, 247 ; H.R.H. the Duke of Clarence, 80; Mitchell, R, 632; Moir, P., 120; Morgan, Benjamin, 474 ; Parker, Robert J., 152 ; Rawlings, Mrs., 215 ; Roberts, J., 215 ; Smith, James, 504 ; Statter, Thomas, 25 ; Taplin, James, 315: Thibaut. L., 120; Thomson, R. E., 215; Watson, Sereno, 409; Williams. James, 25: Williams. James, 53 ; Woodman, Dr. W. R., 25 Odontoglossum coronarium, 171 ; 0. crispum, 309 ; O. c. var. nobilior, 235 ; 0. Halli cristatum, 587 ; 0. Pescatorei, a fine, 364 ; O. Phalso- nopsis, 171 ; O. Kassii from Chelten- ham, 235; O. lluckerianum, 429; I), vexillarum, 75, 171 Udontoglossums, a group of, 210 ; baskets for, 277 ; culture of, 211 ( )lea fragrans, 524, 630 Oncidium loxense, 45; O. PhaUenop- sis, 107 Onion-fly, the, 597 ; remedy for, 629 (Inion seed, costly, 114 Onions, the trade in, 150 Open spaces in towns, 626 Ophioglossura pendulum, 650 Oranges, Jaffa, 658 Orchid, an economic, 19 ; culture, 459 Orchid houses, the, 15, 46, 7'-l, IIU. 142, 175, 206, 239, 270, 303, 334, .366, 398. 431, 463, 494. 527, 558, 591, 622, 655, 689, 723, 755, 784, 810 Orchid hunting, 48 Orchid Notes and gleanings, 11, 45,74, 107, 171. 202, 2.35, 341, 364, 397, 428, 4611. 490, 587, 625. 781 : sale, great, 33S; treatment, 364 Orchids, an amateur's experience with, 307 ; and Lilies, at Twickenham, 307 ; at Avenue House, Southgate, 588 ; as cut flowers, 11 ; at Booking Place, Braintree, 429; at Bowden Hill House, '235 ; Broomfield, sale of, 364; at Brussels. 211,530; at Bur- ford Lodge, Dorking, 782 ; at Cam- bridge Lodge, 587 ; at Earlscliffe, Bowdon, 365 ; at The Grange, Hack- bridge, 588 ; at Rochester, New York, 75; at the Hon. J. J. C. Abbott's, Montreal, 782; at Warn - ham Court, Horsham, 397 ; at Mr. Malcolm Cooke's. 595 ; at Mr. Alf. van Imshoot's. 464 ; at Messrs. B. S, Williams & Son's, 269; at Messrs. Hugh Low & Co.'s, 77 ; at M. Lemoinier's at Lille. 562 ; at Messrs. Seeger & Tropp's. 307 Orchids, Australian, 74; in the United States of America, 460; list of cultivated, 434 Ornithology in relation to horticulture, 597 Orphium frutescens, 372 Oxford Carnation and Picotee Union, 462 Palms at Kew, 562; fan, of Australia, 619, 652 Pansies in pots, 55 Papaver rupilragum, 790 Parcel Post and garden produce, 468 Paris market gardens, 658 Park, Avondale, opening of, 759 Pavement, cork. 692 Pea Criterion, 278 ; P. Superabundant, 438 Peach, scale insect on, 704; yellows, 402 Pear Beurie Baltet pere, 310; new, Ghellinck de Walle. 24 ; Louise Bonne, tall tree of, 84; Pitmaston Duchess, 54 Pears, cracks and spots on, 117, 180 Peas and their growth, 52 ; a trio of, 181 ; Criterion and other, 237 ; Champion of England and Success, 342; early, 212, 815; selected, 333 ; sweet, 204, 310 Pelargonium, Rollisson's Unique, 694 Pelargoniums at Bowood, 84 Pentstemons and Antirrhinums, 473 Perfume plants in South Australia, 73, 759 Periodicals, list of gardening. 119 Philadelphus microphyllus. 86 Phippen's flower show at Reading, 369 Phlox, herbaceous, 341 Pholidocarpus Ihur, 665 Phosphate of lime, 410 Picea nigra, 81 Pine beetle, the, 469 Pine, Corsican. the, 174 Pine disease, 736 VI The Gardeners' Chroniole,] INDEX. Pinus clausa, 594 ; P. laricio, 246 ; P. aylvestris aurea, 405 Pithecolobium Saman, 556 Plant names, pronunciation of, 597 Plants for rooms, 109 Plants, New or Noteworthy, Descbibed : — Aglaonema costatum, 426; Aloe aurantiaca, 780; Aqui- legia transylvanica, 650 ; Calanthe Testita Fournieri, 488 ; Caltha al- pina, 650 ; Carnation, Mrs. A. Hems- ley, 682 ; Catasetum Lichtensteinii, 171 ; Cattleya Alexandra, 522 ; C. Victoria Regina, 586 ; Clema- tis brevi-caudata, 488 ; Ccelogyne cnprea, 619 ; Crinum firmifolium, 362 ; Curcuma Bakeriana, 682 ; Cy- pripredium Baconis, 171; C.calceolus X macranthus, 394 ; C. Chamber- lainianum,234 ; C. X Cleopatra,458; C. Cowleyanum,72; C. Ensign (Harrisi- anumX barbatum'biflorum) (Crossi), 73 ; C. exul, 522 ; C. Harrisianum roseum, 136 ; C. insigne, Le Doux's Tar., 363 ; C. X Huybrechtaianum, 554; C. Leda, 202; C. Swinburnei, X, 136; Cyrtauthus Galpini, 682; Dendrobium barbatulo - chlorops, 298; D. chlorops, 136; D. densi- florum clavatum, 394 ; D. O'Brien- ianum, 266 ; D. x Nestor, 718 ; D. Fvolfeffi X , 522 ; Epidendrum Godseffianum, 136 ; Eria Lauche- ana, 809 ; Gentiana pyrenaica, 650 ; Huernia Penzigii, 719 ; Dief- fenbachia (?) olbia, 522; Dipcadi serotina, 748 ; Kniphofia Nelsoni, 554 ; Leptotes bicolor var. brevis, 42 ; Lissochilus Grsefei, 749 ; Ly- caste Skinneri var. Mr. F. L. Ames, 298 ; L. S. var. Mrs. F. L. Ames, 266 ; Masdevallia x Cassiope, 749 ; Odontoglossum Andersonianum pul- cherrimum, 586; 0. platycheilum, 587 ; Oncidium Gravesianum, 650 ; Oreopanax Sanderianum, 718 ; Pelexia Travassosii, 330 ; P. Wendlandiana, 426 ; Pbajus hybridus, 619 ; Phalsenopsis Amphi- trite, 618; P. Schilleriana purpurea, 105 ; Podocarpus Mannii, 113 ; P. pectinata, 113 ; Sempervivum Tho- mayeri, 104 ; Stapelia Woodii, 554 ; Thrinax Morrisii, 104; Tradescantia reginoe, 522 ; Vanda Arbuthnotiana, 522 ; Viola declinata, 650 ; Yucca Hanburii, 749 Plant peats, 597 Plant Portraits : Abelia rupestris, 371 ; Acer carpinifolium, 696 ; A. palmatum var. Aokii, 207 ; iBschy- nanthus palcher, 143 ; Anguloa uni- flora var. Treyerani, 207; Apple Antonooka, 207 ; A. Eeinette Pomo- logue Hage, 143; A. Supreme de Peck, 596 ; Anthurium hybridum, 468 ; Azalea nudifiora, 371 ; Bil- bergia Franz Antoine, 24 ; Bomarea frondea, 693 ; Brassavola glauca, 596 ; Brownea macrocephala, 623 ; Csesalpinia japonica, 143 ; Callirhoe papaver, 24 ; Calochortus flavus, 371 ; Carnation Ketton Rose, 207 ; Cattleya velutina, 693 ; C. Wa- rocqueana, .596; Cereus nycticalus, 371 ; Chamajropshumilis (fruits), 371 ; Chrysanthemum Madame E. Fierens, 24; C. Mr. Georges Neyt, 207; Cochlioda Nof zliana, 371 ; Ccelogyne lentiginosa, 468 ; Chysis bractescens, 693; Cypripedium Fairrianum, 24; C. Godseftiianum, 468, 596 ; C. in- signe Mooreauum. 693 ; C. Lucie, 371 ; C. Niobe, 596 ; C. vexillarinm, 207, 693 ; Dendrobium atro-viola- ceum, 468; D. bigibbum, 468; D. infundibulum, 693 ; Desmodium nuditiorum, 726 ; Doryanthes Pal- meri, 24 ; Elajgnus parvifolia, 596 ; Epidendrum Mantinianum, 623 ; Fuchsia triphylla, 207 ; Gladiolus Marceaux, .371 ; G. Dr. Walcot, 371 ; HouUetia odoratissima, 526 ; Hype- ricum Buckleii, 143 ; Iris atro- purpurea, 24 ; I. reticulata, 371 ; Ksempferia Kirkii, 371 ; Lielia grandis var. tenebrosa, 207 ; Lilac Madame F. Morel, 371 ; Lonioera Halleana, 24 ; Masdevallia Reichen- bachiana, 371 ; Mormodes buc- cinator var. aurantiaca, 207 ; Odontoglossum crispum var. xau- thotes, 207 ; 0. Ortgiesianum, 24 ; 0. prsstans, 596 ; Oncidium splen- didum, 24; Ornithogalum pyra- midale, 596; Pancratium fragrans, 596; Paulownia imperialis, 596; Pear Legipout, 596; Phyllocactus hybr. Ami Broquet, 371 ; Ranun- culus fascicularis, 143 : Rhododen- dron Ceres, 371 ; R. Hexe, 596 ; Rhodorhiza floridum, 726 ; Romneya Coulteri, 24 ; Rosa trigintipetala, 596 ; R. Wichuriana, 24 ; Rose La Vierzonnaise, 372 ; Rubus csesius, var. Turkestauica, 372; Sarracenia purpurea, 24 ; Saxifraga Fortunei, 727 ; Selenipedium caudatum, 596 ; Senecio sagittifolius, 372 ; S. pulcher, 24 ; Solanum macrocarpum, 596 ; Spirffia multiflora arguta, .596; Streptocarpus, hybrid varieties, 372 ; Templetonia retusa, 372 ; Tigridia pavonia, 25 ; Trichocentrum triqae- trum, 372 ; Trillium erectum, 727 ; Vanda ccerulea, 25 ; V. ccerulescens, 372; Viburnum tomentosum, 143; Vriesia hybrida (Barilleti X splen- dens), 143 ; Vresia hybrida Codi- eusis, 143; Vriesia obliqua X, 596; Zygopetalum cerinum, 596. Plants, importation of, to Mexico, 307 Plants, influence of sugar on, 466 Plants, new and rare, at Liecre, 682 Plants of Western China, 146 Plants, the greening of. 726 Plants under glass, 15, 46, 78 (see Plants and their culture). 111, 143, 174, 208, 239, 271, 302, 335, 366, 398, 431, 463, 494, 526, 558, 591, 623, 654, 689, 723, 754. 784, 811 Podocarpus pectinatns, 562, 692 Podocarps, two new, 113 Poinciana regia, 108 Pollen, what it is made of, 726 Polyanthus, 694 ; reverted forms of, 662 Polyanthuses, garden, 500 Postal facilities, 400 Potato crop of the world, the, 300 Potato culture, experiments in, 403 Potato disease, prevention of, 50, 553, 758; and the copper treatment, 178, 403, 505 ; scab, 267 ; Gentleman, the, 473 ; report of the Board of Agriculture, 789 Potatos in Ireland, last century's, 210, 342 ; Irish, 247 ; judging, 342 ; plant- ing, 438 ; preservation of, 243 ; Ring- leader and White Kidney, 702; Round and Kidney, 374, 405 Pot-herbs and flavourings, 268 Pot plants for cut flowers, 173 Presentation to Mr. David Syme, 726 Price, good, for a tree, 468 Primrose, the wild Chinese, 12 Primula, Chinese, 139; P. Forbesii, 498 ; P. obconica, stinging the skin by, 469 ; P. sinensis, culture of, 172 ; P. s. from Chelsea, 307 Prospect House, Woodford Green, 594 Pruning, and canker in fruit trees, 83 Pruning fruit trees, 53 Prunus Davidiana, 530 Pteris and Doryopteris, 523 Public Gardens Association, London, 813 Queensland, a gardening paper fcr, 307 Railway and canal traffic, 244 Rain as a source of nitrogen for vege- tation, 434 Ranunculus cortusifolius, 464 ; R. fas- cicularis, 143 Raspberry shoots, infested with cater- pillars, 633 Rats and mice : prevention better than cure, 407 Regel, Edward von, the late, 595 Rhododendron, 247; R. campanula- turn, 695 ; R. eximium, 596 ; R. Falconeri, 695, 790 Rhododendrons, &c., at Crichel, 810 ; in the Park, 789 ; Himalayan, at Penllergare, 488 Ricinus, the, 236 Rivers and soil, temperature of, 627 Rock garden, the, 620 Rock plants in flower, 729 Rodriguezia pubescens, 427, 469 Roezl, Benedict, 52 Room plants, 109 Root-hairs, 467 Root-grafting, experiments in, 659 Rosa gigantea, 658, 724 Rosarian's year book, the, 115 Rose Bank, Malvern, 496 Rose, climbing Niphetos, 22 ; R. climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison, 24 ; garden in March, work in, 340 ; R. La Vierzonnaise, 338 ; prospects, 750 ; show fixtures, dates of, in 1892, 306, 464, 628, 724, 812 Rosery, the, 82, 150, 276, 340, 395, 460, 489, 619, 750, 783 Roses, a house of, 150 ; among the, 457 ; stocks for, 783 ; Briar stocks for standard Roses, 82 ; cuttings of, 271 ; for walls, 489 ; hard pruning of. 500 ; hybrid Tea, 395 ; in pots. 396 ; M. Niel, early, 460 ; pruning, 276 ; Tea, in the flower garden, 460 ; Tea- scented, propagation of, 619; Weevils on, 666 Rot, basal, in Narcissus, 695 Royal Institution, 20 Rural Industries of Egypt, 733 Russian grain export prohibition, 691 Saccolabium cceleste, 75 ; S. Hender- sonianum, 364 Saharunpur Botanical Gardens, 76 Salix caprisa, 564 Saltpetre as a remedy against cater- pillars, 114 Saxifraga granulata, fl.-pl., 734 ; S. muscoidea rubra, 734 School of horticulture, a, 338 Scientific COMMITTEE: Angrascum sesquipedale, monstrous, 535; Azalea sport, 631 ; basal rot of bulbs, 631, 701 ; Birch bark, 440 ; Carnations attacked by AuthomyidiE, 534 ; Carnations, diseased, 631 ; Cattleya Mendeli, monstrous, 792; Cephalo- taxus, 701 ; China silk, 701 ; Coni- fers, growth of, 631 ; Cypripedium caudatum reversed, 701 ; C. Day- anum, .374 ; Daffodils, basal disease of, 631, 440; Dissochroma viridi- flora, 375 ; dyeing of flowers, the, 375; Endogens, branching of, .534; Ficus elastica, fruiting, 701 ; Fuchsia, monstrous, 701 ; galls on Ribes, 534 ; Hellebore with curled leaves, 701 ; Hellebores, 374 ; Helleborus tor- quatus, 375 ; Iris florentina, 792 ; larva; destructive to grass in Hong- Kong, 374 ; Lettuce mildew, 534 ; Mistleto from Pyrus mains, 375 ; Mountain Ash, disease of, 375 ; Narcissus bulbs attacked by Acari, 534 ; N. bnlbocodinm, fasciated, 534; Narcissi, hybrid, 374, 440; Odontoglossum citrosmum, mon- strous, 631 ; 0. crispum, 701 ; Orchids attacked by beetles, 631, 701 ; Pine-apple, monstrous, 631 ; Plants exhibited, 375 ; Primula For- besii, 535 ; Ribes, adventitious buds on, 374; swellings on, 440; Rasp- berries attacked by Dothidea, 534, 631 ; scale insects on Palms in West Indies, 534; Schizocodon soldanel- loides, 535 ; Sugar-cane attacked by boring insect, ^0 ; Tea plant, dis- eased, 701 ; Tellima grandiflora rubra, 375 ; Tauga Mertensiana, 701 ; Tulip, fasciated, 701 ; leaf, mon- strous, 631 ; Tulip, two-coloured, 374 Scillas, 469 Scilly Isles, flower trade of, 273 Scotland, 24, 245, 311, 339, 404, 439, 503, 532, 701, 791 Seakale, Lily White, 630 Seed, of Wallflowers, 83 Seed-trade, the, 492, 693 Senecio sagittifolius, 243 Sheffield Botanic Gardens, 216 Shobdon Court, 425 Shrubs, berry-bearing covert, 461, 493 Siam, 147 Sisal-grass, 692 Small holdings, 274 ; in Tuscany, 337 Smith, Martin R.. Eaq.'s garden at Hayes, Kent, 783 Snowdrops and Snowflakes, 374 ; in Charboro' Park, 403 Snow in the streets, melting, 148 Societies : — Aberdeen Gardeners' Protective Union, 404 ; Amateur Gardeners'Aasociation.530; Becken- ham Horticultural, 468 ; Benefit and Provident Society, 499 ; Birming- ham Chrysanthemum, 337; Birming- ham Gardeners' Association, 242, 274 ; Birmingham Pansy show, 789 ; Birmingham spring show, 503 ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 311 ; Brighton and Sussex, 471 ; Brighton and Sussex New Horticul- tural, 471 ; British Fruit Growers' Association, 147, 531, 566; Brixton, Streatham and Clapham, 210 ; But- ley Tulip Show, 793 ; Cardiff, 499 ; Carnation and Picotee Union, Oxford, 462 ; Cheltenham, 658; Chislehurat Gardeners' Mutual Im- provement Association, 273 ; Crystal Palace, 470 ; Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Association, 211, 273, 339 ; Devon and Exeter Mutual Improvement, 52 ; Dutch Horticul- tural and Botanical, 338, 594, 813 ; Dundee Horticultural, 119; Eccles and Patricroft Chrysanthemum, 215 ; Edinburgh Botanical, 245, 404, 537, 701; Falkirk, 503; Fre- mantle and District Protec- tion, 530; Ghent, 530, 6.58, 812; Hertford Horticultural Mutual Im- provement, 178, 370 ; International Fruit Exhibition, 466,497,731; Kent County Chrysanthemum, 146, 307; Leeds' Paxton, a39 ; Linnean, 177, 210, 273, 306, 370, 402, 434, 496, 499, 563, 624, 691, 788 ; Liverpool Amateur Gardening Association, 339 ; Liverpool Horticultural Asso- ciation, IS."?, 470 ; Lynn Horticul- tural, 530 ; Midland Carnation and Picotee, 244 ; Moseley Rose Show, Birmingham, 496 ; National Auri- cula and Primula, 466 ; National Auricula (S. section), 535 ; National Carnation and Picotee (S. section), 273 ; National Chrysanthemum, 371, 466; National Dahlia, 210; Na- tional Rose, 50, 176, 211, 817 ; New- castle and District Horticultural, 280; North of England Horticul- tural Association, 408; Notts Horticultural and Botanical, 530; Orchid^enne, 113; Reading and District, 434 ; Reigate and District Chrysanthemum, 146 ; Royal Botanic, 409, 562, 565, 656, 664, ; Royal Caledonian. 471 ; Royal Horticultural, 50, 120, 151, 169, 183, 208, 213, 306, 343, 369, 374, 409, 440, 470, 502, 534, 597, 624. 657, 664, 696, 762, 787, 792, 816 ; R.H.S. Temple Show, 696 ; Royal Horticultural of Aberdeen, 312 ; Royal National Tulip, 792; Royal Western Horticultural, 764 ; The Qardeuera' Chronicle,] INDEX. [.Tuns 25, 1893. VU Scottish Horticultural, 701 ; Shrews- bury Horticultural. 242 ; Shropshire Horticultural, 306 ; Southampton, 4,'!4 ; Southern California Horticul- tural, 402 ; Tunbridge Wells Gar- deners' Association, 116 ; United Horticultural Benefit and Provident, 339; Windsor, Eton, and District, 339 ; York Florists', 339, 563, 759 ; York Gala, 793 Soil, Bacteria in, 370 ; constituents ot, action on fruits and vegetables, 466 Soil for Vines, analysis of, 76 Soils, Grape, 138 ; Spanish Grape analysis, 76 South African fruits, 210 (Spain, notes from, 814 Sparrows and fruit-buds, 309 Spiraea confusa, 405 Spots, brown, 4G7 Spraying fruit trees, mixture for, 330 ; to destroy insects and fungi, 403 Spring growth of trees, 336 Spring, hieing to meet the, 504 Spring Grove House, Isleworth, 686 Sprout, Early's Curled, 525 St. Andrews, 273 St. Vincent, 632 Stachys tuberifera, 662 Stands for Japanese Chrysanthemums, 246 Stanhopea Wardii, 364 Stauropsis Warocqueana, 428 Steam heating in horticulture, 501, 729, 761 Stinging the skin by Primula obconica, 469 Stocks, East Lothian, 565 Stocks and soil for Roses. 783 Stock-taking, 114, 24.3, 370, 563, 625, 813 Strawberry, culture in Cornwall, 115; Jno. Ruskin, 439, 1)30 Strawberry-leaf tea, 370 Strawberries, fine early, 407 ; in pots, wintering, 630 ; in wet weather, 22 ; plants to rear, 634 Stray Lea, Harrogate, 695 Streptocarpus Galpini, 139 Streptosolen (Browallia) Jamesonii,685 Substitutes, tea and coffee, 374 Sugar beets, 594 Sugar on plants, influence of, 466 Sulphate of copper and Potato disease, .50 (see Bordeaux mi.xture, Potato disease, copper salts) Surveyors' Institution, the, 273 Swanley, Horticultural College at, 402 Sweden, the winter in, 24 Sweet Briar, a pest, 658 Sweet Chestnuts, 720, 762 Sweet Peas, 310 ; growing, 204 Sydney Botanic Garden, 632 Syme, D., presentation to, 726 Syon House gardens, (i28 Tabern.kmontana coronaria, 341, 761 Tacsonias, 593 Tamarind, the, 108 Tasmanian Apples, 765 ; fruit, 339 Tea and Coffee substitutes, 374 Tea Roses in the flower garden, 460 Technical education, 9, 51 Technical horticulture, lectures on, 240, 246 (see education) Tecoma capensis, 275 ; in Florida, 310 Temperate-house, Kew, 18 Temple show, R.H.S., 624 Thalictrum rhynchocarpnm, 722 Theophrasta Jussiaii, 759 Thuia gigantea, 212 Thyrsacanthus rutilans, Tilia tomentosa, 730 Timber, brittle, 182 Tin-can, a widely- travelled and useful, 310 Tits, 374 Tomato in Great Britain, the, 759 ; the Tree, 22 Torquay Fruit Farm Co., 562 Trade notices : Clay & Sons, 151 ; Dickson & Robinson, Manchester, 24 ; Hale Farm Nurseries, 215 ; Mil- lard & .1. Sharpe & Son, 57; Morris & Griffin, 765; .Jongkindt Coninck, A. M. C, 121 Traffic, Railway and Canal, the Mansion House Association on, 244 Traveller's notes, a (Mr. .James H. Veitch), 332, 372, 426, .555, 660, 621, 752 Tree, a good price for, 468 Tree pruning, 657 Tree Tomato, the, 22 Tree, value of a, 115 Trees and shrubs, 17, 213, 308, 335, 405 ; newly planted, 702 ; on lawns, ornamental, 149 Trees for marsh and mountain, 142 Trees, spring growth of, 336, 491, 587 TreguUow, 342 Trent Park, New Barnet, Herts, 55 Trichodesma physaloides, 363 Trillium grandifolium, 685 Trinidad, Royal Botanic Gardens, 172 Tropseolums, 725, 790 Tying material, a new, 81 Tulip tree, how raised, 475 Tulips, Old English, 814 Tunbridge Wells gardeners' associa- tion, 658 Turner Memorial prizes, 465 Tuscany, Small holdings in, 337 U United Horticultural Benefit and Pro- vident, 369 United States, floriculture in, 725 UstilagineiE as parasites, the, 429 Vanda Amesiana, and V. Kimballi- ana, 279 ; V. cojrulea, 272 ; V. Deni- soniana, 496 ; V. teres, treatment of, 475 Vanilla, Burmese, 692 Van Imschoot's, Mr., Orchids, 464 Vegetable perfumes, 692 Vegetables, 405, 683 ; earthing up, 405 ; in Scotland, 339 ; thorough culture for, 203 ; winter, 80 Veitch medallists, W. Watson and .J. Heal, 813 Veitch, Mr. J. H. (see a Traveller's Notes) Viburnum tomentosum, 143 Victoria regia, 310 Vine borders, heat for, 83; lateral shoots on the, 63.3 Vines, 634 ; prohibition into France of American, 693 Vines, removal of leaves from, 52 Violet Frau hof-Gartendirektor von Jiilke, 303 Vriesia hybrida (B. Barilleti X splen- dens), 143; V. Leodensis, 143; V. tesselata var., 658 Wallflower seeds, 83 Wallflowers, 54, 695 ; double, 565 Wall trees, new method of fastening, 629 Warnham Court, 760 ; Orchids at, 397 Warwick Castle, 71, 180 Watering of coke, 311 ; of crops, a method of underground, 307 Watsonia iridifolia var. O'Brieni, 304 Watson, Sereno, 409, 434 Weather, 216 ; extraordinary, 790 ; in France, severe, 530 ; in South Devon, 532 ; in the Midlands, 242 ; severe, 275; the, for twenty- five years, 114 ; unseasonable, 565 ; winter, 277 Weeds, 468 Weevils on Roses, 666 Week's work, the, 14. 46, 78, 110, 142, 174, 206, 238, 270, 302, 334, 398, 430, 462, 494, 526, 557, 590, 622. 653, 688, 722, 754, 784 Weights and measures, our, 50 Westonbirt, 298 Wet weather and Strawberries, 22 Wheat, fertilisation of, 475 Whittern, the, '201 Williams, James, 53 Williams Memorial Medals, 595 Willows for underwood, 118 ; in Ire- land, 53 Window plants, 374 Wineberry, 311 Winter and the Roses, the, 436 ; frost during the past, 597; in Sweden, the, 24 ; rambles round Cannes, 265 ; vegetables, 80 Wireworms, 278, 626; remedies for, 240 Wise and London, two famous gar- deners, 361 Wistaria sinensis, 729 World's fair, horticulture at, 307, 788 Worms, earth, 434 Worms in pots, prevention of, 374 Xanthoceeas aorbifolia, 532 Zanzibar, 562; Clove trade of, 702; Clove tree in, 81 Zygopetalum Lindens, 172 Viii Tke Gardeners' Chronicle,] INDEX. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Albdby, terrace walk and view in the grounds at, 137. 145 Alnwick Castle, 661 American blight, 245 Apple, double horizontal cordon, 458; single cordon, 459 Apples, Cellini, Cox's Orange Pippin, Cox's Pomona, Emperor Alexander, Golden Noble, 21 ; diamond fence of, 458 Aristolochia cWpeata, 433 Aster farm at Erfurt, 173 B Baskets, Odontoglossum, 277 Battersea Park, carpet bed in, 683 Beau weevil (Bruchus granarius), 315 Bees, new self-hiver for, 685 Begonia socotrana, tnbers of, 274 Bignonia magnifica, 151 Bladder Plum, 373 Bouvardia. a specimen, 719 Burleigh House, 105 Carpet bed, Battersea Park, 683 Cattleja Victoria regina, 808, 809 Chicago exhibition, horticultural building at, 107 Chinese Primrose, native specimen of, 12 Chimonanthus fragrans, 213 Cyclamen, a finely flowered. 301 Cymbidium grandiflorum, 267 Cypripedium Chamberlainianum, 234 ; C. exul, 523 ; C. Lawrebel x , 560 Daphne Blagayana, 491 Datura suaveolens, 593 Dendrobium nobile, 725 Disa incarnata, 618 Disease of Gooseberries, 397 Distillation of perfumes at Grasse, 781 Eel-woems in Gardenias, 376 Elm Lodge, Beckenham, 395 Emmenanthe penduliflora, 339 Eucalyptus Gunni, 787 Exhibition ground, Earl's Court, plan of, 467 Ferns at Nant-y-Glyn, Colwyn Bay, 337 Foster, Prof. Michael, 693 Gardenias, eel-worm disease of, 37G Glazing clip, 473 Gooseberries, disease of, 397 Gourd-lined walk at Kew, 49 Grafting, saddle, 461 ; side, 461 ; whip, 461 Grimston plant protector, 437 Gymnogramma decomposita, 365 H Heal, J., 813 Henderson, JMr, Montgomery, portrait of, 247 Hinge for glasshouse lights, a, 119 Hjeres, avenue of Palms at, 408 Indian garden, plan of, 653 Isosoma orchidearum, 755 Jasminum nudiflorum, 181 Kew, Water Lily-house at, 751 ; tem- perate-house at, 17. 19 Kniphofia Nelsoni, 561 Ljelio-Cattleya X Phoebe, 791 Lagenaria virginalis, 85 Lily of the Valley, basket of, 589 IVl Magdalena lliver, view on the, 43 Marshall, VVm.. Esq., portrait of, 695 Maze, plan of. 312 Milner, Mr. H. E., portrait of, 627 Moorea irrorata, 489 Mormodes Kolfeanum, 203 Nant-v-Glyn, Ferns at, 337 Narcissus, hybrid, 331, 333 Nepenthes stenophylla, 401 Odontoglosshm baskets, 277 ; 0. cris- pum, var. nobilior, 235 ; U. platy- cheilum, 587 Odontoglossums, a group of, at West- mount, Glasgow, 209 f tphioglosBum pendulum, 657 (.locidium Graresianum, 651 Onion-fly, 629 Orphium frutescens, 372 Palms, avenue at Hyeres, 408 Peridermium pini, 736 Phcenix Rujbellini, 731 Philadelphua microphyllus, 87 Pithecolobium Saman, 557 Plant protector, Grimston, 437 Plum, double Cordon, 459 Primrose, Chinese, native specimen of, 12 Primula sinensis, 13 Prunus Davidiana, 529 Ranunculus cortuaifolius, 465 Kegel, the late E. von, 595 Rhododendron campylocarpum, 501 Kockwork, right and wrong wav of making, 620, 621 Rodriguezia pubescens, 427 KoezI, Benedict, statue of, 45 Kosebank Gardens, Malvern, 497 Rubus phoenicolasius, 269 Saddle grafting. 461 Side grafting, 461 Sprout, early, hardy curled, 525 Streptocarpus Galpini, 139 Tecoma capensis, 275 Temperate- house, Kew, 17, 19 Thrinax Morrisii, 112, 113 Tortwortb Court, Chestnut at, 763 Tradescantia reginae, 699 Trichodesma physaloides, 363 Tying trees with straw-bands, method of, 335 W Wabnham Court, 757 Warwick Castle, 73 Water Lily-house, Kew, 751 Watson, W., 813 Watsonia iridifolia var. O'Brieni, 305 Weevil of Ccalogynes, 755 Westonbirt, Gloucestershire, 299 Whip grafting, 461 Williaoas, James, portrait of, 53 Woodman, Dr. W. R., portrait of, 42 Xanthoceras soibifolia, 533 Zygopetalum Lindenie, 172 SUPPLEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS. Alsophila cbinita, May 14. Conifer Ground at the Conifer Conference, March 19. Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, Fifteen Poetbaits OF MEMBERS OF, May 28. Hedychium Gahdneeianum, February 6. PicEA NIGRA, SBOUP OF, Jauuary 16. Vanda ccerulea, grown in Lord Rothschild's Garden, February No. 262.-YOL. XI.{s^-- SATURDAY, JANUARY 2, 1892. (Regt. IwiTH ^ewsp^per. f PRICE 3d. ELEMENT. I Post-free, 3}rf. CONTENTS. Agricultural statistics ... IS Edinburgh public paris,.. Apples and Pears in sub- Eggplants urb in gaidens 20 Flower garden Aspidistra elatior bearing Foreign correspondence seed ai Fro^t in Wiltshire Australian fungi 18 Garden Pupils Birds rif Commons and Ginger-beer plant, the ... Woodlands 14 Hardy fruit garden Bocconin cordata ■-•;) Hellebores of theancients, Books: — the Die Veredelungen filr Herbarium pest die Verschiedenen Hollyhock rnst, a new ... Baiime und Straiiclier ia Jubilee year of the Royal ron:e ■JX notes and gleanings Miniature FruitGarden, Pear. new. a the 20 Plant portraits Orchid Album, the ... IK Seven Dreamers m Rhus vernieifera Cedar of Ooa :>.>. Roval Institution of Great Chitese Primrose Vf Chrysanthemum Mrs. Scotland King 2i Technical education Chrysanthemums and Temperate house, Kew, Orchids at Davenham the Bank. Malvern 23 Trade notice Climbing Niphetos Bose 2.' Tree Tomato, the Colonial notes 21 West American Oaks ... Daffodil disease IK Wet weather and Straw- Economic Orchid, an 19 berries, the ILLUSTRATIONS. Apples; Cellini, Cox's Orange Pippin, Cox's Pomona, Emperor Alexander. Golden Noble Chiiiese Primrose, native specimen Temperate House, Kew ... 17, The Gardeners' Chronicle " in America. The Subscription to America, including Postage, it %i. 30 for 12 months. Aoent for America, E. H. LiBUY, Manager, The Rural Publish- inij Co., Times BuiUing, New York, to whom American orders m,ay be sent. G W AliDENERS' CHRONICLE, FOR SALE. Vols. I. to XVIII. (1841-.58). Half calf. Good condition. WHAT OFFERS? E. COOLING. DERBY. Myatt's Prollflc Kidney Folatos. W. JOHNSON AND SON, Sked Growers and Merchants, Boston, offer the above quantity. Price on application. 150,000. -Special Offer of Eentlas. WICETl»N has a large quantity of the • above to offer, very rea.aonable, at from £7 10s. per 1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in BO's, well- established, at £30 per 100". W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. ALUABLE SILVER MEDALS offeied to Eihibi'o™ during 1K92 All Amit.nirs and Gardeners should see KELWAY'S MANUAL for 1892 for particulars ; Is. post - free. Gratis to customers. For details see larger adverti-ement — Largiiort. Romer-et. HKYSANTHEMUMS. — Proved NOVEL- TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other Select Vaiieties. New LISTS free. Gave great satisfaction last year. A. J A BRUCE, The Nurseries, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Trade Notice. FRANCIS ROBINSON, Sole Proprietor of the Firm of DI<'KSON am. RoBINSON, .^eed Mer- CITANT3. 12, Old Miligate, Mancliester, begs to intimate that he has this dav ADMITTED into PARTNEhSHlP Mr. ALBllRT WALTER WHALE and Mr. HENkY HICKS. The Business will still be carried on under the title of DICKSON A.N-n ROBINSON. January 1, 1892^ To the Trade. A COPY of our Wholesale LlfST of AGRI- CULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER SEEDS for 1892, has now been posted to all our Customers. lu ca.se of miscarriage, another copy will be promptly sent on appli-'ation to JACOB WRENCH AND SONS, Limited, 39, King William Street, London Bridge, London, E.C. Established 1750. BS. WILLIAMS AND SON • have posted their ILLUSTRATED SEEU CATALOGUE for 1892, to all their Customers. Another copy will be forwarded, on application, to any who may not hive yet received one. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upi-er Holloway, London, N. To me Trade. NUTTING AND SONS have posted their Fifty- first Annual Trade CATALOGUE of Garden and Flower Seeds to all their Friends; if not received, another Copy will he !-ent on application. Seed Warehouses, lOii, Southwark .'!treet, London, S.E, To the Tra.de. COOPER TABEK & CO., Limited, have posted their GENERAL WHOLk'SALE CATALOGUE to all their customers. If not received, another copy will be sent on application. —90, Southwark Street, London, S.E. OBBIK'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI- TOKS' GUIDE tor 1892.— 25th Annual Edition, 160 pages, illu-trated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in England as "the most useful list published in the trade." Will be ready on January 1, and will be sent gra'is to all who apply for it .and enclose 3d. to cover postage.— DOBBIE AND CO.. Seed Growers and Flori-ts. Rofhe-av, .Ncotland. ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.— Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well- established, healthy, and easily-grown plants. W. L. LEWIS AND CO., F,R H.S., Chase Side, Southgate, London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road. 10 (\i\C\ EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, ivell- J-v/^v/v/V/ grown, 18 inches to 3h inches, 63. to 16s. per SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUB, The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London. W. WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, having commenced to SELL on COMMISSION, is OPEN to RECEIVE TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references. N, \o^ \ G. W A T S 0 ^* Fruit and Flower Sales.van, Aberdeen, CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED of POT PLANTS and CUT FLOWERS. H O I C E GERMAN FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS. CATALOGUES free on application. FEED. EOEMER, Seed Grower, (iiiedlinburg. Germany. ANTED, FaRLEYENSE FERNS, in 9-inch pots; well furnished; good plants. Quote t price to WM. WATT. Seed Merchsnt. Cup.r. 0 w WANTED, small CO .\SIGNMENTS periodi- cally of CHOICE FRUIT. CUT FLOWERS, and POT PLANTS tor prompt cash. Particulars and prices to— G. J. STEPHEN. 117, Granby Street. Liverpool. w ANTED, several LARGE PALMS; also TREE FFRN<. State varieties, sizes, and prices. S. DA VIES, Weybridge Park Gardens, Surrey. SUTTON'S "AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN HORTICULTURE FOR 1892," NOW READY. SUTTON'S " AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN HORTICULTURE FOR 1892," NOW READY. 'UTTON'S " AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN ' HORTICULTURE FOE 1892," NOW READY. s Price Is., Post-free; Gratis to Cuatomers ordering Goods value 2Us. and upwards, from U T T O N AND SONS, The Queen's Seedsmen. Reading. CARTERS' "VaDE MECUM FOR 1892" has now been posted to Messrs. Carters' Customers. It contains seven elegant coloured Illustrations, and will be found a most thorough book of reference by all who desire to cultivate successfully the choicest vegetables and the prettiest flowers. price Is., Po;l-free, to unknown correspondents. CARTERS', Seed-.mes, by Royal Warrants, to H.M. The Queen and H.R H. the Prince of Wales, 237 and 235, High Holborn, London, W.C. OSES ! ROSES 1 ROSES ! — Plant now 100 strong d^aif. H.P. Roses for 30s. The finest in the Trade. Send for Sample Dozen. 6s. Cash with Order. CATALnGUKS. free on ap,.lication. C. H. GokRINGE. Rn-elands Nur.sery. Ea»tbourne. Cheaper than Ever. ROSES! roses!— A Specialty. Plant at once. 30,000 Dwarf H.P.'s, in all the best eihibition varieties, true to name, grand bushy plants, well-rooted. Send for sample dozen, ^s. Ca-riage paid. 50 in 50 varieties, als., or .30s, per 100. our selection. Descriptive Catalogue, with full cultural directions, free o^ application. Trade supplied. A. J. AND C. ALLEN, Ko-ie Growers, Heia' Wholesale Importers and Exporters of Ameiicao, Japanese, and other Bulbs. Cyca-*. Palms. &c. Lowest quotation by cor- respondence. References required of unknown rn-lomers. CHRYSANTHEMUMS, And How to Grow Them. By C. E. SHEA, Esq. A Practical and Scientific Treatise, that will be of great service, bolh to the oldest and most successful exhibitor and the youngest grower of the Autumn Queen. Mr. Shea has, by the treatment explained in his treatise, had a loi-g series of triumphs, to which this season he has added, in keen compe- tition -with our most noted growers, at the Kent County, Watford, and Crystal Palace, finishing with the difficult feat of 1st in the 48 Japanese, at the Royal Aquarium Show, Nov. 10. In addition to the above, a paper by Mr. H. Shoesmith is included in my new Chrysanthemum Catalogue, which also contains the most complete List of New Varieties ever brought together, and embraces selections from all the known Chrysan- themum world. Thi- valuable work is now rearlv. poat free, pcven stamos. H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither GrBEn, Lewlsham. Flower Roots.— Carriage Paid. DICKSON AND kOBINSON offer the undTmentioned in first-size bulbs, and in excellent cor.dition. at moderate prices, viz. : — HYACINTH^, named vara, for pota, at3.i„ 4s., and 6s. perdoz. POLYANTHUS NAKCr.SSUS, best vars., at 2s. and 3.?. per doz. LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ALBUVT,9s. doz ; RUBRUM,6<. doz. GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS. 4s. ftd. to 6s. per 100. QHDIOLUS. Lemoine's New Hybri s, in mixture, 20s. p. 100. TUBEROSE "THE PEARL," Doubl", 20s. per 100, 3s. per doz. Seed Warehouse, 12. Old Millgate, Manchester. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL GO. (JOHN COWAN), Limited, THE VINEYABD AND NXTRSERIES, GARSTON, NEAR LIVERPOOL, Have just received large and fine importations of the following ORCHIDS, CATILEYA AUREA, CATTLEYA GIGAS SANDERIANA (including C. aurea and C. Hahdyana), GATTLEYA TRIANyE of tlie finest type (including some of the pure white forms), ODONTOCLOSSUiVI VEXILLARIUM, ODONTOGLOSSUM MIRANDUM, ODONTOCLOSSUM WALLISII, ODOnOGLOSSUIVI LUTEO-PURPUREUJVI. The Company have also secured a fine lot of the NK\y and Beautiful COGHLIODA NOETZLIANA. Full Particulars on Application to the Company. FRIDAY NEXT, JANUARY 8, 1892. By Order of ESSRS. LINDEN, BRUSSELS, Of most extraordinary fine NEW CATTLEYAS, including the ne ]}h(S itlira of the genus, LINDEN'S GBANDEST DISCOVERY: CATTLEY JAMES O'BEIEN. THE HANDSOMEST ORCHID EVER INTRODUCED.^ THE ENTIRE STOCK and THE ONLY SALE of this CATTLEYA. Also some fine plants of the new form of liabiata : CATTLEYA MAJESTICA, L. Lind. Also oOO lots of just imported plants, in magnificent condition, of CATTLEYA WAROCQUEANA (Linden's famous Irue Cattleya labiata vera), Collected far in the interior, Avhere no Collector of another firm has exploited till niiw. Also some new grand varieties of CATTLEYA GRANULOSA, including CATTLEYA DU BUYSSONIANA and others. Also a fe^y plants of the new and fine EPIDENDRUiM CLEASIANUM, L. Lind. Also 100 lots of the soon popular and favourite OSSUM (COGHLIODA) NOETZLIANA, &c., Which will be SOLD by AUCTION by Messrs. Protkroi A I their Central Sale Eooms, 67 and 08, Cheapside, London, E.G., On FEIDAY, January 8, at half -past 12 o'Clock. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [January 2, 1892. GEORGE JAGKMAN & SON, WOKING NURSERY, SURREY, Incite Inspection of the Following Well-grown Stuff :— FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears, Plums, aal L't maons, in Standard, Pyramid, and Dwarf- trained trees; also Dwarf -trained Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. ROSES.— A large Collection of "Dwarf and Standard H.trid Perpetual and T**a Rosea, in all the lead- ing varietie- ; also Tea Roses, in pot^, for forcing. RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties set with flower-buds; alsoHybrid Seedlings and Ponticums. CONIFERS.— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for Lawn and Shrubbery planting. SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c. CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle- matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rockwork, &c. ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks, Avenues Streets, and Private Gardens. FOREST TREES.— In large qaantities, for Coverts, Woods, &c. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION: LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading Feature. Plans designed, and Advice given as to I aying- ciut, Planting, or Eenovatiiig Parks, Cemeteries, Reurta- tiou Gronniis. and Private Gardens. PALM SEEDS. SEASON 1892. I have much pleasure in offering the following Palm SeefIANA HYPERICUM CALYCINUiM. PORTITGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet. HARDY HEATHS. CLEMATIS. 3 and 4 years old. The General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK will be found superior in every way. BAG SHOT, January, 1892. SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, 3d. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NURSERIES, SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS. CANNELL'S Kentish Perfect Golden Seeds ARE CERTAINLY THE BEST SAVED AND SOLD IN ENGLAND. Why ? All our own growing, therefore true I All of a superior character from the best spot in Europe, and by the most careful and expert hands, who have a real interest in the business. They are consequently cheaper ; and many of our strains not equalled by any other firm. As an instance — THE " COUNTY GENTLEMAN," Fehvutrxj 14, 1891, says of our PRIMULAS shown at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society : — " They were so luxurious in their growth and blooming, that it was difficult to believe they have relationship with those we are so accustomed to see. They received the highest Award." It is monstrous Avaste, iii fact the time is past for having Seeds otherwise than direct from the actual and largest growers. All are loud in their praises of our Seeds : see the splendid character, by the greatest experts, in our CATALOGUE, sent post-free, and which will at once confirm the above, and prove of immense value even in the smallest Gardens. CANNELIS SEEDS none: PERFECT* OMLY FROM CANNELL,KENT BARR'Ss"«PLusCLEARANCESALE»fDAFFODILS Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation. Detailed Priced LIST on application. Per lOOO, 15s , 25s., 42s., OSs., 84s., and 105s, BARR'S CLEARANCE SALE OP HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS -NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS. CHIONODOXA, SCILLAS, SNOW FLAKE 3, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs, ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES GREA TL Y RED UCEU. LIST on APPLICA TION. Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application :— CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS. GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES. SINGLE P/EONIES, DOUBLE IVEONIES, HELLEBORES, and IRIS. BARR & SON, 12. King St., Covent Garden, London. KELWAY'S MANUAL. Riady January 1, 1892, 130 pages (quarto. Is., post-free. Gratis to Customers Handsome volume for presentation. Practical for use. Thirty-second Edition, still further improved and enlarged. Phototype and Wood Engravings. Cultural articles and full descriptive matter. For Contents see Gardeners' Chronicle, December 26, p. 755. INCLUDES the CHOICEST SEEDS, ESPEOIALLT for EXHIBITION. Indispensable to every Amateur. Tables useful to the Gardener and Farmer are includied. Fifty-seven Gold and Silver Medals, London and Paris, awarded to the Produce of our SEEDS, PLANTS, and BULBS. KELWAY & SON, Langport, Somerset. Januahv 3, IPOJ] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 150 FLOWERS ANGRIGUM SESQUIPEDALE. 700 FLOWER-SPIKES PHAL^NOPSIS, various 250 FLOWER-SPIKES VANDA AMESIANA (deliciously scented). INSPECTION CORDIALLY INVITED. HUGH LOW & CO., CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E. F. C. HEINEMANN, SEED GROWER, ERFURT, GERMANY. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FRESH & SELF-GROWN SEEDS. ENGLISH EDITION, is NOW READY.! Incluiles all the FINEST NOVELTIES of the Season, and may be bad post-free nn appliealion i\d. post-card). Please quote Card nets' Chronicle. My busine" is the Oldest and Largest of Erfurt that supplies privat« Gardeners and Amateurs only. More than rtO,OD0 parcels are sent yearly to all parts of the World. I OFFER MY SEEDS AT MUCH LOWER PRICES Continental Seed House of good BEGONIA ODORATISSIMA (BAUMANNI). The First Sweet-scented, Larc/e- flowered BEGONIA. Per Packet, Is. 6d. Engraved from a photograph lent.by Mr. Victor Lemojne than any English repute, and guarantee, besides, self f and fresh Seeds only. It Is an established fact that the greater pait of all Seeds Sold In England or America is grown In Germary, especially In and near Erfutt, tbe Garden Town of Germany. Furnishing you with my Catalogue, I place my stores at ^ our very door, and enable customers thou- sands of miles away ti obtain their supplies as safely and cheaply as if they had called in person at my establishment. Ordered Seeds -will nrrive in Great Britain within a few dava. and are offered and sent Package and Postage Free. DIRECT CORRESPONDENCE. NO AGENTS. F. C. HEINEMANN SEED GROWER. ERFURT, GERMANY; FRIDAY, JANUARY 15. Great Cattleya Sale, INCLUDING SEVERAL NOVELTIES AND 2 O O O Fine Plants of CATTLEYA LABIATA We cordially Invite Inspection of our Plants in Flower at St. Allans, THEY are SPECIALLY GRAND. SPECIALLY FINE IMPORTATIONS OF DENDROBIUM NOBILE (our strain), GYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE, Biu-mah var. Some of the Cattleyas are just to hand per steamer Atrato, and among them is a species in habit of aurea, and from the district of the -white aurea, C. Imschootiana. Also another NEW CATTLEYA, sepals and petals white, lip red. The above will be SOLD by ^ Messrs. PROTHEROE& MORRIS 67, CHEAPSIDE, E.G., On the 15th of January, By Order of Mr, F. SANDER, THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. [Januabt 2, 1892. G A R D BULBS, KOSES, ^SvvS>^•a' Select VEGETABTK. ^^ Choice FLOWER, ^^^ The bast qualities at ^^aa^^^^^S Dollyered Free ^^ ^^ ^ "^^^ by Rail or ^j^*^ ^^^r Best Parcels ^A^^^ SEED ^°°'* .J^ yt^^ I II I III ml^^By^ ^^'''^^'^ Tools, ^2^^^ Sundries, &c., &c. ^^^m Illustrated ^^^ Descriptive Catalogue, No. 403 iw Seed^ 0 Growers, :^:iS>vS>--3>^^-S>4S:-^S>t mixed, single or devible Tarieties, Is,. 25. ^d , and .5s. per packet Collections fSeed)— single, 12 named varieties, separate, 5s. ^d. ; 6 ditto, 3s. Tubers, named singles, from 125. to 42s. pt-r dozen ; unnamed seedlings, 12s. to 21s. per dozen ; bedding, choicest, 4s., 5.^.. 6s,, and 95. per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 425. per doz. ; unnamed, choicest, 185. to 305. per dozen ; choicest mixed, for bedding, 95. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis. JOHN LAING AND SONS, Begonia Growers, &c., Forest Hill. London. 1892— NEW SEED CATALOGUE— 1892 & TAIT, Seed Merchants to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,! CORPORATION STREET, MANCHESTER, Beg to announce that their DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Choice VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS for 1892 is now published, and may be had post-free on application. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. OWEN'S Descriptive and Priced CATALOGUE, Giving full De-criptiona and Results after Flowering of Eng- lish Seedlings, carefully selected from thouands; also Sports. American and Continental Novelties, all carefully Selected after Blooming, only the very best in each section described ; all inferior varieties discarded. The following Grand Novelties will he distributed (March) :— Mrs. Robinson Kii g. new g dden yellow sport from Golden Empress, ;).■!. ; Six First-clas^ Certificates. ibSl. Noel Pragnell, or Striped Empress of India, 3s. 6 CO., 3P, Ludgat«hill, Loudon. TEE GAJRDENEBS' CEFONICLE. [Januakt 2, 1893. WILLIAMS' WORLD-RENOWNED SEEDS. THE BEST AND FINEST STOCKS CAREFULLY SELECTED. W«_>^«-/ HORTICULTUnAL ^5^ — ^ S L N D ^gvrvr iV«STomftvPftRftDtSE>NUR.SBRrBS' sJ^tlPPER.HOLLOWAY;LONDON-Ni 4 % < 4 <5e B. S. V/ILLIAMS & SON Beff to announce thai their ILLUSTRATED SEED CATALOGUE for 1892 is noiv ready, and will le fonvarded, Gratis and Post-free, to all Applicants. VICTORIA & PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N. AWARDED TWENTY PRIZE MEDALS AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AT HOME AND ABEOAD. KEITHS PATENT BOILERS,t"e "CHALLENGE, VIADUCT. 'PYTHON,.c„ FOR HOT-WATER HEATING, ''STAND FIRST,'' require no building wo'-k around them, are tntiely icater-jacketed, and each heat from 50 feet up to 20,000 feet of A-vich pipe rexpfctively. Many thousands are in use all over the w^rld, and the Boilers are unrivalled in poioer and economy. MAjS'UFACTURED under 30 James Keith Patents, in Great Britain, United States, and Canada. a>,r>n?"9nnm^f /'c"'^.'^^v .^*-'1LEk, as illustrated, has 1,000 square feet of effective heating-surface, with 17^ square feet of fire-grate area heats aDont zu,uuu teet ot 4-iDcb pjpe, and is the Most Powerful and Complete Sectional " Special " Hot-water Heating Boiler in the World. JAMfjS KEITH, ^■^■' -^2300. M.Inst.C.E., Gas, Hydraulic, Heating, VentUating, and Consulting Engineer, Established 1S23. Contractor to Her Majesty's Government. 57, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.G., ALSO at EDINBURGH and ARBROATH, Jancabt 2, 1892.] TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. THE MARKET GARDENERS, NURSERYMEN, AND FARMERS' ASSOCIATION. Founded, 1829. INVESTED FUNDS Incorporated, 1889. ~^. ... £3741 6s. lid. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION lilFE MEMBERSHIP ONE GUINEA. TEN GUINEAS. REGISTERED OFFICE: 32, KING STREET, CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. Officers for th i Year 1891-92:— President. Mr. W. PoupART, Marsh Farm, Twickenham. Vice-President. Mr. AV. J. LoBJOrT, Little Woodcote Farm, Wall- lingtOD. Treasurer. Mr. W. G. LoBJOiT, Woodlaud Farm, Putney. Auditors. Mr. M. PotTPART, Willows Farm, Mitcbam. Mr. E. BocHFOED, Mill Lane Noreery, Cheshunt. Committee. Mr. R. J. Steel, Boston Gardens, Brentford. ,, H. TiTE, The Nurseries, Hampton. ,, H. Hawkins, Lily Gardens, Twickenham. ,, P. E. Kaye, Claigmar Vineyards, Finchley. ,, J. Lancaster. Plaistow. ,, Geobge Monro, Covent Garden, London. ,, H. Meyers, Whitton Road, Twickenham. „ J. Mason, East Greenwich. ,, J. Poupabt, West Park Farm, Mortlake. Mr. E. Smith, Coombe Farm, East Greenwich. „ J. T. Taylor, Stile Farm, Kew Bridge, Kew. ,, J. Walker, Ham Farm, Ham Common. „ A. J. Bobbins, New Farm, Ealing. „ R. E. Addey, North Grove House, Ealing Road, Brentford. [Walton-on-Thames. „ W. R. Aldehsom, Bell Farm, Hersham Boad, „ G. May, The Nurseries, Upper Teddington. „ W. W. Barker, The Larches, Sheen. Secretary. Mr. HERBERT B. BELL, Solicitor, 32, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. The Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Farmers' Association was founded in 1829. It was in 1889 incorporated under the Companies Acts, 1863 to 1886, with limited liability. The general objects of the Association may be shortly stated as follows: — (a.) To consider questions affecting Members of the Association and the Trade in which they are engaged, and to take such action thereon as may be found desirable for the protection and promotion of the rights, privileges, and general interests of Growers and their Trade. (b ) To assist from the funds of the Association persons requiring charitable aid who are or have been Members, or their families. With reference to (a), it may be pointed out that the Association has, from its foundation, rendered valuable service by prosecuting and defending, and assisting, with grants from its funds, individual Members and local societies in prosecuting and defending legal proceedings, resisting improper rating, carriers' charges, market rents and tolls ; opposing bills in Parliament ; giving evidence before Parliamentary Committees and Royal Commissions — and in numerous other ways protecting and promoting the interests | of Growers and their Trade in matters ia which combined action or support was necessary or desirable. As regards (b), the Association has given material assistance by grants from its funds and otherwise to many, who, through misfortune, have stood in need of help. In this connection it may be stated that, the Association has recently adopted a scheme establishing two annual payments of £25 each, out of its income. One being a pension for aged persons, who are or have been Members of the Association, and the other a provision for maintaining and educating a child of any such person. It is proposed to proceed to the first election of recipients of these benefits in February next. As to the qualifications for Membership, all persons and firms engaged or interested in growing trees, shrubs, plants, fruit, flowers, vegetables, roots, herbs, or other produce for the London or other markets or otherwise, are eligible. The work of the Association is not confined to the Home Counties or any other district, but, on the contrary, the object has always been to make it as comprehensive as possible, it being felt that the more Members it enrols, and the wider the field of its labours, the more effectually will its aims be achieved, as the Representative Association of the Growers and their Trade. Ttie liability of each Member is limited to the subscription, with such calls (previously sanctioned by the A380ciation in General Meeting) as may be required for the purposes of the Association, not exceeding, however, in any year £1 Is. Qd., and in the event of the Association being wound up, a contribution, if required, not exceeding £1. But having regard to the objects of the Association, its well invested and unencumbered funds, and its established position, it may fairly be assumed that the liability is limited to the subscription. Although the Association now numbers many Members, including leading representatives of the Trade, it is f-lt that there are many other gentlemen and firms who may properly be asked to become Members, not only in view of the advantages offered to them in their own business, but also of the support which is afforded to the Trade generally, and the charitable assistance which it may be the means of giving to Members who may have fallen on evil times. All Growers who are not Members are therefore respectfully urged to join the Association, and such as are already Members are begged to use their influence with their friends and neighbours, with a view to securing their co-operation in aid of the Association and its useful and benevolent objects. A copy of the Memorandum and Articles of Association can be inspected, and all particulars regarding the Association and the Benevolent Scheme referred to, with forms of application for f,fernber8hip can lie obtained on application to the Secretary. 32, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C— December, 1891. TTIE SATURDAY, JAXUAST 2, 1892. TECHNICAL EDUCATION. TXTE have been favoured with copies of a ' ' correspondence on this subject, between the Vice-chairman of the Middlesex County Council and the Director of the Koyal Gardens, Kew. The Director, in his reply to the Vice- chairman, who had sought his opinion on the subject of instruction in horticulture, writes as follows : — '• I am sorry to say that I feel great difficulty in seeing my way with regard to the general problem of technical education, and horticulture seems to me to present peculiar difficulties. The cultiva- tion of plants is an art which can only be acquired by practice, and therefore, it appears to me, cannot be taught in the lecture-room any more than painting or shoe-making. I know of no royal or theoretical road to the acquisition of a competent or even useful knowledge of the gardener's art except by beginning at the bottom and going through every operation, from the most elementary to the most difficult and refined. If an intelligent young man does that, and keeps his eyes open, he may become a successful gardener. But the mere reading of books and attendance on lectures will never, in my judgment, make anyone even a moderately competent gardener. " If you will look at the Gardeners' Chronicle for December 12, 1891, you will see a letter of Pro- fessor Huxley's which I reprinted. It expresses in a very clear and forcible way with regard to agriculture the same views which, in substance, I entertain with regard to horticulture. ' In the Royal Gardens at Kew, from the necessities of our organisation, we are unable to teach young men the rudiments of their profession. Those we expect them to have acquired before they come to us. What they gain at Kew is the opportunity of seeing a larger range of different kinds of cultivation than they oan see in any private establishment. Besides this, we give them the use of a fairly- equipped horticultural library, and lectures on various branches of botany, and on such elemen- tary physics and chemistry as more or less directly bear on horticulture. I very much doubt, however, whether these advantages add very much to the capacity of our men as gar- deners. That they must gain for themselves by working in the houses under the skilled direction of able foremen. But I do not doubt for a. 10 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januaei- 2, 1892. moment that the time and pains our men bestow on self-improvement is of incalculable benefit to them, by stimulating and developing their general intelligence. The youthful years of most human beings is a period of receptivity. Knowledge is acquired often almost mechanically, like the multiplication table, or a colloquial knowledge of a language. When man's estate is approached or reached, the judgment comes into play. Most persons, unless they are congenital idiots, begin more or less to inquire and speculate as to the reasons of things. This prompts to study and inquiry as to the causes which bring about effects. It is this temper which we try to encou- rage at Kew. A man may know the rudiments of his art, and never be anything better than a journeyman. But if he begins to ask the why and the wherefore, then he is on the high-road to become a first-rate workman. And I know no art which affords a larger scope for the exercise of a lively intelligence than horticulture. A gardener tries to grow a plant, with the habits of which he is unfamiliar. He fails. He then, if he is a good man, begins to reflect. He brings to bear upon its culture the experience gained in treating similar " subjects." He tries different methods, and watches their effect : resting, watering, dif- ferent kinds of soil, exposure to light, &o. The plant responds, and by seizing upon each indi- cation of improvement which such a method of interrogation educes, the gardener ultimately finds the clue to success. The whole method is essentially scientific without making any pro- fession of being so. If, however, a gardener, abandoning the experimental method, yields to intellectual indolence and is content to subject the plant to such physical conditions as he learns from a book exist in the plant's native country, then it may be pretty confidently predicted that he will be saved all further trouble by killing it. " lam afraid I have treated you to rather a long essay. But this was perhaps necessary to enforce my conclusion that I do not think the County Council can do any good by giving lecture-room instruction in the art of horticulture. I have made inquiries, but I cannot find out that there is any class of persons in this neighbourhood that can be profitably reached by such an enterprise. " The labourers in market gardens are hardly likely to be induced to attend ; and the scattered gardeners in the district would in all probability be, in all practical matters, better equipped than the lecturer. " In my opinion, the only course the County Council can take is to drop the idea of devoting the funds at its disposal to technical and to apply them to secondary education. Lectures on such subjects as elementary physios, che- mistry, botany, and vegetable physiology would aim at nothing more than carrying on general education on subjects not taught, or scarcely taught, in the primary schools. They would be good as far as they go ; would do no harm, and if the teachers were moderately competent, would almost certainly do some good. " (Signed) W. T. Thiselton-Dybr, "Director, Royal Gardens, Kew, Dec. 15, 1891. "I'.S. — I should add, that our Kew system, as a school, is to this extent defective, that it makes no provision for high-class instruction in fruit and vegetable cultivation ; this, however, can be obtained at the gardens of the Eoyal Horticul- tural Society at Ohiswick. There is a useful work open to the County Council in obtaining facilities for passing young gardeners through Chiswick on much the same lines as obtain at Kew." NOVELTIES OF 1891. Obchids. — The beautiful Dendrobium Phalee- nopsis Schroderianum, already so prolific in handsome new varieties, flowering out of Messrs. F. Sander & Co.'s importation, must be regarded as the leading introduction of the year. Well it is for a first importation of a good thing in bulk to have such an avant-coureur as that which this grand introduction had in the matter of the plants already in cultivation in Baron Schroder's collection. Much was expected of the importation, and the confidence was not mis- placed, for now we have varieties of the Elephant Moth Dendrobe with white, blush, pink, and every shade and combination of colours up to rich purple in their elegant sprays of flowers, whose beauties will never pall so long as Orchid growing continues. Probably more satisfaction resulted from the expenditure of the £2000, which the lots of this plant realised at Protheroe and Morris's, than from any like sum spent in Orchids before. Another great importation of Messrs. F. Sander & Co.'s, embracing new things, is their re-introduction of Cattleya labiata vera, which is distinct from other forms of C. labiata by its greater breadth of petal ; and, singularly enough, the third plant, which flowered in December, produced the magnificent C. labiata virginalis, the best of the white-petalled Cattleyas, with a glowing violet-crimson lip. Dendrobium Leeanum also, which flowered as a single specimen out of the importation of D. Phalainopsis Schroderianum, and D. Phalajnopsis Lee's variety, are two introductions of the highest order of merit, and the pretty Thunia Masters- iana, whose Palm-like foliage and elegant flowers form such a charming object in the Orchid Trophy presented by Messrs. F. Sander & Co. to the German Empress, a valuable addition to a pretty and easily-grown genus. Other fine things, in- troduced or first brought into notice by the same firm during the yeai, are the new white Coelo- gyne Micholitziana, the large yellow Spatho- glottis Ericsonii, tie noble Acrides Lawrencite var. Amesiana, the perfection of a stately Aerides ; the rosy-crimson Schomburgkia San- deriana, Dendrobium Richardii and D. O'Brieni- anum, the singular Cattleya granulosa Dijan- ceana, the discovery of the faithful but ill-fated collector, Dijanoe ; Masdevallia Rolfeana, a rich dark purple and yellow species ; M. Nils- sonii, Miltonia vexillaria Sanderiana, and M. V. Mrs. H. Ballantine, both fine and distinct; Maxillaria Amesiana and M. Mooreana, the profuse - flowering Lycaste Mastersiana, with golden-yellow flowers, freckled with orange on the petals ; four new and distinct forms of Odontoglossum excellens, the beautiful O. God- sefRanum, which may be a new combination in natural hybrids ; the noble O. crispum Amesi- anum, and that most iesthetic and unique O. luteo-purpureum Amesianum, whose fine flowers are wholly of a clear citron yellow. With the enumeration of the pretty Lfelia anceps Ballan- tinei, the charming Cypripedium insigne Bohn- hofianum, and a number of other Orchids of great botanical interest, with — late in the season — the handsome white and crimson Cymbidium pulcherrimum, an elegant plant and unique, it will be seen that the St. Albans firm have not been idle as importers ; while in the matter of home-raised hybrids, their Lselia ArnoldianaX, which took the Royal Horticultural Society's Silver-gilt Medal, open to all comers, and a First-class Certificate ; their Cattleya Behrensiana X, C. Prince of Wales X, C. Lowryana X , Masdevallia Mundyana X , and a long list of beautiful hybrid Cypripediums and other things tell plainly that this active firm have been equally diligent in the home industry of the hybridist. To Messrs. James Veitch & Son, of the Royal Exotic Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea, as usual, belongs the honour of introducing to our gardens during the past year a number of hybrid Orchids of sterling merit. Foremost among these, ranks their Disa Veitchiix (raoemosa x grandiflora), which gained an award of a Silver Floral Medal and a First-class Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society on June 9. It is what is called the first break in Disas, no other cross having previously been effected. Like D. racemosa, it is a very free grower, and the profuse manner in which it produces its tall spikes of large rich rosy-crimson flowers will make it a general favourite. In Phaius maculato-grandifoliusx, we have another handsome hybrid, of stately habit, and of a colour much wanted in Orchids. Its name expresses its parentage, and the habit of the plants is fairly intermediate between the parents ; the tall spikes bear flowers as large as those of P. grandi- folius, of a clear soft yellow, with a pleasing copper-coloured tinge, the front of the infolded labellum being chestnut-red. Yet another grand hybrid raised by Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Son is Cypripedium macrochilum (longifolium x Lindeni), and which, by the fact of the pollen-parent having only a small labellum, caused much wonder by the unusually large development of the lip in the progeny. The plant constitutes one of the most striking of the Selenipedium hybrids, and its features were well depicted in the Gardeners' Chronicle for September 19, 1891. The ranks of the Cypripediums also have been further augmented by Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, by C. Antigone (niveum x Lawrenceannm), which, although good when first flowered by Messrs. Veitch, was pronounced the best of its class when exhibited later in the year by Baron Schroder, who had grown it excellently well. Cypripedium Creon, also a Chelsea hybrid, may be said to be the first rival of the old favourite, C. renanthum super- bum, which, with C. Harrisianum superbum, were used in its production. The bright mauve and white of the dorsal sepal, and the polished surface of C. oenanthum superbum, are to be found in C. Creon, but the flowers are larger. During the year also Messrs. Veitch have pro- duced C. Niobe superbum ; and the uniform good quality of all their hybrids which are brought out, points to the fact that they have been selected from a goodly number flowered in their trial-houses, and from which none not improvements on other known varieties are distributed — a method of selection which other raisers might imitate with advantage. Among other good services of scientific as well as general interest to be recorded to the credit of Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Son during the year, is the fact that they have flowered home-raised Odonto- glossum excellens (PescatoreiXtriumphans), and thus proved the correctness of the conjecture that the plants of it already in cultivation are natural hybrids. During the past year, as in former years, the meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society have been graced by many new or extremely rare and beautiful Orchids from the gardens of Baron Schroder and from those of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., the President of the Society. Among the most remarkable of Baron Schroder's exhibits may be mentioned the large snow-white La^lia Perrinii alba, and the equally clear white Sobralia macrantha Kienastiana. From the same ardent January 2, 1893.] THE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE. 11 orchidist also came a grand form of Miltonia Bluntii Lubbersiana, the fine Odontoglossum Dellense, Cattleya Imschootiana, and new varie- ties of other known species ; while that the all- engrossing interest of hybridising is not forgotten at the Dell, is evidenced by the pretty scarlet and yellow Epidendrum Dellense X, raised in Baron Schroder's gardens. Sir Trevor Lawrence at the December meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society well dis- played the excellence of the beautiful Burford Lodge Hybrid C'alanthes, and several new ones were exhibited, the most distinct of which is C. versicolor, a noble variety of the vestita section, and C. rosea, a delicately-tinted form of the Veitchii class. Early in the year, his beautiful Dendrobium melanodisous x produced two superb forms, viz., the light D. m. pallens, and the richly-coloured D. m. Rainbow; while of imported natural hybrids, or fine forms, there flowered at Burford Lodge the rich yellow Odontoglossum Fescatorei Prince of Orange, several new forms of 0. excellens, the fine O. crispum, Burford variety, the rich scarlet, yellow-centred Masdevallia Ilarryana luteo- oculata, Megaclinium leucorachis, C'irrho- petalums, Bulbophyllums, and many other new botanical Orchids. The large-flowered Cattleyas have been worthily augmented during the year by Cattleya Mossi;e Lawrenceaj, which is like the best white-petalled form of C. AVagneri, but with a few dark crimson lines on the lip. The same genus also receives two or three new forms flowered by Joseph Broome, Esq., at Llandudno, of which C. Mossia; Broomeana and C. M. Sun- ning Hill var., are two noble flowers, and so also is Mr. Broome's C. Mendelii rubicunda. Of 0. Mendelii, however, R. Brooman White, Esq., who has a surprising collection of them, flowered some six or eight new forms, ranging from white to the darkest type, and including a new section, with wholly pearly-white and lavender flowers. Whilst on the subject of the large-flowered Cattleyas and Lwlias, it will be well to mention a few of the leading novelties which these favourite genera have acquired. First the splendid forms of L.'clia grandis tenebrosa, which have flowered in the gardens of the Right Hon. Lord Rothschild, Geo. C. Raphael, Esq., and Geo. Hardy, Esq., and La;lia Gottoiana. Then come the darkest and richest-coloured of its class, Cattleya Hardyana, Hamar Bass' variety ; C. Schroderw, Temple variety ; and C. Gaskelliana speciosa, of Messrs. Seeger & Tropp. Among Lrelia anoeps, the largest and most gorgeously- coloured is L. a. grandiflora. Chamberlain's variety ; and the most curious, L. a. holocheila, both imported by the Liverpool Horticultural Company in their fine importation, to which the term "grandiflora" was first applied. Ltelia elegans has a distinct novelty in the L. elegans Cullimore's variety of Malcolm S. Cooke, Esq, ; and in the collection of the late Thos. Statter, Esq., at Stand Hall, WhiteBeld, Manchester, several other new forms of L. elegans have bloomed, as also the pretty and distinct Dendrobium Statteria- num, and the clear white Cattleya intermedia alba. But one of the most beautiful of Orchids yet introduced has to be credited to JL Linden, of I'Horticulture Internationale, Brussels, viz., Cattleya Rex, and which will doubtless make a pleasant start for the new year. A beautiful illustration before us shows that this Orchid is even finer than was first stated. M. Linden, too, has during the past year introduced or flowered for the first time a host of fine Orchids, of which Zygopetalum Lindenise is one of the handsomest. Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., of Clapton, as large importers, always secure a number of novelties, and among theirs of LSOl are the very distinct and lovely Phal.'onopsis Schilleriana Curnowiana, the white Dendrobium I'arishii albens, Mor- modes buccinator aurea, the charming crimson- lipped Epidendrum Mooreaniim, Restrepia striata, first flowered by Mr. F. W. Moore at Glasnevin, Dublin ; Luisia Amesiana, a very striking plant ; Cypripedium villosum Caseyanum, a grand flower, well worthy to bear the name of the pleasant and much-respected foreman and travel- ler of the establishment, the late Mr. Frank Casey. Messrs. Low also ijnported and flowered Cattleya intermedia punctatissima, also imported by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., and figured in the Reichenbachia : and the pure white Cypripedium niveum album, and the yellow C. Godefroyos luteum. The firm of Messrs. B. S. "VN'illiams it Son shine most in their introduction of fine forms of well-known rare and showy species, and in hybrid Cypripediums, of which their C. Adonis X is pretty, and C. Pitcherianum superbum very fine. In the Orchid-houses of Mr. William Bull also many showy varieties have appeared, and a new dwarf form of Ansellia africana, named A, a. humilis, which has also produced a variety named A. h. pallida, has been intioduced. Messrs. Charlesworth, Shuttleworth & Co. introduced the curious and distinct Odontoglossum Hennisii, and what is purported to be a fine form of Onci- dium macranthum, whose flower-spikes are not rambling, as in the type. Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, of the United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent, have the grand violet-purple spotted Cypripedium Lee- anum Masereelianum x, C. Arthurianum su- perbum X, and three very distinct forms of 0. insigne, viz., C. i. Amesiauum, C. i. oorrugatum, and C. i. Eyermannianum, with other novelties in Cypripediums, which form a leading feature in their collection. With Malcolm S. Cook, Esq., another new and handsome natural hybrid Odontoglossum — O. Cookiauum — originates; ap- appearing from several sources, the distinct Ada Lehmanni gets described in 1S9L In Masde- vallia falcataX, Drewett 0, Drewett, Esq., raises another worthy addition to the hybrid Masdevallias ; and the universal provider, Mr. William AVhiteley, from his great nurseries at Ilillingdon, beats the record for beauty in Odontoglossum triumphans with O. t. Whiteley's variety. Messrs. Heath & Son have distributed their Cypripedium Leeanum giganteum, the most massive and stately of its class, and also secured a certificate for their fine C. Stonei magnificum. At the Royal Gardens, Kew, a number of new Orchids flower every year, and last year the rare event of one of a new genus and species appeared there, which was named Neobenthamia gracilis ; there flowered here also several other new Orchids, and especially noteworthy are Bulbo- phyllum inflatum, Cirrhopetalum Colletti, and the true Cirrhopetalum 'Ihouarsii, which latter two (like many other things we record as new), although not unknown previously, are of sufficient merit to chronicle with novelties. In other places, among other new plants of botanical interest which lack not favour with some persons, and which are admired by all when well flowered, newly described, are Megaclinium Clarkei, Bulbophyllum nigri-pe- talum, B. denticulatum, Cirrhopetalum O'Brien- ianum, C. elegantulum. Habenaria carnea, Rodriguezia anomala, Pholidota repens, and Polystachya bnlbophylloides. The following novelties in Orchids have been illustrated in the Gardeners' Chronicle in the past year : — Cattleya Rex, February 28, p. 273. Cymbidiura Tracjanum, January 3L P- 137. Rodrigupzia anomala, June 13, p. 729. Habenaria carnea, December 19, p. 729. Cypripedium insigne Sanderx, December .'i, p. 089 Dendrobium Leeanum, November 28, p. 041. Phalainopsia Schroderiana. vars., flowers and plant, November 28, pp. 012, 013. Cypripedium macrochilum, September 19, p. 343. Neobentbamia gracilis, September 5, p. 273. Epidendrum vitellinum, Mr. Geo. C. Raphael's double-flowered. August 1, p. 141. (To be continued.) Orchid Notes and Gleanings. ORCHIDS AS CUT I'LOWERS. In the Journal des Orchidecs, a vote has been taken to ascertain the opinions of the majority as to the best Orchids to grow on a large scale for cut flowerp. The list given by our contemporary as the final out- come of the voting is as follows : — 1. Odontoglnssum Alexandr.T. 2. Cattleya Warocqueana (labiata). 3. Cypripedium insigne. 4. Ccelogyne cristata. 5. Cattleya Triamc and C. Mendelii, equal. 6. Cochlioda Noetzliana. 7. Cattleya Mossiie. 8. Lycaste Skinneri. 9. D.'ndrobium nobile. 10. ,, bigibbum. 11. Odontoglossum grande. 12. Cypripedium Lawrenceanum. Hybrid Ctpripedidms — C. Bosscheeianum x . This Cypripedium is a seedling raixed by M. Ch. Vuylsteke, of Loochristy, and is a hybrid between C. Spiceriannm and C. barbatum superbum. The upper sepal is very large, orbicular, and bent round at the back. In appearance it resembles C. Spicer- iannm ; the background is white, deeply flushed with purplish-pink and bordered with white, with a central line of blackish purple-red, clear red at the base. The lower sepal is very small, yellowish-white striped with dark green. The petals are of medium breadth, very wavy, with black hairs, olive yellow, and much spotted with small sepia dots. The lip is much developed, clear blood red, here and there shaded with yellow above and greenish-yellow below. The staminode is very large, reddish-mauve, marked with two small green spots, and yellow in the centre. The foliage is very pale green, shaded with deep green. This excel- lent hybrid was awarded a certificate of merit at the meeting of the Soci6t(5 Royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique, and the Chambre Syndicale des llorticul- teurs Beiges, on December G. Cypripedium decorum is a hybrid between C. Sal- lieri hyeanum and C. Lawrenceanum. The upper sepal is well developed, very flat, deep brown shading into dark green towards the base, the upper part is pinkish-magenta round the border, edged with milk- white ; the inferior sepal is greenish-white, much streaked with deep green, the lip brown with a metallic shade over the upper part, clearer under- neath. The staminode is garnet flushed with mauve, the base bearing a pink dot. The peculiar foliage is clear green, mucli flecked with very dark blackish- green. This hybrid was raised by M. .Tales llye- Leysen, of Ghent, who was awarded a certificate tf merit at the meeting (D.'C 0) of the Soci^;6 Royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique, and of the Chambre Syndicale des Hoiticulteurs Beiges, at Ghent. ]\IAIDENHAIR-FERNS. The beautiful genus Adiantum includes a large number of distinct species, besides which there are now many very pretty garden varieties. Although 12 THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. [Januaet 2, 1892. usually the Adiantums may be raised from spores, and will come true to the character of the species, and, in most cases, the garden varieties do not vary much. There are some exceptions, however ; for instance, I have not been able to obtain A. Veitchi. I have raised batches of seedlings, which have appeared to be true while in a young state, but as the plants advanced in growth they proved to be distinct, not only distinct from the parent, but different to any other sort grown, being somewhat intermediate between A. decorum and A. concinnum latum. Among seedlings of other sorts we often find slight variations. In one instance I found at least six distinct varieties in one little batch of seedlings, which were raised from spores obtained from a single frond of the variety known as Waltoni difFusum. Among the seedlings referred to, were some which might be identified with A. Eemulum, of which Waltoni is probably a seedling. A. Ghiesbreghtii (generally known as A. scutum) is another species from which we have obtained some useful and distinct varieties. In the following selection I have divided them into groups, and I believe the list will be found to include all the most useful species and varieties : — Cttneatom Geoup. This includes all the most useful Maidenhair Ferns. Either for cutting from, or as plants for decoration, these take first place among all Ferns. The old form of A. cuneatum, although there are now many varieties of it, still holds first place, and is grown more extensively than any other Fern. A. elegans, with larger and more spreading fronds, is more useful for some purposes, and is extensively grown for market work. A. gracillimum : this elegant variety should be grown three or four plants together in a pot. These will make compact masses, and do not drop about so much as when single plants are grown. A. mun- dulum, a very pretty compact-growing variety, the small fronds are useful for small bouquets or button- holes. A. Pacotti : sometimes called the double Maidenhair, on account of the pinnules over-lapping each other; of a rich deep green — makes a com- pact plant. Of the small-growing sorts, this is one of the best. A. Lambertianum, very slender drooping fronds, small wedge-shaped pinnules, on jne thread- like raehises. A. grandiceps (the tasselled Maiden- hair) : this makes a beautiful plant when sus- pended ; the long drooping fronds terminate in a tu(t of multifid growth, which can only develop properly when raised up. A. Versailliense is another pretty crested variety, the erect fronds terminate in a perfect corymb of multifid growths. A. fragrantis- simum must be included ; it is a beautiful Fern, with lirge spreading fronds — the pinnules are deep wedge- shaped, and lobed, the ultimate ones much larger. It is slightly fragrant in the spring, when the fronds are quite young, but hardly sufficient to merit the name. A. semulum, with the varieties Waltoni and Waltoni difFusum, are all desirable, the latter espe- cially ; it might be considered intermediate between semulum and fragrantissimum, but the fronds are lighter, and of a more drooping habit than fragrantis- simum; it makes a beautiful specimen. A. Le Grande, a congested form of gracillimum ; distinct and pretty, Teneedm Group. This includes the lovely A. Farleyense, which is generally accepted as the queen of Ferns ; although most authoi ities agree that it is a variety of tenerum, I think there must still be some doubt about its identity with that species. A. scutum (Ghiesbreghtii) is undoubtedly closely allied to tenerum, and we have many intermediate forms. A. Lathami is one of the prettiest, the fronds are gracefully recurved, and of a soft pale green ; A. Victoria, dwarf and compact, pinnules large ; A. rhodophyllum differs in having a deep rosy tint in the young fronds, changing to deep green with age. A. regina is a fine variety, with the large pinnules of Victoria, and the large spreading fronds of scutum. In A. scutum we have two varieties, one with pale fronds, and the other rose-tinted when young, and changing to deep green with age. A. Bausei, a variety of tenerum, in which the pinnules are drooping or deflexed, the fronds growing erect. Among seedlings here we have this curious deflexed form in Victorite, regina, and other Adiantums. A. CoUisi is another desirable variety belonging to this group. In this the fronds are large and much branched, but the pinnules are smaller than in any of the others referred to in this group. Decorum Group. A. decorum is a most useful Fern, making a good pot-plant. When well exposed, the young fronds have a pretty delicate pink tint. It is one which finds some favour as a commercial p'ant. A. Veitchi, rather narrow, erect fronds, broad pinnules, young fronds richly tinted with red. It is one of the brightest of the tinted Ferns. I have previously referred to this as not being obtained from spores, and, as it has a close tufted caudex, it is slow to increase by division, and consequently is very scarce. A. rubellum, another tinted variety, with smaller fronds and a spreading caudex. A. cyclosorum is also a good tinted variety with drooping fronds, broad rather distant pinnules, the ultimate ones larger and drooping. A. concinnum, a very pretty Fern, but rather delicate. A. concinnum latum, a much more vigorous variety, with large erect fronds. This is sometimes grown for market, but is much damaged if exposed to the cold. A. Weigandi, a very dis- tinct and pretty Maidenhair, erect in growth, the mi- n\r'\ % ~\( Fig. I.— thc chlnese phimrose : native specimen. aod B, leaves of two forms ; c petat ; D E F, various forms of tfie catjx. irregular pinnules overlap each other, and are of a rich deep green. It may be recommended as one of the prettiest for decoration, and, being of good sub- stance, it stands exposure better than most of the Maidenhairs. GaPILLUS- VENERIS GbOUP. Of A. Capillus-veneris we have several very dis- tinct and beautiful varieties, some of which might be regarded as distinct species. A. Mariesi is one of the most useful ; this has the spreading caudex, and the peculiar bluish tint to the stipes, which are charac- teristic of the species, otherwise, it is very distinct; the fronds grow nearly erect, triangular in shape, and have broad, wedge-shaped pinnules, of a bright fresh green, O'Brieni closely resembles the above, but the pinnules are smaller and more distant ; both have large spore-cises, the coverings being almost black. A. imbricatum, a very fine variety, with spreading fronds ; the pinnules are almost as large as in A. Farleyense, and deeply cut round the margin. 1 have not seen this since it was exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society about two years ago, nor do I know if it is distributed. The next in order is A. grande : this a fine variety, similar in habit to the species, but having broad, wavy pinnules. A. cornubiense and A. daphnites are distinct. The variety fissnm has small erect fronds, the pin- nules are cut dowu into narrow segments ; it is a curious, if not a beautiful variety. The normal form of A. Capillus-veneris is also a desirable Fern. Among seedlings, I have found many variations. Of other species which may be included in this group, A. helium and A. glaucophyllum are very pretty, with slender, erect fronds, growing only a few inches high — the latter of a pale glaucous-green, and the former of a deeper shade, with a bluish tint to the rachis. A. Fergussoni is a most desirable species ; the caudex does not spread so widely as in the above - named, but it has some of the characteristics of the Capillus-veneris. The long narrow erect fronds have irregular-shaped pinnules, some overlapping each other; the ultimate ones are broad, and deeply lobed. Of other sorts with spreading rhizomes, A. Williamsi is one of the most beautiful, and may be particularly recommended, as it succeeds well under cool treatment. A. lethiopicum : of this there are two distinct forms — the dwarf form is often grown under the name of venustum, but the true venu^tum is quite distinct; the tall-growing variety, ajthiopi- cum alatum, of some authorities, is a very fine Fern, growing 2 to 3 feet high. I have also seen this labelled A. digitatum, but the t^ae digitatum is synonymous with speciosum, a very distinct species, with large spreading fronds of a pale soft green ; this species is deciduous. Although one of the most beautiful of the genus, it is rarely seen in collections. A. palmatum is another beautiful deciduous species, having long slender fronds ; the pretty palmate pin- nules are borne on slender raehises, and at some distance apart. A. Moorei and A. assimile, both fine basket Ferns, will complete this group. Macrophyllum Group. A. macrophyllum is a grand Fern; the erect pinnate fronds have a beautiful rosy tint when young, which, with age, changes to a deep green. A. m. bipinnatum difi'era in the lower portion of the fronds, being bipinnate ; it also has a more bronzy tint in the young fronds. A. Seemanni is a choice species with large, deep green pinnules. A. peru- vianum, a beautiful Fern with large drooping fronds; the large broad pinnules are borne on long, slender, thread-like raehises, and when well treated, it makes a noble plant. All of this group require stove treat- ment, and a position where the damp does not settle on the fronds. Pceris. ( To he continued.) THE ABORIGINAL CHINESE PRIMROSE. 0» various occasions we have mentioned the interesting discovery of the aboriginal Chinese Primrose by Dr. Henry and by the French mission- aries, in the mountains of I-Chang. We have also noted how, at Appley Towers, near Ryde, Mr. Myles, the gardener, last year showed us some seedling plants from the same locality, which we at once recognised as belonging to the same species. Now we have the pleasure to give an illustration (p. 13) of a flowering specimen, grown by Mr. Jones in the garden of Edmund Hyde, Esq., of Ealing. The conditions under which it grows in nature are very different from those under which it is cultivated here, and anyone who will compare our fig. 1, taken from the wild plant, will be interested in seeing how great a change has been effected in one season only, and without any cross-fertilisation. It is such changes as these which bear witness to the process of evolution. There are many mysteries yet to be solved, and one of them is the reason why some plants are so much more variable than others. Not many plants would respond so soon to the attention of the cultivator as this Chinese Primrose. We must refer for further details to our previous articles, on January 26, 1889, p. 115. and November 15, 1890, p. 564, and to Mr. A. W. Sutton's paper on Chinese Primulas in the Journal of the Royal Harlicultural Society for March, 1891, vol. xiii., p. 99. The stock of this interesting progenitor of the race of Chinese Primroses is in the hands of Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading. Jancaht 2, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 13 THE HELLEBORES OF THE ANCIENTS. Dkdgs prepared from Hellebore were so famous amongst the ancients as a remedy for madness, and, indeed, for many other ailments — Pliny gives a list of them quite worth the notice of adveitisers of patent medicines — that the plant has acquired for infer that it was formerly nsed here. At Con- stantinople, a popular drug, called Zoptane, is made from H. orientalis, which is common on the mountains of Eastern Tnrkey. In Gerard's time, our native H. fcetidus, the rankest of all the genus, was employed medicinally, though known to require great caution in using, and it is still retained in veterinary practice for outward application. they came ; and were priced and trusted accordingly. Hellebore was of two kinds, distinguished as black and white. The best black came from Mount Helicon, and the best white from Mount Qita. The town most famous for its preparation was called Anticjra, but this name was ambiguous. There is a well-known passage in The Art of Poetry^ written by the Roman poet Horace, in Fig. 2.— the wild fobm of pblhula sinensis, after one yeae's cultivation: flowebs, pale bosy-lilac; follln, magn. iiOO diam. (see p. 12.) itself a literary as well as a botanical interest. We know that different species have been used in different countries for their medicinal properties, which are, perhaps, essentially the same in them all, though varying in strength. The Hellebore of the modern English Pharmacopoeia is the root of Helle- borus niger, the common Christmas Rose. In Ger- many, H viridis, the green Hellebore, is said to be preferred, and from its frequent occurrence in Eng- land in the neighbourhood of old luins, we may The physicians of ancient Greece, who for some centuries before and after the Christian era were famous throughout the civilised world for their skill, were very fanciful about the locality from which the herbs used by them were collected. The kind of herb might be the same, but when gathered on a particular mountain or in a particular forest, it was thought to have additional virtue. Drugs of the same name were classified as first, second, third, or lourlh quality, according to the source from which which he says, that to gain a reputation as a poet, a man must be so mad that three Anticyras cannot cure him, and must never have his hair cut. Multi- plying by three was a common superlative figure of speech in Latin, as in other languages, and perhaps Horace meant no more than this ; but, on the other hand, he may have known that there were in Greece three towns named Anticyra, and possibly they were all places where the drug hellebore was prepared. One Anticyra was on a narrow strip of the land of the 14 THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. [jANCAHir 2, 1892. Locriana, between ^tolia and the sea. Strabo, an ancient writer on geography, and Livy, a Roman historian, both mention it. It was taken by the Romans in the second Punic war, and given over to their allies, the iEtolians. We know nothing of it as connected with Hellebore, though Pliny tells us that jEtolian Hellebore, which was of bad quality, was used to adulterate the better Parnassian kind. There was another Anticyra in the south-eastern corner of Thessaly, 3 or -i miles from the sea, near the base of Mount CEta and the famous pass of Thermopylae, but we do not hear of this town as producing Hellebore except on the slight authority of the lexicographer, Stephanus of Byzantium, who lived in the sixth century of our era. The third Anticyra, the only one which we know to have been famous in classical times for the manufacture of this drug, was situated on the southern coast of Phocis, not far from the base of Mount Parnassus, and within a few miles of Mount Helicon, The position of it is well known, and it is now named Aspra Spitia ; it was not an island, as Pliny and others have wrongly said, and never can have been so in historic times ; but it stood on a peninsula, and had a good harbour. In Horace's day, it was a place of resort for insane or epileptic patients, who went there to take a course of Hellebore under resident physicians. Hence, to say " You should go to Anticyra," was a polite way of telling a man he was a fool. Amongst others who had gone through this medical course there, Pliny mentions the philosopher Carneades, who went there for intellectual training bafore publicly declaiming against the dogmas of the Stoics, apparently sup- posing that a medicine which could make madmen sane, would make sane men still wiser. Also, Drusus, a famous popular leader of the Romans, was cured there of epilepsy. The same writer adds that this drug, which retained its virtue for thirty years, and once was thought so formidable, had now become so " promiscuous " in its use, that students often took a dose of it to sharpen their intellect, when they were puzzled by difficult passages in their reading — a valuable hint, by the way, for candidates before a competitive examination ! I recollect a virtuous freshman at Cambridge who, with a similar object, laid in a large stock of " Reading biscuits," which he saw advertised in a window ! The next question is, what were the kinds of Hel- lebore called black and white, and found respectively on Mount Helicon and Mount Qilta? We ought to be able to answer this, because Edmond Boissier has told us, in the preface to Flora Orientalis, that, thanks to the labours of the botanists, Orphanides and Heldreich, the flora of Greece is now better known than that of any other country within the scope of his work. The Hellebore which is found to prevail on Mount Helicon, Mount Parnassus, and the neighbouring country, is one to which E. Boissier gives the name of H. cyclophyllus. It is inter- mediate between U. viridis and H. orientalis, having been confused with the latter both by Sibthorp and by Heldreich. Perhaps it is not in culti- vation in England, but it is described as being taller, and having larger flowers, and broader segments to the leaves, than the green Hellebore, which in other characters it resembles. As for the white Hellebore, it is evident from the vague descriptions of Theophrastus and Pliny, that neither of them knew a living Hellebore by sight, but Pliny says that he had been told that the leaf of the black Hellebore was of the shape of a Plane leaf, but divided into several segments, and that the white Hellebore had leaves resembling those of the Beet, and deeply channelled at the back. He attributes to it a bulbous root like that of an Onion, with fibrous tunics. Ancient and modern botanists have generally identified this with Veratrum album, which is figured in Gerard's Herbal as the White Hellebore ; but perhaps the best evidence is that of Heldreich, who explored Mount CEta in 1879, and found V, album growing there in abundance, confirming his previous opinion that this was the White Hellebore of Theophrastus. The difi'erent efl'ects of the two kinds of Hellebore taken medicinally, as recorded by ancient authorities, cor- responds with modern experience ; the black is a powerful cathartic and the white a strong emetic. This is a summary of all that is known or likely ever to be known of the famous Hellebores of the ancients. C. Wolley Dod, Edge Hall, Malpas. BIRDS OF THE COMMONS AND WOODLANDS, iContiniL&d from p. 758, vol. z.) Pipits, Towards the middle of April it is not an uncom- mon thing to hear a song which reminds you of the canary. If you look at the singer you will see that he rises from one of the highest boughs of the tree on which he is perched, hovers in the air for a moment, and then descends on to the branch from which he started, singing all the while. He is a small brown bird, in colour like the lark ; but in many respects you will notice that he resembles the wagtail, to whom he is much more closely related. This bird is the tree pipit, a very characteristic woodland species, and fairly plentiful from April to September throughout England wherever the country is well supplied with trees. The meadow pipit, or titlark as it is commonly called, closely resembles the tree pipit, but is far less particular in the locali- ties which it frequents. It seems to be most at home on moorlands and low-lying damp ground, although it may also be found on heaths and in cultivated districts. Unlike the tree pipit, the titlark is resi- dent with us throughout the year, but in cold weather there is a general movement to warmer localities, WoODLANDEBa, The members of the crow tribe possess between them as much intellect as all the other birds put together. They are most of them hated by game- keepers, especially the magpie and jay. Everybody knows these two birds by sight ; both are beautiful, which is to many men in itself a good reason for killing them, and both sometimes destroy the eggs and young of other species ; therefore they are shot and trapped everywhere. 'The jay, in addition to being considered an ornamental bird for a hat, has a further attraction in the fact, that the bright- coloured blue feathers on its wings are valued by fishermen for making flies. It manages, however, to hold its own fairly well, for it is extremely wary, uttering its hideous scream long before an intruder has time to get anywhere near it. As a matter of fact, it is probably not as destructive as the magpie or crow, though its reputation is about as bad. The magpie is handicapped in the race for life by being so conspicuous. Many conspicuous birds protect their species from destruction by building their nests in places which are inaccessible or hard to find, but the magpie's nest is a great structure of sticks, with a dome, so that it is about as conspicuous as it is possible for a nest to be. The only other two birds of the crow tribe are the jackdaw and the rook, both very sociable, not only among themselves, but also towards mankind. The jackdaw can hardly be said to be a real bird of the woodlands, but it does occasionally nest in hollow trees. They prefer cliffs and old buildings, where they may be senn flying about in large flocks, sometimes performing the most wonderful evolutions in the air, especially on windy days, when they always appear to be most thoroughly happy, A. H. Macpkerson. (To be concluded.) The W|ek^ Work. THE HARDY FBUIT GARDEN, MANURING APPLES AND PEARS.— The manner in which manure is applied to the roots of fruit trees may be thought by some growers of very small im- portance, but, to my mind, after several years' ex- perience, the method adopted has much to do with the production of good fruit. One has often heard it remarked, " Get the manure into the ground, the roots are sure to find it." This may be quite true, but the very fact of having to dig it into the ground, and then the roots to search for it, is a great drawback to the production of large fruits. Why not place the manure in such a position that the rootlets do not have to search much for it, and so save them the time (if I may use such an expression), that so soon as the fibres begin to work, and consequently need nutriment in some form, they may have it close at hand ; nothing remaining for them to do but root away, to nourish bloom-bud, bloom, and fruits, and which eventually (all other points being right, such as plenty of space between the branches and spurs) may become fine specimens. The best way to apply manure is to take a three- pronged Canterbury hoe, draw the soil away from the stem of the tree, say a distance of from 2 to 3 feet all the way round, until the fibres are seen. If the tree is on the Paradise stock, and not planted too deeply, these will be found close to the surface, and here let me say that I lay great stress upon the importance of keeping the roots close to the surface. In the basin thus formed place the manure, or manure and soil mixed. Throw the soil back on to the top of the manure, and, finally, give all a good treading. If artificial manure is to be used, it should be mixed with a little fresh soil, and not applied till later in the season. The above remarks are only intended to apply to such trees as annually carry heavy crops of poor fruit, or trees that may have become stunted, either by want of proper nourishment or by constant digging around the roots. The intervening spaces between the trees should be slightly forked over, just sufficiently to make a crumb for flat hoeing. Bush fruits may be improved in the same manner ; in fact, all trees that are in any way benefited by manure. Farm-yard manure we find to be the best, and if this be mixed with burnt refuse, it not only makes the manure go further, but helps to give colour to the fruits, especially Apples, CORDON APPLES AND PEARS.— These are usually planted as edgings to garden walks, making a nice finish to the quarters, and affording good returns when properly managed. The trees can be procured aa maidens, and cut back to the required height ; orwhat is better, purchased already formed either as, double or single cordons. A very good distance to plant cordons from the edge of the walk is about 2 feet, and the height of stem about 13 to 15 inches. If double cordons are to be planted, these should not be placed nfarer than 20 feet apart, which allow 10 feet on each side for the extension of the branches. Single cordons should be planted at not less than 14 feet. The training can very well be done on the old-fashioned system of driving short stakes into the ground at suitable distances apart, but as these often need to be renewed, the better plan — one that is really cheaper in the end — is to place iron supports firmly in the soil, making the two end ones very secure, and then stretching a wire from end to end, much in the same way as an ordinary iron-wire fence is made. It must be borne in mind that this method of growing trees only allows a very limited growth above-ground, con- sequently occasional root-pruning will be required. Some sorts are better adapted than others for cordons, the following are amongst some of the best: Cox's Orange does remarkably well, so do Emperor Alexander, Belle Dubois, Peasgood's Nonsuch, The Queen, Lord Grosvenor, Lord Suflield, Grenadier, Lane's Prince Albert, Prince Bismarck, Reinette de Caux, and many others. The last-named variety and Prince Albert are very desirable fruits, being heavy croppers, and keeping well to a late period, and requiring but little root-pruning. G. Woodward, Barham Court, Maidttone. PLANTS AND THEIR CULTUBE. WATERING AND TEMPERATURE,— During the late severe frosts, it became necessary to keep the fires going brisker. In doing this it is always well to avoid as much as possible a too high night tem- perature, 58° to 65°, with a rise of 5° to 10° by day, according to the outside temperature, being sufficient for the stove ; and, indeed, it is prudent to let the warmth decline a few degrees below these figures rather than keep up a dry parching heat by forcing the fires. All watering of plants should be done early in the day, and those plants which are situated nearer to the hot-water pipes than others carefully looked after, as these will necessarily become much dried up. Avoid moistening the foliage overmuch, the syringing and damping-down being performed with care. FORCING PITS.— Fresh plants should be intro- duced from time to time in adequate numbers ; these may consist of Roman Hyacinths, Paper-white Nar- cissus, early Tulips, Lily of the Valley, Eichardia asthiopica, Dielytra apectabilis, Persian Lilacs, a few Azalea indica — Deutsche Perle, and Fielder's White. Continue to lift and pot up clumps of Helleborns niger, placing them in a vinery which is just being started, or other place with similar Jandaey 2, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 15 heat. Here the plants will soon throw off a quan- tity of blooms, and where a good stock of this species is at hand, some spare lights may be placed over them where they stand, so as to prottct them. These roughly-protected plants will afford a saccession of blooms to those that were lifted and taken indoors. CALADIUMS AND GLOXINIAS. — These should be looked over and examined, and if found to be too dry, or inclined to shrivel, a small quantity of water may be afforded them. They should afterwards be returned to their winter quarters for another fort- night, when, should any be required to bloom early, the first portion may be started in gentle warmth. CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Cuttings of these plants may now be taken, not delaying any longer to do so ; put them in a compost of two parts loam, and one of leaf-soil, and sullicient sand to keep the whole open, passing it through a sieve with a half-inch mesh, filling the cutting-pots to within three-quarters of an inch of the top with the compost, and finish off with a layer of sharp silver-sand. In taking the cuttings, give preference to those thrown up from the roots of old plants, for, if the cut- tings are taken from the stems, they often give trouble by continually showing for bloom throughout the summer. If it can be done, it is best to strike each cutting separately in pots, as by so doing the young plant does not receive any check when re- potted. The best place for the cuttings to root is a cold frame, or hand-light placed in a cool vinery or Peach-house, having the frame filled up to within 8 inches of the glass with coal-ashes. The cuttings must be kept free of decaying leaves, and the glass dried with a cloth every morning, allowing the frame to be ventilated for about an hour daily, which will dry the soil, &c. CALCEOLARIAS. — Plants in 4-inch pots, with their roots touching the sides of the pots, should bs shifted into 6 or 7- inch pots without delay, it being one of the secrets of success in growing these plants not to allow them to receive any check whatever from the time of sowing the seeds till the blooming period. A good compost for the herbaceous Cal- ceolaria may consist of two parts fibrous loam and one each of leaf-soil and dried cow manure, the latter bting run through a sieve, and sufii:if nt sharp sand put with the whole to give porosity. Grow the plants in a lov pit, or on a shelf in a cool green- house from which frost is excluded, and keep them free from greenfly — to which they are very subject — by fumigating with tobacco-paper about once in three weeks. II. jSIllner, Penrice Castle, Swansea. THE ORCHID HOUSES. With the new year it is well to review the work done in this department in the year just passed, as each year has its lessons, and every Orchid grower will have added something new to his experience. When Orchids are growing satisfactorily, that is auflicient proof that the conditions under which they are grown are suitable. Sickly plants are to be found in every collection, few or more, and the cause of their unhealthiness invariably is, that some simple want is not attended to, or is not understood. As to the latter I would say, find the right place and the proper treatment for the plants; and the unhealthy plant, if it be not too far gone, may recover. Thrips and other pests find it difficult to increase when plants are doing well. The suitable place for a plant will vary according to the season, and it is a far more important matter than is generally thought, but it is the only way in which Orchids can be readily grown. In addition to remarks on the cultivation of Orchids in general, I will endeavour week by week to show the conditions under which we at Highbury find generally bad growers to succeed. At the present time, there being little or no potting to do, attention is given to cleanliness and ventilation. I would advise amateurs to be cautious in making alterations, and nourish their plants as much as possible on pure air, avoiding any approach to a stuffy atmosphere. I question if the old-fashioned closed stage, with moisture- retaining material kept thereon, is good for Orchids. I say that it obstructs the freedom of air-cir- culation, and is in that way a mistake, and should be removed in favour of the ordinary greenhouse stage. If stagnant air is detrimental to Orchids, equally so are close stages, and I say, try the others with nothing more than a row of roofing- tiles laid just over the pipes, raised from them about 3 inches, and on which some half-decayed leaves are placed. When a plant is doing well, it dries up quickly with proper ventilation, as everyone knows, and there is less fear of over-watering a plant, or injury from damp. Open the bottom ventilator more or less, and other ventilators according to the state of the wind and weather. I prefer to admit air at the ends of the house by means of the doors or otherwise, in cold weather opening that to leeward only. Fire-heat should be used to temper the fresh air, maintaining the warmth at this season from G0° to 70°. THE ODONTOGLOSSUM3.— The house containing these plants now in bloom is brightened by having some plants of Sophronitis grandiflora and rosea put here and there on the stage. Do not let the tem- perature fall below 45°, and in mild weather f)0°, liO° being the highest day warmth with fire-heat and abundance of air. THE CATTLEYA OR INTERMEDIATE-HOUSE will now be gay with the L;«lia anceps, of which L. a. grandillora (true) is by far the largest and most substantial form. Where fogs are common, I would advise that in foggy weather a moist atmosphere be kept, and no evergreen Orchid be allowed to remain very dry at the root, or both leaves and flowers will sufft-r. Temperature from .55° to 65°, with air, and the house and plants kept much dryer than the Odontoglossums. THE EAST INDIA-HOUSE.— If the Phaloeuopsia are grown in this house the warmth must not fall below G5°, otherwise the majority of the plants will not be hurt if 6U° is the lowest reading, rising by day from (50° to 70°, and with sun-heat 5° higher. H. A. Biirherri/, Highl-iiri/, Birmingham. THE KITCHEN GARDEN. At this period the work will greatly depend upon the weather; if it be mild, digging should be pushed on, and when frost prevents this, the wheeling of manure on to the quarters can always be done expeditiously. In selecting ground for certain crops, as for instance. Beetroot, Salsafy, Scorzonera, Carrots, Parsnips, and Onions, heavy manuring, early digging or trenching, turning the soil up roughly are essential to good roots. Onions will often follow Celery, and if the latter can be cleared off in good time, the ground can be got into prime condition for sowing seed by moving the surface with digging-forks several times. I?y attention to a system of rotation of crops, and choosing the right kind of soil — and in most gardens there is some variety of soils, clubbing and other evils are, to some extent, prevented, and good crops obtained. In some gardens long under the spade, clubbing of the roots of Cabbages, Cauliflosvers, &c., is often troublesome, and the present time is the best to apply remedies for this evil. The best remedy is the free use of gas-lime used early in the winter, spreading it evenly on the surface some days before digging the land, taking care to powder the lime, as large lumps are apt to be injurious to the roots of plants. \Vhen only a light dressing of gas- lime is afforded, it may be dug-in at once without exposure to the air. ARTIFICIAL MANURES. — By the Use of these, much good may be effected in gardens which have for long periods received much animal manure and the soil has become too rich in nitrogen, and I would advise the use of quicklime on land of this kind as an aid to decomposition of the excess of manure in the soil. Wood-ashes should also be made use of in lieu of animal manure for a season or two. Light soils are benefited by the addition of marl, clay, or heavy loam ; and old mortar or plaster, charcoal waste, and fine coal ashes are good to mix with heavy soil. For Seakale and Asparagus, I have found that fish-manure produces much better results than salt alone, and may be afforded to other crops with good effect. Peruvian guano mixed with marl or like soils would often give a better return, if used for a season, than farmyard manure. Some gardeners have a difficulty in getting sufircient manure for the garden, and the above-mentioned substances will afford valuable help in its absence, together with deep cultivation of the soil. EARLY VEGETABLES. — Peas sown in the autumn in the open ground are frequently a loss, whilst those sown in mild heat give good returns. The present is a good time to sow larger kinds of Peas in 5-inch pots thinly, placing the pots in a cold frame, affording no water, if the soil is damp, till they have germinated. Chelsea Gem and Duke of Albany are good varieties to grow in pots, the latter requiring pinching of the points to induce bushiness of growth, and it follows the first- named, and has large pods. Sow Broad Beans shortly for planting out, as advised for Pea?. Cauliflowers should be sown if there is any de- ficiency of plants, the Pearl being an excellent one to sow for early produce. Seed of Onions may be sown in a cold frame, if very large bulbs are required, or when the autumn sowing has failed. Should the supply of salad have run short, seeds of Lettuce may be sown at fortnightly intervals, to be used in a young state for salads ; only early kinds should be sown. Seakale, Rhubarb, and Asparagus roots should be lifted and placed in heat, as required ; and fresh leaves and stable-litter got in readiness for hotbeds for Radishes and Carrots, and a sowing of Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, and Cauliflowers. G, Wythis, Syun Huiise, Brentford. THE FLOWER GARDEN. SUMMER ARRANGEMENT OF BEDS, ETC. — Where the arrangement of beds and borders (on paper) for next summer did not receive attention as was recommended in these columns last autumn, it should be looked to now, in order that the plants necessary for filling the beds may be propagated in sullicient numbers. First determine the number of beds to be filled exclusively with flowering plants in distinct colours — such as scarlet, pink, and white Pelargoniums, blue Lobelia, and Tom Thumb (mauve) and other varieties of Ageratum, and with plants of various heights, and varying in colour of leaf and flower, for what are called the mixed beds, as well as carpet beds, and the subtropical plants. As a guide to the species and varieties suitable for use in mixed and subtropical bedding, a brief list may with advantage be given here, inasmuch as there is no time to lose in the matter of working up a stock of both descriptions of plants. MIXED BEDS. — f)blong or circular beds planted thinly with light and dark-flowered Fuchsias, car- peted with blue or yellow Viola, and edged with a good band of the variegated-leaved pink-flowered Pelargonium Manglesii, are efi'ective ; as also the same filled with pyramids of Madame Crousse, Ivy- leaf Pelargonium, Lilium candidum (common white garden Lily), L. auratum, L. tigrinum splendens, Carnations, and Calceolaria amplexicaulis dis- posed thinly in a groundwork of yellow Viola, with a broad band of Coleus Verchaffetlii, or Iresine Lindeni, and edged with blue Lobelia. B. ds thinly sown with Caraway's White Mignonette and in- terspersed with plants of scarlet and pink flowered Pelargoniums and variegated Japmeae Maize, and edged with Pelargonium Manglesi, are sure to find favour, as also are beds carpeted with P. Manglesi and dotted with Love-lies-bleeding, the fern-like Acacia lophantha, Abutilon Thomsoni variegatum, with beautifully marbled leaves, Nicotiana atfinis, and pyramids of Heliotrope, Campanula pyramidalis, blue and white, and I'^ckford's Sweet Peas, Countess of Radnor (mauve). Empress of India (rosy-pink), and Prince of Orange (orange), and edged with blue Lobelia or scarlet Pelargonium. Blue-flowered Violas planted among variegated-leaved Pelar- goniums with scarlet flowers, such as Bijou, are very telling in effect, and yellow-flowered Violas inter- mixed with Pelargonium Manglesi make a quiet and pleasing combination of colours. There are many other easily-raised plants besides those enumerated above which could with advantage be used in this manner. SUBTROPICAL PLANTS— In addition to the hardier kinds of Palms, Drac.xnas. Yuccas, aid American Aloes, Phormium tenax, Funkia Sii-boldi F. albo-marginata, F. aureo-maculata, and Ficus elastica, a good semi-tropical effect may be produced by the undermentioned plants raised from seeds and planted in well-drained beds, in somewhat sheltered positions as in bays, formed by tall trees or shrubs, namely: — Solanum lacinialum, S. marginatum, S. robustum, S. pyracanthum, S. argenteum, Cannas in variety ; Aralia Sleboldi, Arundo conspicua, Meli- anthua major, Wigandias, Ferula communis. Acacia lophantha, and Grevillea robusta. The above being slow growers should be sown at once in strong heat. But seeds of the following subjects need not be sown before the end of February, viz.. Cannabis gigantea, Japanese Maize, Nicotiana atropurpurea grandiflora, N. macrophylla gigantea and llicinus hybridus, 11. Gibsoni, R. glaucus, R. Duchess of Edinburgh, R. Cambodgensis, R. sanguineus tricolor, and R. macro- carpus. Ficus elastica and Abutilon Thomsoni are increased by cuttings, and the Funkias (which are hardy herbaceous plants) by division of the roots. The same kind of plants, recommended as a ground- work and edgings for mixed beds, may also be simi- larly and effectively employed for the sub-tropical plants, the disposition of which will be referred to in due time. H. IV. Ward, Lougfvrd Castle, Salisbury, 16 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLK [Januaey 2, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICE. Letters fob Publication.— 4!! communications intended for publisatim, as well as specimens and plants for naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, WelUng- ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Commumca- ti(ms should be written on one side only of the PAPER, sent as early in the week as -possible, and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a gziarantee of good faith. Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor, but to the Publisher, at the above address. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. M E ETI NGS. SATURDAY, Jan. 2— Wakefield Paxton Society. FRIDAY, Jan. 8— Dundee Horticultural ABSociation. SALES. Great Sale of Lilies, at Protheroe Morris' Rooms. TUESDAY, Jan. 5-| „ ., „ 1 Plants, Ferns, Roses. &c., at Pro WEDNESDAY, Jan. 6 ] ^herie & Morris' Rooms. FRIDAY, „ ( Imported Orchids at Protheroe & Jan. a-j Morris' Rooms. OOBKEOTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- INO WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE 0BSEEVATI0K8 OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWTCK.— 36°.4. n.^ T V, ^r It is a fact, not without signifi- The Jubilee lear , , ,, ■ .• c of the Royal cance, that the re-organisation ot Gardens, Kew. the Royal Gardens, Kew, and the establishment of the Gardeners' Chronicle were contemporaneous. The Jubilee Year for the two institutions is the same. When it is remembered that the re-organisation of the gar- den begun in 1841 was largely due to the recom- mendation and counsel of our first Editor, Dr. LiNDLEY, and of Mr., afterwards Sir Joseph, Paxton, who was also one of the founders of this Journal, it will be seen that the connec- tion between the two events is not so purely fortuitous as it might appear to be. LiNDLEV, in his report to the Government of the day in 1838, said :— " A national garden ought to be the centre round which all minor establishments of the same nature should be arranged ; they should all be under the control of the chief of that garden, acting in concert with him, and through him with one another, reporting constantly their proceedings, explaining their wants, receiving their supplies, and aiding the mother country in everything that is useful in the vegetable kingdom. Medicine, commerce, agriculture, horticulture, and many valuable branches of manufacture, would derive benefit from the adoption of such a system. From a garden of this kind Government would be able to obtain authentic and official information on points connected with the founding of new colonies ; it would afford the plants there re- quired without its being necessary, as now, to apply to the officers of private establishments for advice and assistance." At p. 179 of c ur first volume (1841), we find an announcement that Sir W. J. Hooker, till that time Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow, had been appointed to the charge of the Royal Gardens, Kew. " We trust that this wise step will be accompanied by such other changes and improvements in this important establishment as will ensure its efficiency, and prove that the ill-advised plan of destroying it last year entertained by certain gentlemen con- nected with Government, was never approved by Her Majesty's responsible advisers. Previous to that, it appears the plants at Kew had been offered to the Horticultural Society for their garden at Chiswick ! Public attention was, however, called to the matter in the newspapers of the day by the late Mr. Hkwabd, and by Mr. W. Iliff, a surgeon of Walworth much interested in natural history. Sir W. Hooker's appointment dated from April 1, 1841. By his energy, knowledge, and courtesy, he speedily effected much-needed re- forms. His large correspondence with all quarters of the globe, and which had been for- merly turned to good account when in Glasgow, were even more fruitful at Kew. On August 9, 1841, the sub-editor of this journal visited the garden, and his remarks at p. 635 of our volume for that year are of an interesting character. It is therein recorded that persons, provided they did not touch the plants, were permitted to walk through the grounds without attendance ! that there had been a large increase of " respectable company," and that neither plants nor flowers had been injured by the visitors. Other details are given as to the changes in progress, and especially as to the unrivalled col- lection of Proteacefe — a group of plants, by the way, better represented fifty years ago than now. The changes effected by Sir W. Hooker were again adverted to at p. 123 of our volume for 1842, where it is recorded that "the well- directed energy of Sir W. Hooker, assisted by a judicious liberality on the part of the Com- missioners of Woods and Forests, will speedily place Kew where it ought to be, and once was — at the head of the botanical establishments of Europe." At that time the kitchen garden was still maintained, and our pages 175 and 528 for 1842 give details of a character we do not now have to record from Kew, It is not our intention on this occasion to advert in detail to the further progress of Kew, its great extension, the gradual improvements in general cultivation, and in all departments, under the direction of Sir William and of Sir Joseph Hookkr, and latterly of Mr. TniSELTON-DyER ; the new houses constructed, the museums built, the herbaria and libraries formed, the laboratory and picture-gallery established ; nor need we do more in passing than allude to the extraordinary literary and scientific activity evinced in the numerous substantial volumes that have emanated from Kew. The Colonial Floras, for instance, were projected by Sir William Hooker. Some are completed, others, like the tropical and extra-tropical African floras, will, we trust, speedily be resumed ; whilst the unrivalled experience, and the undaunted energy of Sir Joseph Hooker have brought the flora of British India nearly to completion. To the general public Kew is a pleasure- garden merely. It is that, of course ; but it is far more. It is, and has been, for half a century, what Lindley wished it to be, the centre of botanical activity — activity not only in purely scientific botany, but in garden botany in particular. It has been a main agency in the collection and diffusion of knowledge of all kinds relating to botany, and has ensured the cultivation and dispersal of economic plants of all kinds in our colonies. We have often had occasion to record, with patriotic pride, the great things for humanity which have been effected, some entirely, others very largely, through the medium of Kew. Com- mercial men and practical statesmen are not very likely to feel much enthusiasm about botany as a science — they look upon it, if at all, as a harmless pastime ; but when they see — as they may at Kew — what it is capable of, and what it has done for the benefit of mankind, they naturally look upon the garden as an institution worthy of their support. The cultivation of Cinchona, Tea, India-rubber, Liberian Coffee, represents only a few of the industries which have been established and fostered in India and our colonies chiefly through the agency of Kew. All that has been done at Kew in the way of gardening, systematic study, physiology, or economic botany, has been done in accordance with the letter and the spirit of the recom- mendations made by Lindley. but modified and extended by successive directors ; and the latest advances — that of federating the several colonial botanic gardens, and that of establishing bo- tanical departments in the several presidencies of India and in the colonies — are in strict accord- ance with the general plan. Kew has thus long been the centre of botanical energy in almost all departments. Its steady progress and its present condition are matters which excite the admira- tion of the most competent judges. We have lately had an illustration of this in the glowing testimony as to the condition of and the work at Kew afforded to us in conversation with the directors of two of the most important gardens in the world — that of Paris and the Harvard Arboretum. In some points Kew still needs extension and improvement. The subject of the diseases of plants, for instance, is vast enough and important enough to demand a separate stafi of micros- copists and entomologists with a small space set apart as an experimental area. The laboratory and library would be invaluable adjuncts to such a department. Systematic and comparative study of the minute anatomy of plants is also a need of the times that might be largely supplied at Kew. Anatomists would not only find there what they want in the way of material, but they might also profit by imitating the systematic orderly procedures, and comparative methods of those who devote themselves to herbarium botany, as it is called. The co-operation of the two classes of workers is a thing much to be desired, and we do not know where it could be better carried out than at Kew. In the garden itself it is recognised that the cultivation, as perfectly as circumstances will allow, of specimens illustrative of botanical structure and aftlnities, and of such as are of horticultural and economic importance, is pre- ferable to the accumulation of so-called complete collections of specimens which cannot be pro- perly grown or displayed. Such plants would be more appropriately housed in the herbarium, while their portraits might find a place in the picture-galleries. For strictly horticultural pur- poses, numerous and varied trials should be made of new plants, to ascertain their value ; and not only of new plants, but also of some at least of the vast number at present left unutilised by the gardener. Ordinary bedding-stuff cannot, of course, be dispensed with in a public garden, but we do not want to see at Kew what we can see in any of the parks or in the back-garden of any saburban villa residence. What we see at Kew should be — and to a large extent it already is — of educational value, as well as agreeable to the eye. One of the chief wants of Kew at present is suitable provision for plants requiring an inter- mediate temperature, between that of the stove and that of the ordinary greenhouse or conser- vatory, one wherein specimens of many of the economic plants of subtropical lands may be grown. Much of this kind of material is already to be found in the smaller houses, chiefly in the T-range ; but the plants, owing to the smallness of the hjuses, and to their growth in pots of no great size, do not convey to the minds of those seeking information, their true characteristics, and persons interested in commerce go away from their inspection with feelings of disappointment. nt to the " Gardeners* Chronicle," January 2, 1892. PUBLISHED by BRADBURY, AGNEW. & CO.. Limited, LONDON. THE SPORTSMAN'S COMPLETE LIBRARY OF READING. 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(Complete). 110 Illustrations. j and gaiety ab3ufc his work which makes it always pleasant to dip into, and few humourists have the power u In \'^ J'oltuneSj 32??io size, printed on toned paper , and enclosed in a case, THE HANDY VOLUME SHAKSPEARE. STYLKS cif Br.NDING : — In fine cloth, red edges, in cloth case, price 21s. In I'Vench morocco, gilt edges, in leather case, price .31«. (id. In best red Russia, in an elegant case, price £3 1.5s. "Thi^ choice miniature edition contains the whole of the plays, the poem^, and a glossary, and is the result of a happy thought most charmingly realised." — .'iuti. In 'Si Elegant Little Volumes, each containing; a Complete Kovel, THE HANDY VOLUME WAVERLEY. Containing the whole of the Waverley Novels enclosed in a case, whiili measures only i) inches in height and length, and o inches in depth. 'J L< Author's Notes are given at the end of each volume. Styles of BiNDiN Sfe OkJ Hi' 5' "> 7) J — ■Off § E > > CO t> _l g 5- ■< r H - g I >- P CO ° 5^ D3 M lOP- 3o| CO ^"^ H ^ H s 05 -^ '^ - s - =: w ' -^ - ' - =: CO ■' - ^ = '^ s W "■• "^ S 1 Bay »' w. "ssas'Ss'.--,^ _ _^__ -_-rlllil ""'"'""■ W 12/4 Smlday after Trinity. Sun rises, 5h. iOm.; sets, 6h, 37ra, l{. Uoit, Soc, Corns, li. Caledonian Hort. Stc. Show (2 dsy. i l>ucil-e Horticultural Association meets. 3M Sunday after Trinity. Brighton and Hove Chrjs. Sue. meets. lith Sunday after Trinity. R Hort. Soc. Coras. Sun rises, 5h. 45ra. ; sets, Oh. Om. I5(;i Sunday after Trinity. ffl I ill M w tq 1 -«iiiJK(!iliiirl4l4.ii;M;KK5SSES;t3r:ou>co-i»o.4.ui.;-- Day o£ W. 0 O DO H W 55v/'i^^";g"H SCO '^^^ -; d :? t:* SCO <" "> ^ ? E^ SW » «5 H 3 H BM >/' 1 C^^ SS"fefet;"i5i;SSS.SSii;SS2222SS|SgSg££££| M„,„Te„. d 10/4 Sunday after Trinity, i. Hort. Soc. Corns. Sunri3es,6h,12ni.; sets, 6h, 27m. Dnndr [Horticultural Association meet? 17/4 Sunday after Trinity. B.lghton and Sussex "New" Hort. metis 18/4 Sunday after Trinity. Brighton and Hove Chrjs. Soc me.ts 19(4 Sunday after Trinity. Sun rises, 6h, 4in], ; sets, Ih, -Win, 20/4 Sunday after Trinity. Allhallows' F.vc, flip = W 1 gS»Si3SS(!iiSl5aM!55r,S:SE5r;~-o»-io--o.*w.cwli'«>'><»i^ iC/) ;g H £;C0 '■■'■ 1^ H s H --co J- -5 s i: H iriCO ■'■ ■^ y = H i:CO ^' "■- S := ? 1 Day -l w. o < W M 73 E^ES;^r?-?^7^ci^:^^?^HH^?rrTEi?;s Me.„T™ 0 2 R, Hort. Soc. Coms. Croydon Chrjs. Sh. (2d.); Prtsmth. Chrjs [Sh. (3d.) ; Brighton & Hove Chrjs. Sh. 1 lundee Hort. Assn. meets. [(2 daj.) Sunrises. 7h. 2m.; sets, -Ih, 23m, JI-/ Sunda.li after Trinity. [ton Chrjs, Sho« NVt, Chrjs,Soc, Chief Sh. (3 dajs). Kines- ISirm. Sh. (2d.); Toiq. Sh„N|.'toD (2 d,) Walton and Wejbridge Chrys, Show, Hournemouth Sh, (2d.); Devon & E.xetei l; Botanic Society Meeting. [Hott. Soc l-2nd Sunday after Trinity. Ghent E^hlb [efChrj-s., &c, (4dajs) U. Hort, Sec. Corns, ; Reading Chrys, Sh Hull Chrys. (2 dajs). [Show (3 days) -rottish Hort. Assoc. (Edinburgh), Chrys Chorley Chrysanthemum Show (2 days), -l:Wd Sunday after Triniti/. Sun rises, 7h. 30m. ; sets. 4h. 4m. R. Botanic Society Meeting, .idvenl Sunday. tiftg M 1 o egli^iti!*'J:'i^;!iiiigS7^?.:iECr3 = o=»-io=o.tM.o-ll'.y»iM. CO ") H ;5 ^ SCO ■» •=> JS = H SCO ^- "■' S = J iCCO ■■» '^ 5 ;^ ^ SCO '■'^ '^ g 1 Day ot IV r ^|gSgg|g|||§|$$St;;-rti = ±ti:tt£:S Mean Ten eg o H w J 11 fi- 1 1 f II II 1 1 ' • ' ■ f n HI if II S ■^ g ■- ? s • .* - ? " '?• %■ ? I «l 1 1 T? g §!§£ t S9)cr 1^ g ;g H ^CO -f "1 H s H dCO -"^ ^ 1= H CJj' r S H :S H SCO I Do o( w. ?g"co ^o gl gg= «g jS.B ig. Ha B-& §" IliSo HgHSCO">'^^?HaCOC»"5"H;3 Jli: CO ''-'-■' Si^iiw''""'^^? I Day olW. 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Ji SCO -'■ -^ J' S T' SCO ■'"■ ■^^ d ' - SCO ■' - H ^ JJ g 1 Day of w. |fefeS||^^^;^^-: ■ -. y;^-. - ; ■ ■: v -. :; 3?f g Mea„T.m H CO w G > 50 =■1 1 ^^'s^ i P'^s S' tl?!!' * 111 i' ■"i nl V j = nil ifil 1 5 := H SCO '^- "^ 5 = J S CO ■^"=: H := Ji S CO ^- '=■. ^ S jJ SCO '-r. r^^ j3 :g H 1 Day „i «■ . > 50 O Stl:S:tt3:.5££fe5Sfefefeu;^r:r:;;i = i = = = i:tt,fefeU,.„T™ ni'ria §|i|| nil 1 gggi.<(SsSEmtt::'5-3355^ESr: = 3ox-c=o-4.c.o,o-IDayu,,M. > r ™ "= g ^ ? SM "■•■ "^ g ^ ^ SCO ^' ■^ Jl :^ J3 SCO ■'-'"'1 d ;g Ji SCfiC'^ "!: 1 Day ol W. SSoSS^^feSoa^aafe^^^^^^^^^Oifemoi^SlMeanTeiu -i * ^ Ob -.1 o> o. ti li o Ob -i d> * « ►^ o -i Ol o. m li ^ => -i -J li 5= -4 o. 1 Fir..t tiaurt/r. ' 4tl,. ' (jli. 21rii. morn. Dundee Horticultuial Association meets. [Show (2 days). Brighton and Sussex " New " Hort. Sprine R. Caledonian Hort. Soc. Ci days). Linnean Society meets. Sun rises, 5h.22m. ; sets,6h,43m, W,Barroii R, Botinic Soc. Meeting. [d. 1891 Palm Sunday. R. Hort. Soc. Coms. Brighton and Sussex Hort. Soc. meets. Good Friday. Easter Sunday. General Holiday. U. Hort. Soc. Coms, ; Auricula Si Pl■imnl^ [Show, Linnean Society meets, U, Botanic Sociely Meeting. Low Sundaif. Manchester R. Bot. Soc. 2nd Sp. Show. 8. Bot. Soc. Show. Northern Bot. an< [Hort. (2 dayt) ^ Supplement to llie 'Gardeners' Chrcnicle," January ?, 1"!12.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ("THE TIMES OF HORTICULTURE") (Established 1841) Among the Covrespondents .f Contrihutors to recent Volitmes the following, out of many Hundreds, may be named :- ALPINE PLANTS:— BACKHOUSE, J., the late. BALL, J., V.R S., the lati-. CHURCHILL, G. C, Clifton, BnstoL COEKEVON, H., Geneva. DEWAR, D., Kew. DOD, Rev. C. W., Malpas. JENKINS. E., Hampton. UMATEUE GARDENING :- BADGER, E. W. BOYLE, Hon. Mrs. E. V. B., ("Days and Hours in a Garden ")• BRIGHT, the late H. A. ("Notes from a Lancashire Garden ")- CLARKE, CoL Trevor. ELLACOMBE, Rev. Canon. EWBANK, Rev. H.. Ryde. GUMBLETON, W. E. WILSON. G.. F R.S., Weybridge. WILKS. Rev. W. ARBOEETUM, ftc. :— ANNESLEY, tne Earl of. ACLAND. Sir T., Bart. ACTON, T.. Kilmaijurragh. ARGYLL, the Duke of. BAKER. W. R.. Bayfordbury. BARRON, W., thi' late. COURTOWN, the Earl of. DIECK, Dr., Merseburgh. DUCIE. the Earl of. EGERTON, Sir P.. Bart. ENNISKILLEN, the Earl, the late. GROSVENOR. Lord R. HENRY. MITCHELL. HUNTLEY, the Maniuis of. L0NDE9B0R0UGH, tlie Earl of. MACLEAY', the late Sir G. MEATH, the Earl of. NICHOLSON, G., Curator, Royal Gar- dens, Kew. POWELL. T. H.. Esq. POWERSCOt'RT, ViSL-ount. KASHLEIGH, J. RUTLAND, the Duke of. SARGENT, Prof., Arnold Arboretum Cambridge. U.S.A. SHANNON, the Earl of. the late. SMITH, T. A. Dorrien, Esq. STAIR, the Earl of. TREVELYAN, Sir W , Bart, the late. I VAN VOLXEM, J., the late, Brussels. CHEMISTRY :- CHURCH, Prof. DEHERAIN, Prof., Paris. DYER, Bernard. GILBERT, Prof., Eothamsted. LAVVES, Sir J. B., Eothamsted. MITCHELL, W. S. WARINGTON, R. Rothamsted. WILLIS. J. J., Rotliamsted. DISEASES OF PLANTS:— ARTHUR, Prof., New York. BASTIAN, Dr. Charlton, F.R.S. BOS, Dr. Ritzema, Wageningen. COOKE, Dr. M. C, Kew. MAGNUS. Prof., Berlin. MASSEE. G . Kew. MURRAY, G., British Museum. PAGET, Sir .lames, F.R.S. PHILIPPS, W. PLOWRIGHT, Dr. C. B., King's Lynn. VRILLIEUX, Prof., Paris. SMITH, W. G. SORAUER, Prof., Proskau. [Forestry. WARD, Prof. Marshall, School of FERNS :- BAKER, J. G.. Royal Gardens, Kew. DEUERY. C. T. HEMSLEY, A. LOWE, E. J. FLORISTS' FLOY?ERS, &C. :— DEAN, E., Ealing. DODWELL, E. S., Oxford. D'OMBRAIN, Rev. H. H., Westwell. DOUGLAS, J., nford. DOWNIE, J., Edinburgh. HORNER, Rev. F. D. LLEWELYN, Sir J. D., Biirt. MOLYNEUX, E. PAUL, G., Paisley. TURNER, C, the lat«. FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE :- ANDERRSK>», .1., Sweden. ANDEHSOEN, M. P., Sweden. ANDRli, E., Paris. BENNET, H., tlu' late, M.D., Mentone. BUNYARD. H., Short Hills, New York. CARRIEKE. Paris. CAEUEL, Prof., Florence. COSTEEUS, Dr., Amsterdam. CLOS, Prot., Toulouse. [Brussels. CEEPIN, Director, Botanic Garden, DAMMAR, Dr. Udo. Berlin. DE BOSSCHliBE, C, Lierre, Belgium. DE MAR, J. A., Boston, U.S.A. DEVANSAYE, A. de la. Anglers. DRUDE, Prof., Dresden. DUCHARTRE. Prof.. Paris. ENGLER, Prof., Berlin. ERNST, Dr., Caraocaa, FENZI, Cav. E., Florence. FORSTER, O., Scheibbs, Upper .Austria. GLAZIOU, Dr., Rio .laneiro. GOEZE, Dr.. Grietswald. HANBURY", T., Esil-, Mentone. HANSEN, G., California College of Agriculture. HENBIQUEZ, Prof., Coimbra. JOLY, C, Paris. KANITZ, Prof.. Klausenbnrg. KERCHOVE, Comte de, Gand. KOLB, Max, Munich. KEELAGE, E. H., Haarlem. LANGE, Prof., Copenhagen. LEHMANN. H., Popayan. LEMMON, J. G., Oakland. California. MEEHAN, T.. Philadelphia. MICHELI, M.. Geneva. MONTEIEO, Chev., Lisbon. NAUDIN, C, Antibes. NELSON, C. J., Orange Free Stat*. OLIVEniA, .1. D'., Oporto. ORTGIES, E., Zurich. OUDEMANS, Prof., Amster.lim. PIROTTA. Prof., Rome. PYNAERT, E.. Ghent. EEGEL. E., Director Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg. RODIGAS. E., Ghent. r,0\'ELLr, Sig., Pallanza. SOLMS, Prof.. Count, Strasburg. SURINGAR, Prof., Leyden. TEETEASE. Prof.. St. Louis. TROUBETZKOI, Prince (Eucalyptus). VILMORm, H. de, Paris. WILLKOMM, Prof., Prague. WITTMACK, Dr., Berlin. WOLKENSTEIN, P., St. Petersburg. FORESTRY :- BRACE, C. J., Orleans. FRANCE, C. S., Aberdeen. MA YE. Dr., Municli. MICHIE, C. Y., CuUen, Aberdeen. SCHLICH, Dr. Superintendent, Forest Department, Coopers Hill. WEBSTER. A. D.. Bromlev. WEBSTER, J. B., Gordon Castle. FRUrr CULTURE :- BARRON, A. F., Chiswick. BLACKMOEE, E. D., Teddingtou. BUNY.iRD, G., Maidstone, Kent. CHEAL, J., Crawley, Sus.sex. MAEKHAM, H., Mereworth. En'ERS. T. F.. Sawbridgeworth. WILDSMITH, W., the late. GARDEN BOTANY :- BAKER. J. G., F.R.S., Kew. BALFOUR. Prof.,Edinburgli. BAEBEY', W.. Lausanne. BROWN. N. E., Herbarium, Kew. BURBIDGE, F. W., Botanic Gardens. CLARKE, Col. Trevor. [Dublin. CLARKE, C. B., F.R.S. COENU, 'Prof. Max, Director of the Jardin des Plantes. Paris. DE CANDOLLE, A., Geneva. DYEE, W. T. T., Director. Royal Gardens, Kew. ELWES. H. J., Cirencester. FRANCHET. M., Paris. HEMSLEY, W. B., F.R.S., Kew. HOOKER, Sir J. D., K.C.S.I., late Director, Royal Gardens. Kew. JACKSON, J.R ,Museum,Royal Gardens, Kew (Economic Botany). LEICHTLIN, Max, Baden-Baden. GARDEN BOTANY : LINDSAY', R., Royal Botanic Gardens, MAW. G.. Broseley. [;Edinburgh. MAXIMOWICZ, Dr., the late, St. Petersburg ii. MOORE. F., Royal Gardens. Glasneviu. MORRI.'«. D., Assistant Director. Kew. NAUDIN, C, Antibes. OLIVER, Prof., F.E.S.. Kew. STRICKLAND, Sir C. Hart., Helmsley. TODARO, Baron, Palermo. WATSON, Sereno. Boston, U.S.A. GARDEN INSECTS :- BLANDFORD. F. McLACHLAN, R., F.R.S., Pres. Ent. MICHAEL, A. E., F.R.S. [Soc. WESTWOOD. Prof.. F.R.S., Oxford. HERBACEOUS PLANTS :- BARE, P., Covent Garden. CLARK. W. A.. Y'ork. CREWE, Eev. H. Harpur, the late. DOD, Eev. C. W., Malpas. ELLACOMBE. Rev. Canon. ELWES, H. J., Cirencester. EWBANK. Rev. H., Ryde. FOSTER, Prof.. Cambridge. HARTL.AND, Baylor, Cork. POTTER, W., York. WILSON, G. F.. F.R.S.. Weybridge. INDIA AND THE COLONIES ;- ADLAM. R. W.. .Tohannisb-rg. BANCROFT, G.. M.D., Queensland. BENNETT, G., M.D., Sydney. BOLUS, H.. Capetown. BROADWAY, W. E., Royal Botanical Gardens, Trinidad. DUTHIE, J. F., Saharunpore. FAWCETT, W.. SuperintendentBotani- cal Department. Janiaica FORD, C. Hong Kong. HAET, J. H., Superintendent, Botanical Department, Trinidad. IM THURN, Everard, British Guiana. JENMAN, J. S., British Guiana. KING, Dr., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta. KIRK. J , Welliogton. N.Z. LAWSON. Prof., dalifax. Nova Scotia. MACOWAN. Prof., Cape Town MACOUN, Prof.. Ottawa. MUELLER, Baron Sir Ferd. vnn. MURTON, H. J., Siam. [Melbourne. RIDLEY'. H. N.. Superintendent Bouiiii- cal Department, Singapore. SAUNDERS. Prof.. Ottawa. SCHOMBURGK, Dr., Adelaide. SMITH, T., Timaru. New Zealand. TRIMEN, H., Director Royal Gardens, Ceylon. WOOD, Medley, Botanic Garden, Dur- ban. And many others. LANDSCAPE GARDENING :- ANDEB, E., Paris. BAINES. T.. Southeat*. BAEEON, W., Hvd.-tou. BOSCAWEN. Hon. and Rev. J. T.. the BUEVF;NICH. F., Ghent. [late. CHEAL, J., Crawley. GOLDEING, F., Kew. JACKMAN, J., Woking. JULIAN. G. E. MAWSON, Windermere. ORCHIDS :— AN'DEESON, J., Meadow Bank. BACKHOUSE, J., York. BULL. W., Chelsea. [Glasgow. BULLEN. R., Botanic Gardens, BUYSSON, M. le Comte. CATT, <. G.. Worcester. COOKSON, N.. Wvlara-on-Tvue. KRASZLIN. Dr.. Berlin. LAWRENCE, Sir Trevor, Bart., M.P., President, Royal Horticultural Soc. LEE, W. LINDEN, Lncien. Bru-.sels. LOTHIAN, the Mar(|uis of. O'BRIEN, James. PFITZER, Prof., Heidelberg. REICHENBACH, Prof., Ule late. BOLFE, R. A., Kew. ROSS, Comm., Florence. SANDEE, F., St. Albans. SMEE, A. H., Wallington. SWAN, W., Eogletield Green. CECHIDS:— VEITCH. H. J., F.L.S.. Chelsea. WHITE, R. B.. Ardarroeh. WILLIAMS, B. S., the lat«, Holloway. PRACTICAL GARDENING :- ATKINS, J. AUSTEN, J., Witley Court Gardens. BAILLIE, W. M.. Luton Hoo Gardens. BAINES. T., Southgate. BENNETT, W.. Raugemore Gardens. BLAIR, T., Shrubland Gardens. CARMICHAEL. A. M. COLEMAN, W., Eastnor Castle Gardens. COOMBEE. J., The Hendre, Monmouth. COOJIBEE, W., Eegenfs Park. CROSSLING, E., St. Fagan's Castle Gardens. CULVEEWELL, W., Thorpe Perrow. DEAN, A. DEW.-VE, D., Royal Gardens. Kew. DIVERS. W. H.. Ketton Hall. DOUGLAS, J., Great Gearies, Dford. DUNN, M., Dalkeith. EARLEY, W., Ilford. FINDLAY'. B., Manchester. FISH, D. T.. late of Hardwicke Gardens OANT, Berwick. Salop. GEIE'i^, P., Burv St. Edmunds. HAEEOW. W., "Sheffield Botanical Gardens. HEMSLEY. A. (Market Plants). HEREIN, C. Dropmore. HUDSON, J., Gunnersbury. INGEAM, W., Belvoir Gardens. LYNCH, R. J., Botanic Gardens, Cambridge. MELVILLE, D., Dunrobin Gardens. MILES, G. T., Wycombe Abbey Garde " ■ MILLER, W., Coombe Abbey. (Fruit.) MILNER. E.. Penrice Castle MOOEE, F. W., Eoyal Botanic Garden, Glasneviu. POWELL, D. C, Powderham Castle. ROBERTS. J., late of Ciunnershurv. KOSS, F., late of Pendeli Court, Bletchingley. BUST, J.. Eridge Castle. SAUL, M.. York. SHEPPARD, J., Wolverston Gardens. SMITH, J., Mentmore Gardens. SMYTHE, W., Basing Park. TEMPLE, M,. Carron House, N.B. THOMAS, O., Frogmore. THOMSON, W., Clovenfords (Vine^). WAXLIS, J., Keele Gardens. WARD,E.,HeweUGrange,Brom.sgrove. WARD, H. W., Longford Ca-sUe Gardens. WATSON, W., Eoval Gardens, Kew. WEBSTER. J., Gordon Castle GardeiLs. WILDSHUTH, the late W. WILSON, D. WYTUES, G., Sion House Garden-^. And many others. ROSES :- BENNETT, H., the late, Shepperton. D'OMBR.AIS, Rev. H. H. West»Wl. Keut. FISH. D. T.. lateof Hardwicke, Bur\ Si. Edmunds. FISHER, Rev. O. GIEDLESTON, T. W.. Snnniugdal.. MAWLEY, E.. Berkhamsteo. PAUL, G., Cheshunt. PAITL. W.. W.sltbam Cross. VIV'IAND-MOEEL, Lyons. VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, &c. :- BENNETT. A. W. BONA VIA. Dr. E. BOULGEE. Prof. DAEWIN, the late Charles. DE VEIES, Hugo. FOSTER. Prof. Michael. Cambridge. GARDINER, W., Cambridge. GLAISHEE, James (Meteorology.) GOEBEL, Prof., Munich , GOODALE. Dr., Boston, U.S.A. GEAVIS. Prof., Li6ge. HENSLOW. Rev. ti., Ealing. MACLEOD. Prof., Ghent. OLIVER. Prof. F. W. WALLACE. Alfred. SOLMS, Count. Strasburg, tf he Gardeners' Chionicle, January 5, 1892. 18 THE GABDENEIiS' CHRONICLE. [Jantjaet 2, 1892. By the completion of the temperate-house of which we speak elsewhere, the need we have alluded to will be supplied and space will be found for most of the economic subjects whose cultivation in our colonies and crown lands is meeting with so much attention. The plants being planted out in borders instead of cramped and stunted in pots, will attain to fuller development, and show their characteristics more perfectly. We may mention the names of a few plants that are becoming yearly of increased importance in one or other branch of economy, and which it is desirable to represent on an adequate scale at Kew — Cinchona, Palms which are valuable for their fibre, fruits, or foliage ; Mango, Pome- granate, Schinus MoUe, S. terebinthifolia, Pis- taohia, Nephelium Litchee, the Leeohee, Cassia fistnlosa, Loquat, Michelia Champaca, Diospyros in variety, Cyphomandra betacea (the Tree Tomato), Aberia Caffra, Anonas (Custard Apple), Papaw, Carissa, Ceratonia (Carob tree). We do not know how more fittingly the Jubilee of Kew Gardens could be commemorated than by completing the Temperate-house in the manner indicated. iHE Temperate- House, Kew.— Those of our readers who have visited the Koyal Botanical Gardens at Kew, will have remarked the apparent want of completeness of design exhibited by the Temperate - hoLse. The missing parts are two annexes, one at each end, and connected with the main central portion by the octagons which at present form the end portions of the building. The completion of the design has long been desired, but has now, as we have pointed out above, become a matter of necessity. This was indeed felt long ago by Sir Joseph Hookeb, when Director, when he remarked, " The wings are as essential to the completion of the collection and the instruction of the public as they are to the architectural design. If the wings are abandoned, 80 must also be the idea of cultivating a selection of colonial shrubs and trees, which is the great desideratum of our national gardens, and one the supplying of which will be unceasingly urged upon the Government and the future directors of this establishment." The older portions of the building rest on a strong wall, some 4 feet high, surmounted with a dressed stone coping, and glass and iron might be substituted for this, with much advantage to the plants to be grown in the house, and in doing this, there would possibly be a considerable saving in the cost. Besides this modification of the design, which need not injure the architectural sym- metry of the building, some, or all of the brickwork, which, in the case of the existing building, throws so much shadow on the plants, and which is especi- ally injurious to them in winter, should not find place in the new building. The dimensions of the building as represented in our illustration are as follow :— Centre portion, 212 feet 6 inches by 137 feet 6 inches. Each wing will be 112 feet 6 inches by 62 feet 6 inches. Total length of the building (in- cluding wings when built), 582 feet. Superficies, 48.392 feet. Height of the central portion, 60 feet,' and that of the wings 37 feet 0 inches in the centre. The Palm-house at Chatsworth contains about 15,270; that at Kew, 24,200; and the con- servatory at Syon, 7,7S5 superficial feet. Edinburgh Public PARKS.-The Public Parks Committee of the Edinburgh Town Council.ata meet- ing held on December 24, acting under a remit with powers, gave an order for the supply of 300 guards for the trees about to be planted in Inverleith public park. The cost will be somewhat over £90. The committee also authorised an offer of £35 to be made for the tent belonging to Mrs. Wi>-chestee on the Braid Hills, with the view of utihsing the building as a cloak-room. It was reported that the works in connection with the " Ride " on the Braids were now completed, and that it was now available to the public. The Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, AND Farmers' Association.— The annual dinner of this association took place on December 17 at Simpson's Hotel, Strand, London, W. Poupaet, Esq., the President of the Association, in the chair. About seventy gentlemen, representative of the growers, partook of an excellent repast. A selection of vocal and instrumental music contributing to the success of the gathering. A full notice of the association, its constitution and objects, will be found in our advertisement columns. Agricultural Statistics.— We have received from the Board of Agriculture details relating to the crops of cereals in 1891 in Great Britain, from which it appears that in Great Britain the estimated produce for the year is as follows : — Wheat 73,127,263 busheh — Barley 72,129,093 „ — Oata H2,38S,26l „ — The acreage under cultivation for Great Britain was : — Wheat 2,307,277 — Barley 2,112,793 + Oats 2.899,129 — The average yield per acre is as follows : — ■^Vheat 31-26 bushels per acre + The signs — and -r have reference to the corre- ponding figures f,jr 1890. In 1891 the corn crops have generally been inferior in quality and condition, and an unusually large proportion of grain was shed in the fields. Jasmin.— By Samcbl Smiles, LLD. (John MuHEAY ) Jacques Jasmin was a French, or rather a Gascon, poet who, in the first half of the present century enjoyed considerable celebrity in his native land. He was like the heroes of others of Dr. Smiles' biographies, a self-educated man, being born (at Agen) of parents too poor to afford him much school- ing. Jasmin was by trade a hair-dresser, and it is said to his credit that even when in later years he became famous and might have been rich, he pre- ferred to earn his bread by the work of his " velvet hand," devoting the pecuniary results of his genius to charitable purposes. " After, perhaps, a brilliant tour through the South of Prance, delighting vast audiences in every city, and flingingmanythoHsands(! ) of francs into every poor-box which he passes, the poet contentedly returns to his humble occupation, and to the little shop where he earns his daily bread by his daily toil as a barber and hair-dresser. His poetry was chiefly written in the " peculiarly ex- pressive and heart-touching " Gascon dialect, then rapidly dying out, but which he strove to per- petuate by proving its beauties to his hearers and readers. So highly were his works esteemed by some, that Jasmin was once said to be " what Buens was to the Scottish peasantry, only he received his honours in his life-time. " Jasmin read his poems before many audiences, travelling for the purpose to Paris, Toulouse, Rodez, and other towns. He was also summoned to recite before Louis Philippe and the Duchess of Obleans; the former afterwards conferring upon him a pension of 1000 fr. Many other honours were heaped on him, and he was literally surfeited with gilt and silver crowns. Laurel wreaths, and similar trophies. Had he written in French, the Academy would have paid him much honour ; as it was, they bestowed on him a prize value "3000 fr., which was made up to 5000 fr. by the numbers of copies of the PapillOtos purchased by the Academy for distribution amongst the members." Jasmin died, aged sixty-five, in 1864, from a chill taken at Villeneuve, whither he went to " plead most eloquently for the relief of the poor." A few years later a statue was erected to his memory in his native town ; this memorial is illustrated in the frontispiece. Of the merits of Jacques Jasmin, poet and philanthropist, we have no doubt, but those of his skilful biographer also claim recognition. We are so well used to works of this kind from Dr. Smiles' pen, that " it goes without saying " that this particular book is well put together, and will interest even the most careless reader. Tha hero's life and work are pleasingly described, and the book includes an index, as well as an appendix composed of English translations of some of Jasmin's songs. The whole is well printed on good paper, of convenient size, and is altogether a welcome addition to the set of similar works by the same author and publisher. '•The Orchid Album."— The plantsrepresented in the last number are Cymbidium pendulum, t. 437 ; Cypripedium Niobe X, t. 438; Oacidium loxense, t. 439 ; and Angrtecum Chailluanum, t. 440. We shall advert to these at greater length on another occasion. Eucalyptus Farming.— The FhannacaUical Journal tells us on what an extensive scale Eaca- lyptus trees are now grown for the sake of the oil. Mr. BosisTO, head of the firm of Bosisto & Co., cal- culates that "the turn-over of the firm in connec- tion with that article alone is £50,000 a year, and that they have nine square miles of land covered with Eucalyptus trees." "Conspectus Flor.ie Afric/e." — Messrs. DuRAND of Brussels, and Schinz of Zurich, are about to bring out a work under the above title. The object is to present in a condensed form all the facts as to the nature and occurrence of plants in the Continent of Africa and the adjacent islands. The work will be comprised in six volumes, of which the first will contain generalities and bibliographical details. The fifth volume, which it is proposed to publish first, will contain detiils relating to 900 species of Orchids, 400 of Irids, &c. "Frukthuset nied Dertil Horande Kul- TURER," af M. p. Andersen, Jonkoping, Sweden. — A treatise on the culture of fruit trees in orchard houses. Unfortunately we are not able to say much more of the book as it is in Swedish, but the well- known ability of the writer may be taken as a guarantee that there is much valuable information to be found in it. Cultivated Plants.— The Orcutt Seed Com- pany of San Diego, California, announce the pre- paration of herbarium specimens of all cultivated plants. The labels will give botanical and vernacular names, descriptions drawn from the fresh plants, colour, uses, notes on cultivation, &c. Such a herbarium would be a most useful addition to the libraries of our horticultural societies. Australian Fungi.- Dr. M. C. Cooke has been commissioned by the governments of the several Australian colonies to prepare a handbook of the Australian fungi in one volume, with plates. Daffodil Disease.— Mr. Engleheaet, in a recent number of the Garden, calls attention to the circumstance that some Daffodils do well in ground penetrated by tree roots. The First Chrysanthemum Exhibition IN Vienna. — The fashion is spreading. A great exhibition has been held lately in the Imperial city by the Danube. Among other exhibitors were Messrs. Reid & Boenemann, of London. West American Oaks.— Dr. Albeut Kellogg left at his death a series of drawings of Oaks, Pines, and other trees of the Pacific coast. These drawings, so far as the Oaks are concerned, are now published through the liberality of Mr. McDonald, whilst Professor Gbeene, of the University of California, has furnished the text. A sympathetic memoir of Dr. Kellogg is furnished by Mr. David- son, who was the head of the expedition to Alaska in which Kellogg acted as botanist. The western Oaks, some twenty-five in number, are less well- known than those from the eastern States, and no species is common to both sides of the American continent. The present memoir contains all that is known at present of the West American Oaks, [The Gardeners' Chronicle, January 2, 1891. and with the scrupulously accurate drawings will be of the greatest service to the botanist. In addition to the specimens drawn by Kellouo, Professor Greene has added a supplement, detailing the results of his own subsequent investigation of the Oaks of the Sierras of Colorado and Montana; his journey in those regions being also defrayed by the generosity of Mr. McDonald. Ten plates are thus added, these plates being drawn by our old corres- pondent, Mr. Hansen, whose teratological drawings are preserved in the Natural History Museum. A New Hollyhock Rust.— la tha Journal of Mycoloi/y, published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is a figure and description of a new Paccinia growing on Hollyhocks and other Malva- ceous plants, closely allied to, but differing from the Puccinia malvacearum. " Handbuch der Laubholzkunde."— The second volume of this treatise on hardy trees and shrubs, from the pen of Dr. Dippel, the director of the botanic garden at Darmstadt, has just been pub- lished by Paul Pahey, of Berlin, and may be had through Messrs. Williams & Norgate. The great advantage of the book for English readers is, the great number of outline illustrations which appeal to those who do not read the German te.xt as forcibly as to those who do. The synonyms and references to the plates are also useful to readers of all nationali- ties, and reference is facilitated by a copious index. " How TO BE Comfortable with one Ser- vant."— Mrs. J. E. Baker, whose previous publica- tion on a similar subject has met with general approval, has now issued through Messrs. Partridge & Co., a second pamphlet, the scope of which may be judged from its title. After a perusal of the multi- farious duties prescribed, we feel disposed to think the servant is likely to be more comfortable with one mistress than with many ! Inexperienced house- keepers will find many useful hints in the little pamphlet ; experienced ones will think their own system the best. An Economic Orchid.— It may not be gene- rally known that a strong glue or cement is made from the bulbs of Bletia hyacinthina. Miss Alice Habt, in the Mancheiter Guardian, says that this is the case, and that the cement is used by the Japanese to affix the wire outlines to the copper surface of such vessels as are afterwards ornamental with cloisonne enamel. Mr. George Brebner has been appointed Marshall scholar in the Koyal College of Science, South Kensington. Mr. Brebner is favourably known by his original work on vegetable histology, which, we are glad to learn, will be continued in the Huxley research laboratory. The Ginger-beer Plant.— Professor Mar- shall Ward has been studying this jelly-like sub- stance, which he finds to consist of various minute organisms in association. Of these the two essential forms are a yeast-fungus (Saccharomycesellipsoideus) and a bacterium (B. vermiforme). The bacteria form coils of filaments, among which the yeast-cells are entangled, and the co-operation of both is required for the full development of either, so that the two organisms are analogous to lichens. The paper, which is full of curious details of a very suggestive character, will be published in the Proceedings of the Eoyal Society. Mr. George Dickson, of Newtownards, County Down, Ireland. — Lovers of the Rose, who are so much indebted to this gentleman for the new and valuable varieties he has added to our gardens, will be glad to hear that the Lord Chan- cellor of Ireland has been pleased recently to confer on him the dignity of a Justice of the Peace for the county of Down. Mr. Dickson has filled several public offices, and there can be no doubt that he will fill the duties of his new position with the same satisfaction as he has done his former ones, and his friends earnestly wish him many years of health to enjoy his well-merited honours. 20 WE aAHDENEBS' CHRONICLE. [January 2, 1892. " La Rose," — Meaara. BailliIke et Fils send us a copy of a little work by M. J. Bel, of Toulouse. It contains the usual details relating to the history and associations of the Rose, of which, if we may judge from their frequent repetition, people never tire. Then follows a chapter on the " Botany of the Eose," and a list of authors who have written con- cerning it, among whom a strange omission, that of Ceepin, may be noted. A descriptive list of 500 cultivated forms follows, ranged under the heads of Tea, Bengal, Noisette, Bourbon, Hybrid Perpetual, Perpetuals, Centifolia, Provins, and Climbing Roses. Cultural details are then furnished, and a few par- ticulars given as to the principal insect pests. Lastly, there are receipts for the utilisation of the Rose for perfumes, cosmetics, &c. Euphorbia HIBERNA.— Nearly a hundred years ago, Robert Bbown, a surgeon in the Scottish Fencibles, was stationed in county Donegal. There, according to the Journal of Botany, he discovered Euphorbia hiberna. No one else, it appears, has since recorded its presence in the neighbourhood till lately, when Mr. J. Howard found it again on the banks of the river Dunree, and his discovery is cor- roborated by Mr. H. Chichester Hart, who com- ments on the proof it affords of the equable mildness of climate extending around the west coast from north to south. The absence of severe frost in Donegal along the edge of the Atlantic is hardly sufficiently known, and Mr. Hart's success with tender garden species has surprised many experienced growers. " I could show," says Mr. Hart, " a col- lection of delicate and half-hardy plants that have lived out with me for several winters which would, I imagine, astonish many English cultivators. Eeveiting to the Irish Spurge, the editor of the Jturnal, Mr. Britten, adds an extract from R. Brown's MS. diary, now in the Botanical Depart- ment of the British Museum, dated May 27, 1800, in which mention is made by Brown of his having found Euphorbia hiberna in the very locality in which it has now been re-discovered by Mr. Howard. On July 16 of that year Brown was at Dundalk, and visited "the late Earl Clanbrissil's gardens — a tolerable collection of exotics, chiefly stove plants — few hardy plants." Mr. Read, the gardener, found Euphorbia hiberna in " the county of Mayo." Sir Joseph Hooker, in the Student's Flora, gives " south and west of Ireland " as the habitat for this species, which, as it now appears, occurs much further north. Sir Joseph also adds, "used in Ireland to poison fish." Herbarium Pest.— Botanists, especially those who have to do with Californian and Mexican plants, should be on the look-out for a most destructive caterpillar, described and figured by Professor Riley in the last number of Insect Life, the official publication of the United States De- partment of Agriculture. The name of the creature is Carphoxera ptelearia. " It would seem possible, if not probable," says Mr. Riley, " that it normally feeds on the dead or dry plants of Mexico and adj icent arid regions, and that it has nmply adapted itself to the somewhat similar conditions prevailing in herbaria." Corrosive sublimate and arsenic, such as botanists use, are recommended. Still more effectual is the plan of placing the packets of the herbarium for a short time in a zinc box with bisulphide of carbon, taking care to keep any light or flame away. Royal Institution of Great Britain, Albe- marle Street, Piccadilly. The following arrange- ments have been made public. Friday-evenino- meetings before Easter, 1892, to which members and their friends only are admitted. January 22, The Right Hnn. Lord Rayleijjh, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D , F.R.S., M.R.I., "The Composition of Water." 29, Sir George Douglas, Bart., M.A , " Tales of the Scottish Pea antry." February 5, Professor Roberts- Austen, C.B., F.R.S, MR I., "Metals at Hij.h Temperatures." 12, G. J. Symons, Esq., F.R S., Sec R.Met.S., "Rain, Snow, and Hail." 19, Pro- fessor Percy F. Frankland, Ph.D., B.Sc, F.R.S., "Micro-organisms in their Relation to Chemical Change." 26, Sir Divid Solomons, Bart., M.A , M.R.I,, "Optical Projection." March 4 Professor L. C. Miall, F.L.S., "The Surface-Film of '^Vater and its Relation to the Life of Plants and Animals." 11. Professor Oliver Lodge, D.Sc, LL.D., F.R S., F.R.A.S., " The Motion of the Ether near the Earth." 18, George Da Maurier, Esq, "Modern Satire in Black and White." 25, John I5vans, Esq , D.CL., LL.D.. Treas.R.S, "Posy-rings." April 1, F. T. Piggott, Esq., " Japanesque." 8, Prof. W. E. Ayrton, F.R.S. , " Electric Meters, Motors, and Money Matters." Lecture arrangements before Easter, 1892. Lecture hour, three o'clock. Christ- mas lectures : " On life in Motion, or the Animal Machine," by Professor John G. MelCendrick, M.D., LLD., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology in the Uni- versity of Glasgow. Six lectures (adapted to a juvenile auditory) on December 29 (Tuesday) and 31, 1891 ; January 2, 5, 7, and 9, 1892. Tuesdays : "On the Structure and Functions of the Nervous System — the Brain," by Professor Victor Horsley, F.R.S., B.S., F.R.C.S , M.R.I.FuUerian Professor of Physiology, R.I. Twelve lectures on Tuesdays, January 19 and 26 ; February 2, 9, 16, and 23 ; Much 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29; April 5. Thursdays; " On some Aspects of Greek Sculpture in Relief" by A. S. Murray, Esq , LL.D., F.S A., Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum. Three lectures on Thursdays. January 21, and 28, and February 4. " On Some Recent Biological Dis- coveries," by Professor E. Ray Lankester, M.A., LLD, FRS. Three lectures on Thursday.", February 11, 18, and 25. " On the Progress of Romance in the Middle Ages," by W. P. K»r, E-q., M.A , Professor of English Literature In University College, London. Three lectures on Thursdays, March 3, 10, and 17. "On Epidemic Waves," by B. Arthur Whitelegge, M.D , B.Sc. Three lectures on Thursdays. March 24, 31, and April 7. Satur- days : " The Induction Coil and Alternate Current Transformer," by Professor J. A. Fleming, M.A., D.Sc, M.R I., Professor of Electrical Technology, University College, London. Three lectures on Saturdays, January 23, 30, and February 6. " On Matter: at R^st and in Motion," by the Right Hon. Lord Rayleigh, M.A, DCL, F.R S., M.RL Six lectures on Saturdays, February 13, 20, and 27 ; March 5, 12, and 19. "On Dramatic Music, from Shakespeare toDryden." (The Play, the Masque, and the Opera). With Illustrations, by Professor .J. F. Bridge, Mus.Doc. Three lectures on Saturdays, March 26, April 2 and 9. Garden Pupils.— The regulations adopted in conformity with the will of the late Mr. Shaw for the establishment of garden scholarships in the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, are as follows : — Pupils will be lodged in the garden, where a good library is also available. During the first year of their scholarship, garden pupils will work at the practical duties of the garden nine or ten hours daily, accord- ing to the season, the same as the regular employes of the garden, and will also be expected to read the notes and articles referring to the subject of their work, in one or more good journals. In the second year, in addition to five hours' daily work of the same sort, they will be given instruction, and be required to do thorough reading in vegetable and flower gardening, small-fruit culture, and orchard culture, besides keeping the run of the current papers. In the third year, in addition to five hours of daily labour, they will be instructed and given reading in forestry, elementary botany, landscape gardening, and the rudiments of surveying and draining, and will be required to take charge of clipping or index- ing some department of the current gardening papers for the benefit of all. In the fourth year, besides the customary work, they will study the botany of weeds, garden vegetables, and fruits, in addition to assisting in the necessary indexing or clipping of papers, &c., and will be taught simple hook-keeping, and the legal forms for leases, deeds, &c. The course for the fifch year, in addition to the customary work, will include the study of vegetable physiology. economic entomology, and fnngi, especially those which cause diseases of cultivated plants ; and each pupil will be expected to keep a simple set of accounts pertaining to some department of the garden. In the sixth year, in addition to the manual work, pupils will study the botany of garden and greenhouse plants, of Ferns, and of trees in their winter condition, besides the theoretical part of special gardening, connected with some branch of the work that they are charged with in the garden. "The Miniature Fruit Garden." — The twentieth edition of a book might make the general reader think that he had to do with a trade cata- logue or an artfully-concealed advertisement. In the present instance, this is not so. The little volume contains a succinct account of the practice of the late Thomas Rivers, and of his son and successor, T. Francis Rivers. The book is so good Ihit we do not suppose it will be long before a twenty-first edition will be called for. The recent agitation in favour of hardy fruit culture for cottagers and small farmers has called attention to the matter, and we know of no safer guide in practical matters than the Miniature Fruit Garden. A Christmas Card.— An obliging corres- pondent in British Guiana sends us a photograph of a group of "Ginger Lilies" — Hedychium coro- narium — as growing in the Guianan forests. Publications Received.— Pitman's Shorthand Weekly. — Pearson's Almanack. APPLES AND PEAKS IN SUBURBAN GARDENS. The past season, so far as I have seen, on this the western side of the metropolis, was one of the best for some years past, as regards crops grown under ordinary conditions. I mean by this, where no mulching or artificial manures have been em- ployed, or root watering resorted to. True, this latter important aid to growth in dry seasons was not needed, with such rains as we experienced. This, however, points to the fact that such waterings upon our soils would be a great assistance were the season a dry one. Here, all our fruit is grown upon a gravelly subsoil, which in places is not far below the surface. If we trench our ground two spits deep, and break up the bottom, the gravel is more often than not turned up. Last summer's and autumn's rains therefore just suited us, having been none too much, considering the heavy crops the trees bore in most instances. During the average of seasons even, 1 have found that we very quickly suffer from drought. I find that a moderate system of pruning answers better than a too severe use of the knife. By relinquishing the latter, I have in several instances got rid of the canker in our Pear trees, with which I found them much affected. I consider the prime consideration in fruit culture is good crops of fruit. If this cannot be secured by the rule-of-thumb practice, other means must be adopted. The mere appearance of the trees, without regarding the crops obtained therefrom, is a fallacy. The rains of the autumn, with comparatively few fogs as an accompaniment, no doubt served another good purpose — that of keeping the fruits clean. Around here, what we lack most is colour in our Pears and Apples, particularly in the latter ; this seems to be an unsurmountable difficulty under ordinary conditions. The character of the soil, without doubt, also contributes to this failing in a greater or less degree. Apples and Pears which possess the best constitutions are the most likely to succeed. The Apple Crop. The Apple crop now gathered in here was the best and the cleanest that I have had during sixteen seasons. The fruit?, taken on the whole, were much finer than we usually have them. Our finest this 3 ear were Blenheim Orange, which, with us, must still be placed in the front rank ; the fruits were larger and weightier than in any previous year, covering the above period. The trees were large and spreading; January 2, 1892,] THE GABDE NEBS' CHBONICLE. 21 GOLDEN KOBLI Fig. 6. — cellini. FlO-. 7. — EMPEROR ALEXANDER, ^ I Mi w ■' '^w / Via. 8.— cox's OBANQB PIPPIN, Fig. 9. — cox's pomona. 22 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januaky 2, 1892. some are ia the kitchen garden, others upon grass — perhaps the best crops are from the former. These trees were planted in 1850, and have rarely failed to bear a crop in my time. Another splendid Apple with us is Waltham Abbey Seedling, but I find it to be a periodical bearer, a heavy crop one year and a light one the next. Nevertheless, it is a standard sort, and the tree of good constitution. When fully ripe I prefer it for eating to King'of the Pippins. One of our finest late Apples is Alfristou, of which this year we have again a very clear and heavy crop. Gloria Mundi, although a fiae Apple, does not often bear so well as the former. As an Apple for a private garden. Golden Noble (fig. 5), is one of the finest of all, the fruits are now (November) turning to a deep golden colour. In a few weeks' time, they would be be an ornament to any dessert, and of no mean quality either. The tree is very robust and sturdy in growth, its habit is more upright than in many kinds, and is one of the best sorts to resist a strong wind, the fruits being set firmly upon a short thick foot- stalk. Cox's Pomona (fig. 9), is another most admir- able Apple, being just now in good condition. We cannot colour it as many do, but in spite of this it is very handsome ; I find it to bear well nearly every season. King of the Pippins is this year a heavy crop, the fruits very fine, and remarkably clear for us. It is oftentimes liable to spot, thus the fruits are disfigured and do not keep so well either. Gravenstein was remarkably fine, the crop a heavy one. I wonder it is not more seen and recom- mended as a dessert Apple ; it is with us the best of any for September and October use. Oar trees are large, and the growth vigorous. I do not know how it may do upon the Paradise stock, but if it succeeded, it might probably be had finer still. Braddick's Nonpareil has borne good crops, but the fruits do not partake of that superior flavour with us that it should assume. Cellini (fig. 6) does well, and is most useful for this season of the year. One of our finest early Apples is Ecklinville ; in our case it is superior in every way to Lord SuSield, which spots badly, requiring to be used up quickly. Ecklinville on the other hand, can be taken for use quite as early, whilst it will last longer. Wellington was considerably better than usual, although a good bit spotted. Last year it bore better than most kinds ; the trees do not, however, look happy. An old tree of Winter Queening usually bears a fairly good crop ; last year the fruits were large, and finely coloured. The crop of Besspool was this time a thin one ; I do not find it a reliable bearer, but when a good crop is secured, it makes some amends, being so useful in February and March. Of smaller Apples, Franklin's Golden Pippin, Court of Wick, and Yellow Ingestre should be named as amongst the best. Golden Reinette is, perhaps, one of the best croppers of these smaller kinds ; last year, when Apples were scarce, this sort bore well, and again this season. My neighbour, Mr. Reynolds, of Gunnersbury Park, had Stirling Castle in splendid condition ; the trees annually bear very heavy crops of unusually fine fruit. Peasgood's Nonsuch also did very well with him, the fruits coming very fine. Of older Apples, and upon old trees also, he had Cockle Pippin, Adams' Pearmain, and Ribston Pippin — all good, the first-named being a splendid cropper. Other first-rate sorts in the same garden are Cox's Orange Pippin (fig. 8), Lord Derby, Frogmore Prolific, Warner's King, and Mere de Menage, besides most of those I have named as being in my own charge. The Pear Crop. In our case, as with the Apples, so with the Pears — the crop was all that anyone could wish ; and, taken on the whole, but little fault could be found with the flavour. The most disappoint- ing in this respect was Beurre d'Amanlis, this Pear evidently requiring a warm summer. One of the best for flavour thus far was Thompson's ; the fruits of this fine Pear have been delicious — so much so, that it has been termed the " honey " Pear. In the case of the first-named, the fruits were extra large ; in the latter, smaller than usual— both, how- ever, bore heavy crops. Louise Bonne of Jersey was in capital condition ; here, too, the flavour was good, and the crop a heavy one. Upon one tree the fruit was scabby; it is a tall one, and much ex- posed— so tall, in fact, that we had to cut off its top, and that may have had something to do with this failing. Williams' Bon Chretien, in common with other parts, has about here and with us borne a very heavy crop, the sample'being also a good one. Jargonelle growing as an orchard tree likewise carried a fine crop of fruit with less grittiness at the core than usual. AVhere this Pear is pruned here it does not succeed so well. Our earliest was Doyenn^ d'Ete, but it was rather later than usual, not being ripe until the second week in August. Gratioli of Jersey was somewhat acid, but quite passable. Marie Louise was never of better flavour, the fruits mostly being grown upon our free standards have that russetty appearance which in this Pear denotes quality. Pitmaston Duchess was very good from a standard, but the crop was not what it ought to have been. I find the birds are very fond of this sort before it is really fit to gather. Beurre Clairgeau, a Pear which is frequently con- demned, ripens well upon our soil and is also of very good flavour, this combined with its good looks re- commend it. Duchess d'Angoul^me, also from a standard, was much finer than usual, but I cannot yet speak of its quality last year, nor of that of Beurr^ Diel, which was likewise a good sample. Of the winter Pears, our mainstays are Josephine de Malines and Beurro Ranee, these both do exceedingly well, ripening in a satisfactory manner with rare ex- ceptions. Although we do not in these Pears attain to the size of some growers, we secure quality, and that is of first importance. Small or medium-sized fruit of these late sorts have no doubt more chances of perfect development than the larger ones. Ne Plus Meuris is a good cropper and ripens well, so does Knight's Monarch, this latter sort, however, is given to dropping pre- maturely. BeurrfS Superfin from an old tree last season bore a good crop of fruit, being of excellent flavour also. Clapp's Favourite promises to be a good addition to the early kinds coming in between Jargonelle and Williams' Bon Chretien. The best of all Pears for stewing is Catillac. Our trees are all orchard-grown without pruning ; we rarely ever miss a crop, last season we had a very heavy one. James Hudson, Gunncrshurt/, Home Correspondence. THE WET WEATHER AND STRAWBERRIES.— The long- continued wet weather has had a marked eff'ect upon Strawberries where the soil is heavy, and it is not for the best for the next year's crop of fruit. For the last month the leaves have taken on a yellow tinge, until many are now quite dead, some varieties being more affected than others. The variety Sir Joseph Paxton appears to be the worst hit, which is rather surprising, when we consider that this is the best wet weather Strawberry when the fruit is ripe. Dr. Hogg and British Queen are also afl"ected in the same way. The latter, I expected, would be so, but not the former. Vicomtesse H(5ri- cart de Thury and Noble appear to stand the wet weather much the best. Upon examination by digging" up a few plants, I find all the small fibrous roots are dead, thoroughly rotted by excess of moisture, which is retained for sometime in our heavy soil, rendering it cold throughout the winter. I have had greater success with the Strawberry since we left oflf the practice of stirring the soil between the rows ; but owing to these exceptional circumstances I must have the space between the plants lightlv forked over, just deep enough to break the hard crust of the surface, which will allow the air to enter the soil more freely, preventing the moisture from remaining so long in excess in the soil, which is to the detriment of the plants. Ifind here in this soil Strawberries succeed much better when no manure is laid on the surface during the winter, as practised in some gardens. The plan which succeeds best here is to mulch the surface just previous to the plants throwing up their trusses of bloom.with some light mannre.that from a spent Mush- room-bed answering well ; and over this some straw is laid to prevent the fruit being splashed by heavy rains. The goodness from the manure gets washed down to the roots of the plants, and in the case of a spell of dry weather setting in, either when the plants are in flower or later, rapid evaporation of moisture is averted. After the fruit is gathered, all the runners, and a half of the largest and oldest leaves, are cut oft", the remnant of the old mulching material with the straw is removed, the plants being then left exposed about the surface for the winter. The past season was the wettest here for ten years, and the greatest rainfall for the year in the period named was 36 0 inches, already up to the present date we have exceeded that by I'O inch, the average registered rainfall here being 30 00 inches. Therefore I do not wonder much at the present appearance of the Strawberry-beds in our retentive soil. E. M., Hampshire, CLIMBING NIPHETOS ROSE. — Apropos of the letters which have recently appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle concerning the climbing habit of the above Rose, I may be permitted to say that, in look- ing through Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co.'s well- stocked glass-houses (which, by the way, are being extended), I noticed some thousands of the climbing Niphetos Rose recently grafted pushing into growth in the propagating-frames in the forcing-house. This led me to inquire after the parent plant, which I described in the Gardeners' Chronicle a few years ago. This I was shown in the plant-ground close to the houses growing in the same cask it was in a few years since ; the young shoots had been cut hard back for grafting purposes, the main shoots or rods being tied loosely together, and laid in a straight line from the tub, measured exactly 28 feet in length. H. W. Ward. EGG PLANTS — You have done well in taking up the question of the cultivation of the " Aubergine," for why so valuable a vegetable should have been so long neglected is surprising. I grew some in pots last summer under glass without heat, only starting the seeds early with bottom-heat. The plants ripened fruit by the end of June, and the only diffi- culty was their infestation by green-fly and red- spider — probably my own fault. The seed I used was Vilmorin's variety, Violelte Hative. May I add to your correspondent's nomenclature and cooking? The Turks call it Bidlijan, and the Persians Patlijan, and Loudon says the Arabs call it Bydenjan. As regards cooking, an excellent method consists in splitting longways, filling each division with chopped meat, and frying in oil. I should say that, taking the world round, it occupies as large an area as the Potato, and could be produced in England at the cost of the Tomato. B, P. ASPIDISTRA ELATIOR BEARING SEED.— I have at present in my nursery a plant of above, bearing a healthy capsule of seed, though not yet mature. The flower was pollinated in June. Several attempts to obtain seed were made here, but previously none were successful. The capsule is entirely above the surface of the soil, and in this particular it is unlike the flower, which usually is partially buried. It is spherical in shape, and measures about three-quarters of an inch in diameter. Its integument is thick and fleshy. I should be glad to know if anyone has hitherto been successful in raising seed of this plant, or if it produces seed freely in its native habitat. James Wilso7i, F.R.H.8., Greenside Nursery, St. Andreti'S, N.B. CHRYSANTHEMUM MRS. ROBINSON KING — I note Mr. Blair, on p. 761, vol. x., speaks favourably of this sport from the Queen, but I cannot agree with him where he says, " I have seen several spurious varieties of Mrs. R. King." I always thought plants — or anything else for the matter of that — which were raised from the original stock by cuttings or oft'aets, could not possibly be spurious varieties. This can only come about when stocks of any plant are obtained from seed. In Chrysanthemums which are annually increased by means of cuttings, ofi'sets cannot produce spurious varieties. If Mr. Blair saw light-coloured blooms, they were the result of defective culture, which will produce much variation in colour in almost any variety of the Chrysanthe- mum, especially the Queen section, with the one exception — Empress of India. A. " CEDAR OF GOA," CUPRESSUS GLAUCA (SYN. C. LUSITANICA). — Apropos of your illustration of this exquisite and rare plant (p. 761, vol. x.), I should like to say that by far the finest specimen I ever saw exists in a co. Wicklow garden — a fine spreading tree, 30 to 40 feet in height, at least, and feathered jANUAiiy 3, 1893.] THE GARDENEBS' CHBONIGLE. 23 to the turf by its elegant branches, moat of which are laJen with fruits. As thus seen, fresh, healthy, and fertile, it is one of the most distinct and graceful of all its allies ; but the place is sheltered, and near the sea, and the soil of the most fertile in the vicinity. I have not the owner's permission to mention his name, or the estate on which the really noble specimen of this "Cedar of Goa " exists, but if this should meet his eye, perhaps he would him- self kindly give us the history of his splendid speci- men, so far as it is known to him. F, W. B. SIGNS OF SPRING.— I have to-day (December 36) seen the first Snowdrop flower-bud, one of Galanthus Elwesii, growing on the south side of the rockery. Anemone fulgens has been in flower in the open border for fully a week, and does not seem any the worse for 13° of frost which was experienced one night lately, E. Molyneii.v, Hants. THE TREE TOMATO (CYPHOMANDRA BETACEA). — Another year's experience with this novelty only enhances my opinion of it as a decorative and fruiting subject combined. In the summer we have its head standing out in striking relief against well- known decorative plants of our English homes. The young leaves are violet-purple, followed, as each leaf increases in size, by a purplish-green tint, as- suming more and more of a sea-green hue until, as it approaches maturity, the bright green disappears, giving place to a yellow cast, until the fruit com- mences to colour, when the plant has then to change its character. Belonging to the same race as the Tomato, it is, when cooked, scarcely distinguishable in flavour from that esculent. The fruit is egg- shaped, 3 inches long, aud of a salmon-red colour. When the additional fact is taken into consideration, that this variety fruits from November to beginning of February, it will be apparent to all practical minds what a valuable subject it must prove for an employer's table during the dark winter months. That well-known authority, the Rev. W. Wilks, when he exhibited fruits of this species at the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society, stated that he had grown his plants ," in a cool orchard- house, from which frost only was excluded." My experience applies to plants grown in an inter- mediate-hOQse throughout the summer, and conveyed to a drier atmosphere as the plants attained ma- tarity. His experience, therefore, increases its value, by showing that any amateur who has a house from which he can keep the frost is able to cultivate it. Perhaps Mr. Wilks may be induced to give his " summer treatment " of this plant in the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle. Pioneer. RHUS VERNICIFERA.— Is it generally known that the sap of Rhus vernicifera is of a very poisonous nature ? We have a number of this variety of Rhus in the grounds here, raised from seed, brought home by my employer from Japan some few years ago, and are now nice trees from 10 to 12 feet in height. Having occasion to transplant some of these, myself and two men have since been suffering from blood-poisoning of a most irritating nature, inflaming the whole body from head to foot, especially the hands and face, aud having the appearance of nettle sting, only with more swelling — the irrita- tion being so great that no sleep was to be had for some nights. Albert Willis, Sandford Oileiijh Gardens^ ycwton Ahhot. [All the species of Rhus are more or less poisonous. Ed.]. CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND ORCHIDS AT DAVEN- HAM BANK, MALVERN.— The gardens at the above place are always full of beauty and interest. At the present time the conservatory is gay with Chrys- anthemums, and these are arranged in a freely artistic manner. Prizes are ofiered in large numbers throughout the kingdom for " groups of Chrys- anthemums arranged for eflTect," and the stereotyped masses, dense in substance, stiff in composition, and almost — in many cases entirely — devoid of artistic arrangement, are " put up " year after year. Colours are jumbled together, and good taste is seldom seen. Why cannot we have prizes oflTered for groups of Chrysanthemums arranged for artistic effect ? At present competitors feel themselves compelled to produce a jumble of colour in order to meet the rules of judging, which, I think, require that the groups shall be representative, i.e., contain examples of the different sections of Chrysanthemums, aud various in colour. Mr. Bradshaw has wisely de- ported from the old Hues of mixing his colours, and produces more delicate aud pleasing effects by group- ing the tones or shades of one colour. Mr. Perkins, of Coventry, showed us long ago how much richer effects are produced in that way, by his lovely bouquets of Chrysanthemums. Orchids are well represented at Davenham Bank, and many old- fashioned species are found there in large masses. Amongst the most noticeable were Epidendrum ciliare, a very large mass ; E. prismatocarpum, also very large; Maxillaria grandis, Auguloa Clowesii, Dendrobmm moschatum, D. Dalhousieanum, and D. fimbriatum oculatum. These Dendrobes are not very durable when open, but they are very beautiful. The curious and rare Nanodes Medusce is here repre- sented by a specimen on a block. Here also is pro- bably one of the finest specimens of Odontoglossum pulchellum in cultivation. The lovely Cattleya ex- oniensis is represented by a specimen for which " the trade " has oS'ered over 2.")l» guineas. Cattleya Sanderiana is represented by magnificent specimens in robust health, and Lajlia purpurea and L. anceps are grown in quantity. The latter are throwing up large numbers of spikes. It is rarely that one sees Miltonia vexillaria growing more freely than here. Angr.-Bcum sesquipedale is showing a number of flower-stems, aud Mr. Bradshaw says that he once had one that bore thirteen flowers on one spike. Cypripediums longifolium and Sedenii are gigantic specimens in No. 1 pots ! And the lovely C. Spicer- ianum is smaller and more numerous. PhaliEnopsids are sending np panicles of flowers 3 feet to 4 feet long. The Holy Ghost flower ("Peristeria elata) blossoms every year, and is a very robust plant. There are three or four very fine specimens of Vanda teres, and I learn that they flower very freely. The chief element of success is to see that they make their growth near the glass, and have as much sun-light as they can bear without injury to the leaves. Coilogyne cristata, one of the loveliest white Orchids grown, is a great favourite here ; like some other Orchids, it is improved by weak manure- water. Thuuias and Sobralias, and Sophronitis are well grown, and flowers freely in their season. Masdevallias, an excellent collection are grown in quantity. Great masses of Trichomanes radicans are grown in the temperate Fernery, and in that condition the plants are lovely. The beautiful subway which conducts from one part of the garden to another, is a work that is creditable alike to the engineering and artistic skill of Mr. Bradshaw. But description fails to convey an adequate idea of the beauty of this part of the garden. Hortulanus. BOCCONIA CORDATA.— I can vouch for the hardiness of this tine foliage plant, as I have a large clump growing in my nursery from 8 to 10 feet through, and which has produced stems 6 to 7 feet high. I consider it cannot be surpassed either in a mixed border or as a companion to the Pampas-grass. I herewith send roots taken from the ground, and others started in a little heat, showing how easily it may be propagated. James iMcRonald, Chichester. FROST IN WILTSHIRE.— I send you a report of frost that we registered at this place during the latter half of December. On the morning of the 18th, we had 12°; 19th. 12°; 20th. 17° • 21st 18°- 22nd, 22°; 23rd, 20°; 24th, 15° ; 25th, 11°; '26th', 5° ; in all, 132° of frost in nine nights. Wnt, Zeaney, Chippenham. Notices of Books. Letters from a Country House. The language of the book is easy and well-chosen, but what does " powlering" along the road mean? And again, speaking of sleep and pleasure respec- tively, is the phrase, " He had pretty well of it " — a provincialism. To villa-ise is a verb as yet, for- tunately, not to be found in a dictionary. Mr. Anderton pokes a little fun at the "varieties of fruits and vegetables, of improved Peas that are as sweet as sugar, succulent as Asparagus, and the size of marbles," and at the pictures of such treasures in the seedsmens' catalogues. " Some- how," he says, " when I try to produce these wonderful varieties, they do not always come up as the illustrations shown, but I suppose that it is all the fault of my garden and gardening. It can't be anything wrong with the seed. Perish the thought ! " The account of his old gardener is very amusing. This worthy considered a piece of Seaweed far more reliable than any "b'rometers," and ascribed a spell of wet weather to the new rain-gauge. But the words he chose were even more remarkable than his opinions :— " I asked him if it would not be well to have more variety among the Pansies, instead of so many of one kind. ' Oh, yes,' he said, ' it will make a nice disparity of colour.' One year my Potatos did very badly, and I reminded him of this fact. 'Ah, he replied, ' I must plant 'em somewhere else, this ground is getting " tater-sick ".' Once I asked him to put up some sticks in a certain place, to prevent the grass being over-trodden. He did so in rather a fanciful way, on the ground that they would look more ' gothic' I doubt if he quite knew the meaning of the word he used ; but it was decidedly appro- priate, since gothic does mean utility and ornament combined." Writing on many and varied subjects, including fox-hunting, rhapsodies on cloud-effects, the plea- sures of feeding (!), how to manage a fire, ploughing, and superstitions, Mr. Anderton has used his leisure to give us a book which is a welcome addi- tion to our book-shelves ; for although the senti- ments expressed are often common-place, they are pleasantly and chattily written, in a style which does not call for adverse criticism. The " Letters " were originally published in the Midland Counties Herald; in their revised form they are issued by Messrs. Simpkin, Marshall, London ; and Cornish Bros., of Birmingham. Print, paper, and binding, are all excellent, and the book is of convenient size, and of neat, attractive appearance, Die Veredelungen fur die Verschiedenen Baume UNO Strauoher. Von Nicholas Gaucher. (Stuttgart, Julius HoflTman.) (Grafting of various trees and shrubs.) The progress of horticultural education in this country will necessitate the production of a higher class literature than at present prevails. As a model of what such books should be, we commend Mr. Gaucher'a treatise on ennobling or grafting. The language in which it is written is no doubt a serious drawback to many English students, but it may possibly be translated, whilst the numerous illustrations appeal happily to people of all nations, and they are so instructive that much may be learnt from them without looking at the text itself. The various methods of grafting, bud- ding, inarching, layering, &c., are fully described and the latter half of the book contains an alphabetical list of shrubs and trees, together with the best methods of propagating them, and the seasons appropriate to each. Pruning and training are duly attended to, and the work ends with a monthly calendar of operations and a full table of contents. Seven Dreamers. By Annie Trumball Slosson. (Osgood, Macllvaine & Co.) This is a collection of allegories — or, rather, to use the expression the authoress prefers, of dreams — which ought to be read by every lover of Nature. The seven "contes " in the book relate the harmless but pathetic manias of simple, humble New England folk. A cynic has said that, to reach the highest ideals of unselfishness, one must be a little wrong in the head; these tales, in some measure, seem to bear out this statement. But they are told with such a quiet air of pathos, and such real sympathy, that the most callous reader cannot fail to be deeply moved in perusing them. The second one, entitled " Botany Bay," tells how a gatherer of simples believed that he had a double, or alter ego, with only one soul between them. In the silence of the woods he used to converse with his imagined other self, and pray that he might be annihilated, so that the other might inherit the eternal life. This story, as well as two others, entitled "Fishing Jimmy " and "Aunt Bandy," abound with wonderfully life-like descrip- tions of wild flowers and insects. Perhaps the most beautiful "conte" in the book is "Deacon Pheby's Selfish Nature." It is the story of a boy, who, when his twin-sister, a little girl, on whose clinging, loving nature his widowed mother leant, 24 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januabt 2, 1892. and when the mother herself waa blind from the effects of small-pox, pretended that he had died instead of his little sister, so that his mother should not pine herself to death, and though he was a boy loving all sorts of outdoor sports, forced himself to copy feminine ways. His mistakes, which the blind mother puts down to the effects of the small-pox, are very humorously told. To show the beauty of the descriptions, and how charming they are to any lover of wild flowers, we will quote the following, which is one only of the many beautiful passages in the same sympathetic strain : — " There are no stately monuments here or cold white tablets, but at the head or foot of many a mound lies a granite block or boulder, softened and made beautiful by moss, and Vine, and tiny flower. No laboured epitaphs are written here, nor are they needed. The bursting chrysalis, setting free the bright-winged butterfly, which shall take wings and soar upward some bright June day. The buried seed, the waking flower, the bursting bud, all are living lessons, and require no letters cut into cold stone to make their meaning clearer. No massive wall or fence shuts in this God's acre. On one side a bank slopes down to a grassy meadow, another side is bounded by a crystal- clear mountain streamlet, along the third is a wild hedgerow of trees, shrubs, and tall herbs, wild Cherries with tassels of bitter-sweet scent, Hazel with odd green tufts which mean to be nuts some day, Shad-blow with leaves of bluish-green, white flowers, or green berries, waiting for the sun to make them red ; quivering Poplars with slender white trunks, pointing to the sunrise ; Mountain Maple, Birch, and Alder." Foreign Correspondence. THE WINTER IN SWEDEN. After such a trying winter as the last one, when it was nearly as severe in England as it is generally here, perhaps it may be of some interest to your readers to know what plants proved quite hardy here: — Acer tartarica, A. ginnala, A. negundo variegata, A. virginicnm, A.laciniatnm, Azalea mollis, A. pontica, Chionanthus virginiana, Deutzia scabra, D. crenata, Hydrangea paniculata, Rhododendron ponticum, Rosa ragosa, Abies amabilis, A. Fraseri, A. nobilis, A. Nordmanniana, Picea polita, Cupressus nutktensis, Libocedrus decurrens, Retinospora plumosa aurea, also most of the American Oaks. Cut down to the ground were, on the other hand, Ceanothus var. (they flower well all the same),Coronillaemerus, Cra- taegus pyracantha, Daphne Mezereum, Deutzia graci- lis, Rhus Cotinus, Ribes sanguineum var., Robinia Decaisneana, Spirsea ariifolia, Weigela var., Picea morinda, Abies grandis, Gedrus Libani, Prunua laurocerasus. Potting Soil. — The object in the preparation of a good soil for potting fruit trees is to make it physi- cally and chemically lasting and durable, more than to make it rich. By physically lasting, I mean one able to remain open, porous, and sweet for years ; this is best obtained by using good loamy turf, rich in root fibre. As a good substitute for mixing with garden soil where turf is scarce, woollen refuse from paper and shoddy manufactories may be recom- mended. Chemically durable is the soil when it contains the principal nutritive substances (phos- phoric acid, potash, and nitrogen), in such a condition that they are not absorbed at once by the roots, or carried away by water. They should not be, as the farmer demands them, as soluble as possible. The best materials are raw crushed bones, not too fiae (phosphoric acid), pulverised minerals rich in potash, as felspath, or sand consisting of these minerals, more soluble, and therefore to be used in smaller quantities ; but more often, wood-ashes, kainit, and potash fertilisers are used. Durable nitrogen fer- tilisers are wool and hair refuse. Syringing. — About the best time for this opera- tion there are different opinions, some say it is when you close for the day, others say so early that the leaves may get dry before night. The rule here is quite the contrary ; we never syringe earlier than we may be sure that the leaves will keep wet through the night. This I consider of much importance, and I do not syringe before the sun leaves the house, half an hour before it sets. My reasons for this are ; it is natural for the dew to remain on the leaves till it is dried off by the sun in the morning, and what it is natural I should say is the best. Now it is said that we cannot copy Nature in our cultures under glass, this may be true when our object is different from that of Nature, not otherwise. When we aim at the same end as Nature gains in favoured climates, and we are generally content with that, we cannot do better than use the same means as she does. The other reason for late syringing is, that when the leaves remain wet till next morning it is unnecessary to syringe at that time, as most people, like Mr. Rivers, recommend. Finally we give the trees much more time for work when we syringe at sunset and not at all in the morning than we do when we syringe at 6 to 7 p.m. and (3 to 7 a.m. in June, when the sun rises at 3, and sets at 9, something like five hours is gained. We may very well suppose that when the air in the house is moisture-laden, and the leaves wet, there can be no evaporation, and therefore no productive work going on in the leaves. Perhaps I overrate the advantage to be derived from this gain in time, but it seems to me to be as impor- tant to economise the plants' working-time as it is to do it with your own. M._P. Andersen, JonMping, Sweden. FRUIT NOTE. New Pear, Ghellinck de Walle. — The Bulletin d' Arboriculture, ijc-, for November contains a coloured figure of a new Pear of first-rate quality, raised in the garden of M. Ghellinck de Walle, near Ghent. Fruit of medium size, oblong-obovate, skin yellowish, speckled with russet; flesh creamy-white, melting juicy sugar slightly acid, and delicately perfumed ; eye small, level with the fruit ; stalk short, thick, inserted vertically or obliquely in a shallow basin. Season, November. M. Pynaert considers it one of the best autumn Pears. Scotland. In Mr. Muir's paper on " Gardeners and Gardening, North V. South," are some things not only hard to be understood, but extremely difficult for a Scotsman to stomach. In England you often hear Scotland spoken of as the knuckle end of England, but though very small in proportion, its successes in those arts, of which gardening is one, have been altogether out of proportion to the size, wealth, and population. Cut out of England any portion of f qual size with Scotland, compare the results, and I question if the balance will not fall to Scotland. Mr. Muir gave credit where he could not withhold credit, acknow- ledging that the English climate was an important factor in making English horticulture easier and possibly better. Scottish gardeners are a smaller band, much less efficiently accoutred, but have heavier odds to face in cold and storm and briefer seasons. Another point is this, and one with which as a Scotsman Mr. Muir must be thoroughly con- versant, that in common with the other fine arts, gardening for long was little encouraged in Scotland until within comparatively recent years. England had its exhibitions of paintings years and years before Scotland, so that Scotland has some lee way to make up before being put into the balance by my friend, against our more artistic neighbour, and found wanting. Regarding our table decoration, which hurts Mr. Muir's feelings as much as our Scotch nurserymen's humble representatives, it is all a matter of taste ; and as regards our Scottish exhi- bitions, the Royal Caledonian Society gives the largest amount of prize money of any society in Great Britain. On the whole, while grateful to Mr. Muir for his kindly criticism of Scotland, which all wise Scots- men will receive as " the wounds of a friend," common sense and a little experience of both countries soon lead one to think that it is nothing more or less than the fact that Scotsmen are pushing and successful in the south, and that in consequence we hear the occasional bark of partisanship. J. W. McBattie, Newhattle Gardens, Dalkeith, KB. Trade Notices. MESSRS. DICKSON AND ROBIJ^SON, MAN- CHESTER. By an advertisement iu this week's number it will be seen that the following change is being made in the firm of Messrs. Dickson & Robinson, Seed Mer- chants, Manchester. Mr. Robinson, hitherto the sole proprietor is, on .January 1. admitting into partnership, Mr. A. W. Whale and Mr. Henry Hicks, the first-named has, for the last twenty-two years, held an important post in the celebrated German seed house of Mr. Ernest Benary, Erfurt ; the latter gentleman has a large circle of acquaintances amongst our readers, having represented the Manchester firm as traveller for many years, more especially in the Midland and Northern counties. Colonial Notes. SIERRA LEONE. Mr. G. F. Scott Elliot, one of our contributors, has been appointed botanist to the Boundary Com- mission appointed to fix the limits of French and uf British territory respectively in Sierra Leone. The West Indies. Mr. C. A. Barber, Demonstrator of Botany at Cambridge, has been appointed Superintendent of the Botanical Department of the Leeward Islands. Climbing SouvENia de la Malmaison. Messrs. Iliffe & Co., of Sydney, who make a specialty of Rose-growing, have raised and sent out a climbing form of this favourite Rose. Mr. Thomas Milner, a son of the late nurseryman of that name, at Bradford, Yorkshire, has lately joined the firm. A photograph of a standard Niphetos Rose is enclosed. Correspondent. PLANT PORTRAITS. BiLBERGiA Franz Antoine. Wiener Illustrierte Garten Zeitnng, December, 1891. B. Windi X B. R.bani. Callirhoe PAfAVER. Garden, December 12, 1891 — A malvaceous hardy perennial, with palmately- lobed leaves and long flower-stalks, each bearing a cup-shaped flower, 2 inches in diameter, rosy-lilac with a white eve. Chrysanthe.mum Madame E. Fiekens, Bevue de I' Horticulture Beige, December. — An early-flowering Japanese variety, with linear florets of a white col u flushed with rose. Cypripedium Fairbiancm, Orchidophile, Novem- ber, 1891. IJoKYiNTHES Palmeri, Beviie Horticok, December 1, Iris atbopubpurea. Baker, Garteiijlora, t. 1361. — A Syrian species, with very dark brown velvety flowers. Lonicera Halt.eana, Canadian Horticulturist, December. Odontoqlossum Ortgiesianum y, Gartenflora, December 1, t. 1360. — A natural cross between crispum and odoratum. Oncidium splendidum, Orchidophile, October. RoMNEYA Coolteri, Gartenfiora. t. 1359. Rosa Wicuubiana, Gardenand Forest, December 2. Sahracenia purpurea, Meekans Monthly, t. 6. Senecio pulcher, Moniteur d' horticulture, Decem- ber 10. January 2, 1892] THE GABDENERS' CHBONIGLE. 25 TiGRiDiA Pavonia, Illustration HrtHicnIe, t. 142. Vanda ca'.HCLKA, Eemte de V Horticulture Beige, December. ©tjituatB. W. T. Acton, market gardener, of BoUo Lane, Acton, died on December 17, at the age of sixty-one, from inflammation of the lungs. Mr. Acton was an old inhabitant of Acton, having been born there, and succeeded his father as a market gardener. He grew Pears — Bon Chretien especially — Apples, Plums, bush fruits, and Mushrooms on a rather large scale in the open air. lie was well- known in Covent Garden Market, his geniality and uprightness secured for him a large number of friends. For some years he took an active part in local afTairs, and was a member of the Local Board of Health for a considerable period. He was also a member of the jury of copyholders. James Williams. — It is somewhat remarkable that we should have had to record the death of Mr. B. S. Williams, of Holloway, several months before that of his father. In fact, all the circumstances of the case are remarkable. Mr. James Williams, who died on Christmas Eve, was born in January, 1707, having thus nearly completed his ninety- fifth year. He entered the service of Jlr. John Warner, of the Woodland*, Hoddesdon, so long ago as 1817, and remained in the service of the family at the same place till four years ago, when failing health neces- sitated his retirement. A service of seventy years in one family is probably unexampled. In former years Mr. Williams was a successful exhibitor him- self, and frequently acted as judge. In a future nnmber we hope to give a portrait of this patriarch. Dr. William Robert Woodman. — The Doctor "passed peacefully away " at Dfvon House, Brondesbnry, on Sunday, December 20, 1891, the day following his sixty-second birthday, and was laid in his grave at old Willesden Churchyard on Christmas Eve. He was a prominent figure in gardening and in freemasonry. In 1871 he succeeded his enthusiastic uncle, the late Mr. R. T. Pince, of Exeter Nursery, and carried on under the familiar title of Lucombe, Pince & Co., that famous old establishment, with much spirit and enterprise until 18S3, when he relin- quished the business in favour of his late tenant. To record all his victories would fill a whole page, for he was first prize-winner in nearly every competition wherever he went, and his magni- ficent collection of specimen exhibition plants was at that time unquestionably the finest in existence. Daring 1873 to 1877 he won in open competition upwards of 100 Ist prizes and silver cups, the most notable being the 20 guinea Cup at Plymouth for twenty stove and greenhouse plants, and the 15-guinea Cup at Weston-super-Mare for twelve stove and greenhouse plants — which victories he repeated on several occasions ; two 1st prizos at Manchester in 1874 for hardy Conifers, the £1.5 prize at the Royal Aquarium, in 1876, for eight distinct 6tove and greenhouse plants in bloom ; the £20 prize for twenty stove and greenhouse plants at Nutting- hara in the same year, and the Ist priz? for eighteen stove and greenhouse plants at Torquny in 1877; he also for some years "swept Ih^ decks" in the open classes at Exeter and Taunton. A'ter 1877 he did not again compete for pnzes, but still continued to the last as an honorary exhibitor, his extensive and artistic displays being generally the chief feature of the flower shows he patronist-d ; moreover, his own annual exhibitions of Hyacinths and spring flowers at the Exeter Nursi'ry gave delight to thousands. lie spent his time, his learning, and his money, for the benefit of others, and in attempts to resuscitate an unwieldy business which had passed its meridian. Mr. Napper, one of his old emploj^?. sends a warm eulogy of the merits of Dr. Woodman, together with a portrait, which we shall probably reproduce. Thomas Statter.— Mr. Thomas Statter, of Stand Hall, was the agent of the Earl of Derby on his extensive estates in Lmcashire, at Koowsley and Colne, for a period of fifty years or more. He was a man of peculiar individuality, and a keen judge of character. His position and varied knowledge rendered him powerful in the various districts named, and he has been called upon year after year, as he has told the writer himself, to take part as a witness in the various scliemes in connection with these districts before numerous parliamentary committees. He was a keen field naturalist in every sense of the word, fond of all manly sports, and, although a stern disciplinarian, was ready to lend a helping hand to those possessed of talent in their particular spheres. He had gathered together in his quiet residence at Stand Hall no end of art treasures ; and latterly, in the afternoon of his life, took to the cultivation of Orchids. How far he has been suc- cessful, the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle bear ample testimony. Nothing delighted him more than to have a chat with any Orchidist who knew what he was talking about. Contented with small things at first in the Orchid way, as most Orchidophilista are, he rapidly gathered a collection, which now ranks high among the collections of the country. What he bought latterly consisted of gems of the first water. No man of our acquaintance was keener in his appreciation of the beautiful in the more showy Orchids of our time, and no one could sneer more pointedly than the deceased gentleman at second-rate articles. Possibly, his greatest gems were in Lselias end Cattleyas, and the various hybrid forms which have sprung from them. His Din- drobes, too, are a marked lot, and so are his Odonto- glossums. It was only quite recently to took to Cypripedia. Like many other collectors, he could not see very much beauty about the sorts of yore ; but when these finer hybrids came to be ofli"ered, there was nothing distinct or good in commerce but what he would have. He was a practical man, every inch of him, and appreciated intelligent gardening practice wherever seen. His gardener, Mr. Johnson, began Orchid-growing with him, and " bit by bit" acquired his present know- ledge by careful watching and intelligent perse- verance, showing clearly that that department of gardening practice depends more upoa the study of the individual habits of the species than upon any hard-and-fast rule of the elementary cultivation of families of plants. When he was laid aside, and could not visit his glass-houses, he had the plants brought into his study in the first instance, and latterly into his bedroom. There he took notes, and dis- coursed upon his grand varieties of Ltelia elegans, and Cattleya Trianse, of Cattleya labiata, or Vanda Sanderiana, &c., in which the collection was par- ticularly rich, lie seemed never tired of discoursing upon a theme of this sort, even when his physical health was rapidly declining. Only about six weeks ago the writer was in his bedroom, where he had been holding an interesting conversation with his gardener on the merits of the particular plants of the dav, that were brought up to show him in flower. When the duties of the day were over, and his principal letters read and replied to, then his hobby of Orchids, and how they should he cultivated, came to be discussed. His success he put down to his exposed position, where th^re was plenty of air moving about to get into the covered ventilators. He advocated hardihood of culture, and his sjstem of heating and ventilating of houses tended to that end. His son and successor, Mr. Thomas Statter, told me that his extreme love for Orchids in the latter days of his life kept him so much employed that he was under the impression that it lengthened his days. Opinionative as our deceased friend was, he always cheerfully hearkened to the voice of practical wisdom, and in his gardener, Mr. Johnson, he had a valuable but independent employ^. He went to his rest, after doing some of the ordinary routine of business in the morning, at noon on Christmas Day, in the full enjoyment of his mental faculties up to the last, and his is one of the gaps that we Orchid- ists have to lament over as years roll on and men pass an ay. ./. A, Enquiry. *' He that rjuestionetk much shall learn much." — Bacon. Celery- coFFEK appears to have come into use at Glasgow. Can any reader of the Gardeners' Chronicle say what kind of Celery is used, and how the coffee is prepared ? D. M. The Weather. [By tlie term "accumulated temperature" is meant the af s. "■1 Is' <2 1" if ^2 + g 3 4 a As ~ Day- Dav- Dav- Dav- lOths deg. deg. deg. deg. Ins. 1 3 -f 10 26 + SOI + 107 10 — J35 51-3 8 26 ?. 2 — 0 50 - 74 + 172 5- 179 299 29 30 3 10 — 0 99 - 9! -1- 159 5 — 177 24-5 9 28 4 9 — 0 96 - 46 -h 137 4 — 192 26-3 21 33 h 11 — 0 110 - 88 -I- 145 5 — 187 301 14 31 fi 7 _ 0 70 - 96 -1- 137 4 — 185 33-0 38 3) 7 1 _ 0 24 + 93 -1- 45 6 — 99 481 9 31 S 7 _ 0 76 + 3e -t- 67 6 - 180 37-5 22 29 9 5 _ 1 44 - 13(' + 113 6 — 193 43 8 27 37 in 1 _ 6 31 -(- 22 -1- 60 6 — 218 34-2 33 31 11 2 — 10 32 - 35 + 48 4 — 198 404 38 34 \2 5- 9 27 - 9 -1- 51 6 — 195 36-1 65 47 : districts indicated by number in the first column are the folUwing:— Principal Wheat-producing Districts— 1, Scot'and. N. ; 2, Scotland. E.; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ; 5. Midland Counties ; 6, England, S. Priiciaal Grazing, ^c. Districts-!, Scotland, W. ; 8, E igland, N.W.; 9, England. S.W.; 10, IrelanJ, N. ; 11, Ireland, S. ; 12, Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending Dncember 26, is furnished from the Meteorological Office : — " The weather during this week was very cold and dry over England, with thick fogs at the inland stations, but with line, bright sunshine on the coast. Over Ireland and Scotland the conditions, thnuah generally dry, were less wintry ; while in the exir.-me North-west slight rain was experienced at tini-s. Towards the end of the period the weather became milder and damper in all parts of the kingdom. " The temperature was 3° above the mean in ' Scot- land, W.,' but below it in all other districts. In Ire- land and the east and west of Scotland the deficit was only 1° or 2°, but over England it was much greater, amounting to 7° in ' England, S and N W.,' 9° in ' England, E ,' W in ' EoL-land, N E.,' and 11° in the ' Midland Counties.' The highest of the maxima, which were registered on the last day of the period, ranged Irom 55° in ' Ireland, S 'to 45° in ' England, N.E.' During the middle part of the week the daily maxima over all the more central parts of England, were generally below 30°, and at some stations considerably lower ; at Bawtry the maxi- mum reading on the 22od was no higher than 16°, and at York, the thermometer did not rise above 20°. The lowest of the minima were recorded at most stations either on the 23rd or •24th, when the ther- mometer fell to 9° in the ' Midland Counties ' (at Churchstoke), to 11° in 'England, S.W.,' and to be- twe'en 13° and 20° in most olljer districts. In the 26 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januaet 2, 1892. Channel Islands, however, the temperature did not fall below 26°. " The rainfall was less than the mean in all dis- tricts, the fall in most cases being very slight. " The bright sunshine varied greatly in different localities, but was upon the whole, above the mean for time of year. In some parts of inland England — notably in London and at York — it was almost en- tirely absent. The percentage of [the possible dura- tion ranged from 65 in the ' Channel Islands,' to 38 in ' Ireland, S.'and ' England, S ,'and 33 in ' Ireland, N.,' to 14 in the ' Midland Counties,' 9 in ' England, N.E.' and ' Scotland, W.,' and to only S in ' Scot- land, N.' " ARKETS, COVEST GABDEN, December 31. We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub- joined reports. Tliey are furnished to us regularly every Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible for the quotations. It must be remembered that the^e quotations do not represent the prices on any particular day, but only the general averages for the week preceding the date of our report. The prices de| end upon the quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the demand ; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day, hut often several times in one day. Ed ] Market quiet after Christmas. Prices generally unaltered. James Webber, Wholesale Apple Market. Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices. s. d. s. d. . s.d s. d. Apples, Canadiauand | Kent Cobs, 100 1b. 30 0 35 0 Nova Stotian, per | Lemons, per case ...15 0-30 0 birrel 10 0-18 0 Pine-apples. St. Mi- Apples, ^sieve ... 10-40 chael, each ... 20-60 Grapes 0 0-26 Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices. s.d s.d. Mignonette.doz.bun. 16-20 Narcissus, paper- white, Ft., p. bun. 4 0-80 Orchids: — Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 C-12 0 Odontoglossum cri3pum,12blms. 3 0-60 Pelargoniums, scar- let, per 12 bun — 12 sprays Poinsettia.U bloom Primula,sing..l2bun Roses, Tea, per dozei — coloured, dozen 2 0-40 — yellow (Mare- chalsl.perdoz. 4 0-60 — red, perdozen... 1 6- U 0 Tubero e.-, 12 blms. 10-16 Tulips, p doz. blms. 1 U- 2 0 Violets, Parrae, per bunch 3 6-40 — Czar, per bunch 2 0-30 Eoglish.lSbun.^ 0- 2 0 peck ; foreign. Is. to Is. 6d. per box ; Cabbages, 2s. to 3s. ; Savoys, 2s. 6d. to 4s. ; Cauliflowers, is. to I2s. per tally ; Greens, 2s. 6d. to 4s. ; Turnips, Is. 6d. to 2s. ; Carrots, Is. 6d. to2s. ; Parsley, 3s. to 5s, per dozen bunches; Brussels Sprouts, Is. ed. to 2!. per half-sieve ; Parsnips, 6rf. to Sd. per score ; En- dive, Is, ad. to 2s, ; Cabbage Lettuces. 6d. to 8d. ; Leeks, 2s. ; Beetroot, (Sd. to Sd. per dozen ; Mustard and Cress, 2s. per dozen baskets; English Onions, 5s. to 5s. 6if. per cwt. ; Spanish do., 6s. to 7s. ; Bordeaux do., 4!. to 4s. ed. per case ; Belgian do., 3s. 9d. to 4s. 9d. ; Dutch do., 3s. 9d. to 5s. per bag of 110 lb. ; Celery, 6d. to Is. per bundle ; Horseradish, Is. to Is. 2d. per bundle Stratford ; Dec. 30. — There has been an excellent supply of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week, and a brisk trade has been done as under ;— Savoys, 2s. to 3.-. 6d. per tally; Greens, M. to Is. per sieve; do.. Is. to 25, per dozen bunches; Caul. flowers, 9(f, to 2s. per dozen; do., 3s. ed. to 8s. per tally ; Turnips, Is. Sd. to 2s. 6ii. per dozen bunches ; do., 2os. to 45s. per ton ; Carrots, household, 31s. to 41s. per ton; do., cattle-feeding, 20s. to 32s. do.; Parsnips, 9d. to Is. per score ; i\Iangels, 16s. to 18s. per ton ; Swedes, 18s. to 25s, do,; Onions, English, 120s, to 130s. do.; do,, Dutch, 3s. 6d. to is. 6d. per bag; do,, Bordeaux, 4s. to 5s. 9(/. per case ; do., Portos, 6s. to 7s. do, ; Apples, English, 2s, to 6s, per bushel; American. 14s, to 18s, per barrel ; Brussels Sprouts, Is, to Is, 6|UMI\vy. i'lSK GUANO. Unequalled in quality and price, 16s. Gd. per cwt. All our other PRIZE MANURES at special low trade prices. BON CS, and all other Manures, at Market Prices. W. W. & S. " COMBINATION," for Vine Borders, £7 7s. per Ton. BAMBOO CANES,; SILVER SAND, g^ SEND FOR WOOD'S SECOND EDmON ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. W. WOOD & SON, F.R.H.8 ESTADLISIIED 1850. C/ncf Offir-C — WOOD, GREEN, LONDON, N. CHEERFUL WINTER EVENINGS. CAMPBELL'S BROAD REED'MELODEONS (Patent). GRAND NE'iV MODELS. MELODEONS MEL0DE0N3 MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS , ^ MELODEONS %,f^ MBLODEONS MELODEONS MEL0DE0N3 MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS NO HO.ME SHOULD liE WITHOUT ONE. CAMPBELL'S world famed MELODEONS have Organ and Celestial! one and Charming Bell Accompaniments. The Solemn Psalm, the Soul-stirrii;; Hymn, the Cheerful Song, and the Merry Dance can all be played on these charming Instruments. No knowledge of Music is required by the player. IW GOOD NEWS! ^ CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the (;■, r./iners' Chronicle. OUR GRAND PRIZE M£DAL " GEM" MELODEON. OS. «i. bs. Bd. With Two S;t3 of Broad Reeds. Organ and Celestial Tone, sent carefully packed and carruige paid to an> iddressi i Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P.O.O CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. AN UNPARALLELED OFfER. To 1 The 6'« Chr de. OUR GRAND PRIZE Ml DAL "MINIATURE" MELODEON. 10s. WOKt'H DOUBLE. 10s With Two Sets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial Tone, and the Charming Bell Accompaniments, sent careully packed and carriage paid to any address in -ireat Britain and Ireland on receipt of P O O. for Ids. l^ NO DECEPTION HERE. luo.OUO TEjTLMONIALS. ^ Important Testimonial from Professor Brown, the Champion Melodeon Player of Great Britain, Ireland, and Wales: — " Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the finest instruments that have ever come under my touch, and only require a trial to advertise t lemselves." Campbt-U's Patent Melodeons are the only genuine Melodeons in the market. Beware of worthless N.B. — Ad lovers of music should at once send for our New Illustrated Privilege Price List for Season 1891-2, now ready. 100,000 of those valuable lists sent out yearly. Send \d. stamp to CAMPBELL & CO., ''"'^'^'aS™"^" 116, TRONGATE, GLASGOW. 21-oz. and 15-oz. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet and 200 feet super. English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered free and sound in the country, in quantity. "BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY." GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, LEir, Glass, On. and C.n.oun Mt;RCHJNTS, 34, St. John Street, West Smlthfleld, Loudon, B.C. Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Clironicle. BARB WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ox APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WARRINGTON. CARSON'S PAINT Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy, for all kinds of OUTBOOB WORE, OONSEBVATORIES, Greenhouses, Frames, Sec, 1 Owt., and 011 MlxtnTe, Free to all Stallone. Liquid Non-Poisonoua Paints for Inside of Conservatories, 4o Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials. Post-free. Grove Works, Battebsea, London, S.W. ; 16, VTfTORTA .STRRET, WK.'JTMrNSTER, S.W. : and BAOHELOE'3 WALK, DUBLIN,— Disebiuii! /or Omh, HORTICULTURAL A Large Stock /^ T A Q Q always on Hand. Vj JLj xtL O O ■ Special quotations for quantities, WHITE LEAD, OILS, AND COLOURS At lowest possible prices. 6, HIGH STREET, SHOREDITCH, LONDON, E. GREAT REDUCTION IK FRAMES OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE. PORTABLE CUCUMBER FRAMES. These Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one. Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted. £ s. d. 1-light, 4 ft. by 6 ft. . 2 3 . 4 , 5 , 6 , R. 8 ft. by 6 ft, . 12 ft. by 6 ft. , 16 ft. by 6 ft.. 20 ft, by 6 ft. , 24 ft, by 6 ft. . CASH PRICES, CARRIAGE PAID. 0 0 0 0 5 0 7 6 7 10 0 Larger sizes at proportionate prices. HALLIDAY & CO., ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER. /.ona!/in.4jn(,Mr.H.SKELTON.Seedsman.&c.,2.HnllowayEd.,N. W.H.LASCELLES&CO., HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, 121, BUNHILL ROW, LONDON, E.G. CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOUSES, ORCHID HOUSES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, &c. Plans and Estimates Free, 28 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [January 2, 1893. JAS. BOYD & SONS, PAISLEY. HORTICULTURAL STRUCTURES of every description, in either Wood or Iron, or both combined. Wooden Chapels, Shooting Lodges, Cottages, Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &e. Hot^wat^r Apparatus for wanning Churches. Schools, Public Buildings, Mansions, Harness Rooms, Drying Rooms, Hothouses, and Buildings of every Description. Illustrated Circulars Post-free. Complete Catalogue. 3a. THIS GREENHOUSE er < ted an 1 heifpd com;]ete in any pirt of Ihf couuir\ bt t materuls onl\ workminship guaranteed 25ft bylJft £iO iUft b> l-^ft £/U Brick work excepted For particulars see our Catalogue poit free Superior Portable Frames, large stock ready for immediate use, well made, paiuted four coats, glazed with 21-oz. glass, carriage paid:— l-lieht frame, 4 X 6. 36s. 6rf. ; 2-light frame, 6x8, 53s. : 3-light frame. 12 X 6. 8.S'. Gd. Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4, £i 7s. erf. ; 9 x 5, £3 I5s. ; 16 X 6. £6 10s. HARDY BRUIN*CO.,?t^r^^nEICESTER See this Boiler before being induced to purchase any other. DEFBIES' PATENT HOT-WATER circul&ting BOILER. For CONSERVATORIES, LEAN-TO HOUSES, &c. The Patent Oil Stiive is ihe mti/ one that yieither smells nor smokes. It burns with a bine flame, and gives double the heat of any other lart/e Oil -e Boilers, after long experience, have pro\ed tliemselves the Most Efficient, hcouo- niical, and Lasting Boilers extant. r\en otherkindoEBoileri'. Sockets, Flanges, and J-xpinsion-JoMit Pipes and Fittings, for all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE. ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT STOVES Terra-cotta I Portable I For Coal 1 Pure and ample heat. S4 hours for about lo.. , without attention. For Preenliouses, Bedrooms, &c. GREENHOUSES Heated 2i Hours for about One Penny. Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent. See in use at Patentee's, THOMAS ROBERTS, 34, Victoria St.. Westminster, S. W. TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck- Ioamen. Wholesale and Retail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester SAVE HALF THE COST. '»■ BEDFORDSHIRE COARSE AND FINE SILVER SAND Quality obtainable in the Trade. Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these Celebrated and Extensive Pita, which contain a practically in- exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus xave half the ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS. Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed luith the utmost promptness and under personal supervision. Sppcial Rail- way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application to Is admitted by the leading Nurserymen to be the Best Januabv 2, 1802.1 THE GABDENEHS' CMBONICLE. 29 HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING!!! THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY Undertake the complete erection of HEA.TINQ- APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. Have the largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspection of same. BOILERS of the latest and most approved claaa, including the PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY- END. Etc.; VENTILATING GEAR and VALVES. In the eveDt of a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Biiler. an arrangement has been perfected whereby without the necessity of disturbing ihe brickwork setting. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE. UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON Telegraphic Address-" HOT-WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763. y be effected in the coorae of a few mlnutOS. S.E, KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM. FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAB, LONDON. B.C. SSNKEYSYdniousGARDENPOlS ou h.v I 1 rgely supplied i Messrs. Dicksons, Limited, Chester, wii'e:— ■ Thel'io.vt and Weil ma.le, «n.i u, eit-rj ie-p=,t Migl.ly .ali^faclury ." MeSfrs Richard Smitll & Co., Worcester, write:—" We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with jour ' Garden Pots, ihey are \\ ell made, ligtif, yet strong, and we like them bett r than any other we have ever used." Mr. WillUm Bull, 636, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes:— "For nearly thirty years I have ben using your Garuen Pols.' and siill nnd Inem the beat and cheapest. " Largist Manufacturers in the ^crld. No Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £10 Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samplts Free. THE COnACER'S CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS Post-free 3|d. ; 25 Copies, 5 . ; 50, 10s. ; and 100, 20s. Parcels of not less than twenty-five delivered, Carriage Free, in London only. Not less than one hundred Carriage Paid to any part of Great Britain. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OFFICE, 41. WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND. W.C. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION. THE PUBLISHER, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, LONDON, W.C. Please send me " Thb Qabdknkbs' Chboniclb " for __ commencing ..^,for which I enclose P.O.O.. Monthf, 0* Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must be paid for In advance. .^ THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months. 16s.; 6 Months. 7». 6d. ; 3 Months, 3s. M. ; Post-free FOEEIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :— Including Postage, IJs.Brf. for 12 Months. India and China, 19l. I d. Receipts for less than six months' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for. P.O.O. to be made payable at the Post Office, No. 42, DRUKY LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN. Cheques should be crossed " DUUMMOND." For Green and Black Fly, American Blight, Camellia Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug. Browu aud White Scale, Worms. Wood Lice. &c. " Ck T r* O C M fl " THE UNIVERSAL P I O K Ci N Aj INSECTICIDE. SAFE— ECONOMICAL-EFFECTUAL. 16, Princes Street, Euisbuboh, July 15, 1887.- "Dear Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide which you were so good to send me. At the rate of \ ol. Ui s, gallon of water at a temperature of 96°, I tind it kills Green Fly immediately. Double this 3tren:;th, or 2 oz. to a gallon at VM°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds; while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves Mealy Bug. and so far as I have yet ob.-erved, without the slightest injury to leaf or flower, aud it is withal a most agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing or tpray.- 1 remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A. MACKENZIE." of Messrs. Methven & Sons. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London, Januari/T. 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti- cide. ■ Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others. I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed) B. S. WILLIAMS." Sold by CliemisU, Ntirseryiiim, and Florists, in Bottles at Is. 6d., 2s. 6d.. and 3s. 6i. ; in Tins (1 and 2 gallons), 10s. Hd. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and upwards, 9s. per gallon. Prepared only by DUNCAN, FLOCKHART & CO., Chemists to the Queer, Edinbtirgh. May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from WILLIAM EDWAKDS AND SON, 167, Queen Victoria Street, London. ISHUKST CUMPUUIS'D used since 1859 for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water. 4 to 16 ounces as a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to super-ede it. Boxes, Is.. 3s., and 10s. M. GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on wet ground. Boxes, id. and Is., from the Trade. Wholesale from PRICES PATENT CANDLE COMPANY (Limit^iT). rxmdnn. GAROEN REQUISITES, As supplied to the Royal Gardens. BEST QUALITY ONLY. COCOA-NUT FIBRE RRFUSE. sack. Is. id.. 10 for 12s. ^ 20 for 2Cls.,30for ;!8s.. sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail, near works, 3tls. ORCHID PEAT, 8s. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT. 6s. per sack, S for 22s. 6d ; BLACK do.. 4s. 6(. per sack, 6 for 20s. LEAF MOULD. LOAM and PEAT MOULD, each 3s. per sack. COAR«E S^ND. Is. f,d. per bu-hel. 11^. half-ton. 2.is. per ton. PURE BONES, i inch. Us. per cwt. ; dust, Us. 6ii. per cwt. SPHAGNUM, 7.'. tiii per sack. CHARCOAL, 8s. i er sack. TOBACCO PAPER. lOrf. per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH, la. per lb.. 28 lb. for 26.«. ROPE, »d. per lb.. 28 lb.. 10s. M. RUSSIA MATS. New Archang.'l. 19s. per dozen. PETERSBURO, 10s. 6d., lis. 6d., and 12s. 6d. per dozen. List free. W. HERBERT & CO., Hop EichaiiEe Warehouses, Southwark Street. London. S E. 30 THE GARDENEB8' CHBONICLE. [Janoaby 2, 1892, KICHARDS' Noted ORCHID and other SELECTED PEATS {'^Jl'^u^^X SOILS, MANURES, and every desciiption of GARDEN SUNDRIES. G H. RICHARDS, The Horticultural Stores, 1, Belvedere Cresctiit. Laiubrlh. London, S.E. Write for Sampler and Price List, Post free. Chief Pe.it Depot, R'ngwood, Han^^^ For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS, Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton, or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. Eioh fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal, and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE, fresh SPHAGNUM. FatentMANUEES, FERTILISERS, INSEC- TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites Peat MOSS Litter, The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD, HANTS. ORCHID PEAT^ PREPARED, ready for use, all fibre, 10,5. per sack ; 5for47.«. 6d. SELECTED, in blocks, very iibrous, 8s. per sack; 5 for 37,!. id. SECOND QUALITY, os. per sack ; 6 for -iis. dd.- BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, ^v. p-r sack, 5forlSs. ; and .3s. per sack. 5 tor lis.M. PE.AT-MOULD. LEAf-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each 23. M. per sack: 5 f ^r 10s. PREPARED POTTING COMPOST, 4s. per .«ack ; 5 for 18s. All sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sairple Sack. Special terms to the Trade. For Pric List apply to THE FORESTER. Joyden Wood, near Bexley, KeEt. ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of WALKER AKD CO., Faruborough. Hants. ORCHID BASKETS, RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS, AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES. SEND FOR A PRICE LIST from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade, H. G. S 21, GOLDSMITH STREET, DRURY LANK. WO. PIT LIGHTS. Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft., iron bar across and very strong. 4s. each; free on rail in London. Ca.sh or reference with order. CUCUMBER HOUSES. Timber sufficient to build 100 it. by 12 ft. house, lights, door. &c. Put on rail iu Loudon. Low price. Send for detailed Bpecification, to W.DUNCAN TUCKER, HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM. CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories Orchid- houses. Vineries, Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materials and Workmanshipguaranteed, atMode- rate Prices. Intending Purchasers waited uponby appo ntment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEATINGr APPARATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handligbts kept in stock. All kindsof Garden Requisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses, Tool-houses, Pigeon Cotes, Dog Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for six stamps. PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH. JUST PUBLISHED. THE IIATURE FRUIT-GARDEN AND MODERN ORCHARD, By THOMAS RIVERS and T. FKANCIS RIVERS. And INSECT PESTS, Bl- H. S. RIVERS. 20/A Edition, trice is. By Post. 4s. 3d. Published by THOMAS RIVERS A.\D SON, The Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth. o NIONS : How to Grow Them. Revised Edition, bv J. A. Tapli.v, Biv.bury, Oxon. Price id. London: HOULSTOM and SONS, Paternoster Buildings; ay also be had of the Author. Crow ELEMENTS of AGRICULTURE: a Text- Book prepared under the Authority of the Royal Agri- cultural Society of England. By W. Fkeam, LL.D. 450 pp., with 3.0 Illustrations. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street, W GO TO IN&HOMER 43, WELLINGTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN", "W.C, FOR MATS, MATTING, RAFFIA, Orchid PEAT, BAMBOOS, BONES, FIBRE DUST, CORK, AXD ALL OTHER GARDEN REQUISITES. WATERPROOF GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTIOK. Oj3en at 4 (/.?«. on 3Iarket Ilornings. BOILING WATER OR MILK. E P P S ' € GRATEFUL-COMFORTING. COCO/ BREAKFAST-SUPPER. GAUDENINO APPOINTMENTS. JlK. .ToiiN T^VEEDIE, until recently Foreman at Wemyss Castle Gurdan;., as Gardener to >ir B. ABEKCEO.MBY, Bt , Birkenbog and Forglen, Banffohire. Mr. WlLLIiM Leath, until recently Foreman at Onslow Hall Gardens, shte\v:.bury, as Gardener to T. B. Great- OKEX, Esq., Mjtton Hall, Shrewsbury. Mr. WAT30.V, until recently Gardener at Eaglehurst Castle, Fawley. Hams, where he had been for the last seventeen rears, and who was formerly -with Count Batthyany, as Gardener to K. ro.i;, Esq., at Hareheld Place, near Uxbridge, Middlesex. CATALOGUES RECEIVED. DiCK'iOX, Bbow.s, & Tait, 43 and 45, Corporation Street, Manchester. J. Cheal & So.NS, lowfield Nurseries, Crawley, Sussex. Chakles Shahpk & Co , Sleatord— Garden and Farm Seels. Wkdd & Soss, Wordaley, Stourbridge— Vegetable and Flower Seeds. &c. Dickson Sc Eobixsox, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester— Sted Catalogue. Bobbie & Co., Eolhesay, Scotland— Catalogue and Competi- tors' Guide. Little & Ballantv-NE, Carlisle— Garden and Farm Seeds, &c. CUTBUSH & fON', Highgate, N.— Flower, Vegetable, Farm Setds, &c. Carter & Co., High Holborn, London- Seed Catalogue for 189.'. H. & F. Sharpe, Wisbech— Garden and Agricultural Seeds. Brow.v & WlLSOx, Market Place, Manchester— Vegetable and Flower Seeds, &c. Thomas Methvex & Sons, Edinburgh— Garden Seeds, Imple- ments, &c. William Watt, Cupar and Perth, N.B.— Forest and Orna- mental Trees, Shrubs, &c. C. FiDLER, Reading— Vegetable Seeds and Potatos. C. LORENZ, Erfurt— Flower and Vegetable Seeds. WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a young man, about 2.5 years of, age preferred, as CHRYSANTHE- MUM GROWER in a nursery; one capable of taking entire charge of this department, propagating, and growing good exhibition blooms. Kone but ihose seeking a permanent situation need apply. State previous experience, salary expected, &c., to M. A. J., Gzrdeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellinglcn Street, Str.ind, London. WANTED, a i-EEDSMAN.— One of the leading Houses in America REQUIRES the services of an experienced MAN, capable of taking charge of the Ware- house Pepartment. A good position will be given to an ener- getic thoroughly-experienced man. None other need reply. Address by letter only, stating .ge, experience, and references, also salary required, to GaRSKED. Garden-trs' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellii gton Street, Strand, W.C. ANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR- DEKEE.— Mustbe well qualified. Cottage found.— State wages and full particulars, to F. P., Farnborough Station, S.W.R., Hants. WANTED, as HEAD GARDENER.— An energetic, practical, and obliging Man. He must thoroughly understand his business, and be able to produce a constant supplv of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables. Gardea contains the usual quintity of -nried. — W. W.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel- lington Street. Strand, W.C. • GARDENER (He ad- w ork in g).— Age ■-•9. Single. Thoroughly experit-nced in nl branches. Excellent refe^enc^s and testimonials astocharactei and ai.iliiie-. Address, staring particulars, GARDENER, 5, Upper Pelipar Road, Woolwicli. GARDENER (Head Working), where three or four are kept. — Age 32, married, small family; thoroughly practical all-round, including Pines, Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Early and Late Forcing, Orchids, ^tove and Greenhouse PlaLts, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. — G. B., 2, Rico Terrace. Cavendish Koad, Angel Road, Upper Edmonton, near London. (> ARDENEU (Head Working), where three "X or mote are kept. — Married, no family ; thoroughly practical in all branches of Gardening. Five years in last situation, and fourteen years in previous one.— C. BAYER, Bramley, Guildford. GARDENER (Head, or otherwise).— Age 35, married; twenty year.-,' experience in Stove and Green- house Plants, Vines, Peaches, M-lon-, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Excellent tctimon.als and character — i. B., West Mill, Buntinglord, Herts. GARDENER (Head, or with Help).— Thoroughly practical in Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Kitchen. Flower, and Laying-out Gardens. Wife experienced Cook and Laundress (age 34 and 37 respectively).— H. M., 81, Cleaveland Road, Surbiton, S.W. GARDENER (Head, or good Single- handed). — Age 2tj. Thoroughly competent in all branches. Good character from present and previous em- ployers.—G B., Smith's Library, 25, Hill Koad, Wimbledon. GARDENER (good Single-handed). — Age 26. married. Good ail-rouud man. Chrysanthemums a specialty. Good character. Lifeexperience.—T. MARSHALL, Hillcrest Cottage, College Road, Keusal Rise, W. GARDENER (Single-handed, or Second). Ten 1 ears' experience with Tomatos, Cucumbers, Melons, Roses, sc. : also Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Good refer- cnces.— A. BEALE. 53. Garland's Koad. Rcdhill, Surrey. G> ARDENER. — Understands Kitchen and f Flower Gardening. Carpet Bedding, Stove and Green- house Plants, Vines, Cucumbers, Melons, &c. Fourteen years' experience. Good references. State wages, &c. — D.WALTON, Beigh'on, Rotherham. ORCHID GROWER, or GARDENER (He.ad Working). Twenty-six years' geoeral experience.— W. PAKSU^S. eight years with the late Mr. Bath. North Cray, two and a half years with Geoeral Hutchinson, is open to an engagement. — Victoria House, Triangle, Bournemouth. GARDENER (Head Working), Scotch.— Age31 married; thoroughlyexperienced in all branches, also Stock. Leaving through death of employer. Highest references.- S., The Gardens, Beaulieu, Winchmore Hill, N, GARDENER (Second), Inside and Out, or JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 23; good cha- racter. Total abstainer.— G , 30, White Koud, Vicarage Lane, Stratford, E. GARDENER (Undbr).— Three years' ex- perience. Indoor and t^ut. Wishes to Imorove, and has a good character. — F. SELTEY'. 12, Columbia Street, Cheltenham. GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed).— Age 21 ; good knowledge Inside and Out. One year ten months' good character. — A. CHALLIS, 38, Kavenshaw Street, West Hampstead. GARDENER, where two are kept, or FORE- MAN, in a good establishment.— Age 15. sinsle; pre- viously with Mr. Paddon, Bramley Park.— bINSTEAD, 4, Haslemere Villas. Puller Road. West Barnet. ROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Roses, Rhododendrons. Clematis, Bedding and General Nursery Stuff. Practical experience in some of the leading Nurseries. — H. L.. 65. Natal Koad. Streatham. S W. PROPAGATOR or FOREMAN.- Age i'.5; -L nine years' nursery experience. Ferns, Palms. Stove, Softwooded, and General Growing; Wreaths, Bouquets, Decorations, Sales, &c.— ALCOCK, 6i, Victoria Road, Burton- on-Trent. To Nurserymen, PROPAGATOR and G KO WER,— Cucumbers, Tomato Plants, and Cut Flowers for Market. Twenty- five years' trade experience.— GROWER, 2, Nursery Place, North wold Road. Upper Clapton. London, E. To Nurserymen. . PROPAGATOR and GROWER (Assistant). —Age 21; nine and a half years' experience with all kinds of Hard and Soft-wooded Plants, the Grafting of Roses, Rhododendrons, Clematis, &c.— J. WHEATLEY, 67, Alex- andra Road, Waltham>tow, Essex. ROPAGATOR and QROWEK.— Age 2.5; eleven years' experience in growing Foliage and Soft- wooded Stuff, Tea Roses, Ferns, Grapes, &c.— F., 1, Baltic Terrace. Portslade. Sussex. FOREMAN (General), in large establish- ment.— Age 30. Experienced in all Departments. Sober, energetic, and capable of taking charge of men. Excellent recommendations.— G., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel- lington Street. Strand, W.C. OREMAN, or PRjOPAGATOR and GROWER -Married ; nineteen years' experience in Growing la'ge quantities of Plants and Cut Flowers for Market, such as Double Primulas. Cyclamens, Eouvardias. Roses. Chrysanthemums, Palms. Ferns. Eu'charis, and plants usually found in Niirsuries. Well up in Bouquets, Wreaths, Crosses, &c. Excellent tesfimonials. State wages given. — C. S.. 6. HextaMe Cottages, HextaHe. Kent. FOREMAN. — Walter Marshall, Litile Sutton, Chester, previously foreman at Guy's Cliffe, Warwick, also Oakly Park, Salop, would be pleaded to hear from any Head Gardener requiring a Foreman. f 'OREMAN, in the Houses, or Sinqle- UANDED, where there is Glass.— Age Lo, married when suited. Good character from present place.— W. G. WOKS- FOLD, Rose Cottage, Haseley, near Warwick. Lf'OREMAN, in good establishment. — Age 27 ; -L thirteen years' gooii practical experience. Good re- ference.—.M., IS), Bismarck Road, Highgite Hill, Lonilon, N. T70KEMAN, in the Houses, in a good Esta- r blishment.-Over two years in present situition as Foreman. Good character from present and ptevious em- ployers.—J. WELLS. Sherlield Manor, Basingstoke. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out, in a good establishment.— Age 21 ; four years in present place. Good reference. Bothy preferred.— W. BUTTERFIELD, The Hoo Gardens. Welwyn. Herts. OURNEYMAN, in the Houses,- Age 20; five years' experience. Well recommended. Left through reduction of establishment.- B. MARSH, Sturlon- le-Steeple, Lincoln. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener. — • Age 19; five years' experience. Good character. — Bothy preferred.— C. F.. Bushey House. Jevhigton Road. B;astbourne. T'O HEAD GARDENERS. — Wanted, an engagement under Glass, where one fond of the work can prove Urcfnl to the above, and improve himself. Five and ahalf years' experiei,ce in Fruit, Flowers, Orchids. Ftrns, Stove and Greenhouse, in large establishment.— Excellent references Age, in 20th year. Total abstainer.— H., J. S.MITH. London Fern Nurseries, Loughborough Junction, S.W. •"PO GARDENERS.- Situation wanted ~hy' a L young man (age 21), as JOURNEY.MAN, in the Hou-es ; five years' experience. Inside and Out.— Apply to Mr. LEaCIH, Gardener, Albury Park, Guildford. Surrey. 0 GARDENERS.— Wanted, by a respect- able Lad, age 16. situation in Genilt^mau's Gardea. Two vear^' exDerience in Stove and Greeuhouse. Bothy preferred. J. CITBREY, iMilford Hill, Salisbury. '^PO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted, ly a -I- Youth, age IS, who has had four years' experience in a Nurseiy, Inside Department. — J. C. ELLISuN, The Dell Nurseries. Rock Ferry, Cheshire. FOREMAN (General).— Age 29. Sixteen years' experience in first-class Gardens, including Trentham and Chatsworth. Highly recommended. — ABSTAINER, Mr. Wordford, Stationer, Poole, TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted, by a practical man. as WORKING MANAGER, in Outdoor Nursery, with a view of ultimately becoming Partner.— A., Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41. Wellington St.. Strand, W.C. ''rO NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS.— A JL young Man (20) requires a situation in the Houses. Five years' experience.— H. S., .3, St. .John's Park Terrace, Winchester. TO MARKET GROWERS.— MANAGER.— Experienced in Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers. Cbrvsan- themums, Palms. Ferns, Cut Flowers. Griifting. Tea Eoses, Clematis, &c. Twenty years' experience.— REX, 1, Grove Road, Mitcham. "1^0 MARKET GROWERS.— Wanted, situa- -L tion as FIREMAN. Age 32.— A. B., 14, Stamford Terrace, Stoke Newington, N. nrO SEEDSMEN and FLORISTS.— Situation X required as ASSISTANT in Florists and Seed Business.- Age 2^1; practical knowledge of Nursery Work. Book-keeping, &c. Excellent references. — G. P., 22, Kingsbury Road, Brighton. CIIOPMAN, SALESMAN, or MANAGER.— O Age i8 ; experienced in Wreaths, Bouqueis, Plants, Seeds, Sundries. Book-keeping, and is a good Silesman. Excellent references. Moderate salary.- H. A., ti5, Solon Road, S.W. SHOPMAN. — Age 25, Nine years' experience. First-class reference. — Used to brisk counter trade. Abstainer.— EDWARDS, 275, Stamford Street, Ashton-undcr- Lyne. CHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ; KJ thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb. Plant, and Flower Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS, Hammerwood, East Grin'tead. Sussex. CIIOP-ASSI&TANT, or IMPROVER, in the O House9,—Situation wanted byjounj? man (age :0. total abstainer) as above. Two vears' expei-it^nce bnth wav.**. Wa^es Itis. per week.— J. J., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Welling- ton Street, Strand, W.C. PACKER (Head), well np in general Packing, Nursery, and Seed Warehour^e. Good references. — J. H., 70, Tunis Road, Shejjherds' Bu-li, W. HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.— Kheumntism and Neuralgia. —Though the form-^r disease remorsele.tsly attacl es Stations (G. W. K.), als ' Feltham and Ashford Stations (S. W. R.). No Agents nee 1 apply. For particulars, apply to WALTER C. RICHMOND, Wrofiam Park Estate Office. Barnet, Herts. THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers; one, two, or three years' Credit without Security. Purcliasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses. Call or write for Prospectus. Address. SECRETARY, 43. Great Tower Street, E.C. PICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form- ing Waterfalls. Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries, Winler Gardens, Alpineries. &c., as in hundreds of places abjut the kipgiom, including at Aldenham House, Elstree, so faithfully illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by PITLHAM AND bON. 50, Fiusbury Square, Loudon, E.G.. an^i Broxbourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection an receipt of twelve stamps. OLD CRIMSON CLOVE CARNATION, strong-rooted Layers, £4 per 1000. Dormant MAIDEN- HAIR F£R\'S. 6 inches across, 60s. per 100. .JOHNSON AND CO.. The Nurseries, Hampton. Lf'OR SALE, THRblE CROTONS, 5 by 3, -i- for Propag;iting. Offers wanted. — Apply, MORRIS, HilLside, Enfield. FOR SALE, RED DUTCH CURRANTS, extra strong stuff. 3 years, at 2s. per dozen, 13s. per 100, 100s. per lOOO. packing free, for cash with order. THOMAS EVES, The Nur.-eiie ~ K EL WAY'S ILLUSTRATED MANUAL of Horticulture and Asricultnre for 1892. See larger advertisement for details,— KELW AY', Langport, Somerset, JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES for S^. 2 or 3 tons, in lots, or the whole. Good sample. First- class qu.ality. State highest price to W. A. TROTTER, Bromesberrow, Ledbury. HARRINGTON'S " EARLIEST OF ALL " POTATO. A new introduction. The earliest Potato in cultivation, and may be depended upon for producing a heavy crop. The flesh is yellowish-white, and is of delicious flavour when cooked. This Potato is especially suited for frame culture. Price, 3s. per stone. JOHN HARRINGTON, Seedsman, Hertford. FOR SALE, " clearing-out " STEPHANOTIS, covering 30-feet house. 30--.; 36 NIPHETOS ROSES for cut blooms. 6s. each. Several hundred BOUVABDIAS, Alfred Neiince, 2s. per dozen; 200 Double White Winter King GERANIUMS, strong plants, taking stock, fiom 4s. per dozen ; splendid RASPBERRY CANES, Is. per lOO. Would EXCHANGE for StEtlS. BULBS. BOX TREES, &c. W. COOMBES. Belstone, Devon. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO. (JOHN COWAN), Limited, THE VINEYARD AND NUBSEBIES, GARSTON, NEAR LIVERPOOL, Have just received large and fine importations of the following ORCHIDS, CATTLEYA AUREA, CAnLEYA GICAS SANDERIANA (including C. aueea and C. Habdyana), CATTLEYA TRIAN^ of the finest type (including some of the pure white forms), ODOHTOOLOSSUM VEXILLARIUM, ODONTOGLOSSUIVI JVHRANDUM, ODONTOCLOSSUM WALLISil, ODOHTOCLOSSUiVi LUTEO-PURPUREUJVI. The Company have also secured a fine lot of the New and Beautiful COCHLIODA NOETZLIANA. Full Particulars on Application to the Company, Jancaey 9, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 35 SHALLOTS, all guaranteed clean sound English grown. Can now be supplied in any quality from 135. 6(i- per cwt. Cash with onlfrj. W. L. THOMSON, Royal S-e.l Warehouse. Yeovil. Many Acres of LlUes of tbe Valley I TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES ■ OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-yeir-old flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year old Crowns for planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November I to May 1. Prices and terms on application. T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Uersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk. fruit Trees a Specialty. APPLES, PEAKS, PLUMS, STRAW- BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits grown in immense quantities. The best cf the Old and New Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption. Special quotations tor quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE and GUIDE, the most completeissued, Hd. Ordinary LIST free. JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withingtoo. Hereford. Seeds I Seeds ! ! Seeds ! ! ! TTEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, y saved from CHOICE SELECTED STOCKS. Everyone with a Garden, and every Market Gardener, should send for a CATALOGUE before purchasing elsewhsre. SPECIAL LOW QUOTATIONS to Large Buyers. B. L. COLEMAN, Seed Merchant and Grower, Sandwich, Kent. TMPORTANT LISTS ON APPLICATION. X Surplus Clearance DAFFODIL BULBS, in prime condition for Pots, Beds, and to Naturalise, at greatly reduced prices, CODf*^ence Michaelmas Dairies and Sunflowers. Choice Single and Double Pseonies. Choice Iris, Tall and Dwarf. Choice Hellebores and Lilies. Choice Gladioli, Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks. B.ASB AND SON, 12. King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. " p OOD THINGS" from HARTLAND, Cork, VX for IS9i.— AURICULA, Empress of India, try it for colour, which is deep indigo, magnificent, '2s. Gd. per packet. COS.MUSbipinoataalba, White Pearl, from Americi, beautiful, 6i. per packet. POPPY, Snowdrift, double fimbriated bloom, like balls of cut tissue paper ; thousands of pjckets in circula- tion through a famous London wholesale firm. \s. per packet. PHLOX Drummondiigrandilloro. mixture, thelinestinEu'ope; see coloured plate in Garden, from specimens grown from Hai t- land's unique class, tid, and Is. per packet. BKOCCOLI, April Qieeu (Hartland). the finest and purest variety in any part of Europe, Is. per packet. SUNFLOWER, HarUinds Soleil dOr, plants. Is. e.ich, 7s. 6d. per dozen, post-free.- WM. BAYLOR H.\R1'LAND. Seedsman and Florist, 24, Patrick Street, Cork. "Year Book," for 11-92. now ready, pleis-c writefor it. A STRONG HED A rare good lot of strong SCOTCH THORN QUICKS, 2J to 3J feet, unselected, 1.5.t. p lOUO ; selected, 17s 6i. per luOO. FOTHERINGHAM ASD Co., Kurserjmen. Dumfries, N.B G E, s;5 ;MALL shrubs and CONIFEILE.— Abies O orientalis, 4-yr., 40s. per 1000 ; Cupreesus macrocarpa, 1-yr.. 30s. per 1000; C. Lawsoniana, 1 foot, 40s. per 1000; C. erecta viridis, 8 to 9 inch. 30.s. per 1000; C^toneaser Sim- monsii, I foot. 30s. per 1000; Eseallonia macrantha, 9 inch, a<. per 100; Ivy. Irish. 2-yr., 30s. per 1000; Li'ac, purple, 2->r., 30s. per 1000; Laurestinus, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per lOO; Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr., drilled, 10 inch, iSOs. per ICOO; Pinus cembra, 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000; P. Nordmannia, 2-yr. transplanted, 60s. per lOJO ; P. nobilis, 2-year trans- planted, 6s. per 100; Privets, oval, 9 inch, 8s. per lOOO ; ditto, 10 to 12 inch, 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; R. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per luO; R. squarrosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; Rhododen- dron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40s. per IOC*; 6 to 9 inch, 5os. per 1000; Thuia Lobbii, 10 to 12 inch, 3us. per 1000 ; 15 to 18 inch, extra, 40s. per 1000; Veronica Travertii, 8 inch, 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia, 6 inch, gs. per 100 ; Yew, English, 2-vr3., I-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 1000; Irish Yew, 8 to 9 inch. Ss. per 100. GARLIE3 MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. Ti O S E S — R 0 S E S — R O S E S.— XV From the Open Ground. Strong Plantg. Tea-scented Roses, in sixty of the leading kinds; Hybrid Perpetuals, in all the lending varieties; Moss Roses, all the best varieties in cuUivalioo ; lea Roses, for forcing, well-es'ab- lished in 5-iu., 6-in., and 7-in. pots; also very strong stuff ia e-in. pots. All very Cheap. CATALOGUE of 400 varieties, with prices on application, to— CLARKE'S NURSERIES, Wellington, Somerset. UERNS! FEKNS ! !— Trade.— Greenhouse and -T Stove. 25 saleable sorts, 12s. per 100; out of pot«, 10^. Large A. runeatum, in 4S'8, Kx. per doz. Large Ferns, 10 salf- able sorts, Aralia fciit-bLjldii, Primulas. Solanums, superior stuff, all in 43'3. 5s. 6d. per doz. Palm;*, Ficus. Erica hyemalis, ai:d Cyclamen, in 48's, 12s. per dozen, for bloom and fine fohage Cannot be better. P. tremula.and A. cuneatum. selected bushy, for potting on. \Gs. per 100. Packed free. Cash wHh Order. J. SMrrH. London Fern Nurseries. Lougnboro' Junction. S.W. Pv T H U K L^ B U L L E N, Wholesale Flower Salesman and Grower. 33. EXETER STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. Stands, Nos. 271 and 273, Flower Market, Covent Garden, and Higlifi.'M Nursery, Bromley Common, Kent. Having been established nearly twenty years in Covent Garden Market, A. L. B. has a daily demand for Choice Flowers, and giving personal attention to all consignments, he ia thus enabled to command full market prices for same. THF. LARGEST EVER SEEN. A STER SPECIMEN "WITH 260 BULBS OF S A N D E E ' S OLD LABIATA, IX MAGNIFICENT ORDER & CONDITION, Full of Sheaths and Green Leaves. Will te Sold by Messrs. PROTHEROE&raRIS (•\vlio have kindl}^ consented not to charge commission), On FEIUAY NEXT, Januaiy 15. Mr. Sander will present the amount realised AS A NEW YEARS GIFT TO THE SANDER & CO., ST. ALBANS. o FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS to Gro\y Them, npply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest stock of Orohirts in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Pancras. "^(lyLOOYNE CKISTATA. well-grown, with J bloom spikes, also Chatsworth, Trentham, and Maxima varieties cheap. TIIUSTEES late J. STEVENSON, Tiraperley, Cheshire. Trade Offer of Large Palme. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Dractenas, Bamboos,& Foliajfe Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. L"'OR SALE, twelve large WH[TE AZALEAS, 1- .vix INDICA ALBA, six FIELDER'S WHITE, about 5 feet high, and 4 to 5 feet through. Well set with flower bud. Price on application to— B. FUULGER, Holly Bank Nurseries, Potter's Bar. LTOR SALE, a fine specimen of CATAKI- 1- DOZAIUA MACLEiYf, S feet diameter, and an ENCEPHALARTOS VILLOSUS, fi feet diameter. For par- ticulars apply to — GEO. JACK.MAN AND SON, Woking Nursery, Surrey. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY. Having now posted our CATALOGUE, IS92, to all our Cus- tomers, we shall be obliged if any Cu-^tomera who miy have failed 10 receive theirs as usual, will communicate wfth u?. The Catalogue will be sent to iuteodiog purchaser;^, Gratis, on application. BIDDLES & CO., LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. WHOLESALE SEED CATALOGUE. We liave now publibhed our Wholesale Catalogue o£ VEGETABLES FLOWER SEEDS Containing also the be>t NOVELTIES of the SEASON, and LIST of over 150 varieties of choice Fern spores. Mav ek had ox APpLiCATioy. Any of our customers not having received one by post will oblige by letting us know, when anather shall at once be posted. WATKINS & SIMPSON, BULB and SEED MEHCIIAXTS, EXETER ST., STRAND, LONDON, W.C. Seed and Tiial Grounds— Feltham and Tu ickenham, Middlesei. NEW ENGLISH GHRYSANTHEiVlUiViS For 1892. Mrs. ROBINSON KING. 6 F.C.C.'e, new Golden-yellow Sport from G. Empress. The WHOLE of the CERTICATED STOCK in my POSSESSION (see Notice). PRELUDE or striped Alfred Lvne, Noel Pragnell or striped Empress. Excelsior, Jap., rose cerise, FC.C. F. W. Flight, Jap., crimson-carmine, 2 F.C.C.'s. G. C. Schwabe, J., carmine ro-e, 3 F.C.C.'s, Mrs. Nisbet, J., purple-amaranth, F.C.C. Peter Blair, J., yellow and crimson, F.C.C. William Tunnington, J,, chestnut-red. Com. Atlantic, J., white and rose; Budget, .1, redand yellow; Charles Bonstedt. J., lilac-rose; J. Rien- kiusop. J., crimson ; J. P. Kendall. J., amaranth ; Majestic, J., carmine-rose; Masterpiece. J., ruby-red; Jlrs. Carr-Gomm. J., white; Mrs. C. Russell, J., buff ; Mrs. Gladstone, J., cream; Mrs. H. F. Spaulding, J., black; Richard Nisbet. J., redand vellow ; Standard, J.. ros«-magenta ; Umpire, J., Lilac-rose; iHiss Lillian Cope, J., or White Etoile de Lyon, Descriptions and prices, see Catalogue (free). Orders booked and executed in rotat-oa during February and March. B. OWEN, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead. CANNELL'S BEGONIAS. Three Great Victories : The Temple, Cjystal Palace, and Edinburgh last year. At Ihe first-named Great Show we were awarded by the Royal Horticultural Society, as a mark of great exi^ellence, a Gold Clock, an unprecedented and highest prize yet given to this family. Like all our plants and seeds there are none to equal them forreal excellency, and as a proof we have received probably more First-class Certificates of merit for double varieties (ban all other growers put tcg-ther; for full pa— ticulars see our Floral Guide, u book of reference, and contains the most accurate information on flowers throu;^hout the world, and is valued for such in preference to all others. Sent post free to intending purchasers. MR. W. NELSON. FicUsberg. Orange Free State. Sou'h Africa, September 2, 1891. *' I have just returned from a tour of some 600 miles through the Free State and Transvaal, and as I had, as a matter of course, a copy of your Floral Guide with me, I feel that I ought to thank you for the rich stores of solid and interesting in- formation contained therein. Many were the hours which it helped to while away, it being so thoroughly characteristic of true British florists. SWANLEY, KENT. 36 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [jANtJAET 9, 1892. For PLEASURE and PROFIT. FRUIT. See CATALOGUE for Sim to 3 ROSES, Nothing so ProfltalDle and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. □ d kinds of Tree Hundreds of Thousands. BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free 8s. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash witli Order. ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen. ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES. 4 ACRES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen. N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. SEEDS & BULBSl'^'^'I^f/AK^r'" DESCniPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. Select VEGETABI-IS, gj^^ Choice FLO\WER, ^^"^ The best qualities at ^^^^^^Jf Moderate Prices, jjr^^k^^^ Delivered Free >^^^^ J The by Bail or jj^^ ^^^ Best Parcels ^^^^^^ SEED Post- ^^^ ^^^ POTATOS, ^^^^ ^^'''^^" ^""'^^ g2j^ V^ Sundries, &c., &c. ^~^JP Illustrated ^B^ Descriptive Catalogue, No. 403 Seed Growers, ;<>:^SKS?<&^s?^s>^s>iS>^s>=ai CHARLES NOBLE His FINELY BUDDED RHODODENDRONS, named kinds. ANDROMEDA FLORIRUNDA. AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds. Ditto. Seedlings. Ditto OCCIDKNTALIS. RHODORA CANADENSIS. , and TEAS. Vsto 6 feat. DWARF ROSES. H. P.. I THUIOP^IS BOREALIS TH0IA LOBBII Ditto. AMERICANA CTJPRESSUS LAWSONIANAj HYPERICUM CALYCINUM. POETIJQAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet. HARDY HEATHS. CLEMATIS. 3 and 4 years old. The General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK will be found superior in every way. B A G S H 0 T, January, 1892. GARDEN. BULBS, EOSES, &c. FOR WHATEVER IS WANTED, mentioned! or not in these columns, please to write im- meiiiately to H. CANNELL & SONS, whose SEED and NURSERY STOCK is very complete and extensive, and where nearly everything for the Garden is grown and supplied in large quantities, in the finest possible condition, at the lowest prices consistent with correctness and superior character. Never has there been such a complete Autumn Catalogue issued of everything required for the garden as the one we are now sending post free; neither has there ever been such a splendid stock of best varieties of the many families of plants necessary to keep the garden in the highest state of perfection as we are now soliciting orders for. Our climate, soil, and facilities give us and purchasers many advantages, and we ask all to send for a Catalogue, and then H. CANNELL SWAN LEY, & SONS, KENT. BARR'S«L"sCLEARANCESALEofDAFFODILS Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition tor Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation. Detailed Priced LIST on application. Per 1000, 15s , 35s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and 105s. BARR'S CLEARANCE SALE OF HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS - NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, CHIONODOXA, SOILLAS, SNOWFLAKES, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs, ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES GREA TL Y RED UCED. LIST on APPLICA TION. Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application :— CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS. GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTBES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES. SINGLE PEONIES, DOUBLE PEONIES, HELLEBORES, and IRIS. BARR & SON, 12. King St., Covent Garden, London. MESSENGER & CO.'S New CATALOGUE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus, Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alt«r, or heat Greenhouse.*. Illustrations of every description of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames; also of all the best kind of Boilers. Hot^ water Pipes, and all appliances for heating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating, is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in the hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains many practical hints on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. Price, 2a. pOBt-free. A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in larious parts of the country ; an inspection of this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efBciency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advantages possessed by us enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surveys made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application. MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH. London Office :— 163, Palmerston Buildings, Old Broad Street, B.C. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION. THE PUBLISHER, U, Wellington Street, Strand, LONDON, w.c. Please send me " Thb Gabdbrebs' Cheoniolk " for _ commencing ,for which I enclose P.O.O.. _1892. Month', ®- Please Kote taat all Copies sent Direct from this Offlco must De padd for in advance. ,.0 THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 16i.; 6 Months, 7s. 6fli. : 3 Months, 3s. id.; Post-fre«. POBEIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS (excepting India and China) :-Including Postage, 17j. id. for 12 Months. India and China, Iff. id. Eeceipts for less than six months' Bubsoription will not be sent unless specially asked for. PO.O. to be made payable at the Post Ofice, No, 42, DRXratT LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN. Cheques should be crossed " DRUMMOND." G. C, Jan. 9, 1892. Januaey 9, 1892.] THE GA RDENEB S' CHE ONI CL E. 37 SsNKEYS'famous Garden Pots •^i- Bulwell Potteries, Nottingham. <^ Messrs. Dicksons, Limited, Chester, writs :—" The Floii 1 ^\ell made, uml iii every ret-pect highly satisfactory." • Pots you have so largely supplied \ Messrs, Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write:—" We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with your ' Garde Pots,' they are «eU made, li>;hr, yet strong, aud we like them better than any other we have ever used." Mr. William Bull, 536, King's Road, Chelsea. London, arUeu Pots,' and still tiod them the best and cheapest." ' For nearly thirty years I have been using your Largest Manufacturers in the World. Ko Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £10 Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free. KELWAY^S MANUAL. Ready January 1, 1802, \Z0 pages quarto. Is., post-free. Gratis to Customers. Handsome volume for presentation. Practical for use. Thirty-second Edition, still further improved and enlarged. Phototype and Wood Engravings. Cultural articles and full descriptive matter. For Contents see Gardeners' Chronicle, December 26, p. 755. INCLUDES the CHOICEST SEEDS, and GLADIOLI, ESPECIALLY for EXHIBITION. Indispensable to every Amateur. Tables useful to the Gardener and Farmer are included. Flfty-aeveu Gold and Silver Medals, London and Paria, awarded to the Produce of our SEEDS, PLANTS, and BULBS. KELWAY & SON, Langport, Somerset. F. C. HEINEMANN, SEED GROWER, ERFURT, GERMANY. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FRESH & SELF-GROWN SEEDS, ENaLISH EDITION, is NOW READY. Includes all the FINEST NOVELTIES of the Season, and may be had post-free on applicalion {Id, po&t-card). Please quote Gardtners' Chronicle. My businew- is the Oldest and Largest of Erfurt that supplies private Gardeners and Amateurs only. More than 60,000 parcels are sent yearly to all parts of the World. I OFFER MY S K E D S AT MUCH LOWER PRICES than any English or Continental Seed House of good repute, and guarantee, besides, self- grown, genuine, and fresh Seeds only. It is an established fact that the greater part of all Seeds Sold in England or America is grown In Germany, especially In and near Erfurt, the Garden Town of Germany. BEGONIA ODORATISSIMA (BAUMANNI). The First Sweet-scented^ Large- flowered BEGONIA. Per Packet, Is. 6cl. Engraved fiom a photograph lent by Mr. Victor Lemoine. Furnishing you with my Catalogue, I place my stores at 5 our very door, and enable customers thou- sands of miles away to obtain their supplies as safely and cheaply as if they had called in person at my establishment. J arrive in Great Britain within a offered and sent Package and Ordered Seeds few days, and a Postage Free. DIRECT CORRESPONDENCE. NO AGENTS. F. C. HEINEMANN SEED GROWER. ERFURT, GERMANY. The Best of the Season. WEBBS' RELIABLE NOVELTIES. For Descriptions and Full Particulars see WEBBS' SPRING CATALOGUE Beautifullyillustrated with six coloured plates end hundreds of engraviag^, post-free, Is , which is allowed off subsequent orders. Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE. NOW READY. SHARPE'S TRADE CATALOGUE OF GARDEN and FARM SEEDS for 1892, Post-free on application to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., Seed Farmers and Merchants, SLEAFORD. Buyers should come and View the Stock. Over 100 Acres, Nursery Stock. NOW «'s the Time to Order. ROSES— ROSES— ROSES, FRUIT TREES, Ornameiital Trees and Shrubs, FOREST TREES And HEDGE PLANTS. And Other ERICAN PLANTS. CLEMATIS, IVIES, and HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS. RHODODENDRONS, "v New Illustrated CATALOGUE Of all above, may be had POST-FREE. Wm. CLIBRAN & SON, Oldfield Nurseries, Alti-inoh.am; Also. 10 and 13, Market Strekt. M»NCffESTEii. 38 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januaey 9, 1892, FRUIT TREES-FRUIT TREES. HUGH LOW & CO. OHer, of good quality, and -will esteem the favour of Orders ;— APPLES -Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr. Untiimmcd, PyrHmida. Standards. APBIOOTS-Standard, and Standard Trained. CHERRIES— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained, 2-yr.Untrimnied, Pyramids, Standards, PEARS— DwartMaidens, Dwarf Trained, Pyramids, Standards. PLUMS— Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Trained. 2-yr. Uutrimmed, Pyramids, Standards. DAHSONS, FAKLEIGH PROLIFIC-Dwarf Maidens, Pyra- mids, standards. PEACHES AND NECTARINES-Dwarf Maidens, Dwarf Traiued, Standards, Standard Trained. Qiumtvty Large— Quality Good— Prices Moderate. Inspection Invited. Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD. FOREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; Ash, 3yr., 2s. M. per 1000 ; IJ to 2 feet, 13s. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Ash, Mountain, 3 to 4 feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Beei-h, 2 to 2| feet, 22s. per HOO ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Chestnut, Horse, 2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spanish C, IJ to 2^ feet, 16s. per 1000 ; Elm Wych, 2 to 2i feet, 16s. per H;00 ; Larch. 12 to 18 inch, 14s. per 1000 ; 1^ to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; 2 to 2* feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Spruce Fir, 1^ to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir, 2-yr., 2-yr. tr.. 16s. per JOOO; 2 feet, 2Qs. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000; Oak, English, IJ feet, 12s. per 1000 ; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; 2J to 3 feet, 18s. per 1000; Privets, Oral, IJ to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Privets, Common, 1| feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, IJ to 2 feet, 12s. per lOOO; 4 to 6 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; Thorns, 2 feet, 10s. per 1000; 2* feet, 12s. per 1000; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000; 3 to 4 feet, 17s. per 1000. GASLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES, iStaiidards, Pyramids, and Wall-trained), Apples, Pears, Cherries, Peaches, Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six yearj old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplauted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhoiioden- drons, specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, secured but recently regardless of cost ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses; 40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years o!d ; and forty kinds of Gooseberries. 6000 Raspberries. Price, half their value. SeeCatalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GER- TRUDE JONES, Churcitield, Cradley, near Malvern. K A DE OFFER OF PALMS. COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at 20s. per 100. in60's at56s. perlOO. KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoceana.in thumbs, at 20s. per 100. , „ „ ineO's, at 60s. per 100. „ ,, ,, in48'8, at24s.perdoz. , . ,, ,, in 32'8, at 48s. per doz. SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in 60's, at 32s. per iOO. in 48's, at £5 per 100. W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus, in 48*3 and BO's ; Pandanus Veitchii, Draceenaa Lindenii, and Pious elastica.— W. ICETON. Putney, S.W. GEORGE JAGKMAN & SON, WOKINa NURSERY, SXJRR.EY, Invite Inspection of the Following Well-gkown Stuff :— FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsons, in Standard, Pyramid, and Dwarf- trained trees; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. ROSES. — A large Collection of Dwarf and standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roses, in all the lead- ing varieties ; also Tea Roses, in pot', for forcing. RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties set with flower-buds; alsoHybridSeedlingsand Ponticums. CONIFERS.— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for Lawn and Shrubbery planting. SHRUBS.— Ornamental and Flowering, adapted for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c. CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle- matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rockwork, &c. ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks, I Avenues Streets, and Private Gardeus. tOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for i Coverts, Woods, &c. jl CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. Landscape gardening. — a leading Feature. Plans designed, and Advice given as to taying- ; : out, Planting, or Renovating Parks, Cemeteries, Recrea- ' -tion -Grounds, and Private Gardens. _. WcTTie oTT^jAe-. H. CANNELL & Kentish Perfect Gold ARE CERTAINLY THE BEST SAVED AND SOLD IN ENGLAND. Why ? All our own growing, therefore true ! All of a superior character from the best spot in Europe, and by the most careful and expert hands, who have a real interest in the business. They aie consequently cheaper ; and many of our strains not equalled by any other firm. As an instance — THE " COUNTY GENTLEMAN," Februtry 14, 1891, says of our PRIMULAS shown at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society : — " They were so laxuriant in their growth and blooming, that it was difficult to believe they have relationship with those we are so accustomed to see. They received the highest Award." It is moustrous waste, in fact the time is past for purcliasing Seeds other than direct from the actual and largest growers. All are loud in their praises of our Seeds ; see the splendid character, by the greatest experts, in our Complete Illustrated CATALOGUE, sent post-free, and Avliich will at once confirm the above, and prov^e of immense value even in the smallest Gardens. pNNELlSSilDS NONE RHiFEeTQKl^ FROM G NOW READY. SHARPE'S ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892, Post-free on application to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., Seed Farmers and Merchants, SLEAFOBD. PUTTING SEASON? A ALL OTHER TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 ACRES: VEBT EXTEHSIVE STOCK. Inspection Invltod- Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free. iLi^IOivoON O NURSERIES i (LurrrED) OUSSTEI^' HARRISON AND SONS, Seed Growers, Leicester, have posted to all customers their GENERAL CATALOaUK of SEEDS for 1893. If any one has not received the same, please comnmnicate to that effect, and to those desirous of becoming customers a copy ^vill be seat, post-free, on application. HAREISON AMI SONS, Eoy.ll Midland Seed Warehouse. Leicester. CLIMBING DELICATESS CUCUMBER. To THE TkADE. 100 packets, of ten seeds 25s. 50 packets ... lbs. 10 packets .,. 4s. 1 packet ... 6d. For description, see my Wholesale C4.TAL0GUE, which can be obtained on application. Electros will also be Itnt, if desired. J. C. SCHMIDT ERFURT, GERMANY. SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, 3d. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NUESERIES. SAWBRIDGEWORTH. HERTS. ALU ABLE SILVER MEDALS offeied to Exhibitors during 1892. All Annteurs and Gardeners should see KELWAY'S MANUAL for 18ii3 for particulars ; Is. post - free. Gratis to customers. For details see larger advertisement. — Langport, Somerset. January 9, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHIiONICLE. 39 Myatt's Prolific Kidney Potatoa. W. JOHNSON AND SON, Sekd Growers and Mkhohants, Boston, offer the above quantity. Prieo on upplic:iiioii. w Raspberry Canes and Currant Trees. BAUMl'DKTil SKliDLliNC4, 4().s-. per 1000; SKMPER FIDELIS. nOs. per liallj. Sample I'JU of either sort 6s. RED CL'KllANT TttEE-!, 8s. piT 100. Cash with order. Free ou rail. Apply— R. H. BATK, Wi.sbech. B EGONIAS A Four Gold Medals, ngle, U aed Tubers, named single; SPECIALTY. — Awarded nd Gold Clip, and all Fir.-t Pri/es, uls. Uor Beironia .Seed and Bulbs Choicest mixed, single or double !. per packet. Ci>llectioa3 (Seed) — ■I, separate, 5s. 6rf. ; 6 ditto, 3s. to 4ys. per dozen ; seedlings, 12s. to 'i\s. per dozen ; bedding, choicest, 4s., 5s., 6s , and il.s". per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 4;is. per do/.. ; unnamed, choicest. 18s. to 30s. per dozen ; choicest mixed, fur bedding, 9s. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis. JOHN LilNG AND SONS, Begonia Growtrs, &c., Forest Hill, London, ASPARAGUS, of fine quality — for forcing; and planting ; 2 yr. old, 2«. Sd. per 100; 3-yr. old, good roots, 3s. per 100 ; citto, selected, 4s. per 100 ; id. per 100 less for quantities of lOtn) and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old. 5s. per 100; 5-yr. old, splendid roots. 10s. per 100; ditto selected, 12s. 6d. per 100; li-yr. old. extra fine, 1.5s. per 100. Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at Coveut Garden. Read the following unsolicited testimonial :—" Please send me another 200 of .Vvr. old Asparagus Roots I may say that the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots I ever bough t. and my employer says the quality is excellent.— C. H. Perkins, The Gardens, Milton Abbey, Blandford." J. J. CLARK. Market Gardener, Goldstone, Brighton. SEASON 1892. Wm. clibran&son Beg to inform their patrons that their NEW CATALOGUE OF SELECT VEGETABLE SEEDS CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS Is Now Ready, and will be sent po^t-free on application. ItcontainsUescriptionsofall theSTANDARU VARIE TIES of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, wirh a careful selection of the most promi-^ing NOVELTIES. BUVERS oi GENUINE, RELIABLE SEEDS should send for a copy before placing their Orders. INSECTICIDES, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, And -Miscellaneous Requisites of every description, for the GARDEN or FARVf. supplied. 10 & 12, MAHKET ST., I OLDFIELD NURSERIES, MANCHESTER. ' And I'riMeipalil Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters. TSAAO MATTHEWS and SON J- have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to offer cheap : — 10,),000 RHODODENDRONS, Early, White, Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants ; and 500.000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from 1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000 ; 600,000 THORN QUICK, four and sii-jear old, extra strong; COMMON ASH. 3 to 4 feet and upwards; MOUNTAIN ASH, 6 to 12 feet; BIRCH, 8 to 9. 9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10 feet : also a large quiotity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet, and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS. ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet; AUSTRIAN PINES, fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently- transplanted POPLARS, varie- ties. 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Tree", also for Forest Planting ; AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, CUPRESSUS, IVIES, LAURELS. &c. CATALOGUES on application. The Nurserie*. Milton, Stoke-on-Trent. 1892— NEW SEED CATALOGUE— 1892 & TAIT, Seed Merchants to H.R H. the Prince of Wales, COEPOR.ATION STREET, MANCHESTER, Beg to announce that their DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Choice VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS for 1892 is now published, and may be had post-free on application. iThe finest Miosppresting Collectionii\ the Ti-ade. iS8PiBicfE:s,& Vari eti es I Stove.Gi'eenhous9,Ha'i'dy ExoSlr s Bi-itish I EVERYONE interested In Ferns SHOULD JSENDFOROUR paftially descriptive. I Catalogue free on Application. jaisoouK Illustrated Catalogue N22I. ^' Price 1/6 posb fKee. ^>!!Sllgi:ia-lM-J.^|l|- ■^FE)tK;NUKSERY.SALE>MANGH-ESTER H. J. JONES, I3eg8 lo draw attention to the Great Bargain lie is now otfering in BEGONIAS, Absolutely the best value for money ever offered. Try them, if not .salislied. cash returned. SINGLE BEGONIAS FOR BEDDINO. These have beeu selected with ^rrit care, and may be relied upon to give a grand display. Very choice, all colours mixed, per do/.., 3.5. ; per 100, 20.!. Very good to colour ,, 3.s. ; ,, 20.s-. A^ery choice, selected to colour ,. 4.?.; .. 26.5. SINGLE BEGONIAS FOR POT CULTURE. All the varieties offered under this heading are quite up to exhibition standard, and remarkable value for money, 12 finest selected mixed colours, 4.?. 6 finest selected Fawn, Bronze, Terra-cotta, Buff. Apricot, and Dark Orange. 4s. id. A unique collection. 12 fine selected, in li distinct colours, 6s. 12 very tine selected, in 12 distinct colours, 9s. 12 My very best selected, equal to the finest named varieties, usually offered at 5s. each, in 12 lovely colour-. 12.5. DOUBLE BEGONIAS FOR POTS OR BEDDING. 6 fine selected Seedlings, 6s. M. ; 12 for 12s. 0 extra fine selected, suitable for exhibition, 13.5.: 12 for 24s. Unbloomed doub'e'— 60 per cent, of them will be li.ie double (lowers— 6 for 2s. 6rf. ; 12 for 45. Begonia Seed, single. Is. and 2s. per packet; doubV, Is. erf. and 2s. 6rf. per packet. Ali RYECROFT NURSERY, HITHER GREEN, lEWISHAM. Seeds.-Cjrriage Paid.— Seeds. DICKSON AND KOBINSON'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892. Enumerates the Best and Choicest Varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, and SEED POTATOS ; MANURES. INSECTICIDES. HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, and GARDEN REQUISITES. Post-free on application. COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, from 5s. to 81s. COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, from 2s. nd. to 81s. Seed Warehouse, 12. Old Millgate, Manchester. WM. PAUL AND SON respectfully invite inspection of the following TREES and SHRUBS, now on Sale. Prices (on application) very reasonable, and quality unexceptionable as to roots, tops, and stems : — BEECH, purple, best variety BIRCH, Silver and others ELMS, four sorts LABURNUMS LIMES MOUNTAIN ASH NORWAY MAPLES PLAINS POPLARS, six sorts SYCAMORE THORNS, Paul's Double Scarlet ARBOR- VIT.E, An AUCUBAS BOX. of soits CEDBUS ATLANTICA DEOD.ARA CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ... HOLLY, Variegated ,, Green, named sorts ... FIR, Scotch LAURELS ... '.'.'. '.'.'. '.'.'. OSMANTHUS PICEA PINSAPO RHODODENDRON PONTICUM. loam Hybrids ,, Named sorts YEWS, Common, and others ... 12 to 18 feet, 12 feet. 12 to 14 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 9 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 12 to 16 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to IS feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 14 feet. 6 feet. 3 to 41 feet. 3 to 5 feet. ."> to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 6 to 7 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 9 feet. 3 to 8 feet. 3 to 7 feet. 2 to 4 feet. 6 to 8 feet. 2 to 4 feet. 2 to 4 feet. 2 to 4 feet. 3 to 7 feet. APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, and PLUMS, Standard and Pvramids. ASPARAGUS for Forcing. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, 4 niinutes'walk from WalthamCross Stition ; West Entrance, 3 minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station, Great Eastern Railway. CLEARANCE SALE of PALMS, DRACAENAS, &c. Strong Small Palms, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFOKTHIA ELEGANS. LATANIA RORBONICA, ARECA SAPIDA, CORYPHA AUSTRALIS, KENTIA BELMORIANA, K. FOSTERIANA, and DRAC.ENA INDIVISA, sample 2 of each, 14 plants in all. 5s. ; 1 of each. 7 in all, 3s. Package Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or lOoO on application. 'LATANIA BORBONICA. 4 feet high, with pot averaging 10 fine leaves. 15.5. each. *CHAMiER0PS EXCELSA, 6 feet high, with pot averaging la fine leaves. 30s. each. ** Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves. 2ls each. * DRAC^ENA'CANIFOLIA, 5 to 8 feet high. 21s. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, l-5s. each. * PHCENIX TENUIS. 3 feet high, 6s. each. * Ditto ditto 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. » DRACJENA INDTVISA. 3 feet 6 inches high, 5s. each. * Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18.5. per dozen. * Ditto tCONGESTA. 2 feet high. 18s. per dozen. * SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS. in 60'9. fit for 48'8, strong, 6s. doz. Price per 100 on application. Th^se marked * are Packed Free, but yOT Carriage Paid. W. OWEN, 106, Stamford Hill, N. GREAT REDUCTION in FRAMES OUR WELL-KNOWN MAKE. ^^^X PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES. 'hese Frames are made of the Best Materials, and can be put together and taken apart in a few minutes by any one. Sizes and Prices, Glazed and Painted, fi «. rf 6 feet long, 3 feet wide\ _ . „„ "" ■ 4 feet „ ^-^^^ ' ' ' ( PRICES, CARRIAGE 6 feet 12 feet 6 feet 12 feet 12 feet , 4 feet , 5 feet , 5 feet , 6 feet Larger size 2 0 0 2 5 0 4 0 0 2 15 0 4 15 0 PAID. \6 12 6 at proportionate prices. R. HALLIDAY & CO., ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS. MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER. Z^iKfon^jent.Mr.H.SKF.LTOX. Seedsman. &c.. 2. HolloivnvRd..N. HILL & SMITH BRIERLEY HILL, STAFFORDSHIRE, And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON. E.C ^r NEW PATTERN TREE GUARD, ^''The Porcujnne,'^^ The maximum of utility and the minimum ol cost. Con tructed of Strong Iron Up- ghts aud Galvanised Barbed Steel Price 10s. 6d. TESTIMONIAL. The Whittern. Herefordshire. "Dec. 28. 1887. Dear Sirs,— I have now had an opportunity of trying your Porcupine Tree Guards, aod they seem quite to auswer my pur- pose, so you may send me 50 more as before. I en- close cheque for y*ur account. Yours truly, RTCHD. GREEN Messrs. Hill & Smith. JJ "DUROLINE (Transparent Wire Wove Roofing) SUBSTITUTE i GLASS UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE. LARGELY USED IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. Government Officials, Fire Insurance Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and numerous Experts have testified on oath that "DUROLINE" is preferable to and much safer than Glass for Roofs, Skylights, and other similar erections. See Report *^ London County Council v. Tfu New fVirt Wove Roorln^ Co., Ld." May and June iSgi. INVALUABLE FOR FARK BUILDINGS. Extensively use.l on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince oj Wales, The Dukes oj Westminster and Sutherlar^, anj thousands of others. SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS THE KEW WIRE WOVE ROOFIK& CO., LD. 75a, Queen Victoria Street, LONDOU, E.G. 40 THE GAB.DENERS' CHRONICLE. [January 9, 1892. LAPAGERIAS LARGE SPECIMENS ON SALE BY FISHER, SON^SIBRAY Nurseryman, Seedsmen, and Florists, HANDSWORTH^^^ SHEFFIELD. LAPAGEBIA ALBA (Handsworth Variety)— 3 and 4 shoots, 4 to 5 fflet long 12s. M. each. 5 ,. 6 ,, 5 .. 6 „ 30j. ad. ,, 6 ;: 8 ;; e ,. ? „ ^o^- o^- ., liAPAGERIA RtrBRA, a fine dark variety— 4 and 5 shoots, 4 to 5 feet long 10s. 6rf. each. B , 7 ,, S ..6 , 12s. 6d „ 7 „ 8 ,: 0 „7 21s. Oi. „ LAPAGEBIA MACULATA, carmine -red, inside the bell spotted with white, flowers very large and well reflexed, distinct. Was awarded the Gold Medal at the Manchester Royal Botanic and Horticul- tural Society's Autumn Exhibition of 1887— .iand 6 shoots. 4 to 6 feet long... '"'■ "'' '"'■^ 10 10 ,, 12 .6d. 42s. Od. ,, LAPAGEBIA PBOFTJSA, bright glossy red, flowers in clusters, good habit, highly recommended. Was awarded First Class Certificate at the Manchester Koval Botanic and Horticultural Society's Autumn Exhibition of 1S87- „, „. , 6 and 8 shoots, 6 to 7 feet long 31s. Oi. each. 8 ,, 9 ,, 7 ,, 9 bOs.Od. ,, LAPAGEBIA GIGANTEA, very dark crim- son colour, immense size— 3 ind 4 shoots, 4 to 5 feet long l.^s. 0(i. each. R .. fi .. 6 .. 7 30s. Od. „ PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, four minutes' walk from Waltham Cress Station G.E.R.) ; West Entrance, three minutes walk from Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.E). ROSES. Tlie Largest and Finest Stock in the Country. NEW ROSES A SPECIALTY. Also Books on Hoses, by Wm. Paul, F.L.S. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NXTBSERIES, WALTHAM CBOSS GREENHOUSE RHODODENDRONS, 42s., 48s., iOs., and upwards, per dozen. SPECIMENS, in VERY LARGE POTS, 21s. to 42i. each. LABGE TBEES, for Street Planting. One of the Largest Stocks in the World to select from. List of Sort), with prices, sent on application. OBNAMENTAL TBEES in Great Variety. DECIDUOtrS SHBTJBS, Ornamental and Flowering. EVEBGEEEN TBEES and SHBUBS, in- cluding Hollies, Aucubas, Laurels, Box, Rhododen- drons, &c. CONIFEBiE, a large assortment— Eetinospora, Yews, Green and Variegated, &c. PLANTS, suitable for Window -Boxes and Permanent Bedding. BOSES. CLIMBING PLANTS, including Clematis, Roses, Ampelopsis, Ivies, &c. The following CATALOGUES ""^y be had, in their respective seasons, free on application : — No. 2— NURSERY STOCK, comprising- Fruit Trees. One of the largest collections in Europe, consisting of Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Peaches, Nectarines, &c., in all sizes and shapes. Forest Trees of every description, and of all sizes. Large Trees for Avenues, streets, or Park planting, &c. Quick and HOllleS tor Gapping and making new Fences. Ornamental and Weeping Trees. An immense asrsortment. of all sizes. American Plants, consisting of over 300 named varieties of Rhododendrons; also ponticum in quan- tity, for Game Coverts, &c. Evergreen, Conlferse, and Deciduous-flowering Shrubs of all the leading sort3, in large quantities. Climbing and Twining Plants. A choice selec- tion, including Clematis, Ampelopsis, Ivies, Honey- suckles. &c. No. 3-FEUIT TREES, DESCRIPTIVE. No. 6-VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS. No 7-GARDEN TOOLS AND REQUISITES. No. 9 -AGRICULTURAL SEEDS No. 10-BULBS (IMPORTED), WINTER - FLOWERING PLANTS, &o. No. 12-ROSES, DESCRIPTIVE. No. 13-OKCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS. No. U-BEDDINQ AND BORDER PLANTS. SEEDS & BULBS OF BEST QUALITY. ALSO MUSHROOM SPAWN, GARDEN MATS, M.4.NURES, INSECTI- CIDES, and all other GARDEN REQUISITES. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NUBSEBIES, "WALTHAM CBOSS FRUIT TREES AND GRAPE VINES. An enormous Stock of Fruiting and Other Trees I » unsurpassed in quality, "~\ being vigorous, clean, and true to name. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NURSEBIES, WALTHAM CBOSS HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS. EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and CONIFERS, in endless variety, kept constantly transplanted. RHODODENDRONS off Loam. HAEDY CLIMBING PLANTS a specialty. 1 Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE PAULS' NURSEBIES, WALTHAM CBOSS CAMELLIAS The Largest Stock In the Country. Plants well set with Bloom-buds. Also, AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and other GREENHOUSE CLIMBEBS. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. 1^ Prices kirictly moderate ; reduced rates for targe quan- tities. Inspection of stock incited. Goods packed by experienced hands for all parts of the world. Gardeners of charaster and experience recommended. Important : Observe the Christian Name and Address 4 LABGE COLLECTION OF WINTEVt-BLOOMING AND DECOMAflVE PLANTS, . PAUL & SON, WALTHAM CROSS, HERTS. GENUINE SEEDS. James Veitch & Sons Desire to direct attention to the following QHOICE VEGETABLES FOB PRESENT SOWING:— CAULIFLOWER, Veitch's Extra Early Forcing. First-class Certificate Royal Horticultural Society. Of dwarf compact habit, beautifully close and wh te, small medium-sized heads. Per Packet. 2s. 6d. •• The best forcine Cauliflower is Veitch's Extra Early Forcing, It is not large, but it is very close and white, and turns in quickly."— TAe Garden. CARROT, PARISIAN ^ FORCING. Eirlier than the old French Forcing. Shape, iiearly round, of a bright red colour, with very small top ; forces ■^^s"- Per oz , 18. 6d. CUCUMBER, PERFECTION. " Telegraph is a good variety, but Veitch's Perfection is an improvement on it. and I can strongly recommend it to those who want a really good Cucumber. J. SheppaRD. — Gardeners' Chronicle. Per Packet, 23. 6d. LET TU C ET^LDinUEEN. Unrivalled for Early Forcing, and Early Summer Use. Per Packet, Is. 6(1. R« i-VTOU EXTRA EARLY A D I k> H , FORCING SCARLET. Ot qui.k growth, coming into use before any other sort ; fine for Forciig. Per OZ., 8d. JAMES VEITCH & SONS, Boyal Exotic Nursery, CHELSEA, S.W. FRANK CANT'S ROSES. CHEAP AND GOOD. standards, from 21s. per dozen. Dwarfs, from 6s. per doz., or 40s. per 100. Send for CATALOGUE. BRAISWICK NURSERY, COLCHESTER. SHRUBS and CONIFERS. — American Arbor-vitse, 2^ feet, 20s. per 100 : Berheris aquifolium, 2 feet, 16s. per 100; Box Tree, IJ foot, 12s. per 100; Ooto- neaster microphylla. 2 feet, 12s. per 100; C. Simonsii, 3 feet. 12s. per 100 ; Escallonia macrantha. pot, 2 feet, 24s. per 100 ; Laurel, Common, !J foot. 10s. per 100; 2 to 2^ feet. Us. per 100 ; 3 to 3i feet, 20s. per 100 ; rotundifolia. 2 to 2^ feet, 16s. per 100 ; Portugal Laurel, 2 to 2^ feet, 22s. per 100; Rhodo- dendron ponticum, IJ to 2 feet. 2os. per 100; 2 to 2J feet. 32s. per 100 ; 3 feet, 60s. per 100. full of buds; Tews, Eng- lish, Ik to 2 feet. 34s. per 100 ; 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100 ; Araiicaria imbricata, 3 to 3J feet, 30s. per doz. ; 4 feet, 40s. per doz , Cupressus Lawsonii, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 100 ; 3to 4 feet. 30s. per 100 ; Erecta viridis. 2 to 2i feet, 30s. per 100 ; 3 to SJ feet, 40s. per 100 ; Picea Nordmannia. 2 feet. 60s. per 100 ; 2i to 3 feet, 12s. per dozen ; Retinospora plumosa, 2^ feet. 30s. jxr 100 ■ 4 to 4J feet, 60s. per 100 : Thuia Lobbii. 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 100; 6 feet, 60s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70s. per 100 ; 7 feet, eitra, 80s. per 100 ; Thuicpsis dolabrata, 2 feet, 40s. per 100; 3^ feet to 8 feet, fine specimens, 243. per dozen ; 4 to 5 feet, U, QABUES MTTCHKLL, Nuiseryman, Stiaaiaer. jANOAEt 9, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 41 UNRESERVED SALE, Friday Next, Jan. 15. Great Cattleya SALE. A magnificent lot of CATTLEYAS from the white aurea (C. Im- schootiana) district. See Dried Flowers on the day of Sale. A superb lot of CATTLEYAS, from the Santayuni Wilderness. The flowers white, with red, richly- fringed labellums. A Gorgeous Crimson and Yellow CATTLEYA, six plants only. A new and beautiful Orchid, EPIDENDRUMCODSEFFIANUM flowers 2 inches across, a lovely pale buff, veined light-chocolate, lip delicate rosy -white with scarlet veins, chaste and elegant. 2000 OLD LABIATAS DENDROBIUM NOBILE— grand masses, brilliant varieties, and such a range of colour hitherto unsuspected in this most useful of all Dendrobes. DENDEOBIUM SP.— from North (Queensland, rosy-crimson, distinct from D. Phahenopsis Schroderianum or D. Leeanum. GYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE (Upper Burma variety). A golden-yclloiv form, in floiver, will he offered. VANDA CCERULEA— Hill variety. Compact plants. NEW CATASETUMS, NEW ONCIDIUMS, NEW EPIDENDRUMS, &c., &c. By Order of F. SANDER, St. Albans, PROTHEROE&MORRIS'ROOMS 67 & G8, CHEAPSIDE, E.G. w « Q Lj-I t3 CJ CO (/3 Q o^ •V M cs M < ^ & ffi oo 0 Li. < ^ C-9 LiJ S < 0) CO ^ -d Lj-I {« ^ ^ ^\ r\ ^^ ^ Lj-I o OO ^ Lj-I OO ^ OO & ^ C/5 OO THE SATURDAY, JANUARY 9, 1892. THE MULBEERY. T^HE question was put to me a short time ^ since— "Why did Pliuy term the Mul- berry the wisest of trees ? " The reason is not far to seek ; it is because it is late in unfolding its leaves, and thus escapes the sometimes dangerous frosts of early spring. To this day the Gloucestershire folk have a saying that, after the Mulberry tree has shown its green leaves, there will be no more frost. It is quite the end of May, and in some seasons later, before the branches clothe themselves with verdure, and then danger from frost is well-nigh past. That the Mulberry was well known in ancient times there can be no doubt. It is mentioned by the early Greek writers, and by the Roman also. All these writers are supposed to refer to the Black Mulberry, Morus nigra, which, in all probability, some writers say must have been the species first employed for feeding the silkworm after its introduction into Western Asia and the South of Europe. Dr. Prior tells us we get the German name Mulberry by the change of " r " to " 1 " from the Latin morus, a word of unknown origin, and which was introduced into Greece with the tree. The native country of the Mulberry appears to be doubtful (Persia ■'). But that the original seat was South-western Asia is, as Mr. Leo Grindon states, eminently probable. He further states that no reference to the Mulberry, as understood in modern times, occurs in the Old Testament Scripture, but that it is mentioned in the New under the Greek name of Sycamine, in Luke xvii. 6. " When the tree was originally brought to England is unknown ; but seeing that the Anglo-Saxons had a name for it — Morbeam, literary morus-tree, it may have been introduced by the Ivomans, And he goes on to say, " or as Charle- magne, that great patron of the useful, ordered it to be grown upon all the imperial farms, it may have beea during his reign, say about A.D. 81:^, that this tree was first carried across the English Channel by Saxon visitors to the continent. " Mor " got changed into "Mul " by a process of permutation of sounds, ex- ceedingly common in the annals of language, and " beam,"= tree, would very naturally in the case of a fruit tree give place to '' berrj'," though the Saxon is retained to this day in Hornbeam and Whitebeam. The Mulberry, as already mentioned, is one of the latest trees to put forth its leaves. It appears to be susceptible of cold, for it is said to drop every leaf on the night of a severe frost. This has led to its culture against walls, a method 42 THE GABDENEBS' OBBONICLE. [jANbAEV 9, 1892 generally adopted in the north, as, owing to the lateness of the tree itself, and the re- tarding influences of the northern climate, the frnit does not ripen in the autumn except in a favourable season. Trees planted against a south wall are found to produce much finer fruit, and of a decidedly better flavour. When planted in the open, it does best in a good rich loam ; and if only to accelerate the ripening process, needs an open sunny position. One can quite understand the old method of planting Mulberry trees on grass, so that when the fruit falls, it should not be damaged as it would be if it fell upon gravel or hard soil. Mulberry trees are generally grown as standards, which is, taking all things into account, the most convenient form. Some fruit-tree nurserymen, if propa- gating the Mulberry, grow stools, as they are called, and the young growths, after they have become hard enough, are layered in the autumn ; the layers remain down for two years, when they are potted, and tied to stakes — but it requires another four years or so before they become large enough to plant out. A vigorous tree seldom exceeds, when fully developed, 30 feet or so in height ; the branches are thick, and the general form close and rounded. The rough, coarsely-serrated, and dark green leaves, though usually cordate, are prone to curious changes, often becoming irregularly three or five- lobed. The flowers are produced in separate clusters, yellowish-green in colour, and, like the globular green heads of female flowers, contem- poraneous with the young foliage. The tree is of great durability, and seems to be wonderfully tenacious of life. Itis remarkable for the density of the shade it affords ; it is capable of endur- ing the smoke of towns. It is an excellent tree for suburban gardens, and will thrive even in little corners among warehouses in cities." Its longevity is illustrated by the examples at Syon and elsewhere, which, it is believed, were planted as far back as 1548. So vigorous and tenacious of life is the tree, that the underside of a trunk of a branch lying on the ground has been known to strike root in the soil, while the branches on the upper side have borne and ripened fruit. This was illustrated some years ago at Syon, where a branch fell from the de- caying parent trunk on to the grass, put forth roots, and became a tree bearing fruit. Our favourite Mulberry is the black. The fruit is distinguished for its sweet sub-acid taste, with a very agreeable aroma superadded. When doing well, the tree is a very heavy cropper, i?. D. New or Noteworthy Plants. LEPTOTES BICOLOR, Lindl., vak. BREVIS, ». Vdr. Among a batch of the ordinary form of Leptotes bicolor, Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, have intro- duced a very distinct and pretty little plant, which, though differing both in shape and colour from the typical form, must, I think, be considered a variety of the same, and may be distinguished as above. It has quite the habit and general character of L. bicolor, but differs in the following characters. The sepals are only 10 lines long by Slices broad, oblong- linear, and subacute. The petals are similar, but a little longer and narrower below. The front lobe of the lip is broadly elliptical in shape, very obtuse, 6 lines long by nearly as broad, and the colour pure white, not purple. The side lobes are very light green, and, as usual, embrace the very short, dark- green column. The only trace of purple is a very minute and faint streak on either side of the two minute fleshy calli at the lip's base. There is a single dried specimen at Kew, together with the ordinary form, which is very similar to the present one in shape, but it has the purple on the front lobe of the lip, as in the ordinary form ; which circum- stance seems to show that the species is somewhat variable, and must include the one now described as a variety, though at the first glance it appears to be quite distinct. It is a pretty little plant, much like a minute Brassavola. -ff. A. Bolfe, Kew. " ELECTEO-CULTURE." In the two articles which the Gardeners' Chronicle has devoted to this subject, "the influence of elec- tricity upon plant life "is made to include two things, which it seems to me are perfectly distinct and un- connected with one another : — 1, the effect of electric light upon vegetation ; 2, the influence of electric currents upon growing plants. With respect to the latter matter, our knowledge of an exact kind is at present very scanty. Sachs, who has given especial attention to it, sums up what is to be said in the follow- ing passage in his Lectures on the Vhysiohc/ynf Plants R. WOODMAN. We are now euabled to give a partrait of this gentleman, i obituary notice of whom waa given at p. 25. (English Translation, p. 201), " Relatively little is as yet known concerning the influence of electricity on the life of the plant. ... In general all that can be said is, that very feeble constant currents or induc- tion shocks during short periods produce no visible effects on protoplasm ; but that, on the other hand, with a certain strength of the currents, disturbances appear in the protoplasm which resemble those brought about by a high temperature, and that with further increase of strength of the current, the pro- toplasm is killed." That electricity artificially produced is likely to be of any practical im- portance in either horticulture or agriculture, I, for my part, do not believe. However, I do not propose to discuss this further. But what I want to point out is, that the effect of electric light upon vegetation is perfectly independent of electricity. The electric current in passing through substances which offer resistance to its passage raises their temperature, and ultimately renders them incandescent ; they then become intense sources of light. But the light though produced by electricity, and, therefore, in familiar language called " electric light," has nothing in any way electric about it ; and in point of fact, it might be producetl by other means without calling in the aid of electricity at all. The " effect of electric light upon vegetation " is therefore nothing more than the effect of artificial light of great intensity. When put in this shape there is really nothing novel about it. It is now well known that all the rays of different refrangibility which make up the spectrum act with very varying degrees of effectiveness in the cardinal feature in plant nutrition — the decomposition of car- bonic acid. The chemical action of light upon green plants is limited almost entirely to the red end of the spectrum. If we take the total amount of car- bonic acid decomposed by white light to be repre- sented by 100, the proportion represented by the different rays are the following: — red and orange, 32 ; yellow, 46 ; green, 15 ; blue and violet, 7. The yellow rays, in point of fact, are nearly as effective in vegetable nutrition as those of all the rest of the spectrum put together. It is no doubt true that many kinds of " electric light " are rich in so-called "' actinic rays." But these are precisely those at and beyond the violet end of the spectrum which are least effective in plant nutrition. In an article in Nature for March 11, 18S0 (pp. 438 to 440), I gave a history of the experiments which have been made on the growth of plants under artificial light. The earliest were those of A. P. De CaadoUe in 1806, who experimented with the light of six Argand lamps : he found that this was sufficient to develop a green colour in Mustard- and-Cress seedlings. The first experiment with the electric light in connection with vegetation was made by Herv^- Mangon in 1S61. He succeeded by means of it in developing chlorophyll in young seedlings of Rye, but he did not succeed in demonstrating any chloro- phyllian activity by the evolution of oxygen. In 1866, Wolkoff found that seedlings of Cress grown in the dark became green after eight hours' exposure to the flame of a Bansen burner made luminous by sodium carbonate. This was a crucial experiment as far as showing that the pro- duction of chlorophyll was independent of the so-called chemical rays of the spectrum. A few years later, Prillieux completed the demonstra- tion of the competence of light from artificial sourcfs to perform all the sun coulJ do as regards the decomposition of carbonic acid, by showing in M. Jamin's laboratory at the Sorbonne that oxygen was evolved by a water plant, whetlier illuminated by the electric light produced by a magneto-electric ma- chine, the Drummond light, or even gas-light of sufficient intensity. That in the processes of plant-life, sun-light can be replaced by light from artificial sources is, therefore, beyond dispute. Whether it is practically advantageous to use the so-called elec- tric or any other form of artificial light in horti- culture, literally reduces itself to the question whetker the "game is worth the candle?" But in employing any form of arc-light, two things should be borne in mind. First, that it emits a very con- siderable amount of obscure heat, the effects of which, in producing scorching, it appeared to me at the time, Sir William Siemens did not fully appreciate ; secondly, that, as was stated in the discussion at the Royal Society, it oxvdises the nitrogen of the atmo- sphere, giving rise to various oxides of nitrogen, the effect of which on growing plants iu a confined space would almost certainly be more or less injurious. For these two reasons, the introduction of any form of arc-light into greenhouses would require some caution. W. T. Thiselton-Lyer, Royal Gardens, Kew. NOVELTIES OF 1891. (_C but ... i 0 as in y/iote 0 Tokyo. u long u as in /hite ; the sound of oo\ in boot ; 00 or on should n ever be ( employed for this sound. Thus, ( Zulu, Sumatra. not Zoo^oo, but ) AU VQweh are shortened in sound bi/ 1 rarra, Tanna, doubling the following con- > Mecca, .lidda. sonant ) Bonny.* Doubling of a vowel is only necea- J aary where there is a distinct > Nuulda, Oosima. repetition of the single sound... ) ai English i as in ice Shanghai. au CIO as in how. Thus, not Foochow, I but i Fuchaj. ao is slightly different from above ... Macao. aw is the sound of the two Italian \ vowels, but is frequently slurred over, when it is scarcely to be \ Beirut. Beilul. distinguishei from ey in the f English they J b English b. is always soft, but is so nearly the the sound of s that it should be > Celebes. seldom used ... ) If Celebes were not already recog- nised it would be written ^Sek'bes. ch is always soft, as in church Chingchin. '? English d. English /. ph should not be used ) for the sound of/. J- Efaifong. Nafa. Thus, not Haiphong, but ) g is always hard. (Soft g is given } by;) 1 Galfipagos. h is always pronounced when in- serted. hw as in what ; better rendered by hw \ than by wh, or h followed by a ( Hwang ho. vowel, thus HioiHj ho, not | Nganhwi. Whang ho, or Hoang ho. ) j English _/. Dj should never be put i Japan, Jin- for this sound ( chuen. k English /l. It should always be put for the hard c. Thus, not Corea, but Korea, kh Th3 Oriental guttural Khan. gh is another guttural, as in the Tur- kish Dagb, Ghazi. 1 >Asin English. ng 1 has two separate sounds, the one hard as in the Englisli word finger, the other as in singer. As these two sounds are rarely employed in the same locality, no attempt is made to distinguish between them. p As in English. ph A.a in loo phoole < Chemulpho, Mokpho. th stands both for its sound iathing, and as in this. The former is most common Bethlehem. q should never be employed; 7M (in ,7»j"yer) isgiven as Aw Kwangtung. When iju has the sound of /. , as in quoir, it should be given by k. r s sh, t, V. w, X, as in English Sa Wit kin. y is always a consonant, as in 2/ard, and therefore should never be used as a terminal, i or e being substituted as the sound may re- quire Kikiiyu. Thus, not Mikindany, but Mikindfini. not Kwnly, but Kwale. ^ English z Zulu. zli The French;, or as 5 in treasure ... Accents should not generally be ^ Muzhdaha. used, but where there is a very Tonga t^b u decided emphatic syllable or Ga fipagoa, Pa- stress, which affects the sound lawan, Sara- of the word, it should be marked wak. hy a.n acute acceat , Technical Education.— With reference to the observations made on this subject in our last * The^ is retained as a terminal in this word under Rule 2 above. The word is given as a familiar example of the alteratfon in sound caused by the second consonant. issue by the Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, we have received the following comment from one of our leading gardeners: — "Those of us who are qualify- ing ourselves, as best we may, for our new missions of teachers of technical horticulture or agriculture, for virtually they are one, will hardly thank the Director of Kew for his bath of very cold water in your new year's issue. This is so unlike the encouragement that the Editor has given to tech- nical instruction in horticulture, that one can only account for its prominent place in the Gardeners Chronicle of the new year on the assumption that for once the Editor was abroad. [The Editor welcomes expressions of opinion from any competent source but does not necessarily share them. Ed.] What the friends of technical education most urgently need at the present time is not cooling laxatives, but bracing tonics and powerful stimulants. The diffi- culties and dangers of launching such novel enter- prises as horticultural lectureships, especially in the rural districts, are formidable enough in all con- science, without our friends at Kew doing their best to render such difficulties insuperable by discounting our failures in advance or slighting our efl'orts with their authoritative non possumus. It is to be hoped that the energy and enterprise of those engaged in this new departure in horticulture will prove equal to saying that it shall be done. We shall look to Kew and to our botanists elsewhere to help us to popularise horticulture, and to bring the knowledge of its principles and prac- tice within closer touch and taste of all classes of our countrymen, through improved series of illus- trations, down to date, of the organs and functions of plants. With illustrations on lantern-slides abreast of our knowledge of the life and work of plants, teachers must be dull, and audiences stolid if hor- ticultural lectures are destined to failure. There may be some mistakes at first, and a few falls between the two stools of giving too little and cramming in too much. But with practice in the presentation of such marvellous stores of knowledge, and the opening up of such boundless sources of pleasure and profit as abounds in horticulture, the lectures ought to rival in interest many a novel. With all due deference, it appears as if the Director of Kew condemned lectures on technical horticul- ture on mistaken or insufficient data. County Councillors, anxious to get to work in their new enterprise, naturally turned to Kew and other scien- tific centres for men and measures, light and leading, on technical education. Virtually, the answer was, we can help you with neither. Spend the money on secondary education, for you cannot teach horticulture in lectures— for this among other reasons, that the young gardeners at Kew already know more of horticulture than some of the lec- turers. That may be ; but it is wide as the poles asunder from the point at issue, which is not wholly the efTect of those technical lectures, or the education of young gardeners, but on the culture and higher education of all classes of our country- men, and on the stimulation and extension of the first and most vital of our niitional industries. It is this apparent failure to grasp the great issues at stake in these tentative lectures on technical horticulture that nullifies the value of the decision against their utility; hence, whilst I endorse most of the remarks on the education of gardeners, I fail to find how they logically [lead to the condemnation of any well- planned efforts by lectures, or otherwise, to popu- larise horticulture, and render it at once more pleasant and profitable to all ages and con- ditions of men, and women also, amongst us. How far this may be accomplished may perhaps partially appear from a couple of programmes sent at random from several that lie before me, and also from a few pages on drainage from the first volume of C'assell's Popular Gardening. Most fortunately, this new departure in the teaching and solid advance- ment of horticulture has received your warm sym- pathy and powerful support, as well as that of the Royal Horticultural and other societies, and is not likely to fail, because Kew seems alike unwilling to teach or to be taught the new gospel of commercial prosperity and social amelioration by means of hor- t'culture." 52 TEE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE. [jANnART 9, 1892. Removal of the Leaves of Vines.— Under the impression that the shade afforded by the leaf is prejudicial to the full ripening of the Grape, some of the French Vine-growers remove the leaves, and so expose the berries to the sun. This practice has been experimentally carried out by M. Muntz, who gives his results in the Annalcs Agronomiques. M. Muntz arrives at the conclusion that the increased light and heat to which the berries are subjected by the removal of the leaves exert no appreciable influence on the amount of sugar produced, but slightly diminishes the proportion of organic acidp. When the practice of defoliation is carried to an extreme degree, as in some parts of South- Western France, harm is done by the diminished production of sugar, and imperfect ripening. Peas and their Growth.— In the last Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica, is an elaborate table detailing the results of observations made on a large number of varieties of Peas supplied by Messrs. Carter. Forty-three kinds were sown on the 3rd or on the 4th of April, and of these, sixteen appeared eight days after sowing. Thirteen appeared nine days after sowing; nine after ten days, and five after eleven days. The dates of blooming showed a wider range of variation, the shortest period being the thirty-fifth day after sowing (American Wonder or Emerald, Carter's First Crop or Ringleader, and Carter's Blue Express) ; the longest period was sixty-four days (Emperor of the Marrows and British Queen). No definite relation is observable between the time of appearing above ground and the production of the first bloom, but those which flower earliest are dwarf varieties, and those which flower latest are the taller varieties. The average mean temperature during the experiments was about 65°, the minimum about 53°, the maximum about 70° ; the rainfall varying from 28 to 34 inches, according to the length of time occupied by the plant in growth, the number of rainy days 40 to 56, the quicker-growing varieties being exposed to less rainfall and less aggregate heat. Abundance is noted as the best Pea (for Jamaica) the very tall Peas getting battered by the wind, and the short ones by the rain. " Abundance," it may be further remarked, appeared above ground on the 9th day after planting, flowered on„the 46th day, produced Peas fit for cooking on the 73rd day, and continued to do so for 28 days. The first seed was ripe on the 102nd day after planting ; the last ripe seed was gathered on the 133rd day. The number of pods on each plant averaged eight. The number of Peas in a pod is given as 425 ; but the column in which this record is given is not intelligible as it stands. The mean average temperature of which this Pea had the benefit was 65°'5 F., with a mini- mum of 53°2, a maximum of 77° 4, and a rainfall of 343 inches. The number of rainy days during its growth was 56 : the height of the plant in feet, 2 the time of cooking, fifteen minutes, and the quality third-class. These details will show with what elaboration the experiment was made. It may be further added, that a second sowing of the same varieties was made on May 18, and the results are recorded with equal minuteness. A series of such experiments, duly summarised, would furnish valu- able data for estimating the precise efl'ect of a com- bination of external conditions on the rate of growth and productiveness of the plant, and would help in indicating what phenomena are inherent in the plant itself as a result of inheritance, and what are directly influenced by external conditions. The Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Mutual Improvement Association. — The spring session of the above will commence on Wed- nesday, January 6, the meetings taking place in the Guildhall, Exeter, at 8 o'clock each evening. Wednesday, January 6, Mr. G. C. Crabbb, Prospect Park, subject : " The Culture of the Chrysanthe- mum by Amateurs." Wednesday, January 20, Mr. Alfred George, Heavitree (formery Head Gardener at Bicton), subject : " The Cultivation of the Peach and the Nectarine, with Hints on Pruning." Wed- y, February 3rd, the Rev. A. H. Cbuwts, Cruwys Morchard Rectory, subject : " How to Grow and how to Show Vegetables for Exhibition." Wed- nesday, February 17, Mr. J. T. Ebbutt, Winslade Park Gardens, subject : " The Cultivation of the Violet." Wednesday, March 2, Mr. F. W. Meyeb, Messrs. Veitch's Nurseries, Exeter, subject : "Alpine Plants." Wednesday, March 16, Mr. G. B. Lans- DALE, Oxford Terrace, subject: "The Culture of the Carnation by Amateurs." Wednesday, March 30, Mr. Andrew Hope, at Messrs. Veitch & Son's, subject " Daffodils and Narcissi, Illustrated with Typical Specimens." On Wednesday, April 6, the annual business meeting will be held. Benedict Roezl. — As a result of the exertions of Mr. F. Thomayer, Director of the Public Gardens at Prague, a statue to the memory of the adven- turous botanical traveller has been erected in that city (fig. 12). We are indebted to Mr. Thosuter for the opportunity of laying before our readers an illus- tion of this work of art, the characteristic po'e and freedom of which will be admired. Naturally the largest subscriptions are from Bohemia, but residents in Mexico, Columbia, Russia, England, Belgium, France, all sent contributions, not to speak of smaller amounts from smaller countries less directly concerned in horticulture. IIow long are Douqlas and Fortune — and others might be added — to remain unhonoured in their own country ? Publications Received.— Efemra^s of Agricul- ture. By W. FEEAir LL.D. (John Murray). An excellent text-book, to which we shall take an early opportunity of adverting more at length. — Discovery, a weekly journal of Scientific Discovery, and the application of Science to industrial purposes. — The Annals of Scottish Natural History. (Edinburgh: D. Douglas.) — Proceedings of the Agri- Horticultural Society of India. MANCHESTEE EOYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS. Being in the vicinity of Manchester recently, I took the opportunity of visiting the Botanical Gardens, which aflTord, even at this dull season, a treat to anyone interested in horticulture. During the last ten years the improvements that have taken place are neither few nor small. The glass-houses having been nearly all renewed and enlarged, massive rockwork erected, and the grounds remodelled, at great expense, operations which have placed the gardens second to none of the kind in the provinces. On entering, the neatness and cleanness of the walks and lawns attracted notice. Hawthorns have been thickly planted by the sides of the promenade and other principal walks, which during the flowering season will fill the air with delicious perfume. In the exhibition-house there was a good display of Chrysanthemums, arranged on each side, with Palms and Tree Ferns in the centre. The Chrysanthemums are grown mostly as bushes, which is a more natural and far more efl'ective style than some others. The Curator pointed out how much larger this house is than the old one, which formerly stood there. By descending the rocky steps at the end of this structure, the cool exhibition-house is entered, which in bygone years was only the frame- work of a house temporarily covered with canvas when the Whitsuntide shows were held, but which has been covered with glass at a cost of £2000. This house is well adapted for shows, the exhibits looking better than in any house I have seen erected for a like purpose. At the end of this house is placed a concert-room, which provides accommoda- tion for several hundred persons. By a side-door the flower-garden is reached. Bulbs have been largely planted this season, and a fine display may be looked lorward to ; and here a sunken rockwork has been added for alpines and other species of plants, around which some nice plants of Tree-Ivy, &c., are freely growing. By ascending another flight of rock steps, the terrace is again reached. On entering the con- servatory at this point fine plants of Linum trj- gynum meet the eye, also a fine lot of late-flowering Amaryllis. Passing on to the principal range of span-roofed houses, which take the place of the old lean-to range, the first division was found to be devoted to plants with graceful foliage, with Lapageria trained overhead, which is a very effective arrangement. The next division contained Ericas, Heaths, Epacris, &c., with a well-flowered lot of Primulas staged on one side, which broke the monotony of the whole. By descending a flight of steps the Fernery is arrived at, which is a very attractive feature, and here were noticed some good specimens of Dicksonia, Cythea, &c. The rockwork is well furnished with suitable species and varieties of Ferns, which possess a thrifty, healthy appearance. The Palm-house is a lofty building, and although it has been recently erected some of the plants have already reached the roof. There are fine specimens of Seaforthia, Chamserops, Pandanus, and at the cooler end are huge greenhouse Rhododendrons, Camellias, &c., interspersed with ornamental foliage plants, all of which are planted out. Passing on to the stoves, in which were observed many inte- resting exotics, it was noticeable how freely the plants have grown. The Orchid-house contained some choice Cypripediums in flower, and a number of the newer varieties of this popular genus have lately been added. The Azalea-house adjoins the Orchid-house, and contained some tine specimen Azalea indica. A range of small span-roofed bouses contained cool Orchids, Cattleyas, Dendrobes, &c., and many other interesting plants. The lean-to range for bedding plants is the last addition that has been made, but is not least in point of usefulness. To the casual observer, im- provement is seen in the grounds, houses, and plants, showing that horticulture is moving forward apace. W. Forrester, The Knoll, Shipley. C 0 NIFE ES. The Conifer Congress of last autumn served, among other things, to elicit some enquiries as to the dates of introduction of some of the more im- portant species. In answer to these questions, we may give the following details : — Before 1548 the Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa), the Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), the Arbor- viL-E (Thuya occidentalis), the Silver Fir (Abies pectinata), the stone Pine (Pinus pinea) had been introduced, but how long before is not a matter of history. la 1596 mention is made of the introduction of the Pinaster (Pinus pinaster). Before 1629 the Larch (Larix europsea) was intro- duced. In 1640 mention is made of Taxodium distichum. In 1663 Bishop Compton introduced the Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis). About 1664 the Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus Libani) and the red Cedar (Juni- perus virginana) were made inmates of our gardens. In 1697 the Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) is men- tioned as having been imported by Bishop Compton, who is also credited with the first planting in this country of Abies nigra and A. alba. In 1705 Pinus strobus is said to have been first cultivated in this country, but Dr. BoUe supposes it to have been grown in the middle of the sixteenth century in France. In 1736 Tsuga canadensis, the Hemlock of the " primffival forest," was imported by Peter CoUinson. In 1746, Pinus cembra was brought from Switzer- land. The date 1752 is assigned for the introduction of the Eastern Arbor-vitfe (Biota orientalis), and that of 1754 for the Maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba). In 1796 Araucaria imbricata was brought home by Menzies. Between 1800 and 1809, Cunningbamia sinensis and Juniperus excelsa became inmates of our gardens. Between 1810-1819, Abies Fraseri (Fraser, 1811), Picea Smithiana (Dr. Gowan, 1818), were introduced. {^To he ccntinued,') Janoarv 9. 1892.] THE GABDlSNEIi S ' CHlf O A' / CL K. 53 JAMES WILLIAMS. We are now enabled to present a portrait of the late James Willianas, father of the late B. S. Williams, of the Paradise Nurseries, and whose death we announced in our last issue. Concerning his long protracted career we have been favoured with the following details : — " Not to many men has it been vouchsafed to live such a life as his, and it will not be without interest to know something of it. Brought up as a gardener, he married at the age of seventeen, and, three years afterwards became gar- dener to the late Jas. Warner, of Hoddesdon, in Hertfordshire, and filled the capacity of head gardener there until the weight of his years forbade further working. He died at the age of niaety-five very nearly, in the enjoyment of his faculties to the last, and able to repeat from memory, as he enjoyed doing even on the evening that proved his last, whole chapters of the New Testament. He had outlived his wife by very many years, and also nine of their thirteen children. Beyond the age of eighty he would allow no one else to thin the Grapes in the houses under his care, and beyond the age of ninety he insisted on still keeping the wages-book and paying the wages weekly. " He had seen the beautiful grounds of Mr. Warner, at Hoddesden, grow up into maturity from his planting, and could look up to majestic trees 70 feet in height, that hii hand had planted. What wonder was it that he enjoyed, as often as he could, and did np to the last, strolling into the gardens be so loved, and what a keen delight it was to him not long ago to be wheeled in a Bath-chair by willing hands, and amidst a circle of horticultural friends, round the tent of flowers that formed the flower show of the Society he helped to create before any other such Society existed in Hertfordshire, the Hoddesdnn and Broxbourne Cottage Garden Society. It was in those grounds, that the firm now famous for its arti- ficial rockwork, first built its artificial rocks. The Orchid-house there was the first to be ornamented with rockwork and falling water. This Orchid- house was designed by the late Charles B Warner, and in it the late B. S. Williams grew the Orchids, that, year by year, when Orchid growing was in its infancy, triumphed so often in the then highest classes of Orchids at Chiswick and elsewhere. On the afternoon of the last day of the year the earth closed over the grave of ' old James,' as his friends loved to call him ; and he now sleeps by the side of his wife in the picturesque churchyard at Broxbourne, honoured and loved by all who knew him. " Six generations had he seen of the family with whom for more than seventy years he had been so closely associated. ' Well done, good and faithful servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord,' might well find place on the stone that marks the spot where James Williams lies. " Home Correspondence. WILLOW QROWINQ IN IRELAND.— A great deal of money is lost to the tillers of soil in Ireland by in- difference, not only as regards poultry farming and fruit culture, but also in tlie matter of Willow grow- ing, which is a crop that practically looks after itself after it is fairly started. As the time for planting Willows or osiers is now approaching, a few hints on the subject may be valued by many of your agri- cultural or land-holding readers. There are tevr crops which pay so well as this, and the following suggestions may prove useful to those who intend trying them. Firstly : the ground, which may be good fctrong clay, or moor land, or bog, should be pre]jared in the same way as for any other crop, except that it should be more deeply ploughed, or, what is better still, deeply dug or trenched. This, no doubt, is an expensive course, but in the end it is found to pay, as it cleans the ground and opens the soil, so that the sets get a better chance of shooting well; but in any case it should be thoroughly cleared of all weeds and grass, which would be likely to grow up and choke or hide the plants from light aud air, Secondly : planting should be done in February or March. Sets should be put down about 111 inches apart, with ahnut 2(1 inches between the rows. Some plant them IH inches apart each way, but it makes very little difference which. The sets are about 111 inches long, and when pushed into the soil (which must not he too hard), they should stand about ,"5 inches above the ground. ! may also add that they are the better for being cleared of weeds and grass once or twice during the .irst year, so that they may get plenty of light and air. Cutting should be done after the leaves fall off, any time from December to the end of March, care being taken to cut the Willows oft' close to the stump. Planting along fences will not do, as such growth is generally short and shrubby. They do much better when planted in beds, the centre of which will always bo found to be less shrubby than the outside. It is quite a mistake to suppose that Willows will only grow in marshy or flooded ground. Theb^st Willows grow on heavv clay land. Bog land will produce fairly good Willows, but a special kind should be procured for it. Soil with a sandy bottom will not do. It is all-important to erow gnod varieties. The best are " Black Mules," "Brown Norfolks," "Black- tops," "Spaniards," and "Long-skins." The two former are considered the best, and are more largely THE LATE MB. JAMES WILLIAMS. cultivated than any others. The " Long Skins " are chiefly kept for two-year- old growth. " Black Mauls," "Norfolks," and "Black Tops" will grow well on either bog or clay land. "Spaniards" and " Long Skins " are not suitable for bog or moor land. Poor varieties bring very low prices, and do not pay so well (or growing; whereas, if a good stock is used, the crop is highly remunerative. Willow-growing is carried on to a very large extent in England, par- ticularly in Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire, where it is not unusual to find farmers with 100 acres planted entirely in Willows. They will produce a small crop the first year, and the third year they will probably give about 5 tons to the acre (English), which, at £3 per ton, should pay the producer well. With ordinary care, the plant will last twenty years. No manure is required ; the leaves which fall oflf (in November) are considered quite suflicient. I shall be very pleased to procure good sets for anyone who finds dilticulty in getting them, or to give any further information that may be desired. James U. Hewitt, Manaijer, Workshops fur the Blind, Belfast, in the " Freeman's Journal." CHRYSANTHEMUM GROUPS. -So long as the wording of piize schedules in reft-rence to the exhibiting of groups of Chrysanthemums is the same as at present, exhibitors will have no alternative but to put up their groups as at present. The favourite clause of schedules is this; — " Quality of bloom and general effect to be considered leading features." It is all very well for persons who are not, and never have been, competitors in such classes to say that a group which is composed ami arranged exclusively of plants grown for the purpose, cut down to get them dwarf, and restricted to the orthodox three blooms to obtain as large blooms as possible, cannot compare — in their opinion, perhaps— with one composed of naturally- grown plants, which are remarkable for the number rather than the quality of the Howers. In my opinion, the twokindsof groups ought to be compared on their merits, one set for quality of flowers, and the other for the natural and effective manner in which they are arranged, without any special talent in arrange- ment possessed perhaps by the exhibitor, but simply because they cannot be packed close together like the other kind of plants. Exhibitors who wish to win prizes, and who do not when they attempt it, must conform to the schedule of the society at whose show they are exhibitors. Seldom indeed do we hear the committee blamed for one iota of the grumbles which the exhibitor has to put up with, while they are really responsible for any delects in the general style of the groups. So many square feet have to be filled, the shape more often a semi- circle than aught else, and so small in superficial area that to carry any chance in the competition the plants must be packed very closely together, because where the " quality " clause tells is in the number of fine heavy blooms. Hence the reason for a close arrangement of the plants, almost irrespective of any taste that may be shown in contrasting or blending colour. No judge with the instructions to follow, could omit a group where the number and quality of the blooms were in advance of another group whose exhibitor had depended upon " bushes," provided, of course, that the plants in the former were of a reasonably dwarf habit, with fairly good foliage, and the group nicely finished off at the front, so as to expose but little objectionable legginess of the plants. To my mind, a long way the best method of arranging Chrysanthemum groups is by associating the plants with others having ornamental foliage, but excluding any other kinds of flowers. A little more space is also needed for a group of this kiud, 100 square feet is a more suitable superficial area than the 40 or 80 usually oH'ered. Under the mixed plan, competitors are of necessity compelled to employ plants which have not only fully-developed blooms in every respect, but the plants are required to be buHiciently well clothed with foliage as lo be worthy of standing alone. In groups of this kind, there is no depending upon the next row of plants to hide the bare stems of the inner row, but each plant must be perfect in itself. Under this style, ample opportunities are afl^orded of showing the great value of Chrysanthemums as decora- tive objects in conjunction with other plants of a totally difl"erent style of growth. If more of these classes were encouraged, we should soon hear of fewer complaints about the manner in which groups are staged. Visitors do not go to shows to examine critically all the blooms borne by the plants in the groups, which they can do better in the cut-bloom and other classes, but they look at a group as an entity. The Hull Chrysanthemum Society sets the best example in the matter of groups of any that I know. As much as £6 is added to a ;20-guinea cup for competition in this class, and the committee have just reason to be pleased with the response made to their handsome offer, as they have perl^aps the finest groups of Chrysanthemums to be seen annually staged at any exhibition in England. The crowding and packing of the plants is theie unknown in the winning groups, and in its place there is a judicious disposal of suitable plants, which small groups of Chrysan- themums admit do not admit of. E. M. PRUNING FRUIT TREES.— I read Mr. Hudson's article, "Apples and Pears in Suburban Gardens" (p. 20), and among many other practical and in- teresting remarks, noted the following:—"! find that a moderate system of pruning answers better than a too severe use of the knife. By relinquishing the latter, I have in several instances got rid of the canker in our Pear trees. I consider the piime consideration in fruit culture is good crops of fruit. If this cannot be secured by the rule-of- thumb practice, other means must be adopted. The mere appearance of the trees, without regard- ing the crops obtained, is a fallacy." My expeii- ence concurs with that of your correspondent. When I came here I found that the system of pruning adopted was to stop and pinch with thumb and finger, finally cutting-back very hard. The result was that many of the trees cankered terribly ; but 54 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januaey 9, 1892. since I have had sole charge they have been allowed to extend with exactly the same result as your correspondent states. Moreover, we had last season finer fruit from the same trees than we ever had before, fully convincing me that appearances must be put on one side to some extent if one wants full crops of good fruits. G, Woodiuard, Barham Court, Maidstone. PEAR, PITMASTON DUCHESS.— This fine Pear is now thoroughly established as a very desirable variety, combining beauty, size, and flavour. Your correspondent has given just lately some extraordi- nary examples, and Mr. J. Howard, p. 742, vol. x., is none behind the rest in extraordinary results, but he is unfortunate in saying that some of the fruit are like the old Duchess. We have no proof that there is any relationship. The old gardener at Pitmaston, who sowed the seed, told a friend of mine a short time before he died that "they knew nothing of its parentage, only that among the many seedlings raised it was the best," and I believe it is still growing on the front of the gardener's cottage there. Dr. Hogg says it bears no resemblance whatever to Duchesse d'Angoulcme, so that the parent will ever be a mystery. Were I to risk an opinion, I should say Marie Louise is one of the parents, fertilized with some large Pear, and all I have for this is a sort of family likeness and the same smooth flesh, whereas the old Duchess is coarse and gritty at the core. J. Sust, Eridge Castle. UNLUCKY GARDENERS.— I read with very great interest Mr. Biirbidge's excellent remarks on this subject in a recent issue. He therein expresses (but in a much more convincing way than I could) exactly my views with regard to the "patronage " view of the case under discussion ; therefore I will not further trespass on your space as to this par- ticular point. I should like, however, to say a few words on another most important topic which he alludes to in the same communication. Mr. Burbidge remarks, and I very cordially agree with him, " What we really want is a society that would take up the case of the gardener," &c. Here is a field in which the Royal Horticultural Society might legitimetely exercise its functions, and with eminently successful results. Some twenty- five years ago, the society instituted gardener's examinations — some will remember Mr. Burbidge taking part in them. I think I have seen it suggested somewhere that this excellent idea is to be revived. What I am about to suggest would be an extension of the " examination " scheme. Why should not the Society have what might be termed a " Registry," in which (alter satisfactory references) could be kept the names, qualiBcations, &c , of gardeners wanting situations, and from which gentlemen might select, with a moat reasonable degree of safety, men who would be likely to do credit to the Society, to their employers, and to the gentle art of which the Society is the practical exponent in this couotry? Such a tribunal would, I feel confident, serve to act as a wholesome check upon the crowd of so-called gardeners who are ever thrusting themselves forward to catch unwary employers. This national registry would inevitably purge the gardeners as a class of men who bring dishonour, discredit, and disgrace upon the profession, and as a necessary consequence, would have the much-to-bs-desired result of " easing " somewhat the present congested gardening labour market. And in connection with the " examinations," would it not be an additional incentive — a strong recommendation in fact — for a gentleman to employ a gardener who had received what might be called the gardener's hall-mark, the certificate — the blue- ribbon of merit— of the Society ? Such are my ideas, crude perhaps, on one part of Mr. Burbidge's excellent communication, which I have tried to develop. I think their practical application would do much to bring the Society in touch and sympathy with the present race of gardeners, and likewise show its lively appreciation of a class that has lifted British Horticulture into its present proud position. -V. CROTONS IN WINTER.— Now that winter is upon us, more than ordinary care is necessary to keep Crotons in health, more especially young plants intended for table and room decoration. It often happens that one or two badly- coloured leaves spoil the appearance of a whole plant, more especially in plants of the C. Warreni type, and a high temperature, with much moisture at the roots, is required at this time of the year. C. angustifolius is the only variety which makes growth of fairly good colour with me during the winter months, and plants struck in August make very useful subjects by the spring-time. Young plants of this species excepted, both the young and the old Crotons are being kept as cool and as dry as it can safely be done. Our plants are well syringed once daily, little or no water besides this is afforded for some time to come; the plants should be care fully examined, however, in case the lower portions of the balls become too dry. If it is found necessary to propagate strong-growing Crotons at this time, firm ripe shoots only should be taken. The smaller growersf as C. angustifolius, C. chelsoni, C. elegantissimus, and C. Laingii, strike badly in winter ; whilst C. Warreni, C. interruptus, C. Prince of Wales, C. majesticus, and some of the broad-leaved specjes and varieties may always be depended upon to root under favourable conditions and careful treat- ment. W. if. Williams, Great Marlow. HERBARIUM PEST.— The fact of a geometridous caterpillar feeding on dried plants in herbaria is by no means new. In 179S Fabricius described a moth, now known as Acidalia herbariata, and says of it, " Habitat in herbariis folia plantarum exsicca- tarum exedens, Mus. Dom. Bosc." This moth has occasionally been found in England, and has been recorded as infesting herbalists' shops ; it has been found nearly all over Europe, and usually in her- baria. A complete account of its transformations by Dr. Heylaerts is given in the Annales de la Societi Entomologigue dc Belgique, torn, xxi., pp. 1 to 8, 1878). I offer no opinion as to the possible identity or otherwise of the American insect ; but simply point out that an insect of similar habit has been known here for nearly a century. B. McLachlan. CAREX VARIEGATA.— This dwarf grass-like plant is rapidly becoming a favourite. It is chiefly useful for covering the surfaces of pots of foliage and flowering plants employed for table and room decoration, associated with Selaginella or common Moss. Our plants are grown in an intermediate house in thumb-pots. A fortnight or so before a plant is required for table, a few pots of the Carex are turned out, part of the ball of soil being re- moved; they are then placed where required, to- gether with Selaginella denticulata, a little finely- sifted soil b. ing sprinkled over the whole. The Carex and Selaginella are allowed to remain as long as the plant is in condition for furnishing. Thus treated they often do duty on several plants during the year. It propagates readily by division. W. S. W., Great Harlow. WANTED : INFORMATION. — TOM THUMB DAHLIAS. — Are these an acquisition, or the reverse ? I ask this question as one thirsting alter knowledge. They were praised so much (I had almost written, " and charged for so much ") in our last season's Dahlia catalogues, that I looked for something " good ; " but, so far as my experience gne?, I cannot, as yet, conscientiously say that I consider them an acquisition in aoy way. I have now in my mind's eye some dozens of 'fom Thumb Dahlias, as I see them daily, in the varieties offered thisye.ir ; near by them are growing other collections of D.ihlias — shows, fancies, Pompons, decoratives, .and singles ; and whilst eac 1 time my viti.m is refreshed by the charms dis- played by the types just mentioned, yet these "Tom Thumbs," as it were, jar upon my feeling'. Perhaps it may be my fancy, but, so far, I fail to see any beauty in their dwarfness. To nu they appear dwarfed altogether out of character. As a curiosity I can look at them ; but as regards being " things of beauty " when compared with their regal brethren, they are simply " not in it ! " Nor do I appear to be alone in this adverse opinion, for not one who has seen the group afore-mentioned, seems to have become enamoured of them, but simply passed them with a comment certainly not flattering. But perhaps I have not viewed these " Tom Thumbs " under the best auspices — so I therefore venture to seek further information. What do our Dahlia growers think of them ? Pioneer. BRITISH BIRDS AND THE PAST SUMMER.— The past winter was followed by a very remarkable summer, noted for its lack of sunshine and super- abundance of rain. Many insectivorous birds perished through want of food during the ten weeks of severe weather. All who know this beautiful, well-wooded country can well understand how suitable a home it is for the feathered tribe, and up till last winter very many birds of many species were here in large numbers. The lovely golden- crested wren, the smallest of British birds, was very common here — this season I have only seen one pair; of the common wren, very few ; while many others, such as the tree-creeper, yellow and grey wagtails, large and small wood-peckers, are all very scarce. These birds are truly insectivorous, as is the long-tail titmouse, which is also very scarce. The other three species of tits and the nuthatch are more numerous ; this is owing to their not being purely insectivorous, as in severe weather they will, like the robin, eat scraps of bread, meat, and other refuse from the house, and are very fond of looking over the ash-heap in search of food ; but I would also mention that the robin suffered much last winter, many being starved. Blackbirds and thrushes did not suffer much, and all kinds of finches are in full force. In severe weather the finches flock to the farmyards for food, with the exception of the gold- finch, which goes to the woods and marshes, and the hawfinch and bullfinch, which can obtain plenty of food in the way of buds, &c. In many parts the hawfinch is uncommon, but here it remains all the year round, doing much damage to Green Peas during the summer months. The owls, of which some four species are common here, suffered much last sea- son, owing to lack of food in the way of mice, for last winter the mice (I mean the common field-mice) were starved t» death, and the owls fed on birds that were lying dead under the trees. The only species of birds that suffered less, and seemed to defy the rigour of an arctic winter, were the jays, jackdaws, and the farmer's friends the rooks and starlings. It is really wonderful how the starlings managed to live, yet in spite of ten weeks' frost, they did live, as did also the jays, jackdaws, and rooks. I would mention in pass- ing, for the edification of those who think the rook does no good, that during the autumn and winter months a vast number of rooks came here to roost in the woods, and during the ten weeks of severe frost last winter, when the soil was snow and frost bound, these birds had to live, and with but few exceptions did live — not on Corn or Potatos, but upon the larvsB of insect pests. I did ask a farmer if he could tell me what these black fellows got to eat in such severe weather, as I told him they could not get corn or roots. He said he supposed " they got sumraut else." What that "suuimut" else was he could not say ; but I could have told him that they scratched the ground with their claws, and probed with their strong bills the soil, to unearth the larv.t of insects which lay hidden in the soil. Thanks to the running stream, well stocked with trout, the beautiful kingfisher was able to get plenty of food, and two pairs nested here this season. As to the birds that migrate, such as the nightingale, flycatcher, red- start, cuckoo, turtle-dove, goat-sucker or night- hawk, &c., these, like many other insectivornts birds, were not numerous last season, nor did they stay so long as they usually do. Whether the cold and damp summer had anything to do with their stay, I cannot say. The land-rail or corn-crake was heard but little here last se.ison. This is one of the most useful of birds on the laud, and should not be shot, for it is by no means too plentilul. In conclusion, I would beg to mention that the golden oriole was not seen here last season, ahhough for two years a pair were here ; but, like many another beautiful and rare bird, may have fallen a prey to the ruthless sportiuiau. Shallows were not here in great num- bers, but many of them remained here up till the first week in November, which is very late. IF. C. Leach, F.R.H.S., Albtiry Park, Guildford. AMERICAN AGAVE, — The Buh/in F.vpreis repoiU the flowering of Lord Kosse's " American Aloe, ' which, it says, has taken exactly one hundred years to accomplish the task. As this accidental occurrence will probably make more people ready to believe the mendacious legend of its longevity, a few facts as to the time of its maturity may be interesting to your readers. The only one I have seen to flower in a private garden was at the late Sir Richard Wallace's place in Suffolk. This plant was not eighty years old, although very near that age. In the Scilly Islands, where they are quite common, and often planted in cottager's gardens, and are sometimes grown in rows, forming an impenetrable hedge. The average time of flowering is twenty-five years. In these islands the old " masts " of flowers are sometimes allowed to stand till the following year. It is wonderful to think that every node of these huge scapes has been forming in the bud for twenty-five years. Vagabond. WALLFLOWERS. — Wallflower seeds are scarcer and dearer than they have been for years past. The severity of the past two winters told much upon the plants, and while, in 1890, some seed was saved by no means up to the average — the winter of 1890-91 having played greater havoc — in April of last year Jancaev 9, 1892.] THE GAIiDENETlS' GHHONICLE. 55 comparative few plants were left to bloom. The con- sequence is a general scarcity, and prices rule high. Especially is that tlie case with the pretty and useful dwarf yellow variety known as Belvuir Caetle, dwarf yellow, or Ware's Cloth of Gold, which is un- doubtedly leas robust than either of the larger- flowered yellows, or the dark varieties. I like to associate the name of Belvoir Castle with the early dwarf yellow Wallflower. Mr. William Ingram once told me, when I was admiring his pretty spring gardening at Belvoir, that he " educated bis plants " to his service, and there is much truth in the remark. By means of careful and persistent selection, he obtained a race remarkable for their precocity of blooming, and the dwarf Wallflower was one of his subjects. R. D. TRENT PARK, NEW BARNET, HERTS. The flnely-wooded and picturesque estate of F. A. Bevan, Esq., some three hundred acres in extent, has a fair proportion set aside for the require- ments of the gardens, and in which the goodly array of glass structures afl!"ords ample scope for the display of the abilities of Mr. B. Phillips, the gardener, as a cultivator of plants and fruits. Lately the Orchids have occupied a good amount of attention at Trent Park, as they did formerly at Ludworth, Mr. Bevan 's other place ; and many of the great genera, such as the Cypripediums, thrive marvellously well in the old-fashioned houses which are still retained, while new ranges have been built for the ( )iiontoglossums, Cattleyas, Lxlia?, and other plants, which require more air and light than^the old buildings are con- structed to give. But such as thrive well in the old houses would probably be not improved by a change to the new ones, for it is diftieult to imagine a more perfect condition of health than that in which the collection of Cypripediums in a low lean-to, are the plants of C. Sanderianum, and other reputedly difficult species, having thick fleshy foliage, and have produced a very fine show of flowers. In this house at present in bloom are some very fine specimens of 0. Spicerianum, C. LeeanumX, grand varieties of C. HarrisianumX ; the chastely beautiful C. Sedenii candidulumx, C. Schlimii, which good culture has increased in size nearly to that of C. Sedenii X , C. longifolium Uoezlii, &c., while among the plants noticeable by their very fine sturdy growth are C. Morganiajx, C. Arthurianumx, C. grandex, and other rare hybrids and species. In the next house, also an old one, with a high back wall, there was a great show of Calanthes, mingled with foliage plants and Anthuriums ; and at tho further end is a quantity of noble plants of PhaiiB- nopsis Schilleriana, many of them large plants, with leaves over a foot in length. There were also fine specimens of P. amabilis, P. grandiflora, and other species, but it is said that the strong firing rendered necessary by the continued cold of the last winter affected some of the lesser species, so that they are not now 30 good as they were a year ago. Here in this house was a grand specimen of the rosy-purple Sobralia macrantha, and an equally fine one of a white variety of it of great beauty ; also some well- grown specimens of Dendrobium formosum giganteum, which many still fail to grow and flower satisfactorily. On the slightly-moist back wall of the house and hanging against it, with a shelf projecting over them, too, it was curious to note a row of perfectly healthy Dendrobium Falconeri, another plant which gives trouble in some gardens, but which is here thriving in a situation which few growers would select for it. The New Oecdid Houses. A range in three divisions have in the first com- modious division a fine collection of Odontoglossums, the forms of O. crispum being evidently of excellent quality, while a plant or two of one batch seemed to display distinct features. The flowers were of the broad-petalled class, and perfect in form, but the labellum had more yellow than usual, and a clear yellow ray extended from the column up each of the segments, giving the flowers a most distinct and attractive appearance. Suspended overhead were some fine pans of Odontogloasum Roasii majus and B few scarlet Sophronitis, some of each being in bloom. The next large division was occupied by Cattleyas, EiBlias, &c., among which the forms of C. labiata, and especially the newly imported autumn-flowering forma, were in great force. Cattleya Schroderie alba, C. Gaskelliana odorata alba, C. Lawrenceana, with three sheaths, C.Trianoj alba, and other rare varieties also were noted, and many well-sheathed plants of the varieties of Lielia purpurata, L. elegans, &c. In some of the other houses Orchids form all or some of the contents, for at this season Mr. Phillips wisely uses any of the houses for resting Dendrobea or other plants requiring a different temperature to that of the regular Orchid-houses, and in various places were arranged a fine lot of all the leading Den- drobiums, the D. Wardianum especially having put on fine growth, and showing well for bloom. In one of the intermediate-houses waa a large apecimen, in bloom, of a very fine and diatinct form of Zygo- petalum Mackayii, the flowers of which are very large, and the lip finely developed, and with a vein- ing of dark blue, and a slightly lighter blue over the whole surface ; thus the lip is almost entirely blue, and not white veined with blue, aa in the ordinary forms. The forms of Cypripedium insigne and Lycastea were also good in this honae. Among the other houses is a neat little house with the roof covered with the best white and the finest red forms of Lapageria in bloom, the stages being occupied by a brilliant show of zonal Pelargoniums, among which Mrs. Saunders, lilac-pink; Zelia, crimson ; Lady Rosebery, cerise-scarlet ; Ferdinand Kaufmann, purplish-crimson, and Lord Chester- field ; Qaeen of Whites improved ; and Belle Lyon- aise are prominent. Another greenhouse had Car- nations, Cyclamens, and Bouvardiaa; another had pat R:)ses, &c. ; the pits had a fine lot of Gar- denias, and other plants for cutting and decoration, andin'several houses were fine groups of Chrysanthe- mums, which Mr. Phillips seems to get large blooms on in spite of the number which most of them bear. Great piovision for fruits is made, and especially for Grapes and Peaches. Oae of the vineries had a noble crop of first-class Muscat of ^Alexandria and Gros Colmar; and another has the roof covered^by one Vine of the true Mill Hill Hamburgh, which last bore a crop of over 150 fine bunches. FLORISTS' Flowers. PANSIES m POTS. Who cares to grow such common flowers in pats ? some cultivators of exotic plants may exclaim. Many persons do, and more would if they knew how much enjoyment could be obtained from them. S^me people value plants as they do books, for their rarity, and not for their use. Some years ago. Orchid fanciers used to purchase plants of Lailia anceps Dawsoni at high prices at the auction rooms. The plants were sold and re-sold, and the only individuals who obtained profit from them were the auctioneers ; for the bulbs in many instances showed clearly enough that the owner of the plants had never seen them flower. The pleasure consisted in possession and anticipation. Cultivators of Pansies in pots can enjoy the most beautiful velvety sweetly-perfumed flowers from cold frames, when the plants out-of-doors are frost- bound. Strong plants are potted early in September, and grown freely but quite hardy out-of-doora until the middle of October, when the shelter of a frame is necessary. Before cocoa-fibre refusewas obtainable, we found a mixture of equal portions of saw-dust and ashea excellent to plunge the pota in. Ashea by themselves are too heavy and saw-dust is too light, but a mixture of both forms an excellent plunging medium for any plants. Pansiea flower well in good light potting material, no peat should be used, and the pots should be 6 or 7 inches in dia- meter. Some of the better Violas are lovely when well grown in pota. The flower - pota should be plunged to about two-thirds of their depth. CURVSANTHLMUM LoUlH BlKMMEU. I find that this variety ia admirably adapted for growing in small pots, and can be utilised to greater advantage for decoration in that way than taller- growing varieties. I have a number of it that were raised from cuttings taken at the beginning of July, and these were, at the end of the month of November, at their best, and if planta are allowed to perfect only one flower, they are splendid. The pots used are 4 and 6 inches in diameter, and the plants from 15 to 20 inches in height. Their large " hirsute " blooms look very conspicuous when arranged with Cypripediums, Carnations, Roman Hyacinths, and the other occupants of the conservatory. Plants in such small pota are readily moved under cover in the event of frost threatening. I find from expe- rience that if more than two or three blooms are grown on such small planta, the character of the peculiar blooms is not so well exhibited. W. J. Grace, Bickton, Fordinghridge. Nursery Notes. A MARKET NURSERY AT CHRISTMAS. The matter-of-fact establishments which we know and recognise as market nurseries can at no season of the year be regarded in the light of an exhibition, simply because all flowering planta are arranged to follow each other in auccessive and unbroken batchea for as long a season as circumstances permit or require ; still, the wholesale production of choice flowers at Christmas time, particularly when pro- duced in considerable variety, involves an amount of looking a-head that those who grow a few specialties can hardly be aware of. Generally speaking, of course, market nurseries are supposed to grow largely a few specialties, but even then there is a wide difference between the stall-holder in Covent Garden and the grower who merely sends his goods to the commission-agent for disposal, the establishment of the former always being the most diflBcult to regulate and profitably to control. It is of one of these that I wish briefly to allude, that known as the King's Road Nurseries, Upper Teddington, and of which Mr. George May is proprietor. Mr. May ia a well-known figure in Covent Garden Market, and to supply his ever-increasiog trade there, he has gathered around him at Teddington quite a colony of glass-housea, to the number of about fifty, mostly of a large, spacious character. A few of the originals are small and low, while the majority are large, and vary from 100 feet to 300 feet in length, and about 20 feet wide. Some dozen or so of these are filled to overflowing with Maidenhair Fern, exclusively grown for the fronds, in S-inch pots, and daily picking and bunching] throughout the year ia indulged in with but little interruption. Another batch of fourteen houses, several of which are 150 feet long, are devoted to Tree Carnations, and of Misa Joliffe alone some 20,000 plants are here grown in varying sizes, to maintain as near as pos- sible a'constant supply of its highly popular flowers ; other kinds extensively grown are A. alegatierre, scarlet; La Belle, white; and Uriah Pike, crimson- velvet, 'and fragrant ; to the latter, which is not yet in commerce, some five 100-feet houses are devoted, and the planta are in many stages from those three years old to the present season's stock. It is a noteworthy fact 'of this plant, that it may be grown from year to year constantly under glass, and in these numbers with a death-rate of less than one per cent., which speaks volumes for its true " perpetual " character, as also its good management ; the calyx never bursts, and it sends forth lateral shoots with the greatest freedom, and that naturally. The planta are never atopped, but allowed to grow unchecked rom the firat. In these respects, however, growers of Tree Carnations muat atudy individual kinds to bring out their separate natures or habita of growth, 56 THE OARDENEMS' CHRONICLE. [jANtjABY 9, 1892. for many kinds I believe are Bpoiled, or at least their bpauty and commercial value marred by too frequent stopping, and even the kinds here named are so abso- lutely distinct as to each require a separate treatment to bring out its true character. Not content with producing Carnations from cuttings, Mr. May has devoted a house SO feet long to seedlings, and from this structure some fine things will issue in the near future. These hare already flowered and been weeded down, but are being grown on to prove their constancy. Some good things appeared last autumn, and among them a few meritorious kinds of the yellow-ground type, and good perpetual kinds of tliis strain will be a decided step onward. The varieties of Malmaison are largely grown, one house devoted to large plants being now in flower, with a profusion of buds for a long supply, if the weather (and fogs in particular) permit. Fogs play great havoc with Carnation buds, a fact which was keenly felt a year ago in many districts around the metropolis. Gardenias are another large item in pots and planted out, these producing an incessant supply of flowers. The houses of Eucharis would be difiicult to match, and Btill more so, to surpass. There are five 80-feet houses ; of these, one with specimens in 12-inch and 15-inch pots, the remiinder being in 8, 9, and 10- inch pots, all being in the most perfect health and luxuriance. Here, contrary to the general rule, the Eucharis are grown on open stages, and not on bDttom-heat, the houses being well heated, and the plants evidently in thorough enjoyment of the treatment accorded. We have no more valuable plant than the Eucharis in mid-winter, for it defies fogs ot the basest sort, in support of which I miy state, that the large specimen-house just alluded to was a year ago in full flower during Dscember and January, when those terrible fog^ played such havoc among flowers generally. At this time the house was a perfect sheet of bloom, representing many thousands, and are worth going 200 miles to see at such a time. Tuberoses are also a large item, some 30,000 or 40,000 being grown to maintain a continuous supply. This is another fog-proof plant which should be noted by all, for the number of white-flowering plants which are absolutely fog-proof are by no means numerous. Of lliman Hyacinths 30,000 are grown, the first cutting being made early in last October. Of Lily-of-the-Valley there are 150,000 grown, the earliest being brought on in darkened houses on a bottom "of 90°, and transferred to the cooler side of the houie to develop. Arum Lilies are grown in large numbers, and such things as Lilium Harriaii, L. candidum and others, these latter being very promising. Roses in pots, as well as planted out, are an important feature, and welcome kinds, such as Niphetos and Catherine Mermet are never-failing in their supplies. Especially good were the latter, with its indescribably sweet colour and perfectly-formed buds. Here, too, may be seen thousands of young plants coming on, mostly on their own roots, as well as large specimens, filling a couple of houses, each about 300 feet long, while others, somewhat smaller, have their share also. Nor does it end here, for propagation is ever going on, and more room will be wanted another year. Such then, in brief, are some of the most important crops which fill this London market nursery at this season, but the general quality of the goods must be Been to be realised. J. BOTANIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, INDIA, AND THE COLONIES. RovAL Gardens, Kew. — Director, W. T. Thisel- ton-Dyer, C.M.G., F,R S., F.L.S. ; Assistant Director, D. Morris, M.A., F.L.S. ; OHice-Assistants, John Aikman, 3, Burtt Davy ; Keeper of Herbarium and Library, J. G. Baker, F.R.S ; Principal Assistant, W. B. Hemsley, F.R S. ; Mycologist, Dr. M. C. Cooke, M.A., A.L S. ; Assistant for India, Dr. Stapf. Assistants, N. E. Brown, A.L.S., R. A. Rolfe, A.L.S., 0. H. Wright ; Attendant, J. F. JefiFrey ; Curator of Museums, John R. Jackson, A.L.S. ; Ottice Assistant, J. M. Hillier ; Pr6parateur, George Badderly ; Curator of the Gardens, George Nicholson, A L S. ; Assistant Curator, William Watson. Foremen .—Arboretum, William Truelove ; Herbaceous Department, Daniel Dewar; Greenhouse and Ornamental Department, Frank Garrett ; Temperate - house (Sub - tropical Department), William Bean. Antigua.— Botanical Station — Curator, Arthur J. Tillson. Barbados.- Dod's Reformatory, Botanical Station — Superintendent, John R. Bovell. Birmingham. — Curator, W. B. Latham. British Guiana. — Botanic Gardens — Georgetown ; Superintendent and Government Botanist, George S. Jenman, F.L.S.; Head Gardener, John F. Waby ; Second Gardener, Robert Ward.— Berbice : Keeper, Richard Hunt. British Museum (J^atural History Department), London.— Keeper of Botany, W. Carruthers, F.R.S. ; Assistants, J. Britten, G. Murray, E. G. Baker, A. Gepp, and W. B. Rendle. Cambridge. — University Botanic Gardens, Pro- fessor Charles C. Babington, F.R.S., F.L.S. ; Secrtta-y to.Botanic Garden Syndicate, Ur. Francis Darwin, F.R.S , F.L.S. ; Curator, Richard Irwin Lynch, A.L.S. Canada.— Ottawa: Dominion Botanist, Prof. John Macoun, F.R. S.C., F.L.S. ; Director of Government Experimental Farms, Prof. William Saunders, F.R.S.C , F.L.S. ; Botanist and Entomologist, James Fletcher. — Montreal : Director, Botanic Garden, Prof. Penhallow, B.Sc. Cape Colony. — Colonial Botanist, Prof. Mac- Owan, F.L.S.- Cape Town: Gardens and Public Parks, Head Gardener, H. J. Chalwin. Chelsea.— Botanic Garden, Society of Apothe- caries. CuiswiCK.— Rojal Horticultural Society's Garden : Sjperintendent, A. F. Barron. Cirencester.- Royal Agricultural College ; Prin- cipal, Rev. John McClellan. Cork.— Director, Prof. Hartog. Dominica.— Botanical Station— Curator, Henry F. Green. Dublin— Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin— Curator, Frederick W. Moore, Cor. Mem. R H.S.— Trinity College Botanic Gardens : Professor, Dr. E. Perceval Wright, F.L.S., Sec. R.I. A. ; Cuiator, F. W. Burbidge, M.A., F.L.-j. DowNTON, near S.ilisbury.— Agricultural College : Professor Wrightson. Edinborgh.— Royal Botanic Gardens — Regius Keeper, Dr. Isaac Bayley Balfour, F R S., F.L S. Curator, Robert Lindsay, F.R.H.S. ; Forestry, Dr. Somerville, University. Fiji. — Botanical Statiou — Curator, Daniel Yeoward. Glasgow. — University Professor, Dr. F. 0. Bower, F.L.S— Botanic Garden: Curator, Robert BuUen, Cor. Mem. R H.S. Gh-ahamstown. — Curator, Edwin Tidmarsb. Grenada. — Botanical Garden— Curator, George W. Smith. HoNQ KoNQ.— Bjtanical and Afforestation De- partment—Superintendent, Charles Ford, F.L.S. ; Assistant Superintendent, W. J. Tutcher. Indian Engineering College, Staines. — Pro- fessor of Botany, H.Marshall Ward; Professor of Forestry, Dr. Schlich ; Lecturer on Entomology, Mr. Btandford. Jamaica. — Department of Public Gardens and Plantations — Director, William Fawcett, B.Sc, F.L.S. — Hope Gardens : Superintendent, William Harris. — Castleton Garden: Superintendent, Wil- liam J. Thompson. — Cinchona (Hill) Garden ; Superintendent, William Cradwick. — Kingston Parade Garden: Superintendent, W. Campbell. — King's House Garden: Superintendent, Eugene Campbell. — Bath : Overseer, W. Groves. Lagos. — Botanical Station — Curator,Henry Millen. LiNDLET Library, Royal Horticultural Society, 117, Victoria Street, London, S.W. Available to the public on application to the Secretary. LivEEPOOL. — Curator, J. Richardson. Malta.— Botanical Garden: Director, Dr. F. Debono. Manchester. — Botanic Garden: Curator, Bruce Findlay. Mauritius. — Department of Forests and Bota- nical Gardens. — Pamplemousses : Director, John Home, F.L S.; Assistant, William Scott.— Curepipe : Overseer, W. A. Kennedy. Natal.— Botanic Gardens — Durban : Curator, John Medley Wood, A.L S. New Sooth Wales.— Botanic Gardens — Sydney : Director, Charles Moore, F.L S. New Zealand. — Wellington — Colonial Bjtanic Garden: Director, Sir James Hector, KC.M.G., F.R.S. ; Head Gardener, William Bramley.— Dunedin : Superintendent, J. McBean. — Napier, Superintendent, W. W. Bower.— Invercargill : Head Gardener, Thomas Wangle. — Auckland : Ringer, William Goldie. — Christchurch : Head Gardener, Ambrose Taylor. Nova Scotia. — Government Botanist, and Secre- tary for Agriculture, Dr. George Lawson. Oxford.— University Botanic Garden— Professor, Dr. Sydney H. 'VineB, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Curator, William Baker; Sibthorpiau Professor, Dr. J. H. Gilbert, F.R.S. PiETERMARiTZBURO (Natal).— CuratoT, G.Mitchell, Port Elizabeth (St. George's Park). — Super- intendent, John T. Butters. — King WiUiamstown : Curator, T. R Sim. — Graaf Reinet : Curator, J. C. Smith.— Uitenhage : Curator, H. Fairey. — Qaeens- town : Curator, Mr. Beck. — Kimberley Public Garden : Curator, Mr. Browne. — Fort Beaufort, Public Gardens ; East London, Queen's Park. Queensland —Colonial Botanist, F. M. Bailey, F.L.S. ; Botanic Gardens, Brisbane : Head Gar- dener, Philip MacMahon ; Overseer, J. Tobin. — Acclimatization Society's Gardens : Secretary and Manager, Wm. Soutter.— Rockhampton: Superin- tendent, J. S. Edgar. Regent's Park. — Royal Bjtanic Society: Secretary, W. Sowerby ; Curator, W. Coomber. Royal College of Science, London. — Professor of Botany, Dr. Scott ; Professor of Agriculture, J. Wrightson. Royal Hobticultubal Society, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster : Assistant Secretary, J. Weathers. St. Andrews, N.B.— Dr. Wilson. St. Kitts Nevis. — Botanical Station: Curator, Charles Plumb. St. Lucia. — Botanical Station: Curator, John Gray. St. Vincent. — Botanical Station; Curator, Henry Powell. Sheffield. — Curator, W. Harrow. South Australia. — Botanic Girdens, Adelaide : Director, Maurice Holtze. — Port Djrwin : Curator, Nicholas Holtze. Swanley, Kent. — Horticultural College : Director, F. Bond. Tasmania. — Botanical Gardens, Hobart Town : Superintendent, F. Abbott. ■Trinidad. — Royal Botanical Gardens: Superin- tendent, John H. Hart, F.L.S. ; Assistant, Walter E. Broadway. Victoria. — Melbourne : Government Botanist, Biron Sir F. von Mueller, F.R.S., K.C.M.G.— Botanical Gardens, Director, W. R. Guilfoyle, F L S.— Hamilton : H. S. James.— Geelong: Botanic Garden. INDIA. Alipoke. — Belvedere Botanic Garden. Aliwal.— Garden : Curator, P. Brown. Bangalore. —Government Botanic Gardens, Lil Bigh — Superintendent, John Cameron, F.L.S.; Head Gardener, J. H. Stephen. Calcutta, — Depai tment of Royal Botanic Gardens, Seebpore — Superinti^ndent, Dr. George King, CLE., LL D., F.R S., F.L i , Director of Bjtanical Survey of India; Curator of Herbarium, Dr. David Prain, F.L.S , F.R.S. E. ; Curator of Garden, Robert L . Proudlock ; Assistant, G. T. Lane. Jandart 9, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 57 Cawnpobe; Assistant- Director in charge of Ex- perimental Station, Sayyed Mahammad Husain. Ceylon.— Department of Ro) al Botanical Gardens : Director, Dr. Henry Trimen, F.U.S., F.L.S.— Pera- deniya ; Head Gardener, Peter D. G. Clarke ; Clerk and Foreman, J. A. Ferdinandus ; Draughtsman, W. de Alwis.— Hikgala; Superintendent, William Nock; Clerk and Foremin, H. M. Alwis.— Henarat- goda: Conductor, A. de Zoysa. Muhandiram.— AnuuVihapura: Conductor, T. de Silva, Arachchi.— Bidulla: Conductor, D. Guneratne. Darjeelino.— Lloyd Botanic Garden— Curator, William A. Kennedy.— Agri-Horticultural Society of India : Secretary, J. Blechynden. Lahore: Agri-Horticultural Society. LuCKNOw : Superintendent, M. Ridley. Madras.— Botanical Department.— Ootacamund ; Government Botanist and Director of the Govern- ment Cinchona Plantations, M. A. Lawson, M.A., F.L S. ; Curator, A. Jamieson.— Madras Agri- Hor- ticultural Society ; Secretary, Edgar Thurston ; Superintendent, F. M. Gleeson. Malacca. — Assistant Superintendent, Robert Darry. MuNGPOO. — Superintendent, Government Cin- chona Plantations, Dr. George King, C.LE., LLD., F.R.S., F.L.S. ; Resident Manager, J. A. Gimmie ; Ist Assistant, R. Pantling ; 2nd Assistant, Joseph Parkes; 3id Assistant, G. Gammie; 4th Aisistant, Amos Hartless. Naopdr. — Horticultural Garden. Northern India. — Botanical Department : D rector, J. F. Duthie, B A., F.L.S. ; Saharunpur ; S iperintendent of Garden, William Gollan. OoDEYPORE : Superintendent, T. H. Storey. Penano. — Assistant Superintendent, Charles Curtis. Pebae MnsEUM. — Mr. Wray. PooNA. — Principal College of Science, in charge of Botanical Survey, Dr. T. Cooke ; Lecturer on Botany, College of Science, G. Marshall Woodrow ; Super- intendent, W. Shearer. — Bombay: Municipal Garden — Superintendent, G. Carstensen. Rangoon. — Agri-Horticultural Society. Straits Settlements. — Gardens and Forest De- partment, Singapore : Director, H. N. Ridley, M.A,, F.L.S.; Head Gardener, Walter Fox. delicate but very pretty variety. A. rhomboideum (syn. intermedia) is a free-growing, useful Fern ; braziliense and Kaufusiauum appear to be closely allied to this. A. curvatum is a very choice and beautiful Fern ; it requires a stove temperature and careful treatment. I have raised seedlings of this, which have made beautiful plants. A. formosum, although rather distinct, may be included in this group ; it succeeds well under cool treatment, and the large deep-green fronds are of good substance, and very effective, Cacdatdm GRonp. This consists of only four species, or rather two species and two varieties; ciliatum (syn. Edgworthi) being considered a variety of caudatum, and dolabriforme a variety of lunatum. They all have long slender pinnate fronds and are pro- liferous, eacli mature frond producing a young plant at the extreme point, and these young plants will grow until they again reproduce, and when grown in suspended pots or baskets they are very effective. A. lunatum is the most effective ; this is deciduous, while the var. dolabriforme is ever- green. These have deep-green fronds and almost black rachises, while caudatum and its variety are of a pale soft greyiah-green, and have a villose surface. This will complete the list of species and varieties, but, having written chiefly from memory, I may have omitted some which ought to have been included. However, as I have taken up more space than I intended, I will not look for further additions. Cur FLOWliU?.— AVEKAfiE WHOLESALE PHICES. [The above list has been largely compiled from the Kew Bulletin, and it has been obligingly revised for ns by the Assistant Director. Ed ] MAIDENHAIR-FERNS. (Continued from p. 12.) HiSPIDDLUM GrODP. A. hispidulum, A. pubescens, and A. fulvum are all closely allied ; the latter is the best variety. The young fronds are brightly tinted with rosy-purple, changing to deep green ; it makes a nice Fern for decoration, and is grown to some extent for market. A. hispidulum tenerum is very pretty in a small state. A. aneitense may be included in this group, but is quite distinct from any of the above, having spreading rhizomes and longer fronds. POLYPHYLLUM GrOCP. In this group may be included all the larger- growing Adiantums, most of whicS have spreading rhizomes, and large, much-divided fronds. A. tra- pezilorme is a fine Fern of free growth, and, when treated liberally, soon makes a fine specimen. A. pentadactylon is closely allied. A. sancta Catherina is another of similar habit ; the large pinnules are deeply lobed, and the young fronds of a bronzy-red tint. A. Finckii is almost identical with this. A. cardiochlcena, which is synonymous with A. poly- phyllum, is a grand Fern ; the large spreading fronds are of a soft pale green, very delicately tinted when quite young. A. tetraphyllum is a fine species, with fronds of good substance. Of this there are several varieties, including the beautiful little A. tetra- phyllum gracile, which has such a lovely crimson tint in the young fronds ; A. Hendersonii is another Trade Notice. We learn that Mr. Millard, formerly with Messrs. Sutton & Sons, and who subsequently was in busi- ness on his own account as seedsman and nursery- man at Reading, Berks, is now associated with Messrs. J. Sharp & Son, of Bardney and Reading, Seed Farmers and Merchants, and is acting as Manager of the Reading branch of the firm. Aca ©iJttttatB. Mrs. Grant. — It is with regret we have to announce the death of Mrs. Maria Grant, of Hillers- don, CuUompton, Devon, widow of Mr. William Charles Grant, J.P., of Hillersdon, which occurred on December 28. Mrs. Grant was a lover and culti- vator of British Ferns, and had a very fine collec- tion of choice varieties, which she successfully grew into very large specimens ; indeed, with her, the congested forms ceased to be congested, and developed characters beyond what is usually seen. She was also the discoverer of some distinct and well-marked varieties; notably, the N. filix-mas.var. Grantae (Moore), and the Asplenium filix-fcemina var. raagesticum (Lowe). Her passionate love of Ferns, her genuine hospitality and liberality, and the great pleasure she experienced in exhibiting her marvellous specimens to Fern friends, made a visit to Hillersdon a real enjoyment. Good collections of Ferns are not numerous, and during the last few years death has much diminished the number ; this branch of botany can thus ill afford the loss of one like Mrs. Grant, who has done so much, and so well, in the cultivation, propagation, and introduction of our British varieties of Ferns. E. J. L. ARKET8. COVEyt GABDEN, January 7. Prices remain practically as last week. Webber, Wholesale Apple Market. Fruit.— Average WHOLiiSiLE Prices. James Apples, Canadian and Nova Scotian, per birrel 10 0-18 0 Apples, i-eieve ... 10-40 Grapes 10-36 Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0-35 0 Lemons, per case ...15 0-30 0 Puie-apples. St. Mi- chael, each .,. 3 0-80 Min French, per bunch Arum Lilies, doz. bl. Azalea, p. doz. sprays Camellias.white.doz. — red, per. doz. ... Carnations, 12 blms. Chrysanthemums, 12 blooms — 12 bunches Eueharis, per dozen Gardenia, per dozen Heliotrope, 12 sprays Hyacinths, 12 sprays Lilac white (French) per bunch Lilium Harrisii, doz. Lily of the Valley, per doz. sprays Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches Marguerites, per doz. i.d. s.d. 10-16 8 0-12 0 10-16 2 0-30 10-16 2 0-30 10 5 0 3 0-12 0 6 0-70 ; 0- ches 4 0-80 16-26 4 0-90 3 0-40 Mignonette, doz. bun. 1 Narcissus, paper- white, Fr., p. bun. 4 Orchids ; — Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 Odontoglossum criapum,12blm3. 3 PeUrgoniums, scar- let, per 12 bun. R — 12 sprays ... I Pointettia, 12 blooms 4 Primula,sing..l2bun. 6 Roses, Tea. per dozen 1 — coloured, dozen 2 — yellow (Mari- chals).perdoz. 4 — red, perdozen... 1 Tubero es, 12 blms. 1 Tulips, p doz. blms. 1 Violets, Parme, per — Czar, per bunch 2 — English. 12bun. 1 C-12 0 0-6 0 0-6 0 6-2 0 0-16 Orchid-bloom in ' ety. Plants i.\ Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Adiantums, per doz. 4 0-12 0 Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 Arum, pir dozen ...12 0-18 0 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90 Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-63 0 Ferns, per 100 ... 8 0-15 0 Azalea, per doz. ...3S 0-60 0 Ficus, each 16-76 Begonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60 Lilyof the Valley, pot 20-30 C li rysanthemums. Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 6 perdozen ...6 0-9 0 Primulasinensis.doz. 4 0- 6 0 - - • each 2 0-21 0 eachlO 6 84 0 Scar- ... 4 0-60 — large, each ... 2 0-36 Coleus. per dozen ... 3 0-60 Cyclamens, per doz. 9 0-18 0 Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0 Liracffinas, Epipliyllu Palms — specimen Pelargoniums let, per doz, 10-50 Poinsettias, per doz. 12 0-18 0 , p. doz. Roman Hyacinth, p. pots ... 9 0-18 0 doz. pots 9 0-12 0 Erica hyemaiis, per Solanums, per dozen 9 0-12 0 dozen 12 0-18 0 Tulips, per doz. pots 8 0-90 Vegetables.— AvEHASE Retail Prices. s. d. s. d. I s. d. s. d. Arlichoies Globe, I Lettuces, per doz. ... 16-20 each 0 4-06 Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ... Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6-10 Mustard and Cress, Beet, red, per dczen 2 0-30' punnet 0 4- ... Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-06 Parsley, per bunch... 03-06 Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3- 0 6 1 Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ... Celery, per bundle... 10-30 Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ... Cucumbers, each ... 0 6-09 Tomatos, per lb. ... 09-13 Endive, per dozen ... 2 0- 3 0 | Turnips, per bunch... 0 4-06 Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9- 1 0 Potatos. Demand for old stoch is quiet at lower prices, whereas fresh arrivals are inquired for even at higher prices. The late severe weather damaged many truck-loads in transit, which throws on the market some hundreds of tons at low rates. J. B. Thomas. SEEDS. London ; Jan. 6.— Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed Mer- chants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report increased activity in the seed trade. The favourite article is still Red Clover seed, for which prices continue to move upwards. The advance in England, however, lags behind the rise established across the Atlantic, and spot seed can be bought in London at 2s. per cwt. under c.i-f. values. There is no change in either Alsyke, White, or Trefoil. Spring Tares are in improved re(iuest. There is a good inquiry for English Rape seed. Mustard shows no alteration. Blue boiling Peas, with a some- what diminished sale, are firmly held. Canary and Hemp seed move off on former terms. Linseed keeps steady. FKXJITS AND VEGETABLES. SpiTALFIELDS. Jan. 3.— Quotations:— English Apples, 2». (0 5s. per bu-hel; common do., 7s. to I2s. id. per barrel; English Tomatos, 4s. to 8s. per peck ; foreign, do , Is. id. to 2s. id. per box ; Seakale, Is. id. to 2s. id. per punnet ; Cab- bages. Is. to 2s. J Savoys, Is. id. to 2s. id. ; Cauliflowers, 6s. to 10s. per tally. Greens, Is. id. to 2s. ; Turnips, Is, 9rf. to 2s. id. : Carrots, Is. id. to 3s. ; Parsley, Is. id. to 2s. per dozen bunches; Spinach, Is. to 2s. per bushel; Endive. Is. to Is. id. ; Beetroot. Zd.Uiid. ; Cabbage Lettuces, I J. to Is. id. ; Leeks, Is. id. to 2s. id. per dozen ; Mustard and Cress, Is. id. to 2s. per dozen baskets ; Bordeaux Onions, 4s. id. to 5s. ; Spanish do., 6s to 7s. per case ; Belgian do., 4s. to 6s. : Dutch do.. 4s. 3d. to 6s. id. per bag of 110 lb. ; Celery, 4ii. to Is. ; Horse-radish, Is. to Is. \d. per bundle. Borough, Jai. 5.— Quotations ; -Savoys, 2s. id. to 3s. id. ; Broccoli, 10s. to 15s. per tally; Spinach. Is. to 2s. id. per bushel; Brussels Sprouts, Is. to Is. 6if. per ^ sieve ; Greens, 2S. to 3s. ; Turnips, Is. id, to Is. 9rf. ; Carrots, Is. to Is. id. per dozen bunches ; English Onions. 5s. id. to 6s. id. per cwt. ; Apples, 2s. id. to 6s. per bushel ; Canadian do., 15s. to 25s. ; Newtown Pippins, 15s. to 28s. per barrel. Stratford : Jax. 5.— There has been an excellent supply of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week, and a brisk trade was done as under : —Savoys, 2s. id. to 6s. per tally; Greens. 9rf. to Is. 3d. loose; do.. Is. 3d. to Is. 9d. per dozen; Ciul. flowers. Is. to 2s. id.Aa.; Turnips, Is. 9rf. to 2s. 3d. per dozen bunches ; do., 35s. to 45s. per ton; Carrots, household, 33s. to 40s. do. ; do., cattle-feeding, 255, to 32s. do.; Parsnips, 9d. to Is. 3d. per score; Mangels. 16s. to 20s. per ton ; Swedes. 20s. to 26s. do. ; Onions, English, 120s. to 140s. do.; do., Dutch, 4s. to 4s. Pd. per bag; do. Ports, 5s. to 7s. per case; Apples, Enghsh, 2s. to 6s. per bushel; American, Us. to 18s. per barrel; Brussels Sprouta, 58 TEE GABDENER8' CHRONICLE. [January 9, 1892. Is. 3d. to Is. 6rf. per half-sieve; do., 2s, to 2s. 6ci. per flat; Horse Radish, Is. \d. to Is. M. per buDdlc; Celery, 9d. to Is. per roll. POTATOS. Borough: Jan. 5.— Quotations:— Hebrons and Elephants, 70s. to 90s. ; Itnperators, 60s. to 85s. ; Bruce Magnums, 60s. to 90s. per ton. Spitalfields : Jan. 5.— Quotations :— Magnums, 57s. 6(/. to 70s. ; Regents, 67s. id to 7bs, ; Champions, 65s. to 60i. ; Impeiators, 60s. to 80s. ; Main Crop, 60s. to 80s. per ton. Stratford: Jan. 6.— Quotations :— Magnums, 60s. to 80s.; Imperators, 65s. to 75s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 70s. ; Scotch Mag- nums, 70s. to 85s. ; Main Crop, 85s. to 100s. per ton. Farbikgdon, Jul. 6. — Quotations: — Bruces, 75s. to 110.*.; Imperators, 70s. to 90s.; Magnums, 6.5s. to 110s.; Hebrons, 80s. to 99s. ; Sutton's Abundance, 85s. to 110s. These figures apply aloo to the King's Cross (Great Northern) Market. equal to it in ' England, S.' and ' Ireland, S.' In all other districts, however, there was an excess. " The bright sunshine exceeded the mean in nearly all districts, the percentage of the possible duration ranged from 25 to 34 over the kingdom generally, to 18 in 'England, N.W.' and 'Ireland, N.', and to only 0 in ' Scotland, N.' " The Weather. [By the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the api^regate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of temperature above or below 42'^ Fahr. for the period named; and this combined result is expressed in Day- degrees — a '■ Day-degretj " signifying 1° continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] Temperature. EilXFALL. Bright Sun. 11 ACOUMULATED. ^a s 3 i • t 5 5 Sp Sd 3". g IL StU •-» 3-.C s.§ t&^ 1 it la' + g 2 2'i 11 <^ Day- ».s S — H ^ ii Day- Day- Day- lOths deg. deg. deg. deg. Inch. Ins. 1 1 -t- 2 27 + SCO -t- 103 6 + M3 53-0 6 26 2 1 + 0 33 — 80 + 163 2 -t- 184 3)-8 28 30 » 1 -i- 4 29 - 99 -I- 147 3 — 181 24-7 33 28 4 4 + 14 28 - 36 -1- 119 1 + 197 26-9 34 33 B 4 -1- 14 27 - 80 + 127 2 + 192 30-8 32 31 B 4 + 26 9 - n -1- 110 Oaver 190 33-6 29 36 7 2 + 9 19 + 97 + 41 5 + 206 50-0 28 31 R 3 -1- 18 11 + 47 -1- 45 6 H- 186 38-8 18 28 9 3 -1- 25 5 - 119 + 89 5 -t- 200 45-3 26 37 10 1 -f 9 25 -1- 20 + 60 3 + 226 35-3 18 31 11 I + 27 12 — 25 4- 35 Oaver 204 41-4 26 34 12 4 -1- 46 0 -t- 16 + 43 2 — 201 36-7 26 46 T.ie districts indicated by number in the first column are the following :— Principal Wheat-proditcing Di&tricts^l, Scotland, N. ; 2, Scotland. E.; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ; 5, Midland Counties; 6, England, S. Principal Grazing, ^c, Districts~7 ^ Scotland, W. ; 8, England, N.W. ; 9, England. S.W.; 10, Ireland, N. ; 11, Ireland, S. ; 12, Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the ■week ending January 2, is furnished from the Meteorological Office : — " The weather was unsettled and rainy in all parts of the Kingdom until the period drew towards its close, when it improved considerably over England, although showers continued to fall in Ireland and Scotland. Thunder and lightning occurred at some of our northern and north-western stations during the early part of the week. " The temperature was above the mean in all districts, the excess ranging from 1° in ' Ireland,' and the north and north-east of ' Great Britain,' to 3° or 4° in most parts of 'England.' The highest of the maxima were recorded on December 30 in England and Ireland, and on irregular dates in Scotland, and varied from 50° in ' Scotland, N. and W.', and ' England, N.E.', to 55° over eastern, central, southern, and south-western England, and to 59° in ' Ireland, S.' The lowest of the minima were registered during the middle part of the week at most of the Scotch stations, and on Jan. 2 in Ireland and England, they ranged from 26° to 3"2°, excepting in the ' Channel Islands,' where the thermometer did not fall below 39°. " The rainfall was less than the mean in ' Eng- land, N.E.' and the ' Channel Islands,' and about Notices to Correspondents. Black Kkot : H. S., New York. This is a disease better known on your side of the Atlantic than it is here. It is caused by a fungus now called Plow- rightia morboea. We should cut out and destroy by fire all the affected branches so far as possible, and spray the young trees in spring with solution of sulphate of copper wherever you see traces of the disease. Books : T. B. No books exists treating specially of the subject. Obtain The Forcing Garden, by Samuel Wood, published by Crosby Lockwood & Co., Stationers Hall Court, Ludgate Hill, E.G. Cider Apples : C. E. Kingston Black, the variety you named, otherwise Taynton Black and Taunton Black, is a valuable variety, making a cider of a rich tawny-red colour, agreeable in flavour, moderately sweet, and pleasantly acid, with an astringent after-taste. The density of the juice = 1052, and after twenty-four hours' exposure to the air, I 055. And 100 parts of the juice by ■weight yielded of sugar, 10 028; tannin, muci- lage, salts, &c., 6 792; water, 83180. Cummy, from Cummy, in Radnorshire, an introduction from Normandy, makes a slightly aromatic bitter- sweet cider. Sugar contents in 100 parts=14 000. Tanner's Red has plentiful jaice of a rosy-amber colour; subacid, with some astringency. Sugar contents, 11424 in 100 parts. Correction : Owing to a misprint, the show of the Devon and Exeter Horticultural Society is given in our Almanack as taking place on August 9, instead of August 19. Dnry on Male Servants : C. D. The excise tax of 15s. per annum must be paid on the head- gar- dener, and it can possibly be enforced in the case of an under-gardener, or garden labourer, who may occasionally assist in the dwelling. Fruiting of Stephanotis : C. E. Not at all un- common. The fruit is poisonous. Large Parsnip : G. F. A. root measuring 17 inches in circumference, and 22 inches in length, is certainly above the average size. The best Parsnips are those which have a large develop- ment of the crown of the root, this part affording the greater mass of the pleasant eating mealy outer layer of flesh. Roots of the Carrot shape have a thinner layer of this kind of flesh surround- ing the inferior watery core. Most of the London market Parsnips are of this class. Perhaps a smooth clean regular appearance which they have is a great thing with those who know nothing of the points of a really good Parsnip. Latjrel Hedge and Apple Trees : Amateur. Choose some of the healthiest and best-placed long branches, and layer them in the gaps in the hedge, excavating a small basin-shaped hole, into which the layer must be bent, and secured with a stout wooden hook, or two straight pegs, driven into the soil, one on each side of the layer, and crossing it above. Then cut all the rest of the plants back into the old wood, leaving the branches at a general level of 2 feet from the ground. This may be done now. Put on to the soil on each side of the hedge a layer of rotted manure, digging it in March or April. The old branches would not, as you suppose, strike roots, if treated as cuttings. You may transplant the 12-year old Apple trees safely, if you take them up carefully; i.e., dig out most of the roots and rootlets, taking special care of the latter, swathing them all in damp bandages the while^old mats and sacking answer well for this purpose. Have roomy holes prepared in well-drained land, and a good lot of fresh pasture loam to throw around the roots when planting. Prune off all damaged roots, and reduce somewhat the size of the crown by cutting back the main branches. When plant- ing, see that the trees do not get planted as deeply as they were before, but rather higher, as the soil will sink considerably, leaving the crown of the root in the deepest part of the depression, and tliis, when filled up level with soil, which would occur in course of time, would bury that part too deeply for the future welfare of the trees. Stake the trees at once, and if the heads are heavy, put some guying wires to them. Mildew on Strawdereies : D. U. M. This malady is more likely to affect Strawberry plants and fruits in moist soils in walled-in kitchen gardens, where the bfds are on the level land, than those on raised banks, natural or artificial, and in open hilly fields. We do not ever remember observing any traces of mildew on south borders that had a good pitch towards the south, their freedom from it being due to the warmth of the position, the good drainage of the soil, and a better cir- culation of air about the plants than those on the flat enjoy. Old writers on Strawberry culture advocated the use of raised beds, and these were sometimes made terrace-wise, the soil being kept in place by flat roofing- tiles. It may be that, besides the early fruiting of the plants secured by these Strawberry banks, those old observers had discovered that the mildew did not attack the plants, and that fruit could be gathered without stopping. Loudon, in the Encyclopigdia of Gar- dening, gives a figure of a Strawberry bank covered with tiles. — W. B. The causes are a damp, cool, stagnant state of the house — just the conditions that most favour the development of mildew on Vines, Heaths, Roses, &c. As pre- cautions, afford air by the upper ventilators, or if in ordinary pits, by tilting the lights at the back ; or what is better, if the front wall-plate is wide, by pushing the lights down a little way, and to keep up the temperature during the day, even when there is warm sunshine, use the heating apparatus, and keep the air buoyant. Keep saucers about filled with sulphur and water, also smear the hot-water pipes with sulphur and whitewash. For milder attacks on out-of-door plants, dressings of the Bordeaux mixture in the early stages before the fruit appears, or whilst it is still quite young would be serviceable. Moles : G. G. We are unacquainted with the French method of destroying moles by poisoning them, and should deprecate this wholesale method of ridding a garden of these — in moderate numbers — uselul animals. With the use of the right sort of traps, moles can always be caught when their up- heaval of the turf has bfcome a nuisance. During the cold weather up to March, the mole rests in his fortress, usually the biggest hill thrown out, and here it is easy to dig him out, if the workman goes about the job quietly and e.xpeditioasly. In set- ting traps ot any kind, the hands should be well coated with damp mould, for the mole has an acute sense of smell, and the mould prevents any part of the trap coming in contact with the skin of the hand. A garden workman should be deputed to look after the moles when they begin to burrow in the spring, and he should be furnished with a sharp edged steel or iron paddle, about 2|- inches wide, and 6 inches long, fitted on to a straight ashen handle. With this implement a burrowing mole can be thrown to the surface and killed. Names of Froits : Joh7i Milhurn. 1, Lewis's In- comparable: 2, unknown. — W. J. 8. Autumn Pearmain. — H. L. E. Wyken Pippin. — J. H. J. 1 and 4, Josephine de Malines ; 2, Chaumontelle ; 3, Beurre Ranee. — G. W. S. Pear GloiU Mor^eau, a wonderfully fine specimen. Names of Plants: /. C. B. Epidendrum ciliare. Fertilise Orchids as soon as the flowers are at their best. — W.F. ZygopetalumMackaii. Do not pack flowers in cotton-wool. — No Name of Sender. Long pink card-board box — Carludovica latifolia — like a Palm, Rainfall : Enquirer. London is included in N. 5 district, where the average rainfall is 30 0 inches. The appendix of the weekly weather report gives a summary of the rainfall and mean temperature for each district for the whole year for 25 years, ending 1890. It may be obtained for id. from tho Meteorological Office, 116, Victoria Street, West- minster, Vines ; Anxious, According to strength, cut them to within 1 or 2 feet of the ground. If very weak cut them to the ground. Communications Received. — M. G.. next week. — A. L. H., next week.— R W. G. ■«'.— T., ■Woodford.— P. B. & Sons.— D. M.— F. T. Prague.— C. S. P.— Lafayette. Indiana —F. S. & Co.— ■W. J. W.— V. C— H. C, Geneva.— J. T. N.— J. R. J. — H. H. D'O.- J. C-—V. D.. Berlin.— E. C— M. C— A. B. W. T.— F. G.— G. C— Dr. U. Dammer.— T. H.- W. A. C— A. P.—W. B — M. G.— A. L. H.— R. D.— T. ■Woodford.— F. Collier.— ■W. D.-A. G. C— W. H. D.-J. D.-H. W. W.- G. ■W.— D. M-, next weeK. January 9, 1892.] THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. 59 THOMAS METHVEN & SONS (By Royal Warrant, Nurserymen and Seedsmen to the dueen), Beg to intimate that their Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE OF GARDEN A»° FLOWER SEEDS, IMPLEMENTS, GLADIOLI, &c., for 1892, Is NOA\' READY, and may be had Free on Application, EAST LOTHIAN INTERMEDIATE STOCK (Methven's Choice Strain), White, Purple. Scarlet, Crimson, and Snow-white, wall-leaved, in Packets, Is., 2s. Qd., and 5s. each colonr. METHVEN'S JUNE BROCCOLI, in Sealed Packets only, per Packet, Is. (W. SEED WAREHOUSES:- 15, PRINCES ST., & LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH. FAWKES' SLOW COMBUSTION HEATING APPARATUS. Most Efficient and Ckeaje t i Lxi tence Requires no Bunk stokeliole and no br tk setting. Will la^tall n ght w thoutatten tion. Will burn hous c lers therefore costs next to noth g for fuel Any one can fix it. Adometcser a t cii toke it Complete Apparatus from £4 12a aUCCES^ Gi AHA \ TEED Enormous n bers in use • the country Ouly Slow Com bustion Appara tus of the kind. CAUT/Or^. Beware of in efficient plete Apparatus which will not last all night. Full particulars every sized Ap- paratus, and see numerous Testi monials for the last tive seasons showing post- free on applica- R. HALLIDAY & CO., HOTHOUSE BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS, ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER. vineries, Stoves, Greenhouses, Peacii Houses, Forcing Houses, Sc, constructed on our improved plan, are the perfection of urowinjj houses, and for practical utility, ecouomy, and durability cannot be equaUed. We only do one claas of work and that the vert best. ' Conservatories and Winter Gardens desired architecturally correct without the ajeiatance of any one out of our ftnn from the smallest to the Iarj= c n ^r i j c- , , ^ BOILERS of all Makes and Sizes supplied at the Cheapest Rates Valves, Pipes, and Fittings always In Stock HORTICULTURAL DUILDERS, NORWICH. No. 60. ■ PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER. ' Cash Prices. Carbuge Paid. ,V,l-l''olt- -^^ " "I 6 ft. by 4 ft. ...£2 5 0 U ft. by 3 ft. ... 3 2 0 I 12 ft. by i ft. ... 3 15 0 No. 73. NBW SPAN-ROOF GARDEN FRAME. Cash Prices. Carriage Paid. 4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £3 14 0 1 12 ft by 6 ft. 8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 0 I Ih ft by 6 ft 7 4 0 All Frames made of Selecte 1 Rel Peal painted three times, and Lights ijlazed with il-oz, sheet i;lis^. CARRIAGE PAID ON ALL ORDERS of 40b. VALUE. HOUSES IN ALL STYLES. GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. No. 74. THREE-QUARTER SPAN GARDEN FRAME. £5 14 CHECK END BOILER, Our Celebrated No. 4, To heat from .300 to 6000 feet of 4-inch piping. Prices on applieatio No. 75. MELON AND CUCUMBER FRAME. ... £3 0 D I 12 ft. by 6 ft. ... £4 3 0 ... 3 0 0 I lUft. by 6 ft. ... 5 6 0 CUCUMBER-FRAME LIGHTS. 6 feet by 4 feet, paiute-l and glazed 14.'. Oii. each. ,. ,, uiipiinted and uuglazed ... 6s. 6rf. ,, Catalogue of all our Manufactures, post-free on application. KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM. FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.G. 60 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januaey 9, 1892. '"THOS. W. ROBINSON, J_ Dennis Park Ironworks, Stourbridge. CHEEBrTTIi WINTER, EVENINGS. CAMPBELL'S BROAD REED MELODEONS (Patent). GRAND NEW MODELS. MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MEL0DE0N3 MELODEONS EXPANSION JOINT HOT-WATER PIPES, SOCKET HOT-WATEE PIPES. Jllicstrated revised Price List on application, free. THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL "DUREANS' PATENT." J Nail renders any wooden fence perfectly unolimbable. It is a complete protection against trespassers and cats. The most perfect fence nail invented. In use at Hurst Park and Hull Riicecourses, Lord's Cricket-ground, and ndreds of other places. A— Hammer Head. B— Chisel Edge. Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron;— 1}, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6-in., 7-lb. Bags, 3s. 6d. ; percwt.. 66s. IJ-in. Steel Nails, for thin palinen. Is. per gross. Machine-cut Nails, for dowelling joinery, wood- block flooring, &c., J. 1, & Ij-in., 9d. per gro'S. Sample bores. a.s3orted sizes, id. ; by post, H. DUEKANS' PATENT NAIL SYNDICATE, Limited, 43 &.44. IJPPRR Bakek strekt. Lomiu.n. N.W. EOBEETS'S (IMPKOVED) PATENT STOVES Terra-cotta 1 Portable I For Coal I Pure and ample heat, 24 hours for about Id.., without attention. For Greenhouaes, Bedrooms, &c. GEBENHOUSES Heated 24 Hours for about One Penny. Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent. See in use at Patentee's, THOMAS ROBERTS. 3*, Victoria St., Westminster, S.'W. The Oriqinal and Only Makers of the GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAWI BOILERS WITH SOLID ENDS. Also— SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENT BAM, With Special Provision for Cleaning the Inside thoroughly (a Most Important Point). These Boilers, after long experience, have proved themselves the Most EflBcient, Econo- mical, and Lasting Boilers extant. Every other kindoE Boilers, Sockets, Flanges, ?.* and Expansion-Joint Pipes and Fittings, for ^ all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating. MELODEONS MELODEONS NO HOME SHOULD BE WITHOUT ONE. CAMPBELL'S world famed MELODEONS have Organ and Celestial lone and Charming Bell Accompaniments. The Solemn Psalm, the Soul-stirring Hymn, the Cheerful Song, and the Merry Dance can all be played on these charming Instruments. No knowledge of Music is required by the player. 13- GOOD NEWS! M CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES For Destruction of Insect Pests. Patent Dletrlbutor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers. KILIiMBIGHT, 2-oz. Sample posted free on application. Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Eetail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd.. Barton Honse, Manchester For all INSECT PESTS in Greenhouses and Frames, nothing has proved equal to the . LETHORION (VAPOUR CONE), AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the Gardener;:' Chronicle. COR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "GEM" MELODEON. With Two Sets of Broad Reeds. Organ and Celestial Tone, sent carefully packed and carriage paid to any ressi'. Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P.O.O. O I for ij.?. 6f/. Selling in thousands. CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle. OUR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "MINUTURE" MELODEON. lOs. WORTH DOUBLE. Ids. With Two Sets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial Tone, and the Charming Bell Accompaniments, sent careluUy packed and carriage paid to any address in Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P 0.0. for 10s. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE. \S° NO DECEPTION HERE. 10u,000 TESTIMONIALS. ,M Important Testimonial from Professor Brown, the Champion Melodeon Player of Great Britain, Ireland, and Wales:— " Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the finest instruments that have ever come under my touch, and only require a trial to advertise themselves." Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the only genuine Melodeons in the market. Beware of worthless imitations. ,^, U B —All lovers of music should at once send for our wew Illustrated Privilege Price List for Season 1891-2, now ready. 100 000 of those valuable lists sent out yearly. Send Id. stamp to CAMPBELL & CO., ""'''"'MA^flKT''"'" 116, TRONGATE, GLASGOW. Established 60 Tears. ti DARLINGTON" 21-oz. and 15-oz. Foreign, of above i and aOO feet super. English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, rfeiiwered free and sound in the country, in quantity. "BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY." GEORGE EAB^yilLOE & SONS, Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Mekchants, 34, St. John Street, West Smithfield, Lonaon, B.C. Stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle. CARSON'S PAINT Pfttronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry. and Clergy, for all kinds of OTXTDOOB WORK, OONSERVATOBIES, Greeiihouses, Frames, &c. 1 Cwt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stalions. Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, Ac Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials, Postrfree. Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. ; IB, VrOTORT* STREET. WESTMINSTBR. S.W. : and BACHELOE.'S WALK, DUBLIN,— Z)isco!Uf« for Cash, GLASS WALL-COVER IwENT'ins xyv Sole Makers ;— W. RICHARDSON&CO., Horticultural Builders and Hot--water Engineers, DARLINGTON. BARB_WIRE, CATALOGUES FREE Oy APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WARRINGTON. (PATENT). ^1 They are now nni- t/ versally admitted to be thoroughly uniform in strength, and safe for any Plant or Flower, even if four times the quantity are used. Scale and Mealy Bag may be completely eradicated by using the Cones double strength. PRICES— For Frames. &c., of 60 cubic feet, 6d. ; 100 ft., 9d. ; 600 feet, Is. ; 1000 feet. Is. 6d. ; 4000 feet. 5s. each. THE HOUSES SHOULD BE WELL SECUKED. COBRT & CO., Ltd., 16, Finstury Street, LONDON, E.G. THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE. The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides. As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and Parasites, which infest the foUage and roots, such as Green and Black Fly, Mealy Bug. Scale and Thrip, Red Spider. American Blight, WooUy Aphis, Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c. Price in tins—f-Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. 9d.; 1 Quart, 3j.; i-&aUon, 5s.; 1 OaUon, 9s.; 5 and lO-Qallon Drums, 8s. per Gallon. Carriage Paid. Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application. Pbepabed Solely by THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD., LX7T0N STREET, LIVERPOOL. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. This manure is chemically distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring and ripening of Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, &c,, beyond any other Manure. September 2S, 1891. " I am verv pleased with your Silicate Manure. The effect npon the Vines is very marked, for they ripen and colour much better. Your Manure has given me great satisfaction for Tomatos : it is all you claim for it." (Signed) THOMAS PKICE, Gardener to the Bishop of St. Asaph. Prices in Sacks, at Works, 10s. per cwt. ; £2 per J ton ; £3 15s. per * ton ; £7 per ton. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO., THE CHEMICAL WORKS, HEIVIEL HEMPSTEAD, HERTS. GISHUBST COMPOUND used since 1859 for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other blieht 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces aa a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion whan paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to supercede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d. GISHIIRSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on ■wet ground. Boxes, 6d. and Is., from the Trade. Wholesale iSim PRICE'g P4TSST C4?JPI;S C0M?4inr (Limited), Logtoi jANaABY 9, 1892 1 THE GARDENEIIS' CHliONlCLE. 61 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE PUBLISHER'S NOTICES. Gardeners' Chronicle TELKGUAMa. — The Registered Address for Fureign and Inland Telegrams is " Gardchron, London," ADVERTISEMENTS. Scale of Charges for Advertising:. id Line charged as tuo. 4 Lines 6 „ 6 „ ■7 „ 8 ,, 8 „ 10 „ 11 ,. 13 „ 13 „ 14 „ ;:o 3 0 0 3 6 0 4 0 0 4 6 0 5 0 0 5 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 7 0 0 7 6 0 8 0 15 Lines 16 „ 1'7 „ 18 „ 19 „ 20 „ 21 „ 22 „ 23 „ 24 „ 25 „ £0 8 0 9 0 9 0 10 0 10 0 11 0 11 0 12 0 12 0 13 0 13 AND SIXPENCE FOR EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE. If Bet across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20*. If set across three Columns the lowest cbarjce will be 30*. Page, £8; Half Page, £4 10s. ; Column, £.3. Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances Memittances in Payment of Repeat Adver- tisements are received without name, address, or anything beyond the postmark on envelope by which to identify the sender : this in all cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and frequently the sender cannot be identified at all. Advertisers are requested when Remitting to give their Names and Addresses, and also a Reference to the Advertisements which they wish repeated. Gardeners and others Wanting Situations, 26 words, including name and address. Is. 6d., and Qd.for every additional line (about nine words) or part of a line. These Advertise- ments must be prepaid. This scale does not apply to announcements of Vacant Situations , which are charged at the ordinary scale. Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 6s. each insertion. Position. — Advertisers are specially requested to note, that un'Jer no circumstances what- ever can any particular position be guaranteed for advertisements occupying less space than an entire column. Postal Orders.— To Advertisers, Subscribers, and Others. — It is very important in remit- ting by Postal Order that it should be filled in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to A. Q. Martin, as, unless the number of a Postal Order is known, and it has been made payable at a particular office, and to a par- ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any person into whose hands it may fall from negotiating it. N.B. — The best and safest means of Re- mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY ORDER. Advertisements for the current week must reach the Office not later than Thursday noon. All Advertisementa should be addressed to the PUBLISHER. Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements, 41, Wellinqton St., Strand, W.C. SUBSCRIPTIONS. All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United Kingdom, 12 months, los.; 6 months, 7s. 6d. ; 3 months, 3s. 9d. Foreign (excepting India and China), including Postage, 17s. 6d. for 12 months; India and China, Ids. 6d. Post- office Orders to be made payable at the Post-0 ffice, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to A. G. Martin. Subscribers who experience any diffioulty in ob- taining their Copies regularly, are particu- larly requested to comnum'icate with the Publisher (in cases of delay in the delivery by post, the cover should be forwarded mth eomplaint). iW" IMPORTANT 'to gardeners, AMATEURS, AM. Oriihjts. WHO Flmii;.\ti.; Hoi'sks TO KILL "FLY," OR " THRIP." [ You will shortly beorderiug your Spring Supply of Fumigating Material. Why lay in a heavy stock of an | article whiih is uncertain in qualitv, oftendisapipointing and very unpleasant to use. when you can have a Sake. Reliaiilk article, and one that is most pleasant to use:-' CAMPBELL'S FUMIGATING UISECTICIDE. i ^THE ONLY THE FIRST CLASS, ' On which you can thoroughly depend. The manufacture is much improved now. and it can be ordered without any risJt of the failures or disappointments which freijuently attaid all other fumigating materials. PRICES:— No. .■) Roll, sufficient for a house with a capacity of 1000 cubic feet. Is. each, post-free. No. 4 . ; Roll, do., do., SOOJ cubic feet. \s. 9d. each, post-free. Ok from your Skehsmax. WM. CLIBRAN & SON, OLDflELD NURSERIES. ALTRINCHAM. 10 & 12, JIarket Street. Manchester. And Principality Nurseries, Deganwy, Llandudno. GARDEN REQUISITES, As supplied to the Royal Gardens. BEST QUALITY ONLY. COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, sack. Is. 3i., 10 for 12s. 20 for 20s., 3U for 28s.. sacks free; 2-ton truck free on Rail, near works, 30s. ORCHID PEAT. 8s. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 6s. per sack. 6 for 22s. 6vood, Hants. CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories, Orchid- houses. Vineries. Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materialsand Workmanshipguaranteed.atMode- rate Prices. Intending Purchasers waited upon by appo ntment HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPARATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of Garden Requisites. Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses. Tool-bousesi Pigeon Cotes, Dog Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for six stamps. PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH. GARDEN REQUISITES COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE. *d. per bushel ; 100 for 2.Ss. ; truck (locse. about a toa>) 40s. ; 4-bu8hel bags, id. each. UGirr BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 6.. id. per sack • 5 sack, 26s. ; sacks, 4cars as head gardener. — W. S., 306, High Street. Acton. W. C"i AKUENER (Head), where several are kept. T Age 30; thoroughly experienced in all branches. Well recommended.— Messrs. BROWN, Worthorpe. Stamford. GARDENER (Hbab).— Age 39, married ; life experience. Good all-round man. Good testi- monials, and excellent character.— STONE, 12, Beach Terrace, Southiea, Hanta. ARDENER (Head).— Age 46, married. Life experience in all branches. Land and Slock (fifteen years as Head). Excellent character and testimonials. — A. B., '^, Ferness Cot ages, Stanley Road, East bheen. GARDENER (Head); Age 30.— Mr. ElphIK-STOXE can with confidence recommend his Foreman as above. Fourteen years' general experience in first-class establishments. Hi^liest relerences. — W. M. SHERWIN, Shipley Hall Gardens, near Derby. ARDENER (Head).— Age 35, married ; twenty years of thorough experience in Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Vines, Peaches, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Excellent testimonials and character.— S. B,, West Mill. Buntingford, Herts. GARDENER (Head Working). -Age 28; fourteen years' practical experience in all branches. ExcellanC references and testimonials as to character and abilities.— OAKDENER.Scutteroine.Mordiford. near Hereford. GaRDENKR (Head Working).— Age 29, married, one child; fourteen ; ears' experieuce in all its branches. Gocii characters and recommencations. — F. Mrn.Vl", Al.oi^bury House, Huntingdon. GARDENER (Head Working). — Single ; trU'-tworthy, intelligent, and thoroughly practical in all departments. Abstainer. High testimonials. Home counties preferred.- J. H., 60. Gordon Place. Kensington, W. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 29. W. GOWER. Gardener to A. Akers Douglas, Eiq , C'hilston Park, .Maidstone, can with conhdence recommend his Foreman, W. Andrews, to any Lady or Gentleman rejuiring the services of a thorough practical and reliable man. GARDENER (Head Working), or good SixGLE-HANDED.— Age 31, married, thoroughly expe- rienced in all branches. Good character. — J. P., U, Chenies, near Eickmansworth, Herts. GARDENER (Head Working).- Age 29, single; thorougtily exper enced in all branches; ex- cellent references and testimonials as to character and abilities. —Address, stating particulars, GARDENER, 5, Upper Pellipar Road, Woolwich. GARDENER (Head-working), where two or more are kept ; age 30, married. — A gentleman wishes to recommend his present gardener to any lady or gentleman requiring a good all-round m m Highest ref<-r- encea.— Addre.-s, in first place, to E. FRANCIS, The Gardens, Forest Hall. Ongar. Essex. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 34, married, no f imily ; thoroughly experienced in all branches of Gardening. Gooi character. — GARDENER, Great Fosters, Egham, Surrey, GARDENER (Head, or good Single- handed) ; age 40, married. — Mrs. Kennard can thoroughly recommend Iier Gardener. Life experience in Gardening. Ten years' good character. Leaving through a deith.— G. HESLEY, Thatched Cottage, Hampton Wick. GARDENER (Single-handed or o;her- wise).— Age 40; married, no family; both total abstainers. Understands all branches. Both can be highly recommended.- GARDENER, 31, Bruce Road, High Barnet. GARDENER (Single-handed, or other- wije). — A young man of good experience. Full par- ticulars.— I. R., 51, Thome Street, Wandsworth Road, S.W. GARDENER, where two are kept, or FORE- MAN, in a good e.'lablishment.— Age l.i. siniile; pre- viously with Mr. Paddon, Bramley Park.— WNSTEAD, 4, Haslemere Villas. Puller Road. West Barnet. GARDENER, in Flower and Kitchen Garden. — Ag'3 23; married when sniteil. No objection to pony and trap. -F., Milltord Cottage, South Hayliii'g. _ GARDENER, where two or more are kept ; age 31, married.- A Gentleman is anxious to recom- mend his (jardener. Five years' excellent character. Family going abroad.— C. GENTLE, Lea Green, Cromford, Derby. GARDENER (Second).— Age 23; ten years' experience Inside and Out. Good references. — H. H., The Gardens, Farnham Castle, Surrey. GARDENER (Second), Inside, where six or eight are kept, or FIRST .IHURNEVMAN in a lar-e establishment. — Age '^b. Nine years' experience, iirir.cipally under Gla.-s, in good jilace.s. Good cliaracter and testiniOLials\ — W. H.. The Gardens. Mou-ehill .Manor. Godalming. Surrey. GARDENER (Second). — Age 22; over eight years' experience inside and out ; excellent characters. — F. T., 3, Lyndhnrst Road Mews, Hampstead, N.W. GARDENER (Second, or Under).— Age 21 ; good knowledge Inside ami Out. One year and ten months' good character.— CHALLfS, 38, Ravenshaw Street, West Hampstead, N.W. GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed). — .Age 24; eight years' experience in Stove and Green- house Plants, also Flower-girdening. Vines, Tomatos, Cui^um- bers, &c.— W. HAWKINS, Daisy Bank, Knaphill, Woking. GARDENER (Under).— Age 19; six years' experience. Inside and Outside. Strorg and willing — W. A., 1, Alpha Cottages, Staines Koad, Hounslow. ROWER (Soft-wooded), or FOREMAN in Small Nursery. — Age 31 ; experienced in Growing Pot Stuff and Cut Flowers for Market. Hood references.— Wages, &c., to v., 47. Dempster Road, East Hill, Wandsworth. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR,— Age 23 ; nine years' expe- rience in Stove and ^oft-wooded Stuff for Market. Good references.— B., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. PROPAGATOR a^id GRO WER.— Rises', i Rhododendrons. Clematis, Bedding and General Nurstry Stuff. Practical experience in some uf the leading Nurseries. — H. L., 65, Natal Road, Streatham. S W. PROPAGATOR or FOREMAN,— Age 25; nine years' nursery experience. Ferns, Palms. Stove, Softwooded, and General Growing; Wreaths, Bouquets, Decorations, Sales, &c.— ALCOCK. 6.', Victoria Road, Burton- on-Trent. FOREMAN, or PROPAGATOR and GROWER. — Married ; nineteen years' experience in Growing la'ge quantities of Plants and Cut Flowers for Market, such as Double Primulas. Cyclamens, Bonvardias, Roses, Chrysanthemums, Palms, Ferns. Eucharis. and plants usually found in Nurswries. Well up in Bouquets, Wreaths, Crosses, &c. Excellent testimonials. State wages given. — C. S., 6. Hextable Cottages, Hextable. Kent. OREMAN, age 29.— Mr. G. Thomson, Gar- dener. Easneye, Ware, Herts, should like to recommend his Foreman, H. Carpenter, to any Gardener in want of a good man. Well experienced. Two years in present situation. Active. Abstainer. FOREMAN, in the Houses, in a good Esta- blishment.— Age f6; good chiracter from present and previous employers. — H. SHETLER, Heathlands, Maybury, Woking. FOREMAN (Inside, or General).- Age 27; -L two yearj' Foreman in large establishment. Excellent testimonials. Abstainer.— FORE.MAN, 23, Cadogan Street, Cadogan Square, S.W. UOREMAN, in the Houses, in a good estab- -L lishment. — Over two years in present situation as Foreman. Good character from present and Jirevious em- plojers.— J. WELLS. Sherlield Manor, Basingstoke. To ihe Trade, FOREMAN, or GROWER.— Age 32; abstainer. Well experienced in Tomatos, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Chrysanthemums, Pot Plants, Bedding Stuff, Bulbs, Cut Rlooms, Building and Heating,— J. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. FOREMAN in the houses, or Single-handed, where there is glass.— Age 2i; married when suited. Good character from pesent place.— W. G. WORSFOLD. Rose Cottage, Ha."eley, near Warwick. OREMAN, or MANAGER.— Understands Vines, Cucumber, Tomatos, Chrysinthemums, Mush- rooms, Soft-wooded Plants.- A. A., Albert House, St. James' Road, Bex Hill-on-Sea. T?OREMAN, — Mr, W. Reeves, Hatchford -L Park, Cobham, Surrey, has great pleasure in recom- mending his Foreman, A, Child, to any Gardener requiring the services of a steady, industrious man, with a good know- ledge of the profession, FOREM.\N, — Age 26; thirteen years' expe- rience in gnod e..,tabli.h"ent. Excellent Fruit and Plant Grower, including Oichids. Good characters. — W., Comysthorpe, Malton, Yorks. f ''OREMAN, in a large establishment ; married when suited.— .T. Harris. Tubney House Gardens. Abingdon, can confidently recommend his Foreman. H. Gibbens. Two and a half years' ^ resent place, four previous. To Nurserymen. Ij''UREMAW. — Married; fourteen years' expe- -T rience in Growing for Market. Foliage and Soft-wooded and Cut Flowers. Four years in present place. Good refer- ences—GARDENER, Malcro't House, Grove Park, Camber- well Grove, S.E. FOREMAN (House), where two or three are kept.— Mr. W. Davies wouhl be pleastd to recommend .1. Hamer as above. Abstainer. — Wingfield Park Gardens, Derby. FOREMAN, in good estalilishment.- Age 30 ' fifteen > ears' good exiierience. Excellent testfmoniaU and references. — ASHWELL, Bedford Road, Morhanger, Sandy, Iledfor.lshire. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Aged 21'; good character. Bothy preferred. — 3., Bloomsbury Nursery, Timperley, Cheshire. JOURNEYM.\N (First).- N. E. Owen, Gar- dener to Lady Sutton, Combermere Abbey, Whitchurch, Salop, can confiilently recommend the above to any Gardener requiring one.— S. BOBINSO.V. Narborough, Leicester. OURNKYMAN (First), in the Houses, under Foreman, in a good Establi-hment.— Age 23; bothv preferred.— H. MIDDLETON, The Gardens, Breakspears, Harefield, Middlesex, JOURNEYMAN (First)— Age 24; nh^ years' experience in Fruit and Plant Culture, Twj years' character.-H. HARRIS, The Gardens, Hatchford Park, near Cobham, Surrey, JOURNEYMAN,— Age 24 ; Fruit Houses preferred, under a good Foreman.— B. TARRY, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford. JOURNEYMAN (Second or Third), in Houses, in a good Garden. Over seven years' expenerce. Fourteen months in last place. Bothy preferred. 'I'otal abstainer.— G. CARTER, The Grten, Somerleyton, Lowestoft, Su(f„lk. J OURNEYMAN ; age 21. ] b'ive yeurs' e.v pe- r'e nee. Ins de and Out.— B. ASHX ov, G arde er f o Lord Hov ard of Glos sop. cat with confiden ce ret cmm end St'O ng> 3aat ma n as above.— GIossop Ha 11 Ga dens Gl sstp. JOURNEYMAN in the Houses.— Age 19, Edwi.\ Beckett, gardener to H. H. Gibbs, M.P., will be pleased to recommend a young man as above, who has lived under him the last five years. Strorg. active, and willing.- W. CHILDS, The Garden, Aldenham House, Elstree, Herts. JOURNEYMAN.— Age 20, German. Orchids, Palms. &c. Worled in Belgium and England, Well recommended. At present with Mons. Vincke-Dujardin, Bruges. Belgium.— H.H., Gardenerss Chronicle, Office. 41, Wellington street,;Strand, W.C. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener, bothy preferred. — Age 19; five years' experience. Good cha- racter.— C. F., Bloamsbury Nursery, Timperley, near Man- chester. ■"PO GEiNTLEMEN, &c. — Young man wants JL a Job on Estate, as CAltPENTER, &c. Used to Green- house Building, Repairing, Glazing, &c. — A. F , 3, Bourne- month Terrace, Folliestone. TO GARDENERS, &o.— Situation wanted, in a good Garden, by a Gardener's son (age 18). I'air knowledne of In and Outdoor Work. Excelle.,t testimonials, —REDMAN, Eynesbury, St. Neots. 'VO GARDENERS.— Y'oung man (age 22) -1 seeks situation in Gentleman's Gar.ien. Two and a hatf years' experience in Outdoor Work.- A. CUEES.MAN, Waters- field, Pnlborough, Sussex. ''PO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted by a I- young man (age 21). in the Houses, under a good Gentleman's Gardener, Good knowledge of the work, tiood references.- J. BELCHER. Kingham, Chipping Norton. Oxon, 'TO NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS. — X Advertiser seeks re-engagement as Grower of Soft- wooiled Stuff. Palms, Ferns, &c. In or near London preferred. — G. BALDWIN, 2, Victoria Road, Broad Lane, Tottenham. 'PO MARKET GARDENERS, — Situation J- wanted as FOREMAN, by a man who thoroughly understiinds all branches of the business,— FORE.MAN, S, Tramwsy Avenue, Chiswick, ''pO MARKET and FRUIT GROWERS.— 1- MANAGER —Age 43, married ; experienced in Grapes, Peaches, Tomatos, Cucumbers, Plants, and Cut bloom; also Outdoor Fruit and Vegetables. Excellent references.-J. M., I, Milligan Terrace, Aylestone Park, Leicester, DIELYTRA SPEC- TABILIS, 4000 HEMEROOALtl j, in variety; 12,000 SPIR.EA JAPO.NI A,S.PALMATA,andothervaritties; 25.O0OKeNTIA SEEDS, together with 10 cases of fist-size DUTCH BULBS; also 5 0 RHODODENDRONS, 500 SPRUCE, PLANTS in Pots, and tumcrous other things. On V ew mornin,^ of Sale, and "Catalogues post-free. Com- missions carefully executed aad promptli despitchtd. N.B.— Wanted weekly, CUT FOLIAGE of Begonias, Crotons, and other Decorative Flauts. The Eojal Victoria Nurseries, Holdenhurst Road, SPRtNGBOURNE. Estate of the late Mr. Enoch While. MESSRS. REBBECK BROS, are instructed by the Executors of the late Mr. Enoch White to SELL by AUCTION, at "The Mart," Bournemouth, "ou FRID.iY, January 22, 1892, at 3 for 3.30 P.:.r., in one Lot, the above impartant long Leasehold BUILDING ESTATE acd NURSERIES, carried on so successfully for many years by the late proprietor ; an area of nearly 4 acres, situated within half a mile of the Bournemouth East Railway Station, in the midst of a populous district, whei e there is a large demand for houses, workshops, &c. The buildings on the property which will be included in the Sale, consist of a pair of Semi-detached Cottages ; Brick-built :j-stall Stable with large Loose Box ; and Cart Sheds, with large Lof Land Storage Rooms over. The (.onservatories. Green- houses, Hothouses, Potting sheds. Boiler-house, Pits, and other erections for the purposes of the business are not included in this Sale, but the purchaser will have the option of taking them, as well as all the Stock-in-Trade in and about the Premises and the adjoining Nursery at a valuation. The Pio- perty is held under lease for an unexpired tsrm of about sixty- five years, at the very low annual grcund rent of £J6. Particulars, Plans and Conditions of Sale may be obtained of Messrs. J. and W. W. DRUITT, Solicitors, Town Hall Chambers ; and of the Auctioneers, " The Mart," and Gervis Place, Bournemouth. WANTED, 3. NURSERY, G Greenhouses, 1 Acre of Land. Midland Town preferred. Must be genuine. Price low— State particulars to F. R., Gardeners' Ckronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ANTED, to RENT, on LEASE, three or four ACRES of LAND, suitable for Nursery Purposes. Without Stock preferred. Send full particulars to— J. S.". 2. Beach Terrace, Exning, Suffolk. To Market and Cut Flower Growers. (Folio 7569.) r ONDON DISTRICT.— TO BE LET, either JL/ as a whole or in two 'portions, a Large MARKET NURSERY, comprising about 5 acres, four being covered with glass. A Lease for 2l years will te granted. Only small Stock planted out to be taken, remainder optional. Full particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE A>D MORRIS, 67 and i*, Cheapside, London, E.C. URSERY TO LET, in South of England, near town of 130,000 inhabitants, consisting of 23 houses (about 2000 feet run), all well heated a^d in good couditiou. Mushroom houses, sheds, three dwelling-liousfr-s. bothy, about 10 acres of land, chiefly planted two years smce with fruit trees, &c. The above is a chance seldom to be met with, and every facility offered a suitable tenant. "ALPHA, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. London, 12 miles from.— (Foil i 7562 ) CAPITA L M A 1;K LT N URSERY.— 10 G reen- hou es all modern and well-heated. Stables, &c., and 1 i ere of Ground. lorgleaies, Per- ennial Sunflowers, Double and Single Pieonies, Iris (tall and dwarf). Oriental Hellebores, Carnations, &c. BARR AND SON. 12, King Street, Covent Garden, London. BEGONIAS A SPECIALTY. — Awarded Four Gold Medals, and Gold Cup, and all Fir»t Prizes. Seed saved from Prize plants. Our Begonia Seed and Bulbs eclipae all previous years. Choicest mixed, single or double varieties, Is.. 2s. 6rf , and os. per packet. Collections (Seed)— single, 12 named varieties, separate. 5s. 6rf. ; 6 ditto, 3s. Tubers, named singles, from 12s. to 42s. per dozen ; unnamed seedlings, 12s. to 21s. per dozen ; bedding, choicest. 4s., 6s.. 6s., and 9s. per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 42s. per doz. ; unnamed, choicest, 18s. to 30s. per dozen ; choicest mixed, for bedding, 8s. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis. JOHN LAING AND SONS, Begonia Growers, &c.. Forest Hill, London. CHARLES NOBLE HAS finely budded RHODODENDRONS, named kinds. ANDHOMEDA FLOKIKUNDA. AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds. Ditto, Seedlings. Ditto OCCIDENTALIS. RHODORA CANADENSIS. DWARF EOSE«, H. P.. B., and TEAS. THUIOP.SIS BOREALIS •) THUIA LOBBtl (. , at24s. perdoz. ,, ,, in32'8, at48s. perdoz. SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in eo's, at32s.peri00. in 48's, at £5 per 100. W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus, in 48's and 60's ; Pandanus Veitchii, Dracsenaa Lindenii, and Ficuaelastica.— W. ICETON. Putney. S.W. WM. PAUL AND SON respectfully invite inspection of the following TREES and SHRUBS, now on Sale. Prices (on application) very reasonable, and quality unexceptionable as to roots, tops, and stems :— BEECH, purple, best variety 12 to 18 leet. common 12 feet. BIRCH, Silver and others 12 to 14 feet. ELMS, four sorts 13 to 18 feet. LABURNUMS 9 to 10 feet. LIMES 8 to 12 feet. MOUNTAIN ASH 12 to 16 feet. NORWAY MAPLES 12 to 18 feet. PLAINS 12 to 18 feet. POPLARS, six sorts 12 to 18 feet. SYCAMORE 12 to 18 feet. THORNS, Paul's Double Scarlet ... 12 to 14 feet. (The finest Trees in the Trade.) FLOWERING SHRUBS, various ... 4 to 6 feet. ARBOR-VIT.E, American AUCUBAS BOX, of sorts CEDRUS ATLANTICA ... DEODASA ... CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA . HOLLY", Variegated ,, Green, named sorts . FIR, Scotch ,. Austrian LAURELS OSMANTHUS PICEA PINSAPO... 6 feet. 3 to 4J feet. 3 to 5 feet. 5 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 6 to 7 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 9 feet. 3 to 8 feet. 3 to 7 feet. 2 to 4 feet, (i to 8 feet. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, off loam 2 to 4^teet. Hybrids 2 to 4:feet. Named sorts 2 to 4 feet. YEWS, Common, and others 3 to 7 feet. APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, and PLUMS, Standard and Pyramids. APPLES and PEARS, Horizontal-trained. CHERRIES and PLUMS, Fan-trained. ASPARAGUS for Forcing. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, 4 minutes' walk from WalthamCross Station West Entrance. 3 minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station Great Eastern Railway. H. J. JONES, Beg.** to draw atteation to the Great Bargain he is now offering iu BEGONIAS, SINGLE BEGONIAS FOR BEDDING. These have been selected with great care, and may be relied upon to give a grand display. Wry choice, all colours mixed, per do/.., 3s. ; per 100, 20s. Very good, to colour ,, 3s. ; ,, 20s. Very choice, selected to colour ,. 4s. ; ., 26s. SINGLE BEGONIAS FOR POT CULTURE. AU the varieties offered under this heading are quite up to exhibition standard, and remarkable value for money. 12 finest selected mixed colours, 4s. 6 finest selected Fawn, Bronze, Terra-cotta, Buff, Apricot, aad Dark Orange. 4s. f A INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 5s. eich, * Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. » Ditto CONGESTA, 2 feet high. 18s. per dozen. » SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in 60's, iitfor 43'3, strong, (is. do/. Price per 100 on application. Those marked * are Packed Free, but not Carriage Paid, W. OWEN, 106, Stamford Hill, N. PRIVATE SALE. FRUILJLREE8. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (Standards Pyramids, and Wall- trained). Apples, Pears, Cherries, Peaches, Fillerts. and Plums; 20,000 noble tall standard Vicloria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The I'reea are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaraiitee-1 true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons, specimen Slirubs. and Hollies, secured but recently regardles ist ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses; 407000 Black and R^d Currants, four years o'd ; and forty kinds of Gooseberries. bUOO Raspberries. Price, half their value. SeeCatalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. QER- rJVIalr TRUDE JONES, Churc>itield. Cradle GEORGE JAGKMAN & SON, WOKING NURSERY, SURREY, ISVITE I.N'SPECTIOS OF THE FoLLOWIXO WeLL-SKOWS Stuff :— FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsons, in Standard, Pyramid, and Dwarf- trained trees ; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. ROSES.— A large Collection of Dwarf and standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roses, in all the lead- ing varieties ; also Tea Koses, in pots for forcing. RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties set with flower-buds; alsoHybridSeedlingsand Ponticums. CONITERS.— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for Lawn and Shrubbery planting. SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c. CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle- matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rockwork, &c. ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks, Avenues, Streets, and Private Gardens. FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for Coverts, Woods, &c. CATALOGUES FREB ON AFPLICATIOX. A leading to Laying- LANDSCAPE GARDENING. Feature. Plans designed, and Advice ^, cut. Planting, or Renovating Parl(S, Cemeteries, Re tlon Grounds, and Private Gardens. GROUND REaUIRED for BUILDING. TO BE SOLD, CHEAP. 1000 PINUS AUSTRIACA, 2 to 3 and 5 feet. lOOO LAURELS, bushy, 4 to 7 feet. ftOJ laOUNTAIST ASH, 10 to 15 feet. 600 LABURNUMS, 8 to 10 feet. 200 SPANISH CHESTNUTS, 8 to 10 feet. ,500 POPLARS, ITALIAN, 12 to 18 feet. JOHN PEED & SONS, The Nurseries. Mitcham Eoa.l, Slreathani. S.W. Special Cheap Offer to the Trade and large Planters. r S A A C MATTHEWS and SON -JL have large quantities of the under-mentioned trees to offer cheap : — 10 J.OOO RHODODENDRONS, Early, White, Scarlet, Pink, and other varieties, fine plants; and 500,000 Ponticum and Seedling Hybrids, various sizes, from 1 to 4 feet, by the 100 or 1000; 500,000 THORN QUICK, four and six-jear old, extra strong; CO.MMON ASH, 3 to 4 feet and upwards; MOUNTA.IN ASH, 6 to 12 feet ; BIRCH, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet ; HORSE CHESTNUTS, from 2 to 10 feet; also a large quantity of Horse Chestnuts. 12 to 15 feet, and specimen trees for avenue-planting. ENGLISH YEWS. ELMS, and HORNBEAMS, 8 to 10 feet ; AUSTRIAN PINES, fine trees, 3 to 8 feet; recently- transplanted POPLARS, varie- ties, 6 to 12 feet; SPRUCE, for Christmas Trees, also for Forest Planting: AUCUBAS, HOLLIES, BOX, OUPRESSUS, IVIBS, LAURELS, &c. CATALOGUES on application. The Nurserie", Milton, Stoke- jn-Trent. SURPLUS "^DAFFODILS Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation. Detailed Priced LIST on application. Per 1000, 15s , 25s., 42s., 633., 84s., and lOSs. BARR'S CLEARANCE SALiE OP HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS ■ NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, CHIONODOXA, SOILIiAS, SN0WFLAKE3, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs, ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES ORE A TL Y RED UCED. LIST on APPLICA TION. Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application :— CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS. GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEBS, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES. SINGLE PEONIES, DOUBLE P/EONIES, HELLEBORES, and IRIS. BARR & SON, 12, King St., Covent Garden, London. keTlway^s manual. Ready January 1, 1892, 130 pages quarto. \s,, post-free. Gratis to Customers. Handsome volume for presentation. Practical for use. Thirty-second Edition, still further improved and enlarged. Phototype and Wood Engravings. Cultural articles and full descriptive matter. For Contents see Gardeners' Chronicle, December 26, p. 755. INCLUDES the CHOICEST SEEDS, and GLADIOLI, ESPECIALLY for EXHIBITION. Indispensable to every Amateur. Tables useful to the Gardener and Farmer are included. Fifty-seven Gold and Silver Medals, London and Paris, awarded to the Produce of our SEEDS, PLANTS, and BULBS. KELWAY & SON, Langporb, Somerset. ~Y. C. HEINEMANN, SEED GROWER, ERMANY. MY ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF FRESH & SELF-GROWN SEEDS, ENGLISH EDITION, is NOW READY. Includes all the FINEST NOVELTIES of the Season, and maybe bad post-free on application (It^. post-card). Please quote Gardeners' Chronicle. My busine'.> is the Oldest and Largest of Erfurt (hat supplies prii'ate Gardeners and Amateurs only. More than «0,000 parcels are sent yearly to all parts of the World. I OFFER MY SEEDS AT MUCH LOWER PRICES than any English or Continental Seed House of good repute, and Ruarantee, besides, self- grown, genuine, and fresh Seeds only. It Is an establlalied fact that the greater put of all Seeds Sold in England or America is grown in Germany, especially in and near Erfurt, the Garden Town of Germany. Furnishing you with my Catalogue, I place my stores at > our very door, and enable customers thou- sands of miles away to obtain their supplies as safely and cheaply as if they had called in person at my establishment. BEGONIA ODORATISSIMA (BAUMANNI). O^'^/^'^'l ^eeds will arrive in Great Brit.in within a ^ few days, and are offered and sent Package and , Postage Free. The First Sivcet-scented^ Large-flowered direct correspondence, no agents. BEGONIA, p^ C.l^^IN^ANN, Per Packet, Is. 6d. seed grower. El giaved from a photograph lent by Mr. Victor Lemoine. ERFURT, GtRIVIAINY. January 10, lfi9J,] THE GAB DE NEBS' CHBONIGLE. 69 H. CANNELL & SONS Wkh lo inform all lovers of Ihc alove that thcij arc sending oul nine new kinds . Mrs. Robinson King, Baron de Prai'ly Improved, Kentish Yellow, Miss Cannell, Emma Hitzeroth, Eva Hoyte, Colonel W. B. Smith,] Miss Watt on. Mr. Geo. Lloyd.' Selected with their usual great care and caution. Never has there been a season requirinjif such acute, cool, and practical knowledge concerning new varieties. Seedlings and sports are as numerous as butterflies, and all are said to be more beautiful. On referring to history, it will be found whatever we have eulogised in our Catalogue have, with but few exceptions, always attained the highest degree of excellence, and especially for exhibition — Jubilee set as an instance. iSever have we felt so confident of a set doing so as we are of the above. "With our numerous collection and great stock, we do not aim to grow and show them to a high degree. Nevertheless we are sure they will cause a great and agreeable surprise when exhibited for our Prize at the next Great National Chrysanthemum Show. Our CATALOGUE, .sent post free, will be found to contain descriptions of the numerous kinds that have been exhibited and shown great promise, and will undoubtedly be of the utmost importance to all those who are desirous of gaining notoriety next season. SWANLEY, KENT. SMKisYamousGARDiPom •^i^ Bulwell Potteries, No ttin^l^^a^ "^^ Messrs. Dicksona, Limited, Chester, write :— " The Flower Pots you have so largely supplied us with are light, strong and well made, au.l in every respect highly tatibfactory." Messrs. Richard Smitll & Co., Worcester, write :— " We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with your ' Garden Pots," they are well luaile, light, yet strong, and we like them betttr than any other we have ever used." Mr. William Bull, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes:— "For nearly thirty years I have been using your ' Garden Pots,' and stiU tind them the best and cheapest." Largest Manufacturers in the World. Ko Waiting. Millions in StocJc. Carriage and Breakage Free on £,\0 Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION. THE PUBLISHER, a, Wellington Street, Strand, LONION, W.O. 1892. PUaie send me " Thb Gabdbnbbs' Chboniolb " for _ eommencinff ,/or which 2 enclose P.0.0, _ Months, Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must be paid for In advance. THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Months, 15s.; 6 Months, 7s. id.; 3 Months. 3s. 9d.; Post-free, ALL FOBEIGN SUBSCEIPTIONS, Including Postage, 17s.6d. for 12 Months. Eeceipts for less than six months' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for. P.0.0. to be made payable at the Post Office, No. 42, DBUBY XANE, tondon, to A. G. MARTIN. Cheques should be crossed " DRUMMOND." CEAKALB for FORCING, large, superior •J Selected Crowns, 7.5s. per ICIOO; under .50n, Ss. per 100. Cash w.th or.l»rB.— Adiire's. ALFREU ATWOOD, Market Grower, al. Shillington Street. Batfrsex. S.W. Now Is the Time to Plant Pssonles. GLADIOLI are also ready, L'O large bulbs, named exhibition sortf, lus. For I'ri.ea List) see KELWAY'S MANUAL for 1893. Is. post-free; gratis to cu-tomcrs.— KELWAY iSD SON, Langport, Somerset. ANTHONY WATERER invites an inspection from intending Pl-inters to the following well-grown TREES, having stout, clean stems, with handsomely-furnished, well-balanced heads, and from frequently transplanting are splendidly rooted, the girth of the stem is taken at 4 feet from the ground. ACACIA BESSONIANA. 10 to U feet, girth 3 to 4 inches. ACER DASYCARPUM. 14 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. „ „ WIERlILACINIATUM.10tol4fcet,girth3to5 inch. „ NEGUNDO VARIEGATA. Standards, 8 to 10 feet. „ REITENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. ,, SCHWEDLERir, 13 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. „ WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to h inches. BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, aud Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 9 inches. BIRCH. Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches. OERASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches. CHESTNUTS. Horse, 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches. „ ,, Double White, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches, „ „ Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches. ,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. ELMS. English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. ,, Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches. LIMES, 12, 16. and 20 feet, girth 3 to 10 inches. „ EUCHLORA or DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. „ Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6 LIQUIDAMB.AR, 6 to 10 feet. MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet. OAJC, English, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to i inches. ,. Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to .i inches. PLANES (English-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches. POPLAK CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches. SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches. ., Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches. THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet. „ „ Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet. ,, ,. White, 8 to 10 feet. TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet. WALNUT, Common. 10 to 12 feet. WEEPING TREES. BEECH, Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet. ,. Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and .Standards, 7 to 12 feet. BIRCH, Young's Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 8 to 14 feet. ,, Cut-leaved Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet. ELMS. Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet. LARCH, Weeping, Pvramids, 8 to 10 feet. POPLAR, Weeping. Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet. Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey. FRUIT TREES AND R^ES! VAST QUANTITIES TO OFFER, of the usual excellent quality. HUGH LOW & CO., Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD. WHOLESALE SEED CATALOGUE. We have now publibheil our Wholesale Catalogue of VEGETABLE & FLOWER SEEDS Containing also the be&t NOVELTIES o£ the SEASON, and LIST of over 150 varieties of choice Fern spores. May be had ON APrLiCATloN. Any of our customers not having receiveil one by post will oblige by letting us know, when another shall at once be posted. WATKINS & SIMPSON, BULB and SEED MERCHANTS, EXETER ST., STRAND, LONDON, W.C. Seed and Trial Grounds— Feltham and Twickenham, Middlesei. W. L. LEWIS & CO., Orchid Growers and Importers, CHASE SIDE, SOUTHGATE, LONDON, N, COLLEcflTrTFlRCHIDS, Among which are manv fine SPECIMEN PLANTS, and marked varieties of CATTLEYAS, ODONTOGLOSSIIMS. DENDROBES, &c. Every Plant guar.mteed true to name. Write for SPECIAL PRICE I.I.ST. About 20 Specimen Plants of L^LIA ELEGANS for SALE. Collector guarantees varieties "-s excellent. yew and Kaie C Y F K I PE PIU MS in Stock. 70 THE GABDENER8' CHRONICLE. [Januaey 16, 1892. CANNELL'S BEGONIAS. THKEE GREAT VICTORIES : The Temple, Crystal Palace, and Edin- burgh, last year. At the first-named Great Show we were awarded ^y the Eoyal Horticultural Society, as a mark of great excellence, a Gold Clock, an unprecedented and highest prize yet given to this family. Like all our plants and seeds there are none to equal them forreal excellency, and as a proof we have received probably more First-class Certificates of merit for double varieties than all other growers put together; for full par- ticulars see our Floral Guide, a book of reference, and contains the most accurate information on flowers throughout the ■world, and is valued for such in preference to all others. Sent post free to intending purchasers. MK. W. NELSON, Ficksberg, Orange Free State,' South Africa, September 2, 1891. " I have just returned from a tour of some 600 miles through the Free State and Transvaal, and as I had, as a matter of course, a copy of your Floral Guide with me, I feel that I ought to thank you for the rich stores of solid and interesting in- formation contained therein. Many were the hours which it helped to while away, it being so thoroughly characteristic of true British florists. Mk. G. FOUST, Shineleck. New York, U.S.A., A'ooember 21th, 1890. " DEiR SiK,— Last season my son was working for H. Low and Sons, and on returning to America brought me a paper of Double Begonia seed from your house, ana also from other growers. Their seed did not come up, but what a surprise yours waa ! I had some such as were never seen here before — notably a white 4 inch, and as fine as any Hollyhock, beating others into a cocked hat." SWANLEY, KENT. FRANK CANT'S ROSES. CHEATanTgOOD. standards, from 21s. per dozen. Dwarfs, from 6s. per doz., or 40s. per 100, Send for CATALOGUE. BRAISWICK NURSERY, COLCHESTER.' PLAWTIN6 SEASOH. A ALL OTHEII TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREEMS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 AORES: VEST BXTENBIYE STOCK. Inspection InxlUd- Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Frea. X^IOKSONS NURSERIES (LIMITED) C3HESTER. MENDER'S PETUNIAS. t The Grandest Strain grown. Seed saved entirely from large flowers, beautifully mottled and striped. Is. and 2s. per packet. PRIMUL*. — Large frilled flowers, mixed, carmioe, rose, wliite, and blue, special strain. Is. 6rf. & 2s. Qd. per packet. BECK)NIA.— Saved from tbe best-named Double anH tingle fldw^rg, U.t^a. 6d., ^sx^ Bs. par packet. HENOER A?fD eoVS, Kftr^eVv, Phmouth. LAPAGERIAS LARGE SPECIMENS ON SALE BY FISHER, SON'SIBRAY Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, HANDSWORTH, near SHEFFIELD. liAPAGERIA ALBA (Handsworth Variety)— 3 and 4 shoots, 4 to 5 feet long 125. 6rf. each. 5 ,, 6 „ 6 ,, 6 „ 30s. Od. „ 6 ,, 8 ,, 6 ,, 7 „ BOs. Qd. „ LAFAGtEBIA rubra, a fine darif variety — 4 and 5 shoots, 4 to 5 feet long 10s. 6rf. each. 6 „ 7 ,, 5 „ 6 ,, 12s. 6rf. „ 7 „ 8 ,, 6 ,, 7 „ 21s. Orf. „ LAPAGERIA MACTJLATA, carmine -red, inside the bell spotted with -white, flowers very large and well refiexed, distinct. Was awarded the Gold Medal at the Manchester Royal Botanic and Horticul- tural Society's Autumn Exhibition of 1887— 5 and 6 shoots. 4 to 6 feet long 12s. 6d. each. 9 „ 10 „ 10,. 12 „ 3U. M. „ 10 „ 13 „ 10„14 , 42s. Orf. ,, liAPAGERIA PROFTISA, briB:lit glossy red, flowers in clufcters. good habit, highly recommended. Was awarded First Class Certificate at the Manchester Royal Botanic and Horticultural Society's Autumn Exhibition of 1887— 6 and 8 shoots, 6 to 7 feet long 31s. Oi. each. 8 „ 9 „ 7 „ 9 „ 60s. erf. „ LAPAGERIA GIGANTEA, very dark crim- 3 and 4 shoots. 4 to 5 feet long 15s. Oti. each. 5 ,, 6 „ 6 „ 7 ,, 30s. Orf. ,. GREENHOUSE RHODODENDRONS, 42»., 48s., 60s., and upwards, per dozen. SPECIMENS, in VERY LAEGE POTS, 21s. to 42s. each. LARGE TREES, for Street Planting. One of the Largest Stocks in the World to select from. List of Sorts, with prices, sent on application. ORNAMENTAL TREES in Great Variety. DECIBUOUS SHRUBS, Ornamental and Flowering. EVERGREEN TREES and SHRUBS, in- cluding Hollies, Aucubas, Laurels, Box, Rhododen- drons, &c. CONIFERiE, a large assortment — Retinospora, Yews, Green and Variegated, &c. PLANTS, suitable for Window - Boxes and Permanent Bedding. ROSES. CLIMBING PLANTS, including Clematis, Roses, .Vmpelopsis, Ivies, &c. The following CATALOGUES may be had, in their respective seasons, free on application : — No. 2— NURSERY STOCK, comprising- Fruit Trees. One of the largest collections in Kurop,?, consisting of Apples, Tears, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Peaches, Nectarines, &c., in all sizes and shapes. Forest Trees of every description, and of all size^. Large Trees for Avenues, Streets, or Park planting, &c. Quick and HolUeS for Gapping and making new Fences. Ornamental and Weeping Trees. An immense assortment, of all sizes. American Plants, consisting of over SOO named varieties of Khododendrons; also ponticum in quan- tity, for Game Coverts, &c. Evergreen, Coniferse, and Deciduous-flowering Shrubs of all the leading sorts, in large quantities. Climbing iind Twining Plants. A choice seiec- tiuQ, including Clematis, Amp'lopsis, Ivies, Houey- sucklcs. &c. No. 3-FRUIT TREES, DESCRIPTIVE. No. G-VEGSTABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS. No 7-GARDEN TOOLS AND REQUISITES. No. 9-AGRICULTURAL SEEDS. No. 10-BULBS (IMPORTED), WINTER - FLOWERING PLANTS, &0. No. 12-ROSES, DESCRIPTIVE. No. 13-ORCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS. No. 14-BEDDING AND BORDER PLANTS. A LAFtlSE COLLECT/ON OF WtflTBR-BLOOMTKG AND nECOBATtVE PLANTS. NOW READY. SHARPE'S TRADE CATALOGUE OF GARDEN and FARM SEEDS for 1892, Post-free on application to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., Seed Farmers and Merchants, SLEAFORD. FEpS^^^PE€IAUTY 1 1 The finest smostJutEKesting Collectioivi[^ the Trade. ' 1^l4^dJS:PE(clES^JL VA,RI ETI ES Stove.GreenhousCMSVB^txotiSk'B'VitislV CMSVB^- ,._., EVERYONE irfcerested in F'erns SHOULD SEND FOR OUR paf tially descriptive Catalogue free on Application. alsoouK Illustrated Catalogue N!2I, '_ ' Price 1/6 post Fi-ee. P«f^>!HJ3«*fH^EN*l E A a SPECIAL CULTDKE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, 3rf, The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NUESERIES, SAWBRIDGEWORTH. HERTS. Buyers shOUId cbwE and Stook. Jancart Ifi, 1892.] THE GABDENEBS' CEBONICLE. 71 The Best of the Season. WEBBS' RELIABLE NOVELTIES. For Descriptions and Full Particulars see WEBBS' SPRING CATALOGUE Beautifully illustrated with six coloured plates and hundreds of engravings, post-free, Is , which is allowed off subsequent orders. Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. tlie Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BiDDLES & Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. We invite tho'^e about to purchase garden seeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 3OO0 Varieties catalogued, 500 Illustrations. EXTRA STRONG FRUIT TREES. Trained VICTORIA. PLUMS, 8 to 10 feet high and wide. Standard APPLES, large heads. Standard PEARS, ,. Bu'ih and Pyramids cf both the former, 6 to 8 feet. WALLNUTS. very strong Trees. Fine GOOSEBERRIES and CUBEANTS. JOHN P££0 & SONS, The Nurseries, Miteham Road, Streatham. EstabUshed 1818. JOHN SHARPE & SON, SEED FARMERS AND MERCHANTS, BARDNEY and READING, ILLUSTRATED WHOLeIaLE CATALOGUE Seedsmen, and other large Purchasers, who may not have received a copy, are invited to communicate with the under- JOHN SHARPE & SON, BARDNEY, Lincolnshire, And TOWN HALL CHAMBEhS, KEADING. (Mr. J. II. MILLAKU, Braoch Manager.) CLIMBING DELICATESS ; CUCUWIBER. ^ To THK Tkai.i:. ^ 50 packets ) U) packet 6d. 1 packet For descripliOD, iev my Wholesale CATALOGUE. which can be obtained n application. Electros will also bp lent, if desired. J.'C.SCHIVIIDT \-: ERFURT. GEKMANY. YEITCH'S Are most desirable acquisitions, and should be grown in all gardens. VEITCH'S PERFECT GEM CABBAGE LETTUCE. The best variety for summer us,'. A most distinet. com- pael-growing variety, of a rich deep green colour, forming very early a close, solid heart, beautifully crisp, juicy and tender, and of excellent flavour. Per packet, Is. 6d. VEITGH'S GOLDEN QUEEN CABBAGE LETTUCE. A sm.all early variety of a beautiful and pleasing golden colour, literally all heart, and of a parlieularly delicate flavour. Per packet, Is. 6d. VEITGH'S SUPERB WHITE COS LETTUCE. A magnificent self-folding variety, grows to an immense size, IS of superior quality, very crisp, and fine flavoured. Per packet, Is. 6d. For full description of the above and othir Choice Novel- ties, see SEED CATALOGVE for 1892, forwarded gratis and post-free on application. JAMES VEITCH & SONS, Royal Exotic Nursery, CHELSEA, S. W. ulMmd WORLD-RENOWNED PRIMULA GOLD MEDAL ed Packets, bearing our K. without whii.'h none ;i GOLD MEDAL STRAIN. In Se.lled Packets, bearing our lii-jristered Trade Mark, without which none arc genuine. BEST QTJ ALIT I i 1 I / Wil'i.iU' -Mil) lu r li V 1 1 Mi\td 1 (i 2 6 W11.UU.. Mlitur., IS, 2 6 For other varieties ^ e II LI STF I TED khED C IF 1 LOGCK. Gi 111 II dl I on ap/ heat on MS,ZM^lamsJyS6m UPPER NOLLOWAY.^-^=^t^ LOA/OON, N. SATURDAY, JANUARY 16, 1892. WAEWICK CASTLE. ^f^HE history of "Warwick and of Warwick -■- Castle is so intimately interwoven with historical events in the Middle Af^es, that those who have made only a superficial study of those stormy times in our country must know something of the renowned Guy, the most noted among many famous Earls of Warwick, and also of the stately grandeur of the Castle which has for centuries been the home of some of the first families of England's aristocracy. There seems to be no authentic record as to the time when the oldest portion of the present Castle was built, but after the Norman Conquest it was greatly enlarged and beautified, and built into something like its present form ; and since that time many additions have been made — notably the fine polygon tower, dedicated to Earl Guy, which has walls 10 feet in thickness, a base of 30 feet in diameter, and rises to a height of 128 feet. This was built in 1394, by- Thomas Beauchamp, the then Earl of ^^'arwick, who was the son of one of the commanders who led the van of the English Army at Cressy. The view from the summit of this tower, which is reached by 1.33 steps, is of great extent and beauty. In the distance are seen the spires of Coventry, and the ruined towers of Kenilworth, the Shropshire Hills, and the Saxon Tower on the Broadway Hills, with the pretty and fashionable town of Leamington in the near distance, and the venerable towers of many a village church showing between and above the luxuriant trees of the park. Volumes might be written of the doings of the Earls of W arwick, of the great events which took place in the vicinity ; but enough has been written to show that, by reason of its antiquity and his- torical associations, it holds an unique position among the old homes of England. We may here enumerate the crowned heads who are known to have visited Warwick : — Queen Anne, Queen Elizabeth, and Queen Victoria, who was accom- panied by the late Prince Consort. The gardens and grounds, which more nearly concern our readers, as we saw them in August of last year, formed a pleasing sight. The principal entrance to the castle and grounds from the town is through a massive archway with huge folding doors, passing through which, the visitor enters a sunken road, cut deep in the rock. Stately trees rise itom. the top of the rocks on either side, forming a leafy canopy over- head ; while from the base of the trees a sloping bank of Ivy leaches to the edge of the rocks, from which point the long trailing shoots of Ivy stray downwards, till in some places fhe'y haVe 72 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Jantaey 16, 1892. reached the road. This forms a picturesque and striking enlrince, and one not easily forgotten. An abrupt turn of the road brings the visitor in sight of some of the oldest portions of the Castle. On the right rise the ponderous walls of Guy's Tower, referred to above; and on the left is CiEsar's Tower, which, built 800 years ago, his withstood the attacks of many besiegers. It still continues, to all appearance, as firm as the rock on whi A it stands. The two towers are connected by a strong embattled wall, in the centre of which is an arched gateway, secured by a second gateway at the end of the arch. In front of this is the old moat, with an arch thrown over at the gateway, where a drawbridge was formerly situated. Passing the double gateway, the visitor enters the inner court. On the left stands the irregular castellated mansion of the feudal barons of Warwick. The spacious area of the court is clothed with the richest of green turf. On the right are two extremely old and quaint-looking Scotch Firs, in keeping with all that is ancient around them. Opposite the entrance to this court is a colossal artificially- raised mound, which connects the battlements on the right with the Castle on the left. This mount was made nearly a thousand years ago by Princess Ethelfleda, who erected a watch-tower on its summit, from which to observe the move- ments and keep in che;k the warlike tribes around. Passing from the environs of the Castle, a long straight walk leads to the flower garden and pleasure-grounds. On either side of this walk are fine stretches of turf, bordered on one side with a Yew hedge, clipped with mathe- matical accuracy into the form of a cube. On the other side, on the grass at the bottom of a gentle slope, stands a fine thriving specimen of the English Oak, which was planted by Queen Victoria, June IG, 18o3 ; and a short dis- tance from this point is a Wellingtonia, which was planted at the same time by the Prince Consort ; and near by is a promising tree of Cedrus atlantica, which was planted by Prin- cess Mary of Teck in October, 1889. Near the above-mentioned trees are many fine specimens of Yew, a tree which thrives at Warwick. Traversing the walk already mentioned, we come upon the terraced flower-garden. This was laid out by the late Robert Marnock. The whole of the beds are edged with Yew and Box, which is kept clipped into regular form. On the upper terrace, in the centre of the flower-garden, is a large conservatory, with a front of glass and masonry, and a ceiled roof. This was originally built to hold the celebrated Warwick Vase. This house also contains a remarkably fine specimen of Eicksoniaantarctica, having a trunk 14 feet in height, and 18 inches in diameter at the base, everyone of the numerons large fronds being in perfect health. Chamterops excelsa is also represented by a huge thriving specimen, and a plant of the graceful A cacia plumosa was fully 15 feet in height. Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums occupied the front stages, and these were flower- ing profusely. On the terrace, in front of the conservatory, an avenue consisting of Orange and Camellia trees, in tubs, were arranged with very good effect. The scene presented to view from the terrace is one that is not easily sur- passed in loveliness. At the foot of the terrace are the flower beds, br'.ght in the season with the glow of many colours ; then comes a lower terrace with groups of Eoies and flower beds, and immediately in front, for a quarter of a mile in length, is a broad open lawn without beds of any kind, but liprdered on eithtr hand by noble Cedars apd Limes extending to the banks of the river Avon, which passes in its course the walls of the Castle closely. On the opposite side of the river, groups of trees rise here and there, which, from the terrace above, appear like a continuation of the avenue of trees just referred to, and as these belts of trees are continued in the distance they gradually curve to the right till they appear to almost meet in the distance ; from this point the tops of other trees form an undulating surface, which sweep upwards on either side of the central cavity and extend as far as the eye can reach. Much of the bedding consisted of bold com- binations of Pelargoniums, sometimes of zonals, sometimes Pelargonium peltatum in variety together with the former. Clematis Jackmani is also made use of with very good effect as a bedder. The Roses near here were in fine condition, their strong healthy appearance and fine blooms showing they were well oared for. Other beds, filled with Dianthus laciniatus, and Amf- ranthus melancholicus ruber, each with suitable edgings, contributed variety, and added to the general effect. From the flower garden the Cedar Walk is traversed. This is lined on either side by a row of grand specimens of Cedar of Lebanon, which grow with such luxuriance here, and it is gene- rally admitted that at no other place in England can so many fine Cedars be found. The trees at ~\\'arwick have assumed that table-like form so characteristic of the species when aged, and the branches spread out to a tremendous length, while one of the trunks measures 26 feet in circumference at the base. They aie said to have been among the first brought to England. At the end of this walk, we get a fine view of the Mount, which is reached by a winding walk, and from which a panoramic view of great extent and beauty is obtained. We pass onwards. At the base of the Mount to the Castle walls, which, from this point, runs in a line with the river, the walls towering majesti- cally above the stream. Near th's point are Lord and Lady Warwick's terraces, whereon many rare shrubs and choice herbaceous plants are fixed, the positions being so warm and sunny that many plants not usually hardy enough to withstand the winters of the midlands, remain uninjured. On the opposite side of the castle, near the entrance, is a charming and secluded rosery, also a piece of Marnock's work, and it is well worthy of him. The Roses are trained over iron pillars and chains, and some varieties thrive well under such conditions ; but many of the best kinds literally refuse to grow when trained close on iron supports — endeavours will be made in the future to remedy this defect. Both the Earl and Countess of Warwick have long been ardent collectors of trees and shrubs, and have at variovis times, when returning from their foreign travel, brought back many rare and beautiful trees and shrubs, such as are seldom met with in English gardens. The grounds abound in delightful walks and shady drives, bordered with green sward, and overhung with the long-.spreading branches of Cedars, Limes, Planes, Beech, Stone Pines, and Laburnums. A fine avenue of Cedrus Deodara, Yews of unusual dimensions, and other subjects not often met with, among which may be mentioned Salisburire adiantifolia (the Maidenhair tree), Catalpa syringjefolia, Abies Lowiana, Paulownia im- perialis, Cerois siliquastrum (Judas tree), Cistus ladaniferus (Gum Cistus), Sciadopifcys ver- ticillata, Aristolochia sipho (a deciduous climber), and Buddlei globosa. These, to- gether with a great variety of Coniferae of the ordinary description, completes a scene rich in sylvan beauty. The Kitchen Gakdens. One of the kitchen gardens is situated in a warm sheltered spot on the site of a once-famous vineyard, where so far back as the time of Henry IV. the Grapes were brought to great perfection, and a few Vines of the same variety are still growing in it. Every foot of this garden is closely and judiciously cropped with vegetables. The principal kitchen garden is enclosed by high walls, well furnished with fruit trees, the southern aspect being covered by Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine tress. Glass-Houses. The glass-houses occupy a large portion of the walled-in space, and consist of two substantially built ranges, well heated and ventilated, bat un- fortunately some of the houses are rather too lofty to be well adapted for plant growing, unless large plants for exhibition are required; for that purpose they would answer admirably, but in spite of this weakness they are a fine com- pact lot. The vineries are four in number ; one was occupied chiefly with Muscats, another with Black Hamburghs, and the other two with late varieties. Alicante, Gros Colmar, and Lady Downe's were carrying heavy crops, which gave promise to finish well. The Vines in the Mus- cat and Hamburgh-houses, though not carrying such a weight of fruit, had many fine bunches, the latter being of a beautiful colour. The Peaches were over in the two houses devoted to their culture, but space was found for one tree of Pine-apple Nectarine, and which was carrying some very fine fruits of that excellent variety. Other large houses were occupied by Tomatos and Cucumbers, and a mixed collection of stove and greenhouse plants. I may here remark that in the borders in fr nt of the fruit- houses were layered some thousands of Mal- maison Carnations, and of which a goodly number of bushy plants were also growing in pots. Much, of course, was observed which cannot be incorporated in the present notice ; and one could not but remark on the excellent condition in which the whole place is kept by Mr. H. Dunkin, Lord Warwick's head gardener. New or Noteworthy Plants. CYPRIPEDIUM COWLETANUM. C. CuETisii 9 >: C NivEoji (J . {New Garden Hybrid.) This, one of the haDdaomest of hybrid Cypri- pediums that I have yet seen, was raised in the gardens of P. G. Tautz, Esq., Dibdin House, Hanger Hill, Ealing, by his indefatigable gardener and Orchid grower, Mr. John C. Cowley, by crossiDg C. Curtisii with the pollen of C. niveum. The fjliage is fairly intermediate between the two named, that is to say, in strength and general appearance it approaches C. Curtisii, bnt the foliage is thicker, the markings obscurer, and a tinge of purple shows on the under side. The scape is covered with hairs, brownish in colour; the bract (like all the segments of the flower) is also ciliolate, and possesses some purplish spots ; and the ovary is of a green colour, tinged with brown. The flowers, in their massive proportions, bear much resemblance to those of C. Curtisii, but the petals are wider, and the colouring is different ; in fact, the shape of the flower and the spotting have a greater resemblance to C. Marshalli- annm X (C. venuslum pardinum X C. concolor), wh ch flowered some time ago with Mr. Tautz (Gard. Chron., April 16, 1887), but the ground is white, jANtJAET 16, 1892.] TBE GABDENERS' CHJRONICLE. 73 and the spots are darker and more closely set toge- ther than in C. Marshallianum X . The reverse side of the flower is wholly white, with a slight tinge of green on the middle of each ; the purplish spotting of the petals showing through at the edges. Regarding the front of the flower, the upper sepal, which is white, and is slightly concave in form, with about fifteen clear dark purplish-crimson lines, more or less dotted, and tinged with rosy purple between them, radiating from the where about an eight of an inch in length is white, and unspotted. The white lower sepal is furnished with a few purplish lines. The face, sides, infolded lobes, and interior of the lip, are of a bright rosy- purple colour, and the staminode is dark purple, with a white margin on its upper edge. J. O'B. rvPBIPEDIUll, EnSION (HakRISIANOM X BAEBATUM biflordm) (Crossii). A second crossing with a form of C. barbatnm has ties of true Harrisianum have. It was raised and flowered in the gardens of Chas. Winn, Esq., Selly Hill, near Birmingham, where there are many better hybrids approaching maturity. James O'Brien. PERFUME PLANTS IN AUSTRALIA. The cultivation of perfume-yielding plants in Australia is not by any means a new idea. It wi ■ Via. 15. — VIEW OF THE BIVEB AVON AND WAttWICK CASTLE. (sEE P. 71.) base almost to the edge, so as to leave only a narrow white margin wholly unspotted or tinged. The petals, which are not so much deflected as in C. Curtisii, are ovate-oblong, their tips curving slightly backwards ; they are white, and almost the whole of their surface is covered with small dark purplish-crimson or claret-coloured spots. The base of the petals is tinged with claret colour, which, at a little distance, gives them a shining purplish- crimson colour. The white ground between the spots is more apparent at the tips of the petals, of course resulted in producing a flower of smaller size than that of C. Harrisianum, and with more of the aspect of C. barbatnm, but it may only be likened to a small form of that known in collections already as C. Harrisianum vivicans X ; and it is pro- bable that the cross may have been effected before, but the raisers have included it with the C. Harrisi- anum, of which there are a large number of varieties already. The present variety, however, is a neat flower, with a more shiny surface and a more rosy hue over the petals and dorsal sepal than the varie- Buggested) many years ago, and a member of the family representing the well-known house of Piesse & Lubin visited Australia, and took special interest in the subject. It seems, from a paragraph in the Chemist aiul Druggist, that a fresh attempt in this direction has been made in Victoria, where, at DunoUy, the Government has had for some time an experimental flower-farm, for the purpose of growing flowers for use in the preparation of perfumes. Mr. Bosisto, who has done so much for the development of the products of the Eucalypti in pharmacy, and n TMi: GABDJSNJ^JBS" CSliOlJICLE. [jANUAKt 16, 1892. who was referred to in connection with Eucalyptus farming in the Gardeners' Chronicle for January 2, 1892, p. 18, on visiting the farm recently, spolie of the French perfume manufactures, and expressed a hope that a similar industry mightgrow upon Victorian soil. In considering the establishment of such an industry in Australia, Mr. Bosisto said two questions would arise : " First, have we in Australia any indigenous plants or flowers adapted for the purpose? Second, will the cultivation of imported perfume plants pay ? We are not, as is generally supposed by strangers, surrounded with bush-flowering plants, rich in colour, peculiar in appearance, but devoid of fragrance. Many may be so classified. We have a few woods, barks, leaves, and flowers, resins and balsams, con- taining aromas. Some may be said to be rich and rare ; even in the Eucalypti, few leaves of a tree excel the Ci- triodora of Queensland. How few aromas excel those of the Wattles or the Pittosporum of Victoria, or the Boronia of West Australia. From August to December the Wattle varieties are in bloom, scattered over the colony, loading the air with their bouquet, and sup- plying flowers, not by the pound weight, but literally by the ton. Although the Pittosporum undulatum in its forest-home does not bear an abundance of flowers, yet under cultivation the trees become covered with blossom. The Boronia megastigma, which is a small shrub, supplies flowers abundantly under cultivation, richly endowed with perfume. The Musk-tree (Olearia argophylla), so abundant in many parts of Victoria, supplies an otto, durable in scent, frangipanni-like. If our people farmed these odoriferous plants, they would supply new perfumes for Europe, and create an industry in which their young families could find employment. The Pittosporum and Musk could be planted around sections of land, and the Boronia cultivated in the garden or by the acre. The necessary knowledge tj treat the parts of a plant for the scent-product is certainly diversified, but it is not beyond the reach of persons of ordinary intelligence." We agree with our contemporary in its remarks on the above subject, that there may be some prospect of success in the introduction of new perfumes, but, so far as those already supplied by France are concerned, that there is little or no hope of remunerative competition from the Victorians. BEAN CULTURE. ALTnonoH we have about 359000 acres of land under Beans in this country, and import from 2.} to 3J million cwt. of Beans from abroad, it is strange how small is the proportion of the ripe seeds of the Bean tribe used for human food here, com- pared with other countries. The French Bean and the Scarlet Runner are popular vegetables in their young state, but our home produce and imports of Beans are principally devoted to feeding live stock, for the ripe pulse are very seldom used at table. Beans and Peas are almost alike in the proportions of the two nourishing substances, legumin and starch. The kidney Bean is nearly twice as nutritious as Wheat. The seeds of the field Bean and the Broad Bean or Windsor Bean contain 33 per cent, of starch. On the Continent, and in most Spanish countries, Haricots and " Flageolets," as they are termed, are the common and ordinary food of the people. The French consider Haricots far superior to any other legume, and in many countries of Europe, as also in North America and Asia, they are cultivated to a much greater extent than in England, and by every cottager who possesses a piece of garden ground, for their ripe seeds, of which they make various kinds of dishes, and consider them of as much importance in their domestic economy as our poorer classes do Potatos. In India, China, and Japan, various pulse are largely used for food. These com- prise different species of Phaseolus, Ervum, and Lathyrus. No Hindoo takes his usual meal without having some of the pulses served up in one or other of the dishes. They enter largely into their food, and as they contain much nitrogenous and nutritious matter, they supply, to some extent, the want of more substantial meat. When broken into the cotyledons and husked, they are called dal in India, this generic designation denoting the split condition in which they are commonly prepared for use, the word being cognate with the English deal and dole, and the German theilen, to divide. Dried pulse are considered by Payen to be of equal value, weight for weight, with meat, and con- taining less water. The Bean farms in the northern provinces of China are very extensive, as the Beans are not only cultivated for food, but grown for pressing oil from. The Chinese Beans are of a smaller size than those grown in Europe, and there are very many kinds ; some with white, black, green, red, and spotted seeds. The white Beans are used for expressing edible oil, and the black ones are crushed for oil for light- ing purposes. The extent of the production may be estimated from the fact of 179,570 tons of oil-cake from these Beans having been imported at Swatow in 1890, to be used as manure for the Sugar-cane fields. The yellow Beans found all over China are used to make Bean-curd, a kind of cheese prepared from the caseine, largely consumed by theChinese,when vegetables are not very plentiful. To make it the Beans are boiled and coagulated by a solution of gypsum, the curd gradually acquiring the taste and smell of cheese. It is sold in the streets of Canton and other cities, and forms no inconsiderable portion of the food of the people. The green Beans (Phaseolus angulatus) are manufactured into vermicelli, or used as a con- fectionery. In Japan the production of Beans annually exceeds 16,657,000 bushels, and they import 824,.500 cwt. from Corean ports. Cakes are there made of Beans, flour, and sugar, which are of a dark reddish colour, and brittle. The Soy Bean (Sojahia- pida) is an extensive article of cultivation in the Eist, and an important source of food in Thibet and India. It is best known as the source of the sauoe called " Sny," so largely employed in the East, and of which considerable quantities are imported into Europe and America, entering into the composition of most of the popular sauces sold. The Soy Beau contains 38} per cent, of nitrogenous matter, against 25 per cent, in ordinary Beans. Beans boiled all night are sold in the Arab bazaars of Egypt in the morning, and eaten for breakfast with butter and lemon juice. P. L. S, Veitch), 1861; Abies firma (J. G. Veitch); A. numidica; Thuya Standishii = japonica (Fortune). Between 1870—79, Abies brachyphylla, A. Mariesi, A. Sachalinensis, and A. Veitchi (Maries), 1879. INTRODUCTION OF CONIFERS. (Coniiniicd from p. 52 ) Between 1820—1829 many of Douglas's grand discoveries were made, thus : Pseudotsuga Donglasi (1827), Pinus Lambertiana (1827), P. ponderosa (1827), Abies Webbiana (1822), A. cephalonica (1824),Pinusexcelsa(1827, Wallich), P. Gerardiana, Cupressus torulosa (Wallich, 1824). Between 1830—1839, Picea orientalis (?), Cedrus Deodara (1831), Abies Menziesii (1831), A. amabilis, A. grandis, A. nobilis, Pinus contorta, P. monticola, P. insignis (1833), P. Coulteri, and P. Sabiniana (all by Douglas) ; P. austriaca (Lawson, 1835) ; Abies Pmsapo (1839), and Pinus Ayacahuite (Hartweg), 1838 ; Cupressus macrocarpa (Hartweg). Between 1840 — 49, Cedrus atlantica (1841), Cupressus Goveniana (1846), Pinus cembroides (Hart- weg, 1816), Sequoia sempervirens (Hartweg, 1846), Keteleeria Fortuni, Pseudo-Larix Koempferi, Pinus Bungeana, and Cryptomeria japonica (Fortune, 1346), Pinus monophylla, P.muricata (Hartweg), and P. tuberculata <1847), Fitzroya patagonica (1849). Between 1850—59, Cupressus Nutkxasis (1850), Larix Griffithi (1851 ?), Abies concolor (W. Lobb, 1851), Abies magnifica (Jeffrey, 1851), Tsuga Albert- iana (Jeffrey, 1851), Finns Jeffreyi (Jeffrey, 1852), P. Balfouriana (Je9:'rey, 1852), Libocedrus decurrens (Jeffrey, 1S53), Sequoia gigantea, Thuia gigantea, and Abies bracteata (W. Lobb, 1853), Sciadopitys verticillatft (T. Lobb, 1853), Tsuga Sieboldi (Siebold, 1853), Pinus densiflora, and P. Massoniana (Sie- bold, 1854), Cupressus Lawsoniana (W. Murray, 1854). Between 1860—69, were Pinus Koraiensis (J. G. Orchid Notes and Gleanings. A FINE LiliLIA ANCEPS. A SPECIMEN of this in the gardens of T. F. Black- well, Esq., The Cedars, Harrow Weald, possesses thirty spikes, bearing more than one hundred flowerp, and is a fine object. The plant has been grown from a small piece by the gardener, Mr. J. Dinsmore ; and some time ago the original sj/ecimen was broken up, and another, almost as good as the one in question, taken from it. In these specimens Mr. Dinsmore has managed to have the least number possible of unproductive back bulbs, there being, on the average, about one spike of flowers to every three bulbs, and thus a great show of flowers is obtained from plant of a moderate side. J. O'B. CyPEIPEDIUM YonNQIANUM X . A hybrid raised out of C. superbiens by the pollen of C. Roebelini (philippinense var.), and quite inter- mediate in character. It was described by Mr, Rolfe in Gard. Chron., August 16, 1890, p. 183, Reichenbachia, t. 31. MiLTONIA HVimiDA BlEOANA. A hybrid raised by M. Bleu from Miltonia vexil- laria by pollen of M. Boezlii , and remarkable not only as a beautiful hybrid, but as the first hybrid Odontoglossum. Reichenbachia, t. 32. AnSTBALIAK GliCHIDS. Mr. R. U. Fitzgerald has just published the fourth part of the second volume of his most painstaking and useful work. It is of folio size, containing drawings of the plants and copious analytical details, together with observations on the life- history and mode of fertilisation of the flowers, of very great value and interest to botanists. The species figured are mostly terrestrial, and not of special horticultural value. The species of Caladenia and Thelymitra are remarkable for their nearly regular flowers, which, nevertheless, are fertilised by insects. Dendrobium speciosum, a very hand- some species, once common near Sydney, is now nearly extinct. The seed, it appears, never grows. Mr. Fitzgerald notes that he has sown millions of seeds in the most favourable localities without success. Are we to infer from this that the plant is becoming extinct from natural causes ? If so, the collectors who enable us to grow it in our gardens must not be branded as exterminators. The work is printed at the Department of Lands, Sydney. The species figured in the last part are Pholidota irabricata, Diuris bracteata, D. cuneata, D. spatulata, D. Sheaftiana,D. platychilus, Caladenia Meniiesii, Leptoceras firabriata, Prasophyllum densum, P. ansatum, P. tranaversum, P. longi- sepalum, P. imbricatum, P. filiforme, P. rufum, P. viride, P. Woolsii, P. reflexum, P. laminatum, P. Eriochilum, Denbrobium speciosum, Caladenia gemmata, C. ixioides, Thelymitra variegata, and T. antennifera. Cattleta labiata. Many thousands, " milliers," of C. Warocqueana (syn. labiata) have recently been introduced by the Horticulture Internationale of Brussels. The Journal des Orchidees tells us that three collectors are em- ployed by the firm above mentioned, and many hundreds of natives. The three collectors are MM. Silver, Claes, and Van der Ley, the last- named being posted at the port to watch over the embarkation of the plants. Twenty-five thousand plants are promised for this month of January, half of which are already bespoke. It is allowable even for free-traders to hope that some restriction will be placed by the several Governments on the ruthless Janoary 16, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 75 collection of such plants. It is an important i|UP8tion to ask whether it is not an abu.se of our privilefie to exterminate any created thing in this manner, OnONTOaLOSSUJI VEXILT.AniDH. Of this Orchid the followinf; story is told in Rcicheiihachia at t. 29, 2nd series. " The late Professor Ueichenbach described the species under somewhat dillicult circumstances: haying had a bloom lent to him by a friend, after a promise was made to him on the following five heads, viz., not to show it to anybody else, not to speak much about it, not to take a drawing, not to have a photograph made, not to look oftener than three times at it." " With respect to the culture of this grand Orchid, beautifully figured at t. 29, much," says Mr. Sander, " has been written. We have found it quite an easy plant to cultivate, and even a rapid grower. Care must be taken to keep it quite clean, and to water the plants only when they are dry. If you have any doubt about their being dry enough, wait a day longer. Always grow the plant in a temperature as near 60° Fahr. as possible and close to the glass, taking care that enough shading is employed in the hot days of spring and summer. If the plants are kept too hot the} become infested with thrips, and in winter, if the temperature falls much below GC Fahr. for any length of time the leaves become spotted, and decay all the apices." SACCOLAEinjI ClfLESTE. This lovely Siamese species first flowered in 1885 in the Burford Lodge Collection, and was described by the late Professor Reichenbach, in the Gardeners' Chronicle for May 30, p. 092. It is quite distinct from the majority of Saccolabiums in healing upright flower-spikea. The flowers are white, with the segments azure tipped, puce, or sapphire. Sac- colabiums grow with marvellous rapidity, emitting from amongst the leaves new roots in abundance, which grow with great vigour and freedom, appa- rently absorbing the fertilising air to great advantage. After a time the rain suddenly ceases, and then seSa in a scorching dry heat often attended by forest fires, in which epiphytic plants suflFer first, and most severely. S. cceleste must be grown in a stove temperature of about 65° to 70° F. in winter, and 70° to 75° F, in summer, and even more heat is desirable when the plants are in active growth. The plant should be placed in clean potsherds and sphagnum moss in baskets or pans, and suspended near the glass. A beautiful figure is given in Scichmbachia, t. 30, 2nd series. Orchids at Rochesteb, New Yoek, Mr. Kimball is an enthusiastic cultivator of Orchids, and his enthusiasm is ably seconded by Mr. Geo. Savage, who has had charge of this fine collection for a good many years. All the plants are in grand health, and perhaps more robust than ever this season, Cattleyas, Lielias, and Dendro- biums being particularly fine. Most notable among the many fine things in bloom was a wonderful spike of Renanthera Storiei, a fine dark form of Vanda Sanderiana, and a large finely-marked flower of Cypripedium priestans, and C. Celia X, a Rochester seedling. The latter is very distinct and pretty. A span-roofed house, about 85 feet long, is filled with Cypripediums, mostly insigne, showing over 1700 spikes, which will produce a grand display when fully opened. A new Cypripedium, named impe- riale, is flowering in this house. This plant has been in the Rochester collection for some years, but has never flowered until now; unfortunately, the flower came deformed, but it showed sufficiently well to warrant its being very distinct and finely coloured. It is a species, but at first sight looks not unlike C. Sedenii. Mr. Kimball informed me the plant was brought from Borneo by a ship captain, who presented it to Mrs. Morgan, of New York. Shortly after this, the Prince Imperial met with his death in Zululand ; she then named it imperiale, in com- memoration of him, and, some time before her own demise, presented the plant to Mr. Kimball, in whose possession it has been since. Traveller. BIRDS OF THE COMMONS AND WOODLANDS. (Continued from p. 11.) FoRESTKIfS. There is one other family of birds characteristic of the woodlands — the woodpeckers. There are three species : the first is large and green, and the commonest of the three ; this is the bird whose curious laughing cry is so well known. The other two are white and black; one is called the greater spotted woodpecker, and the other the lesser spotted woodpecker. They have a curious habit of attracting attention by rattling their strong bills against the bark of a tree, so as to make a curious vibrating sound. Birds of this family are most wonderfully adapted to the life they lead, climbing the trunks of trees. They have two toes turned forward, and two backward, giving them great additional power for running up and down the stems. Then the feathers of the tail have stiff quills, so that they can gain considerable support from them ; and their bills are very strong, so that they can more easily excavate the holes in which they lay their eggs. The whole bird is as perfect a piece of machinery as possible. A Land op Sons. We have mentioned a good many of the birds which are to be found on our commons and Vr-ood- lands, and it is impossible not to be struck by their variety. Many of the larger species are, no doubt, regularly persecuted, and their numbers kept down ; but the smaller birds are much more numerous here than on the Continent. The reason for this is partly to be found in the fact that England is admir- ably suited to their requirements — it is so very green. Then, again, we do not eat small birds in the way they do in other countries. And the abundance of small birds is, I believe, in no small measure due to the very cause of the scaicity of the larger ones. The gamekeeper, who, in his zeal and ignorance, butchers every creature large enough to be called " vermin," preserves his woods and coverts during the nesting season with the utmost care ; and thus he enables hundreds of small birds to bring up their young unmolested. It is to these small species, it must be borne in mind, almost entirely that we owe the chorus of song which we hear around us every summer. The amount of song varies greatly accord- ing to the time of year ; it is fullest and loudest in spring. As the summer proceeds, the birds, one by one, become silent, for as soon as the young have be- come independent, the moulting season commences; but towards the end of August a few of them recom- mence singing, and you may again hear the chiff- chaflf repeating his everlasting two notes from the top of the very same tree on which you saw him in March, when the leaves were coming out. The willow-wren and other warblers all sing a little in early autumn, but their songs are neither so rich nor so powerful as in spring, and by the end of September most of them have retired to warmer lands, and have left our woods and commons to resident species. The leaves have now begun to fall, and until next spring the woods will be quite silent, except for the occasional song of a robin or wren, now and then interrupted by the harsh scream of the jay, or the call-notes of parties of small birds searching for food. A. H. Macpkerson, BODORGAN, ANGLESEY. Havino heard much of Sir G. E. Meyrick's gardens at Bodorgan, I determined to visit them whilst staying in that part of Wales last autumn, the day chosen was none of the best, a furious wind blowing off the sea, with rain falling at intervals ; such a con- dition of the weather gives one some idea of the difficulties gardeners have to contend with in that part of the country. All pit and frame lights were made secure against the wind by being wedged or weighted down. The Conifers at Bodorgan have been for many years celebrated for handsomeness and line development. These trees stand surprisingly well against the fierce gales from the sea, but as they grow taller the growth becomes denser, and except where they are protected by other kinds of taller trees, their future growth will be for the future more gradual. The majority are, however, of fine dimensions, Picea Smithiana, Pinus icsignis, and Araucaria imbricata are splendid specimens, standing well almost close to the sea-front. Ketino- sporas and the Cupressus are finely grown. Particu- larly noteworthy are several beds of dwarf Conifers, chiefly with some kind of golden variegation. These were planted in front of the mansion, the object being to produce a good eflfect during the winter seasim whilst the family are residing there. These plants remain undisturbed the year round. The well kept carriage-drive is flanked on either side by large Conifers, whilst choice species are interspersed upon the broad margins of the well-kept turf, good shelter being thus afforded them. On a fairly sheltered wall is an immense plant of Choisya ternata, which is evidently quite at home judging by its lustrous deep green foliage. Pears and Apples were a somewhat thin crop, the trees standing in need of much shelter from the sea winds, otherwise in most years much harm is done before the fruit is fully grown. Fruit trees in glasshouses were bear- ing heavy crops. Here are to be seen some examples of Ewing's glass walls, and my opinion was that they are not constructed in good proportion, being too narrow for their height ; they afford, however, good shelter and are to be valued on that account. The head gardi'ner, Mr. Gray, has commenced an im- provement with a portion of these which, if still further carried out, will afford him much additional space. He has removed the fruit glass wall and extended the area enclosed by the glass several feet in width, thus obtaining a good length of roof at the ordinary slope. At the same time it affords full light. This wall case is planted with Peaches and Nectarines, the fruit trees outdoors being most un- trustworthy, hence the need for glass protection. Moor Park Apricots were a fine crop, the fruits of fine size, so also were Peaches, both upon the glass walls in the old style. Morello Cherries fruit abundantly upon the open walls. The vineries have been gradually replanted, and are now coming into an excellent bearing condition. Muscats were finely finished and the bunches large, as were those of Madresfield Court, Black Hamburg, and Lady Downe's Seedling, the Vines vigorous and sturdy, and promising well for the future. Numbers of houses are devoted to the growing of plants, a chief feature being the large and healthy stock of late autumn and winter-flowering plants. Of these Poinsettias, Calanthes, double and single Primulas, and Gesneras, are largely grown, and looked pro- mising. The Camellia plants were healthy and of large size. Pancratiums and Eucharis are grown in large numbers, and upon the roofs of the warm houses Stephanotis and various species of AUa- manda are establishing themselves ; so also the red and white Lapagerias in cool ones. A clearance of all the climbing plants had to be made some few years ago owing to their being much infested with mealy-bug. Mr. Gray upon taking charge made a determined effort to rid the place of this pest, and he has been very successful. Of Orchids a healthy collection is being worked up of useful species. Well-furnished foliage plants of a useful size are grown, consisting of Crotons in good variety, and chiefly upon single stems, but Dracffiuas mostly. Dwarfly-grown plants of Clero- dendron fallax were good examples of what may be done with this showy autumn stove shrub. The tuberous Begonias were thriving splendidly, and the fancy kinds of Coleus were still gay. An excellent plan had been hit upon for the culture of Adiantum cuneatum. The main stock of this useful Fern was planted out, and that too in large numbers. In some cases the beds were several plants deep, in others only single rows were set out at the fronts of the plant houses and over the hot water pipes ; in each instance, however, they were close to the glass, the 76 THE GABDENERS' CHUONIGLE. [Januaet 16, 1892. growth wiry and hard, and the pinnte small, which enhances their durability when cut from the plants. This plan of growing Maidenhair Fern in quantity struck me as being an excellent one for furnishing large quantities of fronds with little labour. Everywhere were observed cleanliness and good order, and the important work of painting the woodwork of the houses, &c., receiving proper attention. H. Colonial Notes. THE CAPE BOTANIC GAKDEN. After a long period of misery for the officials, as we learn from a Cape journal, this garden is now placed on a more satisfactory financial foot- ing. In future, says the Cape Argus, it is to be under the control and management of the Town Council, the Government continuing its annual subsidy of £500. The Botanic Garden originated in proposals made to the Government by Dr. James Adamson, and a few of his friends interested in hor- ticulture and in botany, especially Dr. Lndwig PappS, Mr. R. H. Arderne, and Messrs. Kotz6, Clarence, Koss, Fairbairn, and Rutherfoord. Some- thing of the same kind had been proposed long before, and discussed in the public papers, and mainly on the suggestion of James Bowie, a collector of plants was sent out by the Royal Garden at Kew. The Commissioners were appointed May 5, 1848, and immediately opened a subscription-list, appointed as gardener a local nurseryman of the name of Draper, and set to work in earnest to lay out and plant up the area cut off for their use from the Government Gardens. Draper laid out the land with some skill, seeing that it was nearly a perfect flat, and took advantage of such large trees and plants as he found existing. The early records show that things were done in a very primitive way. Crops of Potatos and forage were grown by Draper and his coloured labourers, and sold on the market to assist the funds sub- scribed and the Government grant of £300 per annum, and it was not until late in the year 1848 that the collection of plants was commenced by purchase from the executors of Baron Von Ludwig of some of the stock accumulated by him. For recep- tion of these, a small greenhouse, of quaint and ornamental design, resembling a birdcage, was con- structed. This and other expenditure landed the Commissioners in debt. They also took over the seed-stock of Thomas Draper, and thus began the seed-selling business which has continued to the present year. In 1849, Karl Zeyher, the celebrated botanical collector, was added to the staff, to name and label the plants, obtain seeds and cuttings, and to bring in bulbs and plants from the veld. He was also " to prepare a Hortus siccus and seed collection, to in- struct apprentices in theoretical and practical botany, and attend to such visitors and strangers as may require botanical information." This highly scientific and extensive commission was rewarded ■with the wonderful stipend of £7 10s. per month. The garden was from the first supported by Government in a very inadequate manner, and from Personalia of Botanical Collectors at the Cape, p. 21, 8vo, 1887, we find that " The projectors found them- selves obliged, in February, 1850, to dismiss Zeyher, whose qualification was botanical knowledge rather than business aptitude, and find an ordinary gardener who understood how to turn the place into a nurserv, and make it pay for itself. D.-. Berthold Seeman, knowing little of the hard necessity of the case, was perhaps more witty than just when he wrote in reference to Zeyher, on his visit in 1851, that the Committee had just 'passed a resolution that their Botanic Garden could do without a botanist.' " To Zeyher succeeded James M'Gibbon, an enterprising Scotchman, born at Elgin, and apprenticed in the Duke of Sutherland's garden there. During the ong period of his service up to 1881, he carried on the business of the garden with great ability and business tact, on a kind of partnership system with the Com- mittee, and accumulated a handsome competence. Latterly returning to England, he died at Richmond, in Surrey, about 1886. Much of the present appearance of the gardens is due to Mr. M'Gibbon's labour. He raised great numbers of Australian shrubs and trees from seeds obtained from Baron F. von Mueller, and planted them, if anything, too thickly in the previously bare grounds of the garden. On his resignation, Pro- fessor MacOwan, who had for many years been the friend and correspondent of Harvey and Sonder, was appointed by the Commissioners in 1880, in hope of restoring the garden to a fitting status among botanical establishments. The great herbarium of Zeyher, after remaining in the possession of Dr. Pappe till 1863, had been purchased by the Govern- ment, and a portion of it ordinated by Dr. Harvey, about the year 1864. The charge of this collection, which had lain perdu, ever since its return from Harvey's temporary possession, was added to the duties of the new Director. The radical defect of the institution, however, was the utterly insufficient subsidy of £500 per annum to meet an expenditure of about £1400. No scientific enthusiasm could supply that balance of £900. It was, therefore, impossible for any scientific work to be done, save ont of business hours, and the whole energies of the staff were incessantly directed to the one object of making money enough to pay the wages and repair dilapidations. This has been done during the present regime for the last ten years, and unlike almost every similar institution in the colony, the garden is this day not one penny in debt. The Director says it is mainly the head gardener's doing; the head gar- dener turns the statement the other way ; as men who have, under cirumstances of great difficulty and discouragement, worked together manfully in perfect mutual trust, and kept the institution going by sheer dint of industry. Any further economy was impos- sible, when everything had been pared down to the quick. There was absolutely nothing to be done but to abolish his office, and reconstiiute the garden on lower lines. It was no longer to be a botanical establishment, but merely a toviaplaisaunce of flowers and shady walks. The necessities of the Agricul- tural Department were at the same time drawing largely upon the Director's time. The gardens had long been a sort of headquarters, whither come multitudes of queries and complaints on cultural matters. These now poured in from the depart- ment, until it became obvious that scientific know- ledge and experience were very little wanted in the garden, and very much wanted outside it. The professional charge of the garden falls now to Mr. Henry J. Chalwin, undoubtedly the most ex- perienced horticulturist in the colony, as a depart- ment of Municipal concern. The Director will have only one more report to make, and that, we venture to say, of a different kind from the nine sharp-edged documents previously issued. He then goes over to the Agricultural Department in Burg Street, as Government botanist or consultant, or adviser, in matters belonging to his special art and mystery. Thither also, we understand, goes the Cape Govern- ment Herbarium, if, indeed, it can be got into the limited space available. We trust that in all these new arrangements the claims of botany will not be forgotten. Parks and pleasure gardens are eminently desirable, but the Interests of humanity require that the botanical side of the question be not overlooked. INDIA. SAHARUNPUR BOTANICAL GARDENS. In the annual report for 1890-91, the Superin- tendent gives an interesting account of his endea- vours to meet with flowering shoots of the Sugar-cane in N. India, and to obtain from this source true seed for the propagation of Cane, in the manner that has attracted so much attention in the West Indies. He has so far met with success, that he has obtained seed and grown seedlings from it. The experiment may have to extend over a series of years before new or improved varieties appear ; but its enormous importance is recognised alike by the scientific world and all persons practically interested in the sugar industry. The inquiry has brought to light the highly instructive fact, that the flowering habit of the Cane is well known to native agricul- turists, and that superstition leads them to jealously destroy what the man of science labours to preserve and turn to far-reaching uses. Numerous fruit trees, vegetables, and useful plants of exotic origin are under observation and culture in the gardens, and additions are constantly being made. The beneficial effect of the Saharunpur and Lucknow gardens on horticulture in Upper India is capable of easy verification by anyone who moves about the country, and notes the progress which gardening and fruit growing are making among the native community. The Sugar-cane has been attacked in Java by a disease, supposed to be of fungoid origin, which threatens to extinguish the sugar industry there, and the Dutch Government therefore went to the expense of deputing Mr. Kobus to visit India with a view of collecting and introducing the Indian varie- ties into Java, in the hope that they would be found proof against the disease. Mr. Kobus recognised all the paunda varieties (the class of Cane only grown in India for eating pur- poses) as being the same as grown by the Dutch in Java for sugar manufacture. The ek or ganna varieties (the class grown in India for sugar manu- facture), were entirely new to him, and as they are so very distinct from the paunda class, and also very much hardier than the latter, he left India in great hopes that these would be found to possess the disease-resisting qualities wanted. ANALYSIS OF SPANISH GEAFE SOIL. The following analysis represents the composition of a good Grape soil from the neighbourhood of Motril, in the south of Spain, and the results will be useful to those interested in the production of Grapes : — Water lost at 212" F -UQ ^Organic matter and combined Wdter ... ... 2'220 Oxide of Iron 4-678 Alumina 2'4i2 Lime ... 1019 Magnesia -684 Potash -266 Soda -010 Phosphoric acid '070 Carbonic acid -440 Sulphuric acid trace Chlorine -008 tSilica and insoluble silicates 87 37-3 100-000 ^Containing nitrogen -045 tContaining coarse sand, sepirate 1 by washing 44'36') Stones left on -j-V inch-hole sieve 32 07 Gravel left on I inch-hole sieve 15-74 The soil largely consisted of stones, there being in round numbers 48 per cent, of small stones and gravel having a light brown ferruginous appearance. To those acquainted with soil analysis the above results would indicate, as they certainly do, a really poor soil when compared with our English soils of average fertility. Thus, in the proportions of nitrogen and phosphoric acid the figures are quite one-half what we should find in a soil of average quality, but in regard to potash this soil stands out prominently in richness, and there can be little doubt that one of the greatest c|ualifications for a good Vine- producing soil must be the presence of plenty of potash in a readily available form. The distinguished French chemist Ville, in his book on manures, lays particular stress upon the importance of potash for Vines. He says : " Where potash is lacking, the leaves do not attain their full development ; in the month of July they become red and spotted with black, after which they become dry and are easily Januaht 16, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 77 reduced to powder under pressure of the fingers." Further he adds, " if potash be deficient, little or no fruit makes its appearance ; " and, lastly, he recommends that Vines should be manured in the autumn. It would be interesting to hear what Vine growers have to say in reference to these remarks. Hdw far do they find it necessary to manure Vines ? What manures, or mixture of manures, give the best results ? And at what time of the year should these fertilisers be applied ? [For these details see Barron and Thomson on Vine culture, or the weekly instructions given in our columns. Ed.] Compared with farm crops, Grapes, consisting largely of water, with but little nitrogen and mineral matters, cannot be considered an exhausting crop. If the soil ia suitable, the situation favourable with plenty of natural sunlight or artificial heat, comparatively little manure should be required. It is true that, with our lower temperature, the soil is colder, and requires some nitrogenous compounds, such as cow-dung, dried blood, or fiih guano to assist Nature ; but on the Continent, with a warmer climate, such fertilisers would have to be very cautiously employed, or the results would be disastrous, and there would be too much leaf, and but little fruit. As regards potash, however, the addition of fre- quent small dressings is likely to be attended with good results, especially if it can be applied in the condition of wood-ashes, particularly when derived from the burning of small twigs and branches, which are richer in potash and phosphoric acid than hard and older logs of wood, in which silica and lime predominate in the ashes. In the absence of wood- a^hes, sulphate of potash may be recommended as preferable to muriate of potash. Where Vines show indications of failure, not- withstanding careful attention and manuring, it would be desirable to have fresh soil, and for this purpose obtain some of the famous red soil so characteristic of the best Worcester Hop gar- dens— or from Kent or Devonshire. It would be interesting to know if this has been done to any extent, and with what results. Of late years the production of Grapes has been greatly increased, and iu the Channel Islands especially — perhaps, in Guernsey — the attention given to this special culti- vation seems to be increasing in a most remarkable manner. John Hughes, F.C.S., Agricultural Analyst, 79, Mark Lane, E.C. Fern is frequently allowed to sufiFer from drought. Although it is not advisable to keep Ferns saturated with water, as some do, they should never be allowed to get dry enough to cause the fronds to wither. Most of those included in the decorum group may also be propagated from spores, the exception being A. Veitchii, which may be treated in the same manner as A. Farleyense, but the crowns are larger, and not so numerous, and in breaking them up, it should be seen that each division has a good crown, and that they are not broken or cut through the centre of the crowns. In the Capillus-veneris group all may be readily increased by division, but such as Mariesi, Wil- liamsi, or even the ordinary form of Capillus-veneris, may be more readily increased from spores. All those belonging to the type will succeed well under cool treatment, but to keep the fronds fresh and green through the winter, the temperature should not fall below 45° or 50° Fahr. A. Williamsi should also be grown in a cool- house; Fergussoni should be grown in the stove. All the macrophyllum group require stove treat- ment ; bipinnatum and Seemanni maybe divided, and the others can be propagated from spores. All are somewhat delicate, and require great care to keep the foliage fresh and healthy. The Hispidalum group are all very free-growing, and do not require much heat. I have not raised aneitense from spores, but all the others come freely enough. The larger- growing sorts included in the Polyphyllnm group all have spreading rhizomes, and require a good surface ; for large specimens, pans are preferable to pots — in fact, all the Adiantums which have spreading rhizomes do better in shallow pots. A peaty compost will suit those included in this group, and all except A. formosum require stove treatment. As these large- growing sorts are not wanted in large quantities, sufficient stock may be obtained by divisions, though seedlings make prettier plants, but they do not come very free. A. caudatum and A. lunatum may be raised from spores, but the other two will give plenty of stock from the proliferous fronds. All like a moderate stove temperature, though A. ciliatum is often included with greenhouse Ferns. All the Adiantums are benefited by a little liquid manure during their growing season. Pteris, Belgium — a state which sends out some of the ablest florists and botanists. A good many of the workmen are Italian, from just over the near frontier. They have miserably poor pay — from .31 to 5 francs daily; the latter sum being considered quite good. The first-named amount is the average ; that means from 4 dols. to 44^ dole, per week, and out of that pittance they have to pay for everything. Living ia not cheap in the neighbourhood; they just manage to exist — how, they can best tell. Thus, for a lodging, two will sleep in the same room, paying 9 or 10 francs each per month— usually 4 dols. for the pair — each putting up with the inconveniences of strange bed-fellows. As to hours of labour, during the short days they work from 7 in the morn- ing till 5 in the evening; and have their joy at the approach of spring and summer considerably damped by knowing that the long days mean toil from 5 to 7 o'clock. It is hard, yet they will say that even this is better than living in poverty-stricken Italy. In another division of the grounds which go to form the permanent horticultural Exposition of Monte Carlo, covering a large space, there are hundreds of varieties, and thousands upon thousands of plants, some carefully labelled. A great number of the plants, however, are not named (not one of the extensive varieties of Roses, for example), and many of the name-plates are weather - beaten to unrecognisability. It is not easy to obtain particulars in this country. Directly a native man of business is approached and asked a few questions, he immfdiately regards you with suspicion, and, if he holds the idea that yon are a writer for journals, he forthwith treats you as an advertising tout. He thinks you are engaged in some underhand trick to get an advertisement, and will be presently sending in a surprise bill of costs ; or he sees in you a canvasser for subscriptions, or fears that he may be put under an obligation which will be disagreeable to him. In vain you assure him that therj is nothing to pay, that, on the contrary, you ought to pay him something for the information ; but, recollecting hia unpleasant experience with some organs of the press, he cannot conceive how English periodicals can publish particulars about him without demanding pay for it. G'r. MAIDENHAIR-FERNS. (.Continued from p. 57.) CuLxnEE. Adiantums are frequently grown in a close moist atmosphere, the consequence is that they are liable to damp off during the winter. This particularly applies to the cuoeatum section. These will succeed better if grown in a light open position, where the air can pass through them. They should be potted in a good loamy compost, and will be found to do better than when peat is used. By growing them well exposed to the light, and shading only during the brightest sunshine in summer, the plants will grow more compact, and the fronds will be harder and last well either when cut or where the plants are used for decoration. All of those referred to in this group may be raised from spores, and will make more compact and better-furnished plants than those obtained by divisions. The above remarks also apply to the Scatnm group, excepting A. Farleyense, which, of course, owing to the absence of spores, can only be increased by divisions. The best time to do this is in the spring, while the plants are in active growth. I prefer small plants with short fronds for breaking up. These will start away better than old plants with large fronds, as it is not so easy to obtain healthy young roots, or to retain the fronds when large plants are divided. This beautiful Fern suc- ceeds best when potted in a rough, porous compost, and good drainage ; water may then be given freely without fear of the soil getting sour. I believe this Foreign Correspondence. THE PUBLIC GARDENS AT MONTE CARLO. Qdite a botanical reservation encircles the mag- nificent casino of Monte Carlo— a building which is a salient feature directly fronting the sea, viewed from either the ocean or the land. The grounds are really a horticultural museum of ever- green trees, plants, and shrubs. Of course, the eyes of the directorate have been all along fixed upon plants that retain their foliage all the year, so as never to let Monte Carlo have the appearance of a " fall." As a fact, there is no winter here. In their search for evergreens, and to procure as much variety as possible, the administration has imported specimens from every quarter of the globe — the Latin-American Republics, China, Japan, Siberia, &c. Laying out the grounds, multiplying and planting the species, attendance, &c., have cost enormous sums. Not so many years ago the same place was as wild and rocky as an African coast. And to think that all this has been done out of part — a large part— of the proceeds of the gaming- tables ! It shows how the passion for chance-gain (very much of a chance — and an extremely doubtful one— at Monte Carlo) can be made to pay for big works of ornamentation. The vice has proved a blessing in one respect— in beautifying greatly a locality, turning a rugged grass and bush-patched spot into model gardens. The staff of the casino consists of as many as 400, and of these sixty are engaged in maintaining the gardens, thirty being in the propagating department. J. Vandenda^Ue is the chief gardener. He is from NURSERY NOTES. ORCHIDS AT MESSRS. HUGH LOW AND CO.'S NURSERY. Albeadv the fine importation of Vanda Lowii, which Messrs. Low's collector so carefully brought over at the end of last year, is beginning to make a show, one of the specimens with fine growths, and still in the native vase in which it was established in its own country, having three spikes of unusually bright and richly-marked flowers, the bright yellow, spotted with crimson, of the two odd flowers at the base of the largest spike making a striking contrast to the dark, blood-red and white of the rest of the flowers on the long chain-like raceme. The whole of the plants are rooting vigorously, and have been got over better than any previous lot. Of Vanda Sanderiana there is a small batch, but the tale of this importation is the reverse of that of the Vanda Lowii, for out of 3500 shipped, only some fifty survived the journey. The Phalajnopsis houses, which are always a fine sight at the Clapton nur- series, are bristling with hundreds of flower-spikes, and among those in bloom are the rare Phalaenopsis Cynthia, P. leucorrhoda, and a splendid form of P. Schilleriana— a perfect model of a flower — which the collector marked as being the nearest to a blue one which he had seen, and which is of a dark purplish rose colour, is quite a new tint for the species, and which would doubtless get much darker in bright weather. Another fine Orchid, of which there is a quantity at Clapton in flower or bud, is Angrfficum sesquipedale ; and in the house set apart for the lesser Angraecums. is the usual show for flower on the numerous plants THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Jauuaky 16, 1892. of the neat little A. citratum, A. hyaloides, and other species. . The Cattleya Eldorado varieties, both white and coloured, and C. Percivaliana, are making a good show and some of the formsare very richly-coloured, but beyond these there are few other Cattleyas in bloom, although the later-flowering ones are in flue condition, and promising well for flower, the stock of C Mossi.-e alone having been reckoned to bear between 4000 and 5000 flower-sheaths, and as these have not flowered in the country before, there should be fine novelties among them, if they are of the game type as those formerly got over by Messrs. Low. An importation of Saccolabium bellinum has a great number of that quaint and pretty plant in bloom, the range of variety both in size and colour- ing being very extraordinary, for to compare the extremes, one would scarcely take them for the same species. The Cypripedium-houses have in flower, C. Thetis X , C. Amesianum X , C. nitens X , some fine C. HarrisianumX, the true C. Sedeni can- didulumX.C. philippinense, C. bellatulum, 0. ton- sum, and others ; and in the large Dendrobe-house, tie D. Wardianums are fast coming on, and here also in bloom is a lot of the curious D. pycnosta- cUyum, D. AinsworthiiX, &c. In other houses are a large batch of that handsome and delightfully fragrant winter-flowering Orchid, Vanda Amesiana ; a quantity of Odontoglosaum Pescatorei in bud, Vanda lamellata, some Sophronitis grandiflora, Odontoglossum Rossii majus, Oncidium ansiferum, Platyclinis glumacea, P. Cobbiana, &c. ; and showing flower are several plants of the pure white Trichopilia euavis alba. ^ . The WEEK'S Work. FBUITS TTNDEB GLASS, By J. RiDDELL, Gardenek, Castle Howard, York. MELONS.— When early Melons are desired, and seed has not yet been sown, no time ought to be lost in getting a few started. If a continuous supply of fruit be wanted, it is necessary to include varieties which ripen both early and late, and although it is unnecessary for me to enumerate the kinds so many good ones being in cultivation, yet Bome of the older sorts are hard to beat for certain purposes and for earliness, and I have never found one to equal Malvern Hall. The best size of pot for raising them is either Si-inch or 3-inch, and instead of crocks for drainage, a few leaves will answer quite as well, as the plants are only temporary occupants of their seedling-pots. A compost of loam, leaf- mould and a little bone-meal, or any other form of plant-food prepared from this material, will be an excellent medium for the seeds to germinate in, and the plants to obtain support during the earlier stages of their growth, their seeds placed towards the centre of each pot, and covered with about half an inch of the mixture, and the whole plunged in a bed having a temperature ranging from 80° to 85'", will result in seedlings pushing up quickly, if the necessary watering be attended to. The warmth of the atjmosphere of the pit or frame in which they are raised should be iibout 70°, raising or lowering it according to the conditions of the weather, and keeping it uniformly moist. When the young plants have shown themselves, the strongest ia each pot should be selected for growing on, and the others pulled out ; and as Melon plants generally are weak in the stem .it tliis season, they should hive thin stakes placed for their support. It is also very desirable to keep the plants as near the glass as possible, and, when the weather is mild, admit the external air for ten minutes ormore every day. All the water used for the roots of the plants ought to be of the same temperature as the soil in which they are growing, and this factor requires to be sparingly aoplied during the first weeks of their existence. The plan adopted by some in growing and fruiting their first batch of Melons in pots is a commendable one, for a crop is obtained in less time this way than when they are planted out ; and the only ditTerencc ia labour is a little extra attention required in watering. Pots 14 inches in diameter is the size most suitable, and into these the plants may be moved when they have occupied the soil of those in which they were sown. The soil employtd at this stage of their growth may be less broken up than that used for the seed, and a small quantity of super- phosphates added to the other ingredients will mate- rially aid the plants to gain strength. These pots, too. should also be given a bottom-heat of 80 to 85°, and liquid manure used should the compost prove insufficient in soluble plant food, in order to secure a vigour in the plants which would enable them to carry two fruits each. As soon as they have reached the trellis their points can be stopped, and two laterals encouraged, one on each side, and all others suppressed. With free-fruiting kinds these laterals will show fruit at the second or third joint, and may be stopped at the leaf beyond it. At this period care should be taken to have the soil they are growing in moderately dry, that when the flowers open a good set may be effected ; and should this be attained, liberal feeding, a saturated atmosphere, fresh air on all favourable occasions, and a tein- perature of W to .75° at night, with a rise of -0 during summer weather in the daytime, will result m large well-flavoured fruit, provided no insect pests have been allowed a footing on the plants. FIGS.— The present is a good time for increasing the stock of Figs, if plants of this kind of fruit be required for either forcing in pots or planting out next year. Cuttings put in to root now in a tem- perature of 65° to 70°, will grow into good-sized plants before the autumn, and Iree-fruiting varieties, like Black Ischia, Lee's Perpetual, and Brown Turkey, will yield a crop in August and September, if the Dlants are liberally attended to for root- room and the free use of stimulating manure. Pieces of last year's wood with three or four eyes, cut close under a joint, and put in singly into 2.}-inch pots containing leaf-mould and sand, and plunged in a brisk bottom-heat, will root readily. As they quickly occupy the soil in these small pots, it will soon be found necessary to transfer them into 6 inch ones ; but instead of leaf-mould and sand being used ' alone, this time loam of a strong nature mixed with wood-ashes, lime, or old mortar, well- broken charcoal, bnne-manure similar to th.it used at Clovenfords, and spent JIushroom-bed compost may be added, and will prove a happy laboratory for the' roots to ramifv in, and find the food they need. Warmth at the root is the most essential thing in connection with Fig cultivation, and when they can be given bottom- heat, and attention to watering, feeding, and stopping of shoots, no plant is simpler to grow, or will yield a more abundant return for labour spent upon it. POT VINES. — In order to obtain'strong and well- ripened Vines for growing in pots, the eyes should have an early start, so as to secure a long season of growth, and time to be thoroughly ripened, which, in cool seasons like the last, is an important consideration. The old method of raising a stock of them by insert- ing an " eye " in a slanting position in a 3-inch pot, containing a mixture of good fibrous loam and leaf-mould, with a sprinkling of bone-manure added, is still in practice, and is not unfrequently preferred to that of putting two or three eyes into a round bit of turf of 4 inches in diameter and '2 inches thick, and 1 have obtained equally good results by both methods. When pots are employed, these should be plunged to their rims in a bed having a temperature of about 85°. aft'ording them water then to settle the soil, and afterwards when needed, of the same tem- perature as the bed. Usually one watering ia enough until the buds start into growth, but an occasional dewing over with warm water by means of a fine-rose pot or the syringe will do them good. Th5 critical period for the Vine eye is, when the nutriment stored up in the hud and the bit of shoot it forms part of is nearing exhaustion, and roots are put forth. Much injury is often done at this stage by aS'ording the eyes much moisture, and by repotting before sufficient rootlets have pushed out into the soil. It is well to bear in mind that every rootlet is surrounded by a quantity of prepared plant food at its growing point, and which has been brought into this condition by the action of the acids given ofi' by their organs of nutrition; therefore, should the soil be shaken from the roots, the labour of manufacturing more food by this means must take place previous to the plants deriving any benefit from the shift, and results in a check to the Vines. Once the roots are able to avail themselves of the supply of food in the soil, active growth of the cane will take place, and then is the time to tr.ansfer them to 6-inch pots, using a compost for this, and subsequent shifts, of about two-thirds fibrous loam, and making up the other third with spent Mushroom-bed, lime rubbish. and Thomson's Vine and Plant Manure. Small stakes to support the canes will be required when this stage is reached. Watering must be done with care for a time, and a temperature of 65°, and a saturated atmosphere maintained during bright weather in the structure, air being admitted on all favourable occasions. The only difference between this system of raising Vines from eyes and that of using turves for the purpose is in the first stage. The turves are placed in a hotbed bottom upwards, and two or three eyes put into each towards the centre, and attended to in the way of watering until they arrive at the stage for potting them, the strongest growth from amongst them being retained for the Vine, and the weaker two pulled out, all other treatment being the same as that recommended for pot-raised ones. The summer treatment of pot- Vines will be made the subject of subsequent remarks. PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE, By R. MiLNEB, Gardener, Pbnhice Castle, Swansea. THE ROSE-HOUSE. — Roses of all kinds should now be pruned, the woodwork washed with soap and water, or repainted if that be needed, clearing all the old fastenings of bast, &c., from the trellis, and the glass at the sides and on the roof washed with clear water. If the borders in which some of the Roses are planted become impoverished, it will be advisable to shovel off the surface, and replace it with a rich compost of fibrous loam, rotted manure, and .^-inch bones, to something more than the depth to which it has been removed, and afford it a dress- ing of Thomson's Manure after the plants have got well into growth. Should the borders require water- ing, this should be done in a manner that will thoroughly moisten them ; and before the surface- dressing of soil and manure is applied, dress the walls with hot lime-wash, to which some flowers- of-sulphur are added. Syringe the plants with tepid water on all favourable occasions, which will help them to break freely. The temperature mav be kept from 44° to 50° at night, with a rise of 5° or 10° by day, until signs are observed that the plants are beginning to break generally, when there may he a slight increase. THE GREENHOUSE. — Any varieties of Chrysan- themum, of which cuttings have not been obtained, it will be advisable to place in a little warmth, to cause cutting-shoots to break away ; and, if new varieties are to be obtained, they should be bought forthwith. The earliest cuttings will have taken root, and should be placed on a shelf, well up to the glass, in a cool Peach-house or vinery. PETUNIAS. — Cuttings of Petunias may now be put in to strike for furnishing the conservatory in early summer. The cuttings speedily root in a hot- bed. When well-rooted, pot them in 3 or 4-inch pots in a mixture of loam and leaf-soil and somesilver- sand, and as growth proceeds tying out and pinching the shoots. MIGNONETTE. — The late-sowu plants will now be found of much use, and it will be necessary to keep them well up to the glass to prevent weak growth, and to be careful in affording the plants water, as if this be applied in too large quantities at a time, the plants are liable to damp- off. FUCHSIAS. — Where cuttings were not taken in the autumn, a few of the old plants should be brought into a little heat, to start them into growth, and provide cuttings for an early strike. Cuttings which were taken in the autumn, and are still in the cut- ting pots, may now be potted into 4-inch pots, placing them in a little warmth, to get established ; and to induce rapid growth, they should remain in heat for some time afterwards. BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA.— Undoubtedly this is one of the most useful of flowering plants, accom- modating itself on a trellis, or close under the roof of the house, or on wire trellises of any form, or as a bush ; and when it is not grown in a high tem- perature, the plant will last in bloom for a consider- able time during the summer. It is often found in the stoves, but it does much better in an inter- mediate-house, the blooms lasting much longer there than if grown in the higher temperature of the stove. If planted in a border, a space of about 3 feet wide by 2.V feet in depth and some 4 feet in length will be sufficient, having some 6 inches of drainage placed at the bottom, covered with round turves, aud filiing- in with a compost consisting of good fibrous loam, a ^ H CD CO jANtTABV 16, 1892.] TEE GARDENEBS' GHRONIGLE. 79 liberal addition of sharp sand, and a few half-inch bones, having the whole well incorporated together ; and during the operation of fiUing-in, malie it fairly firm, which proceeding is productive of sturdy growth in the plant. After planting it, and until the roots have taken full possession of the soil, the watering should be moderate in amount. When the shoots begin to break, it is much better to rub off the weakly ones, so as to throw the strength of the plant into those which are left. Old-established plants should be hard-pruned in, and sufficient tepid water afforded the soil to thoroughly moisten it, and those which do not require to be repotted into large-sized pots or tubs, should be top-dressed with the materials given above. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By H. A. BuHBEEEv, Orchid Ghowki!, Highbury, Birmingham. THE EAST INDIA-HOUSE.— No plant of Phala;- nopsis bearing spikes of bloom must be permitted to sulJ'er from want of water, the loss of leaves after flowering being then greater than usual. Liquid manure in a weak state may be applied to these plants with advantage, and decaying vegetable matter placed under the stages, such as tree leaves or tan ; sprinkling it with salt, if slugs be feared, is an assistance to growth. As a preventive of spot, I would advise the use of abundant fire-heat, and a free circulation of air from outside, taking care not to let the temperature fall below the point given in my last Calendar; and damping down the house more or less, in accordance with outside conditions, and the degree of artificial heat used. Phalajnopsis, Oncidium papilio, and 0. Kramerianum are really hot-house Orchids, and succeed in the warmest house sus- pended near the glass, and not too thickly shaded at any time, as then growth becomes well-matured, and the plants will pass through the winter without injury. The other occupants of the East India-house should be kept quiet, and receive as much water as will maintain them plump ; and those that are growing should be steadily kept moving. If it be found necessary to bring Dendrobium Wardianum, D. nobile, D. Findleyanum, and I). hetrocarpum into flower at an early part of the season, place them at the highest and most airy part of the house, and water the plants very carefully at first, but it is best if they have been kept cool to remove them first into a house somewhat less warm than this one. MASDEVALLIAS. — These handsome evergreen Orchids are frequently observed in an unsightly condition from blackened foliage. Thrips are some- times blamed for this mischief, but the more general cause of it is insufficient warmth, and too great moisture in the winter. Masdevallias are considered cool-house Orchids, yet I would advise the winter quarters of some Masdevallias to be warmer than those usually aff'orded for the general collection, and more especially of the Cbimtera section. M. to- varensis and II. trochilus should have more warmth. It is safer to err on the side of warmth than on that of cold and dryness. A shady position, and a tem- perature of 5° warmer than that afforded Odontoglos- sums, suits Masdevallias best. DISAS. — A house set apart for Disas is not neces- sary ; in fact, they are rarely found growing well with other cool Orchids, but suitable places for the plants may be found, until danger from Irost is past, on greenhouse shelves close to the glass, and where the temperature is kept at about 4U° to 50°. Keep them free from thrip, and water them sparingly, and in the spring place them in a cold frame, and afford them water and air abundantly. Disas should be potted in peat and sand directly flowering is past. CATTLEYAS.— C. gigas, C. aurea, and C. labiata, which are to flower during the coming season, must be kept in a dry position near the glass, affording the plants enough water to insure plumpness in the pseudobulbs, nothing more, the warmth being kept at 55° to 60° — a few degrees less will do no harm if the atmosphere be dry, but remembering that a plant in feeble health will not stand much drought. spot where the tree or trees are to stand, drive a stake into this position to the depth of about 2 feet ; this is to denote exact position of tree. Around this stake a circular hole should be dug out to a depth of not less than IS inches, the subsoil broken up, and if found to be of a retentive nature, plenty of mortar-rubble, brickbats, crocks, stones — such as are raked from kitchen garden seed-beds- should be added, thereby making the soil drier, and therefore warmer. If it is a maiden tree to be planted, the hole should not be less than 6 feet across, and made convex at the bottom, like a saucer turned upside-down ; this will give the roots a downward tendency, which is a point of great importance in the case of large trees. The size of hole may seem to some to he very large in the case of such a small tree, yet I can safely say one will be thoroughly recouped for doing it thus well. In the case of larger trees, 8 to 10 ieet is not a bit too much, lor unless one has a thorough knowledge as to what kind of soil the roots are likely to push into, he cannot be said to thoroughly understand the tree. If an old tree has been grubbed up where the new one will go, I would advise the taking out of several barrow-loads of the old soil, replacing it with some good rich earth, such as Cucumbers have grown in, or from a rich part of the vegetable garden. Generally, no manure is required to be incorporated with the soil, unless it be very poor, or the trees are large, and have been root- pruned, and which are likely to crop heavily ; in this case a little well-rotted dung may be used with advantage. See that all roots are nicely cut, and jagged wounds made smooth; the larger roots to be cut in a slanting manner, from top to bottom. We always, before finishing off, pour a large can of water about the roots, the better to settle the soil about them ; it is better than much treading, which may be done a few days afterwards. If hard, frosty weather continue, see that plenty of manure is wheeled out, to be applied as advised in a previous Calendar. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. By G. Woodward, Gardener, Baeham ConET, Maidstone. Advantage should be taken of favourable weather to push on with the planting of all kinds of fruit trees, notwithstanding that the autumn is the best 8eason for the purpose. Having decided upon the THE KITCHEN GARDEN. By G. Wythes, Gahdeneb, Syon House, Brent- ford, W. SOWING SEEDS. — The digging and trenching of ground should be forwarded when the land is not too wet, some of the warmest borders being got in readiness for seed sowing. I do not advise the sowing of seeds of any kind in large quantities as yet, the risk of loss being too great ; but some of the earliest varieties of Peas may be sown on a border with a south aspect, and well laid up to the sun, sowing thicker than usual. No wrinkled Pea should be sown at this early date, unless in very favoured gardens in the southern shires. Amongst early Peas, I have a liking for Veitch's Chelsea Gem, William Hurst, English Wonder, and William I., giving the seeds a coating of red-lead previous to sowing them and spreading them out thinly for a short time for the lead to get hard. A little trouble taken now often gives a good return in earliness, and in heavy soil the drills should be filled-in with a soil lighter than the staple, which may consist of the sifted soil from the potting-shed, or the covering of exhausted Mushroom-beds. After this is done, put in Spruce or Yew twigs on the east side of the rows as a shelter. The rows of Peas should run by preference across the border from front to back. Early December-sown Peas are showing above ground, and will need to he dusted over with fine dry wood-ashes, to protect them from slugs; mice must be trapped, and the rows protected with twigs, as advised above; for the dwarfest-growing Peas, old Birch-broom twigs are useful, keeping the haulm off the ground, and the pods from being eaten by slugs. Broad Beans may now be sown. The small early Mazagan Bean was formerly much used ; sown for early crops it is prolific of pods, and is nice when eaten young, but the fiavour is not of the best. Early Longpod and Beck's Gem, are excellent — the latter very dwarf, and prolific ; and the former may be sown in boxes or pots, in a temperature of 55° or 60°, and when a few inches high, placed in a cold frame, planting them out at the end of February. Beans treated in this manner and planted carefully, come in as soon as those sown in the autumn, and the loss from mice, &c., is avoided. If Celery is re- quired at a very early date, sow a pan of seed, and keep warm till germinated, and less so for one month afterwards. The plants must be pricked off into other pans before they spoil by overcrowding, and they must always be kept near the roof-glass to avert drawing. A mild hot-bed of leaves chiefly, should now be made, and frame put on it, and sowings made of Brussels Sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Onions, Lettuce, and Celery. When any of these get into the rough leaf, they should be pricked out on to other slight hotbeds to be covered up at night with mats, and nice stuff for planting-out will be obtained some weeks before the plants from the first sowing in the open are ready. A mild hotbed should be got ready for sowing Carrots and Iladishes, and planting Potatos. Kadishej may also be sown thinly on the Potato bed. In frosty weather these hotbed framts should be well covered up at night, and the lining of fermenting material renewed from time to time. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By H. W. Ward, Gardener, Longfohd Castle, SAHtnUHY. RAISING PLANTS FROM SEED3 : SEEDS TO SOW. — As advised at p. 15 of the current volume of the Gardeners' Chronicle, there are several plants which play an important part in the summer flower beds and borders which are annually raised from seeds, some of which being of rather slow growth in their early stages should be sown about the middle of the present month. Foremost among these is the tuberous-rooted Begonia, which is destined to become a popular bedding plant, seeing that a large number of plants may be raised from seed in the course of one year, and the great variety of colour found in the flowers, if the seed be saved from well-developed flowers and plants of sturdy free-growing and flowering habit. Moreover, Begonias are a capital wet weather plant. PREPARING THE SEED PANS AND POTS.— The first Step to be taken in this direction is the prepara- tion of a due supply of crocks for the drainage of the pots and pans. This is best done by placing a J-inch, .}-inch, 1-inch, and 1.^-inch sieves one above the other in the order named, the top sieve being filled with well- broken potsherds ; give it a few shakes, emptying those retained in the top sieve in a heap by themselves, repeating the opera- tion with each of the other three sieves until the desired quantity of crocks of the several sizes is secured, putting the contents of each sieve separately for use. In order to secure perfect drainage, place one large piece of crock (hollow side down) over each hole in the bottom of the seed-pans, &c., and over this put about 2 inches deep of the various- sized crocks in the order named, finishing off with the smallest pieces and a handful or two of half- rotted leaves or moss. Knowing that due weight is not always given to the manner in which the above simple though important details are carried out, and also that it is by attending to small details that success is achieved, 1 revert to the matter here. Fill the pans or pots thus crocked to within half an inch of the rims with fine soil, consisting of three parts light rich loam and one of sweet leaf-mould, with a good dash of sand added, making the same quite firm, and watering it through a fine-sprayed rose at least half an hour before sowing the seed evenly over the surface ; then place the pans in heat — a forcing-house or hotbed, prepared in the manner described in last week's Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 44 — and cover them with a square or two of glass, and sufficient moss to exclude light and air. As soon as the seedlings appear, the moss of course should be removed, and the glass slightly tilted up, to inure them to light and air, shading with a sheet of paper from sunshine during the bright part of the day. As soon as the plants are large enough to get hold of, prick them out in pans or shallow boxes pre- pared, as described above, at a little more than 1 Inch apart, pressing the soil gently about the roots, and afterwards watering through a fine rose to settle the soil, returning to heat and shading as before. Begonia seed being so very minute should not be covered with soil. The same remark may be applied to Nicotiana, Lobelia, and other very small seeds. Seeds of Acacia lophantha and other similarly large hard-coated seeds germinate quicker if steeped io a saucer of warm water placed on the hot-water pipes for twenty-four hours before being sown, the seed being covered with a j-inch thickness of fine sandy soil when sown. SHAKING THE SNOW OFF CHOICE TREES AND SHRUBS. — In the event of being visited by a heavy fall of snow. Cedars, Thuias, Cupressus, Irish Yews, and such-like trees upon which snow may accumu- late should be relieved by shaking the branches whilst the fall lasts and as soon as it is over. 80 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Jancaet 16, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICES. Letters for Pitblioation.— 4W communications intended for publication, as well as specimens and plants for naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, WelUng- ton Street. Covent Garden, London. Communica- tions should be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. Local T^ews.— Correspo?idents will greatly oblige by sending to the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of any matters which, it is desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists. Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor, hut to the Publisher, at the above address. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. THUESDAY, SATURDAY, M EETI NGS. Jan. 21 — Linnein. Jan. : SALES. ( Greenhouse Ferns, Roses. Palms. WEDNESDAY, Jan. 20.? and Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe ( & Morris' Rooms. ' '" ' ( 14.400 Lilium auratum. Iris, Pseo- THUKSDAY, Jab. 21^ nies, and Herbaceous Plants, at I Protheroe & Morris' Rooms. EstablisheH Or- ( Rooms. CORRECTED AVERAOE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTY-THEEE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 37°.6. H.R.H. THE Duke of Clarence.— Heart-felt sympathy will be felt by all classes of the community for the members of the Royal Family under the dis- tressing circumstances attendant upon the death of the elder son of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales on Thursday morninff last. The opening meeting for the VegJablw'&c. y^*"' °^ ^^^ ^"yal Horticultural Society on Tuesday took place under somewhat chilling auspices. The Drill Hall is not a cheerful place, even at midsummer, and in midwinter it is very much the reverse. Nevertheless, there was an excellent show of Apples from Messrs. Bunyard, a fine lot of exhibition Onions from Mr. Devbhill, Banbury, a bright display of well-grown Chinese Primulas from Messrs. Cannell, a remarkable show of cut Orchids of which note is made in another column, and a pretty group of Laohena- lias from Mr. Leach, of Albury Gardens, which demonstrated the utility of these plants for conservatory decoration at this season. The afternoon meeting, at 3 p.m., was poorly attended, not only on account of the unfavour- able weather, but by reason of the numerous committee and other business meetings, which are held on these Tuesdays, and which, however convenient, render these days very laborious to those whose business it is to attend some or all of them. Roses, Carnations, the Education Question, the forthcoming Fruit Show in the autumn, and other matters, absorbed the atten- tion of those present, so that it is not to be wondered at that the audience gathered together to hear Mr. Iggulden's excellent paper on "Winter Vegetables," was by no means large. Those who were at leisure, and who did sum- mon up sufficient courage to sit in a cold draughty building, were amply rewarded by hearing an interesting and thoroughly practical paper read. Mr. Igqulden was not present in person, and therefore his essay was read by the Secretary, the Rev. W. Wilks. Mr. G. Paul occupied the chair. Mr. Iggulden opened his subject by remarking that, as a nation, we do not sufficiently appre- ciate or realise the value of vegetables, from a dietetic and medical point of view. Choice vege- tables, he said, may be had in plenty, if facilities were forthcoming ; and even for winter use, twenty-eight distinct kinds were available, and of these only nine were beyond the reach of the average gardener. But, Mr. Iggulden con- tinued, much depended upon the cooks, who appeared to be the natural enemies of the gar- dener. They made excuses of various kinds, and rather than see that the vegetables provided for them by gardeners were produced in a proper manner at their employer's table, many of them would be conveyed through the cook's agency to the waste tub. Mr. Iggulden, in the interest of gardeners, strongly denounced the conduct of cooks in this respect, and thought that employers should enquire more carefully into the subject. Of green crops, Mr. Iggulden considered Chou de Burghley a valuable vegetable for use in January and February, especially if sown in April, and treated as Broccoli. Several kinds of the ordinary Cabbage, too, might with advantage be grown for winter use. The seed should be sown in June, and the plants got out early. Brussels Sprouts, with small firm buttons, were preferable to those of larger but looser character, and the plants should be put out at least 3 feet apart. Savoys, Borecole, and Broccoli, were con- sidered good winter vegetables ; and in the event of severe weather setting in, Mr. Iggulden was of the opinion that it paid to lift and replant Broccoli, and even Savoys, in vineries or frames, if these conveniences were available. Veitch's Self-protecting Autumn, although rather a tender variety, he had found most useful when lifted and protected as advised, and had been able to maintain a succession of heads until Jauuarj', by which time Snow's Winter was generally ready for use. Leeks, the essayist thought, were not so much grown or used as a vegetable as they should be, and Cardoons and Celeriac were eulogised as being both useful and palatable when properly cooked. Spinach, too, in Mr. Iggulden's opinion, was invaluable for winter use, but too many people looked upon it as a high-class vegetable. According to his expe- rience, it should be grown in a rather sheltered position, and a dusting of soot before and after sowing would be beneficial. Sowing the seed too late was the frequent cause of failing to produce a good crop of winter Spinach. Spinach-leaved Beet formed a good substitute where Spinach could not be grown successfully. Endive was indispensable, the Improved Broad-leaved Bata- vian being much the best for this purpose ; and a good supply of Carrots, of the Horn varieties, may be had all the year round without frames by making a sowing on a warm border in July in addition to the usual spring sowing s. Jeru- salem Artichokes, too, were easily grown ; as also were tubers of the so-called Chinese Arti- choke (Stachys tuberifera), but the latter, he thought, would never become a popular vegetable — cooks did not take to it. Potatos, Mr. Iggulden stated, were seldom cooked as they should be, and the incompetency of the cooks in this matter frequently got the gardeners into trouble that they did not deserve. Mr. Iggulden advised employers to provide their gardeners with frames, mats, &c., for protection if they desired an unlimited supply of fresh vegetables during severe winters. Mr. Bunyard in the discussion which fol- lowed, concurred with the majority of Mr. Iggulden's remarks, and mentioned, among other things, a new Cabbage, named " Christ- mas Cabbage," as being a capital winter vegetable. It originated in France, but was hardy, solid, of a dark green colour and rich flavour. He also thought it very important not to sow seed of Salsafy and similar crops too early, this fre- quently causing the roots to " bolt." Mr. Wythes remarked, that he still found the old Walcheren Broccoli as good as any, and he regarded Spinach as a most valuable winter Mr. A. Dean was glad Mr. Iggulden had blamed the cooks in regard to Potatos, because, as a raiser of Potatos, he felt it was not always the fault of the tubers, as many people supposed. He did not think it absolutely necessary that Spinach should be sown in sheltered places, inasmuch as in his district it was grown in open fields. A hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Iggulden for his paper concluded the meeting. The subject of education for gar- '^'^QuetHon.""' ^eners, though it did not come formally before the meeting of the R.H.S. on Tuesday last, was a subject of conversa- tion among those present, and if we may judge from the correspondence which reaches us, is exciting general attention, a most satisfactory thing to witness. There seems to be a general agreement that whilst a practical training from the beginning is absolutely essential, means should also be devised to quicken the intelligence and increase the knowledge of the rising generation, so as to enable them to meet the new conditions of the times. The question now occupying so much attention is at least two-fold, and comprises the education of the coming race of professional gardeners, and the diffusion of knowledge among those who, by reason of their age and other circumstances, cannot be expected to begin at the beginning, but must receive their mental food in a condition ready for immediate consumption. The two things are widely different, and require corre- sponding diversity of treatment. The County Councils and School Boards have to provide for the future in the instruction of the .young in elementary first principles, and for the present, by demonstrating to the adult the most approved methods of cultivation, and the most suitable varieties to be grown under different conditions and in various localities. The two aims must, in our opinion, be kept distinct. Also other matters must be borne in mind. Practical gardening as such is as fully advanced, if not more so, in this country as in any other ; but, admitting this much, it may be doubted whether, if we eliminate the advantages that our present practitioners have over their predecessors in the superior means at their disposal, they have made any substantial advance. From a purely practical point of view, we may ask whether the young gardeners of the present day are any better than their forerunners ? From this special standpoint it is not to be expected that they could be ; and yet progress is demanded on all sides, and at the same time the ranks of the gardening community are overstocked, so that the weakest must go to the wall. New openings must be sought to pro- vide for the necessities of those who are ham- pered by existing circumstances. How is that progress to be effected ? how are these new openings to be developed, or if developed, how- utilised, if our young gardeners are not so educated as to be able to adapt themselves to new conditions ? Another point must be borne in mind, and that is the urgency of foreign competition. It January 16, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 81 often happens to us to come in contact with young men from the garden-schools of the Continent, and we are bound to say that in intelligence and general knowledge they are much superior to the general average of the corresponding class of our own coun- trymen, and no wonder, for till lately we have made no provision for their education. AVe know it may be said that the youths of whom we speak are picked men, and it is also said that they do not make such good workmen as the Englishmen ; but are our people to be always hewers of wood and drawers of water? Are they to be debarred from the prospect of rising in their profession, and of becoming the directors of other people's labours as these young men do ? Some of the foreigners of whom we speak are as highly educated in the scientific branches of their profession as are our own University students. We say this from positive knowledge of both classes. Moreover, they have the great additional advantage of having been trained to practical work. But what prospects, it may be asked, are open to these educated and trained gardeners ? Are they to settle down in a cottage, rub down the pony, milk the cow, clean the windows, and m*ke themselves generally useful "at a very modest salary?" If this is to be the fate of the majority, of what use will be their education? and will not their training be beyond the needs of the case ? Would not discontent be engendered, and the future be worse than the past ? Again, re- verting to what we see elsewhere, we do not dread any such results. The lazy and the ignorant and the incompetent will, no doubt, be no better off than they are now, and probably even worse, but for the intelligent, the industrious, and the educated, opportunities arise, and will do so more fre- quently in the shape of curatorships, director- ships, estate managers, stewards, and the like, to say nothing of the openings afforded by the plantations in our various colonies. W^hether we look to the prospects of the men themselves, to the urgent necessity there is for turning our home-lai.ds to better advantage, or to the de- veloping the resources of our Colonies, we see the urgent necessity both for a higher technical education, and a wider and fuller dis- semination of gardening knowledge generally. The opportunity is now in the hands of the County Councils among other bodies. Most earnestly do we hope they will avail themselves of it for the benefit of horticulture and agricul- ture— that is, of the people generally, and the advantage of those who have to earn their bread in the pursuit of those occupations. PiCEA NIGRA. — Every visitor to Casael and the world-famed Wilhelmshohe Park, aod the less- known but not less beautiful Karlsane Park, is struck by the beauty of the variety Picea nigra, commonly called " Wilhelrasboher variety," or " Wilbelmshoher Black Spruce." Of bluish tint, and very compact growth, this tree forms a perfectly pyramidal bead. The accompanying illustration (see supplementary sheet) represents a large group of these trees in the Karlsane Park, Cassel, in front of a large group of the common Spruce, Picea excelsa, the compact- growing bluish Picea nigra forming a beautiful contrast to the tall-growing, gloomy-looking Picea excelsa. The trees figured are about 30 feet high; they often attain 35 to 40 feet, but their beauty is then usually much diminished. Picea nigra is of rather slow growth, and is, therefore, well adapted for smaller parks and gardens, and it is seen to the beet advan- tage when 20 to 30 feet high ; it then forms a compact pyramid, as regular as if cut by the gar- dener's knife. Up to this size the six or eight main branches become so procumbent as to touch the ground, and to throw out roots. When this is accomplished, the apices of the branches begin to grow upright ; the branches now become indepen- dent plants, grow luxuriantly, while the main-stem of the old tree, year by year, grows more slowly, till it dies, while a whole colony of young plants is formed around it. There are wonderful examples of this in the Wilhelmshohe as well as in the Karlsane Park, the trees here figured just showing the first signs of this process. C. Wissenbaeh, Cassel. [Our correspondent obligingly sent speci- mens, which we recognised as the ordinary Black Spruce of N.E. America, and in this we were con- firmed by the opinion of Prof. Sargent, who was present at the time. The epithet "Mariana," used as a varietal name, is only a synonym. Ed.]. LiNNEAN Society.— An Evening meeting will be held on Thursday, January 21, at 8 p.m., and the following papers will be read : 1, " Additional notes on the Tick Pest in Jamaica," by D. Morbis, M.A., F.L.S. ; 2, " On the Development of Caoutchouc, containing cells of Eucommia ulmoidee, Oliver," by F. E. Weiss, F.L.S. ; 3, " On the Lichens of Manipur," by Dr. Jean Mcller. United Horticultural Benefit and Provi- dent Society. —The last quarterly meeting of the year was held at the Caledonian Hotel on the evening of Monday, January 11, Mr. Nathan Cole in the chair. Nine new members were elected, bringing the benefit membership to 423. Four new honorary members joined during the year, bringing the number of these up to 55. Sickness has been very prevalent, seven members being on the funds at the present time, and four deaths have occurred during the year. The committee earnestly ask the co-operation of the members in inducing others in the profession to join this very useful society. The annual meeting will take place on Monday evening, March 14, at 8 o'clock. The Production of Camphor in For- mosa.— For some time past it has been stated that, in consequence of the great demand for Camphor in the manufacture of smokeless powder, the supply has been decreasing, and fears have been entertained lest the Camphor trees should become extirpated. Referring to the supply of Camphor from Formosa, a correspondent to the ^ew York Shipping List entirely refutes the fears that have been thus enter- tained. He says : — " The trees in the island of For- mosa are numbered not by the hundreds of thousands, but by the million. At the present time there is enough Camphor in Formosa to supply all Christen- dom for a century, yet, notwithstanding these facts, the output of the entire island in 1890 was only about 60 tons. The Camphor expert selects a tree, and scrapes into the trunk in different places, using an instrument somewhat resembling a rake, with teeth of curved, gouge-shaped edges, that cut pulling. This scoops out the wood in little cres- cent-shaped chips. A tree is not considered to be worth anything for Camphor purposes until it is fifty years old. The yield of a tree is unequal, being greater in and about the roots than higher up the trunk." The Emigrants' Information Office has drawn up the following items of information on the prospects of emigration to the Colonies and to South America at the present time. The ordinary emigrant without means should not go to Canada during the winter, bnt should be prepared to arrive in April, when the busy season commences. In New South Wales, Victoria, and to a lees extent in South Australia, harvest prospects are favourable, and farm and station hands are in some demand, but mechanics are not wanted, except in a few districts. The Queensland Government have withdrawn their assisted passages, and free, nominated or indented passages can be obtained now only by farm labourers, ploughmen, gardeners, and female servants. A Government Labour Bureau has been lately opened in the Colony. There is no demand for mechanics, and many carpenters, plumbers, and general labourers have been out of work. Western Aus- tralia offers free and reduced passages to certain classes of emigrants. Work there has been much brisker than for some time past, and there is still a demand for a limited number of farm labourers, men in the building trades, miners, and labourers on railways and public works. In Tasmania the chief demand is for miners, farm labourers, and a few country blacksmiths; the new silver mines at Zeehan, on the West Coast, have given employment to considerable numbers of miners, railway navvies, and small traders. New Zealand still fails to attract as many emigrants as might be expected from its great agricultural, pastoral, and mineral resources, and its excellent climate, and some settlers have lately been leaving the colony. In various distiicts, however, there is still a demand for farm and station hands, and for miners. Cape Colony and Natal offer reduced passages to mechanics, female servants and others, for whom there is still a limited demand. In all the above-mentioned Colonies there is a demand for small capitalists, farmers, fruit growers, and female servants ; and in most of them any competent workman with a little money should obtain work, even in the absence of any special demand. There is no opening at present in Mashonaland for ordinary labourers or artisans, and the journey up country, especially during the present rainy season, is expensive, and not without danger ; the Port of Beira is unhealthy, and the route by that port has been notified as at present imprac- ticable. Persons are again most strongly warned not to go to Brazil, where many cases of destitution have lately occurred among British emigrants, and yellow fever has been prevalent. The present con- ditions of the Argentine Republic also are unfavour- able to British settlers. Branch offices are now organised at Bradford, Yorks, Bury St. Edmunds, Cardiff, Devizes, Hereford, Glasgow, Leamington, Liverpool, and Reading, mostly in connection with Free Public Libraries, and where all information can be obtained ; also at the Emigrants' Information Office, 31, Broadway, Westminster, S.W. A Nev^ Tying Material.— Under the name of "Taroba," the proprietor of McArthur's Nursery, Maida Vale, London, W., imported a new material for tying plants, and the trial having been satis- factory, it is resolved to use nothing else there for that purpose. It is a product of Mauritius, and its qualities, as alleged, are, that it is the cheapest, handiest, and most durable thing ever introduced to use for the purpose, as it stands wet or drought equally well. So far as we can judge by inspection of the material, and the ties made with it a long time ago, it is worthy of a trial on a large scale. Ascot and District Chrysanthemum Society.— Mr. Fred. J. Patton, Hon. Sec, informs us that the Chrysanthemum show of the present year of the above will be held on Tuesday and Wednesday, November 2 and 3. The Clove Tree at Zanzibar.— With re- ference to the recent alterations in the Zanzibar Clove trade, which has attracted some attention in the daily press, it would seem that the declaration of the duty to be levied on the Clove, would apply to all the organs of inflorescence, as buds, flower- stems, fruits, seeds, &c. What the object of the measure can be, seems to be unknown, unless it is either to increase the value of other parts of the Clove plant besides the buds, or contrariwise, to dis- courage the exportation of all other parts except the buds. National Rose Society. — An adjourned meeting of the General Committee of the above will be held, by kind permission of the Horticultural Club, at their Rooms, Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, Westminster, on Tuesday, the 19th inst., at 3 o'clock. The following matters will receive attention, viz., the Chester schedule, dates and time of Committee meetings, and other business. The Blackheath and Lewisham Horti- cultural Society.— The twenty-fourth annual meeting of the above Society was held at the Institute, Lee, on Monday evening last, the chair 82 THE GARDE NEB 8' CHRONICLE. [Januaet 16, 1892. being taken by Mr. Nettlefold, in the absence of the President, Mr. John Penn, M.P. There was a good attendance of members. The Treasurer, Mr. M. N. Buttanshaw (Chairman of Committees), and Vice - Presidents were unable to attend, owing to an accident and other causes. The fol- lowing gentlemen were elected as new Vice- Presidents : — Rev. S. Bickersteth, M.A. (Vicar of Lewisham), E. Escombe, Esq. ; and Dr. H. C. Burton. New Patron :— The Dean of Rochester. The Hon. and Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Lichfield (late Vicar of Lewisham) has kindly consented to remain a patron of the Society). Several Votes of Thanks were passed, including the Special Prize givers. Treasurer, President, Mrs. Penn (for the use of her grounds). Auditors, Press, retiring Committee, the Secretary, Mr. C. Helmer, and his Assistant, Mr. A. Helmer. The balance of £27 is. 8|ci. has been obtained, in spite of bad weather, at the annual exhibition. The dates for the exhibition this year are July 7 and 8. The Rosery. BRIAR STOCKS FOR STANDARDS. "R. D." very seasonably ciUed attention to this important matter at p. 33a, vol. x., of the Gardeners' Chronicle. There are few more important within the entire range of gardening. For notwithetanding the abuses and ridicule that have been heaped on standard Roses, they still survive, and are likely to do so, if for no other or better reason, assuredly for this, that they bring the Roses to within easier reach of our enjoyment. Neither as a matter of fact do standard Rjses run naturally into mops, however persistently skilled writers trundle them in that direction ; on the contrary, very many of them, in spite of the strong set of the tide of fashion against them, insist on evolving into things of beauty and joys for a good many years, though not for ever. But 1 am anticipating. I mean to write of stocks, the bases, and not of the finished standard Rose and its beauty and usefulness in the garden. " R. D." attributes most of the losses'among Briars to drought, and I largely agree with him, though hardly with the reasons he assigns, differing from those who attribute the mortality of their stocks during the closing summer to the severities of the previous winter. He triumphantly asks, if the cold could kill twenty, thirty, fifty out of a hundred— why not all ? Why, indeed, but the same query may with equal or greater pertinence be put as regards dryness at the roots, for it is conceivable that Briars in heaps may partially protect each other from cold but their roots in the air would be equally and alike dried. The best antidote to both lies in the early collection and prompt plant- ing of Briars for budding. "R.D.'s" illustration of September collection, though probably a month too early — is opportune and important, as pointing to the importance of, say, October planting. The soak- ing of dry roots before planting was a practice held in high esteem by the older cultivators. The prac- tice of puddling, now almost fallen into disuse, the object of which was to make the mud and water stick longer to the roots, was almost universal in the olden times. Thrusting in the pond, doubtless, also revived the parched roots on the Briars, a question that is assuming there were any fibres to revive. Bat the latter is the mystery of mysteries about Briars for budding. They have a hardy stem, but no roots proper, and the marvel is to me not that so many perish, but that any live. How to enlarge the percentage of the living, and reduce that of the dead or dying, I have found nothing so useful as early selection and prompt planting. I may also remark in passing, thatour Briars never grew more vigorously nor showed fewer deaths than last summer. This goes a long way to prove that it could hardly be the cold that killed them elsewhere. But my chief object in writing of stocks now is to emphasise the importance of early planting. Vir- tually they are rootless, and the early autumn is the time when the root production reaches its maximum power, in stem, sucker stem, or root stock. Hence the wisdom of utilizing this power through early planting, and planting where the stock is to remain for budding. The waste of root-producing force and energy through inlaying and future disturbance is incalculable, and responsible for twenty-five per cent, of the losses that occur among Briars. By planting early in their permanent quarters, all such losses will be avoided. And, besides, the aver- age vigour and strength of the Briar will be greatly raised, and the number of their roots multiplied. After October the root-producing power becomes more feeble, sinking to a minimum, perhaps, in January and February. Spring - produced roots, again, are less fibrous as well as less numerous than those produced in the early autumn. Rosa. Cultural Notes, THYRSACANTHUS RUTILANS. This old occupant of the stove is, of all plants that bloom during the winter and early spring months, the most graceful and beautiful, and one peculiarly adapted for indoor decoration. As a table plant, its tubular blooms suspended on long, thread-like stalks, that spring from the top of the stem, show to great advan- tage on a white cloth by artificial light. Three or more plants grouped on a small table make a pretty object in the drawing-room, or when stood on wall- brackets ; in fact, any elevated position is good. Considering the ease with which it may be grown, and the length of time it lasts in bloom, Thyrsacan- thus rutilans is just one of those plants that should find a place in every collection of [stove plants, how- erer choice. We strike the cuttings in the month of March, placing them singly in thumbs in a brisk bottom-heat, and when rooted, they are potted into large GO's, and finally into 48's and 32'8. When 6 inches high, the tops are pinched out, when three or four branches form. Although a stove plant, it grows well in a common frame during the summer months. A compost of loam and leaf-mould in about equal proportions, with sufficient silver-sand to promote good drainage, and the potting done firmly, suits its needs. It should be afforded soot- water and Clay's Fertiliser occasionally. D. Elkins, Tremshury House, Cirencester. Akalias. Few plants have a higher value as decorative subjects than the stove and greenhouse Aralias, and more especially is this so as regards the stove kinds ; for what can be more elegant, graceful, and beautiful than A. Veitchii gracillima, with its palmately divided leaves and narrow segments, so richly- coloured with bronzy-green above and reddish be- neath ? A. Veitchii has long been a favourite with gardeners, and is held in much esteem for the em- bellishment of dinner tables, for which purpose it is exceedingly useful, and is only rivalled by the more narrowly-divided foliaged ones mentioned above. A. elegantissima is likewise a handsome plant, that grows with an erect stem, and has long slender petioles of a dark green shade, speckled with white, the leaves being palmate, and divided into narrow segments, which are serrate at the edges. A. Guilfoylei has pinnate leaves made up of leaflets, varying from five to seven, and these are broadly margined with creamy white, which renders the plant exceedingly ornamental and telling. A. Guil- foylei is a very free-growing variety, strikes readily from cuttings, and it is therefore often employed or used for a stock to graft others on. All the Aralias referred to like a brisk stove heat, and should be potted in sharp sandy soil mixed with leaf-mould or peat, and if kept clean in their foliage they are sure to do well. The chief insect that afft^cts them is the thrip, which if not destroyed or got rid of immediately it appears, very quickly disfigures the leaves, and renders the plants quite unfit for use. Tobacco smoke is the sa'est and best remedv, as sponging the leaves, unless it be carefully done, injures them ; but, if carried out properly, brightens and improves its appearance. A. Sieboldii is a greenhouse kind, and in favoured spots is sufficiently hardy to live out-of-doors, where, if planted in a sheltered place, it forms a noble and striking object, so fine and bright are its leaves. As a pot plant, too, it is very useful, young seeding^ of from two to four years old being the most serviceable, as they have fresh healthy foliage almost down to the base of the stems. The variegated form, A. Sieboldii variegata, is almost equally enduring, and a more choice thing, as its leaves are broadly marked or margined with creamy white, which, contrasted with the deep glossy green, is very rich looking. Un- fortunately, this variety keeps somewhat scarce, as it has to be propagated or increased by cuttings or portions of root ; but by heading an old plant back, it soon makes fresh shoots from the sides. J. S. Home Correspondence. TECHNICAL EDUCATION. — Now that a great impetus has been given to the cultivation of fruit in this country, with the Allotments Act in force, and the Small HoldingsBill— to the passing of which thousands are looking forward with great expecta- tions— promised, I am sorry to see such a damper put on the so-called technical education as that of the letter from the Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew to the Vice-Chairman of the Middlesex County Council, which was published in the issue of the 2nd, as it is, I think, likely to do great harm to the cause of fruit and other small cultures. If allotments and small holdings of land are to be of full use to the persons renting them, as they ought to be, and a great blessing to the whole nation, which must benefit those occupying, or who will occupy the land, must be taught how to make the best use of it, and garden crops afford the means of producing the greatest amount of that kind of food which people in cities and towns stand in the most need of, and yet get so little at present. Mr. Dyer writes as if horticul- ture as a whole hinges on [pot] plant-culture, whereas that is but a very secondary part of it, and if men possess the knowledge of that only, they are of little use in a garden. As to the beneficial effects likely to result by holding classes in horticulture in villages and small towns, everything will depend upon how much "technology" is introduced, and how much practice, the great thing being to make the lessons and teaching as practical as possible by having living trees and branches when fruit culture, pruning, graft- ing, &c., are being treated of, and the same with other subjects all through the courses. This has been the method I have pursued, and I find that the liveliest interest has been excited, and great atten- tion paid, as instead of following by the ear and mind alone, those composing the class I have bad the honour of endeavouring to teach can see the operations or modes, and take the whole in. J, Shep- pard, JVoolvenioiie Park, Ipswich. LECTURES ON HORTICULTURE.— Judging from the tone of various articles in this and in contempo- rary journals, it seems to me that considerable misconception prevails as to the real scope of lectures. It has been asserted " that gardeners must learn their profession in gardens or nurseries, and that no man can hope to learn his profession by being lectured at." No one who knows anything of the conditions of gardening will seek to deny this, but neither will anyone with a true conception of the matter ever imagine that horticultural lecturers will ever be required to work under such absurdly impossible conditions. These lectures are being organised with an entirely different aim in view than that of clashing with practical work, but distinctly to go hand in hand with practice by endeavouring to supply the know- ledge of theoretical facts which underlie the art of gardening, and to systematise to some extent and make available the mass of facts which a gardener, if he means to reach any status other than that of a mere labourer, must assimilate. Further, some writers have ridiculed entirely the idea of teaching a gardener anything whatever besides what he can pick up in a garden by bis unaided intelligence. This must appear an utter absurdity to the great majority of the gardening community. If a man had to be simply a hewer of wood and drawer of water Janhaey 16, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 83 throughout his career, then there might be some truth in the statement, but it is obvious that some of the young men of to-day must in the future fill important and responsible positions, and surely in such positions men cannot but be benefited by possessing a know- ledge of many things, which, though they had been ever so desirous to attain, they could not have acquired in the usual course of training in a garden. Take such subjects as elementary Latin, plan- drawing, or botany. These subjects cannot be taught to gardens rj in the gardens where they are receiving their practical training, nor have the majority of youths who select gardening as a profession any knowledge of them previously, yet they are of the utmost importance. Certainly lecturers on horticulture do not profess to teach Latin, nor can they give their students a complete course of plan-drawing or botany, yet they can readily impart much valuable infjrmation on the principles of landscape gardening, the fertilization of flowers, principles of propagation, &c., enough to give men, at least, an intelligent conception of the subject to stimulate effort, and prepare the way for fuller knowledge. Krcelsior. THE EDUCATION OF GARDENERS —I have read with great interest, and 1 am entirely of the same opinion as your correspondent " Hopeful," in a recent issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle, that the induce- ments now held out to gardeners and others who are connected with the trade are inadequate as an inducement to study necessary to make them masters of their business. In nine cases out of ten the wages offered in any branch of the trade are only just enough to live upon; and it is very'often the case that ignorant and uneducated men get a situa- tion simply because they have induential friends who will recommend them, thus excluding the more experienced man, and this is more so among persons not engaged in the horticultural trade. I will take, for instance, the wage of an ordinary mechanic, which is from 30s. to £2 a week ; now I consider that a gardener has a great deal more to learn and study than a mechanic, and yet he receives about one-half the wages of one. The same also with young men who are engaged in nurseries, who, as a rule, only receive 18s. a week. If £1 is paid, it is con- sidered very handsome. There is a great drawback in the nursery branch, owing to the number of Germans who come over, and who are able, by reason of their great frugality, to work for next to nothing. I have had about thirteen years' experience in the trade, and have done almost everything, from crock- ing pots to keeping a set of books, and I have during that time come in contact with men of all branches of the profession, and the universal opinion is that the pay is not enough to encourage and allow of advantage being taken of the various means of scientific education in horticulture now available. Shopman. On this subject, my ideas are altogether different from your correspondent " Hopeful," p. ti20, vol. X., of the Gardeners' Chronicle, who seems to have written in a desponding frame of mind. True, education is of great importance to us all, for the time is near when even the lowest grade of workmen will possess it ; but, even then, those who have made influential friends, and can secure the benefit of their assistance, will then, as now, succeed the best; and at this, none will complain but those who have never been able to make a friend with influence. "Hopeful" says that gardener's situations are secured not by merit but by favour, a statement at variance with my experience, and one which casts an unjust aspersion upon all who take an acti"e interest in recommending gardeners for situa- tions. I know Messrs. Dicksons of Chester, and believe Messrs. Veitch of Chelsea, will not enter the name of an under or a head gardener on their books, with the object of finding either a situation, before they are assured that their characters will bear investiga- tion, and their experience is of a st.indard to make them worthy of patronage. Further, I venture to predict that if " Hopeful " can produce recommenda- tions to prove that he possesses one-half of those qualifications he says he does, a nurseryman will soon be found who will give his case a very favourable consideration. Notwithstanding the value of education, 1 would advise young gardeners to concentrate their efforts somewhat, for being a pro- ficient in a few subjects is unquestionably better than to attempt to master many, and not succeed in doing so. Yet I admit I fail to realise how any man, positively possessed of such varied and high- class qualifications, could do other than rise above his brethren. Although education is becoming every year of more importance, young gardeners cannot do better than first to acquire the art of cultivating all the productions of a garden, for without this knowledge no other will be of much avail to raise them even to a comfortable position in their profession. Thonuis Ihid, Woodcote, Newport, Salop, CHARRED REFUSE. —Last winter there was, in the Gardeners' Chronicle, a controversy going on respecting the properties of charred refuse and burnt earth, and in my opinion more may be advan- tageously said upon the subject. Last year I tried various experiments with charred refuse, with results more or less satisfactory. A trial of it on outdoor Tomatos showed, that with these plants its effects were good. When we planted out the Tomatos, about half the plants were placed in a good quantity of this material, with the result that we had plenty of ripe fruit in the autumn, in spite of much rain and dull weather, and onwards to Christmas from partly ripe fruits cut oft' and ripened indoors. Those planted on the same aspect (south-west) without charred refuse, failed completely, scarcely ripening a fruit, besides growing much to leaf. I used the materials with the soil in which Strawberries were grown in pots, but affording less of it. I have found that it answers admirably for early forcers, but in the case of Strawberries late forced, I have dis- continued its use, as red-spider seemed to attack them very freely before the crop had finished. The burnt earth may or may not have been the cause of this trouble. Another case which deserves notice was that of an early batch of Cinerarias, when at their final shift about 30 per cent, of charred material was used for about half the number of plants ; and, as a matter of fact, these are now in full bloom, while those plants which got no burnt refuse, the treat- ment being exactly the same in both cases, will not be in flower for one month or six weeks. This strengthens the argument of those who hold that the use of this substance hastens the flowering period of plants, and tends to the early ripening of the fruits of the Tomato. G. B. Clai/don, Holbeohs Park, Hadlcigh. EXPERIMENTS WITH NECTARINE ANO PEACH TREES. — A large tree, about eighteen years old, of Kivers' Elruge Nectarine had been early forced for several years, and did not fruit satisfactorily, chiefly owing to its position in the house, where but very little sun reached it. Eventually the foliage was attacked by the "silver leaf disease " on some of its lower branches, and it was determined to replace it with a younger tree. The tree accordingly was lifted on October 28, 18'JO, and temporarily laid- in with its roots just covered with soil near some tall trees; here it remained until February 9, 1891, enduring all the severe weather, including 32° of frost on one occasion without any protection what- ever. While re-arranging another house, I found room for one more tree, and having only the above specimen .it hand, it was decided to give it one more trial. With this intent, the lower branches which were diseased were cut off, and found to be dead in the centre. The head was considerably reduced, and the tree planted in the vacant space on February 9 ; it flowered very freely in the month of March, and set a heavy crop of fruit. The fruits were left at about 9 inches apart all over the tree, and ripened well, although they were rather small, and more fruit by far was carried than in all the previous six years, thus proving that Nectarines will stand severe frosts without any injury if the wood be perfectly ripened. Up to this date I have seen no more of the "silver- leaf disease," although traces of this malady may etiU remain in the main branches to reappear at some future time. To fill up tlie vacancy in the early house when this tree was removed, I selected a nice tree of Crimson Galande Peach, about six years old from the bud, which had been grown in alatelVach- house without fire-heat. The tree bad not begun to shed its leaves when it was removed on October .30, 1S90, and when the house was closed for forcing on November 18, a quantity of green leaves were still to be found upon it. Owing to the unripe state of the wood at the time, I did not expect that it would fruit that season ; in this, however, I was deceived, and although some of the flower-buds dropped, as did those of other trees in the house which had been forced early for several years, it ripened a heavy crop. Judging from this instance alone, it would seem to be unnecessary to have the trees at rest before beginning to force Ihem. W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford. PRUNING, ANO THE CANKER IN FRUIT TREES. — I read with much interest the remarks of Mr. Hudson and Mr. G. Woodward, in your issues of January 2 and 9, at pp. 20 and b'A respectively, con- cerning the pruning of fruit trees, in which I notice Mr. Woodward's treatment of fruit trees coin- cides with that of Mr. Hudson, and the results obtained are the same. What induces me to write, however, is, that my experience in regard to pruning and canker is the reverse of that of both your corre- spondents. I have a plot of land planted with fruit trees — mostly pyramidal Apple and Pear trees, which are planted rather closely, and consequently I was obliged to prune rather severely; but not being satis- fied with the crops of fruit produced, I determined to give a portion of the trees more space, and allow their branches to extend. I selected six Apple and six Pear trees for the experiment, and pruned them very sparingly for two successive seasons; the con- sequence was, that those trees became very much affected with canker, more especially the Pear trees and Lord Sullield Apple — so much so, that in pruning during the winter of 1S89 many of their branches had to be cut back into the old wood, and the can- kered portions of the main stem of the trees dressed. This season those trees proved almost fruitless, but they have made nice clean growths of young wood, and the canker is disappearing. Possibly the nature and composition of the soil (mine is stiff loam) in which fruit trees are planted have much to do with the amount of pruning required in the different localities or zones. J. Charlton, Farnley Grove Gar- dens, Corbridf/c-on- Tyne, HEAT FOR VINE BORDERS. — A few years ago it was the common practice to afford heat to "Vine borders of houses that had 'Vines in to be forced, the general way being to pile fermenting materials consisting of leaves and stable-dung, which in the most cases did more harm than good, as the weight of it consolidated the soil, e.xciuded the air, and held an excess of moisture in the soil, rendering it unfit to support healthy growth after a time. Others again, where e.xpense was no object, went in for placing hot-water pipes in vaults, channels, or gutters below, and I remember seeing some very fine and highly-coloured Muscats shown, I think, from Deep- dene, near Dorking, many years ago, that were produced and grown under thsit system ; but expe- rience has proved that it was not worth following, and I do not suppose that any borders are now to be found that are wanned in that way. The con- sensus of opinion among the more advanced gar- deners now is that artificial bottom-heat is un- necessary ; but though that is so, it is verv important to conserve what is in the ground by aft'ording the border a very light covering, The best material for the purpose is freshly fallen leaves, and if they can be held in position by corrugated iron roofing, old lights, sail-cloth fastened down, or anything of that kind to ward oiF rain and snow, the border and roots will be kept in a snug healthy state. The proper time to apply the leaves and cover up an early 'Vine border in the way referred to, is, as soon as leave.^ can be raked together in the autumn, as the earth is still warm, and the leaves are good non-conductors. Short litter or half-rotted leaves are very good for later vinery borders, and the visible stems of Vints should be protected with something or other, as when sap is moving, frost often does much harm, and should be kept out of the borders and away from the stems outside the vinery wall. Horse- droppings, or short stable-dung, may be used on 'Vine borders with good eff'ect, if not overdone ; and it is excellent to leave on or apply as a summer mulching, as it is light, loose, and open, and does not, therefore, unduly obstruct the passage of air, which is almost as essen- tial to the soil and roots as it is to the tops. This fact proves how opposed to the well-being of a Vine is a mass of hot manure spread over its roots, sealing the soil against the ingress of air, and which it takes long exposure to sweeten or improve. ./. /S. WALLFLOWER SEED.— Whilst the present ex- ceeding scarcity of Wallflower seed is undoubtedly largely due to the severity of the previous winter, it is equally certain that much of the scarcity arises also from the attacks of a kind of mould or lungus, which most seriously harms seed-vessels arid plants, especially in damp seasons. This fungus has become very prevalent in the well-known Wallflower district of West Middlesex, where hundreds of acres of plants are grown for the production of bloom. The year preceding the last, the stock of seed had betn grov.'iug less in bulk and deteriorated in quality, because so much of it was imperfectly matured, as 84 THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Janttaet 16, 1892. well as being discoloured. It seems now almost obvions that to secure at once good seed and a good class of strain, it will be needful for the market growers of Wallflowers of the true blood-red type, to charter some one resident in a warm dry part of the country to grow the stocks specially for them. The flowers do not suffer so much as the seed-pods, as the attack of the fungus commences with the decay of the blooms. It is the practice of the large growers to save a number of the plants of the best dark variety for seed, cutting the flowers of all the rest, and it has happened that in such case no seed has resulted, and the grower of 20 acres, perhaps, of plants, has after all had to buy from some more fortunate neighbour. Of course, in a locality where no other Wallflower is grown it is more easy to keep a stock pure than healthy, especially on the strong Middlesex clay. Wallflowers are almost naturally drought-loving plants, and prefer a gravelly soil. For seed production, seed should not be sown till May, whereas market growers sow in March. The fungus passes from the seed- vessels down the stems, blackening and killing the plants absolutely. A. D. [In all these cases of decay caused by mould, the sulphate of copper solution might be tried with success, partial or com- plete, according to the time that bad elapsed before dressing the plants, and the extent or degree of the attack of the fungus. Ed ] BRUSSELS SPROUTS.— There seems to exist in the minds of those who market in a small way at this time of the year the impression that a Savoy Cabbage, for instance, is more profitable to purchase than is the same value of Brussels Sprouts. It does not often perhaps occur to those persons to test the relative quantities of produce after these respective members of the Cabbage tribe are cooked and served to table ; the result is, however, in favour of the Brussels Sprouts, for the waste is trifling, whilst as compared with the Cabbage, the comparison is all Lombard Street to a China Orange. Brussels Sprouts have proved to be a capital as well as a most profitable crop, so far, this winter. The weather has done them no harm, the frost has not been so severe as to in- fluence flavour, and the demand has been truly enormous. Market growers, as well as vegetable consumers, owe a debt of gratitude to Brussels Sprouts. A. D. TALL TREE OF LOUISE BONNE PEAR.— In your issue of the 2Qd inst , Mr. Hudson, in bis remarks on Apples and Pears, says of the above variety, " Upon one tree the fruit was scabby ; it is a tall one, and much exposed — so tall, in fact, that we had to cut off its top, and that may have had something to do with this failing." The cutting off its top may be put aside ; but the fact that the tree is tall and exposed is significant. The roots will be found far down in the gravel, and perhaps nothing contributes so much to the spotting and cracking of Pears as having the roots in an uncongenial subsoil. Will Tayler, Hampton, Middlesex. PELARGONIUMS AT BOWOOD.— At Bowood at the present time Mr. Nelson has, in a large house, a very good lot of the above in flower, nothing being so much appreciated at Bowood as large masses of scarlet, pink, and white. Amongst some of the best noticed were Mr. W. E. Glad- stone, Dr. Orton, Queen of the Belgians, Silver Queen, Madame Quillame, Constance, Souvenir rie Margude, W. H, Cannell, Aurora Borealis, and Henri Jacoby. All of these bore splendid trusses, and very fine pips. I also observed a number of Meg Morrilies, which Mr. Nelson values very much ; Carew Underwood was also in very good condition for the season. W. A. C. ANGR/ECUM SESQUIPEDALE. — To correct an error in the notes ou Orchids at Davenham in a recent Gardeners' Chronicle, in speaking about Angrfecum sesquipedale, it is stated that I once flowered a spike with thirteen flowers on it, but should read " a plant with thirteen flowers on it." Perhaps readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle may remember Mr. Sander recording the same fact in these columns a few years ago, but he there said twelve flowers, which he admitted was a mistake when he saw the account, as he counted the thirteen flowers. Of course, a plant with so many flowers on it is rarely seen. Abraham Bradshaw. CHRYSANTHEMUMS FOR EXHIBITION AND USE- FULNESS.— May I be allowed a word or two ou this important subject, which I hope will find favour with some of the many readers of this paper. In no few cases do we find trained specimens condemned on the ground of their presenting a too formal appearance. Now, I would ask all my intelligent brethren of the craft, which looks the most formal, plants grown in 8-inch pots with two mop-like blooms, or plants grown in 11-inch pots, dwarf- trained, with say fifty blooms of fair size. In my humble opinion, Chrysanthemum societies ought to give greater encouragement to specimen plants, and much less to cut-flowers, which have very little value except upon the show tables. Such large blooms are costly to produce, and when they are produced, I think it cruel to treat them in such a manner. Not so with the trained plant, which has much besides to recommend it. At the exhibition it has an imposing effect, and at home it is none the less effective. Supposing we have a stage to brighten up in the conservatory, say 12 feet by 3 feet, it will take about seventy plants in 8-inch pots, which must be grown of various heights, to enable the gardener to arrange them nicely, and you cannot mix other plants with them when grown in this manner. Now we will look again at the specimen plant, and see what we can do with it. It will take four nice trained plants to fill the same space, and, if the colours are well-assorted, and a few Primulas and Maidenhair Ferns added, it will be admitted that the latter is the more pleasing etf-'Ct ; and there is, moreover, a saving of 10s. in pots alone, to say nothing of labour in potting, watering, and carrying about. J. A. ARSENIC IN AMERICAN APPLES.— The daily press is taking up this subject, and apparently endeavouring to produce a "scare "as baseless and imaginary as scares generally are. It is represented that American Apple growers are in the habit of syringing the fruit with arsenic and other deleterious compounds, which render it poisonous. There will not be many of your constant readers who will not smile at these statements, as they will be aware that the syringing is applied to the leaves before the fruit is set, and that consequently no harm can accrue to the latter. That the English fruit sent to market compares disastrously with the fruit sent from America. Canada, and Nova Scotia might, and one would think must, some day lead our home growers to study the why and the wherefore. When they do, they will probably find that in the syringing (now so much animadverted) lies the secret of success. J. B. Thomas. HOW TO MAKE THE BEST OF TEN ACRES IN FRUIT CULTURE. The first requisite is the right man, and that man must have the qualifications of a solid business man. To make money in fruit-growing requires business talent, and it is a great mistake to imagine that a person lacking in business ability will ever make a successful fruit cultivator. Next to that business ability he requires a knowledge of the busi- ness he is engaged ia. I will not dwell upon this, although it is a current idea among city people that every man is a born farmer and fruit grower. If you want to find a man who thinks he knows all about agriculture and fruit growing, it will be necessary for you to go in search of him in the centre of some densely-populated city. The men who have followed this business all their lives know very little about it. Although, as I have said, this is a very common idea, it is a mistake. The fruit grower needs a practical knowledge of his business in addi- tion to business qualifications. He also requires pluck, and must be willing to work, and fight weeds eight months of the year. He must hate weeds with an undying hatred, and manifest that hatred every day of the week except Sunday. Having got the right man, the next thing is to locate him in the right place. In the first place I would locate that man near some source of fertilisers. It is necessary to put him near some town or village of con- siderable size, because, to get the best results out of 10 acres, requires no inconsiderable application of fertilisers. I would also have him near a local market. It is rather a difficult thing to make a fortune out of growing fruit and shipping it exclusively to distant markets. I have myself a very deeply-rooted aversion to wearing oat my life in the behalf of express companies and carriers, and com- mission men. Yet that is about the history of our business. The carrying companies and commission men have been making money fast, and we have been getting very little. By being located near a local market, we can very largely get rid of that trouble, but it is seldom that a local market alone is suffi- cient for us, and it is therefore also desirable to be near a good shipping point, one at which there is competition, more than one way of reaching the outside market. From this point, for instance, you have, as a rule, only the steamboat to connect you with Toronto. At the Falls we have a variety of ways : we commonly send our fruit into Toronto, just past your door, as cheap, or even cheaper, than you send yours at the present time. We ship very largely through St. Catharines and Port Dalhousie, and we get it to Toronto just as cheap as the people of Port Dalhousie. Then we have as alternatives this route and the Great Western railway line. It is a great advantage to have a variety of ways of reaching the market. Now, having the right man in the right place, which is near some town or village, you mast have for the next thing the right kind of soil, which is a very essential thing. It is quite possible in a small plot where the soil is not right, to make it right, but it would be rather a large contract to undertake to make 10 acres, not naturally adapted to the requirements of the fruit grower, suitable for them. I think it was Henry Ward Beecher who said he never respected a mountain so much as he did after he had attempted to make one, and I would not advise any one to try and make 10 acres of hard clay or very poor sand or swamp into a fruit farm, because you have to compete with men who have suitable soils for the profit of the business, and to do so with any hope of success, you must start on even terms with them. If you start with a bad soil, the chances are that the business will be a failure as a matter of profit; and, as it is evident that the produce of ten acres of land in fruit culture would be more than a single family would consume, it is as a matter of profit we are con- sidering this question. Now we have the right man in the right place, with the right soil, and he goes to work. Another one thing is this, and in this I have failed, though I generally try to practice what I preach : if you are not able to fertilise ten acres properly, sell five and fertilise the other five. Fruit growing requires a great deal of manure, and it is my experience that a great many of the artificial fertilisers are a failure ; indeed, I have never yet been able to get 10 dols. back from a 10 dol. expenditure in that line. The preparation of ground for fruit culture is a diSerent thing from preparing it for the ordinary crops. If you wished to secure a good ordinary farm crop of Oats or Barley, you would probably not cultivate very deeply, but with fruit the ground requires to be more deeply and thoroughly worked because the fruit will occupy the same ground year after year, even in the case of Strawberries probably two or three years, and I have neverjyet been able to turn in manure so deeply that these plants would not find it, so you need not be at all alarmed about cultivating too deeply. The soil should be very deeply cultivated and thoroughly worked, and all the weeds eradicated as far as possible before planting. In planting Rasp- berries, Gooseberries, and Currants, plant in squares, so that you can cultivate crosswise. Easpberries you put 5 to 6 feet asunder, and about 4 feet in the row, so you can cultivate both ways. With Gooseberries and Currants you may plant closer — it will depend on the richness of the soil ; but, as far as possible, get cross-cultivation, by which you will find the expense of cultivation very much reduced, and the results will be better. In some cases, of course, you plant in rows. At the outset, you can plant a vegetable crop between your Gooseberries, Currants, and Easpberries, or Grapes. In Grapes J am favour- able to the idea of making the rows somewhat wider asunder, by which you can get through readily with a waggon with manure, and you can utilise the space between by getting a crop early in the season, because some vegetables will be allowable in the case Januart 16, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, 85 we are speaking of now. In regard to the varieties of fruit to be planted, that will depend very much on the kind of soil you have. If your soil is entirely sandy, you cannot plant so largely of some varieties as you otherwise could. With a sandy soil my crop of Currants would be less, and my Raspberries greater. One of the things that the possessor of ten acres would be very likely to plant at the outset is Strawberries. I would not advise, however, that any one should do what I have frequently seen done, to plant these with a row of Grapes, because there would be a good deal of difficulty in taking the Strawberries out later on. I do not fancy planting them in the rows. To make a success of planting Strawberries, the soil requires to be made very rich. Another crop is Gooseberries. From Currants I have been able to make almost as much per acre as from any other fruit I have ever grown. No matter how cold the weather, you are almost sure of a crop of Currants, although this year I have a very poor one ; but we never and I get the retail prices and my baskets back. I have no baskets or crates lost or stolen. I can pick my berries at ii o'clock in the after- noon, and at 6 o'clock in the evening I am home with the money in my pocket. Black- berries can be sold at good jjrices, and are grown with profit at a few points, but I would not recommend generally the culture of them even on this Niagara peninsula. I have never made a great success of them, but some men have, so it is not for me to say because I have failed with a certain fruit, that no one else will make a success with it ; and I find that other people in other places do succeed. Quinces can be grown on a ten-acre plot ; they can be planted closely, as I stated before, and other things can be grown between while they are young. I would grow Plums also, especially if I had some clay. I have an immense crop on my trees, and I never fail in having a crop of some kind, although mine is sandy soil, on which we have to fight the FlO. 16. — LAOENAEIA TIEQINALI3 : FLOWER AND FHUIT WHITE. get a total failure, and generally get good crops when we give them careful attention, and fight against the worms, which we must do. Just here I may say that I met with a difficulty this year. Hellebore has been the remedy all along, but the hellebore I got this year is so very mild that the Currant worms will be killing the bushes next year. I have planted and grown Raspberries very largely, and make as much money with them as with any fruit. I plant 85 as to cultivate both ways, and I use cultivators with knives. The sucker question is no matter of ditBculty with me. I have been able to get very Urge returns from Raspberries. I find that although you may get more Strawberries to the acre, Rasp- berries will give you 10 or 12 cents a basket as readily as Strawberries will 6, and I have always realised readily with Raspberries. One reason perhaps is, that I compete with our American friends in their own markets. Nearly all the Raspberries I grow are sold in the United States. In that I have the local market I have just been contending for, and in operating the local market I have followed the plan of taking orders from private families, which I can very readily do where I am known ; curculio. I would also grow Fears in a limited area like this. Plums, Pears, and Quinces can be grown where your space is limited, because, by giving the care and cultivation I have spoken of, a great deal can be accomplished in a small space where the land is rich. Now, in dealing with 10 acres, you must remember that you are to be confined to that area, and you must not at once plant the entire area with fruit, because the fruit must be renewed from time to time. One of the secrets of success in small-fruit cultivation is the renewing of your cultivation very frequently ; with Raspberries and Gooseberries perhaps once in seven years, and oftener in the case of Strawberries, and it is always de- sirable to have some space reserved for that pur- pose, which may be used otherwise in the meantime. Anyone who would succeed in the growing of small fruits must be prepared to do an immense amount of cultivation as compared with the ordinary farmer, who puts in his crop of corn or Potatos, and culti- vates it once or twice. I find it necessary to culti- vate my ground twelve or fifteen times a year, and to hoe nearly as often, though hoeing is not necessary so often, because if the ground is rich, the shading of fruits will prevent the growth of weeds. We can keep weeds down very easily where the land is in thorough cultivation. The Secretahy. — Which would you rather have — ten acres of fruit planteil and cultivated in the manner yon have described, or a hundred acres of ordinary farm without any fruit? Mr. MoRDEN.— Well, of late years, farming has been rather a poor business, and it would hardly be fair to make a comparison. It would be a mistake to think that you would get from ten acres of fruit the same profit as from one hundred acres ot ordinary farm land with one-tenth of the expenditure ; but in farming one hundred acres there is a considerable investment for implements and buildings, and it is difficult to get your interest out of it. If you bring that down to ten acres, of course there are a great many advantages. You may do with a less ex- penditure for buildings, &c., and there will probably be less hard, heavy labour, but you must not run away with the idea that jou can do that without expense. The fertilisation, planting, and caring for 10 acres of fruit, so as to get a profit, is going to take considerable. I think it would be well in a 100- acre farm to devote ten acres to fruit; but if I lived 10 or 15 miles from any market I would be sorry to drop 90 acres of it and devote the remaining 10 to fruit. Twenty-second Beport of the Fruit-growers' Association, Ontario. LAGENARIA VIRGINALIS. This is one of the novelties of 1891, introduced into commerce by Messrs. Dammann & Co., seed growers, of San Giovanni, near Naples, and who have kindly furnished us with the figure. It is one of the handsomest varieties of L. vulgaris, with large bottle-shaped fruits, which, contrary to the usual green colour of L. vulgaris, are waxy-white and, being seen from a long distance, form a distinct attraction in a garden. The young fruits are edible, and which, when properly cooked, have a fruity flavour. The large blooms are snow-white, and highly decorative. We publish the illustration as appropriate to that given in our last issue from the Royal Gardens, Kew. Forestry. FORESTRY FOR DEER. The open and propitious weather which we ex- perienced in Great Britain and Ireland during the last autumn was highly suitable for the planting of forest and ornamental trees, and in all cases where the ground is naturally dry, or rendered so by a thorough system of drainage, the work if properly executed cannot fail to prove highly satisfactory. Young plantations, however, should be well protected in the early stages of their growth by efficient fences, to prevent cattle and sheep from entering and brows- ing upon the twigs of the trees, and for want of this precaution, I regret to say many plantations may be found here and there throughout the country that are sadly neglected in this way. The materials used for forming and maintaining fences vary considerably in different parts of the country, so that the planter should exercise his judgment on the spot and act accordingly. I may, however, remark, that in some parts barbed wire has been used for repairing dilapi- dated fences, but as such has proved over and over again to form a source of danger to man and beast, the system should be discontinued. During dry frosty weather the felling and removal of heavy timber should be prosecuted, as the stuff can be re- moved at a cheaper rate when the roads are hard and firm in place of being in a soft muddy condition. During inclement weather when out-door work is at a standstill, the hands can be employed to the best advantage cutting up wood into various sizes of scantlings, boarding, and planking, for estate and other purposes. The stufi" should then be placed in a ahed, open at both sides to admit a free current of air, but roofed on the top to keep it as dry as possible. When the 86 THE GAB DENE US' GEBONICLE. [Jancasj 16, 1892. wood 18 seasoned in this way it seldom contracts black inky spots which is a fungus that lays the foundation for rot and decay. Daring frosty weather, ground should be prepared for spring planting, and in all cases where large sized plants are to be used, capacious pits should be dug to allow the roots to be spread out to their full length in a uniform manner from the base of the stem without crossing each other. I have sometimes had this sort of work done in a very efficient manner by contract. Of course, the cost varies a little according to the size of pits required and the texture of the soil, but pits about 16 Inches wide and one spade deep cost about Is. per 100, but in cases where the subsoil is of a hard, impervious nature the cost is often from Is. Sd. to Is. &d. per 100. Nothing, however, accelerates the healthy and rapid growth of young hardwood plantations like trenching the ground to admit air and heat, by which means the cold dormant particles of the subsoil are converted into food for the roots. I have had this sort of work done by contract at an average rate of about £8 per acre. When the subsoil is of a very hard impervious nature, it should be broken up to the depth of about 20 inches, and in this case the cost of trenching will be rather more. In overhauling and renovating established planta- tions, it is often necessary to make up blanks, where they have occurred by deaths or accident, and in doing so, a good large size of plants or young trees should be used ; and in trenching the ground or digging the pits, care should be taken to remove all old roots and wooden chips from the soil as the work proceeds, in order, as far as possible, to lessen the risk of fungus growths in the soil, which in due time would attack the roots of the'young trees, and cause their death. In this case it is also an advantage to open the pits in early winter, and allow the stuff excavated to lie in a rough state around the edge of the pit, exposed to the influence of the weather, by which means it will become pulverised, cleansed, and sweetened by spring, and in cases where the soil has become exhausted — indeed, I had better say in any case — it is an advantage to add a little fresh soil to the staple to promote the growth of the trees at the start. Old roots, fragments of wood and rubbish should be collected into heaps and burned, and a small quantity of the ashes or charred scoriae mixed with the soil at the spots where the trees are to be planted. This increases the fertility of the soil, and gives porosity, and is a very safe manure for all sorts of trees, including Coniferis. When young trees are planted in proximity to old-established trees, they are apt to suffer damage by the encroachment of the roots of the latter, but in order to prevent this, a deep narrow channel should be cut around the young specimen at a reasonable distance from the stem in order to prevent the roots of the established tree from robbing the stranger of its legitimate food. After the young tree has become established, these channels should be filled up with the stuff excavated. By putting these simple rules into practice, I have been repeatedly successful in establishing fine young trees, to show contrast and variety and improve woodland scenery. Young trees planted in such positions are apt to be peeled and eaten by hares and rabbits, but trees with bare stems may be protected in a cheap and efficient manner by simply placing some small branches in an upright position, about 2 feet high, around the stem, and tying them with a piece of tar twine or willow twig. Trees, however, thiit are feathered from the ground upwards had better be protected by forming a cage of wire netting a reasonable distance from the plant; and should the soil be of a dry light texture, a mulching of Fern or tree leaves will prove bene- ficial. I need hardly say that in many cases it is absolutely necessary to stake and tie the trees to keep them in their proper position until such time as the roots take to the soil. FOEESTET IN 1891. Taking a retrospective view of forestry for the year DOW past, trees and plantations in Great Britain and Ireland, with few exceptions, are in a healthy, progressive condition ; prices of timber, on the whole, have been fairly well maintained, and in some cases the prices realised at public sales for trees of matured growth and good quality have been in excess of the estimated value of the lots, and, as usual, fine sound Larch trees in this re- spect topped the list. I find that good sound Larch, whether in Scotland, England, or Ireland, never fails to command a ready sale and good price ; consequently, planters should keep this in view at the time of forming their new plantations. Par- ticular attention should also be paid to the raising of plants from sound seed of full size collected from trees in perfect health, such as we find in Ireland and some parts of Scotland. Although the cones of the Larch are ripe at this season, yet they should be left upon the trees during winter to be matured by frost, which also loosens the scales to a certain extent and allows the seed to be the more easily extracted. Nature's mode of extracting the seed is by alternate bursts of sun- shine and spring showers, consequently the nearer we can follow her unerring ways iu this respect the more likely are we to attain success. In my early days, the cones of the Scotch Fir in the na\ural forests of Braemar and Glentaner, were commonly collected in the month of February, and past ex- perience and observation tells me to still adhere to that practice. J. B. Webster. FLORISTS' Flowers. TREE CARNATIONS. These are very useful as cut flowers during late autumn and early winter, and a few are even now to ' e had. As kng as the Chrysanthemums last (which this year was up to Christmas, though the quality of ihe flowers at that time was very poor), we were never at a loss for some flowers in almost any colour ; but even in the full flush of the Chrysanthemum bloom. Carnations bate not a jot of their value. Our flowers are brought on in a house with a temperature of 50° to 55°, and the perfume, which is delicious, is retained by the flowers when cut if they are put in a warm room. Some persons fail to recognise the difference between ordinary border Carnations, so called, and the perpetual-flowering or Tree Carnations. The ordinary border Carnation is simply a her- baceous plant, which in its season throws up a flower-stem, furnished with a terminal flower, and a number of lateral stems each terminated by a smaller flower. These may or may not form seed- pods, and at the end of the season the stem dies down, leaving a tuft of growths at its base, technically termed "grass." Each of these growths, • if layered, will form an independent plant, form- ing an increase sometimes as much as twenty-fold. Some varieties are not nearly so productive, and I have known plants which would not form any grass, others only one or two growths. A Tree Carnation throws up a central flower stem exactly as the other does, but instead of the stem dying down, side-growths are produced from it, and the plant will in time form a bush with a central woody stem, and in that state continue to pro- duce flowers all the year round. Many years ago, I tried, with three dozen of plants, to have at least one plant with a flower or flowers upon it every day in the year, and I succeeded. For a large part of the year, we cut a flower every morning. It is this persistent habit of flowering that makes the Tree Carnations so useful ; whereas the ordinary .border varieties, flowering as they do at the very warmest season, soon pass out of bloom. A member of our Carnation and Picotee Society, not aware of the distinctive character of the summer and winter flowering types, enquired how he could get the Carnations to flower in winter ; he added, " I can easily get blooms in July and August." To obtain a succession of flowers it is well to propagate plants from now onwards till the month of April. I put in cuttings of the small side-growths on January 5, and shall not lose more than five per cent. They are planted a dozen or thereabouts in 5-inch pots, which are well-drained, and filled with three parts ordinary potting soil, and about 1 inch at the top consists of finely-sifted yellow loam, one part leaf- mould, and one part white sand ; and on this is laid a very thin layer of sand. The cuttings are put iu at equal distances apart all over the surface of the sand. The best place to propagate Carnations at this early season is the propagating-honse, if a tem- perature of 50° or a little more at night can be afJorded it, the bottom-heat being 85° to 90°. The pots are best plunged under a hand-light,' or in a cutting-frame, as it is necessary that the cut- tings be kept plump until roots are formed, and this is best done by keeping them close. The lights should be removed, and the glass on the inner side wiped every morning, to remove the condensed moisture. It will be found that some varieties form roots more freely than others. The pretty rose-pink variety, Miss Jolifi"e is one of these, and it is also of comparatively dwarf habit, making a nice compact plant by the end of the growing season. When it is seen by the new growth made that the cuttings have roots, all that are in this state should be taken out of the frame, and be placed on a shelf near the glass roof, still in the same place, where they will become well established, and in two weeks afterwards they may be potted singly in small pots. It depends very much upon the treatment these young plants receive in this early stage of their growth, whether or not they will grow into large healthy specimens by the end of the year. In January, February, and March, the weather is usually cold, and young Carnation plants are apt to become drawn in houses where it may even be dan- gerous to admit much fresh air, so that the best position for them is near the glass roof, and not far from the ventilators. Green-fly should be promptly destroyed by dipping the plants in a solution of soft-soap, 3 oz. to 1 gal. of water ; and as soon as the plants have fairly filled the pots with roots, they should he shifted into larger ones. The potting-compost should consist of fibrous loam of good quality, three parts fibrous peat, one part rotted stable-manure, one p-irt of leaf- monld, and a portion of coarse white sand. Any sufficiently open compost might answer, but the above is admirable. The main point in their cul- ture is to keep the plants steadily growing, and to do this eflfectively, they should be gradually inured to the temperature of a cold frame by the end of the month of April, and in a month more the entire col- lection may be turned out-of-doors in a position exposed to the sun at noonday. In hot weather the soil dries up quickly, and the cultivator must be careful not to let the plants suffer from dryness at the root. J. Douglas. PHILADELPHUS MICRO- PHYLLUS. This beautiful new Mexican shrub is the smallest Philadelphus we have, and at the same time the most distinct member of the genus. Although it has not yet been before the public ten years, it has rapidly come to the front, not only for shrubberies, but it makes a remarkably pretty rock plant, which, perhaps, is the best position for it, and especially if a suitable background can be formed for it ; its fragrance is far more agreeable than that of the stronger-growing species. Not being a strong grower, it must not be cut in so hard ; in fact, very little pruning is neces- sary, only the weak shoots from the centre of the plant being removed, so as to allow of a circulation of air through the twigs. Tlie best way to increase the stock is by cuttings taken in August, and made about 3 inches long, leaving a bit of the old wood at the heel, putting them into well-drained cutting- pots of sifted peat, loam, and sand, and making sure January Iti, 1892.1 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 87 that tliey are quite firm at the base ; a good watering overhead should thea be afforded the cuttings, to settlethesoil round them, and the pots plnnged inclose propagating-cases inside the propagating-house, in a temperature of CiO". When roots have formed, the pots should be taken to a more airy position, to harden them off for planting in nursery rows. The soil in which it thrives best is free loam, with a good addition of leaf- mould. In whatever position thi! plant ii placed, it should get plenty of sunlight, so that the shoots will become thoroughly ripened. In appearance it very much resembles the Myrtle ; and its leaves, which are opposite, and of a light greenish colour, are produced very plentifully along the slender shoots (fig. 17) ; the white flowers, which crossing we know full well, two forma being first combined in each of the parents, another cross may obviously conjoin four. Mr. Lowe, however, asserts positively on the strength of his record, that the sowing of four forms together at one operation yielded a number of offspring which demonstrated the fertilisation of one archegonium or female cell by spermatozoids engendered upon three prothalli other than that which carried the mother cell in question. This upsets not only the general belief, based upon the observations of such botanists as Sum- inski, Ilofmeister, Mettenius, and others, that a single apermatozoid suflices to fertilise the ovum or mother cell.butalsothatof the difficulty of transference of the spermatozoids from one prothallus to another. Since, ^^ Fig. 17. — philacjelphos microphtllus. (see p. 86.) measure half an inch to three-quarters of an inch across, are borne singly towards the top of the branches very freely, and are useful for cutting. MULTIPLE PARENTAGE IN FEEXS. Ma. E. J. Lowk's very interesting article in your issue of September 19, and his equally interesting collection of the plants therein alluded to which was exhibited at the Drill Hall, Westminster, on the 8th, merits the very special attention of all con- noisseurs of Ferns, whether British or exotic, as well as that of hybridisers generally. Though it is diffi- cult for the biologists to accord full credence to the multiple parentage of the plants described and shown, no doubt can exist in the minds of those who are familiar with the very marked parental forms employed, that many of the offsprings bore the salient features of three or four of those forms combined. That such combinations can be obtained by a double however closely the spores may lie, the resulting pro- thalli must either have room for their roothairs to reach the soil or perish, and these roothairs consequently isolate that portion of the prothallus from which they spring from any other; while the rest or broader portion of the prothallus, on the other hand, if crowded by its neighbours, grows more or less upright, and consequently as this bears the mother cell or cells in its sinus, an appreciable gap obviously must exist between such cell or cells and the neigh- bouring prothalli behind and before. The best chance of cross-fertilisation is, therefore, from the sides. When, however, we have a fourfold cross, three neighbours must contribute their infjuerce, and this implies such a heterogeneous and broadcast scattering of spermatozoids that could only be brought about by a general flood represented by a copious overhead watering at a critical period. Clearly, if the spermatozoids can only travel in moisture (of which more anon), and do so normally in the dew-like humidity which, under congenial conditions, is always seen upon the undersides of the prothalli, they could not cross a gap, however small, and therefore self-fertilization can only take place under normal conditions. If, however, a drenching shower happens, ^ve can easily see that any travelling spermatozoids might be swept away ; and, considering the great number produced by each prothallus, the water would probably be swarming with them, in which case all that would be needed for a multiple cross would be a greater receptivity on the i)art of the archegoia than that with which they have hitherto been credited. Incidentally, I may point out that such receptivity is further implied by Mr. Lowe's observation, that from these mixed sowings he " never " gets forms true to any one of the parents, which means either that every archegonium is cross- fertilised, or that the parental forms yield diverse progeny without any crossing whatever, which we know to be the case in many instances, and of which he gives no contrary evidence. The natural expec- tation, however, would be that such a flooding as described would carry the bulk, if not all, of the spermatozoids straight into the soil, to avoid which, the surface, at any rate, must be somewhat retentive. So far, I think, then, we have arrived logically at two points for the guidance of would-be hybridists— Istly, that a volume of water is needed when the antheridium is bursting, to ensure cross-fertilisation; and, secondly, that a loamy surface would give a better chance than the open one of broken pot- material frequently used. Probably, however, the best plan of watering would be to immerse the pots for a short time in warmish water, so that it oozes upwards through the soil, and just reaches the pro- thalli. The spermatozoids under such circumstances would be free to travel abroad as far as their loco- motive vigour permitted, and would not be imme- diately sucked into the yawning chasms of the soil beneath. The difficulty of systcmatising research into this question of multiple parentage is increased by the impossibility of identifying the prothalli of the different varieties, those even of different species presenting no plain distinctive characteristics. Ferns, too, however carefully isolated, are almost sure to bear other spores than their own, these being shed upon them from neighbouring plants ; hence it is next to an impossibility, when the prothallus stage has been reached, for any individual to be singled out as undoubtedly of this or that variety ; and con- sequently, if it be manipulated with a view to cross- fertilisation, and an unexpected result is obtained, there is no scientific certainty as to how that result was arrived at. A suggestion, therefore, regarding the modus operandi best suited to meet this diffi- culty may not be unwelcome. I would propose then, that, instead of sowing the varieties together, they be gathered as carefully as possible, and sown equally carefully, separately, in small pots. We thus may be certain that the large majority, if not all, of the prothalli in each pot, will be of one variety. When the prothalli have developed, stand the pots in warmish water (70° or 80°), as above, until the undersides of the prothalli are submerged. In five or ten minutes we may assume that in that water we shall have a number of spermatozoids of one definite variety. Take now the pot of prothalli which we desire to cross with these, and treat it the same way, only not partially submerging the prothalli, but simply water-logging the soil. If now we close the orifice of the first pot with the thumb, and pour the water from it into the second, we should cer- tainly expect to get a percentage of crosses, of the origin of which we may be sure, and the evidence regarding which would be of scientific value. By systematic transference of this sort, we also know the sexes of the varieties ; thus, if we flood the pro- thalli of a muricate form with the water from a crested form and get a crested muricatum, we know that muricatum was the mother plant and cristatum the father, while with the higgledy-piggledy system we cannot know this. That at any rate is something gained. Then, as regards the question of multiple parentage, it is clear that by experiments on the lines indicated, i.e., by mixing the fertilising water obtained from several pots instead of one, definite r THE GABDENERS' CBBONICLE. [JakuaSt 16, 1892. results might be obtained anJ data formulated which would settle the point one way or another. In view of the great inherent capacity of variation apart from crossing which Ferns possess, and which was demonstrated at the last Fern Conference by the writer, it will be imperatively necessary in pursuing research into this question to choose very marked and different forms such as those upon which Mr. Lowe has been working, and of course in this case extreme abnormalities, apart from any question of beauty, should be selected. For those, however, who may take up crossing on horticultural and not Bcientiiio lines, I cannot too strongly counsel the most careful selection of perfect and symmetrical types as parental forms. Let them, as cattle breeders, dog fanciers, and horticulturists do, cross and breed for improvement sake, and with the sole object of enhancing the decorative beauty of the plants they manipulate. Let them, too, consign ruth- lessly to the rubbish heap all imperfect progeny, of which there are sure to be many, growing on only the best. If this be done steadfastly with our British Ferns we shall see in time most of our species not only equalling, but excelling the best exotics, just as a few of them, especially the Shield and Lady Ferns have done already in their finest forms ; but if it be not done, and unsightly imper- fect forms without an atom of beauty in them be grown on into exhibition specimens, they will swamp the good ones, and prevent our lovely native Ferns from earning their right'ul position, i.e., the place of honour in every British conservatory whose owner has an eye for delicacy of form in foliage as a fitting foil to the brilliancy of colour in flowers. Reverting to the question of the transference of the spermatozoids from one prothallus to another the possibility of the existence of arrangements for cross-fertilisation in Ferns on lines similar to those known to exist in phanerogamous plants, should not be lost sight of. The mere fact that the first-formed antheridia on a prothallus throw off their sperma- tozoids long before the archegonium is developed while the later ones do so long after it has been fertilised, points to such a conclusion. We have ourselves observed an antheridium in the act of bursting, and scattering its contents at a time when the prothallus which bore it carried also a rooted seedling ; while, on the other hand, antheridia often begin to appear upon prothalli when such prothalli are quite small and immature. Again, even in sterilised culture, by the time the prothalli are developed, a considerable amount of minute insfct life is found to have been engendered or self-imported among them ; and considering the extreme smallness of the spermatozoids themselves, it is by no means impossible, and certainly not improbable, that they may be carried by insect agency far beyond their own radius of locomotion. Hence cross-fertilisation, which among normal plants would have no traceable effect, may occur in Nature much more frequently than has been believed ; and the results of which only now come into the area of vision through the wide abnormality of the forms artificially brought together by Mr. Lowe. Charles T. Druery, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Fernholme, Forest Gate. Societies. aOYAL HOSIIOULTUBAL. Januabt 12. — Considering the time of year, and the severe weather which prevailed, there was a nice, if small, display of bloom at the Drill Hall, West- minster, on the above date, but a very meagre attendance of the general public. Orchids, of which special mention is made elsewhere, were fairly well represented, as also were Chinese Primulas and Lachenalias. Apples and Onions, too, were shown in capital condition. Floral Committee. Present •. W. Marshall, Esq., iu the chair; Messrs. G. Paul, H. Herbst, H. B. May, F. Eoss, W. C. Leacb, C, J. Salter, W. Furze, C. Noble, H. Turner, B. Wynne, J. Frazer, N. Davis, J. T. Bennett-Pbe, and G. Gordon. Chinese Primulas were the principal features that came before the committee, a large batch being sent by Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley. The plants did credit to the firm from which they came, showing a dwarf vigorous habit, with blooms of a large size. Peach Blossom is a variety of a delicate pink colour, that calls for special com- ment, and the same may be said of Pink Queen. Other noticeable kinds were Swanley Mauve, White Perfection, Kentish Fire, and Eynsford Purple. Mr. W. C. Leach, gr. to the Duke of Northum- berland, Albury Park, Surrey, staged a collection of Lachenalias in pots, which attracted some atten- tion. The pots were well filled with foliage and flowers, and showed to advantage the value of Lachenalias for decorative purposes during winter. A spike of bloom, with foliage, of a winter-flowering Canna named Alphonse Bouvier, which came from Mr. G. Paul, the Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, was much admired, the flowers being of a very rich crimson hue. Messrs, Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, staged a box of their Winter Gem Begonia, and three baskets of branches of Daphne mezereon grandiflora,Hamamelis japonica, Zuccarinia, and H. arborea. The shoots, which were laden with bloom, had been cut from the open ground, which at this time of the year augured well for their usefulness. Mr. W. Duncan-Tucker, horticultural builder, Tottenham, showed samples of a new sash-bar for glasshouses, spfcially constructed to prevent drip. Orchid Committee. Present: Harry .J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair; and Messrs. James O'Brien, C. J. Lucas, Baron Schroder, T. B. Haywood, H. Ballantine, T. W. Bond. H. M. PoUett, S. Courtauld, Lewis Castle, E. Hill, F. Sdnder, H. Williams, J. Douglas, and J. Jacques. Owing to the frost, most of the exhibits, which it had been intended to send as plants in flower, were cut by the various exhibitors, who, fearing to risk the plants, exhibited them as cut flowers. Baron Schroder sent spikes of a number of choice Oichids, includini; the finely-spotted OJontoglossum crispum .Schroderianum Pdaio-Calanthe Sedeni X , an unique form of yellow Cypripedium insigne in the way of C. i. Sanderoe ; various fine forms of C. Lee- anum X and C. nitens X ; a very large C. Latham- ianum X, the very handsome and rare OJonto- glossun Wattianum, Lsclia anceps Sandeiiana, and other varieties of L. ancaps. Chas. Ingram, Esq., Elstead House, Godalming (gr., Mr. T. W. Bond), exhibited a new hybrid Cypripedium of great merit ; the flower is large and bold, the upper sepal flat and circular, nearly black at the base, the dark colouring extend- ing into the .i-inch wide pure white margin, in purplish lines. The petals and labellum are coloured much like the pollen parent, but they are darker, and the whole surface of the flower is smooth and shining. Mr. Ingram also exhibited C. venusto Spicerianum X. C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham, sent cut flowers of a noble form of the old but not common Lselia furfuracea, and which was distinguished as L. f. Lucas' variety ; its colour is bright rosy-crimson, and the flowers much larger than in the type. Mr. Lucas also exhibited a fine form of Pescatorea Klabochiana, a plant usually found difficult to manage successfully ; also Ltelia anceps Sanderiana, L. a. Stella, L. a. Hillii ; the bright yellow Dendrobium anreum zeylanicum, a very fine form ; Cypripedium Ainsworthii X C, Sedenii candidulum, &c. The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., High- bury Moor Green, Birmingham, forwarded a four- flowered spike of Lselia anceps Sanderiana. Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam-on- Tyne, staged Cypripedium Calypso, Oakwood var. (Boxalli atratumx Spicerianum), a very fine hybrid. The lip and petals are much the same as those organs in a good C. Leeanum X , and the large broad white upper sepal is green at the base, and with a dark maroon band up the middle ; from the base radiate feathered bands of rosy-purple. It is a very handsome flower, and a credit to the raiser. Mr. Cookson exhibited spikes of two fine hybrid Calanthes (vestita rubra X Williamsi), which the Committee desired to see on the plants when next bloomed. Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, staged cut specimens of new or rare Orchids, of which the best was Cypripedium Leeanum princeps x, which re- sembled Masereel's variety, but the markings com- mon to both on the large white dorsal sepal were brighter, and in the spots not merging into lines, Messrs. Sander also showed C. Sedeni virginale x C. Leeanum Masereelianum X, Macfarlanii X (C. calophyllumX Spicerianum); a new Angrsecum, A. polyurum with white flowers with long curiously- twisted tails; CypripediumLowryanumx(C. Ashbur- toniiE X vernixium) ; a fine form of C. nitens, raised at St. Albans, and called C. nitens, St. Albans var. ; the noble white Lffilia anceps Schroderiana, &c. Messrs. Charlesworth, Shuttleworth & Co , of Heaton, Bradford, sent a plant of the handsome Odontoglossum Rossii albens, one of a very large form of Lielia prtestans (Heaton var.), and one of Maxillaria Sanderiana. Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, the United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent, staged plants of Cypripedium Germinyanum (villosum X hir- Butissimum), and C. Godseflianum (Boxalli X hirsutissimum). H. M. Pollett, Esq., Fernside, Bickley, Kent, exhibited a Cypripedium Parksianum X, a hybrid between C. Spicerianum and C. marmorophyllum ; and C. enfieldiense, a pretty hybrid (Hookers; X Lawrenceanum), Messrs. James Veitch & Son, Royal Exotic Nur- sery, King's Road, Chelsea, showed another grand hybrid in Lielio-Cattleya Cassiope (exoniensis:um IKjlyurum. FLORii, Committee. Mkoals. ,' ilner Banksian. To Mr. W. C. Leach, Albury Park Gardens, for a group of Liiheualias. To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for a group of Prjmulas. Awards of Merit. To Messrs. H. Canaell & Sons, f jr Piimulas Pink Queen and Peach Blossom. To Messrs. G. Paul & Son-, CheshuDt, for Canna M. Alphonse BJUVier. Fruit and Vegetable Com.mittees. Metals. tiilver. T J Messrs. Geo. Bun'arJ& Co , Miidstone, for a collection of fruit. Small .Sih-cr. To Mr. H. Deverill, Co.nhill, liar bury, for a collect ion of Ouioas. Award of Merit. To Mr. W. C. Leach, Albury Park, Guildford, tor seedl ng Apple, Albury Park Nonsuch. ©ftituats. Berlin. — The flower market in Berlin presents, year by lear, greater variety in the subjects grown, and in particular. Orchids are observed in greater numbers. Also many old well-known plants which had almost vanished from general cultivation have reappeared in large quantitiep, a?, for instance, I'oinsettia palcherrima. It is to be hoped that the lime is coming when Australian and Cape plants will again be obtainable. The enormous trade done with Italy in cut flowers, the production of which is impossible in the North, compels the gardener to turn his attention to the culture of other plants, and Ericas, to the number of forty species, are grown in large numbers, where, not so long ago, not ten species were cultivated. The cultivation of fuliage plants has greatly increased, and in Berlin it is mostly Palms which are raised, and of these, Cocos Weddeliana, Kentia i'orsteriana, and K, Belmoreana are great favourites, they being amongst the most enduring plants for rooms. Carnations, of which many novelties of good quality have been raised, are cultivated to a great state of perfection. On the contrary, the culture of the Cineraila has much declined. Enquiries. " He that Quesiionetk mitch shall learn much." — Bacon. Cider Apples.— Will any of our readers kindly inform C. E. whether Tanner's Red is in quality, growth, bearing, and freedom from canker, or other disease, a more desirable variety than Kingston Black ? From whence may grafts of it be obtained ? Is it a desirable fruit for Devonshire? Oc should both varieties be employed for the growers and the the general good ? Why should Coke he Watered uepore Firing? — Will some scientific or practical reader kindly enlighten me as to the rationale of the above practice? Also what fuel suitable for hnthousj luinaos is best, say for a saddle boiler? Weight fur weight, which fuel gives out most heat? Is it coal, or coke, or wood ? Is anthracite better than common C(al? If so, why ? This is now a season- able subject, and information is desired by A. stoker. Mr. B. COOMBE.— We regret to announce the death of Mr. Benjamin Coombe, which occurred at Victoria, Texas, U.S.A., on December IG, 1891. Although a comparatively young man, he had held responsible charges in stnie of our best private establishments, including Chatsworth, Stanclifl", and Aldebrook, which latter situation as Head Gar- dener he relinquished to take charge of the estate of Su'wr Dorado, Buenos Ajres, but owing to re- volutionary troubles he returned home a few months ago; he had gone out again to Texas with the vitw to acquire a nursery business there when the fevtr attacked him, and from which, after a short illness, be died. The Weather. [By the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of temperature above or below 4'.:^ Fahr. for the period named; and this combined result is expressed in Day- degrtes— a "Day-degree" tiguifying 1° continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] TEiMPERATURE. Eaikfall. Bhight Su.v. 1 M lit Accumulated. .£3 . II il i 1 3 S =iS i 1 ■«1 1 a . 1 li 3*^ ^2 la 11 Day- deg. Day- deg. Day- deg. Day- deg. lOths Inch. Ins 1 7 - 0 139 - 7 + 39 1 + 7 1-3 11 11 2 5 — 0 67 - 6 + 26 Oaver 4 0-6 26 26 S 6 - 0 67 - e + 30 1 + 4 06 29 29 4 li — 0 73 - p 4- 3 1 — 4 04 26 26 f 6 — 0 73 - 10 + 29 2 — 5 0-4 34 31 6 5 — 0 61 - 11 + 26 6 — 4 0-2 33 33 ; 6 — 0 67 - t -1- 27 6 — 5 08 31 31 f 5 — 0 So - p + 26 0 aver S 08 28 28 i> 6 - 0 43 + 24 5 — 5 0-5 25 i5 10 5 — 0 47 - 14 + 24 3 + 7 11 27 27 11 7 — 0 44 - 20 + 29 5 — 4 04 25 25 li 1 — 10 24 -13 + 15 2 — 7 0-7 20 20 The districts indicated by number in the first column are the following : — Principal '^heat-producing Districts— I. Scotland, N. ; 2, Scotland. E.; 3, England, N.E. ; 4, England, E. ; 5, Midland Counties ; 6, England, S. Principal Grazing. .Sc. Districts— 7, Scotland. W. ; 8. England. N.W. ; 9, England. S.W. ; 10, Ireland, N. ; 11, Ireland, S. ; 12, Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending .January 'J, is furnished from the Meteorological Office : — " The weather during this period was very cold and rough in all the northern parts of the Kingdom, and falls of snow (sometimes heavy) were of almost daily occurrence. In the more southern districts the conditions were more quiet, the snow less fre- quent, and as a rule not heavy. "The temperature was much below the mean in all districts, the deficit being generally about 5° or 6^; in ' Scotland. N.' and 'Ireland, S.', however, it amounted to 7°. The highest of the maxima, occurred during the earlier half of the week, and ranged from .5° in the ' Channel Islands,' to 43° in ' England, E.' Towards the end of the period the daily ma.xima were much lower ; in many instances they did not reach 32°. The lowest of the maxima were generally recorded either on the 8th or 9th ; they ranged from 6° in 'England, S.W.' (at Llan- dovery), and 8° in the ' Midland Counties ' (at Baw- try), to between 14° and 18° in most other districts, and to 28° in the ' Channel Islands.' " The rainfall exceeded the mean in ' Scotland. N.', ' England, N.E.', and ' Ireland, N.'; and equalltd it m ' Scotland, E.', and 'England, N.W.' In all other districts there was a deficit, especially over the south-western parts of the kingdom, where the total fall was only about one-half the average. " The bright sunshine was rather below the mean in Scotland, N. and the Channel Islands ; but, in all other parts of the kingdom it was above. The percentage of the possible duration ranged from 30 in the Midland Counties, and 3.'5in Eng'and, S., to '-'4 in the Channel Islands, nnd to 11 in Scotland, N.' " ARKET8, COl'F.yT GARDEN, January 14. lot accept any editorial responsibility for the joined re[)ort8. Thny are furnished to us regularly < pub- Thursday, by the kindness of se salesmen, who revise the list, and for the quotations. It must be ren. quotations do not represent the pric( day, but only the general averages for date of our report. The price il of ho are responsible mhered that the.'e I on any particular he week preceding depend upon the (juality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the demand; ond t\\*'y fluctuate, not only fjom day to day, but often several times in one day. Eu ] Mabket stagnant owing to the national bereave- m3nt. James Wchbcr, Whulesale Apple Market. Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices. Applf! . d. s. d. , Canadi; I Scotiai birrel Apples, ^-sieve Grapes 10-26 Cut Flowers.— Avera s.d. s. d. Acacia or Mimosa, French, per bunch 10-16 Arum Lilies, doz. bl. 5 0-80 Azilea, p. doz. sprays 10-16 CameIlia3,white,doz. 2 0-30 — red. per. doz ... 10-16 Carnilions, 12 blms. 2 0- 3 U Chrysanthemums, 12 blooms ...10-5 0 — 12 bunches ... 6 0-21 0 Euchari". per dozen 6 0-70 Gardenia, per dozen 4 0-90 Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09 Lilac white (French) per bunch 6 0-80 Lilium Harrisii, doz. 6 0-10 0 Lily of the Valley, per doz sprays ... 0 9-16 Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 4 0-90 Marguerite?, per doz. bunches 3 0-40 Mignonette, per doz. t Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0 :i^ 0 ler Lemons, per case ...15 0 30 0 ...10 0-18 0 Pine-apples. St. Mi- ... 10-40 chael, each ... 20-60 ge Wholesale Prices. s.d s.d. Narcissus, paper- white, Si., p. bun. 9 0-12 0 Orchids :- Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 C-12 0 Odontoglossum crispuni.l2blms. 3 0-60 Pel .rgoniums. scar- let, per 12 bun. 9 0-12 0 — 12 sprays ... 10-16 Poinsettia, la blooms 4 0-90 Primula,sing..l2bun. 4 0-60 Roman Hyacinths, 12 j [sprays 0 6-10 Roses, Tea. per dozen 10-30 — coloured, dozen 2 0-40 — yellow (Maie- chals).perdoz. 6 0-12 0 — red.perdozen... 1 6- a 0 Tubero.e.s 12 blms. 10-16 Tulips, p doz. blms. 1 u- 2 0 ^'iolet^, Parme, per bunch 4 0-50 — Czar, per bunch 2 0-30 — English. 12bun. 10-20 bunches 16-02 Orciiid-uloom in variety. PLAXT.S IX Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices. s. d. s. d. s. d. s d. Adiantums, per doz. 4 0-12 0 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90 Arum, p'Jr dozen ...12 0 18 0 Ferns, per 100 ... 8 0-15 0 Aspidistta, per doz. 18 0-63 0 Ficus, each 16-76 Azalea, per doz. ...35 0-6'! 0 HyacinthsDutoh doz. 6 0-9 'I Begonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60 Lilyof the Valley, pot 20-30 Chrysanthemums, Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 6 per dozen ... 6 0-90 Primulasinensis.doz. 40-60 — large, each ... 2 0-36 Palms, various, each 2 021 0 Cyclamens, per doz. 9 0-18 0 — specimens, eachlO 6 84 0 Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0 Pelargoniums, Scar- Dracaenas, each ... 10-60 let, per doz. ... 60-90 Epiphyllums, p. doz. Poinsettias, per doz. 12 0-18 0 pots 9 0-18 0 Roman Hyacinth, p. Erica hyemalis, per doz. pots 9 0-12 0 dozen 12 0-18 0 Solanums. per dozen 9 0-12 0 Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 Tulips, per doz. pots 8 0-90 Vegetables.— Average Eetail Prices. s. d. s. d. • s.d s. d. Artichokes Globe, . Lettuces, per doz. ... 16-20 each 0 4-06 Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ... Beans, French, lb. ... 0 6-10 Mustard and Cress, Beet, red, per da°miS,^t?,*n^!!:k-^CU.\-^----4-i,P.Z H. E.-Secretary, York Gala._H.-J H -WW -J TW -J. W -J. R, j._F. R._ji. M._W. 0~0 ■ f W -i V -Dr. Kraiizlin.-J. H.-P. W.-F G PSSi'rfGiiAlte KsiiiYviD.— 15. Tj. S;'(S. W. WOOD & SON'S NEW YEAR'S "SPECIALITIES." The Cheapest House in the Trade for ORCHID BASKETS Our Own Manufacture, of all Descriptions and Sizes. ^end/or Nevj Illustrated CATALOGUE, giving prices. JCi /\ i ) PINEST THE COUNTRY PRODUCES. For HARD-WOOD and STOVE PLANTS, OuB Pbat is Unequalled. Special Prices Carriage Paid to any Station in the United Kingdom. IN PEAT, 155. per Ton F.O.R. Hants. FRESH GREEN SPHAGNUM. Short, thick, full-headed Moss ; just the sort for Orchids. 2s. Qd. per Bushel. SPECIAL OFFER, TO CLEAR GROUND. Broken Fibrous Peat, in truck loads, 6s. 6^. per yard; Decayed Leaf Soil, 3s. ^d. per sack, in trucks on Rail near London. w. w. & s. s. WOOD WOOL/'-'tiTp^erc^wr"'' SuPEBiOB WADDING in Coloubs. A Ship Just Arrived, of S H E L L SHI N G L E. LOAM, COCOA-NUT FIBRE. G. E. R., 16!. per Truck of 2 Tons. G. N. R., G. W. R.. L. &N.W.R., and M.K., Is. 6d. per ton extra. L. B. &S. C. R., S. E. R., L. C. & D. R., 3s. per ton extra. TOBACCO PAPEpAG,&JUICE Samples and Pi ice on apj) icatiun. W. "W. & S. NEW IMPORTED ARCHANGEL MATS, Large Size and Full Weight. RAFFIA, the very Best Plaited. W. W. & S. Fertilising Moss. Gl I A IVI ^\ TRY OUR IMPROVED U M IN W . i'lSH GUANO. Unequalled in quality and price, 16s. 6d. per cwt. All our other PRIZE MANURES at special low trade prices. BON KS) and all other Manures, at Market Prices. W. W. & S. " COMBINATION," for Vine Borders, £7 7s. per Ton. J^,l"£% BAMBOO CANES, '"°"°'""''"''°'^" Q black & white SILVER SAND, ggP SEND FOR WOOD'S SECOND EDITION ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. W.WOOD&SON,F.R.H.a Established 1850. Odef Office — WOOD GREEN, LONDON, N. HILL & SMITH, BEIERLEY HILL, STAFFORDSHIRE, And 113, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C NEW PATTERN The PorcupineJ^ The maxinmm of utility and tlie minimum of cost. Constructed of Strong Iron Up- rights and Galvanised Barbed Steel Price 10s. 6d. TESTIMONIAL. The Whittern, Herefordshire, "Dec. 28, 1887. Dear SieS,— I have now had an opportunity of trying your Porcupine Tree Guards, and they seem quite to answer my pur- pose, so you may send me 60 more as before. I en- close cheque for your account. Yours truly, EICHD. GREEN Messrs. Hill & Smith. WINTER and SPRING PRUNING, TRIMMING and THINNING OUT can be better and quicker done by the STANDARD .MANUFACTURING COM PANY'S Celebrated TOOLS, including ^e V STAND AED and "GIANT" TREE PRUNEKS, the "MYTICUTTAH," and other useful appliances, than by any means. They were shown in actual use at the recent Horticultural Exhibit.or Crystal Palace, and at the great Agricultural Shows at Balh and Doncaster ; thousands of visitors being astonished at their wonderful power and scientific efficiency coupled with great savine of time and labour, and the risk to life and limb reducld. After Stormy Weather, these Tools will be^ found invaluable for cutting off fractured branches, leaving the ends ^''soW by the principal Ironmongersand Seedsmen, the leading Stores, ind kindred Trades throughout the world of whom Illustrated CATALOGUES may be had ; or of the PATENTEES and MAKERS, at their works and dep6t, ST. ALKMUNDS CHURCHYARD, DERBY. 21-OZ. and 16-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in bores of 100 feet and 200 feet super. EngllBU Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, ieit«ei-ea free and sound in the country, in quantity. "BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY." GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Lead, Gla-ss, Oil. and Colodr Mebghants, S4. St. John Street, West Smlthfield, London, B.C. stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle. ROBERTS'S (IMPROVED) PATENT STOVES Terra-cotta 1 Portable ! For Coal 1 Pure and ample heat, 24 hours for about Id., without attention. For Greenhouses, Bedrooms, &o. GREENHOUSES Heated 3i Hours for about One Penny. Pamphlets, Drawings, and authenticated Testimonials sent. See in use at Patentee's, THOMAS EOBEKTS, 34, Victoria St., Westminster, S.W Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy, for all kinds of OUTDOOR WORK, CONSERVATORIES, Greenhouses, Frames, &o. 1 Otrt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations. Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, *o, Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free. Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. ; IS VICTORTA STREET. .WKSTMINSTrii. &.W. ; . and gAOHELOB'S WALK, TmBISfrt—'StStdiAii fSr Cash. January 16, 1892.] THE GAMUENEirS' CHRONICLE. 91 BQULTON k PAUL, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, NORWICH. BOILERS of all t WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES and GREENHOUSES IN ALL STYLES "} aud sizes supplied at tbe cheapest rates. r^:^^pr:~ Our Celebrated No. 4 CHECK END BOIIiEB. T.i ]i.-:it from 30U to 5000 feet of 4-iuch piping. CATALOGUES of all our -Manufactures, including HOB- TICULIUKAL JUTILDINdS and APl'LI INCES, PUlILTKy. and KENNEL REQUISITES, S:c. GARDEN FRAMES IN GREAT VARIETY. VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stoclr. Estimates on Application No. 7.— PLAIN SADDLE BOILER. To heat from UIO to 300 fu't of 4-inch piping. CUCUMBER-FRAME LIGHTS. 6 feet bv 4 feet, pauitil and Blazed 14.?. 0(/. each. 6feetby 4 f'^'''. ""?<■"'<''' "'"^ ""*^'''""' ■•• "^■>^'^' •■ Carriage paid on all Orders of 40b. value. HEATING ! HEATING 1! HEATING!!! THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY Undertake the complete erection of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFEICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &o. Have the largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspection of same. BOILERS of the latest aud most approved class, including the PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY- END, Etc.; VENTILATING GEAR and VALVES. tal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE. GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, Telegraphic AddreBa-"HOT-WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763. In the evont o£ a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Hori UPPER the course of a few minntes, S.E, '^■W// V The Only unequalled Onion for Show Purposes. Of Enormous Size, and excellent fine ilavour. Per Packet, Is. 6d., to be sent in Postage stamps. "A great many of the Portuguese Delicate Onion weighed over 2 lb. last year ; it iy certainly one of the best in culti- vation." Mr. .TAJVIES HAIRE, Orchard Gardens. "Your Portuguese Delicate Onions ^, ^te moat sati&fa> tory, measuring 17—18 inches around. I ^uined six Pri/.ea with them." Mr. ROBERT CUOSBII-;, Corra Mill. LORENZ'S CELEBRATED SEEDS, ERFURT. Before you Order your Seeds for the Spring, read LORENZ'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, For Owners of Gardens and Amateurs. With TWO COLIIURKD PLITES (.t NOVELTIES, and some Hundreds of Erjatifnl Kiigraviiigs, And you will Buy Your Seeds of Much Better Quality, and at Cheaper Rates, than from any otlier Firm. The ENGLISH EDITION of LORENZ'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE /s NOW READY, . Partnership.— To Nurserymen and Othera. PARTNER REQUIRED, by an established Nurseryman, within ]3 miles of London.— Nursery with 16 Houses, 1.500 feet of Glass. A rare opportunity. For full particulars, apply to J. G. HAMMOND, Junior, Seething House, Great Tower Street, E.G. ANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR- DENER, in Hertfordshire. Married. Thoroughly experienced practical man. Must have been Head in la^t place. Wages, 25s.. and cottage; no extras.— N. M., Mr. J. W. Vickers, 5, Nicholas Lane, E.C. ANTED, February 1.3, a HEAD WORKING GARDENER (3 under).— Married ; ab- stainer and without family preferred. Thoroughly expe- rienced with Vines and Stove Plants, and used to the country. Churchman. State age, wages (Cottage and Garden found), number of family, length of situations, with reasons for leaving, and experience.— S., Kirby Frith Hall, Leicester. WANTED, a HEAD GARDENER, without family; Wife, Laundry. Al33 a GARDENER ; Wife, Dairy. Also a married, SINGLE-HANDED MAN, without family.— Apply, by letter only, to B, S. WILLIAMS AND SON, Victoria Nursery, Upper Holloway, N. TX/'ANTED, a SECOND GARDENER.— A ' T young man of good experience, who thoroughly understands stove and greenhouse plants, including Orchids. Apply by letter, stating age. wages, two last situations, and hoiv Ion;' in each, to B. J. W., Mr. Boardman'a Library Bish op's Stortford, Herts. WANTED, a reliable and experienced MAN to take charge of the greenhouses. One who understands the growing and propagation in quantity of bedding stuff and general soft-wooded pot stuff. Chrysanthemums, Ferns, the forcing of Bulbs, Lilies, &c. Must have good testimonials, and be thoroughly experienced. Wages and full particulars to LiXTON BROTHERS, Nurserymen, Bedford. WANTED, a good WORKING GAR- DENER, with man under him. Unmarried; to board and live in the house. Must have a good character for honesty and sobriety; churchrain ; must understand Vines &e.-MiS3 BAYLEY, Wilmington Lodge, Hassocks, Sussex. ' WANTED, UNDER GARDENER, single, nccustomed to Plant Growing and Propagating, and attending to the Houses, also to Work in the Gardens. Wages, Ifis. Bothy on the Premises, with gas, coals, and milk. Tall man preferred. Four men kept. Apply, HEAD GARDENER, Thos. Christy. F.L.S., Malvern House Sydenham, st.itiog last situation (where character will be taken from) height. &c. WANTED, an UNDER GARDElVER, to take charge of firej. Must be active and willing, to hi useful inside and out. Wages 18s. per week, no bothy. State age. experience, &c.— HEAD GARDENER, Lavant House. Chichester, Sussex. ANTED, a young MAN, as CHRYSAN- THEMUM GROWER only, with assistance for Market. A permanent situation to a thorough practical energetic man.— State age, experience, references, and salary required, to WILLIAMSON, Florist, Smithfield Market, Man- chester. W" ANTED, a GROWER, thoroughly expe- lienced in growing Palms, Ferns, Hard and Soft-wooded Plants, General Nursery Stock, &c.— Full particulars, with reference or testimonials, to W. CROSSLEY, 13, Vicar Lane, Y^/" ANTED, an experienced Man, to take ' T Charge of the Landscape and Jobbing Department. Must be able to Draw Plans, get out Estimates, and Manage eliaciently a Staff of Men ; must also have a good knowledge of General Nursery Stock.— Apply by letter, stating full parti- culars, to B. S. WILLIAMS AND SON, Victoria and Paradise Nnr-ery. Upper Holloway. N. TA/'ANTED, as GENERAL FOREMAN.— A T T f-orough pract cal iran, who understands Inside and Outside routine, and capable of Managing Men One usei to Marketing Surplus Produce preferred. Good Cottage, &c., found.- Apply, by letter only, to BENJ, G. STONE, Estate Agent, Elkington Hall, Louth. WANTED, an UNDER FOREMAN, in Fruit and Rose Department. Must be well up in Budding, Grafting, and Layering, and know Fruit Trees and Roses well.— Apply, stating wages required, to WILLIAM BARRON AND SON, Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby. WANTED, a FOREMAN, for the Houses. —Two youths under him. Wages £1 per week, no bothy.— Send full particulars to N, WORMELOW, Tump, Herefordshire. WANTED. — A yonng MAN, experienced in growing Cucumbers, Tomatos, Cut Flowers for Market. Able to take charge in employer's absence. Abstainer pref-rred. Bothy on place. Good character indispensable.— Apply, with full particulars, age, and wages requred to GILBERT DAVIDSON, Ammanford, R.S.O., South Wales. W~ ANTED,^several active MEN, in a Market Nursery, where Grapes, Tomatos, and Cucumbers are the chief things grown. — State age and experience to JOSEPH ROOHFORD, Turnford Nurseries, Turnford, near Broxbourne, Herts. WANTED, several young MEN, in the Houses, quick at Potting and Tying, and used to Market Nursery Work. Apply personally. — WILLIAM ICETON, Nur;eryraan, Putney. WANTED, a young MAN, with some know- ledge of Vines, in a Market Nursery. Wages, 2ns.— JOHN WARD, Walewood Nursery, Leytonstone. E. Seed Trade. WANTED, a SHOPMAN, for a London Wholesale House. — State age, experience, and salary required, toG. G . Gardeners' Chronicle Olfice, 41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C. ANTED, an INVOICE CLERK, used to the Seed Trade. Wages. £1 per week.— J. B. PEARSON AND SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, Notts. WANT PLACES. Advertisers are cautioned against having letters addressed to initials at Post-offiees, as all Letters so addressed are opened by the authorities and returned to the sender. ANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c. DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester (Limited) . Me always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, Chester." ICH ARD SMITH and Co". bej? to announce that they are constantly receiving applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with particulars, &c.— St. John's Nurseries. Worcester. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL COMPANY (John Cowan), Limited. The Vineyard and Nurseries, Garstoo, near Liverpool, wish to recommend to any Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com- petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindsay, who was Head Gardener for the last twelve years to the late Sir Thomas Edwards Moss, Bart., of Otterspool, near Liverpool. — Full particulars on application to the Company. Head Gardeners. JOHN LAING AND SONS can at present recommend with every confidence several energetic and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character. Ladiesand Gentlemen in wantof GARDENERS and BAILIFFS, and HEAD GARDENERS for flrst>rate Establishments or Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, London, S.E. IVOTICE.— To GARDENERS REQUIRING i~y SITUATIONS.- Send at once full particulars as to re- quirement, with copies of teHimonials. Sec. to W. CROSSLEY, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and Florist, 13. Vicar Lane. Leeds. GARDENER (Head).— Age 46, married. Life experience in all branches. Land and Stock (tifteen years as Head). Excellent character and testimonials.- A. B., 3, Ferness Cottages. Stanley Road, East Sheen. GARDENER (Head), where two or three are kept. Well-up in all branches. Thirteen years' experience. Well recommended.— A. B., Spring Park Lodge, Shirley, Croydon. GARDENER (Head), where several under are employed— Age 39. married, one boy (twelve years) ; open to engage with Lady or Gentleman requiring the ser- vices of a good all-round practical Gardener. Excellent testi- monials for fourteen years as Head Gardener.— W. S, 306, High Street, Acton, W. ARDENER (Head) ; age 43, married.— William Farr. PatshuU Gardens. Wolverhampton, is open to engage with any Nobleman. Lady, or Gentleman requiring the services of a thoroughly practicil Gardener. His experience has been obtained in some of the best English gardens. Is thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a large and first-class establishment. Leaving in consequence of the death of the late Earl. Excellent references and testimonials. GARDENER (Head), where two or three are kept. — Age 25. married ; ten years' experience in large establishments. Inside and Out. Good references. Abstainer. — G. M., 13, Clifton Terrace, Ashville Road, Leytonstone, Essex. ARDENER (Head).- Age 35, married; twenty years of thorough experience in Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Vines, Peaches, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Excellent testimonials and character.— S. B., West Mill. Buntinjfor.l, Herts. GARDENER (Head), where two or more are kept.— Age 40. married, two children. A gentleman can confidently recommend his Gardener, who has been with him two years, thoroughly understanding his business, hard- working, andtrubtworthy.- W. WOOD, Holmethorpe, Redhill. AR^IKEl^ER""(Hi:lD)~a^e^;--lrr"E. McCleave, eight years Hea'i Gardener to B. Heywood Jones, Esq., Badsworth Hati," Pontef ract, is open to a re-en- gagement in a good establishment. Nineteen years' experience in all branches. Testimonials of the highest order. — Catsclough , Winsford, Cheshire. GARDENER (Head).— Age 46, married. Life experience in all branches. Land and Stock (fifteen years as Head). Excellent character and testimonials. — A. B., 3, Ferness Cottages. Stanley Road. East Sheen. ARDENER (Head).— Age 38, married, no family.— Alfred Barker, for the past nine years Head Gardener to Right Hon. Earl Dunraven. Adare Manor, Limerick, wishes to re-engage with any Noblemau, Gentle- man, or Lady requiring a thoroughly practical Gardener. Has had twenty-three years' experience in some of the largest and best establishments in England and Ireland. Is thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a first-class establish- ment. Will be highly recommended. For further particulars apply as above. GARDENER (Head).- Age 41, one child (age 11); understands Orchids, Land, Stock, Fruif, Forcing, Vegetables. &c. Excellent personal cliaracter. — BOAZ. Girdeners' Chronicle OlEce. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ARDENER (Head); Age 30.— Mr. ElphinstONE can with confidence recommend his Foreman as above. Fourteen years' general experience in first-class establishments. Highest reFerenceg. — W, M. SHERWIN, Shipley Hall Gardens, near Derby. GARDENER (Head), where several are ktpt. —Thoroughly experienced in all branches. Age SO. Well recommended.— Messrs. BROWN, Wcthorpe, near Stam- ford, Lines. GARDENER (Head) ; age 28, married when suited.— Mr. Nash. Brvnguyn, Herefordshire, will be pleased to recomend William Walder, who has been wi'h him five and a half years' as Foreman. Life experience in all branches of Gardening. AKDEXER (Head AVorking) ; thoroughly' practical in all branches of the profession. Scotch. Age 39, married, no family.— A Gextleman can with con- fidence recommend his Gardener as above.— H., 3, Wiessenburg Terrace, Hastings. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 37, married, one child; twenty years' practical experience in Plants. Orchids. Fruits. Flower and Kitchen Gardens.— T. FISHER. Sandridge Park. Melksham. Wilts. ARDENER (Head Working), where two or three are kept.— Practical all-round man. Good Orchid Grower. Good long character and references. Married, no family.— G. L., 6, Snernhall Terrace, Shernhall Street, Wulthamstow. GARDENER (Head Working).- Age 29, single; thoroughly experienced in all branches; ex- cellent references and testimonials as to character and abilities. —Address, stating particulars, GARDENER, 5, Upper Pellipar Road, Woolwich. GARDENER (Head Working), where one or two more are kept.— .Age 28. single. Several years good practical experience ; upwards of two years as Foreman in present place, and previously five years at Marston, undtr Mr W. If^gulden. First - class testimonials. — HENRY WITHER, The Gardens, Brambletye, East Grinstfad. ARDENER (Head WoRKiNG).~Age 48, married, no incumbrance. Twenty-four years' practical experience as Head Gardener. Sixtepn years in last situation. Excellent character.— D. W. BAKER, Rutleigh, Glastonbury, Somerset. GARDENER (Head Working), where three or four are kept.— Age 39, married, small family ; thoroughly understands the general routine of Gardening. Well recommended. Leaving through death of employer.^ HORN, The Gardens, Cedar Lawn, Hampstead Heath, N.W. ARDENER (Head Working); age 29, married— J. Thomas, The Gardens, Suabury Court, Sunhury, Middlesex, can thoroughly recommend a good all- round man as above to any Gentleman requiring the same. Seventeen years' practical experience. Five and two years' references. /GARDENER (Head WoBKiya).— Age 30. VX E. CLARKE. Cannon Hall Gardens, Barasley, wi&hes to recommend hi^ Foreman, A. Cam pin, to any Lady or Geutle- man requiring a thorough practical man. Fifteen years' experience in gooi places. GARDENER (Head Working), where six or more are kept.— Age 23 ; first-c'ass experience in all branches, and thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a good establishment. Highly recommended. — J. SMITH, Lowther Castle Gardens, Penrith, January 10, 1802.] THE GARDE NEBS' CBRONICLE. 95 GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32, married, no family. ThorouRlily experienced in all brandies of llie profeision. Highlv recommended.— GAK- DENER. 8, North Terrace, Fnirlawu Park, Sydenliam, S.E. GARDENKK (Head, or Sinole-iianded), or CARETAKER, by an elderly Han. Over twenty years in last place ; leaving on acconnt of the death of his master.— E. G., 2ti7, High Street, Plumslead. GARDENER (good Single-handed).— Age 24. Eight years' experience in pood gardens. Well recommended by present and previous employers. — J. H., The Gardens, Blackmoor Honse, Petcrslield, Hants. ARDENER (Single-handed, or Second). — Ten years' experience Inside and Out. Good reference. BEALE, 68, Garland's Road, Red Hill, Surrey. G GARDENER (Single-handed, or where two are kept,— A^e 2.1, single; goo*l experience of Inside and Out. Well recommended.— F. W., Harrold Hall, Beds. GARDENER (Single-handed or other- wise) ; age 25, married when suited.— G. Hax-sfohii would be pleased to recommend his Foreman as above. Ten years' experience in good establishments. — The Gardens, Colesbourne, near Andoversford, R.S.O. GARDENER — Age 42, married, no encum- brance; thoroughly practical in all branches. Wife ould undertake duties of thororgh Co k. Housekeeper, or Caretaker.— iARDENER, Railway Serv.ant, "Orphanage, Derby. ARDENER. — Understands Vines, Fruit, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Can have a good cha- ncier.—G. SIMMONDS, Gore, Upchurch, near Sittingbourne, Kent. GARDENER, where two or three are kept, or SECOND, in large establishment; married when suited. —J. HARRIS, Tubney House Garden, Abiugdon, can conlidently recommend his Foreman, II. Gibbens. GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed). —Age 21 ; gooi knowledge Inside and Out. Life expe- rience. One year and ten months' excellent character. — CHALLIS. 38, Ravenshaw Street, West Hampstead. GARDENER (Second), where six or eight are kept, or JOURNEYMAN (First), in a targe estab- lishment.— Age 25; nine years' experience, principally under Glass, in good places. Good character and testimonials. — W. H , The Gardens, Mousehill Manor, Godalming, Surrey. ARDENER (Second), or JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses. — Age 21 ; five years' experience. Firsfc-cla-3 references from present and previous emjiloyers. IJJthy preferred.- T. GOODALL, The Gardens, Abbeyfield, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. ARDENER (Second).— Age 22 ; over eight years' experience inside and out; excellent characters. — F. T., :i, Lyndhurst Road Mews, Hampjtead, N.W. ARDENER ~(Secon1^)7^ Ag^ 2^2; Seven years' experience. Inside and Ont. Good character. — F. UPTON, 28. Prospect Road, Child's Hill. S.W. GARDENER (Under, or good Sinole- HANPED).- Age ;24 ; eight years' experience in Stove and Greenhouse Plants ; also Flower gardening. Vines, Cucum- bers, &c.— W. HAWKINS, Daisy Bank, Knaphill, Woking. To Market Growers. MANAGER, thoroughly experienced in growing in quantity Grapes, Peaches, Tomatos, Cu- cumbers, Mushrooms, Tea Rojes, Cut Flowers, Palms, Ferns, &c. Well up in management of business. First-class re- ferences. Twenty % ears' experience. — A. B-, Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR.— Age 23 ; nine years' expe- rience in Stove and Soft-wooded Stuff for Market. Good references.— B , 41. Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. ROPAGATOR or FOREMAN.— Age 25; nine years' nursery experience. Ferns, Palms, Stove, Softwooded, and General Growing ; Wreaths, Bouquets, Dec Tstions, Sales, &c.— ALCOCK, 62, Victoria Road, Burton- on-Trent. ROPAGATOR and GRO VVERT^Sit^ation as nbove required. Ten years' practical experience in all branches.— E. G.. Garitners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, SImnd. W.C. OREMAN, PROPAGATOR, or GROWER. — Ape 2.S, married ; fourteen yeara' experience in London and Provincial Nur.REM.\N (House), where two or three are kept.— Mr. W. Davies would be pleaatd to recommend .7. Hauler as above. Abstainer.— Wingtield Park Gardens, Derby. 1!j^0REMAN, in a good estaljlishment. — Nine years' experience. Good testimonials. Total abstainer. Well up in plants.- H. TARGETT, 33, Jarvis Koad, South Croydon. FOREMAN, in the Houses, in a good Esta- blishment.—Age £6; good character from prertent and previous employers. Distance no object. — H. SHELTER, Heathlands, Maybury, Woking. T^OREMAN, in a good establishment (Inside -L or Genera!).— Age 25. Good Plant and Fruit Grower ; House and Table Decorations. Ten years* experience. — YOUDEN, Ham Green Gardens, Bristol. OREMAN or JOURNEYMAN (First).— 10 years' varied experience. Disengaged.- T. B. B., G'arii«ie?-s'CAronideOffice,41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. JOURNEYMAN, age 19.— W. Cole, Clewer Manor Gardens, Clewer, can with confidence recommend W. Moss SLi above. Strong, active, and willing. Bothy preferred. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses; age 20.— W. BAILLI15. Luton Hoo Gardens, Luton, Beds, can recommend a young man as abjve ; three years in present situation. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, or Inside and Out, in good Garden.— Age 36.— Well recommended. — E. HENEAGE, The Gardens, Ben Rhydding. via Leeds, Yorks. JOURNEY'MAN^JSbcond" or Thibd), in Houses, in a good Garden. Over seven years' experience. Fourteen months in last place. Bothy preferred. Total abstainer.- G. CARTER, The Green, Somerleyton, Lowestoft, Suffolk. JOURNEYMAN in the Houses.— Age 1 0, Edwin Beckett, gardener to H. H. Gibbs, M.P., will be pleased to recommend a young man as above, who has lived under him the last five years. Strong, active, and willing.— W. OHILDS, The Garden, Aldenham House, Elstree, Herts. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 21 ; good character. Bothy preferred.- F. S., Bloomsbury Nursery. Timperly, Cheshire. "JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age U) ; t) four years' experience in Fruit a jd Plants. Last twelve months Grape-growing. Good character.— W. H. HAVILAND, Sunnyhill Vineries. Littleover, Derbv. JOURNEl'MAN, in the houses or otherwise. — .Ige 21. Six years' experience; thorough good character. Active, industrious, and obliging.— GARDENER, Moreton House. Bideford, Devon. OURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20; five years |psperience. Can be well recommended. Leftlast situation throujjh reduction o£ establishment.— B. MARSH, Sturton-le-Steeple, Lincoln. IMPROVER, in the Houses, under a good man. — Age 19; five years' experience. Bo'hy preferred. Good character.— C. F. ,'24, Bridge street, Altrincham, Cheshire. TMPROVER, or JUNIOR ASSISTANT, in JL Seed and Bulb Trade. — Age 19 : three years' experience. Salary not so much an object as situation in a good firm. Good references.-S, E. C, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener (Inside and Out).— Age 18. Four years' experience. Good char.icter. Bothy preferred.- W. EVERETT, Holyport, near Maidenhead. IMPROVER, in a good establishment. — Age 18 ; has been in a London Nu'sery. Two years' goal charac- ler.— GARDENER, Broome Park, Canterbury, Kent. TO GENTLEMEN and GARDENERS.— A refei TO GENTLEMEN, &o.- A young Man wai^ a Job on Estate, as CARPENTER, &c. Used to greenhouse, builcing, repairing, glazing, &c. — A. F., 3, Bournemouth Terrace, Folkestone. TO GENTLEMEN, &o. — A young Man (age 23) requires a Position of Trust. Nine years' prac- tical experience in a London Seed Merchant's office. Excel- lent references — B.B.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 4 1, Welling- ton Street, Strand, W.C. TO HEAD GARDENERS.— A young man, with good all rfund knowledge, inside and out, seeks a situation as SECOND, and take lead in absence of Head. Age 23. Excellent characters.-W., 10, Fort Street, Roath, Cardiff. 0 HEAD GARDENERS.— A young mar- ried man offers a TE -T POUND BONUS for situation in Fruit and Plant Houses under good Foreman, -w here he rniild a -quire a knowledg- f Orchids. House and T We Decorations preferred. Good reference" —F. D. DOWNES, Anderson's Road, Oatlands Park, Weybridge. TO GARDENERS, &o.— Two young Men, J- age 24 and 21 ; the first as SOFT-WOODEU PROPA- GATOR. Fern, Fious, and Dracu-na Grower, and other Market Stuff. The other as JOURNEY.'tf AN, under a Foreman, or good Grower; used to the general Market Stuff, also Tomatos and Cucumbers. Nine and six years' experience. Good characters.— F. or C.SCOTT, 247, Neville Ro.ld, Upton Park, E. TO GARDENERS, &c.— A young Man seeks situation. -Vines, Tomatos. &c. — W. ARMITAGE, 2, Carlton Cottages, Beaumont Road. Leylon. 'pO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted by a X respectable LAD, age 17. Fair knowledge of In and Outdoor work. Good references. — C. ADAMS, Lindum Cottages, Wick Road, Hampton Wick. "■pO GARDENERS, &c— Situation wanted, J- by a young Man, age 21, as soft-wooded GROWER, TO MARKET MEN.— GARDENER (First Hasp). -Age 26, married ; Grower of Palms, Draccenas, Croions. Nepenthes, Cut Flowers, Ferns, Cucumbers, Vines, Tomatos, Melons, Mushiooms, and is a Handy man. Can see to Pipejj and Glazing. —H. W. L., 84, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy S.iuare, W. 0 NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted in a Market Nursery by a young Man, used to general Market Nursery work, .^even years' experience.— G. H T. , 41, Swanscombe Road, Chiswick. TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted, by a practical man, .as WORKING MANAGER, in Outdoor Nursery, with a view of ultimately becomingjpartner.- A., Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellirgtuii Street, Strand. W.C T"0 NURSERYMEN and FLORISTS.— Advertiser seeks re-engagement as GROWER of Soft- wooded Stuff, Ferns, Lilie-'. Cucumbers, Tomatos, &c. Good references. Midlands or Manchester preferred.— FICU3. 48. Colon Hill, Shrewsbury. ''PO FLORISTS.— A young man, age 22, seeks J- situation ; to assist in Florist's and Furnishing. West End preferred.— J. H. B., 35, Sydenham Park, Sydenham. SEED TRADE. — Advertiser open for an engagemeut. Eighteen years' experience in all branches of the Trade. First-class references.- SEEDS, Gardeners' Chronicle Olfice, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ''PRADE. — Re-engagement wanted as FOKE- L MAN and SALES.MAN. First-class at Wreaths, Crosses, &c. Thorough practical experience in all branches. Disengaged. Age .30.— M.. 4. Copeland Road. Waltlnmstow. EEPER (Head).— Age 40, four children. Good Pheasant Rearer and Dog Breaker. Good refer- ences from present and past situations.— J. ASHFORD, Warnford, Southampton. RAVELLER.— Wanted by a traveller, with a first-class connection, covering near the whole of Englard and Wales, a CO-MMISSION on SALE of general nursery stock, in and outdoor. Apply, B. C, Gardeners' Chronicle Othce, 41, Wellington St., strand, London, W.C. QHOPMAN or SALESMAN. — Age 28. O Fifteen years' experience in Seed, Nursery. Fioral. and Corn Business. Good references. — G. T. R. , 4, Ward Place, Highfields, Sheffield. SHOPMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 32 ; thorough knowledge of Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Flower Trade. Good references. State particulars.— W. HARRIS, Hammerwood, East Grinstead. Sussex. SHOPMAN. — Age 25 ; ten years' experience. Used to brisk Counter Trade, First-class reference. Two years in last situation.- A. B. C, 137, Dacy Road, Anficld, Liverpool. S^^OPMAN.— Age 23 ;. with London and CorT- tineutal experience, and having knowledge of French and German. Good references.— M., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand. SHOPMAN.— Agre 31 ; fourteen years' expe- rience in Wholesale and Retail Seed Trade and Nursery ; also trivelled. References from present and past employers. "FTERIS. 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. b HOPM AN or M ANAGER.~A^e 28, married^. KJ Experienced in Wreathe, Bouquets, Seeds, Plants, Sundries. Bookkeeping, &c. Excellent references, and good salesman. Moderate salary.— FLORIST, 9.J, Acre Lane, Brixton. CLERK, or ASSISTANT; age 27.— Adver- li^er sect's situation as abov*". Nursery and clerical exp-rieure. Good references. Sou'h of England preferred. — Addrea<». D.. 4?. Malmepbnry Road. Bow, E. HOLLOAVAY'S PILLS.—When inclement weither checks to a considerable extent the iclion of the skin, an alterative is required to cnipensate the body by me;ins of other channels. HoUoway's Pills can be confidently recommended s the easiest, surest, and safest means of attain- ing this desirable end without weakening the most delicate or incommoding the most feeble. When from frequently recur- ring cliiUs or the inhalation of impure air. the blocd becomes foul and the secretions vitiated, these Pills pre.'iet a ready and efficient means of cleansing the former and correcting the latter. By this salutary proceeding diseate is arrested at its outeet, it** pains and inconveniences averted, and the nervous stnictire^ tivpd from the depressing effects entailed upon them by an illness. 96 THE GABDENERS' CHBONICLE. [jANtAiit 16, 1892. ED TWENTY PRIZE MEDALS AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AT HOME AND ABEOAD. KEITHS PATENT BOILERS, the CHALLENGE, VIADUCT, PYTHON,.., FOR HOT-WATEE. HEATING, " STAND FIRST," require no building work round them, are entirely water-jacketing, and heat from 50 feet up to 20,000 feet of 4-inch pipe respectively. Many thousands are in use all over the world, and the Boilers are unrivalled in power and economy. KEITH'S "PYTHON" BOILER, as illustrated below, has 1000 square feet of effective heating surface, with 17s square feet of fire-grate area; heats about 20,000 feet of 4-inch pipe, and is the Most Powerful and Complete Sectional " Special " Hot-water Heating Boiler in the World. This Engraving " illustrates the most powerful form of Boiler that has yet been made for Hot-water Circulation." — Extract from Hood, on Warming hy Hot-water, New Edition, 1891. KEITH'S BOILERS are almost exclusively used by Her Majesty's Government, at the Home Office, and for the Heating Work of the Prisons throughout the United Kingdom, in preference to all others. KEITH'S Patent RAMS & Self-acting, HYDRAULIC RAM-PUMPS, For Raising Water. KEITH'S PATENT "UNIVERSAL" RADIATORS, Manufactured under thirty James Keith's Patents In Great Britain, United States, and Canada. JAMES KEITH (C.E., Assoc. Iffi.Tnst.C.E.), Gas, Hydraulic, Heating, Ventilating, and Consulting Engineer. Established 1823. Contractor to Her Majesty's GoTernment. 57, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, EC, ALSO AT EDINBURGH AND ARBROATH. LOOK TO YOUR BOILERS, And replace INEEFICIENT and DEFECTIVE ONES hy AVEEKS'S UPRIGHT TUDULAR, THE CHAMPION BOILER OF THE AGE. It is unparalleled for ROWER, ECONOMY, ««'^ DURABILITY, the WATER'BARS "^'^"^ tjeing equal to many Boilers. A TEN YEARS' GUkYikKTKFi given with all Duplex Boi'ers {^subject to printed conditions) tvhen fixed by the Patentees. FULL PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON APPLICATION TO J. ^A^EEKS & CO., Horticultural Builders, Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers and Patentees, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W. KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM. FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to MORITZ H. SCHQNSTADT, 59, PARRINGDON ROAB, LONDON, E.C. Editorial communications should be addressed to the "Editor;" Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. BhadbURT, Ague*, & Co. (Limited;, Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of Loudon, in the County of Middlesex, and published by Arthur Qeobge Martih, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturdat, January 16, 1892. Agcfit for Manchester— JoHH Heywood. No. 265.-yoL.XI.{s^"-} SATURDAY, JANUAEY 23, 1892. Newspaper. I Price 3d* [ Post-free, .IJrf. Apples, Canadian ... 118 ,, English and Ameri- can 118 Asplenium, useful var3... 109 Berlin Botanic Garden... 11.5 Bordeaux mixture ... 106 PrynRwyn 103 Burleigh 105 California 108 Carnation, a green ... lift Coke, watering of ... 117 Colonial note-s 108 New Zealand 108 • Trinidad 108 Cooks and gardeners ... 118 Dahlias. Tom Thumb ... 118 Florists' flowers 108 The show Auricula ... 108 Foreiftn correspondence . 106 Berlin 106 California 109 Chicago 107 Gardening periodicals, list of 118 Ghent Horticultural meeting 115 Gardenero' Royal Bene- volent, the 112 Hinge, strong, for glass- house lights 119 Horticultural Club ... 113 Kew Bulletin 113 Mulberry, the ... 117,118 New and noteworthy plants 104 Thrinai Morrisii ... 104 Sempervivum Thomay CONTENTS. Phalrenopsis Schiller- Obituary : — Fitch, W. H Moir. P. Thibaut, L Onion seed Orchid notes Orphan Fund, the Phaltenopsia Schiller- iana, purple var. Podocirps, two new Room Plantii " Ko3»rian's Year Book " Salpetre Societies : — Dundee Horticultural. Gardeoers'Royal Bene- volent, The Royal Horticultural, The Tunbridge WelU Gard- eners' Association ... Stock-taking for Decem- ber, and for 1891 Tenhnical Education 113, Valuable Tree, a Weather Summary Week's Work, the Apiary Flower garden Fruits, hardy Fruits under glass ... Kitchen garde 104 Orchid-houses ... Plants under glass Willows as underwood . ILLUSTRATIONS. Burleigh Houfie Chicago Exhibition Thrinai Morrisii A hinge for glasshouse lights "The Gardeners* Chronicle^^ in America. The Subscription to Americay including Postage^ is $4.30/or 12 months. Agent for America, E. H. LiBBT, Manager, The Rural Publish- ing Co. J Times Building, New Yorky to whom American orders may be sent. RS. JAMES, WIDOW of the late Mr. JAIIES. of Bradfield Gardens, begs to RETURN her SINCERE THANKS to the subscribers and all those that Voted for her at the election of pensioners of the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Society on the loth inst., and begs to say that she was a successful candidate. KELVVAY'S ILLUSTRATED MANUAL of Horticulture and Aericulture for 1893. Is., post- free; gratis to Customers. — KELWAY, Langport, Somerset, Raspberry Canes and Currant Trees. BAUMFORTII SEEDLING, 40,s'. per 1000; SEMPER FIDELIS, 30,!. per 1000. Sample 100 of either sort 6s. RED CURRANT TREES, 8s. per 100. Cash with order. Free on rail. Apply — R. H. BATH, Wisbech. 160,000.-Speclal Offer of Kentias. WICETUN has a large quantity of the • above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per 1000.. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in eo's, well- established, at £.30 per 1000. W. ICETOK, Putney. S.W. Sharpe's Victor Potatos. WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers • and Merchants. Boston, offer a few tons of this eieellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample. Price, per cwt. or ton. on application. SIXTEEN Splendid FRUITING GRAPE- VINES, 8 feet long. 4 years old, 6s. each, or £3 1.5s. the lot, free— 7 Black Hamburgh, 2 Black Alicante, and 7 Gro8 Colmar. RICHFORD, Brottdstairs. R C SUTTON'S PRIMULA S.— For full particulars of 30 varieties of H^E BEST PRIMULAS, See SUTTON'S " AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN HORTICULTURE FOR 1892." Price Is., post-free ; gratis to customers ordering goods value 20s. and upwards. SUTTON'S SEEDS GENUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM SUTTON AND SONS, THE QUEEN'S SEEDSMEN, READING. OSES ! ROSES I ROSES ! — Plant now. 100 strong dwarf, H.P.Roses for 27s. 6d.; or £12 10s. per lUOO. The finest in the Trade. Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order. CATALOGUES, free on application. C. H. 60RRINGE, Boselands Nursery, Eastbourne. UT FLOWERS.— ARTHUR L, BULLEN, wholesale Flower Salesman and Grower, 33, Exeter St., Covent Garden, 271 and 272, Flower Market, Covent Garden, W.C, and Highfield Nursery, Bromley Common, Kent. CONSIGNMENTS of CHOICE FLOWERS SOLICITED. H O I C E GERMAN FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS. CATALOGUES free on application. FEED. ROEMER, Seed Grower, Quedlinburg, Germany. ASPBIDRRY" CANES.— Norwich Wonder, Carter's Prolitic, also Fastolf, strong and well rooted. ALBERT BATH, Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent. Trade Price Current. 1892. PETER LAWSON and SON, LIMITED, Wholesale Seed Growers and Merchants, EDINBURGH, have posted their ANNUAL CATALOGUE of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS to their Customers; if not received in any case, a copy will be posted upon application. The ANNUAL CATALOGUE of AGKICULTURAL SEEDS will be published later on, meanwhile special offers will be made when requested. HELSEA GEM PEA, the earliest and best Dwarf Marrow Variety. 2s. per quart. Grown and offered by F. MILLER and CO., 267, Fulham Road, London, S.W. ; and Daffodil Farm, Spalding, Lines. SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoAETHUE, The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London. W. ED CURRANT TREES. — Good strong .3-yr. old Trees, at £l per 1000.— Apply, M ANN AND SONS. Market Gardeners. Whitton, Hounslow. D. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37, Eieter Street, W.C, is open to SELL on COMMISSION, TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references. ANTED, CONES and SEEDS of CONI- FERJE in good varieties. — State prices and quantities to R. ERBE, 9, Wdsome Terrace, Dartmouth Park, London, N.W. Also send Trade Price, Lists of Seeds, Bulbs and Plants. ANTED, large plants of ADIANTUM CAPILLUS-VENERIS, and ASPARAGUS PLUMO- SUS NANUS, in exchange for ORCHIDS.— Send all particulars to SANDER AND CO., St. Albans, Herts. ANTED7~two SEAFOP/THIAS, good heads, 5 feet stems; one KENTIA, good spread ; two ARAUCAEIAS; four CAMELLIAS, three white, and one Lady Hulme'a blush, specimens 7 to 8 feet ; four specimen AZALEAS. Quote price and particulars to W. CLAPHAM, Rock Builder, Bramhall Park, Stockport. ANTED, DAILY, all kinds of CHOICE CUT FLOWERS. Warehouse, 38, Hart Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Boxes and labels found.- W. RAVENHILL. WANTED, TRAINED FIGS for Wall, 1 to 2 feet stems. Extra-sized Trees ; also FRUITING TREES in Pots. Sorts, Sizes, and Price, to B. S. WILLIAMS AND SON, Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper HoUoway, N. w New Chrysanthemums. CARTERS' LIST of the BEST SORTS for 1892. Now ready, gratis and post-free, on application to the Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 2.38, High Holboro, London, W.C. CKFORD'S CULINARY and SWEET PEAS.— Descriptive CATALOGUE, free on application, from HENRY ECKFORD, Wem, Salop. OBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI- TORS' GUIDE for 1892.— 26th Annual Edition. 160 pages, illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in England as "the most useful list published in the- trade." Ready on January 1, and will be sent gratis to all who apply for it and enclose id. to cover postage.- DOBBIE AND CO., Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland. Seed Potatos. HAND F. SHARPE invite the attention of • the Seed Trade to their fine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS, comprising all the varieties worthy of cultivation. They have been grown expressly for Seed, and the samples will be found very fine and well dressed. The prices will compare favourably with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech. STRONG HEDGE. A rare good lot of strong SCOTCH THORN QUICKS, 2J to 3J feet, unselected, 16s. per 1000 ; selected. 17s. 'od. per 1000. FOTHEBINGHAM AND CO., Nurserymen, Dumfries, N.B. 1 n C\i\(\ EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well- JLV/^V/V/V' grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6i. to 16s. per dozen. Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order. J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton. INES. — VIN ES. — VINES. We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and Plantipg Canes. Names and prices sent on application. JOHN PEED AND SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood Road, London, S.E. THe Best Present for a Gardener. INES and VINE CULTURE. The most complete and exhaustive Treatiie on Grapes and their Culture ever published. New Edition. Price 5*., post-free, 5i. 6rf. A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick. EGONIA SEED.— Sow now.— Box's strain is best and cheapest. Single, Is., 2s. 6d., and 6s. ; Double, Is. 6if., 2s. 6(<., and 6s. per packet. TUBERS also. Special List and Pamphlet gratis. JOHN R. BOX (for 10 years Laing's sole Partner), Begonia Grower, Croydon. Prize Cob Filbert Trees. MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S., of Western Elms, Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom. 20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution. Descriptive Price LISTS, &c., on application. To Florists. FRENCH FLOWERS, direct from the Gardens.— An enormous saving. ROSES. MIMOSA, MIGNONETTE. MARGUERITES, ORANGE BLOSSOM, &c. Sample basket, carriage paid to London, for 10s. Postal Order. The RIVIERA FLORAL SUPPLY, Nice. RUIT TREES. — APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, per 100 or 1000. Descriptive CATALOGUES, post free, on application. FLETCHER BROS., Ottersbaw Nurseries, Chertsey, Surrey. JW E E K S AND CO., Horticultural • Engineers to Her Majesty. H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De- partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society. Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex Upright Tubular Boilers. King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. HOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLAN T MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us. Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage paid. London Agent: Mr. GEORGE, 10. Victoria Road, Putney, WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B. V 98 THE GA BDENEB S ' GHB ONI CL E. [Janoaey 23, 1893. SALES BY AUCTION. Monday Next. __ MESSRS. PROTHEKOE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Kooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London. E.C., on MONDAY NEXT, January 2i, at half-past 11 o'clock. EVERLASTING PEAS, HELIAN- THUS. in variety; ANTHEBICUM LILIASTRUJM MAJOR, DAHLIAS, Pot-roots, compribios Cactus. Pompon, andSingle; i-hoice Double HOLLYHOCKS. Doub e and Single PYKE- THRUMS. Herbaceous PHLOX. CARNATIONS, LILY OF THE VALLEY, a choice collection of Haidy ANEMONES. Trenoh PJEONIES, a grand assortment of Home-grown LILIES. GLADIOLI, in variety; TIGRIDIAS, SPIRiEAS, Pearl TUBEROSES, a collection of IRIS, choice BORDER PERENNIALS, and a quantity of SURPLUS BULBS. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Wednesday Next —Palms, Ferns. Roses. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms. 67 and 63. Cheap- side. London. E.C.. on WEDNESDAY NEXT. January 27, at half-past 11 o'clock, a consignment of Plants from Belgium, comprising AZiLEA INDICA. CAMELLIAS. PALM-l. DRAC^NAS. FICUS ELISTICA and others, GREENHOUSE FERSS. Standard, half Standard and Dwarf ROSES. 1.500 FKEESIA REFKACTA ALBl. 4"! lots of Choice SEEDLING BEGO.VIAS in fine mixture, BEGONIA and CYCLAMEN SEED, English grown LILIES in variety, &c. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Thursday Next.— Enormous Consignment. 273 CASES of JAPANESE BULBS and PL4.NTS, in grand condition, comprising — 15,21.5 LILIUM AUKATUM, containing 675 extra fine selected Bulbs. 1,500 LILIUM SPECIOSUM KUBRUM. extra fine varieties. 476 LILIUM SPECIOSUM ALBUM KILETZERI. 550 LILIUM MELPOMONE. 1 CASE of .50 JAPANESE TREE PJE0NIE3, in 10 varieties. 5 CASES, comprising in all 176 Roots JAPANESE IRIS, in 5 varieties. 1,170 LILIUM TIGRINUM SPLENDENS. 1,440 LILIUM ELEGANS. 2,100 LILIUM MEDIOLEDES. 6,0 LILIUM SPECIOSUM THUNBERGIANUM JAPONICUJI. 200 LILIUM JOSS LILY, the Chinese Sacred Lily. American Pearl TUBEROSES. 100 lots DAFFODILS and other HARDY BULBS. 300 lots of HERBACEOUS PLANTS, also 3000 HYACINTHS, 2000 TULIPS. 16,000 Y'ellow and other CROCUS, .3000 AFRICAN TUBEROSES, and other BULBS, being the Surplus Stock of a London Seedsman. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., on THURSDAY NEXT, January 28, at halt-past II o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. FRIDAY, JANUARY 2 9, 1892. NEW ORCHIDS, CYRTOPODIUM ERICSSONII, MILTONIA ILLUSTRIS, New EPIDENDRUMS, New ONCIDIUMS, New CATASETUMS. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have received instructions from Mr. F. SiNtiEn. St. Albans, to SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 6S, Cheapside, London, E.C., on FRIDAY NEXT, January 29, at half-past 12o'CIock, A magnificent NEW CYRTOPODIUM, collected in the old Labiata country. Every plant received is offered. A New and beautiful Miltonia— MILTONIA ILLUSTRIS, from the Brazils. A superb lot of the lovely EPIDENDRU.VI G0D3EFFIANUM. This is certainly one cf the most charming Epidendrunas ever introduced. A New ONCIDIUM, evidently free flowering, as the old spikes show. A mo3t extraordinary batch of CATASETUMS. an Orchid species of remarkable appearance from Upper Burmah ; together- with a grand lot of the Upper Burma variety of CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE. and DENDROBIUM NOBILE, ^just received in grand condition. A fine importation of DENDROBIUM DENSIFLORUM, an DENDROBIUM WAKDIANUM. A CUGANTIU SPECIMEN CATTLEYA, No doubt belonging to the old Labiata section, but found very far away from it. The Specimen has over 150 bulbs, about 120 leaves, and 36 (lower-sheaths. Along with this magnificent Specimen came 14 other splendid pieces, every one of which is offered. They are most distinct in appearance. 20 GRAND MASSES of the OLD LiBIATA. among them being some decidedly distiuct-looking plants. And many other valuable ORCHIDS, including ANSELLIA AFRICANA NILOTICA, DENDROBIUM RICHARDII, DENDROBIUM CASSIOPE, CU!LOGYNE DAYANA GRANDIS, &c. Also a splendid lot of choice Hvbrid CYPBIPEDIUMS. among them being C. Nitidissimum. C. Lathamianum niversum, C. Macfarlanei. C. jaranico-superbiens. C. pictura- tnm, C. lo grandis, C. Maynardii, C. albo-purpureum. &c. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. HOMAS B. JAMES (many years with Protheroe & Morris) holds WEEKLY' SALES at his Rooms, 12. Bull Ring. Birmingham, of BULBS, PLANTS, NURSERY STOCK, &c., every WEDNESDAY and FRIDAY, at 4.30 p.m. Salej of choice Cut Flowers. Fresh Entries invited Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found. Wednesday Next. BEGONIA and CYCLAMEN SEED. From the same raiser whose bulbs were disposed of at our Rooms in Dect-mber last. The Begonia seed has been carefully hand-hybridised and, crossed ; it is very heavy, and of strong germinating power, and is of equal mixture of Double and Single. The Cyclamen teed comprises the best mixture of the line&t in cultivation. Also 40 lots of varieties of choice SEEDLING BEGONIAS. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will include the above in their Sale, on WEDNESDAY NEXT, January 27. Wednesday Next. 600O Fin? Bulbs of LILIUM AURATUM, L SPECIOSUM ALBUM and RUBRUM. and L. LONGIFLOKUM. just received in splendid condition from Japan. 20'',D 0 Fresh PALM SEEDS, 60,000 Clump) and Crowns LILLY OF THE VALLEY, lUO.OOO PEARL and SOUTH AFRICAN TUBEROiE-', LILIUM HABRISI, L. CANDIDUM. \i\li'. J. C. STEVENS will include the above ItX in his SALE bv AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 3S. King Street, Covent Girden, W.C., on WEDNESDAY NEXT, January 27. Ou view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Wednesday Next. PLANTS and BULBS. MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, .at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. on WEDNESDAY NEXT, Jan. 27, at half-past Vi o'clock precisely, 500 choice-named STANDARD and DWARF ROSES, a fine collection of BORDER PLANTS, HARDY ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS, EVERGREENS, CONI- FERS, &c. ; AZALEA MOLLIS, from Ghent; GLADIOLI. IRIS. ANEMONES. AMARYLLIS, choice NARCISSUS, DUTCH BULBS, &c. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. w ANTED, TO RENT, a SMALL NUR- SEBY.— 400 to 60J feet of good Glass, and about au of Ground.— Particulars to J. R.. 3. Wawne Street. Hull. London, 12 miles from.— (Foil i 7562 ) CAPITALMARKliTN UKSERY.— 10 Green- houses, alt modern and well-heated. Stables, &c.. and 1 1 ere o( Ground. JoDglea^e. Rent only £1. Price and (nil particulars of Me sra. PR'UHEROE A^D MOSRIS, 67 and 68, Clieapside, Londjo, E.C. '•p O FLORIST S.— A wel-established i GENUINE CONCERN for SALE, North London, 13 Greenhouses, over 1 Aire of Open Ground, &c., good resi- dential locality.— I'articulais of Mr. J. CLE.M.MANS, Surveyor, 5, Russell Villus, Seven Sisters' Road, Stamford Hill, N. To Market and Cat Flower Growers. (Folio 7669.) LONDON DISTRICT.— TO BE LET, either as a whole or in two portions, a Lari^e MARKET NURSERY, comprising about 5 acres, four being covered with glass. A Lease for 21 years will te granted. Only small Stock planted out to be taken, remainder optional. Full particulars of Messrs. PROTHEROE AXD MORRIS, 67 and ^^, Cheapside, London, E.C. 'rO BE DISPOSED OF, the long LEASE of X a HOUSE and SHOP, in a leading thoioughtare, iu one of the principal South Coast Watering-places. Capital opening for a Florist. For iuformation as to Rent. Premium, &c., address, ALPHA, Gardeners' Chronicle OIBce. 41, Wellington St.. Strand. W.C. MIDLAND COUNTIES.— TO BE SOLD (Folio 7561). in an important town, an old-established General NURSERY BUSINESS. Long Lease. Low rental. Capital required, about £i500. Apply to PRO>rHER0E K^D MORRIS. Auction and Estate Offices, 67 and 68. Cheapside. London. E.C. To Florists and Nurserymen. FOR SALE, on extremely easy and reason- able terms, a capital FLORIST'S BUSINESS, in a com- manding position, with six large houses, all heated. Garden Contracts in neighbourhood, &c. Takings about £1000 a year. Close to London. About£300 required.—" H. B. 711," Me8s:s. Deacon's Advertisement Offices, Leadenhall Street, E.C. r:A GARDEN L'lGHTS~(Strong), New, 6 feet <}\J by 4 feet, including Iron Bar across and 2l-oz. Glass, and Painted, 8s. 'od. each ; will accept Ss. each for a quantity. D. HORROlKS, Tyldesley. THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without Security. Purchasers liave the choice of 100 Wholesale Houaee. Call or write f-)r Prospectus. Address. SECRETARY. 43. Great Tower Street, E.C. ICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form- ing Waterfalls, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries,' Winter Gardens, Alpineries. &c., as in hundreds of places about the kingdom, including at Aldenham House, Elstree, so faithfully illustrated in thia journal of Noveoaber 21, executed by PULHAM AXD SON. 50, Finsbury Square. London. E.G., and Broxbourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection on receipt of twelve stamps. WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, in a 1 lb. to 1 cwt., good SWEET PEA SEED, In Mixed and Separate Colours. State price, and To PURCHASE, IMMEDIATELY, in any quantity, from 1 lb. to 1 cwt., good i Separate quantity to offer, to— PITCHER & MANBA, The United States Nurseries, Hextable, SWasley, Kent, THE GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND. NOTICE. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the SUBSCRIBERS to this FUND wil be held at the CANNOX STREET HOTEL, on FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 5 next, for the purpose of receiving the Report of the Committee and the Accounts of the Fund for 1890-91, ElectiuR Oilicers for the ensuing year, and for the ELECTION of ELb-VEN CHIL- DREN to tlie Benefits of the Fund. The Chair w 11 be taken at 2 o'CIock preci&elv, aud the Ballot will close at 4 o'CIock. A. F. BABROIJ, Honorary Secretary. Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Chiswick, London, W. January, 1892. P.S. — The Voting Papers have all been issued, any Subscriber not having received one is requested to communicate with the Secretary. NoTK.— In the List of Candidates, Application T. Jor 1880, read 1890. FOR SALE, "GARDElNERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE," complete inonebjok. splendidly bound, not soiled. Dale 1847. W hat off ers ':■ R. R , High Street, Princes Risborough, Bucks. Notice. NEW INCURVED CHRYSANTHEMUM, MRS. ROBINSON KING. I hereby certify that I have SOLD the whole of my CERTIFI- CATED STOCK to MR. ROBERT OWEN, Floral Nursery. Maidenhead. (Signed) W. H. HOTHAM (Raiser of Mrs. Robinson King). Nelholme, East Yorks. Plants distributed early in February. Trade Offer of Large I'alms. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 2.5 feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations: Dracffinas, Bamboos,& Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. ^___ 'Vegetable and Agricultural Seeds. HAND F. SHARPES SPECIAL PRICED • LIST of the above-named SEEDS comprises all the finest varieties of 1891 growth, and at prices very favourable to purchasers. Those iu the Trade who have not yet received a copy can have one on application to Wisbech, CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Proved NOVEL- TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other Select Varieties. New LISTS free. Gave great satisfaction last year. A. J. A. BRUCE, The Nurseries, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. TANDARD TRAINED PEACHES and NECTARINES, fine trees, with bearing wood and fibrous root.s. OUiPE VINES, well-ripened canes— a large stock. WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex. OR SALE, a large quantity of AMPE- LOPSIS VEITCBI CUTTINGS, not rooted ; goo.l, strong wood. Also large dormant plants of MAIDENHAIR FERN and several hundred LILIUM GIGANTEUM. a. HOWES, Merton Gardens, Thelfotd. ORCHIDS. S' THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO. (JOHN COWAN), Limiteti, Have an immense stock of ORCHIDS, Both Established and Semi-Established, and they are constantly receiving IMPORTATIONS from various parts of the world. INSPECTION IS VERY EARNESTLY INVITED. The Company's Prices are all fixed as low as possible, with the view of inducing' liberal Orders. PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Post-free on Application to the Company, THE VINEYARD AND NURSERIES, CARSTON, -^AR LIVERPOOL Januaht 23, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 99 FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Pancras. Seeds.— Carriage Paid.— Seeds. DICKSON AND ROBINSON'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892. Enumerate? the Best and Choicest Varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, and SEED I'OTATOS ; MANURES, LVSECTICIDES. HORTICOLTURAL IJIPLE.MENTS. and GARDEN REQUISITES. Post-free on application. COLLECTION'S of VEGETABLE SEEDS, from 5s. to 81s. COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, from 2s. 6 400 Acres. GARDEN SEEDS CARKIAGE PAID. CATALOG-TJES FREE. LITTLE &MLLANTYNE C iL f^ IL< J S JL. £: . THE NEW EARLY DESSERT APPLE, COOLING'S BEAUTY OF BATH, Is the handsomest and best-flavoured First Early APPLE yet introduced, and should be in every collection. MAIDENS. 23. eacH. PYRAMIDS, 33. 6(1. and 53. each. FAN-TRAINED. 5s and 7s. 6d. each. STANDARDS, 33. 6d. each Trade price on application. Descriptive FRUIT TREE and ROSE CATA- LOG UE, Post-free en application. GEO. COOLING & SONS, THE NURSERIES, BATH. THE GARDEN GARDENERS should look keenly to theiremplojers' interest both in Seeds imd Plants, for upon these the hope, pride, pleasure, and satitfaction of the garden entirely rest during; the whole ye»r. We have often seen people admire very inferior productions and been contented, but the moment they 3ee something vastly superior, then comes the great 'surprise and astonishment that they should have been so long satialied with what they have had, and probably bought at a high price. There are many thousand in this lamentable position all over the country. Send for our CATALOGUE, showing you that none can touch our KENTISH GROWN SEEDS, and sent direct from the actual growers to the sowers. WoTTie at& ^e^ QUE PRIMULAS & CYCLAMEN. They are now grand Indeed. H. CANNELL & SONS, SWANLEY, KENT. EA-SCENTED R O S E S~, For Pottinf!-on or Planting-out. FIFTY FINE.ST VAKIETIES, including Ethel Biownlow, Madame Hoste, Catherine Mermet, Tlie Bride, Gruce Darling, Princess Beatrice. Madame Lambard, Sunset, Comte.'fse de Nadaillac. Souvenir d'Elise, Madame Falcot. Madame de Watte- ville, Princess of Wales, Niphetos, Perle des Jaidins, &c. In 5-inch pots, 9s. per dozen ; 655. per 100. Strong Plants, in 6-inch pots, 12i. and 18s. per dozen ; from 90s. per 100. Extra Fine Plants, in 7 and 8-inch pots. Eitra Strong CLIMBIKG ROSES, of sorts, in pots, including, Marechal Niel and Climbing Niphetos, from 4 to 10 feet long, well-ripened for forcing or planting. Write for Detailed List and (,)uotations. EDWIV HILLIEB, Nurseryman anil Rose Grower, Winchester. Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley I TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES • OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year-old Crowns for planting out. of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices and terms on application. T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk. A NTHONY WATERER invites from iTi. intending Planters an inspection of the fUlowing well- grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS ;— ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to .? feet. „ DOUGLASII, a to 12 feet. „ ,, GLAUCA, 5 toSfcet. ,, HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), .3 to 6 feet. CEDRQS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet. „ GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet. ,. LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon). 4 to 10 feet. CUPHESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 8 feet ,, ., LUTEA(GoWen). 3 tot; feet. JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet. ., ., AUREA (Goliien Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet. PICEA CONCOLOK, 3 to 7 feet. ,, GRANDIS, 5to8feet. „ LASKJCARPA, 4 to 8 feet. „ MAGNIFICA,3to5feet. ,, PUNGENS, \\ to 4 feet. .. „ GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), 1 J to 4 feet. PI.N'US AU.STRIACA. 3 to 7 feet. ,. LABICIO, 3to4 leet. THUIOPSIS liuREALlS. 4 to 7 feet. „ DOLABKATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to S feet. TUUIA LOBBII (gigantea), 5 to 9 feet. ., OCCIDENTALIS LUTEA (Goldm). 3 to Ifeet. WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA. .'(to 7 feet. YEWS, Common, 3. 4, 5, and 6 feet. ,, Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, size, and quality unequalled. ,, Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet. „ Irish, 5 to 10 feet. „ „ Golden. 3 to 6 feet. AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2\ to 4 feet. BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps. 4 to 7 feet. BOX. Green and Variegated, 3, 4. 5. and 8 feet. HOLLIES. Common, fiom 3 to 10 fett. „ ALTACLERENSE. „ HODGINS or NOBILIS, ) „ LAURIFOLIA, ,, MYRTIFOLIA, „ SCOTICA, j ,, Yellow berried, and otler sorts ' ,, Variegated, of sorts. 3. 5, up to 10 feet. „ Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet. „ Silver Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet. ,, Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems, with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth. ,, New Golden Weeping. RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet. Knap Hill Nursery. Woking, Surrey. "Vl/'M. PAUL AND SON respeetfullv invite V? inspection of the following TREES and" SHRUBS, now on Sale. Prices (on avplicalioii) very reafonable, and quality unexceptionable as to roots, tops, and stems : — BEECH, purple, best variety 13 to 18 feet. common 12 feet. BIRCH, Silver ani others 12 to 14 feet. ELMS, four sorts 12 to 18 feet. LABURNU.MS 9 to 10 feet. LIMES s to 12 feet. MOUNTAIN ASH 13 to 16 feet. KORWAY MAPLES 13 to IS feet. PLAINS 12 to 18 feet. POPLARS, six sorts 12 to 18 feet. SYCAMORE 12 to 18 feet. THORNS, Paul's Double Scarlet ... 12 to 14 feet. (The finest Trees in the Trade.) FLOWERING SHRUBS, various ... 4 to 6 feet. n various forms, point of variety. ^ 3, 4, 5, up to 10 teet. .. 6 teet. . 3 to 4^ feet. ARBOR- Vrr^, American AUCUBAS BOX. of sorts 3 to 5"feet CEDRUS ATLANTICA 5 to 10 feet. DEODABA 8 to 12 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA 6 to 7 feet. HOLLY, Variegated 6 to 12 feet. ,, Green, named sorts 6 to 12 feet. FIR, Scotch 6 to 9 teet. ,, Austrian .3 to 8 feet. LAURELS 3 to 7 feet. OSMANTHUS 2 to 4 feet. PICEA PINSAPO 6 to 8 feet. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, iff loam 2 to 4 feet. Hybrids 2 to 4.teet. ,, Named sorts 2 to 4 feet. YEWS, Common, and others 3 to 7 feet. APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, and PLUMS, Standard and Pyramids. APPLES and PEARS, Horizontal-trained. CHERRIES and PLU.VIS, Fan-trained. ASPARAGUS for Forcing. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance. 4 minutes' walk from Waltham Cross Station ; West Entrance. 3 minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station, Great Eastern Railway. SMALL SHRUBS and CONIFEK.E.— Abies orientalis, 4-yr., 405. per 1000 ; Cupreasus macrocarpa, l-yr., 30s. per 1000; C. Lawsoniana, 1 foot, 405. per 1000; C. erecta viridis. 8 to 9 inch. 30s. per 1000 ; Cotoneaster Sim- monsii, 1 foot. 30s. per 1000; Escallonia macrantha, 9 inch, 85. per 100; Ivy, Irish, 2-yr., 305. per 1000; Lilac, purple, 2->r., 305. per 1000; Laurebtinus, 6 to 8 inch, 75. per 100; Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr,, drilled, 10 inch, 505. per lOOU; Pinus cembra, 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000; P. Nordmannia, 2-yr. transplanted, 6O5. per 1000; P. nobilis, 2-year trans- planted, 65. per lOU; Privets, oval, 9 inch. 85. per 1000; ditto, 10 to 12 inch, 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 405. per 1000; R. aurea. 6 to 8 inch, 85. per 100; B. squarrosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 405. per 1000 ; Rhododen- dron ponticura, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40s. per lOOJ; 6 to 9 inch, 55s. per 1000; Thuia Lobbii, 10 to 12 inch, 3os. p«r l&OO; 15 to 18 inch, extra, 405. per 1000; Veronica Traversii, 8 inch, 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia, 6 inch, 8s. per 100; Yew, English, 2-yr3., l-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 1000; Irish Yew, 8 to 9 inch. 8s. per 100. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. 100 THE GAEDENERS' OERONIGLE. [January 23, 1892. THE BEST CUCUMBER GROWN. CARTERS' I^MODEL. FOR SIZE, FOE FLAVOUK, FOE EXHIBITION. A Customer writes ; — I cut 900 fruit from 4 plants." Price, in Sealed Packets, 2, 6 and 3/6 each, post-free. Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen, and H.E.H. me Prince of Wales. 237 238 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. GEORGE JAGKMAN & SON, WOKING NURSERY, SURREY, Invite Inspection of the Following Well-ghown Stuff:— FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsons, in Standarci, Pyramid, and Dwarf- traiued trees; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. ROSES. — A large Collection of Dwarf and standard Hybrid Perpetual and T^a Roses, in all the lead- ing varieties; also Tea Roses, ia pot-t, for forcing. RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties set with flower-buds; alsoHybridSeedlingsand Ponticums. CONIFERS.—Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for Lawn and Shrubbery planting. SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted for Belba, Shrubberies, Screens, &c. CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle- matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rockwork, &c. ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks, Avenues, Streets, and Private Gardens. FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for Coverts. Woods, &c. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading Feature. Plans designed, and Advice given as to LayiiiR- out, Planting, or Renovating Parks, Cemeteries, Recrea- tion Grounds, and Private Gardens. litiitiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitniiitiiiiniinrniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniNiffnq PLANTING SEASON. A ALL OTHER TREES & PLANTS, EYERGREEMS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 AORES: VERT EXTENSiyE STOCK. Inspection InsiUd- Priced Catalogues Qratla & Post Free. L^IGKSONS NURSERIES (LOnTBD) CJHESTEI^. TRADE OFFER OF PALMS. COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at 20s. per 100. ., ,, in 60'a, at56s. per 100. KENTIA. Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100. ,, ,, ineO's, ateOs.perlOO. ,, ,, in48'3, at24s.perdoz. in32'9, at4Ss. perdoz. at32s. periOO. ,, ,, in 48's, at £5 per 100. W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus, in4S's and BO's; Pandanus Veitchii, Dnicienas Lindenii, and Ficuselastioa.— W, IiJETON, Putney, S.W. SKAFORTHIA Elegans, in e GROUND REairiRED for BUILDING. TO BE SOLD, CHEAP. lOOO PI.VUS AUSTRIACA. 2 to Sand 6 feet. 1000 LAURELS, bushy, 4 to 7 feet. 60J MOUNTAIN ASH. 10 to 1-5 feet. 600 LABUEN'dMS, 8 to 10 feet. 200 SPANISH CHESTNUTS, 8 to 10 teet. .=100 POPLARS, ITALIAN, 12 to 18 feet. JOHN PEED & SONS, The Nurseries. Mitcham Road. Streatham. S.W. PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (standards, Pyramids, and Wall-trained), Apples, Pears, Cherries. Peaches, Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons, specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, secured but recently regardless of cost ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses; 40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years o'.d ; and forty kinds of Gooseberries. 6000 Raspberries. Price, half their value. See Catalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD. Hon. GER- TRUDE Jones, Churchtield, Cradley, near Malvern. CLEARANCE SALE of PALMS, DRACHMAS, &c. Strong Small Palms, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFOkTHIA elegans. latania borbonica, akeca sapida, corypha australis, kentia belmoriana, K. FOSTERIANA, and DRACJEVA INDIVIS4, sample 2 of each, 14 plants in all, 5s. ; 1 of each. 7 in all, 3s. Package Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. * LATANIA BORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averaging 10 fine leaves, l.'js. each. ♦CHAMiEROPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves. 30s. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves, 21s. each. * DRAC.ESA CANIFOLIA, 6 to 8 feet high. 2ls. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, los. each. » PHfEN'lX TENUIS, 3 feet high, 6s. each. * Ditto ditto 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. '•DRAO.HSTA INDIVISA, 3 feei; B inches high, 5s. each. * Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. * D.tto CONGESTA. 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. •SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS. io SO's, fitfor 48's, strong, 6s. doz. Price per 100 on application. Those marked " are Packed Free, but not Carriage Paid. W. OWEN. 106, Stamford Hill. N. TANDARD RUSES, Us. per doz.; Bush Roses. 6?. per doz. ; best named Clematis. 14s. per doz. ; Ampelopsis Veitchii, 4s. per doz. ; Variegated Ivies, 4s. per doz. ; Mrs. Sinkins Pinks, 12s. per 100 ; Ferns, in pots, lijs., 21s., and 4.'is. per 100. Catalogue, gratis and post-free. H. ENGLISH. Clevedon Nurseries. Clevedon. POPULAR CELERIES. HARRISON'S EARLY ROSE, easily blanches, fine for exhibition | Each HARRISON'S LEICESTER RED, I !=• solid, the best late, very hardy I P" ?»''««'. PEN G ELL Y AVHITE, a quick forVamps. grower / Nothing is more disappointing than a soft, stringy Celery. The above will not disappoint you. ILLUSTRATED LIST of LEICESTER SEEDS, free. HARRISON & S0N3. Seed Growers. LEICESTER. KITCHEN GARDEN & FLOWER SEEDS, And GARDEN REQUISITES. FISHER, SON, AND SIBRAY, Handsworth Nurseries, Sheffield, have now issued their SPRING CATALOGUE of the above, and have posted one to all of their Customers. If any of their friends have not received a copy. F. S. & S. will have pleasure in posting one free on application. Seed Warehouses:— 4, Market Street (or Fitzalan Square), Sheffield ; and 39. Church Street, Rotherham. NEW ENGLISH CHRYSANTHEMUMS For 1892. Mrs. ROBINSON KISG, 6 F.C.C.'s, new Golden-yellow Sport from G. Empress. The WHOLE of the CERTICATED STOCK in my POSSESSION {see Notice). PRELUDE or striped Alfred Lyne. Noel Pragnell or striped Empress. Excelsior, Jap., rose-cerise, F.C.C. F. W. Flight. Jap., crimson-carmine, 2 F.C.C.'s. G. C. Schwabe. J., carmine rose, 3 F.C.C.'s, Mrs. Nisbet, J., purple-amaranth, F.C.C. Peter Blair, J., yellow and crimson, F.C.C. William Tunnington, J., chestnut-red. Com. Atlantic, J., white and rose; Budget, J., red and yellow; Charles Bonstedt. J., lilac-rose; J. Blen- kiusop, J., "crimson ; J. P. Kendall, J., amaranth ; Majestic, J., carmine-rose; Masterpiece, J., ruby-red ; Mrs. Carr-Gomm, J., white; Mrs. C.Russell, J.. buff ; Mrs. Gladstone, J., cream ; Mrs. H. F. Spaulding. J., blush ; Richard Nisbet, J., red and yellow ; Standard, J., ros-^-magenta ; LTmpire, J., Lilac-rose ; Miss Lillian Cope. J., or White Etoile de Lyon. Descriptions and prices, see Catalogue (free). Orders booked and executed in rotation during February and March. R. OWEN, Floral Nursery, Maidenliaad. For PLEASURE and PROFIT. FRUIT. See CATALOGUE for Sim to S— ROSES. Nothing so Profitable and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. nd kinds of Tree Hundreds of Thousands. BUSHES, Packing artd Carriage Free 83. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with Order. ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen. ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES. 4 ACRES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from 155. per dozen. N.B.— Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. SEEDS &BULBSl^^'^^l^fp^AKT"'' DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. [The finest imostjnreresting Collectioiviiv the Trade. "^H^diSPEJCfJES^^St. VAR I ETI ES I Stove.Gfeenhouse.Hafdy Exotic a Bf itish (everyone interested in Ferns SHOULD I SEND FOR OUR paKtially descriptive. Catalogue free: on Application. Illustrated Catalogu ' Pfice 1/6 posb Free. FOREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000; Ash. 3yr.. 2s. nd. per 1000; U to 2 feet. 13s. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet. 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; Ash, Mountain, 3 to 4 feet, 21s. per 1000 ; Bee-h. 2 to i'A feet, 22.':. per 1(00; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000: Chestnut. Horse, 2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spanish C, IJ to '^i feet. 16s. per 1000; Elm Wych, 2 to 2* feet, 16s. per luOO ; Larch. 12 to 18 inch, 14s. per 1000; 1* to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; 2 to 2* feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Spruce Fir, 1 J to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir, 2-yr. 2-yr. tr.. 16s. per 1000; 2 feet, 20s. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to i feet, 20s. per 1000 : Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet. I6s. per 1000 : Oak, English, IJ feet. 12s. per 1000; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; 2i to 3 feet. ISs. per 1000 ; Privets, Oval, I J to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; Privets, Common, IJ feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, IJ to 2 feet, 12s. per lOdO; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Thorns, 2 feet, 10s. per 1000; 2J feet, 12s. per 1000; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000; 3 to 4 feet, 17s. per 1000. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. CLIMBING DELICATES3 CUCUMBER. To THE TKADE. ' packets, of ten . 25s. ifeds u packets lu packets ... 4s. 1 packet ... 6d. For de'cription. fee my Wholesale .\TALOG UE. \liiL'li can beobtaiued Electros will* also bf lent, if desired. J.'C. SCHMIDT ERFURT, GERMANY. KENTISH SEED POTATOS. H. CANNELL & SONS Have a large quantity of the best kinds. Special prices for large quantities. SEND FOR A CATALOGUE. SWANLEY, KENT. Januaet 23, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 101 Celebrated for Quality. WEBBS' SEEDS. For Particulars of the Best Novelties, tee WEBBS' SPRING CATALOGUES 1892; beautifully illustrated with si huudredt* of eograviDgs, po allowed off subseqi X coloured plates and THE NEW TOMATO FOR 1892: WEBBS' 'regina; This valuable noTelty is early and very prolific ; it is of the greatest service for both open-air and house culture. The fruit is smooth, somewhat round in shape, of beautiful deep colour and delicious flavour. Is. 6d. and 2a. QA. per packet, post-free. Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE. Buyers should come and View the Stock. THBJ.EV. FORCING LETTUCE, CARTERS' HARBINGER, Supplies a want long felt. DlBtluct and Beautiful. Sealed Packets, 2, 6 & 5/- eacb,'post-free. Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. IS HIGH HOLBGRN, LONDON SUTTON'S For full particulars of 30 VARIETIES OF THE BEST PRIMULAS, SEE SUTTON'S AMATEUR'S GUIDE IN HORTICULTURE. Separate Varieties, from Is. 6d. to 5s. per pkt. Superb (mixed) (all the best sorts) 33. 6d. „ Collection of 14 varieties, 21s. Sutton's Seeds GENUINE ONLY FROMSUTTON&SONS,READm&. ALL FLOWER SEEDS POST-FREE. WiMamef WORLD-RENOWNED PRIMULA GOLD MEDAL STRAIN. In Sealed Packets, bearing our Registered Trade Mark, without which none are genuine. Per packet— s. d. ud Mixed 1 6 & 2 6 1 6 ,.2 6 For other raneties, see JLLl'STRATED SEED CATA- LOG f'E, Gratis a7id Post-free on application. TS.S.WlUlwTrhd^ Son. UPPER P/OLLOWM-^^^^J^ LO/y/DON. N. VEITCH'S OF PliOVED EXCELLENCE. JAMES VEITCH& SONS Besirt^ in direct attention to the following, for present sowing : — STREPTOCARPUS, NEW HYBRIDS. Beautiful Greenhouse Plantt, remarkable for their abund- ance of bloom, which are proiluced for about four months in the summer and early autumn. The flowers, which are very graceful in form, are tiumpet-shaped, and of rich, striking, and varied colours. Per Packet. 2s. 6d. BEGON I A, VEITCH'S CHOICEST HYBRID. Saved from the very liiicst and newest hybrids, and : undoubtedly the best strain yet offered. Per Packet, Is. 6d. DOUBLE BEGONIA, CHOICEST HYBRID. Saved from an unequalled collection, and may be ex- pected to produce a large proportion of well-formed, perfectly double flowers. Per Packet. 2s. 6d. PRIMULAS VEITCH'S SUPERB STRAINS. Finest Fringed, Rfd. White, and Mixed, These are the finest in cultivaiion. and were awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society for superior quality. Each, per Packet. 2s. 6d. 1^ For full descriptions of the above and other Choice Sects, see CATALOGUE for lSHUNDltEDS OF OTHER REFERENCBS CAN i BE GIVEN IF BEaXJIRED, jARnABY 23, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 103 PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, four minutes' wnlk from Waltlinm Cross Station G.E.R.) : West Entrance, three m. mites walk from Theobald's Grove Station (&.E.K). ROSES. The Largest and Finest Stock In the Country. NEW ROSES A SPECIALTY. SEEDS & BULBS OF BEST QUALITY. ALSO MUSHKOOM SPAWN, GARDEN MATS, MANURES, INSECTI- CIDES, and all other GARDEN REQUISITES. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NTJRSEBIES, WALTHAM CBOSS FRUIT TREES AND GRAPE VINES. An enormous Stock of Fruiting and Other Trees unsurpassed in quality, being vigorous, clean, and true to name. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PATn:iS' NXmSERIES, WAIiT HAM CROSS HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS. rVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and CONIFERS, in endless variety, kept constantly transplanted. RHODODENDRONS off Loam. HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS a specialty. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. FATTLS' NTJHSEBIES, WALTHAM CROSS CAMELLIAS The Largest Stock In the Country. Plants well set with Bloom-buds. Also. AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. . ^° Prices itrictly moderate: reduced rates for large giian- titiet. Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed bij experienced hands for all parts of the world. Gardeners of ckaraeter and experierice recommended. Important : Observe the Christian Name a7td Address- . PAUL & SON, WALTHAM CROSS, HERTS- SALE, JANUARY 29th. NEWORCHIDS CYRTOPODIUM ERICSSONI. A magnificent New Cyrtopodium from the Old Labiata country. MILTONIAILLUSTRIS Lovely New Species from the Brazils. EPIDENDRUM GODSEFFIANUM, EPIDENDRUM WATSONI, ONGIDIUM, SPEC. NOVA, CATTLEYA LABIATA, Marvellous masses. NEW CATASETUMS. The above will be Sold by Auction, at Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS' ROOMS, 67 & 68, Cheapsido, London, On FRIDAY, JANUARY 29th, By Order of Mr. F. SANDER. THE €arto^rH'#ri)tticI^* SATURDAY, JANUARY 23, 1893. BRYNGWYN. IN the park surrounding the mansion of Mr. James Rankin, M.P., two houses preceded the present one. Nothing remains of the earliest of these country seats, but the moat surrounding its site in the lowest and least eligible part of the domain, where no landscape could cheer the eye on account of the low level. The site was, un- doubtedly, the most suitable for a moated resi- dence ; but it was the worst in all other respects. The gas works, erected for the supply of the house, are now concealed amid the trees which spring on the site of old Bryngwyn. It may be mentioned here that Mr. Rankin's residence stands in the parish of Dewchurch in Hereford- shire. The name by which it is designated seems to have strayed from the neighbouring princi- pality of Wales, Bryngwyn being a "Welsh word, signifying " white valley," though why this spot should be called so it is difficult to conceive, the rocks hereabouts consisting of old red sandstone of the characteristic colour which lends warmth to the landscape of a large part of Herefordshire. Opposite the present mansion is a sandstone hill, whose colour is concealed by the deep green foliage of the Oaks and Elms, which, with Larch and various exotics, cover it ; and at the foot of this hill, within the boundary of the pleasure garden, is the second house, which is, in part, a ruin covered with climbers, while another part of it is occupied by ]\Ir. Nash, who, as head gardener here, has shown his taste alike in the Ivy-covered walls of his dwelling and in many other directions. When the old house was dis- mantled, it was a good idea to leave the outer walls intact, and plant them with Jasmine, Cydonia japonica. Sweet Briar, and several sorts of Ivy, including Hedera palmata — an in- different climber, but with large leaves— a hand- some variety for ruins. A sort of trellis, formed of Larch poles, has been carried round the house with excellent effect, the poles being completely hidden by Ivy which hangs in luxuriant festoons, amid which the eye detects the ruin behind. Mr. Nash's front-door, with i ts ever- green Yew porch, is something to envy, or at any rate to admire and imitate. One walks through a doorway in the ruin, and there, on the right, is the porch, and in front of it is a lawn occupy- ing what was once a principal room of the now dismantled house. The old walls, hung with creepers and planted with Ferns, surround the lawn and a narrow flower border under the wall forms its margin. I hope this rather minute description will assist those who own old ruins to render them as ornamental as that at Bryngwyn. The old Elizabethan mansion, which bore the name just mentioned, has been replaced by 104 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januahy 23, 1892. Mr. Rankin by a much larger and handsomer house in the early English style. The old house is now an ornament of the garden, seen from the windows across a wide space devoted to a lawn covering many acres. Naked walls are rarely tolerable, and even the warm and pleasing sand- stone of which the house is built, is improved by its drapery of creepers. Not to name them all, what can be more noble in appearance than the Magnolia grandiflora ? It is the Exmouth variety which commenced flowering in August, and would continue to do so I was told on October 3, till stopped by frost. Another shrub in the house, more fastidious as to soil and site, and not seen where the one is stiff, or the other low, is Photinia serrulata, 20 feet high, having coriaceous leaves and ter- minal panicles of small white flowers. Escal- lonia maorantha, with its shining leaves, flourishes on the same wall. The terrace in front of the house, dry and sunny, and well lifted above the park, is a singularly attractive spot, from which the beauty of the lawn and pleasure grounds may be surveyed. In the flower-beds on the terrace, when I saw them last summer, a variety of yellow Chrysanthemum is used as a better yellow and safer plant than Calceolaria. Mr. Nash is by no means superstitious in adhering to old and customary ideas and plants when he can replace them by better, which he has succeeded in doing in the use of the Chrys- anthemum, and in some other instances in his ornamental gardening. On the east side of the house, at the boundary of the lawn, a gravel walk leads to a conserva- tory, and thence to a rosary and other orna- mental grounds, and to the kitchen garden There are many different methods of covering a wall and beautifying a flat siirfaoe of bricks, but without disparaging other plants which may be used for the purpose, nothing can be better than the different varieties of Ivy, differing, as they do, in colour and habit — golden, silvery, or variegated, with leaves deeply cut or otherwise, and of various sizes as well as shapes. The wall just noticed is Ivy-clad, with a border in front brightened by single Dahlias and other flowers. On the right hand, in passing along this path from the house, are baskets of wire, placed on the margin of the lawn, and edged with Ivy, with Clematis covering the handles, and each basket delights the sense of smell, as well as sight, since it is planted with such sweet flowers as Mignonette, Heliotrope, Tobacco, Stock, and Salvia patens. It is certainly a very pleasing walk, and, hard as it may be to hit on anything new in the art of arranging plants, on which so many minds are always engaged, one may perhaps claim a spice of novelty for the embellishments of this path. The lawn is extensive, slopes pleasantly from the house towards the ruins, where it ends, and the ground begins to rise. On such a lawn there is space for the largest timber trees, sweet Chestnuts among them. Among many beautiful clumps of shrubs, there is one margined with Daphne Mezereum, which grows very luxuriantly here. Another is composed of Ghent Azaleas, edged with Andromeda floribunda, which flou- rishes exceedingly, as most things do on the rich sandstone soil of Herefordshire, where Apples, Hops, and pastures are all in perfection, and woodlands, gardens, and cornfields are as good. Other clumps are of Clematis Jaokmani, edged with Japan Honeysuckle ; Tritonia uvaria, blazing alone; Hyacinthus candicans, China Roses, edged with Rudbeckia; Rhododendrons, Golden Yews and Conifers, and various shrubs ; and, not to be overlooked, a raised bed of Mrs, Turner Pelargonium, edged with Gazania. The grandest object on the tawn is a tall and spread- ing Oak of noble dimensions, with a lofty trunk, such as only rich land could produce. This tree alone would furnish the wainscot of a spacious room. The Wellingtonia, from seed brought from California, grows here as freely as the Larch. A specimen planted eighteen years ago measures 55 feet high by 5 feet in girth. On the side of the hill above the ruins there are some stately trees ; one of these is a Larch, 80 feet high, with branches drooping to the ground, and spreading 100 feet. There are some big Acacias and great Scotch !Firs near it ; but perhaps the handsomest of these giants is a Spruce, 10 feet in girth and 85 feet high, and feathered to the ground. In parting the branches in order to get to the trunk, I disturbed a wood- pigeon, sitting hard on two eggs in a nest about 6 feet from the ground, (the nest being well secured from observation till the sanctum within the branches was entered. Another of the great Larches stands 100 feet high, and has a circum- ference of 13 feet at 5 feet from the ground. The bracken on the hill grows 7 feet and 8 feet high. The Yews feather to the ground ; and in striking contrast to this sturdy tree, the Birch grows naturally on the hill. The Portugal Laurel fruits here freely, when old, as in the case of a fine specimen covered with red berries, and 20 feet in height. Our walk in this direc- tion terminated at a quarry in the side of the hill, which furnished stone for the building of the house, and has now been turned into a fernery, and provided with a summer-house and rustic bridges. Returning to the house, we visited the spacious flower garden on the south-east side, where all sorts of flowers are grown in beds and borders, in delightful profusion, without formality. We were too late for the Roses, which, in summer, make a great display, trained in arches and otherwise. Much more might be added on the beauty of Bryngwyn, but these few remarks on its salient features must suffice. H. E. New or Noteworthy Plants. THRINAX MORKISH, Wenil* (Figs. 20, 21.) This Palm is one of the few species of Thrinax with nearly sessile fruits. Its nearest ally is T. pumilio, Mart., from which it differs in the greater number of segments of the lamina, and in the shortness of the lamina itself. The lamina of T. pumilio, Mart, (according to a plant received by Loddiges in 1845, and now full grown), is 10 cm. longer, its segments 10 mm. wider, the basal seg- ments nearly as long as the central, and not glaucous beneath ; its seed is quite perforated by the testa, as is shown in Martius's Hist. Nat. Palm., t. 103, fig. iy. I have much pleasure in naming this Palm after D. Morris, Esq., F.L.S., Assistant-Director of the Royal Girdens, Kew, by whom it was first collected. U. Wendland, » Thrinaz Morrisii, Weodl.— T. (Porothrinax) pumilioni. Mart., afSois, differt aulem lamioa suborbiculari undulata, eubtus glaucescente, laciniis, circa 30. lanceolatia breviter bifidis, utrinque nerviasecundariisS— 4,,basilaribus feredimidio brevioribus. ligula ovata obtusa ; semine subgloboso, testic radio simplici conioo usque ad dimidiutn introente. baud perfogso. Cdudei clavatus, 1 m. altus. Folia terminalia ; petiolus leviter atnplexicaulis, basi compressissimus. superne b couvexus, margioibua acute angulatis; lamina suborbicu- liria, aubtus glaucescens, multipartita; laciuiia acuminatia, 3 ) cm. lougia, 23 mm. latia, nervis tranaversalibua auperne con- apicuia, marginibua ochroleucia. Spadix 60 cm. longua, ramia 9 ai 13 recurvis. SpathtB numeroafe, tubuloaa?, imbricatrt. glauco-pubeacentea. Fructua subaeaailis, globoaua, sicca rugcaua, basi perianthio sex-fido peraistente cinctua. Semina erecti, globoaa. Ifevia, 3 mm. lata ; embryo lateralia ; columna couica teatae albumen intruaa. Hab. Anguilla. W. Indies. Leg. D. Morria, F.L.S., Dec, 1890 ; Dr. H. A. Alford NichoUa, F.t.S., Nov., 1891. U. Wendland. Mr. Morris' account of the finding of this in- teresting Palm at Anguilla is thus given in the Kew Bulletin, May and June, 1891, p. 131 ; — " Before arriving at Blowing Point, an interesting little Palm was found growing on broken limestone rocks. It was present in fairly large quantities, and the fan-shaped leaves were used for thatching native huts. The chief interest attached to this Palm is connected with its dwarf habit. The largest and apparently most matured specimen did not measure more than about 30 to 35 inches in height, and the stem was about 2.V inches in diameter. I was unable to find any plants in flower or fruit, but there was no doubt it was a species of Thrinax. I brought away with me about thirty to forty plants to be established at the botanical stations at Antigua and St. Lucia. The largest specimen was reserved for the Museum of Economic Botany at Kew, where it was lately seen by Mr. Wendland, an authority on Palms, who is of opinion it is new to science. He has suggested a name for it, but this cannot be pub- lished until some of the flowers or fruits are obtain- able for a botanical description of the species. It is somewhat singular that only last year a new dwarf species of Phcenix of similar habit was diicovered in the East Indies, a specimen of which is now growing at Kew. This is likewise about 25 to 30 inches high, with a slender stem, and forms a very attractive plant. The Anguilla Thrinax is not yet introduced in the living state to this country, but when it is, there is little doubt it will prove most interesting and attractive in a horticultural sense. I made, as mentioned above, a special search for flowers or fruit of this plant. I was told that it produced a very pretty pink flower. This, when pro- duced, proved to be an epiphytal Orchid, a species of Epidendrum, which attached itself to the stem of the small Palm, and pushed its flowers through the fronds." Dr. H. A. Alford Nicholls, F.L.S., who lately for- warded spadices, with fruit, of the Palm to Kew, writes as follows from St. Kitts, on November 18, 1801 :— " I went again to Aiiguilla, and this time I was fortunate enough to get seeds, and spathes, and spadices of the dwarf Palm, indigenous to that island. I found a Palm 2 feet 8 inches high — quite a tall specimen, for most of these ' Thatch ' Palms are only about a foot high. This Palm had two seeding spadices, and I cut them off with one of the leaves, and they go on to Kew by this mail in a box sent through parcel- ost. In a bag I send you a lot of the seeds of the Palm. " I trust from these specimens you will be at last able to work it up. Unfortunately, I could not get flowers, bat I notice that the calyx and style are persistent, and you may be able to make out enough characters for identification. " I am very glad to be able to send on these speci- mens, as Mr. Morris specially asked me to look into the matter. I had a long hunt through the scrub in the blazing sun, and got ' sun-fever ' afterwards." Sejipeevivdm Thomateei (S. hietcm, L., X S. aeachnoidedm). This plant was sent to me by my friend, M. Thomayer, the Director of Parks and Gardens at Prague. It is a new form of house-leek, differing from any which I have hitherto seen. I was much surprised when I saw it, its peculiar appearance, and its size, 80 unusually large for a Sempervivum, won the admiration of all who saw it. The plant re- sembles both its parents equally, bat, like all hybrids, is much stronger and sturdier than either. It grows in close crescent-shaped rosettes (1 j to l.J inch high, and about 3.} to 4 inches across) of leaves, close and overlapping. The leaves are fleshy, elliptical, oblong- cuneate, very glandular, the edges thickly-bordered with hairs. At the tip of each leaf is a tuft of longer hairs than those along the margin. In size, the leaves are from about 1 to Ik inch long by J inch wide at the base, and J inch at the tip. This plant has not yet bloomed at Prague, and all are inclioed to think that it would flower scantily and rarely. Probably the flowers will be yellow, like those of jANtAfiT 23, 1892.] TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 105 S. hirtum. It was raised in the propagating garden at Prague, " Rajska Zahrada." All the plants of this hybrid which were obtained, and which number about a hundred, are like each other. Their unusual habit and handsome appearance render the species emi- nently suitable for the ornamentation of rockeries, as well as for borders or hanging baskets, such as are to be seen in the State botanic garden at Brussels. We shall hope to hear still more about this new hybrid. Henry Corremn {Bulletin de la SocUt( d'Hnrti- mlture de Gnieee, December, 1891). PHAL.EN0PSI3 ScHILLERIANA PCRPHBEA, Jl. Var. This was marked by Messrs. Hugh Low & Co.'s coUeitor as a blue variety, was carefully tended, more compact, and each segment more uniformly rounded ; the side lobes of the lip are broader, and the front lobe broader and shorter than in the type. But the main feature is the decidedly purple hue in its dark richly-cnloured flowers, and especially over the whole surface of the column, the upper sepals, the petals, the outer halves of the side lobes, and the front lobe of the lip. There is some pretty spotting on the lower sepals and labellum, and when fading I find the flowers have a decidedly blue tint. It is thought much of at the Clapton Nurseries, because out of the thousands of P. Schilleriana which have been imported through Messrs. Low's collectors nothing like it has appeared before, James O'Brien, dissipates all cause for wonder that she was able to wean him from all the spendthrift dissolute habits of his youth. Burleigh House was built by William Cecil, Queen Elizabeth's great " Lord High Treasurer of England," and is a splendid example of the architecture of that reign ; the banqueting hall being one of the finest rooms of the kind in existence It stood a siege by Cromwell, who was raagnanimoci enough to forbear from sacking the house on account of the widowed Countess. On two sides the windows of the house look out on a typical English park. This park is of con- siderable acreage, and is divided into three divisions like"omnis Gallia," the high, the middle, and the low. The last division is free to everybody, and is -VIKW OF iiUELElU and is now in flower at Clapton. Flowering as it does in the present dull weather, it is not blue, although there is a decidedly blue tint in the unusually bright dark rosy purple of the flowers, which may possibly develop into a still nearer approach to blue at a time when there is more sunlight, as compared with the the scores of almost colourless typical P. Schilleriana in liower in the same house, and wh ch are known to assume a rich rose colour later in the season. Its flowers, even as at present seen, are much brighter, darker, and more purple than are other lorma of Schilleriana when at their best. This variety has other distinct features. Its spikes branch nearer the base than usual ; the Bowers are BURLEIGH HOUSE, BY STAM- FORD TOWN. There are few of our English ancestral homes so well-known as this ; perhaps it is greatly owing to the memory-holding cadence of Tennyson's pretty ballad, where the lines of the heading occur. The true legend of the lord of Burleigh, who, retiring to a country retreat as a landscape painter, there met his fate in the shape of a farmer's daughter, whom he married, she unwitting of her lover's rank, is beautifully worked out in the poem. The picture of the bride by Lawrence, which is a heirloom o( the family, proves the wisdom of the peer's choice, and a very favourite resort of the townsmen. With the exception of Windsor there are few parka with more magnificent avenues, the double avenue near the keeper's lodge being decidedly worth a close inspection. The grounds are very extensive, and include far- stretching shrubberies and carefully-kept lawns. Tl e main beauty of the place, however, is the large sheet of water, the outline of which has been very grace- fully planned. In view of the house, it spreads out into a wide lake, and seems to disappear into the parkland like a broad river. The planting all round is now thoroughly established, and the huge Cedars and other trees seem to have stood there from time 106 -"HE GARLENER8' GHBONICLE. [jANtAET 23, 1892. immemorial. From the high ground ia the park the grounds look like a large wooded island. The prospect from here with the high trees all mirrored in the water, and the beautiful fresh green foliage of the shrubberies in the background, is very lovely. The flower-garden is near the lake, quite hidden from the house. There is also a large rosary, and a deep dingle which has been turned into a charming sylvan retreat, through which winds tortuous shady walks. The old Oaks and Cedars are most lovingly cared for, and gives a charming old-time appearance to the grounds. The plantations in the park are in a most thriving condition, and it was quite a pleasure to notice the rapid growth of the Birches. In the High Park a number of choice Conifers have been planted in an opening in the woods ; the progress they have made in this sheltered position is quite wonderful. Such fine Douglas firs are not to be found anywhere, except at Dropmore and Murthly— one I girthed was 10 feet. A Cupresaus sempervirens, however, sur- passed this, being 12i feet round. There were also gome fine Hemlocks, Araucarias, and Deodars. Costly experiments in pisciculture are being made in the waters of the lake, and the culture of the cele- brated American Black Bass has been attended with a fair measure of success. The reason, however, why horticulturists seldom fail to visit Burleigh is, because it is the scene of the work of Mr. Gilbert. His ready wit and kindly manner are an unfailing charm to all who know him, and a better education in kitchen garden- ing than a walk in his own garden with the " genius loci " himself, could not be wished for. The kitchen garden is more than a mile from the house, and is nearly 14 acres in extent. Strawberries are most extensively grown, and Mr. Gilbert, who has been a successful raiser of new varieties, has a choice col- lection of varieties ; John Ruskin he finds the best early variety, and for main crop he prefers Burleigh President. It was a great treat to see the old Pines BO well grown ; he probably has the finest-grown stock of the Frogmore Late Pine and the old Elton in the country. A new variety that, if others can grow it as well as he does, ought to have agieat future is Chief Secretary. The Brasaica tribe, as all your readers know well, are understood and grown at Burleigh as only an enthusiast like Mr. Gilbert can grow them. Tomatos are grown in quantity all the year round ; both for indoor and outdoor work Mr. Gilbert finds Satisfaction and Criterion the two best varieties. A new Rhubarb — the Champagne — seems earlier, and an improvement upon Kershaw's. A newly-formed orchard can hardly fail to attract the attention o( every visitor. I was so struck with the evenness and health of the trees, that I asked how he had been able to get so many fine trees Mr. Gilbert answered, "I went to the nursery, and picked out every one myself." The ground under culti- vation is very extensive, seven acres in all, and rows have been devoted to single varieties. A list of some of these varieties, as fruit culture is now engrossing so much attention, may be welcome. They are Bar- nack Beauty, Golden Noble, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Dutch Mignonne, Cox's Orange, Damelow's Seed- ling, Worcester Pearmain, Stirling Caatle, Annie Elizabeth, Stone Apple, Schoolmaster, Duke of Devonshire, Queen Caroline, and Grenadier. The rows are 32 feet wide, and all round is a shelter aflTorded by plantations. Cherries, too, are well grown at Burleigh. It used to be a local belief that Cherries " wouldn't grow nohow in the district." This fact alone was enough to make Mr. Gilbert determine that they should prow somehow. He had noticed at Bexley Heath the Cherries making enormous growth when growing on stont-heaps. Reasoning from this, he cleared out the pebbly bottom of a ditch, and made a bank of soil, on which he planted the strongest young standard Cherries he could find in Osborne's nursery. The result has been eminently successful, and ft full crop of Cherries has never failed at Bjrlelgh since he took the helm. That his shadow lua.f never grow less is the sincere wish of VagahoncL. THE BORDEAUX MIXTURE AS A PREVENTIVE OF THE POTATO BLIGHT. About four years ago, through the efforts put forth by the Section of Vegetable Pathology at Washington, United States, the use of prepara- tions of the salts of copper — chief of which is the Bordeaux Mixture — was introduced as a preventive of the downy mildew and black-rot of the Grape. So marked were the results obtained by the use of the fungicides, that the Secretary of Agriculture, in his report for 1890, estimates that nearly 5000 Grape- growers in all parts of that country treated their vineyards for mildew and black-rot during the previous year, and that the amount of fruit saved in this way will vary from 50 to 90 per cent, of the crop. From a knowledge of the fact that the fungus which causes the mildew and black-rot of the Grape is very similar in character to that which produces the Potato blight and rot, it was suggested that the remedies found useful in preventing the ravages of the one might prove equally applicable to the other. It Is true that the results obtained are sometimes conflicting in character, but as the work is entirely new, and there is no beaten path of precedent to follow, it is to be expected that failure will sometimes be the result of our efforts. Experiments in 1890. A section of a Potato field at Rhode Island State Agricultural Station, where trials of varieties and methods of planting were being conducted, was set apart for this experiment ; growing in this section there were sixty rows of Potatos, each 50 feet long, or two rows each of thirty varieties, including those of early, medium, and late seasons of maturity. The section was planted on May 10, and the growth during the season was unusually even. On July 11 indications of the presence of the blight were discovered upon a few plants, and the following day, .July 12, the first application of the Bordeaux Mixture was applied. The section was divided into four equal' plots of fifteen rows each. One plot remained, untreated during the entire season, one plot received five applications of the Mixture, and two plots were sprayed three times at intervals of about ten days. The conclusions drawn from the comparison of the results may be summarised as follows : — 1. The yield of merchantable Potatos was in- creased nearly 10 per cent, by spraying the haulms three times with the Bordeaux Mixture. 2. The large yield was due to an increase in the size of the tubers, and not to an increase in number. 3. The per cent, (by number) affected by the rot was one and one-half times, or 150 per cent., greater when no mixture was used than where three appli- cations were made. 4. The yield of merchantable tubers was increased more than 34 per cent, by spraying the haulms five times over the plot untreated. 5. The application of the mixture did not increase the total number of tubers formed. 6. The results, as relating to individual varieties, were more or less variable, which Is undoubtedly due to the loc.ll conditions, in connection with the pecu- llarieties of the various kinds; that is, the early varieties that had nearly matured their growth before the blight appeared were not benefited by the appli- cation of the mixture in so marked a degree as the later varieties, &c. The plants had grown side by side, and had been subject to the same conditions, except that the haulm of No. 2 was sprayed with the Bordeaux Mixture, at intervals of about two weeks, from July 12 to September 1 inclusive, and as a result, the leaves remained green, and the tubers continued to grow until the date of the photographing. The haulm of No. 1 was not treated with the mixture, and was attacked by the blight, July 20, which destroyed the vitality of the leaves almost entirely by August 1, and those remaining with the haulm were completely blackened by the middle o' August. The tubers of No. 2, besides being much larger than those of No. 1, were absolutely free from the indications of decayed spots, while among the tubers of No. 1 there was one that was badly de- cayed, and two others that had commenced to decay. J. J. Willis, Harpenden. Foreign Correspondence. BERLIN. For more than fifteen years the horticultural lite- rature of Germany has discussed the question whether an experimental station similar to the Landwirth- schaftlichen Vermch's Station (Agricultural Ex- perimental Station), would benefit horticulture or not, and the various writers arrived invariably at the conclusion that such an institution would be of the greatest service. But what is remarkable is, that the German gardeners have never followed words by deeds, but have hoped that the State would take the matter in hand. " I have my- self done much," says Dr. Dammer, " for the establishment of such an institution," but as he per- ceived that nothing was to be gained by publicity in the journals, he determined to act, and he has at length brought it to pass that the Berlin Horticultural Society has chosen a committee for the purpose of a closer investigation of the scheme. As it is to be hoped that, from the present time, a new era for horticulture will commence, the names of the mem- bers of the committee may be of historical interest. Handelspiirtner F. BHith, Hofgiirtner H. Hoffmann, and Dr. XJdo Dammer. H. Bliith placed his garden and plants at the service of the station ; Dr. Udo Dammer offered to superintend the carrying out of research, and H. Hoffinann undertook the duties of secretary. With a view of arriving at tangible results quickly. Dr. Dammer resolved to make a beginning with farmyard manures combined with mineral manures. He endeavoured to determine if mineral manures especially 'are suitable for plants that are cultivated In pots, and whether such manures are more advanta- geously mixed with the potting soil, or applied as a liquid solution at intervals ; whether the use of such manures, together with bottom heat, would do away with the expense of large pots ; if the time required to raise plants could be shortened by the use of mineral manures ; and, finally, if the mixing of carbonate of lime with the soil in which Ericas are grown would have any influence on their growth. The results of the experiments may, in brief, be classed as follows : — 1. Mineral manures in the pot cultivation of plants may be used with good results. 2. Mineral manures in solution, applied in small quantities at intervals of a week, is the moat advan- tageous mode of application. 3. That a manuring of Erica gracilis with a solu- tion of 3 per cent, strength, and In the proportion of 100 parts solution to 1000 parts soil once a week, is the most desirable method. 4. By this method of manuring Erica gracilis, it was not necessary to employ bottom-heat to start growth in the cutting when potted, because the manured plant grew just as rapidly and as robust as another plant would do on bottom-heat. 5. The manuring renders a later repotting of the plant needless. 6. Manuring retards the formation of flowers, and the more manure, the later the flowering of the plant. 7. Manuring lessens the formation of roots. 8. The addition of lime — 75 per cent, of the mass of soil — reduced the length of the growing shoots in Erica gracilis. 9. The manuring renders the green colour of the leaves of a deeper tinge. As a manure, the following mixture was made use of: — 20 grammes carnallit, 12 grammes Chili salt- petre, 8 grammes superphosphate, 20 per cent, soluble phosphoric acid in one litre of water. Of January 23, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 107 this mixture, each plant received weekly 2 to G applications as might be necessary. As the price of this mineral manure is very cheap, its use greatly reduces the cost of cultivation. The use of the same is also very advantageous. Of great value in practice is the knowledge that by its use the formation of flowers is retarded ; and possibly it may be found practicable to get a plant whose usual period of flowering is in late autumn to blossom in winter — a point of great value to the gardener. It was originally intended to make the mixture of the substances employed according to an analysis of the ashes of the various plants, but as these analyses would have been expensive to carry out, and as a sura of only £5 was allowed for the purpose, they had to be abandoned. Still, as the chemical constituents of the leaves differ from those of the flowers and their stalks, these analyses must be undertaken at some future time. It became, however, necessary to determine in parti- cular if mineral manures were of use in the pot- culture of plants. This question is now settled in the aflirmative by the researches that have been in- stituted and carried out, and it must now be deter- mined by further research which kind of mixtures is the best for the various species of plants, and at what period of their growth the manure should be applied. So far the researches have taught us that, by the right kind of investi- HOKTICULTURAL BUILDING AT THE CHICAGU EXHIBITION. The accompanying cut presents the front elevation of the Horticultural Hall, designed by W. L. B. Jenney, of Chicago. The building is situated im- mediately south of the entrance to .Jackson Park from the Midway Plaisance, and faces east on the lagoon. In front is a flower terrace for outside exhibits, including tanks for Nympheas and the Victoria-regia. The front of the terrace, with its low parapet between large vases, borders the water, and at its centre forms a boat landing. The building is 1000 feet long, with an extreme width of 286 feet. The plan is a central pavilion with two end pavilions, each connected to the centre pavilion by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, each 88 by 270 feet. These courts are beautifully decorated in colour, and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. The central pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet in diameter and 113 feet high, under which will be exhibited the tallest Palms, Bamboos, and Tree Ferns that can be procured. There is a gallery in each of the pavilions. The galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes, the situation and the surroundings being particularly well adapted to recreation and refreshment. These cafes are surrounded by an about 1 inch in breadth. The flowers are borne on a scape about 1 foot high, and each scape has from three to eight flowers on it. The sepals and petals are of a rich dark chocolate colour, suffused with green ; the lip is large and round, of stout substance, pure white, with a crimson blotch on the disc. P. W. Cattleva Pebcivaliana, Sout/iffatc var. The above handsome plant is now in flower in the Woodlands' collection, and a charming variety it is. As a rule we find C. Percivaliana one of the shyest flowering of Cattleyas, and when in flower to be of such diminutive proportions as to be rather unattractive. The above variety is distinct, and in size it compares favourably with C. Mendeli, C. Mossia;, and C. Trianas ; the form of the sepals and petals is all that could be desired, and the lip is proportionately large, with a deep fringe all round the margin. Mr. Measures says that this variety is only equalled by one other in Captain Vipan's collection. It originated with Messrs. Lewis & Co., of Southgate, whence it passed into the Wood- lands' collection, where, among many other beauties, the plant may be said to be a home. P. IV. CYPKIPEDItTM INSIGNE. Of this old favourite of our glass-houses — not, perhaps, so commonly grown as it deserves — we have Fig. I'J. — HOBTICULTUBAL I10ILD1NG AT THE CHICAGO EXHIBITION, 1000 FEET LONG. gation carried on under the necessary precautions, great results may be arrived at, and horticul- ture be greatly profited. But not only will re- searches be made in the manuring of plants, for there remain a number of other questions for which this experimental station in the interest of the gardener, in a similar manner if not on a more extensive scale, must find an answer. Before all things, it will be understood that those entrusted with the researches have chiefly to serve the interests of practical horticulture, and that purely scientific questions are excluded. Our Berlin Correspondent. The New Aralia-house in the Berlin Botanic Garden. — Among other plant houses erected during the summer of 1891, was one which will be entirely devoted to the culture of Aralias. It is in two divi- sions, a large cool one, and a smaller one for Aralias from warm countries. In the middle of the house, a long bed, surrounded by tufa, and capable of being heated, is constructed ; and on the walls, stages are placed on which the dwarfer species stand. The collection of Aralias in this garden is one of the most complete existing, and the specimens are in some cases of extraordinary size. A particularly picturesque appearance will be obtained by the use of the branches of trees to which the climbing species of Aralia will be secured. arcade on three sides, from which charming views of the ground can be obtained. In this building will be exhibited all the varieties of flowers, plants. Vines, seeds, horticultural imple- ments, &c. Those exhibits requiring sunshine and light will be shown in the rear curtains, where the roof is entirely of glass and not too far removed from the plants. The front curtains and under the gal- leries are designed for exhibits that require only the ordinary amount of light. Provision is made to heat such parts as require it. The exterior of the building is in staB or stucco, tinted a soft warm butf, colour being reserved for the interior and the courts. The appropriation for this building is 400,0(X) dollars. It will probably be built for something less than this sum. Orchid Notes and Gleanings. EPIDENDKUM MACROCHILUM ALBUM, Syn., E. CORDIGERUM. Amongst the Orchids in flower at Seymour Court, Great Marlow, is the above useful and decorative variety, which, when seen in perfection, as this plant is, it is one of the handsomest of the genus. It is of dwarf habit, with roundish pseudobulbs, and foliage measuring from 6 inches to 1 foot in length, and at the present time a number of plants in the con- servatory which have from thirty to forty flowers each, and many fully 5 inches across. A few years ago we grew them in pots in an intermediate-house, but transferred them to the conservatory, and planted them in wire baskets. Some of the plants measure 2.V feet across. Some plants of C. barbatum also flower under the same treatment as the above, but this species does not grow so freely here as in a higher temperature, the warmth often falling as low as 40° in the winter. They are planted in a mixture of fibrous peat and sphagnum moss, with abundance of drainage. J. Howard, Benham. Oncidium PhAL.IvNOPSIS. A spray of a fine form of this pretty Orchid comes from Mr. J. W. Bond, gardener to Charles Ingram, Esq., Elstead House, Godalming, which serves to call attention to the beauties of this species when the plant is grown at its best. The flowers, of which the spray bears four, have a strong resemblance to those of the fine violet-spotted Odoutoglossum Pes- catorei Veitchianum, but they are smaller. The pure white labellum is spotted with purple, and at the base is the crest of a rich yellow colour. Num- bers of this plant have been killed by growing it in heat, but it is never safe for any length of time, unless it be grown in a cool temperature, such as that of the Odontoglossum-house. 108 THE GAUDENEBS' cbronicle. [JanuaJjy 23, 1832. FLORISTS' Flowers. THE SHOW AURICULA. Thk sun commenced his northward course on December 21, and with this return of warmth comes the renewal of the interest for him who cul- tivates the Auricula. Not that the time for noticing a perceptible movement in the plants has come yet, and it is possible it may be delayed till the end of January, according to the nature of the weather, but soon after the shortest day the Auricula enters upon its period of growth — a time fall of interest, of hopefulness, and expectation for the cultivator, for is he not within measurable distance of the April exhibition. In February, warmth becomes percep- tible, and it is then the revival comes, if the weather be favourable. Of late years we have witnessed some remarkable additions to show Auriculas. Among our green- edges at the present time, Simonite's Rev. F. D. Horner is our most generally-grown and best variety in the sense also that it is obtainable. It is good in constitution, of free growth, and very constant in character, and one can say that all who grow it can show it, because it is fairly early in flowering. It has the habit of throwing up autumn trusses — at any rate, it appears to have done so abundantly in 1891 ; but this may have been in large measure owing to the fact that the plants, having regard to the mild and soft character of the autumn, were late in bringing the period of activity to a close. The resources of the fine and useful green edge are large, for Mr. T, E. Henwood, of Reading, informs me that some of his plants threw up two and three autumn trusses each, and yet he does not despair of getting a good head of bloom in April next. Old Prince of Greens still does good service at exhibition times to those who can gr)w it, but it takes a long time to grow a small plant into a large one. Mr. Horner has Monarch, undoubtedly a fine gretn edge, but when it is to be distributed I do not know. Last year Mr. Henwood bloomed two plants of it, but both produced double flowers. I think the most promising among the new green edges is Abbe Lizst, raised by Mr. Douglas. As far as I have seen it, this will become as popular and constant as the Rev. F. D. Horner, while it is to all appearance a good grower. Verdure is another promising green edge raised by Mr. Douglas, and well-named because of the bright deep green of the edge. Attraction is another of Mr. Horner's raising, sown by him in 1890 ; last year, owing to the incidence of the season, none of his flowers came southwards. Mr. Samuel Barlow, of Man- chester, has two or three new green edges. Mr. T. E. Kenwood, shown last year and certificated promises to make an excellent addition to a class sadly in need of strengthening ; but then it may be years before there is enough of it to send out. Greenfinch is another of Mr. Barlow's raising ; bright green on the edge, very attractive, and medium size flowers of good quality. If growers could obtain Abbe Lizst they would gladly add it to their collections. Lancashire Hero, which usually has grey edges, will sometimes come quite green, generally from a truss that becomes bare in the autumn, but does not rise up until very early spring. Of the grey edges, we have the old favourites George Lightbody and Lancashire Hero, and when it can be had early enough, Richard Headley— it is a flower of fine quality when at its best ; also George Rudd (Woodhead), Mrs. Moore (Douglas), Rachel (Woodhead), Mabel, 'William Brockbank (Mellor), a somewhat uncertain but occasionally to be had in good form ; and Grey Friar, a seedling raised by Sir J. T. D. Llewelyn, Bart., but apparently only little grown. Of white-edged Auriculas, which until the past few years was a very limited class, theie are Acme, a very constant and reliable variety, and when in its best form difficult to beat— a variety that worthily keeps green the memory of an old cultivator and raiser, the late Mr. John Read, Market Rasen ; Dr. Kidd (Douglas), a most useful flower ; Silvia (Douglas), remarkable for its rich gold tube, but sometimes as much a grey as a white edge ; Reliance (Mellor), Mrs. Dodwell (Woodhead), Conservative (Douglas), John Simonite, and the following, raised by the Rev. F. D. Horner: — Atalanta, Heather Belle, Magpie, Miranda, and Snowdrift. So few of the flowers raised by Mr. Horner are put into com- merce, that there seems little chance of any of the foregoing finding their way into general cultivation ; but it is to be hoped Magpie will give sufficient increase to admit of its being sent out. It is a lovely variety, and the remarkable contrast between the rich black of its body colour and the snowy parity of the edge makes its name very appropriate. The selfs have always been a strong class in point of numbers, though many of the leading flowers pos- sessed points of weakness. Mrs. Potts, with its beautiful violet-blue colour, is generally regarded as standing at the head of the varieties of modern intro- duction ; but it is capable of improvement, especially in the length of its flower stem. Heroine and Black Bess are two very fine daik selfs, which will hold their own for some time to come, and both can be depended upon. Sapphire is valuable as a blue, but, like Ringdove, by the same raiser, has proved some- what unsatisfactory. Mrs. Douglas, raised by Si- monite, when in its best form, I regard as greatly superior to it. Then there remain Charles J. Perry, Lord of Lome, Pizarro, and one or two others, old, but at times very useful. A good red self is badly wanted, and it is to be hoped the day is not far distant when Horner's Brilliant will have increased sufiiciently to admit of its being distributed. The yellow self Auricula is much more a thing of the past than of the present, and, unusual as it is, and beautiful, too, the English grower for show places it lowest of all in point of quality. Those of us who remember Horner's Buttercup of two years ago will rejoice also when that fine and distinct variety can be oft'ered for sale. R. I). Colonial Notes. NEW ZEALAND. Fbeesias : — Here we experience little diflicalty in growing this useful gem. It is sown in rows like Peas, on a sunny, sandy border (with us to the north) as stock bulbs. After the resting period, which is about two months, it starts away again much after the way of Sparaxis, when the strongest are carefully lifted with a trowel in batches and potted in 5 and G-inch pots, as many as the pots will hold, carefully tended to prevent them being drawn, and supplied with plenty of water ; then brought into a warm airy house in April and May, when next month, June, our midwinter month, they commence to produce in quantities their lovely scented blooms, and those left untouched in the beds supply a succession far into spring. T. Smith, Timaru, N.Z. Hardiness of Acacias. It may interest some of the young gardeners of Britain who fire away somewhat mercilessly with their employer's fuel on frosty nights to know that these plants will stand 8° and 10° of frost uninjured. Here we sometimes experience this low temperature for a few nights successively, and Acacias are never injured. Some, as the Black, Golden, and Silver varieties, are grown as timber trees for tanning, which is extracted from the bark ; others, as A. lo- phantha, are graceful pendent bushes ; A. armata is sometimes used as a fence plant around villa gardens — and a good one it makes ; and A. grandis as an ornamental tree in shrubberies. T. Smith, Timaru, N. Z. they are mixed with Garlic, Onions, Mustard, and Pepper, to form a chntneyl a dish highly appreciated by thecoolies. Wheuripe, the"thin,'shell-l^ke covering is broken away from the inner portion, the seeds are also removed, the portion used being the pulpy interior only. This is dried, madS into balls of various siz^s, and in this state can be kept . for years, being ready for cooking purposes whenever required. Another use, and perhaps one more generally known amongst all classes of the colony's people, is the beverage, or "cool drink," made from the ripe fruity »- Owing. ^to their very acid nature, a large j)roportion of sugar must be added to make it palatable, which is appjied sometimes in the form of hot syrup, obtained from the Sugar nsines. Thei'drink is cooling, and very agreeable. In both the green and ripe state the fruit possesses strong laxative properties. Tamarind trees grow tQ ; j Tuberoses, Daffodils, &c., at Pro- (. theroe & Morris' Rooms. ( Imported and Established Orchids, gj fpnm IVTaaapo V Satlflop*r!rt fl f. OOKRKOTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 38°.6. The The annual meeting of the Gar- " Gardeners' deners' Roval Benevolent Insti- Benevolent. ,,. iii -n-i i , tution was held on Friday last, and was of so satisfactory a character as to com- mend it more than ever to the notice and support of gardeners. The report, which we append, shows that, while the benefits of the Institution have been enhanced, the working expenses have been lessened ; still, all the time the number of candidates largely outnumbers the number of pensions that can be allotted, there is urgent need of new subscribers, and of liberal donations. Before, however, proceeding to the special business of the day, Mr. Habby Vbitch, who occupied the chair, properly interpreted the feeling of those present by proposing a vote of condolence on the occasion of the death of H.R.H. the Duke of Clarence, a resolution seconded by Dr. Hogg. The adoption of the report and the balance- sheet was then proposed by Dr. Masters, who commented on the loss the Institution had sus- tained in the death of Mr. Cutler, the satisfac- tory nature of the work accomplished by Mr. Ingram, the newly-appointed Secretary, whom he hoped would have as long and as successful a tenure of office as his predecessor ; and on the facilities the Society afforded for procuring pensions during old age if required, alluding specially to the case of James Wells, the cir- cumstances of which are detailed in the report, and to which we venture again to refer, in illus- tration of the great value of the Society, and of the desirability of further support on the part of the gardeners. The resolution was seconded by Mr. Wheeler. Other resolutions of a formil character were proposed or seconded by Messrs. Webber, Dickson, Monro, Osborn, Williams, Harry Turner, John Lee, Wythes, Denning, Wynne, and others. The result was, that Mr. Veitch was re-elected treasurer, that the retiring members of the committee, which, it may be noted, must by the rules be largely com- posed of practical gardeners, were re-appointed, with the addition of Mr. Herbert Cutbush, Mr. Hudson, and Mr. H. Williams, in the room of Mr. Meston, Mr. W. Richards, and of Mr. Roberts, resigned. The election of pensioners was then pro- ceeded with, six of the candidates being placed on the list forthwith by right of their previous subscription. In the evening the members met at a " friendly " dinner, under the chairmanship of the Rev. W. Wilks, their appetites doubtless quickened by the satisfaction attendant upon good work accomplished. The following is the text of — The Report. In presenting the fifty-third report of the Gar- deners' Royal Benevolent Institution, the committee are glad to be able to state that the benevolent objects for which the charity was founded, more than half a century ago, have been carried out during the year 1891, and tbey would congratulate the members and subscribers on the continued and increasing usefulness of the Institution towards a deserving class of the community. The committee desire to draw attention to the successful anniversary festival held in July last, which was in a great measure due to the kindness of the Right Hon, Joseph Chamberlain in presiding, and to whom the committee would express their sincere thanks for the eloquent manner in which he pleaded the cause of the Institution on that occasion. Thr committee are also anxious to express their grateful acknowledgments to those gentlemen who acted as stewards, and to those friends who so kindly sent flowers and fruit which so materially helped to make the festival a success. The committee deplored the loss of many friends during the past year, amongst whom were His Grace the Duke of Devonshire (a vice-president of the Institution), Mr. W. Richards (a member of the committee), Mr. Joseph F. Meston (also a member of the committee, and formerly one of the auditors). A NEW DWARF PALM. Fig. 20.— THEI.N'iX MORBISII: TO SHOW HABIT. (SEEP. 104.) All these gentlemen were warm friends of the Institution, and will be much missed. The committee have also to record the loss they have sustained by the death of Mr. E. Roger Cutler. He had held the office of Secretary to the Institution for fifty years, and was untiring in his energies and indefatigable in his zeal on its behalf, and the com- mittee gratefully recognise his efforts, and take this opportunity of expressing their deep regret at his decease. During the year now closed, sixteen pensioners have passed away, three of them leaving widows ; and these, after full investigation, being found eligible, have been placed on the pension list in suc- cession to their late husbands, in accordance with Rule 7. One of them, however, was not destined to enjoy the pension for long, for she died before the year closed, thus surviving her late husband only a few months. In consequence of representations made to the committee, they approached the son of a pensioner with a view to his foregoing the pension hitherto awarded to his mother. They are glad to announce that he met the committee in a kindly spirit, and acceded to their requests, thus relieving the com- mittee from any further payments on account of this pension. The committee desire to draw special attention to the fact that they have been enabled daring the past year to expend in pensions and gratuities the largest amount on record, viz., .£'2739 16s. id. This they consider is a matter for much congratulation. They have also determined to increase the number of pensions now on the books by thirteen, to be elected this day, six of them are recommended to be placed on the list without the troable and expense of an election under Rule C, the remaining seven to be elected in the usual manner. In thu^ increasing their liabilities, the committee would confidently appeal to the many generous supporters of the Institution to strengthen their hands by making its needs and the benefits it dispenses more widely known, so that the funds may receive a larger measure of support. Mention should also be made of the death of James Wells, at the age of 103. He had been a pensioner for thirty-one years, and during that time had received no less a sum than £521 from the funds. In conclusion, the committee would point out that this is the only Society for granting pensions to gar- deners and those engaged in horticultural pursuits in their old age. During the time the Institution has been in existence they are pleased to remind their friends that upwards of £55,000 has been distributed in pensions and gratuities to aged and infirm gar- deners and others. They would, therefore, earnestly appeal for continued and increased support, to enable them to add to the number of pensioners, and to carry on the good work in future. Statement of the Receipts and Payments of the Gardenen* Boyal Btnitmlent Institution, for tlie Year ending December 31, 1891. Dr. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. To Balance, 1890 692 2 1 Transfer from Deposit Ac- count 1000 0 0 1692 2 1 Annual subscriptions ... 13.39 10 0 Donations at and in con- sequeoce of the annuil Dividends on Stock Interest on deposits Stocti inveted Pension Adjustment Account By Pensions and gratuities Late Secretarv's salary and honorarium 1.13 10 0 Locum tenens 64 0 0 Secretary's salary 65 13 9 Cr. £ s. d. 2739 16 8 repainting) 77 17 0 Stationery 29 2 4 Printing 157 14 6 Postage and expenses of appeal 40 12 0 Expenses of annual meet- ing and election ... IS 17 3 Marion & Co. for frame; 3 3 2 Books of cheques ... 6 13 4 Wreath for Mr. Cutler's funeral i 14 6 Advertisements for vacant secretaryship 4 9 6 Expenses of annual din iner 206 6 5 Less tickets sold ... ... 123 18 0 — 82 8 5 Postages, wages, and tra- veiling expenses... 92 14 6 7g0 10 3 3520 6 11 Placed 'on deposit fl Fith bankers 800 0 0 4320 6 11 Balances :— With Treasurer at the bankers' 888 16 11 ,, Secretary ,,. 10 0 0 £5219 3 10 jANnABT 23, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 113 Technical Education in Garoeninq and Spade Industry. -The following prospectus has been issued ; — " Attention has lately been directed to the importance of more extended fruit culture, and to the further development of gardening, as a means for the better utilisation of the land ; and many of the highest authorities, on matters agricultural, have considered that smaller holdings, more care- fully and scientifically treated by spade industry, form the best and likeliest solution of the present land problem in this country. In order to promote these objects in the near future, as well as to improve the education of working gardeners in general, the classes for the practical teaching of the craft of gardening and spade industry in the Society's gardens. The cost for a lad, living at the school, would be about £45 per annum, inclusive of every- thing except clothing, and for a lad attending the classes only, £10 or £15. To carry out this project, an initial sura of £1000 is required, and a further income of £2.50 will be wanted for three years, after which time the school should become self-supporting. It is proposed to raise the necessary money by sub- scription, the Woishiplul Company of Gardeners heading the list with a donation of £250. Sub- scriptions for this purpose should be kept quite dis- A NEW DWARF PALM. Fig. 21. — thhinax mobbisii : part of leaf, inflobescence, and fbuits. The fruit on the left-hand side is of the natural size. (See p. 104.) Worshipful Company of Gardeners, acting in co- operation with the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain, propose to establish a British School of Gardening, where lads of from fifteen to eighteen years of age may receive a thoroughly practical train- ing in all the details of their craft, together with such simple elementary scientific instruction as may be sufficient to enable them to take au intelligent interest in, and gain some little real insight into, the manifold operations of nature with which they will, in their after life, be concerned. The Worshipful Company of Gardeners proposes to furnish a house at Chiswick (in the immediate neighbourhood of the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens) for the re- ception of students, and to appoint fitting persons to act as instructors and lecturers, and to establish tinct from those to the Royal Horticultural Society, and should be made payable to the R^v. W. Wilks, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster, by whom they will be gladly received, and most gratefully acknowledged. Horticultural Club.— The usual monthly meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday evening last at their rooms. Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, Westminster. There was a good a'tendance of members. The Rev. W. Wilks presided, and there were present the Rev. F. R. Burnside, Messrs. Crow- ley, H. J. Pearson, A. H. Pearson, G. Bunyard, J. S. Cousens, H. Percy Hall, E. B. Lindsell, W. F. Cooling, H. Selfe-Leonard, G. Prince, E. Prince, and the Secretary. The discussion was opened by the Rev. H. H. D'Ombeain, the Secretary, on " The Rock Garden." He disclaimed all idea of put- ting forward anything original ; he simply described his own rockery, its position and size, and then enumerated some of the plants which he had placed upon it, and dwelt on some of the more diffi- cult plants and their treatment; he showed what enemies there were to contend with, and encouraged lovers of gardening notwithstanding these, to carry out this mode of culture. An interesting discussion, in which Mr. H. Selfe Leonard, the Rev. W. Wilks, Mr. .L S. Cousens, and others, took part. " Kew Bulletin."— The parts for October and November now before us contain an article on Chinese fibres, in the course of which Dr. Henbt gives an enumeration of the various plants used for textile fabrics in China. Great confusion arises from the vague and indiscriminate application of the terms jute and hemp, which are often applied in commerce to plants and products which have no right to be so called. The arrow poison employed by the natives of the Malay peninsula is again discussed, and is supposed to consist of the juices of Antiaris toxicaria and some species of Strychnos. Further details are promised which will be the more interesting, as previous investigation seemed to show that the poisonous qualities of the Upas tree (Antiaris) were more or less mythical. To the present part is appended a series of miscellaneous notes containing what we may call the news of the garden and similar establishments. This is a feature we cordially welcome, and from which we shall frequently make extracts. Two New PodOCARPS.— From Prof. Henriques of the Botanic Garden, Coimbra, we received not long since fruits and leaves of the West African Podocarpus Mannii, originally described by Sir Joseph Hooker in the Journal of the Limiean Society, vii. (1864), p. 218, but, so far as we know, not previously introduced into cultivation. Here it would require to be grown as a stove shrub. Its leaves vary from 3 to 6 inches in length, and are abont a quarter of an inch broad, bright green, shining, linear-lanceolate or sickle-shaped, with a prominent midrib and stomata on both surfaces. The fruit has been described by Prof. Henhiqces in the Boletin de Sociedadc, Broteriana, vol. v., p. 216, and some anatomical details are given in vol. vii., p. 122 of the same periodical. A second new Podo- carp — new, that is to gardens — we lighted upon in the orchid nursery of Messrs. Sander. It is, we be- lieve, the Podocarpus pectiuatus of Brongniart and Gris, a specimen of which is in the Kew herbarium, authenticated by one of the authors ; but we have not succeeded in discovering whether or no the species has been published. The leaves which measure about 20 mill, long by 2 in breadth (nearly 1 inch by | wide), are densely arranged in two ranks, one on either side of the branches. Each leaf is linear, falcately curved towards the acute point, decurrent at the base, dark green above, with a depressed midrib between two white bands of stomata, beneath silvery, with revolute margins, and a broad white stomatic band on either hide of the prominent green midrib. The fruit is not known. The plant is a native of New Caledonia, and would make a pretty plant for the decoration of the table. The Orchideenne Society.— The meeting of the lOch inst. was successful, in spite of the cold and a heavy fall of snow. The most remarkable exhibits were those of Odontoglossum crispum, gloriosum, Cattleya Warscewiczii, Cypripedium nitens super- bum, C. Leeanum superbum, C. Ilarrisianum super- bum, and C. Peteri, and many others. The awards made were the following :— Diplomas of Honour of the First Class to Paphinia Lindeni, from M. Linden ; to Odontoglossum suavissimum, from M. Linden. Diploma of Honour of the Second Class to Odontoglossum Lindleyanum X Pescatorei, from M. Linden. Botanical Certificates to Restrepia striata, from M. Linden ; tu Zygopetalum sp., from 114 THE GA RDENEB 8' ORE ONI GL E. [Januaey 23, 1892. M. Linden. Certificates of Merit of the First Class to Odontoglossum sp., from M. Warocque, by accla- mation ; to Cypripedium Harrisianum superbum, from M. Warocque, unanimous ; to Dendrobium Leeanum, from M. Linden, unanimous ; to Cattleya granulosa var., from M. J. de Lansberge ; to Odonto- glossum Alexandras, from M. le Dr. Capart ; to Cypripedium Harrisianum nigrum, from M. le Dr. Capart ; to Odontoglossum Audersoni, from M. Van Noten ; to Cypripedium Eothschildianum, from M. Treyerau ; to C. Sallieri Hyeanum, from M. Linden ; to C. Lathamianum, from M. Linden ; to Odonto- glossum crispum, from M. Warocque. Certificates of Merit of the Second Class to Dendrobium MacCarthice, fi om M. A. Van Imschoot ; to Lycaste Skinneri alba, from M. A. Van Imschoot ; to Odon- toglossum Alexandra, from M. Warocque ; to O. Alexandr£e, from M. A. Wincqz; to O. sp., from M. Van Noten ; to Lselia anceps Hilli, from M. A. Van Imschoot. Cultural Certificates of the First Class to Cypripedium nitens superbum, from M. G. Warocqu^, unanimous ; to Odontoglossum gloriosum, from M. G. Warocqu^, unanimous ; to Cypripedium Leeanum superbum, from M. G. Warocqu^ ; to Kodriguezia crispa, from M. Linden ; to Odontoglos- sum Ruckeri, from M. Linden. Saltpetre as a Remedy against Cater- pillars.— In the Erfurt erlUitstriritrGartemeitung, a correspondent recommends the use of saltpetre in solution against the ravages of caterpillars, at the rate of 10 grammes, = 0 35 of an ounce (about one- third of anounce), to 1 litre of water: about IJ pints. Tlie solution must be syringed or sprayed oyer the plants twice or thrice. Stock-taking : December, i89i.— As antici- pated by all who have followed us in these brief reports during the past six months, the Trade Record for the last month of 1891 shows a large increase in the imports of foreign and colonial pro- duce into this country, and a continued decrease in the exports of British and Irish manufactures. The bad harvests on the Continent, here, and Russia, have necessitated the purchase in more favoured lands of enormous supplies of cereals, and here the specu- lators, shippers, and shipowners have proved quite equal to the occasion. Hence the great increase in imports for distribution. Here it will be opportune to give our usual extracts from the tabular summary of imports from foreign countries and British colonies and possessions during the month of December : — usual excerpts relating to the imports of fruits and vegetables, for the " last lingerer of the twelve " : — Imports. 1890. 1891. ! Difference. Total value for month JB. £39,434,448 £. £43,261,980 £. -l-3,827,.532 {II.— (A.) Articles of food and drink — duty free 12,735,321 15,358,933 -1-2,623,612 (B.) — do., dutiable 2,.537,080 2,.388,078 —199,002 $VT.~Raw materials for textile manufac- tures (including Flax, Hemp, and Jute) 9,900,104 11,607,660 -H.707,466 {VII.— Raw materials foraundry industries and manufactures (including wood and timber, hewn, sawn, split, dressed ; vege- table materials, for paper-making, &c.) 3,118,733 2.942.960 —176,775 {IX. — Miscellaneous articles (including Clover, Grass, Flax, Rape, Linseed) 1,556,893 1,811,333 -f 254,441 (B.)— Parcel Post ... 60,169 67,606 -H7,436 The exports for the month show a decrease of £1,544,455, as compared with December, 1890, but there is an increase in the matter of foreign goods exported of £392,717. The decrease in exports has been most marked during the past six months— and this points to the McKinlet tariff and to South American crises, as the causes to which the reduc- tion is to be attributed. Of this, however, a few lines will be given later on, when dealing with the year's work, and in its usual place we now give the IMPOBTS. 1890. 1891. Difference {II. Fruit:— Apples, raw ... ... bush. 283,237 579,064 +295,827 Unenumerated, raw 51,460 43.420 —3.040 Onions 273,697 303,806 T- 30,109 Potatos ... cwt. 47,659 60,705 + 13,116 Vegetables, raw, unei merated ... value £35,091 56,277 +21,183 The Past Yeab. It will be of value now to take stock of the year 1891, taking first in order the figures relating to fruits and vegetables, and so bringing them in sharp contrast with those for the month just placed on record. The figures for the year are as follows : — Imports. 1890. 1891. Difference. Fruits :— Apples, raw ... bush. 2,674,957 3,147.373 +572,416 Unenumerated, raw ., 3,584,668 3,490,211 —94,467 Onions 3,871,195 4.281,046 +409,851 Potatos cwt. 1,940,100 3,192,836 +1,252,736 Vegetables. unenume- rated, raw, ... value £773,890 932,887 +168,997 These figures carry their own lesson with them — they, with those contained in the general import table, show that every bushel of fruit or corn sent here can find ready sale, together with everything on four or two legs worthy of use as human food. As a com- panion to the table of imports for the month, we extract the following figures relating to the year : — Imports. 1890. 1891. Difference. Total value £ 420.886,695 £ 435,691.279 £ +14,805,684 {II.— (A.) Articles of foo I and drink — duty free 136,422,110 148,510,208 +12,088.098 (B.) Do., dutiable ... 26,216,864 27,004,982 + 788,118 {VI.-Raw miterials for textile manu- factures 85,239,289 89,215,655 +3,97e,.366 {Vlt.— Raw materials for sundry industries and manufactures... 41,626,155 40,035,435 —1,590,720 {IX.- (A.) Miscella- neous ai tides 14,007,676 14,935.548 +927,872 (B.)-Parcel P, St ... £03,209 561,069 +57,8eo ExPOETs: — Here let us briefiy note that the exports for 1891 are valued at £247,272,273, as against £263,530,585, or a decrease of £16,258,312. The increase in imports is a large one — the decrease in exports of British and Irish produce ia less by ten millions sterling than was pro- phesied at the beginning of the year left behind. It was predicted that the falling olf would be some twenty-six millions, and that our imports would suffer greatly; it was forgotten that we are free traders, with an immense power of development in our internal trade. We had our McKinley " boom " in 1890, and for some things in the first half of 1891 ; then came the staggering blow delivered from South America. We are getting over the latter little by little, the great harvest in the United States and the equally great demand for it on this side of the Atlantic has done much to set up trade again — at any rate the loss is greatly reduced ; the necessity on both sides tend to restore the balance of trade. There is all over the world an endeavour after the righting of tariffs, the giving to the best men the best chances. At home here, we are learning that large supplies of cheap raw material will enable us to outlive the disturbing effects of the insane policy of so-called " protective " tariffs ; and with thrift at home and an expansion of internal trade, we can afford to wait the release of commerce among our old customers all over the world. Whilst waiting for this, we note that the acreage devoted to cereal cultivation is not extending as perhaps it ought to do, as, in fact, it would do under diflerent tariff arrangements ; su that at home here it will now pay to grow corn of all kinds — pay to give the labourer an interest in the land he helps to cultivate — pay to keep him and his away from towns and the workhouse — pay to treat him and to keep him as a man. If this is to be the outcome of our present experience, then we may have reason to bless even the McKinley tariff and the latest French and Spanish arrangements ; for it is astonishing how soon we can see our way to do the right thing when we discover that it will pay ! Masses of figures as the recently issued Board of Trade Returns are, they contain within them a grand lesson, a story easy to " write large " — in the doing of which our part has been done, though in a modest way, year by year in the columns of the Gardeners' Chronicle. The Lal BagH Gardens.— The Secretary of State for India in Council has selected, upon the nomination of Kew, Mr. John Hobne Stephen, to be Head Gardener at the Lal Bagh Gardens, Bengalore, under the Durbar of Mysore. The Weather.— We take the following figures from the summary of the weekly Weather Reports, obligingly furnished us by the Meteorological Department : — Bainfall, in Inches for 25 Years. 1 Principal Wheat- Producing Districts. Years. 1 30-9 ■o" Its 26-3'23-7 So 28-8 ■o" 29-5 ills Means for 25 years, 1 1866 to 1890 ... {■ 43-6' 28-2 Mean Temperature, ih Degrees, Fahrenheit, 45-6 46*6 47'2 48-3 48*3 49*3 I 47-9 Hainfallf in Inches. Principal Grazing, &c., Districts. |» Years. 1^ g> l^ ga ■=" . 'oS « S|2 Sz ff » 1 SEO M m m H « o m Means for 25 years, > 1866 to 1890 ... J 45-2 39-7 44-0 39-6 39-9 41-7 35 0 Mean Temperature, in Degrees, Fahrenheit ( for the whole Country). *^^°n !°\3^ ^^"^' i- 47'7 48-3 50-4'48-2 49-8 Ibbu to low ... J I i I Table showing the Dates of the Driest and Wettest, and of the Coldest and Warmest I'ears for the Twenty-five }fears, 1866 to 1890. Description. Wheat Districts. Gracing, &c., Districts. Generally. Rainfall:- Ins. Ins. Ins. Driest 21 -0 in 1887 30-5 in 1887 23 '8 in 1887 Wettest 40-2 in 1872 68-0 in 1872 49-1 in 1872 Temperature : — Coldest 46 -5 in 1879 46-9 in 1879 46 -2 in 1879 Warmest 60-1 in 1868 60-7 in 1868 50-4 in 1868 Birmingham and Midland Counties Gar- deners' Mutual Improvement Association. — At a general meeting of the committee of this Association on January 14, 1890, it was unanimouslv resolved that an annual appeal should be made to the whole of the members for small contributions in aid of the Gardeners' Orphan Fund, and that the amount so raised shall be sent as a contribution from the members as a body, the smallest contri- bntion W>U |bmfor§ be thankfully received at the Januakt 23, 1892.] THE GAFDENERS' CHRONICLE. 115 general meeting on Febraary 3 ; and as it is not the intention of the secretary or committee to appeal again this year for contributions, those members who find it impossible or inconvenient to attend on that occasion, should send their contributions to the Secretary, Mr. J. Hughes, 140, High St., Ha^born^ Birmingham, on or before that date. As the orphan of one of our late members has been elected on the funds, it is the earnest wish of all concerned that th > amount so raised shall be in proportion to Ih^ numerical strength and importance of the Gardeners' Association of the City of Birmingham and the sur- rounding district, thereby assisting to supply the means for further extending the benefits of this noble Institution. A special tea and social gather- ing of members and their lady friends will be held at the Colonnade Hotel, New Street, on Thursday evening, February 4, to celebrate the sixth anniver- sary of the Association, when it is hoped that all members who can possibly make it convenient will attend on this occasion, especially the honorary members. The following is a programme of the lectures to be given at the Society's Rooms, at half-past 7 o'Clock on Wednesday evenings. January 20. —"Apples: English Production and Consumption," Mr. J. Pope ; " Practical Illustrations of the Art of Pruning," Mr. W. Spinks. February 3. — " The Gloxinia, 1739 to 1892," Mr. James Martin (Messrs. Sutton & Sons). February 17.— " The Progress of Horticulture in the United States o( America," Mr. A. Outram (Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, London). March 2. — " Modern Gardening," Mr. H. Dunkin, The Gardens, Warwick Castle. March 16.— " The Cultivation of Pears in Edgbas- ton," F. M. Mole, Esq., Westfield Road, Edgbaston. March 30. — " Spring Flowers," E. J. Baillie, Esq. (Messrs. Dicksons, Chester). And presentation of Silver Medal from Journal of Horticulture. Algeria. — The Botanical Society of France will orgaaise this year a session in Algeria of a week's duration. The oasis of Biskra, the Cedar forest of the Atlas, and other interesting localities will be visited, while Oran or Tunis can be visited on the return journey. Happy fellows of the Botanical Society of France ! Costly Onion Seed.— We learn that recently a well-known Onion trader paid no less than 70s. for an ounce of Ailsa Craig Onion seed, saved by a private grower, from a first-rate stock, though the quantity of bulbs planted should have produced fully a pound weight of seed. The fact serves to illus- trate at once the smallness of the Onion seed crop of the past year, and also the great value set upon a choice stock of a new variety, when an adverse season in not a few cases nearly destroys the seed crop altogether. Onions are peculiarly liable to injury from heavy rains and continuous damp weather, even apart from what they are liable to from mildew. Rains both destroy fertility of bloom, and later, rot or decay the stems of the seed-vessels, hence the injury done to a seed crop is often wholesale. Growers must expect to pay a good price for compa- ratively old Onion seed, and must sow thinly and carefully. Strawberry Culture in Cornwall.— The serious question of retaining the population in rural districts has, to a certain extent, been satisfactorily solved in Cornwall. In the fruit-growing districts of St. Dominick the industry of basket-making, in con- nection with Strawberry culture, has developed to a gratifying degree. Thirty years ago the reputation of Cornish Strawberries had not crossed local bounds; now they are grown extensively for the London and other markets. About 100 acres are devoted to Strawberry culture in the parishes of St. Dominic'^ and Calstock, and it may be computed, says the Western Morning News, that 10,000 boxes and 600,000 punnets are required for the marketing of the crop. Fifty baskets are packed into a box, and the fruit is well protected from injury. In addition to local re- quirements, Mr. J. W. Hawav, of Bowtherie, St. Dominick. has contracted to supply, for the coming season, 1.5'JO gross of baskets (or Scotland. Women and children are employed in making punnets during winter, and picking fruit in summer. Japanese Bulbs.— The exportation of Lily bulbs from Japan in August last (we cite from the Journal of the Japanese Horticultural Society) amounted to 2,992,720, and in September to 7,587,760. Of other plants and shrubs the numbeis were— August, 28-1,570; September, 232,100. The imports of plants (not bulbs) for the same period was larger. Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia.— It was proposed that Mr. Thomas Mkehan should be the President of this body in the room of Dr.LEiDY ; but Mr. Meehan has declined the nomina- tion on the ground of want of time. Those who know Mr. Meehan know that this is no empty excuse, and feel that the Academy, which owes so much to Mr. Meehan's energy, could hardly have done other- wise. Mr. Meehan remains a "Vice-President. Cattleya labiata ano the Orphan Fund.— By the sale of a specimen plant of Cattleya labiata, and to which we referred last week, the Gardeners' Orphan Fund has benefited to the extent of £50. Mr. Sander, the importer and vendor instructed the auctioneers, Messrs. Pbotheroe & MoERis, to send the proceeds of the plant to the Fund without any deduction ; the auctioneers on their part sold the plant without charging com- mission, and the sale was gratuitously advertised in the gardening papers. The plant was an enormous specimen, with 250 bulbs. A Caution. — A correspondent from Barnstaple says that a man is calling on the gardeners in that neighbourhood representing himself as being sent by the Royal Horticultural Society to gardeners to invite them to take a book on fruit-growing in quarterly parts at two shillings per month, the taking of which would ensure the recipients becoming Fellows of the Royal Horticultural " Society. The canvasser does not take the money but only the order for the book. On enquiry at the Rjyal Horticultural Society, our correspondent learns that there is no truth in the statement, the correctness of which has been further promptly arraigned by the secretary in a letter to ourselves. The Rosarians' Year-Book.— The "Year- book " for the present year opens with a portrait of Mr. T. W. GiRDLESTONE, accompanied by a sympa- thetic notice by the editor, the Rev. H. H. D'Ombrain. The remaining articles are of the usual type, that of Lord Penzance on " Hybridisation " affording more novelty ; but even that has been discounted by a previous article in the Report of the Rose Congress. Much of the book is taken up with the discussion of the grievances of those who only grow a small number of Roses, and who are consequently at a dis- advantage in competing with the masters of big bat- talions ; but they are not oblrged to enter into compe- tition unless they please, and the object after all is the improvement of the Rose, not the glorification of the exhibitor, however innocent that mav be. Mr. Mawlev's Meteorological report gives per- manent value to a pleasant little annual. That, up to August last year, there should have been 31 hours more sunshine in the Rose year than the average, will surprise those who have dismal recollections of the wet, cheerless summer ; nevertheless, the fact was noted at the time. What is the Value of a Tree ?— This ques- tion, with one or two others connected therewith, has been settled by the Queen's Bench Division for the special benefit of the London and North- Western Railway Company. A gentleman residing in Ade- laide Riad, Haverstock Hill, near the company's line, and hard by the Chalk Farm tunnel, had two Poplars in bis garden, which shielded him from the smoke and deadened the noise of passing trains. These the company desired to remove, because some- how they interfered with the traffic. The owner was willing to lop off branches that were in the way, but, as a screen against the sulphurous emanations, he desired to retain the Poplars. Negotiations failing the company sent their own men, felled the trees, and then paid £50 into court. Later they increased this sum to £100. Suburban residents who dwell near the ironways of all-powerful railway companies may be glad to learn that the Court assessed the value of the trees at three times this amount, and gave damages for £20U in addition to the sum paid into Court. An Emerald-green Carnation.— Yes ! but artificially produced. This flower is quite fashion- able just now in Paris for button-holes and dress ornaments ; and by the kindness of Geo, C. Raphael, Esq., we have been enabled to inspect a specimen. The variety used for the treatment is an ordinary white Carnation, as the uncoloured just-expanding buds, which have not taken up the chemical em- ployed to produce the green colour, prove. The expanded flowers are white at the base, but the blades of the petals are more or less flaked with that peculiar green tint so much admired in Ixia viridiflora. Doubtless some persons might take it for a natural production, but at best it is a very artificial-looking piece of nature. The Royal Dutch Horticultural So- ciety proposes to organise an international Chrys- anthemum exhibition, to be held in November at Amsterdam. Professor Hugo de Vries.— We learn with pleasure from Sempervircns, a Dutch gardening periodical, that the Deutsche Botanische Gesells- chaft has nominated Professor Hugo de Vries, at Amsterdam, to be member of honour. Since 1886 Professor Hugo de 'Vhies was corresponding member of that Society. Newcastle and District Horticultural Mutual Improvement Society.— The seventh ordinary meeting of this Society was held on the 7th inst., Mr. A. Heslop in the chair. An interest- ing paper was read by Mr. Haewood on " British Ferns," several members joining in the discussion which followed. At the close of his paper, the essayist oflered, on behalf of a friend, a prize of six Ferns for the best essay on any subject to be named by the committee. The treasurer announced the receipt of a cheque, value £10 10s., from the presi- dent of the society, an intimation which was received with applause. It is intended to hold a grand concert and ball under the auspices of the society on the 24th of February. Horticultural Meeting at Ghent oh January io. — In spite of the frost, fifteen exhibits were staged. For each of the following a Certificate of Merit was awarded :— Odontoglossum Wilckeanum var. (by acclamation), to M. G. Vincke-Dujahdin — a splendid variety, the flowers nearly yellow, and much spotted with brown. Odontoglossum Alex- andr;"o Madame la Baronne Ruzette (Certificate unanimously awarded)— a very beautiful variety, flowers rounded, perfect in form, regularly marked with large brownish-red spots. Cypripedium Niobe, to the same (unanimously awarded), now flowering for the first time in Belgium ; and a very distinct and good hybrid of C. S,«icerianum, from which it was raised. The standard is much veined with lilac of a shade unusual in Orchids ; it is still more enhanced by the deeply-tinted petals. Vriesia car- dinalis ("V. brachystachys X "V. Krameri)— a most remarkable novelty, raised by M. Doval, of "Versailles, and staged by M. Aug. Van Geert; the flowering season lasts for two or three months. Lielia anceps var., to JI. Delanghe-Veevaene — a deeply-coloured and most interesting variety. Lamprococus Wiel- bacbi leodiense, toM. Poelman-Maenhout — a pretty Bromeliad, with deep brown foliage and violet flowers, darker than those of the type. Honourable Mention was awarded to MM. Ddeiez Feekes, for a well-cultivated Pteria Rex, in full vigour. The Berlin Botanic Garden.— Dr. Urban has published an account of the Royal Botanic Garden, and of the Batanical Museum of that city, drawn up on the occasion of the uncovering 116 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januaet 23, 1892. of the bust of the late Professor Eichler. It contains a summary of the history, and of the contents of the Institutions in question, from which we learn, among other things, that the Fern Her- barium of the late Thomas Mookk has been pre- sented to Berlin by the Kew authorities, MiSTLETO. — Up till quite recently it has been assumed that the growth of the Mistleto was neces- sarily prejudicial to the tree upon which it grows. With the discovery of " symbiosis," or that arrange- ment whereby two plants live in intimate association one with the other without injury to either, but perhaps with reciprocal advantage — a different view has been taken and an Apple tree is sup- posed to be advantageous to the Mistleto growing on it in summer, while in winter the Evergreen Viscum supplies the deficiency which the Apple ex- periences by the loss of its leaves. M. Gaston BoNNiEE has been putting the matter to the proof by estimating comparatively, the changes which occur in the composition of the two plants and of the atmosphere during growth. For half the year it is found that the Mistleto assimilates food by its green leaves for the denuded Apple tree. We cannot give the details of M. Bonnier's experiments, but it is sufficient to say that they completely bear out the idea of perfect " sjmbiosis," or mutual adaptation, and that save by mechanical obstruction, the Mistleto dots no harm to the tree on which it is growing. TuNBRiDGE Wells Gardeners' Associa- tion.— On Tuesday evening, the 19th inst., a meet- ing of this society was held at the Friendly Societies' Hall, Tunbridge Wells, when Mr. B. H. Richardsok occupied the chair. The subject of starting the pro- posed scheme for a Central Delegate or Syndicate Organisation of Gardeners' Societies for the South of England was introduced, and several members pre- sent took a lively interest in the various matters which an united body by a combination of effort could deal with for the benefit of those whose business was the study of horticulture and market gardening. The secretary, Mr. D. G. Coenwell, confirmed the opinions expressed by previous speakers as to the variety of useful work such an organisation, if taken up heartily by the societies generally, would be capable of carrying out. The entire success would rest in the hands of the Societies and their members. In Belgium and the United States it was of great usefulness and benefit, and having been tried and found so there, there was no reason why this country should not reap some useful and lasting benefit from such a body. It was eventually proposed by Mr. L. Dupond, and seconded by Mr. Wane, " That the Tunbridge Wells Society do start the Central Delegate Organisation, and that the committee make any necessary arrange- ments to carry out the suggestion." It was pro- posed by Mr. Donovan, and seconded by Mr. Chittv, " That a subscription fund be opened to entertain the delegates free of expense on their first visit to Tunbridge Wells." Home Corr^e^ondence. TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN HORTICULTURE.— It seems to many of us that if Mr. Thiselton-Dyer had carefully pondered over the Technical Instruc- tion Act of 1889, he would hardly have disparaged the utility or usefulness of teaching horticulture to a very considerable extent, at least, through lectures and demonstrations. In that Act, technical instruc- tion is defined " as instruction in the science and art applicable to industries, and the application of special branches of science and art to specific industries and employments." The expression " manual in- struction," defined as instruction in the use of tools, processes of agriculture, and modelling in clay, wood, or other material, is, in other and yet briefer words, as I have described it elsewhere, any or all teaching that makes the hand more skilful and the head more wise. The sciences and arts bearing upon horticulture or agriculture include almost the entire circle of both, and one of the chief things needed throughout the wide fields of British industry is greater skill in the use of tools, the prevention of the waste of force, and the cheapening and increase of production. To say that such objects can be better taught in schools or by means of secondary educa- tion than by competent lectures, which link together the lessons of science and the most experienced instruction in the use of tools in garden and field within sight and touch of the living plants, is at variance with all that is known of the history and progress of gardening. Each botanic or other public garden, our best nurseries, and private gardens have all formed more or less successful class-rooms for the teaching of technicaLeducation. The amount of educational and other work done in and through ihem has been in the exact ratio of the amount of thought put into them, and the measure of skill in the use of tools they exhibited. Now, in order to hold our own in the first rank among the indus- tries of the world, it is of the most vital concern to us that our heads and hands alike should be made stronger through fresh accessions of wisdom and skill. And possibly no better means will be found to promote such desirable objects than the teaching of technical education through itinerant lecturers under the auspices of the County Councils. No doubt the science and practice of horticulture and agriculture ought to be taught in all our [rural] schools, primary, secondary, higher schools, and col- leges. But that concerns the future farmers, gar- deners, mechanics, labourers, and professional men in the rural districts rather than the present genera- tion, who cannot well go to the day, evening, or other schools or colleges over again to learn the science or practice of replenishing the earth and subduing it on the easiest and most profitable methods. Hence the simplest and easiest methods of reach- ing our contemporaries of to-day is by means of the lectureships that are being arranged through the County Councils. It is to be hoped that this new departure in technical education will prove a source of pleasure and profit to very many in the country. How comparatively few of those outside our larger gardens have ever received any careful instruction in horticulture. The few specialists among them will, as a rule, rather do things for their neighbours than show the latter how to do them for themselves. In this respect County Council lectures and lecturers will prove the missing - link to bring the pleasures and profits of horticulture within reach of all. It is astonishing how very little is generally known of the many sciences upon which the successful cultivation of the earth rests. And as for skill in the use of tools, how few labourers have yet learned the mechanical rules and skilful application of the same that will ensure the greatest amount of work with the least expenditure of energy from such common tools as the spade, fork, knife, axe, pick, &c., while the ignorance is yet more profound as to the teeming earth and the structure and resources of the living plants that constitute between them at once his factory and his machinery in motion, that mould the character and profits of his products. If knowledge is power in horticulture as in all other industries— and it is even more so than in most — no one who knows of its present state among large masses of the people can doubt that every advance of knowledge through technical lectures or otherwise, will add to the wealth and happiness of the nation. I heard my latett about technical instruction in a charming garden at Bishop's Stortford, where Grapes of rich black and gold, enormous Chrysanthemums, and a houseful of bridal-like Eucharis took the prize for perfection. The rise of these Eucharis from the verge of ruin to their present state, proved the subject of the ablest and most vivid exposition of ways and means adopted to raise them from the verge of death that I have ever listened to. Unless the grower of these plants can be persuaded to send you an account in full, I shall be compelled to give you the substance of his lecturette to vindicate my eulogism. But to those moat conversant with the sayings and doings of our best gardeners, crowded memories prove, were proof needed, that practice and preaching — that is, technical education — have always and everywhere gone hand in hand in the teaching and advancement of horticulture. I). T. Fish, WestgaU Street, Bury St. Whatever may be the nature of the tech- nical education work taken in hand by some county councils, I can, at least, vouch for the county council of Surrey that it is trying to do a good work. In the best possible way I have the pleasure, under Mr. J. Wright, to be engaged in giving horticultural lectures in diverse and chiefly rural portions of the county, and can hear warm personal testimony to the exceeding interest shown in the course by the respective audiences. We find everywhere the local elementary schools placed at our disposal, and in each parish, or group of parishes, there is a local secretary (lady or gentleman) who makes all the needful arrangements ia conjunction with the county council technical education secretary. Thus when the lectujiers arrive on the scene at the appointed hour the rooms are ready and lighted, also well warmed, and the auditors ready, or very quickly so. These consist chiefly of local artisans, cottagers, small farmers, a few small gardeners, and some youths. The gatherings range from twenty or so up to fifty. Just recently the plague influenza has kept many of the earlier attendants at the lectures away. The lecture generally occupies one hour and a quarter. We have no chairmen happily, but can dash at once into the subjfct. An ordinary black- board easel answers admirably to elevate and expose the diagrams which we usually have for each lecture, from six to nine of large size mounted on rollers, and illustrating all sorts of subjects in gardening in a way that attracts the keenest atten- tion. These to the number of about eighty, Mr* Wright has obtained at considerable outlay. The lecture subjects, to give variety, usually comprise two or three the same evening. The course com- prises twelve in all, and are partly written, partly oral. The diagrams constitute splendid texts on which to dilate. I have mentioned so much just to show amidst all the talk of what should be done, what is in a quiet unostentatious way being already done. Richmond. Where are we now ? I am a little con- fused in my ideas of English gardening and gardeners, after reading all that has lately been written anent them. I had thought that English gardening was the best in the world ; that English gardeners were first, and the rest nowhere. They could grow the best of fruit, of vegetables, of flowers, and could make the best of gardens ; in short, that they knew the trick, plus application, better than any. It had seemed to me also that the English-trained gardener was in demand all the world over, wherever good gardening was wanted. Even the " superior " foreign gardener came to England to learn the art — to catch the trick. If the "prophets" are right, then I have been utterly and ridiculously wrong. They declare that in general knowledge and intelligence we are much inferior to [some of] the " foreigners," and that, all things considered, we are worse gardeners than our fathers were. The English gardener is " played oj^t." Well, boys, that is a serious state of matters \ County Councils have rushed to appoint a number of " Professors " of garden technology to go out into the country and teach the uninitiated how to realise Mr. Gladstone's dream of England for the English in regard to fruit. I do know a few growers of good fruit and vegetables in the country who could, or would try to, teach Mr. Gladstone better. And the Royal Horticultural Society, or that section of it called the Council, has committed itself to a scheme which is to turn out men of the superior character required for £45 a year, bar clothing. The kind of training you and I have had is not the right kind. We have too much potting-bench and spade- knowledge, and too little of what is called " Technology," which appears to be something taught by magic-lanterns and " Professors." I repeat, where are we now ? The nurserymen will tell ynu that they never bad so many good men on their books as now. The advertising pages of the gardening papers will show you what a host of men there are begging for situations. Employers themselves know something about it, too, for they can hire gardening skill much cheaper than any other kind of skilled labour. But the complaint is, that the gardener to-day is not worthy of his hire. Let me here state a case — fact, every word of it. A few weeks ago a wealthy gentleman applied for a head gardener for his indoor department. He would be required to force Grapes, Peaches, Strawberries, Figs, vegetables, ; to look after the Orchids, and stove and greenhouse plants. A man was found, a good one, and he was accepted subject to terms. The gentleman had been informed that \Ss. per week, with rooms, was what he ought to pay. The man thought his ten years' experience in noblemen's gardens was worth a labourer's wage, at any rate, so he asked 20.«. The gentleman did not reply to his letter ! I believe there are a hundred com- petent men, at least, who would have taken JAnoabV 23, 1892.] THE GAB DE NEB 8' CSBONlGLE. 11? that place at £1 a week. What is a gar- dener P In the name of common sense, let us look at the matter straight. Is it not the fact that for one gardener who is paid £2 per week there are twenty who do not reach that figure ? What do you want for 30s. ? The " prophets " write as if every man Jack of us could be as successful as Paxton if we were not such dolts. One prophet says he wants " plan-drawing, botany, and elementary Latin ; " another says, " Every gardener should qualify for a directorship or an estate manager." Do you want men who know how to grow fruit, vegetables, and flowers ? Give me an order for a thousand, and I will find them in a month, all natives too ! But I cannot guarantee the elementary Latin and botany. Oh, Mr. Cannell, Mr. Low, Mr. Williams, Mr. Waterer, Mr. Noble, all you successful ones ! what do you think of all this? The poor down-trodden gardener of England ; badly paid, treated like a groqm, forbidden to marry, how comes it that you have managed to beat the world in your own particmlar line ? Wake up now, and get oS to school again, for the prophets have declared that, as you lack polish, and don't know Latin, and haven't digested Sachs, you are not worth your 30s. a-week. In the expressive, if not polished, language of^the potting-shed, I say to the " prophets," "'Look here, just you draw it mild." \V. At the present time, when the subject of improving the education of gardeners by means of- influences outside of the garden is being discussed, I take the liberty of making a suggestion as to a method whereby head gardeners and others who have charge of men might, without any great trouble to themselves, assist them to obtain much valuable information on gardening matters. I have practised the following system for some years, with very marked and satisfac- tory results to the young men and boys under my charge. My procedure is as follows :— -At the beginning of winter, I provide each individual with a note book, in which I write out every week two or three questions on subjects connected with gardening or nursery work. The questions are varied to suit the degree of intelligence and know- ledge of each individual. I issue the note-books every Monday, and they are returned to me (or correction on the following Saturday ; but a longer interval might be given if thought more con- venient. I need not here attempt to give a series of questions, as every gardener who might care to try the experiment can easily supply hundreds from the multifarious items which go to make the sum total of his year's work. If once young men can be started to look up the information needed to enable them to answer in a satisfactory manner such a series of questions as I have indicated, they will usually be found taking a greatly increased interest in their duties. Another plan for assisting young gardeners to obtain a hold of their profession is, the practice of keeping a diary in which to note down the daily work. I do not know of any habit which a young man can form which will tend to give him more quickly a grasp of his work; and, more- over, a well-kept diary is of great service to a man when responsibility is thrown on hini. A diary suitable for this purpose can be purchased for about Is. (id. If a gardener would try and induce his young men to begin such a practice at the commencement of the year, and give them some advice and encouragement, I am confident that much benefit would accrue to both parties. The majority of gardeners are by reason of their living in more or less isolated country districts, bebarred from sharing in many of the advantages in the way of night classes, which are open to workmen dwelling in cities. They have considerable time on their hands in the eveningsduring the winter months, and if gar- deners can do anything to direct their men's studies they will be assisting materially to help forward the movement which is at present being made to give gardeners a more thorough knowledge of their pro- fession. We all hope to see soon a central horti- cultural college, where young men can enter for a time and receive a special course of training ; but, meanwhile, much might be done in the cause of progress by gardeners themselves working along some such lines as I have indicated. James Wilson, Jan., Greenside Nursery, Si. Andrews. WATERING COKE BEFORE USE.— Advice is sought at p. 8'J of the Gardeners' Chrunicle by " A. Stoker " on the subject of watering coke, &c., and to each of his enquiries I venture my experience as a practical horticulturist. Reverting to his Ist question, " Why should coke be watered before firing ? " it is, in my opinion, not easy to say " Why," though it is assumed by some to be productive of a fiercer heat in consequence. Water, however, is generally supposed to damp the ardour of any fire, and I for one incline to the belief that adding water to fuel is an absurd practice, if it be thought that greater heat from the coke be forthcoming as a result. Anyone who believes in the watering of coke may easily add to his experience by watching the state of his boiler soon after the fire is made up, and further by noting the output from the chimney. A saddle boiler in all cases where watered coke is used, will be seen to be thickly wrapt in condensed moisture, and this in spite of the great heat, more or less, that is therein enclosed. All such moisture has only one chance for escape, and that by the chimney, and considering that before it reaches this point it has to pass through several flues, it seems obvious that so much heat must be uselessly employed in first ridding the coke of this water before the boiler can resume its work. Water, of course, does get upon coke at some seasons through heavy rains aud by being exposed, and it is surprising how great an amount of moisture it will thus absorb. It is, how- ever, always a matter for regret to me to see steam instead of smoke or the usual fumes issue from the chimney, for then I feel that for the moment the heating power is contending against an opposition which as far as possible should be studiously avoided. Dry fuel is assuredly the most readily ignited, and if so it follows also that it must be quicker in its action upon the boiler, and the reverse where wet fuel is employed. Pur- posely watering coke is, therefore, to my mind, un- reasonable. 2. What fuel suitable for hothouse furnaces is best, say for a saddle boiler ? Weight for weight, which fuel gives out most heat ? Is it coal, or coke, or wood ? — Replying to this chain of (juestions in its given order, and for the boiler indicated, I unhesitatingly say anthracite coal is the most suitable of all fuels, and taken " weight for weight " the cheapest also. There are, however, divers adverse opinions on this point, and my apparently sweeping assertion may possibly need qualifying. In the first place, there are those who, without having given this coal a trial, have a preju- dice against its use, but their opinion would count for but little ; secondly, this kind of coal requires that the stoker should have an interest in making it a success also (at least that has b?en my e.xperience), before the ordinary stoker becomes impressed with how best to manage it, and it is on the discovery of its management that many men, dependent on their stokers, condemn what, with proper treatment, I regard as the best fuel for horticultural purposes. Of course, there are varying qualities of this, as well as other kinds of coal ; but a few trials of this coal from various sources will speedily tell its own tale, and these should always be made before large supplies are obtained. The chief points necessary for success in burning this fuel are (I), a quick draught, best secured by a good high stack, because then the damper need not be much open to obtain the necessary current of air, whereas with an ordinary chimney-stack, the damper needs to be more fully open, and loss of heat is thereby sustained ; (2) a stoker is required who will refrain from poking his fire each time he goes near it — indeed, when this is done, the fire quickly turns dead, and there is an excessive loss of ihe fuel itself, as witness the ash-pit after the operation. Starting with clear fire-bars, the fire-box should be well filled, and then left to do its work. Give plenty of draught in severe weather, till a glow of heat is obtained ; then lessen the draught by the damper and the ash-pit door, the preciseness of fit; of which will best regulate the draught. Anthracite coal is practically fniokeless (i.e., the good veins), therefore a decided advantage lies in this — it is all but devoid of those choking sulphurous fumes so prevalent with coke ; while of clinkers or waste, with good manage- ment, there is practically entire absence. It is naturally a fuel of slow combustion, being regular and uniform, as well as reliable in its heating, requiring only a minimum of labour in stoking, compared with coke. It invariably does best where the heating apparatus is not enclosed in a shed, but is merely roofed ever, or even in the open, with the air playing upon the boiler. As proof of its lasting powers, I may quote from my diary of last year the results of a series of tests to which I sulijected this coal. I had myself often conducted similar tests, but on the occasion to which I am about to refer, my chief motive was to demonstrate to my stoker how unnecessary it was for him to be visiting his fire (and, I believe, with a desire to poke it) a dozen or so times during the day. Given a temperature to maintain in several houses,' the fire was made of anthracite coal at 5.30 p.m oii March 18, and not again disturbed till 2.30 p.m., on March 10, being a total of twenty-one hours ■ the following is my entry apropos : — " Fire of anthracite coal made up at 5.30 p.m. yesterday, lasted till 2 30 p.m. to-day, maintaining a splendid heat throughout. Weather cold, a little snow fell ; wind keen from N.E. all day." I continued the trial next day, and my diary runs, " Another trial anthra- cite coal, and same results ; weather bitterlv cold, a little snow fell." In each case the actual duration may have been much extended, and in milder weather most certainly so. The result of this experiment proved to my stoker the utility of one fire, and letting it alone to do its work ; and afterwards I had but little trouble in this direction. Anthracite is suited to either saddle or tubular boilers. I have no expe- prience in " wood " as a fuel for horticultural uses, and should imagine it to be more expensive, and far less reliable than either coke or coal, and costing considerably more for labour in the requisite atten- tion. These, however, are mere speculations. " Is anthracite better than common coal ? " Most certainly ! Because it is smokeless, whereas common coal quickly chokes the boiler flues and the chimney, smothers the glass with black and soot, and also any flowering plants the moment the ventilators are open ; it is also less durable. I would only counte- nance common coal for Cucumber growing, or the like, and where brick flues existed, and close proximity to coal pits rendered it very cheap ; but where it is desired to grow flowers, "common coal " is the least desirable of all. I have used it in quantity, but the price per ton, which at the time I allude to was about 4s &l, at station, was its only recommendation in my mind. E. Jenkins, Hampton Hill. CRACKS AND SPOTS ON PEARS.— In reading " Will Tayler's " remark on p. 84, in last week's number of the Gardeners' Chronicle, I am reminded of the old story of the blight coming in the east wind ; and I would remind him that it is a fungus that attacks the fruit in its early stage which is the cause of the spots and cracks in the Pears, and not the ungenial subsoil. Man of Kent. THE MULBERRY. — In " R. D.'s " interesting article on the Mulberry (p. 41), one or two inter- esting items are omitted. One of these is the extreme brittleness of its wood, so often leading to the sudden and complete wreckage of the trees at all seasons of the year, especially in the summer. No doubt this is in part caused by the extreme density and size of the leaves, and the weight of the fruit. Thus heavily burdened, the trees are not seldom rent asunder in full growth in calm weather, while heavy rains and storms of wind add to the wreck and ruin of large Mulberry trees. But the wood is so specially brittle and prone to sliver oft' from the trunk or boughs, that Mulberry trees are prone to be wrecked even in winter. Hence the practice of bind- ing their main limbs together with iron rods. But these, unless carefully attended to, are prone to cut into the wood, and add to the risks cf breakage. The general mode of training Mulberry tries as dwarf standards with the lower limbs, leaving the trees at right angles with the main bole, favours this constitutional tendency to sudden and severe breakdowns. By starting the main limbs at a sharper angle with the bole, they would be more likely to resist accidental disfigurement and pre- mature destruction. Most cultivators who have grown or noted the peculiarities of the growth of Mulberries will probably confirm " li. D.'s " observations about the rooting of fallen branches if allowed to lie where they fell. This interesting fact has led to their propagation by truncheons. These are branches that may range from 6 to 9 feet long, firmly inserted I foot or more in the soil in the early autumn. Any branch will root, but the roughest and most gnarled branches will root the readiest, always excepting any that may have been partially slivered ofi' the trees with a heel or cut into with bind- ing irons, which root most readily. Truncheons of medium sized well-ripened fruitful wood form the most fertile and useful trees. The standard form of Mulberries also seems more fertile than dwarfs. The more old trees one is privileged to see the more deeply the conviction grows that the older Mulberries are the more fertile, and bear the finer and richer fruit. The rise, decline, and fall of Mulberry culture in England proves how little can be done after all by royal patronage. 118 THE OARDENEBS' CSBONICLE. [Jancaey 23, 1892. James I. had a craze about silk culture in England, and, it is said, was instrumental in planting 100,000 Mulberry trees mainly in the Midland and Eastern Counties in the year 1609. And it is supposed that some of our ragged or ruined veterans may be survivals of some of that profuse invasion of French Mulberries and planters. F. WILLOW-GROWING FOR UNDERWOOD. — Not only in Ireland, but in many places in England, a good deal of money is lost which could be avoided if those that have the charge of the planting of new and the renovating of old woods would introduce Willows as underwood in the low-lying places and boggy spots to be found in most land set apart for timber. The planting is cheaply done if sets or " pitchers " are obtainable on the ground,''and there is no hole-digging required. Of coarse, as Mr. Hewitt says in the Gardeners' Chronicle of the 9th inst,, trenching the ground is expensive, but itis found to pay in the end, although it is not absolutely necessary if the ground be drained by ditches. It is the custom to fill up wet bottoms where Hazel would not grow with Alder, bat this does not enhance the value of the underwood so much as Willow would do. 1 have found this out by the spirited bidding at our annual sales of underwood, and the frequent applica- tions I have for a bit of Willow underwood. Willow is so useful for many different things, supplying the place of Hazel in many instances, and the smaller growth is used up to the utmost twig by the basket- maker, and very little of it finds its way to the fire- place. Those which I find to do best in this district and sell well are the Huntingdon, common grey, and goat or sallow Willow. One of the tenants on this estate recently sold a hedge of grey Willow in a very damp situation for £1 10s. for ten chains, and I could further illustrate a case where about 7 acres of boggy land — quite useless to the farmer at any price — was taken over by the landlord, and has been planted with Osiers, and let to a basket manufac- turer for the respectable sum of £30 per annum, the tenant maintiining the plantation in good order. It should always be borne in mind that Willows, although water-loving plants, do not thrive unless the water drains away periodically. J. Garbett, Hale Park, Hants. APPLES. — With so much talk about the culture of hardy fruit for public consumption, and to meet the American Apple competition, with our shops filled almost exclusively with imported Apples, it seems to be just now a capital time for the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society to do something in the direction of enlightening public opinion as to the respective merits of home-grown and American Apples. The public just now have practically no choice — no opportunity for choice. They can only purchase the imported Apples and home- grown fruits are not in evidence. Can it be that, in spite of the immense crop gathered in last autumn, all is sold, and consumed, or is it the case that there are plenty of Apples yet at home, but which have no chance of sale in the market when the Americans come in ? In the one case, then, ample evidence is furnished that we do not, alter all, grow half enough Apples for home consumption, even when we have a good crop. If the other case be the correct one, then either our late crop is too inferior in quality and appearance, or else it is very badly treated in the market. In any case it does seem that this is just how matters stand, and I think the Royal Horticultural Society may well devote some attention to the solution of the problems raised. The first thing I advise is, that just now, when the American Apples are in the very height of importa- tion, samples of each kind in the market be purchased, so far as possible correctly named, and submitted for examination and tiiste to the Fruit Committee at their next meeting. At the same time let examples of home-grown Apples that have kept well, and are esteemed to be good either for dessert or culinary purposes, be invited, also with leave for the com- mittee to examine and taste them. Specially let varieties which show nice colour be sent, as the Americans find one-half their market value in colour. The committee could then draw up a report of the relative domestic values of these imported and home- raised samples, and point out to the public which of home-grown sorts (if any) were the best. I can hardly be doubted but that the Press would give such report the fullest publicity. A. J), TREATMENT OF THE GRAPE VINE.— May I ask if any of your correspondents have advocated any- thing similar to the following system? It is not mentioned in any of the works on Vines that I have read, nor have I seen it practised. I may say the idea occurred to me several years ago, but 1 have not had an opportunity of testing its value fully. I have tried it on weak Vines carrying a heavy crop, with good results. Suppose a Vine on the spur system has made six or eight leaves, and is forming eyes in the axils for next season, and the shoot has been pinched, say two eyes, beyond the bunch. Take a sharp knife, and carefully cut out all the eyes except the end one, and the two best at the base of the shoot. All the shoots on the Vine should be treated the same, thus causing a concentration of energy to the eyes that will bear fruit the following season. F. H, CANADIAN APPLES. — Kindly permit me to correct a slight error in your report of the proceed- ings of the Fruit Committee of the 12th inst. I am in that report represented as having staged a dish of home-grown King of Tomkin's County Apple. These were really placed on the table by Mr. G. Bunyard, who kindly permitted his excellent sample to be tasted by the committee, with the purchased Canadian sample of the same variety which I had presented for the judgment of the committee. Mr. Bunyard's samples, nearly all grown under glass, were not finer than those which I had purchased at 2d. per lb., and were less rounded in form ; but on being tasted were much more crisp and juicy, and better flavoured. It would have been more satis- factory could we have had samples from home- grown ordinary outdoor trees. Further than King of Tomkin's County, I also had samples of Ben Davis, and a very handsome and beautifully coloured variety of considerable briskness and excellence, both of which were of Canadian growth, and pur- chased at 2d. per lb., sent to test against English varieties. Jlr. Bunyard had a very fine collection of nursery-grown fruits at the Drill Hall, but I doubt whether a bushel of any one of all the sorts shown so well could be purchased in the country of equal sample. Could we but have such fine Apples of home growth in quantity, Canadians would not be " in it " with the public. Here we have had a splendid Apple crop at home, and yet the Canadian importations seem to be greater than ever. That shows how enormous now is the demand for good Apples. A. Dean. RETRIBUTION ON ROBBER RODENTS.— Having recently heard from a leading firm at Haarlem that they were shortly expecting to receive from eitlier New Zealand or Tasmania (I forget which) an importation of some handsome forms of Liliacf*, known under the name of Blandfordia, which are by no means as widely cultivated or as well known in this country as their beauty and easiness of culture entitle them to be, I was this morning sorry to hear that on the case being opened, its only contents were found to be some empty husks and stem-sheaths, and the dead bodies of twelve mice, who had evidently made their way into the case while on board the Ship, and, having feasted on its contents, were poisoned by the fruits of their robbery, which proved to them, at all events, a most undoubted Barmecide feast. W. E. Gmnileton. A HAPPY COMBINATION OF PLANTS.— One of the most pfftctive edgings to a shrubbery border that I have observed was made with a line of Funkia Sieboldii and Campanula carpatica - turbinata, both being hardy plants. The deep purple of the Campanula contrasted admirably with the ashen - grey or glaucous leaves of the Funkia, so as to compel admiration. Where the soil is good this species of Funkia grows large, and plenty of space must be allowed, or its handsome foliage will be crowded, when the effect is rather spoiled. The line of Campanula plants should not be less than one foot in width to have a good effect. E. M. TOM THUMB DAHLIAS. — If I do not, like " Pioneer," think much of the new race of Tom Thumb single Dahlias, it is because one so naturally looks for boldness, breadth, and effectiveness from all Dahlia plants. Tiny forms, about 15 inches in height, are hardly likely to attract attention when employed to decorate a garden, and they have no value used in any other way. It may be pleaded that such very dwarf varieties can be grown in pots ; but then, we can grow, during the season when Dahlias will grow and flower with us, far showier plants in pots than Dahlias are — and, still further, they are plants which will always do better in the open ground than in pots. The best dwarf strain I have seen was one growing 2 feet in height, and blooming with wonderful profuseness. The best of the strain iScarlet Bedder produced brilliant scarlet flowers, of fine form, in such abundance that a big mass of the variety produced almost a remarkable effect. The strain included white, yellow, maroon, lilac, &c., and therefore had in it all the elements of variety. That presented a capital as well as a most useful improvement upon the altogether too-tall older strains of single Dahlias, many plants of these running fully 6 feet in height. When grown quite in the open ground, the bedding strain needed no sticks to support the plants, they were so stout and sturdy. That is a great gain, whilst the tall varieties not only need plenty of supporting, but are most liable to injury from rough winds, if ever so carefully tied. If these latter be too tall, the Tom Thumbs are too short, and thus it would seem as if a strain of Dahlias about 2 feet in height hit the happy medium. We have been getting all sections of Dahlias dwarfer for some time, but we really do not want any more of mere Liliputians. A. COOKS AND GARDENERS.— The reference at p. 80 to what 1 said at the close of the discussion on Mr. Iggulden's paper, read at the Drill Hall on the 12th inst., does not clearly convey my views. Whilst I did express the opinion that Mr. Iggulden, in his general indictment of cooks, had maintained that Potatos, amongst other vegetables, were seldom sent to an employer's table properly cooked, therefore much that had been written about the indifferent quality of many varieties of Potatos was evidently more due to bad cooking than to inherent defects in the tubers. I said more, because I suggested, that inasmuch as awell-knownvegetable gardener had thus publicly formulated so grave an indictment against cooks, the Royal Horticultural Society should, in common fairness, allow the cooks, or at least a repre- sentative of that useful body of persons, an oppor- tunity to reply as publicly, and vindicate the cooks from the charge of incapacity in relation to the serving up of vegetables. I am satisfied the announcement that some eminent c/(e/' would, at the Drill Hall, strive to exculpate his profession from Mr. Iggulden's charge, would create immense interest. It may be that Mr. Iggulden is amply justified in this assertion. 1 do not profess to know. Perhaps he would find plenty of supporters amongst the gardeners of the United Kingdom. In any case, whosoever may be right, we ought not only to give both sides a fair hearing, but out of the discussion find means whereby faults on both sides, if there be such, may be amended. Whichever may be wrong, of course employer and consumer are the chief sufferers. Still, every gardener feels that he suffers if his products are badly served, whilst the cook thinks that he or she is as badly treated if the gar- dener sends him or her inferior products. A. Dean. THE MULBERRY AS A WEATHER GAUGE.— For fifty years an experienced gardener with whom I have been personally acquainted always took the leafing of the Mulberry as a guide to planting out his bedding plants, and he never lost any of his plants from frost. G. Taber. LIST OF GAEDENING PERIODICALS, &c. In England. 1787 — Botanical Magazine. Monthly. Editor, Sir J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. (L. Reeve & Co.) 1804 — Royal Horticultural Society's Journal. Editor, Rev. W. Wilks. 1841 — Gardeners' Chronicle. Friday. Editor, Dr. Masters, F.R.S. Publisher, A. G, Martin, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. Price 3d. Every Friday. 1842 — Gardeners' Magazine, Friday. Editor, George Gordon, Esq. Publisher, W. H. L. Colling- ridge, 148 and 149, Aldersgate Street, E.C. 1848 — Journal of Horticulture. Thursday, Editor, Dr. Hogg, F.L.S. Publisher, E. H. May, 171, Fleet Street, London, E.C. 1871— The Garden. Friday. Editor, W. Robinson, F.L.S. Publisher, W. Robinson, 37, South- ampton Street, W.C. 1886— Horticultural Times, 127, Strand, W.C. 1879— Gardening Illustrated. Editor and Publisher, W. Robinson, 37, Southampton Street, W.C. 1884 — Amateur Gardening. Editor, T. W. Sanders. Publisher, W. H. & C. Collingridge, 148 and 149, Aldersgate Street, E.C. Garden Work. Editor, J. Wright. Publisher, E. H. May, 171, Fleet Street, E.C. 1884— Gardening World. Editor and Publisher, B. Wynne, Clement's Inn, W.C. Jandaut 23, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 119 1887 — Royal Gardens, Kew, Bulletin of Miscel- laneous Information. Monthly. Eyre & Spottiawoode, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.G. The Northern Gardener. Fountain Street, Man- chester. Weekly, \d. Reichenbachia, devoted to the Illustration of Orchids. Monthly. F. Sander, St. Albans. Orchid Album. Monthly. Henry Williams, and others, Upper IloUoway, London, N. Rosarians' Year Book. Annually. Bemrose & Sons. Garden Annual. Annually. Garden Office, 37, Southampton Street, Strand, W.C. Garden Oracle. Annually. By London. Gardeners' Magazine Office, 4 and 5, Ave Maria Lane, E.G. Horticultural Directory. Annually. Journal of Hor- ticulture Office, 171, Fleet Street, E.G. PRINCIPAL FOREIGN and COLONIAL HOR- TICULTURAL PUBLICATIONS. America. The American Garden. Editor, , New York. American Florist. New York and Chicago. Orchard and Garden. Published by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New .Jersey. Florists' Exchange, New York. American Pomological Society's Reports. American Agriculturist, Broadway, New York. Meehan's Monthly. T. Meehan, Germantown. Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Reports. Boston, Mass. Garden and Forest. Editor, Professor Sargent, Tribune Baildings, New York. The Trade Journal and International Horticnltarist. New York. Austria. Wiener Illustrierte Garten Zeitung. Editor, Ritter Beck von Managhetta. (Journal of the Imperial Horticultural Society, Vienna.) Casopis ceskych zahradniku, Prague. Editor, J. T. Thomayer. Mittheilungen D. K. K. Gertenbau Gesellschaft in Steiermark. Editor, L. Kristof Graz. Bavaria. Illustrierte Monatshefte tiir des Gesammt-Interessen dea Gartenbaues. Editor, Max. IColb,' Munich. Untersuchungen, a. d., Forst. Bot. Institut zu Miinchen. Prof. Hartig, Munich. BELGinnr. Journal des Orchidees. Editor, Lucien Linden, Brussels. Lindenia. MM. Linden and Rodigas, Brussels. L'lUustration Horticole. MM. Linden and Rodigas, Brussels, L'Horticulteur, Mens. Editor, J. Wanavre. Revue de I'Horticulture Beige. Count de Kerchove and others, Ghent. Bulletin d' Arboriculture, &c. Editors, M. Pynaert and others, Ghent. Canada. Canadian Horticulturist. Ottawa. Cape Town. Agricultural Journal. Cetlon. Tropical Agriculturist. Colombo, Ferguson. France. Revue Horticole. Editors, MM, Carriere et Andid. Rue Jacob, 26, Paris. L» .Jardin. Editor, M. Godefroy. Publisher, A. Picard, Argenteuil. L'Orohidophile. Elitor, M. Godefroy - Lebeuf, Argenteuil. Journal dea Roses. Editor, M. Bernardin. Pub- lisher, M. Goin, Paris. Journal de I'Horticulture Pratique. Paris. Lyon Horticole. Editor, M. Viviand- Morel. Lyon. Journal de la Soci^te Nationale d'Horticulture. Rue de Grenelle, 81, Paris. Le Moniteur d'Horticulture. Editor, M. J. Chaur^ Rue de Sevres, 14, Paris. Bi-mcnthly. Bulletin de la Soci^t^ d'Acclimatation de France, Paris. Germany. D^utsch Gartner Zeitung. Erfurt. Editor, Herr Moller. Gartpnflora. Berlin. Editor, Professor Wittmack, (Paul Parey, Berlin.) MonatsBchrift des Gartenbauvereins zu Darmstadt. Rosen Zeitung. Frankfort-on-the-Maine. Deutsche Gartenzeitung. Editor, Dr. Goeze (Hamburg.) Germany — continued,. Lebl lUustr. Gartenzeitung. Zeitschrift fur bildende Gartenkunst. Editor, C. Hampel, Treptow, by Berlin. British Goiana. Garden, Field, and Forest. Demerara. Holland. Sempervirens, Gronewegen. Amsterdam. Het Neederlandsche Tuinboublad. Editor, Dr. H. Van Hall. Arnhem. INDIA:— Calcdtta. Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of India. Lahore. Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society. Madras. Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society. Rangoon. Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society. Italy. BuUetino della Societa Toscana d'Horticultura. Florence. Java. Anna lea du Jardin Botanique de Buitenrorg. Dr. Treub. Japan. Journal of the Japanese Horticultural Society. S. Yoshida, Tokio. Poland. Ogrodnik Polski. Warsaw. Portdoal. Jornal de Horticultura Practica. Oporto. Switzerland. Der Schweizerische Garten Bau. Editor, Professor Miiller-Thurgau. Zurich. A STRONG AND DURABLE HINGE FOR GLASSHOUSE LIGHTS. The usual practice is to fasten the ventilator to a triangular piece of wood, screwed or^ nailed to the ridge, called a hanging piece. Doubtless, moat Fig. 2:2.— sincte for glass-house lights. Ventilators are hung in this way, and it is found that the rain comes in considerably, with evil results to the fruit inside — firstly, through the joint formed by the junction of hanging-piece and ridge; and, secondly, between the ventilator and hanging-piece. Nor is this all ; the water finds a refuge between the hanging-piece and ridge, and speedily rots both. Sometimes canvas is used to keep the wet out, but this is not altogether satisfactory. It takes a great deal of time to put on, it is very much in the way when it becomes necessaiy to replace a broken hinge or to repair the ventilator, and, besides, it is very expensive. The following estimate, which can be verified by anyone in a few minutes, of the cost of hanging each ventilator — firstly, to the hanging- piece, with canvas over, and, secondly, to the ridge direct, with capping over, shows very much to the advantage of the latter ; — 4 feet 6 in. hanging- piece 4 ft. 6 in. canraa, 6 in. wide, at 2s. 3rf. per yard, 2 ft. wide Cutting out and put- ting on, tacks, &c.... One pair of cast-iroi butta 0 4J 4 ft. 6 ir ping IJ X 4} cap- To reap the full advantage of the use of a capping, it is of course necessary that the ventilator be hung as close beneath the capping as possible. This can be done, as will be seen from the sketch, by using these hinges. With other hinges it would be neces- sary to leave sufficient space above the ventilator to screw the hinge to, or as an alternative the hinge could be cut into the top-edge of the ridge. There are obvious disadvantages to both these ways ; in the former the distance of the capping from the top of the ventilator would prevent the capping from being so effectual as otherwise, and would also necessitate a wider and more costly ridge, besides which the ridge would be proportionately weaker, as it is further from the rafters. In the latter, before it could be possible to replace a hinge or to take a ventilator down, it would be necessary to take the capping off, which would certainly not improve either capping or ridge. When measuring for ridge, care should be taken to see that the distance from the plough groove to the top of the ridge (see sketch), is neither more or less than would allow the highest part of the knuckle of the hinge, when fixed, to be on the same level as the top of the ridge. Should it be wished to utilise the advantages of strength which the hinge possesses, for repairing, &c., in cases where the hanging-piece is in use, it can be done by reversing that portion of the hinge which in sketch is screwed to the ridge. The following are some of the characteristics of the hinge : — 1st. It is very strong, the pin (the weak part of other hinges), is f of an inch in diameter. 2nd. The hinge is of wrought iron and will stand a much greater strain than cast iron. 3rd. The pin works easily in its aocket, removing the danger of corroding. 4th. There ia no cutting into the woodwork, and it can very easily be put on or taken off. 5th. When fixed to the ventilator it is screwed to the stile instead of the top rail, a matter of conse- quence when we consider the strain that is put on the weak tenons of the ventilator by the old method of fastening hinges to the top rail. This hinge has been patented by Mr. H. B. Piper, of the Ladywell Nurseries, Worthing. Balance in favou the use of the proved hinges Scotland. DUNDEE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. The following is the syllabus for the session 1892:— On January 8, the President (Mr. D. Croll) read the opening address. Mr. A. D. Mackenzie, Upper Grove Place, Edinburgh, read a paper on " Heating by Hot Water." February 5. — " Vegetable Culture, January to April inclusive," by Mr. William Grant, Fernhall Gardens, West Ferry. March 4. — " Vegetable Culture, May to Augus, inclusive," by Mr. John Wilson, Charleston Gardenst Montrose. April 1. — "Vegetable Culture, September to December inclusive," by Mr. James Ross, Reresmouat Gardens, Broughty Ferry. May 6 — " Chrysanthemums : Cut-backs versus Non Cut-backs," by Mr. John Machar, Corona Gardens, Broughty Ferry ; and Mr. Wm. Kennedy, Ardarroch Gardens, Dundee. June 3. — "Technical Education," by Professor Geddes, University College, Dundee. July 1. — " The Present Day Gardener, and what ia expected of him," by Mr. George Smith, Mylne- field Gardens, Dundee. August 5. — "Notes on Exhibiting and Judging by Points," by Mr. William Williamson, Tarvit Gardens, Cupar, Fife. September 9. — Horticultural questions previously announced : Discussion on. October 7. — "The Origin and Evolution of Gar- dening," by Mr. Thomas Butchart, Elmslea Gardens, Dundee. November 4. — " Root Pruning," by Mr. John Proctor, Balruddery Gardens, near Dundee. December 2. — Annual General Meeting. 120 THE GARDENER B' CHRONICLE. [Jantjaby 23, 1892. The above meetings will be held in the Young Men's Christian Association Rooms, 10, Constitution Koad, at 7,30 p m. on the above dates. The session just closed, though unmarked by any special effort or undertaking, has been in many ways successful. During the year eleven ordinary meet- ing have bean held, and the attendance of members throughout has been gratifying and encouraging. Twenty-one new members have been added daring the Session, and at the present time there are 100 members on the roll. One of the most successful evenings of the Session was occupied with discussions on horticultural questions (previously announced to the members). These proved very interesting, and elicited from the members present much important and useful information. Ten evenings were devoted to the reading and discussing of papers, and more or less condensed reports of the various papers have appeared in the local newspapers. Daring the month of March the Association became atBliated with the Royal Horticultural Society, London, participating in all the privileges of a one- guinea subscriber. These include the journals and transactions of the Society, and other advantages. Extract from Bepnrt of the Association. the presence of bacteria, A specimen had been pre- viously sent to Professor Marshall Ward, who has promised to report upon it. Societies. aOYAL HOBTIOXJLTUBAL. Scientific Committee. January 12.— D. Morris, Esq., in the chair. Pre- sent : Messrs. Michael, Blandford, Professors Green, F. Oliver, Church, Drs. Bonavia, Muller, and Masters. Thelephora lacimata. — In reference to this fungus, specimens of which attacking Rhododendrons were sent to a previous meeting by Dr. Hugo Miiller, the following note was submitted by Mr. Massee : — " Thelephora laciniata, Pers., is a very common species as a saprophyte, overrunning twigs and heaps of leaves lying on the ground, at the same time it readily passes on to living branches and superficial roots, especially if the surface has been abraded, and then becomes parasitic in its nature. As a parasite, it has been noted on the living roots and prostrate branches of Ericaceous plants, Vaccinium, Erica, Calluna, in Hungary by Kalchbrenner, also in Eng- land. It has also been observed as a parasite on living Conifers in Germany by Klotzach." Beetle in Bendrobium — Mr. Blandford reported that the beetle referred to at a previous meeting was a Scolytid, beetle probably undeacribed. Diseased Goosebem/. — Mr. Burbidge sent speci- mens of Gooseberry branches, showing globular spongy outgrowths from the bark, of the size of large Cherries, and cracked on the surface. Mr. Burbidge stated that these swellings produce roots with great freedom, if treated as ordinary cuttings. Dr. Masters called attention to the similarity in appearance to the growth frequently seen in Marshal Niel Roses, and also on Vines and Passion flowers ; but in the case of the Gooseberry there were often numerous buds visible. In some of these cases the presence of a slime fungus (Myxomycete) had been detected. Gooseberry growers attributed the forma- tion to water accumulating on the branches, and promoting the formation of roots. The specimens were referred to Mr. Arthur Lister. Black Knot. — Dr. Masters showed specimens of this disease received from the United States, The disease occurs in Plum trees, and is due to a fungus, Plowrightia morbosa, which produces a black nodu- lated outgrowth spongy within, on the surface of the branch. The tissues affected seem to be the inner layers of the bark and the cambium layer, the cells ol which are disintegrated and broken up into a spongy mass. The disease has been described by Professor Farlow, and is very common in America, but happily, it is scarcely, if at all, known here. Destruction by fire of the affected branches is the only remedy that can be suggested, though probably spraying with sulphate of copper in an early stage would be effective. Eucalyptus. — "Dr. Masters exhibited a branch of Eucalyptus globulus, in which the usually smooth surface of the bark was broken up into an irregularly lobed, corky mass. The branch had been received from Professor McOwan, of Cape Town, and it was considered by him that the disease might be due to THE GABDENEBS' BOYAL BENE- VOLENT T INSTITUTION. Januakv 15. — -A number of the supporters and friends of the above estimable organisation met on the afternoon of the above date, at Simpson's, in the Strand, London, for the purpose of receiving the Report and the accounts of the Institution for the present year, and for the election of candidates to its benefits (see p. 112). The number of candidates elected numbered ten, out of twenty-nine who had applied. Of this number, four had made two previous applications, seven one application, and the remaining eighteen were applying for the first time. The successful candidates were Mary E. Gray, of Reigate, aged sixty-one years, a widow who was unable to support herself by any kind of work, owing to failing sight and other ailments ; Henry Martin, of Redlands, Bristol, aged seventy-three years, disabled by old age ; Henry Bartholomew, of Hornsey, aged seventy- one, who together with his wife, aged seventy-five years, are very infirm ; Louisa Jennings, sixty-nine years, of Huyton Quarry, Liverpool, the widow of a gardener at Knowsley, Prescot, who was a subscriber of one guinea for one year ; she is very infirm. These last two had made two previous applications. Jane James, of Honiton, aged sixty-five years, is the widow of J. James, for many years gardener at Col- lumpton ; George Medland, Alphington Road, Exeter, aged eighty-three years, a widower, once a nurseryman and seedsman at Exeter ; Lydia Boa- tock, of Bootle, aged sixty-nine years, who is in a very delicate state of health, and unable to earn anything; Jemima Grace Truran, of Launceston, aged sixty years, a sufferer from chronic bronchitis. Roderick Elphinstone, of Norwich, aged seventy-one years ; he has a wife aged sixty-two, and is nnable to work. Elizabeth May, of Bagshot, Surrey, aged sixty- five years, the widow of Joseph May, once a seedsman in London, and subsequently foreman to the late Mr. Kernan ; he was well-known to gardeners and frequenters of Covent Garden Market. Besides the elected pensioners named above, six others who had in every way complied with the regula- tions were placed on the pension list without election, viz. ;— John Alvey, of Filey, aged seventy-two years, a yearly subscriber for twenty-four years ; Ellen Sporle Child, of Clapham Common, Surrey, aged seventy-four years, whose late husband contributed £46 to the institution in 1846; Charlotte Selina Cornwell, of Brentwood, aged sixty, whose late husband had been a subscriber for thirty years ; John Mundy, of Hampstead, aged sixty-six, a sub- scriber for twenty years, and a contributor of £9 to the Augmentation Fund ; Simon Ross, of Steeple Aston, aged seventy-two years, a subscriber for fifteen years ; and James Smith, Temple Coombe, also a subscriber for fifteen years, and a contributor to the Augmentation Fund to the amount of 5 guineas. After the formal business of the meeting was finished, a party numbering nearly 100 persons sat down to dinner. The Rev. W. Wilks, F.R.H.S., in the chair, and who was succeeded later by J. H. Veitch, Esq. TiaryllidecB, nor in any book to which we have access. It is not in Loddiges' Cabinet. Parsnips Rotting in the Ground : W. Stevens. If you will kindly send samples we may be able to tell you the cause of the decay. EosA Banksi.t;: S. Cairo. This was described by Robert Brown in 1811, in Alton's Hortus Kewensis, ed. 2, iii. 258 ; Lindley's Sot. Rcgist. t. 397. Vines Suddenly Ceasing to Grow, and Remaining Immature: Hiibsoriber. With proper treatment, this is quite unaccountable, and you must send us fuller information, if we are to assist you. Can you send portion of root, shoots, soil, &c. ? COMMUSICiTIONS Eeceived.-P. Lavis & W. E. G. must send their names and addresses before we can publish their letters on Gardener's Education, not necessarily to be pub- u ifr' , v' "" establishing their bonlfides.-3.S,.--i.C.~ H. Markham.---W. W.-W. E. Qumbleton.-W.C.-H.M.T. r ?'~S- ^n- '^^-~°- ^■~^- »—'«'• E. G.-G.Tabers. 7 w n ^' C--Qustav Bral.-E. .1. I,._p. L.-W. W.- J. W.-Dr. Pax. Berlm.-Dr. Urban, Berlin.-F. Parker. *,,?of,, 7* Tfr' '° ^Mounce the death on the 9th mst. of Mr. J. Westcott. for many years gardener to the Duke of Cleveland, at Raby Castle, Durham. Mr. Westcott was ^n excellent gardener and wag greatly respected by all who knew him. VALUABLE SILVER MEDALS offeied to Exhibitors during 1892. All Amateurs and Gardeners should see KELWAY'S MANUAL for 1892 for particulars ; Is. post-free. Gratis to customers. — Largport, Somerset. ARR'S SEEDS, BULBS, and PLANTS. VEGETABLE SEEDS.— All the best sorts only; and a g'eatdealof valuable information. Cultural and descrip- tive Catalogue FREE ON APPLICATION. FLOWER SEEDS.— Upwards of 2000 species and varieties of the most decorative kindsi, for all sorts of decoration, with important remarks. CiTALOGUF. free on APPLiCiTiox. BULBS.— Gladiolus, Lilies, Anemones, Ranunculus, Hyacinthus candicans. Tigridias, and all other sorts for Spring Planting. List free oy application. Special List, free on application— Michaelmas Daisies, Per- ennial Sunflowers, Double and Single Peonies, Irii (tall and dwarf), Oriental Hellebores, Carnations, &c. BARR AND SON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden. Lonrion. EGONIAS A SPECIALTY. — Awarded Four Gold Jledals, and Gold Cup, and all First Prizes. Seed saved from Prize plants. Our Begonia Sped and Bulbs eclipse all previous years. Choicest mixed, single or double varieties. Is., 2,'j. 6d., and 5s. per packet. Collections (Seed)— single, 12 named varieties, separate, 5s. 6tf. ; 6 ditto, 3s. Tubers, named singles, from 12s. to 42s. per dozen ; unnamed seedlings, 12s. to 21s. per dozen ; bedding, choicest. 4s., 5s., 6s., and 9s. per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 4:^s. per doz. ; unnamed, choicest, ISs. to 30s. per dozen ; choicest mixed, for bedding, 9s. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis. JOHN LAING AND SONS, Begonia Growers, &c.. Forest Hill, London. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BIDDLES& Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. We invite tho^e about to purchase garden seeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 3009 Varieties catalogued, 50O Illustrations. W. L. LEWIS & CO., Orchid Growers ajid Importers, CHASE SIDE, SOUTHGATE, LONDON, N, Have just secured a large COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS, Among -nhich are many fine SPECIMEN PLANTS, and marked varieties of CATTLEYAS, ODONTOGLOSSUMS, DENDROBES, &c. Every Plant guaranteed true to name. Write for SPECIAL PRICE LI.;^:S>^S>^3>^S>^S>^S>^S>^S?^S>^S>''S>'S?:J Select VEGETABjyS Choice FLO^VHR, The best qaalltles at Moderate Prices, Delivered Free by Ball or The Best SEED POTATOS, Garden Tools, Sundries, &c., &c. Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. }03 Seed Growers, SlSI. jg>^S>^S^^S^:WI COJIPLETE COLLECTION of VEGETABLE SEEDS For One Year's Supply. Free by Parcel Post on receipt of P. 0.0. value 10s. 6 pints Peas, best sorts for sue- I cession. ! 2 ,, Beans, Broad, best sort i for open 2-07.. pkt. Cress, Curled. 1 pkt. Cucumber, Frame, U! sorts. 1 ,. Cucumber, for ground. 1 „ Endive, Curled. 1 oz. Lettuce, Cos and Cabbage varieties. 1 ,, Leeks, best variety. 2 ,. Mustard. White. 2 ,, Onion, best sorts. 1 ,, Parsley, Extra Fine Curled. 1 ,, Parsnip, best eort. 2 ,, Radish, best varieties. 1 ,, Savoy, best sort. 2 ,, Spinach, Winter and Summer. 1 pkt. Tomato. 1 oz. Turnip, finest varieties. 1 pkt. Vegetable Marrow. 1 pint Beans, D%varf French. 1 ,, Beang, Scarlet Runners. J-oz. pkt. Beet, best variety. 1 ,, Borecole, or Kale, two sorts. 1 ,, Broccoli, best for succession, two sorts. 1 ,, Brussels Sprouts. 2 ,, Carrots, Early and Late. 1 ,, Cibbage, best for succession, two sorts. J ,, Cauliflower, finest variety. J ,, Celery, two sorts. CATALOGUES, gratis and post-free. Special Quotations per lb. and bush, to Market Gardeners. B. L. COLEMAN, ^r/d'srer SANDWICH, KENT. SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOOS IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE, The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, Zd. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free, THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NURSERIES, SAWBRIPaEWQRTH, HERTS. Jancaky 23, 1892.] THE GARDENEB8' CHRONICLE. 123 aNREyS'fimousGARDENPO'IS Messrs. Dicksons, Limited. Chester, write :-"Tl and well made, and in every respect highly tatisfaetory." Messrs. Klchard Smith & Co., Worcester, write Pots,' they are well made, light, yet strong, and we like the ■ Pots you have so largely supplied i -" We beg to say that i I bett-r than any other w highly satisfied with your ' Garde Mr, William Bull, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes :— " For nearly thirty years I have been using your ' Garden Pots,' and still tind them the best and cheapest." Largest Manufacturers in the World. No Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £i\0 Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free. BARR'S8«BPL"sCLEARANCESALE»fDAFF0DILS Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation. Detailed Priced LIST on application. Per 1000, 15s., 25s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and 105s. BARR'S CLEARANCE SALE OP HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS - NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, CHIONODOXA, SOILLiAS, SN0WFLAKE3, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs, ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES GREATLY RED UCED. LIST on APPLICA TION. Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application :— CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS. GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES. SINGLE PEONIES, DOUBLE PyEONIES, HELLEBORES, and IRIS. BARR & SON, 12, King St., Covent Garden, London. GROMPTON & FAWKES, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, CHELMSFORD. BOOK of Photo-Lithographed Sketches of W nter Gardens, Ranges of Ho houses Vineries, Architectu- ral Conservatories, &c., of various Des gns and Sizes, recently con- stni ted erected, fitted, and heated complete by us in different partaof the ountry w th particulars of the mo t successful Hotwater Heating Apparatus of the century. Post-free on applicatioD. R. HALLIDAY & CO., HOTHOUSE BTTILDEBS and HOT-WATEB, ENGINEERS, ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER. vineries, Stoves, Greenbousea, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c„ constructed on our improved plan, are the perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equa-'led. We only do one claea of work *nd that the vkrt best. ' Conseryatorles and Winter Oardens designed architecturally correct without the assistance of any one ont of our firm from the smallest to the largest. Hot-water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable Boileie. erected, and anocess guaranteed in all cases. Melon Frames, Saahes, Hotbed Boxes, &c., always in stock. Plant, Estimates and Catalogues tree. Custcmers waited on in any part of tha Kingdom. Our Maxim is and always has been — UODERATB 0HAROE8. FIRST-CLASS WORK. THE BEST MATERIALS. ASPARAGUS, of fine quality — for forcing anil planting ; 2-yr. old, 2i. 3d. per 100; S-yr. old, good roots, 3s. per 100 ; ditto, selected, ■Is. per 100 ; 6d. per 100 less for quantities of 1000 and upwards. For forcing, 4-yr. old, 5s. per 100; 5-yr. old. splendid roots, 10s. per 100; ditto selected, 12s. M. per 100; (i-yr. old, extra fine, \bs. per 100. Cash with order. My Asparagus always makes top price at Covent Garden. Read the following unsolicited testimonial : — " Please send me another 200 of 5-yr. old Asparagus Roots. I may say that the last 200 were the best lot of forcing roots I ever bouRht, and my employer says the quality is excellent.— C. H. Perkins, The Gardens, Milton Abbey, lilandford." J. .T. CLARK, Market Qardener. Goldstone, Brighton. ERNS! FERNS [ !— Trade.— Greenhouse and stove, 2.5 saleable sorts, 12s. per 100; out of pots, 10s. Large A. cuneatum, in 48's, tjs. per doz. Large Ferns, 10 sale- able sorts, Aralia Sieboldii, Primulas, Solanums, superior btuff. all in 48's, 5s. 6rf. per doz. Palms, Ficus, Erica hyemalis. and Cyclamen, in 48*9. 12s. per dozen, for bloom and fine foliage cannot be better. P. tremula.and A. cuneatum, selected bushy, for potting on, 16s, per 100. Packed free, Cash with Order. J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro' Junction. 8.W. MENDER'S PETUNIAS. The Grandest Strain grown. Seed saved entirely from large flowerg, beautifully mottled and striped. Is. and 2s. per packet, PRIMUL4.— Large frilled flowers, mixed, carmine, rose. white, and blue, special strain. Is. 6rf. & 2s. Qd. per packet. BEGONIA.— Saved from the best-named Double and single nowerp. Is., 2s. 6d., and 5s. per packet. HENDER AND SONS, Nursery. Plymouth. CHRYSANTHEMUMS, AND HOW TO GROW THEM. Now in the Press. The large and increasing demand for this popular work has made it necessary to print a New and Revised Edition (Eleventh Thousand). This will contain a Practical and Scientific Treatise on Culture, and also a Critical Analj sis of the New Varieties of the present season, by C. E. Shea. Esq. A short History of the Chrysanthemum, by C. Harmas Payne, Esq.; and a Chrysanthemum Calendar, by Mr. H. Shuesmith. In addition to above, Illustrations of two of the best New Varieties of the year are included in my new Chrysanthemum Catalogue, which also contains the most com- plete Listof New Varieties ever brought together, and embracer selections from all the known Chrysanthemum world. All the secrets of successful culture given, making this the most valuable work on the Chrysanthemum ever published. Post free, nine stamps ; to Secretaries of Societies, for members, Gs. per dozen. H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham, S.E. NOW BEADY. SHARPENS ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892, Post-free on cipplication to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., Seed Farmers and Merchants, SLEAFOBD. 20,000 DAHLIA ROOTS. H. CANNELL & SONS Have the largest and finest stock in the world, from 6s. to 30s. per dozen. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. SWANLEY, KENT CARSON'S PAINT Patronifled by 20.000 of the Nobility, Gentry. and Clergy, for all kinds of OUTDOOB WOBE, OONSEBVATOBIES, Oreenhouses, Frames, &c. 1 Owt., and Oil Mixture, Free to all Stations. Liquid Non-Poisonous Faints for Inside of Conserratoriea, &o. Priees. Patterns, and Testimonials. Post-free. Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. ; 16. VICTORIA STREET. WESTMDfSTEB. S.W. l and BACHTBLOS'S WALK. DUBUN.— JWsjouti* fir CaiK. 124 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [January 23, 1893. ^.^A- CONWAY G. WiRNE,IJmlted, Eoyai Potteries, Weston-Buper-Mare. HILL & SMITH, BKIEKLET HILL, STAFFORDSHIRE, And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON. E.C NEW PATTERN TREE GUARD, ''^The Porcupine^^ The maximum of utility and the minimum ol cost. Price 10s. 6d. TESTIMONIAL. " The Whittern. Herefordshire. "Dec. 28, 1887. ' Dear Siks,— I have now had an opportunity of trying your Porcupine Tree Guards, and they seem quite to answer my pur- pose, so you may send me 50 more as before. I en- close cheque for your account. Yours truly, RICHD. GREEN Messrs. Hill & Smith. The Oriqinal and Only Makers of the GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS WITH SOLID ENDS. Also— SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTHAM, With Special Provision for Cleaning the Inside thoroughly (a Most Important Point). The.se Boilers, after long experience, have proved themselves the Most Efficient, Econo- mical, and Lasting Boilers extant. Every other kind of Boiler?, Sockets, Flanges, and Expansion-.Toint Pipes and Fittings, for all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating. FRED SILVEsfER~& CO., General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE. T//OS. yy. ROB/A/SON. I nrO HORTICULTURISTS.-GREENHOUSE X GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck- loads to any Station in England and Wales.— Address G. J. EVESON, 26, Corporation Street, Birmineham. RICHARDSON'S HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS. Maxt Prize Medals, Conservatories, Greenhouses rv" Vineries, Peach Houses. vtf >\ Stove and Orchid ^ "N. Houses. &o. Also ^ -oi. *l »\ Boilers. Pipj WARMING and ^ .^ . « /• ^ VENTILATION of Churches and Public Buildings (as well as Greenhouses). W. RICHARDSON & CO., DAKLINGTON. ii ?J DUROLINE (Transparent Wire Wove Roofing) SUBSTITUTE i CLASS UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE. LARGELY USED IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. Government Officials, Fire Insurance Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and numerous Experts have testified on oath that "DUROLINE" is preferable to and much safer than Glass for Roofs, Skylights, and other similar erections. See Report " London County Council v. Thd Nfw IVirt Wove Roofing; Co., Ld." May and June i8qi. INVALUABLE FOR FARM BUILDINGS. Extensively used on the estates oj H.R.H. The Prince oj WaUs, Tht Dukes OJ Westminster and Sutherland, and thousands o/ others. THE NEW WIRE WOVE ROOFING CO., LD. 76a. Queen Victoria Street, LONDON, E.G. 21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet and 200 feet super. EngUsll Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered free and sound \ti the country, in quantity. "BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY." GEOBOE FABiyilLGE & SONS, Lead, Glass. Oil. and Colour Merchants. 34, St. John Street, West Smithfield, London, E.C. stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle. PIT LIGHTS. Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft., iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in London. Cash or reference with order. CUCUMBER HOUSES. Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door, &c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed specification, to W.DUNCAN TUCKER, HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM. GARDEN REQUISIT iTs.— sticks. Labels. Virgin Cork, RafEa, Mats, Bamboo Canes. Rustic Work. Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of — WATSON ahd scull, 90, Lo wer Thames Street, London.E.C. CHEERFPL WINTER EVENINGS. CAMPBELL'S BROAD REED MELODEONS (Patent). GRAND NEW MODELS. MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS NO HOME SHOULD BE WITHOUT ONE. CAMPBELL'S worldfamed MELODEONS have Organ and CelestialToneand Charming Bell Accompaniments. TheSolema Psalm, the Soul-stirrinj; Hymn, the Cheerful Song, and the Merry Dance can all be played on these charming Instruments. No knowledge of Music is required by the player. \W GOOD NEWS! ^ CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the Gardeners' Cfir-onicle. OCR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "GEM" MELODEON. 6s. tirf. tis. 6rf. With Two Sets of Broad Reeds. Organ and Celestial Tone, sent carefully packed and carnage paid to any dddress in Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P.0.0. for 6s. i&d. Selling in thousands. CAMPBELL^S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON, AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle. OUR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "MINIATURE" MELODEON. 105. "WORTH DOUBLE. 10s. With Two Pets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial Tone, and the Charming Bell Accompaniments, sent carefully packed and carriage paid to any address in Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P.0.0. for 10s. (^ NO DECEPTION HERE. lOo.OOO TESTIMONIALS. ,M Important Testimonial from Professor Brown, the Champion Melodeon Player of Great Britain, Ireland, and Wales: — " Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the finest instruments that have ever come under my touch, and only require a trial to advertise themselves." Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the only genuine! Melodeons in the market. Beware of wonhless imitations. N.B.— All lovers of music should at once send for our New Illustrated Privilege Price List for Season 1891-2, now ready. 100,000 of those valuable lists sent out yearly. Send Id, stamp to CAMPBELL & CO., 116, TRONGATE, GLASGOW. Established 50 Years. THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL. THE BEST FENCE NAIL INVENTED. This Nail renders any wooden fence perfectly unclimbable. It is a complete protection against tre^ipassers and cats. In useat Hurst Park and Hull Racecourses, Lord's Cricket-ground, and hundreds of other places. A— Hammer Head. B— Chisel Edge. Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron :— 1|, 2, 2i, 3, 4,5, and6-in.,7-lb. Bags 3s.6(i. ; percwt.. gjl 55s. Ij-in. Steel Nails, for thin palings, Is. per gross. MACHINE-CUT NAILS, for dowelling joinery, wood- block flooring, &c., |, 1, &l|-in., Qd. per gross. Sample boxes, assorted sizes, Gd. ; by post, Sd. DURRANS' PATENT NA^. ST;NDICATE, Limited, 43 & 4-1. Upper Baker Street. London. N.W. BARB WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WAREINGTON. GARDEN REQUISITES. COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE. id, per bushel ; 100 for 25«. ; truck (loose, about 3 toua), iOs. ; 4'bushel bags, id. each. LIGHT BEOWN FIBEOUS PEAT, 5f . id. per sack j 6 sacks, 25£. ; sacks, id. each. BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 61. per sack, S sacks, 32<. ; sacks, id. each. COAKSE SILVEB SAND, 1 J. M. per bushel ; 16«. per half ton : 265. per ton, in 2-bushel bags. id. each. rELLOW FIBKOUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF- MOULD. Is. per bushel. SPHAGrNUM MOSS, 8s. 6d. per sack. MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write tor Price LIST.— H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Dnury Lane ([atelj cafled 17Aj Co*J Yard), W.C. January 23, 1892] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 125 THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. This manure is chemically distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring^ and ripening of H rapes, Tomatos, Peaches, kc, beyond any other Manure. September 29. 18S1. " I am rery pleased with your Silicate Manure. The tffeit apon the Vines is very marked, for they ripen and colour niui-h better. Your Manure has ^iven me great satisfaction for Tomatos ; it is all you claim tor it." (Signed) THOMAS PRICE, Gardener to the Bishop of St. Asaph. Prices in Sacks, at AVorks, 10s. per cwt. ; £2 per J ton ; .£3 lo.s-. per A ton ; £7 per ton. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO, THE CHEMICAL WORKS, HEMEIi HEMPSTEAD, HERTS. NATIVE GUANO.— Best and Cheapest Manure for GakdenUse. Price £i 10s. pT ton. Id bags. Lots under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt.; 1 cwt., Sample bag, sfiit Carriage Paid to any Station in England, on receipt of P. O. for bs. Extracts from 16th Annual Collfction of Reports: — NATIVE GUANO. FOU POTATOS. VEGETABLES, &c. H. Brixkworth, Potato Grower. Reading, used for Potato-i, Onions, and Carrots, results:—" \'ery good ; never had better crops." J. BUTLEK. Sittingbourne :— " Used for Potato. Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO, FOR FRUIT, ROSES, TOMATOS. &c. J. Peed & Soxs, Streatham, used for Fruit Trees and Rose?, results :—" Very satisfactory; we use no other Guano now; consider yours preferable to Peruvian." .T. Finch, Orrell Gardens :— " U.'ed for Vegetables, Tomatos. Grapes, Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most excellent for Potatos, and many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market." Orders to the Native Guano Co.. Ltd., ^9. New Bridge Street, Blaclcfriars. Loudon, where Pamphlet of Testimonials, &c., may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. THE "CUMAX" INSECTICIDE. The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides. As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such as Green and Black Fly, Mealy Bug, Scale and Tbrip, Red Spider. American Blight, Woolly Aphis, Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c. Price in tins— J- Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. 9rf.: 1 Quart, 3s.; t-Gallon. 8s.; 1 Gallon, 9s.; 6 and 10-Gallon Drums, 8s. per Gallon. Carriage Paid. Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application. Prepared Solely by THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO, LTD., liXJTON STREET, LIVERPOOL. WT IMPORTANT . TO GARDENERS, AMATEURS, AND Others, who Fumigate Housks TO KILL »*FLY," OR ** THRIP/' You will shortly be ordering your Spring Supply of FumigaiiDg Material. Why lay in a heavy stock of tobacco paper, uncertain in quality, often disappointing!, and very unpleasant to use. when you can have a Safe, Reliable article, and one that i-i pIe;iH;int to use ? On -which you can thoroughly depend. The ifacture is improved It can be ordered without any risk of the disappointment atteodiug FAIC£S ' For homes with ( ]00O cubic ft., Ko. 3 Roll, 1/- each I Post acapacityof \2W(I 4 „ 1/9 ,, s free. The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up recjuired quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. - The safest and most effective Liquid Insecticide for dipping or syringing. Prices, post free ;— Pints, Is. lOrf. ; quarts, 3s. 3d ■ halt gallons. 6s. 9d. CLIBRAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.-A truly ralmble remedy, has saved thousands of bulbs. Prices, post-free :-Half.pints, Is. 9i.; pint3,2». 9s. M. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, 4s. per sack, 5 for ISs. ; and 3s. per sack, 5 for lis. 6d. PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each 2s. 6d. per sack; 6 fjr lOs. PREPARED POTTING CO.MPOST, 4s. per sack ; 5 for ISs. All sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sample Sack. Special terms to the Trade. For Price List apply to THE FORESTER, Joyden Wood. near Bexley, Kent. EPPS'S->-"'PEAT, For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS, Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack yard ton or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. ' Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD. Coarse. Crystal and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE fresh SPHAGNUM, PatentMANUBES. FERTILISERS INSEC- TICIDES, and allotherGarden Requisites. Peat Moss Litter The Original Peat Depot, RINOWOOD, HANTS RICHARDS'noted ORCHID and other SELECTED PEATS (§"^n^?Sltn'^di), SOILS, MANURES, and every description of GARDEN SUNDRIES. G. H. RICHARDS, The Horticultural Stores, I, Belvedere Crescent. Lambeth. London. S.E. Write for Samples and Price List. Post-free. Chief Peat Depot : Ringwood, Hants. ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Ortenhouse use RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants. BOILING WATER OR MILK. E P P S ' S GRATEFUL-COMFORTINQ. COCOA BREAKFAST-SUPPER. THREE MILLIONS HAVE BEE.N PAID BY RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY, ACCIDENTS 0? ALL KINDS. 64, COENHILL, LONJ)ON. W. D. MASSY, I e A. VIAN, f '^'''^• FREE GRANTS of LAND in MANITOBA and other PARTS of CANADA.— The reports (illustrated) of the twelve British Tenant-Farmers who visited Canada iu 1890, and oilier pamphlets issued under the authority of the Imperial and Dominion Governments, containing maps and full information as to land regulations, bonuses grjnted to settlers, openings for capital, demand for labour, ratea of wages, cost of living, and all other particulars, may be had p05t-free| on applying to the High Commissioner for Canada (Mr. J. G. COLMEK, C.M.G., Secretary). 17, Victoria Street, London, S,W. ; or, to Jlr. JOHN DYKE, Canadian Government Agent, 15. Water Street. Liverpool. AGENTS WANTEDfortheSALEof NATIVE GUANO. The Best and Cheapest Manure for all Farm and Garden Crops. — The NATIVE GUANO COMPANY, LIMITED, 2il. New Bridge Street, Blackfriars. London, E.C. 8 IX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; sii for Is. id. Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s, ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order, and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finishi^d Copies, with Original.— FRANCIS and CO.. 29. Ludgatahill. London. CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories, Orchid-houses, Vineries, Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materials and Workmanshipguaranteed.atMode- rate Prices. Intending Purchasers waited upon by appointment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HE.WING APPARATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handhghts kept in stock. All kinds of Garden Requisites Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses, TooPhouses,' Pigeon Cotes, Dog Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for six stamps PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH, OW READY.— The GARDEN ANNUAL Almanack and Address Book for 1892. Containing the most authentic lists of (I), Nurserymen. Seedsmen, and Florists in the United Kingdom ; (2), Foreign Nurserymen, Seedsmen and Florists; (3), Horticultural Builders, Engineers, andSun- driesmen in the United Kingdom ; (4), the Principal Nursery- men and Florists in the United States, and their Addresses ; (5). the Principal Gardens of the United Kingdom, in the order of the Counties; (6), the Principal Gardens and i ountry Seats in the United Kingdom ; (7), the Gardeners in the United Kingdom, and Iheir Addresses ; New Plants of the past year ; and other information. The most complete and accurate re- ference book for the USD of all interested in (.arJens. Price Is. ; post-free. Is. Sd , of all booksellers, newsagents, or from the Publishing Office, 37, Southampton Street, Strand, Lon- don, W.C. Ad illustrated MONTHLY MAGAZINE, of 52 pages and cover. Exponent of scientific and high farmiD^ : advocate of oo-operation in agriculture, in the supply of farm requisites, and the sale of produce ; organ of the Agricultural and Horti- cultural Association, the pioneer society for mutual supply of pure oilcakes, complete manures, reliable seeds, and imple- ments on wholesale terms. Specimen copy free. Subscription, per annum, 5s., inclusive of postage. Single copies Qd. each, through all Newsagents. 3. Agar Strpet. Strand. Loodon, W C. BelglazL BULLETIN d'ARBORICULTURE, de FLORrClTLTtTRE, et de CULTURE MARAI- CHERE. A monthly horticultural work, with superb Coloured Plat«3 and Illustrations. Published since 1865, by F. BuRVE- NicH, F. Paynaert, E. Rodiqas, and H. J. taw Hulle, Professors at the Horticultural School of the Belgian Gh)vem- ment at Ghent. Post-paid, 10«. per annum. H. J. VANHULLE. Botanical Gardenn. Ghent, Belgium. 126 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [January 23, 1892. WANTED, a GARDENER— Can any Gen- tleman recommend a good active HEAD GAEDENEE, who could also look after a Pony? Under Gardener and boy kept. Wages a guinea a week, house over stable. — Rev, F. St. J. THACKERAY. Mapledurham Vicarage, Beading. WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER, where Under is kept. Must be well up in Early Forcing, Greenhouse, and Outdoor Work, and have excep- tionally good testimonials. Wages, 25s., with good cottage and firing. Apply, stating age, what family (it any), and particulars of former engagements, to H. T., Arkley House, High Barnet. WANTED, as UNDER GARDENER, a good strong and obliging young man, not under 20 years of age, to -work Inside and Out, and take turns with Fires. With good character. Wages to commence at 17s. per week. Abstainer preferred.— Apply to F. H., The Gardens, Hare- wood's OUtwood, near Redhill, Surrey. ANTED, a married Man, as GARDENER, to Manage, "with another. Little Glass, Orchard, two Cows, and Pony.— Address B., 38, King Street, Corent Garden, London, W.C. ANTED, a youn^ MAN, as CHRYSAN- THEMUM GROWER only, with assistance for Market. A permanent situation to a thorough practical energetic man. Also a young MAN in the Houses, quick at Watering, Potting, and Tying, and u^ed to Market Nursery Work, with Bothy on the place.— State ages, experiences, references, and salary required, to GEO. A. WILLIAMSON, Bloomsbury Nursery, Tinaperley, Maocliester. ANTED, a GOOD HAND, for medium- sized Outdoor General Nursery. Propagation under Glass and Outdoors. Also a GENERIL HAND, married. House found. — Apply, stating age, experience, wages, &e.. to E. V, SHUTTLEWORTH and CO., Ltd, Albert Nurseries, Fleet. Hants. WANTED, a steady and reliable married MAN, 25 to 30 years of age, who has had experience in Pleasure Grounds. 18s. per week, with house and garden. — Testimonials to G. SHOTTON, The Gardens, Swarland Hall, Felton, Northumberland. WANTED, a married MAN, as FOREMAN, used to Nursery work, to take charge oE about 25 acres in the country, under Nursery Manager. Wages. 21s., with House and Garden on the ground. State particulars of age, family, and references, to Box .59, P.O., Hull. ANTED, an experienced MAN as FORE- MAN, in the Houses in a large establishment, within 12 miles of London.— Must be a good Plantsman, with know- of Orchid Growing. Character to bear strictest investigation. Wages 21s, per week with bothy.— Apply, enclosing copies of testimonials, to B. A., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel- lington Street, Strand, London, W.C. WANTED, as OUTSIDE FOREMAN in a private establishment, a MAN well up in ground- work and planting, capable of taking charge of a large :^taff of men. Wages, 20s. per week and bothy, or a married man, without family, to live in Lodge. Must be well recommen'led. Abstainer.— P. O., Gardeners' Ckronicle Ofhce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ANTED a good FOREMAN to take charge of Houses, Fires. &c. None need apply but those who have had good experience and can be thoroughly well recommended ; Age not under 25. — Address, Mr. M. RICHES, The Gardens, Boyland Hall, Long Stratton, Norfolk. ANTED, an UNDER FOREMAN, in Fruit and Rose Department. Must be well up ia Budding, Grafting, and Layering, and know Fruit Trees and Roses well. — Apply, stating wages required, to WILLIAM BARRON AND SON, Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby. WANTED, an active, married MAN, with good character, for Kitchen Garden. Mowing, &c.; one that could do a little rough painting preferred. Wages, 16s.. with Cottage.— H. OSMAN, Brentry Gardens, Westbury- on-Trym, Gloucester. WANTED a MAN for Lawns and Pleasure Grounds, one accustomed to Scythe and Machines, with good reference. State age and experience. Wage.>* 17s. 6rf. per week, bothy, milk, and vegetables.— G. CLINGING, The Gardens, Manden Park, Caterham Valley. ANTED, a young MAN, as JOTJRNEY^ MAN. for Conservatory, Vinery, Melons, Chrysanthe- mums, &c. Wages to commence at I5s. per week. Bothy, Milk, and Vegetables. — State age and experience, &c.. to A. Z., Gardeners' Chronicle. Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ANTED.— A young MAN, for the Kitchen Garden and Grounds. Wages. I5s., with Bjthy Coals and Vegetables —Apply, ^Ir. DAVIE3, Wingfield Park Gardens, Pentrich, Derby. WANTED, a smart experienced young MAN, to Stand in Markets with Plants and Seeds, and fill up time in Shop or Nursery. Constant employment. References required. — YARDE AMD CO., Seed Growers, Northampton. T\7ANTED.— A CLERK for Clapton Nursery, T T Smiles from Clevelon. muat be good correspondent, energetic, and trustworthy. Wages about 25s. Apply, giving full particulars, to H. ENGLISH, Clevedoa and Clapton Nurseries. Oevedon. WANTED, experienced, intelligent, active man. about 30. as SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER, pump knives, &c.; indoors. Very quiet locality. Wages 18s. and cottiige.-Address Miss ALICE LUSHINGTON, Alton, Hants. Moving not repaid; unsuitable applications un- answered. WANTED, an ASSISTANT SHOPMAN for the Seed and Floral Trade. Must be a quick counter hand, of good address, and possess undeniable references.— EDWIN HILLIER, The Nursery, Seed, and Foral Depot, Winchester. W 'ANTED, in a small country town, a JUNIOR ASSISTANT in the general seed and corn trade, and to help with the books. State age, experience, and salary expected to E. TOVEY, Seedsman, Lechlade, Glos. Nursery and Seed Trade. WANTED, an ASSISTANT SHOPMAN; must be used to Counter work, and have a good know- ledge of the Trade,— DANIELS BROS., Norwich. WANTED, a JUNIOR SHOPMAN.— State age, experience, and salary required, to Y. G.. Gar- deners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. FLORISTS.— A young LADY REQUIRED. Must: be well up Ma all branches.— Apply by letter to A. E. M., 49. Weston Hill, Upper Norwood, S.E. WANT PLACES. aardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c. DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester ( Limited). s.Te always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the Kighest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, CnESTER." To NoWemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents, STEWARDS. BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS. JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN, several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter. Enquiries should be made to 237 and 238, High Holbom. W.C. RICHARD SMITH and CO. beg to announce that they are constantly receiving applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with particular?, &c. — St. John's Nurseries. Worcester. -^riiir LIVERPOOL hortTcultural J. COMPANY (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nurseries, Garston, near Liverpool, wi?h to recommend to any Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com- petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindsay, who WIS Held Gardener tor the last twelve years to the late Sir Thomas Edwards Moss, Bart., of Otterspool, near Liverpool. — Full particulars on application to the Company. JOHN LAING AND SONS can at present recommend with every confidence several energetic and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character. Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of G/VRDENERS and BAILIFFS, and HEAD G-4.RDENERS for first-rate Establishments or Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, London, S.E. SANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDfeNERS GARDENER (Head); age 33.— J. E. McClkave, eight years Head Gardener to B. Heywood Jones. Esq., Badsworth Hall, Pontefract, is open to a re-en- gagement in a good establishment. Nineteen years' experience in all branches. Testimonials of the highest order.— Cataclough , Winsford, Cheshire. WANTED an ASSISTANT SHOPMAN, with a thorough knowledge of Vegetable, Flower and Farm Seed ; state aeg, experience and rtferences, also salary required. — TOOGOOD & SONS, The Queea's Seedamen, Southampton. ■ -■*;»-- i---:-j.- GARDENER (Hkad).— Age 39 ; life expe- rience ; all branches. Land, Stock. Eleven years' Head. Good character and testimonials. Wife Dairy if required.— L., Brook Glen, Redhill. Surrey, GARDENER (Head), in a good establishment. Any nobU-man, lady, or gentleman, requiring a thorough trustworthy "mau as above, can hear of one by applying to W. VVHIUBERLEY. Gardener to Sir Philip de Grey Egerton, Barts, Oulton Park, Tarporley, ARDENER (Head).— Age 38, married, no family.— Alfred Barker, for the past nine years Head Gardener to Right Hon. Earl Dunraven. Adare Manor, Limerick, wishes to re-engage with any Nobleman. Gentle- man, or Lady requiring a thoroughly practical Gardener. Has had twenty-three years' esperieuce in some of the largest and best establishments in England and Ireland. Is thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a first-class establisli- ment. Will be highly recommended. For further particulars apply A. BARKER, Settrington. Yorks. GARDENER (Head), where three or more are kept.— Age 36, married"; thoroughly under.-itand3 the Management of a first-class place, having had great ex- perience in Orchids, Stove Plants, Early and Late Vineries, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, &c. Twelve years' character from last placi as Head. Left through gentleman going abroad.— J. C. HOLME, Lea, Beckenham, Kent. GARDENER (Head),' where several under are employed.— Age 39, married, one boy (twelveyears) ; open to engage with Lady or Gentleman requiring the ser- vices of a good all-round practical Gardener. Excellent testi- monials for fourteen years as Head Gardener.— W. S, 306, High Street, Acton, W. GARDENER (Head).— Age 46, married. Life experience in all branches. Land and Stock (fifteen years as Head). Excellent character and testimonials. — A. B, , 3, Ferness Cottages, Stanley Road, East Sheen, Surrey. ARDENER (Head); Age 30.— Mr. Elphisstone can with confidence recommend hia Foreman as above. Fourteen years' general experience in first-class establishments. Kijihest references. — W, M. SHERWIN, Shipley Hall Gardens, near Derby. GARDENER (Head), where three or four are kept.— Age 30 ; good experience in all branches of a first-class garden. Highest references. — F. H., Mr. Parsons, Panipisford, Cambs. p ARDENER (Head), or MANAGER, where VX Surplus Produce is Di&pased of .- Age 40, three children, youngest 10. Brought up to the profession. Thoroug'ily experienced in Growing Fruit. Flowers, and Vegetables, loside and Out. Five years' ch'iracter from present employer. — T. B , Redlands Gardens, Emsworth, Hants. GARDENER (Head), where two or more are kept, — *ge 42, married, Scotch ; ^thoroughly under- stands Gardening in all its branches, having had a life-long experience. Well up in. Grapes, Peaches. TomatoR, &o. — DOUGLAS BROWN, 16, Vorley Road. Upper HoUoway, Loudon. GARDENER (Head Working), where three or more are kept. — Age 27, married when suited ; three years in simitar position. Well experienced in »\\ kinds of Fruit Forcing. Stove and Greenliouse Plants. Flower and Kitche n Gaidening. Gocd testimonials f om large establish- ments.—Apply, in first inataoce, to D. W., Gardeners' Ckronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ARDENER (Head Working); age 32, married, no family.— A Lady wishes to recommend a thorough practical all-round man. Life experience. Excellent characters. Has been with her three and a hilf years. Leaving through death. — H. TULLETT, The Trowlock, Teddington. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 34, married ; a good all round man. Excv?llent reference from present employer ; also highly recommended by Mr. Kirk, Gardener to Lord Selbome, Blackmoor. Abstainer twenty 5 ears.— D. BAKER, The Vicarage, Selborne, Hants. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32, married; seventeen years' experience. Three years iu present place. Good characters from present and previou3 situat ons.— S. SMITH, Arkley House, Barcet. GARDENER (Head Working).— Fourteen years' practical experience in Fruits under Glass, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Excel- lent testimonials.- GARDENER. Erlwcotl, Bagshot, Surrey. ARDENER (Head~Working).-A Lady wishes to recommend her Foreman who has serve! her five vears. Thoroughly Practical in all branches, including Orchids. 16 years' experience outside and inside. Age 33.— Apply, in first instance, Mr. STOTT, The Cedars, Upper Tooting, Surrey. GARDENER (Head AVorking).— Age 32, married, no family; eighteen jears' thorough experi- ence in all branches. Vines, Melons, Tomato-, Table Decora- lions, &c. Leaving of own accord. Good testimonials and character from present employer.— P. T., The Lodge, Firfield, Addlestone, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working, or good SIKGLE-HANDED).— Age 3S, married, no family ; life experience ; leaving through lady giving up ; can be both well recommended as caretakers; gocd testimonials, and personal character if required. — CHALLIS, Mountfield, Finchley Road, Kilburn, N.W. GARDENER (Head Working), where one or more are kept. — Age 28, married; ten years' experi- ence; six years' good character ; total abstainer.-C. J., Boston Hou^e Gardens, Brentford. ARDENER (Head AVorking).— Age 30. E. CLARKE, Cannon Hall Gardens, Barnsley, wishes to recommend his Foreman, A. Campin, to any Lady or Gentle- man requiring a thorough practical mau. Fifteen years' experience in good places. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32, married, no family. Thoroughly experienced in all branches of the profession. Highlv recommended.— GAR- DENER, 8, North Terrace, Fairlawn Park, Sydenham, S.E. G^ ARDENER (H¥AD~WoRKiNG).-^Ag¥ 48, married, no incumbrance. Twenty-four years' practical experience as Head Gardener. Sixteen years in last situation. Excellent character.— D, W. BAKER, Butleigh, Glastonbury, Somerset. GARDENER (Head Working), where six or more are kept. — Age 2S ; first-class experience in all branches, and thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a good establishment. Highly recommended.— J. SjVIITH, Lowther Castle Gardens, Penrith. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 28. Fourteen years' practical experience in all branches. Excellent reference,s and testimonials as to character and abilities.— GARDENER, Scutterdine, Mordiford. nr. Hereford. GARDENER (Head Working). — TrasF- worthy, intelligent, and thoroughly practical. Single, Abstainer. High testimonials. Home Counties preferred. — J. H.. 60, Gordon Place, Kensington, W. GARDENER (Head Working), where three or more are kept; married, no family; thoroughly experienced in all branches of gardening; five years in last situation, and fourteen^ years . iu previous one. — C. SAVER, Barmley, Guildford. Jancabt 23, 1892.] TEE GAUDENERS' CIinONICLE. 127 GARDENER (Hkad Working).— Age 38' married, one ohilil (age 12) ; thoroughly practical. Well recommeDdeil by present and previous employers. — Wl^I. COUSENS, The Lodge, South Park, Sevenoaks. GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed), married, no family ; good all round praciical experi- ence, first-class references fiom pre.sent and previous em- ployers. P. DOIP, Swanland Manor Gardens. Brough, Yorks. GARDENER (Head or Single-handed).— Age 29. Thoroughly experienced in Fruit Culture under glass, Vines. Tomatos, Cucumbers, Pleasure Grounds. Firslclass furnisher and table decorator. Grower of specimens for competition.— A., 5, Havelock Road, Bromley, Kent. GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 2-1 ; abstainer. Seven years' experience inside and out. Good references.— T. GILBEKl', 6, Heathtleld Villas, Beulah Road. Thornton Heath. GARDENER (good Single-handed).— Age 24. Eight years' experience in good gardens. Well recommended by present aud previous employers.— J. H., The Gardens, Blackmoor House, Petersfield. Hants. GARDENER (Single-handed, or where two are kept),— Age 22; good experience Inside and Out. Chelsea preferred. — A. JsNELLlNG, S6, Stamford Terrace, Stamford Hill, N. GARDENER — Age 45, married, energetic. Thoroughly practical, including Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Orchids, and Roses. Good reasons for leaving. Highly recommended.— W. J., Brynbraillu. Swansea, Wales. r\ ARDENER (Second).— Age 27 ; Two years y.7 ia present situation as Second : experienced with Vines, Peaches, and Nectarines, Stove and Greenhouse Plants ; First- class references; Bothy preferred.— THOMAS JONES, The Gardens, Abbeyfield. Pitsmoor, Sheffield. GARDENER (Second, or good Single- handed).— Age 25, married, no family; ten years' experience. Inside and Out, Melons, Cucumbers, and Tomatos. Good references.- J., The Grove. Hertford. GARDENER (Under or Single-handed). Married, no Family ; no objection to one or two Cows ; Six Years' Character.— HARDENER, Duke's Roxwell, near Chelmsford, Essex. ARDENER (Under).— Age 26; five years' character. Can be very well recommended.— A. R. Gordon Cottage, Gordon Road, Canterbury. GARDENER.— Situation wanted by a German a- Nur.-eryman, not able to speak English ; under mode- rate terms. — Offers to O. H.. Gardeners' CkrmicU Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 2-5; ten years' practical experience in all branches. London and suburbs preferred. — A. N., Gardetters' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street/Stracd, W.C. PROPAGATOR and GPtOWEK for Market. — Age 23. Twelve years' experience in Tomatos, Cucum- bers, Plants, Ferns, Roses, Bulbs, ^Forcing, Wreaths, Bouquets, &c.— E. W., care of R. Carmyllie, Long Lane, Brjughty Ferry, N.B. ROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Cut Flowers, Ferns, &c., Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c. Twenty years' London experience. Ten years last situation. — E. W., Mr. C. Doneaster. 11. Birkbeck Road, Acton, W. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Soft- wooded Stuff, Ferns, &c. — Age 24; ten years' experi- encN Good references.— W. CLAYDEN, 8, Trinity Terrace. CoU'ge Park, Lewisham. OREMAN, PROPAGATOR, and GROWER. — Age 23, married ; fourteen years' experience in London and Provincial Nurseries; Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Roses, Ferns, Palms, Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c. Well up in Wreaths, Sprays, Decorations, and the Trade generally. Good references. — A. W., 4, Park Cottages, Church End, Finchley, N. FOREMAN, Inside, where two or three are kept.— Mr. W. Daviks would be p^ci^ed to recommend J. Hamer as above. Aljstainer. Wiugtield Park Gardens, Pentrich, Derby. To Nurserymen and Fruit Growers. FOREMAN (Hardy Fruit Tree.s), well up in the business; exceptional experience.— POMME, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C. FOREMAN. — Married ; fourteen years' ex- perience in Growing Roses, Azaleas, Foliage Plants, Ferns, and Soft- wooded Stuff; Cut Flowers for Market. Good references. Four years in present place.— W. HOWE, 18, Choumert Grove, Peckham, S.E, FOREMAN in a good establishment. — Age 25. Well up in Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Fruit Culture. Over two years as Foreman in present situation. Good character from present and previous employers.— J. WELLS, Sherfield Manor, Basingstoke. OREMAN, Stanmore Park Estate; JOUR- NEYMAN for Bentley Priory Gardens.— WILLIAM TAYLOR THANKS the APPLICANTS, and begs to say both places are NOW FILLED. "POREMAN, age 20.— Mr. G. Thomson, Gar- -*- dener, Easneje, Ware, Herts, would like to recommend nis Foreman, H. Carpenter, to any Gardener in wantof a good man. Well experienced. Two years in present situation. Active. Abstainer. I7OREMAN, in a good establishment. Age ^ -6. Has good k.iowle.lg! of Stove «nd Greenhouse rnSN-,??'; ".1'^ '""^ '""^ t^r.'int;. Good references.- S. CONN, Oakjey Cottage, Naunton Crescent, Cheltenham. POREMAN, in the Houses, or Single- .'Tf..)"'''''"';''', "■'"■''"'' "'"^ '" g'ass.— Age '2b. married when Ivirr/o'* o'-'l""''"''"' "°'^ present place.- W. G. WOKS- FOLD, Rose Cottage, Naseley, near Warwick. pOREMAN, Inside.— Age 24 ; ten years' expe- Heath^Her't's '^°°'^ cliaracters.-Z., Mr. Saunlers, Bushey pOREMAN (General). Mr. Humphrey if; !■„„ °?;i"' *''>\<'fslian'. would be pleased to recommend his toreman (George Burrows) as above, three years' experi- elTl/r h"""""*'"* '''"■'^" "^ Journeyman, &c , under hrst- class Gardeners ; very energetic and trustworthy. Ag-!28. pOREMAN (Kitchen Garden, or Single- Jt- HiXDED), age .-10, married, seeks r^ngagement.-Tho- roughly practical all ruund. Testimonials from present and previous employers. _ ELLIOTT, Heathfield, Addington, F ?pny.^?l (Nursery), ROSE-GROWER or J- PKOPAOATOK. Good references. Aged 31 ; married • Meet^''^S^ " February. H. PEWtSeSS, Fleet Road Fnr.T?iir A AT '^° Market Gardeners. UKJiMAJN, by a married man, who thorouehlv R Tr„^ "f"'''' ">?,,'"■'■">'»' in "11 its branches.-G M, 8, Tramway Avenue, Chiswick. ". u.., pOREMAN, in a good Establishment. — Foreman ■ fT,!^!,^'"' ^'''"'e^e'-y confidence recommend his to°, York. ^ • " ■■""'ve.-Scampston Hall, Rilliug- F*^JpMAN or JOURNEYMAN (Fir,st) in man ,!•? 7,'" '" I ^ood ctablishment.-Respectable joung man, age 2d; eight j ears' experience. Can be well rZ commenued-W.. W^stV^, Hallow R.';d. Worcester ■pOREMAN, in the houses.— Mr. G. BRADDV J We^'^tS'°a^,v '!.^'/i°'^W'=y- ">"1 be pleased to recommend ^estlonials."^ '""""'" "^"'""^ '"« '"'ove. First-class POREMAN.-W. Innes & Co. have much wTt), .^^^Y" '° recommending their Foreman, who has been with them for eighteen months as Indoor Foreman in eiiher Est sTtuS" f^'-.i-'-hment. Seven and a half years in "1 OAvIp^ ■^: "k ■',?.'," ^™"' '''■>""• '""i Cut Flowers. A. UA\ lES, Sunnmghill Vinery, Littleover, Derby. JO™NEYMAN,^^no3WrC^Z^ra^^ W Mos^a, /hn'"'- ^t""'"- '^'^ ^""^ confidence recommend 7'e{e^ef. " '"'°"' ^'""'^- '"''''■'• """ "''"-g- Bothy J OURNEiMAN, m the Houses.-Age 10 : tjuuujuui > ineries, liittleover, Derby. JOUiiNRYArA^^^^ cha,acter^%-c[;ve,';SduTrIo:s.'SP^'^o\Tg,W-GTlDENTR' Moreton House. Bideford, Devon. ""B'"S- GAKUtNER, JOURNEYMAN in the Houses.-Age lo" tJ Edwin Beckett, girdener to H. H. Gibbs MP wm be pleased, to recommend a young man as ,hnv„ „h' t lived under him the last five Tea" Strong a^trve » H Will nff W PHiTTio rru r? V ^i-rong. active, and Elstr^; Herts. • ^''^ '^"'''"' ^Ideuham House, J°™^™1AN, in a good establishment.- journeyman; under Gla^^:=:iw7^ar^' ^ ^lu^"^""" "^Second Gardener. laside and Out Can ^adrRedhX""'"''"-'- '^°''"^' ='"°^^ '^'^r^en,: cl^^. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses ^^^^^(^1 ^fK *^- B^ILLIE, Luton Hoo Gardens, Luton, Beds can with confideocc recommend F. Willis as above; three 'years 10 present situation. ' '^"^ JOURNEYMAN for the Houses (cut flowers). " —Age 26. Nine years' experience. Well up in Orchids' Seeks re-engagement.-R. O., Gardeners' Chronicle OlBce 41 Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ' ' JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses or Inside and ^J Out. Age 22; eight years' experience; three years in present situation ; good references from present and previous employers. Bothy preferred. J. F. .JACKSON, The (3nrdens Womersley Park, Near Pontefract, Yorks. "uruens, TOURNEYMAN.-Age 21; has had expe- O nnnn S.^^ ',f '?'; ""J* *'"'' ^"<' ^''"''' g^^ character. — G. DODD, Woodh itch, Keigite. JOURNEY'MAN, in the Houses.— Age 22; two years in last place. Can be well recommended — F. .7ENNINGS, The Gardens, Roselaiids, Woolston, South- ampton. JMPROVER, under Glass; age 18.— W. H, -i- D1VER.S, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford, will b i pleasc^u to recommend a Lad who has been four years at Ketton Hali, JMPROVER, under a good Gardener.— Aga 20 ; J- SIX years' experience. Good character.— A. COZENS Uiurning Rectory, East Dereham. ' IMPROVER, under a good Gardener (Insid^ -*- and Out). -Age 18. Four years' experience Good cliarjcter. Bofliy preferred.-W. EVERETT, Holyport, near Maidenhead, Berks. , ^a* JMPROVER in a gentleman's garden, — Age A 18. Some experience in Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers, r,'^' , Y?.'} V^?*^ '» stoking Bothy.-W. JOHNSON, Shipton Market Weighton. ^ To Nurserymen. lyjANAGER (Working).- Age 3.5; with a XTX view to future Partnership. Twenty years' expe- rience, chiefly Out-of-doors. Has a knowledge of Seed and Florist Biisincss.-G., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel- hngton Street. Strand, W.C. jVJANAGER.— Age 40, married; life expe- T\r "^^l in Growing large quantities of Fruit, Flowers, and 1 ege tables for Sale. Thoroughly versed in Management T wtt'^I'^'d ..'"^a^S" '" f'«^"'<- position as Manager— T. WILLS, Redland 8 Nursery, Emsworth, Hants. 'T'O GENTLEMEN and GARDENERS.— A youth, age 18, seeks re-engagement under a Foreman in a good establishment. Two years in last situation. Good reference.— W. W., The Gardens, Hafoduoas, North Wales. •-rO GARDENERS, &c.— AT^unT^I^ -1- (age 20) requires a situation in a Gentleman's Garden- gool knowledge Inside and Out. (Juick and willing One year and ten months' good character.— CHALLIS, Feoi Bank Road, Ascot, Berkshire. 'yO GARDENERS, &o.-A young man, age 21, -M~ with twelve months' experience Inside, desires re-en- gagement under a Foreman in the Houses.— E. H., 43 Rigault Road, Fulham, London, S. W. TO GARDENERS.— A young Man, age" 20' seeks ro-eugigement on a Gentleman's Estate as LMPROVER. n.is had four years under Glass. Good refer- ences.— C. GROVES, I, Cyprus Villas. Ventnor. I. W. "yO NURSE RYMEN.-Appointment wanted -i. in good nursery tffice; long experience of the business. For many years had charge of correspondence and cash in a large establishment. Highest testimonials from past and present employers.— SCOTT, Old Nurseries, Maidstoue. yO NURSERYMEN.-Situation wanted. Well -L up in General Market Stuff. Could act as Salesman if required. Eight years in last situation as Salesman. Married London or Country.-H. F., 4, Hubbard's Terrace, Crownfield Road, Leytonstone, N.E. yO NURSERYMEN.-Situation wanted by a X young Man, well up in Tomatos. Vines, Cucumbers. &c. Good references.— J. E.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office 41 Wel- lington Street, Strand, W.C. .■»!."« TX) nurserymen" &c. - Engagement -1- Wanted. Prize floral hand, knowledge of nursery stuff Bulbs, Seeds Plants, and counter work ; goo.1 window-dresser | coulil undertake books, correspondence, &c. ; also travelling management of business or branch preferred. Good arpear- ance ; age 2S. single. P. H. B.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office 41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C. ' TO NURSERYMEN.-Situation wanted by a young man (aged 19). Inside or Outside. Four years' experience. Two years' gooi character from present em- plojer.-Apply, GILBERT DAVIDSON, Ammanford, R S O South Wales. * yO NURSERYMEN.-Advertiser desires re- -<- engagement in a good Nursery, where things are donj well. Age 21. Experienced. Good character.— TANDY Llysonen Gardens, St. Clears, Carmarthenshire. yRAVELLER seeks a situation in the J- Horticultural Trade. Has filled similar appointment. Good references.— C. J. G., 33, Queen Street, Ed^ware Road London, W. SHOPMAN. — Age 2o ; nine years' experience in Seed, Bulb, Plant, and Nursery Trade. Terms mode- rate. Good references. — Z., Gardeners' Chronicle OlEie. 41, Wellington Street, Stra.nd, W.C. Jj^LORlSTS, or FLORISTS & FRUITERERS, X —A young Lady desires re-engagement. Ten yeara' good experience; first-class reference.— FLORIST, 14, Clarendon Road, West Green, Tottenham. TO FLORISTS.— Situation wanted in a high- class Floiists' Shop. Thoroughly experienced in all branches. Highest references. — T., Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.— Shortness of Breath. Coughs, and Colds.— Thousands of testimonials can be produced to prove the power possessed by these corrective remedies in cases of asthma, incipient con- sumption, and all disorders of the chest and lungs. The Ointment, w ell rubbed upon the chestand back, penetrating the skin, is absorbed and carried directly to the lungs, where in immediate contact with the whole mass of circulating blood, it neutralises or expels those impurities, which are the foun- dation of con.«umption, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and similar complaints. On the appearance of the first consump- tive symptoms, the back and chest of the patient should be fomented with warm brine, dried with a coarse cloth, and HoUoway's Ointment then well rubbed in. Its absorption will subdue advancing symptoms, and baffle this formidable foe 128 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Jakuakt 23, I892i CHILDS' NEW JAPANESE WINEBERRY. Th'3 ia the greatest fruit novelty of this generation. The bushes grow 5 to 7 fee in height, and stand alike the cold of northern winters, and the heat of tropical summers without the slightest degree of injury. The fruit ia tome in large clusters, often 75 to 100 berries in a bunch. These berries are, from the time of formation and bloom, unl 1 they ripen, enclosed in a " burr," which is formed by the calyx covering them entirely. When ripe, the burr opens, exhibiting a large berry of the brightest, light, glossy-scarlet colour. The burrs and stems are covered with a heavy reddish moss, like a Muss Rose bud. It is absolutely free from all insect ravages. The flavour of the fruit is entirely different from any other berry, being very sprightly, sweet, and juicy, having no disagreeable sour, but a delicate and luscious flavour peculiar to itself, and superior to other berries. For canning, or preserving, the Wineberry is greatly superior to any other fruit. It is the only fruit which will retain its fresh, sprightly flavour after being cooked, and for cooking in any form there is nothing that can compare with it. The berries are very juicy, and make a wine which for beauty and delicious quality is superior to anything heretofore known. It commences to ripen early in the summer, and continues ia bearing for a long time. It is the most prolific berry known, the bushes being literally covered with its luscious fruit year after year. This, the grandest of all berries, grows freely and rttpidly from seed, and produces a full crop of fruit the second summer, or twelve to fifteen months from the time of sowing. We Can send Seed by Sample Post to any part of the World, at Is. per packet, five packets for 4s. We can also supply 1-3^:. old plants at 10a. per dozen. Also— ng, and a magnificent agnificent large flowers, (Orts. named ^uificent sorts, of great 33. 12 Extra Choice Mixed GLADIOLUS, large-flowe range of colours 12 Double Dwarf "Excelsior " Pearl TUBEROSES, i the best of ail 6 Beautiful Flowering CACTI, five splendid and rai 10 Packets NEW AMERICAN FLOWER SEEDS, m: value and beauty 3s For TEN SHILLINGS we will send, carriage paid to any part of the world, everything here offered, Wii eberry Seed, Gladiolus. Tuberoses. Cacti, Seed and Catalogue, Older at OncP, as these offers may not appear again. for 1892(apuperb work of art in bronze blue), of FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS, and RARE NEW FRUITS, is the most magnificent work of the kind ever issutd. It contains loJ pa^es, hundreds of elegant engravings, stipple lithograph covers, and stven beautiful, large, coloured plates. We offer the finest novelties in Flower and Vegetable Seeds. Bulbs, Plants, Fruits, &c. Also i he greatest collection of rare Cacti and FJoweriiig Shrubs, new Aquatic Plants, &c. This elfgant Catalogue will be sent FREE with all orders, or on application. Remember that we send our Seeds, Bulb', and Plants to e /ery country in the world, and that we are the largest reta i SPECIAL OFFER. OUR CATALOGUE 3 of these articles in exist jn Address:- JOHN LEWIS CHILDS, Floral Park, Queen's Co., N.Y., U.S.A. BOULTON & PAUL, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, NORWICH. WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES, AND GREENHOUSES ALL STYLES. OABDEIf FRAMES in great VARIETY. No. 60. PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVEE. BOILERS of all Makes and Sizes supplied at the Cheapest Rates, Valves, Pipes, and Fittings always In Stock GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. No. 73. NEW SPAN-ROOF GARDEN FRAME. Cash Prices. Cakhiaqb Paid. 4 ft. by 6 It. ... £3 14 8 ft. by 6 ft. £.5 14 12 ft. by 6 ft. 16 ft. by « ft. ... I * o All Frames made of Selecte 1 Red Deal, painted three times, and Liehts glazed with ai-oz. sheet alass. CARRIAGE PAID ON ALL ORDERS of 40s. VALUE. CHECK END BOILER. To heat from 300 to 5000 feet of 4-inch piping, Prices on application. 6 feet by 4 feet, paiutei and gla 6 feet by 4 feet, unpointed i Catalogue of all our Manufactu post-fr( KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM. FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, PARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C. Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor ; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the OfEce, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. Printed lor the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury. Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by AbthcB Geobqe Mabtih, at the OiBce, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St, Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Satubdai, January 23, 18f 2. Agent for Manchester— JoKH HETWOOD. Established No. 266.— Vol. XI f Third 1 i Seriks. j SATURDAY, JANUARY 30, 1892. Price 3d. Post-free, 3§rf. Aberdeea Agives Albury Amateur's garden, the ... Apple trees, thinning ... Begonia octopetalo-Le- moinea Fleur d'Au- tomne Bo'conia cordata Briar stocks British birds Batter nuts Cttlochorti in the open air Celery culture Chicago Exhibitioa Chou cJe Burghley Citron culture in Corsica Education in the coun- ties, technical... ,, of pardeners HI Florists* flowers Chinese Primula Foreign correspondence . Gardeners' education... Forestry Trees for mar:ih and mountain Fuels, value of various... CONTENTS. ... 147 Moore Fern herbarium. 148 aud othe Plant portraits 143 I Plants of Western Cliiua 149 Rosery ; house of Roses... 149 i Siam 1.J6 Snow in the streets, 14(1 melting of 138 I Societies 140 I British Fruit Growers' 14i5 i Association Kent County Chrysan- 148 i Orape His 14S 13.1 ape Vine, treatment of 149 Horticultural Exhibi- tion. International ... 145 Lycagte Skinneri, second flowering of 149 Me 1 plants UtS New and noteworthy plants : Cypripedi am gigas X C. Harisi CSwintu roei X Dendrobiu ra chloropi Kpidendru m Godserti- Reigite and District... Ro>al Horticultural ... Streptocarpus Gaipini ... Thuya gigantea Trade notice Trees and shrubs on lawns, ornamental ... Vanill.1 Vegetables Chou de Barghley Oaion$>. the trade in ... Weather summary We-k's work, the Flower garden Fruits under glass Hardy fruit garden ... Kitchen garden Orchid-houses Plants under glass ... West African plants ... West Indies Mesua ferrea Ancistrolobus carnsus Yucca tilifera ILLUSTRATIONS. Albu y, terrace walk and view in the grounds at ... 137, 145 Bignonia magnifica 151 Streptocarpus Gaipini 139 *' The Gardeners' Chronicle''^ in America. The Subscription to America, including Postage, is S-i.SO/or 12 months. Agent for America, E. H. hiBBY, Manager, The Rural Publish- ing Co., Times Builiing, New York, to whom American orders may be sent, ^ HRYSANTHEMUMS. — Our Illustrated CATALOGUE will be sent free on application. 15 First Prizes. (10 this year.) 5 Gold Medals for Chrysanthemums. REID AND BORXEMANN. Sydenham, London, S.E, Trade Offer of Large I'alms. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Dracsenas, Bamboos, & Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application . W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. Now is the Time to Plant Pssonlea. GLADIOLI are also ready, 20 large bulbs, named exhibition sorts. 10s. For Priced Lists see KELWAY'S MANUAL for 1893. 15. post- free ; gratis to cnstomers.— KELWAY and SON, Langport, Somerset. C T A N D I S H'S RHODODENDRONS.— O Choicest varieties, well-budded plan ts, 24s. , 30s. . and 42s. , per dozen. Well-rooted and Bushy PONTICUMS, of all sizes. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. Royal Nurseries, Ascot. CKFORD'S CULINARY and SWEET PEAS —Descriptive CATALOGUE, free on application, from HENRY ECKFORD.Wem, Salop. c CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of the FINEST COLLEC- TION in the COUNTRY, including all the newest and best varieties, now ready, gratis and post-free on application. — The Queen's Seedsmen, a;i7 and 23S, High Holborn, London, W.C. APAGERIA ALJ5A.— Strong Plants, 5s. to 2lJ. each. H. B. MAY, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper Edmonton. RUIT TREES. — APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS. CHERRIES, per 100 or 1000. Descriptive CATALOGUES, post free, on application. FLETCHER BROS., Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey. Surrey. Notice. NEW INCURVED CHRYSANTHEMUM, MRS. ROBINSON KING. " I hereby certify that I have SOLD the whole of my CERTI- FICATED STOCK to .MR. ROBERT OWEN. Floral Nur.-ery, Maidenhead." (Signed) W. H. HOTHAM (Raiser of Mrs. Robinson King), Nelholme, East Y'orks. Plants distributed early in February. 10 n(iO EUUiN YM us (Green), bushy, well- A V^ VV/\/ grown, 18 inches to XO inches, 6s. to 16s. per dozen. Less bv the 1000. Cash with Order. J. y. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton. SPECIAL CHEAP OFFER OF BEANS.— Scarlet Runners. Canadian Wonder, Negro Longpod, Ne Plus Ultra, Osborn's Forcing, and Pale Dun. For samples and price apply to Messrs. PILKINGTON, BROWN & CO. (estab- lished 1879), Corn and Seed Merchants, 226, York Road, Wandsworth, S.W. Vegetable and itgrlcultural Seeds. HAND F. SHARP KS SPECIAL PRICED • LIST of the above-named SEEDS comprises all the finest varieties of 1891 growth, and at prices very favourable to purchasers. Those in the Trade who have not yet received a copy can have one on application to Wisbech, SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thonflands toseleotfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUB, The London Norsery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W. CHRYSANTHEM UMS. — Prored NOVEL- TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other Select Varieties. New LISTS free. Gave great satisfaction last year. A. J. A. BRUCE, The Nurseries, CliorltoQ-cum-Hardy, Manchester. Sharpe'a Victor Potatos. WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers • and Mehchants. Boston, offer a few tons of this excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample. Price, per cwt. or ton. on application. WD. SUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, is open to SELL on COMMISSION, TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references. CUT FLOWERS.— ARTHUR L. BULLEN, Wholesale Flower Salesman and Grower, 33, Exeter St , Covent Garden. 271 and 272, Flower Market, Covent Garden, W.C and Highfield Nursery. Bromley Common. Kent. CONSIGNMENTS of CHOICE FLOWERS SOLICITED. 0 CHOICE GERMAN FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS. CATALOGUES free on application. FEED. KOEMER, Seed Grower, Quedlinburg, Germany. BEGONIA SEED.^Sow now.— Box's strain is best and cheapest. Single, Is., 2s. 6rf, and 5s. ; Double, Is. ed., 2s. 6 tory. measuring 17—18 inches around. I gained six Prizes with them." Mr. ROBERT CROSBIE, Corra Mill. SlNKEiftrnousGARDENPiS i-i^ ; By I weU Paie ries, N ng h a m , -^^ Messrs. Bicksons, Limited, Chester, write :— *' The Flower Pots you have so largely supplied us with are light, ttrOD^ and well made, and m every re.-pect highly rali^factory." Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write:—*' We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with your * Garde. Pots,' they are wellojiide, light, yet strong, aud we like them better than any other ^ ' Mr. William Bull, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes:— "For i Garden Pots,' and still find them the be&t aud cheapeai." Largest Manufacturers in the World. No Waiting. Millions in StocJc, Carriage and Breakage Free on £10 Orders, Half Carriage o» £5 Orders, Samples Free, have ever used." rly thirty years I have been using your Janoaey 30, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CIIR ONI CL E. 133 Seed Potatos. HAND F. SHAKl'E invite the attention of * the Seerl Trade to their fine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS. comprising all the varieties worthy of cultivation. They have been grown expressly for Seed, and the samples will be found very tine and well dresned. The pricts will compare favourably with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech. CHARLES NOBLE HAS FINELY BUDDED BHODODENDRONS, named kinds. ANDROMEDA FIORIKUNDA. AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds. Ditto, Seedlings. Ditto OCCIDENTALIS. KHODORA CANADENSIS. nd TEAS. 3 to 6 feet. DWARF ROSES, H. P., I THUIOPSIS BOREALIS THUIA LOBBII Ditto. AMERICANA I CUPBESSUS lawsonianaJ HYPERICUM CALYCINUM. PORTtrOAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet. HARDY HEATHS. CLEMATIS, 3 and 4 years old. The General Assortment of MURSERY STOCK will ba found superior in every way. B A G S H 0 T, January, 1893. ROSES. STANDAKDS, from 21s. per dozen. DWARFS, from 6s, per dozen. CATALOGUES, post-free. FRANK CANT, BRAISWiCK NURSERY, COLCHESTER. 3 RATI S. Buyers should come and View the Stock. NOW READY. SHARPE'S TRADE CATALOGUE OF GARDEN and FARM SEEDS for 1892, Post-free on application to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., Seed Farmers and Merchants, SLEAFORD. SEASON 1892. Wm. clibran&son Beg to inform their patrons that their NEW CATALOGUE OF SELECT VEGETABLE SEEDS CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS Is Now Ready, and will be sent post-free on fipplication. ItcontainsDescriptionsotall the STANDARD VARIE- TIES of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, wi'h a careful selection of the most promising N0VELTI6S. BUYEBS of GENUINE, RELIABLE SEEDS should send for a copy before placing their Orders. INSECTICIDES, IMPLEMENTS. TOOLS, And Miscellaneous Requisites of every description, for the GARDEN or FARM, supplied. 10 & 12, MAHKET ST., I OLDFIELD NURSERIES, MANCHESTER. I ALTRINCHAM. And Principality Nurseries, Defianwy. Llandudno. ANTHONY WATERER invites an inspection from intending Planters to the foUowinu well-grown TREES, having stout, clean stems, with handsomely-furnished, well-balanced heads, and from frequently transplanting are splendidly rooted, the girth of the stem is taken at 4 feet from the ground. ACACIA BESSONIANA, 10 to U feet, girth :i to 4 inches. ACER DASYCARPUM. 14 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. „ „ WIERIILACINIATUM.lOtoUfcet, girth3to5 inch. „ NEGUNDO VARIEOATA. Standards, 8 to 10 feet. „ EEITENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to S inches. „ SCHWEDLEBII, 12 to IS feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. „ WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 9 inches. BIRCH, Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches. CERASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches. CHESTNUTS, Horse, 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches. „ „ Double White. 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches. „ „ Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches. ,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to .5 inches. ELMS. English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. .. Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches. LIMES, 12, 16. and 20 feet, girth 3 to 10 inches. „ EUCHLORA or DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches. ,, Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6 LIQUIDAMBAR, 6 to 10 feet. MAPLE, Norway. 12 to 16 feet. OAK, English, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. ,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. PLANES (Engli.ih-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches. POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 13 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches. SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches. ,, Purple. 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches. THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet. „ „ Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet. „ „ White, 8 to 10 feet. TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet. WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet. WEEPING TREES. BEECH, Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet. .. Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet. BIRCH, Young's Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 8 to 14 feet. ,, Cutrleaved Weeping, Pyramids and Standarls, 10 to 12 feet. ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet. LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet. POPLAR, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet. Knap Hill Nursery, Woking. Surrey. TRADE OFFER OF PALMS. COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at20».perl00. in Bo's at.Wa.perlOO. KENTIA Foateriana and lielmoreana, in thumbs, at iOs. per 100. in60's, ateOs.perlOO. ,, )n48's, at24s. perdoz. '* ',' ., in32'8, at485. perdor.. SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in fiO's, at32s.peri00. ,, in 48'8, at £h per 100. W. i'ceton h.-i3 a' fine Stock of Asparagus plumasus nanus, in 48*s and 60's ; I'andanus Veitchii, Dracicnaa Lindenii, and Ficuselastica.—W. ICETON. Putney, S.W. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BlDPLliS & Co., Proprietors), LOUGHIiUROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. We invite tho"e about to purchase garden feeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 3000 Varieties catalogued, 500 Illustrations. PRIVATE SALE. FRUITJLREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (Standards, Pyramids, and Walltrained), Apples, Pears, Cherries, Peaches, Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended tor the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons, specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, secured but recently regardle-ss of cost ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses; 40.000 Black and Red Currants, four years old ; and forty kinds of Gooseberries. 6000 Raspberries. Price, half their value. SeeCatalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GER- TRUDE 401(ES, Churcbfield, Cradley, near Malvern, :^s>^s>'3?^s>'S^^s^^s^S' s> Select VEGKTABlin, Choice FLOWER, Ttie best qualities at Hoderate Prices, DellYered Free j^^^_M ""* by Eall or ^Tj^ ^0^ "BesX. Parcels jA^g^J^ SEED Post, v^r^ ^9^^ POTATOS, Garden Tools, Sundries, ic, &c. Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, Ko. (03 SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, 3(f. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NURSERIES. SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS. "AMERICAN SPECIALTIES." We have this year without doubt the iiae&t Novelties in CHRYSANTHEMUMS Ever yet seen, and tor which we received last year more MEDALS, PRIZES, &c., than any other firm. Oi'R New Descriptive CATALOGUE Now Eeady. Post-free on Application to— Pitcher & Manda, STATEsN^im"EME5. HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT. O B E EMPEROR WILLIAM, best blue, for bedding, 5s. per 100. MAGNIFICA. fine deep blue, large flowers, 6s. per ItiO. REINE BLANCHE (new), the finest white, good S/O"" large pure white flowers. Certificate of Merit from R.H !>. Ma/d'otMORAY (new), blue, with large white eye, com- pact grower ; fine for bedding. lOs. per IW- , , , „ The ab0 .Air-dried black wood charcoal, 12 per cent, moisture 24-^0 Anthracite. 0 per cent, moisture, 5 per cent, ash ... 2350 Caking coal. 5 per cent, moisture, 5 per cent, ash ... 2300 Sinter coal. 5 per cent, moisture, 5 per cent, a.ih ... 22.50 Lignite, various from 1800 to 2300 Turf peat (without moisture) 2000 Turf peat, 30 per cent, moisture 157.5 Air-dried wood, with 20 per cent, moisture 1575 Kiln-dried wood, with 10 per cent, moisture ... 1675 Kiln-dried wood, without moisture 175'} C. W. H. G. New or Noteworthy Plants. EPIDENDEUM GODSEFFIANUM, Bolfe, n. sp. Among the plants of the old Cattleya labiata — or, to speak CQore correctly, from the same district in Brazil — Messrs. F. Sinder & Co., of St. Albans, have received a fine species of Epidendrnm, which on flowering has proved to be new, and for which the above name is therefore proposed. It belongs to the section Encjclium, and to the particular group which Lindley characterised as Ilyrae- nochila biloba, where it may technically be placed near E. Hanburii. It bears some resemblance to this species in shape, but is very different in colour, in which respect it is more like E. bifidum, whose shape, however, is very different. The bilobed lip unmistakably [places it in this group," though in general appearance it more nearly resembles some other species, whose lip has not this character, which sugijests the query whether the species could not be more naturally arranged by some other character. This point, however, may be left for the present. E. Godseffianum has the general habit of other species of the group, and the flowers measure over l.J inch across. Their colour is light green, some- what nerved with light brown, except the lip, which is white, the front lobe being lined with bright rose- purple. R. A, Bolfc, Herbarium, Kcw. CyPEIPEDIUM CilGAS X (LAWBENCEANtTMX ?, HaR- KISIANUM NIGKOMX g ). The foliage of this fine hybrid resembles some of the forms of C. Ilarrisiannm. The scape has brownish hairs, and the general contour of the flower, although as usual intermediate, partakes more of the bold form of C. Lawrenceanum, and especially in the flat, circular form of its upper sepal, which is dark choco- late or nearly black at the base, from which the same dark colour radiates in lines, passing upward into the emerald-green patch which is seen just below the p ire white i^-inch wide margin. The lower sepal is green, with a few brownish lines, and the petals and lip resemble in colour those of C. Harrisianum nigrum, but they are larger, and the petals display some traces of the bearded warts seen on the petals of the seed-parent. The staminode is more reniform than that of C. Harrisianum X, but the whole flower has the polished surface which forms such an attrac- tion in a good form of that variety. It is a stately and distinct hybrid, and it will be a favourite. It • Epidendrun Codsefficmum, n. sp.— Pseudobulbs conical- cvoi I, 2 inches long, 2-leaved. Leaves linear, 12 to 13 inches lorg, 1 to IJ inch broad, green, or suffused with purple. Peduncle a little exceeding the leaves. Raceme several- flowered. Bracts minute, broadly triangular. Sepals ellip- tical-oblong, acute. 9 lines long, by SJ lines broad, pale green, faintly nerved with light brown. Petals obovate- spathulate. 6 lines broad, like sepils, but with darker nerves. Lip 3-lobed; front lobs orbicular, retusely bilobed, 6 lines wide, white, with the disc lined with bright rose-purple ; side- lobes suborb'cular, obtuse, 4 lines broad, with a short broad claw, closely veinel with purple on basal half. Column 4 lines long, apex orange-yellow, wings sniall and fleshy, jeKow. Native of Brazil. was raised in the gardens of 0. Ingram, Esq , Elstead House, Godalming. by his gardener, Mr. Thomas W. Bond, James O'Brien. CyPBIPEDIUM SwINBDBNEI X (iNSIGNE Maulei X augus Moensii), new garden hybrid. With some resemblance in leaf and flower to C. Ashburtonia; expansum, we have in this a far more showy hybrid. The leaf is light green, reticulated with dark green, and narrower than that of C. Ash- burtoniajx. The dorsal sepal is green at the base, and with a clear white ^-inch wide margin, the green area having a number of lines made np of distinct brownish-purple spots, which are larger at the base, and get gradually smaller as the white apical margin is approached. The petals are greenish-white, tinged with red on the outer halves, and with a number of dark purplish blotches resembling those seen in C. argus. The staminode is yellow, with a green vein- ing in the centre, and the lip green, tinged and netted with reddish-brown. It is very pretty, and was raised by Messrs. Heath & Son, of Cheltenham, who request it to bear the name of T. W. Swinburne, Esq., of Corndean Hall, Gloucestershire, a great fancier of Cjrpripediums. J. O'Brien, CVPEIPEDIOM Harbisianum eoseum X (babbatum Waenebii X villosum). This cross has resulted in what may be called a dwarfer form of C. Harrisianum, having lighter- coloured flowers, which have a decidedly rose coloured hue spread over the petals and labellum ; the upper sepil has a clear white margin, and the flower has a bright shining appearance. It is pretty, and easily distinguished by its flowers or by its handsome foliage, which is broader and shorter than in any other form of Harrisianum. The leaves are a light green colour, closely netted with bright green, but without the broad transverse markings usually seen in those of C. Harrisianum. It was raised by Mr. H. A. Tracy, of Amyand Park Road, Twickenham. Jaiyics O'Brien. Dendbobium chlobops, Lindl. I am obliged for a spike of this nice little Dendiobe to Mr. W. Lauche, chief gardener to His Highness Prince of Liechtenstein at Eisgrub, Moravia. The flower shows that the description published by Lindley in But. Ecg., xxx., 1841, Mist. 51, is a very accurate one, except, perhaps, that Lindley omitted to describe the tips of the sepals and petals aa acute. But a mistake was made by Professor Reichenbach, who, in the sixth volume of Walper's Annates Bot. Syd., p. 299, adds this " Dendrobium barbatum, Lindl. ; Wight, Fr. PI. Ind. Pr., ii., 910, 1814." The plant flgured by Wight is, there cannot be the slightest doubt, the true Dendrobium Fytchi- anum, Bitem. ; and the description of it, as well as the plate, belong to a plant quite diflferent from the D,;ndrobium chlorops with which Reichenbach united it. D. chlorops hitherto has not been figured. I hope to have the opportunity to publish a sketch made from my fresh material in the next (sixth) fascicle of the A'enia Orchidacea, Br. Krdnslin. BRITISH BIRDS. Capercailzie. — The most imposing member of the Tetraonidae is the capercailzie (Tetrao nro gallus), a name corrupted from the Gaelic caput coille, or horse of the woods, so called from his great size. A three-year-old male of their species is splendid in his glossy coat of plum colour and beetle blue. He has the war-like port of a great bird of prey, and his powerful bill seems designed rather to tear flesh than for a mild vegetarian diet. A well-grown specimen measures more than 3 feet in height, and sometimes weighs as ranch as 17 lb. The female (as is generally the case among polygamous birds) is much smaller, usually weighing from 5 lb. to 6 lb. The flesh of the capercailzie is unsatisfactory food, having a strong flavour of turpentine, imparted by his favourite food, the young shoots of the Scots Fir ; and, living as he does in large woods, no special address or skill is required in shooting him. Bat to the nataraliat he Janoaet So, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 137 is a bird of great interest, because he is an example of the successful re-establishment of a species which had become extinct in thii country. Cnpercailzie werere-introducedatTaymouth by Lord Breadalbatie about sixty years ago. They have now spread far and wide, and are plentiful in many parts of central Scotland. Black Game. The black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) is a more beau- tiful bird than the capercailzie; in fact, it is diffi- cult to imagine a more fascinating creature than the black cock in spring, when, choosing some bare hillock, he struts, spreads his tail, and trails his wings to excite the admiration of his soberly-clad wives. The grey hens will fly several miles morning and evening in the breeding season to receive the or grouse, and if it existed only In this country the name given to it by naturalists, Lagopus vulgaris or common ptarmigin, would be most in- appropriate, for it is not to be found now with us except on the loftier ranges ot the Scottish Highlands. But the geographical range of the ptarmigan is a wide one ; they are found on the high ranges of Italy, Spain, Russia, and Scandinavia, as well as in Greenland and North America. In Nor- way and Sweden, where they are known as the Fjall ripa, they are extremely plentiful, but they should not be confounded with the Dal-ripa, or willow grouse (Lagopua saliceti), thousands of which are exported and may be seen hanging in winter plumage In London poulterers' shops during the springmonths, where they are sold as ptarmigan, which they closely resemble. The males of the two species may be Westmoreland and in Galloway. I have been in- formed by an aged shephtrd that the last time he saw them on the Lamarkan rang" was in what he called "the year o' the short corn " (i.e., of the great drought), 1827. The Pheasant and Pahtbidob. Now I have left myself no space to do more than complete the list of British game birds by merely mentioning the pheasant and the partridge. Modern sportsmen have been scolded with equal severity by the moralist, the philanthropist, the politician, and the humanitarian, on account of the vast numbers of pheasants artificially reared and shot each year. Well, it is not ideal sport, perhaps, but it entails a degree of skill that might surprise those who have never tried to pull down a good rocketer ; it causes Fin. 23.— a view in the grounds at albuet. (see p. 147 tAs ?i en from the end of the terrace.) attentions of their sultan. Black game are remark- able for their capricious distribution in the United Kingdom. In no part of the realm are to be found tracts apparently more suitable for them than in Ireland, yet, strange to say, they have never been known there, and all attempts to introduce them have hitherto failed. Yet they may still be found within 30 miles of London ; I myself have seen five grey hens sitting togt'ther on a Birch tree in the Hurt Wood, near Dorking. They extend as far south as Dartmoor, .ind it is remarkable that although the hens, as in other wild polygamous species, are shockingly careless mothers, black game hold their ground on these southern moorlands, where it has been found impossible to establish the far hardier and thriftier red grouse. The Ptabmioan. One more of this interesting family exhausts the list [which we publish. Ed.] of British Tetraonids distinguished by the small angular patch of black feathers which remains behind the eye of the true ptarmigan when all the rest of the plumage turns white. Few birds can have more romantic associations than the ptarmigan. They lie so close among gray rocks and lichens on the mountain tops, that one may almost tread on them unawares ; but if one bird is put up, the whole covey rises at once, and it seems as if the very stones were taking wing. Generally, the brood takes but a short flight, wheeling round the mountain flank, and lighting again ; but sometimes they launch themselves upon the gulf separating them from a distant peak, and present a beautiful sight not easily forgotten as they sail, a gaily mottled group, perhaps a couple of thousand feet above the valley below. It would be a task worth accomplishing, and not presenting many difficulties, to restore these beautiful birds to hills whence they have disappeared. It is not very long since they were well-known in Cumberland and a very important supply ol food to find its way into the market ; and lastly, if it is objected to on the score of cruelty, it is quite fair to ask whether the birds, could they be consulted, would not affirm with one voice — " 'Tis better to be hatched and shot Than never to be hatched at all," and the latter would be the fate of tens of the thou- sands of happy little chicks which run through the summer grass if battues were to be put an end to. The partridge is such a favourite with all of us, that a whole paper might be devoted to the little brown bird which has adapted itself so well to civilisation and improved agriculture, as to multi- ply almost as fast as our human population. Gilbert White describes with wonder how " for some time after the dry summer of 1740 41, partridges swarmed to such a degree that parties of unreasonable sportsmen killed twenty and sometimes thirty brace in a day. Herbert Maxwell. 138 TEE GAUDENERS' CHttONlCLE. [Jandaev 30, 1892. West Indies. MESUA FERREA. At the time when this tree is pushing forth its delicate pink-coloured young growths, many people are misled at first sight into supposing them to he flowers. Owing to the dry weather in May, 1891, no such growths were to be seen, but flowers instead were being produced. These are by no means unlike the Dog Rose of English hedgerows, their four large petals are white, the centres filled with yellow stamens, and fragrant. Before expanding, the flower- buds are purplish-pink, giving quite a colouring to the leafless, or partly leafless, terminal branches which bear them. The leaves are opposite, ovate- oblong, long pointed, and so densely set that it is nearly impossible to see through the tree from one side to the other. The under-side of the leaf is very glaucous, but green above, and card-board-like in texture. In shape the tree is conical, with a very even outline, to be compared in this respect with our specimen of Canarium commune (Parrot nut). The hard wood of Mesua ferrea is known amongst other woods by the name iron-wood. During the past three years no fruit has been borne ; whether any has ever been produced there is no record to show. Ancisteolobus carnehs. That something is very attractive to bees and small birds during the period this tree flowers (May and June) is clearly shown by the large numbers present each day. The numerous small red flowers are usually borne in leafy racemes terminating the smaller branches, but occasionally they appear from different parts of the trunk and older branches, where sometimes the racemes are entirely devoid of leaf- bracts. At the base of the three bandies of stamens, present in each flower, alternate three large yellow glands. The tree is not conspicuous for size as grown in the Trinidad Botanic Gardens, as it only attains moderate dimensions. Its cliief character- istics are the light brown barkless, or seemingly barkless, trunk and branches v/hich it possesses (due to the dry bark peeling oiF in flakes), and the number of flowers it bears. The tree belongs to the order Hypericinesc, and is recorded as belonging to China. According to Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plant- arum, it should be included under the genus Cratoxylon of Blame. W. E. Broadway, Trinidad. GEAPE SOILS. The analysis of a good Spanish Grape soil, as given by Mr. Hughes in your issue of January 16, will be useful to Grape growers, giving, as it does, the proportions of different matters contained in soil naturally adapted to the growing of the Grape Vine. It certainly is a poorer soil than is usually employed for Grape- growing in this country, and the great proportion of stones in the soil should be made a note of, and might be kept in view with good results in making up Vine-borders. Stones are not without their uses in the economy of Nature, when mixed with the soil — they tend to keep it from run- ning together in an adhesive mass. Stony soils are generally friable, and favourable to the production of active, fibrous roots. Broken brick and lime-rubble are frequently added to Vine composts, to serve the same purpose. In the case of Vine borders, often from 2 to 3 feet in depth, stones are even more necessary than in the comparatively shallow soil of the fields. In turning out old Vine borders, where the soil is deficient in stony material, the lower portion of the border is often found to be a hard, inert mass, nearly destitute of roots. Had a more liberal proportion of stones been used in the forma- tion of the border, the lower portion would have been better aerated, and better and more numerous roots might have been reasonably looked for, although the best roots, no doubt, should be near the surface, so as to take full advantage of top- dressings and the sun's warmth. In drawing our deductions from the analysis of the soil of the Spanish vineyard, we must bear in mind that the Spanish and British Vine-growers are working for different ends, and under diff'erent conditions. The former look for a good crop, irre- spective of size of bunch or berry to give him a good vintage ; and last, but not least, he knows that the price he will obtain for his wine will be largely influenced by the flavour, or bouquet, or whatever his product has acquired a reputation for in the market. He has also the advantage of a great amount of sunshine, which is an important factor in the matter of flavour. The latter look for a good crop, but the size of bunch, size of berry, colour and flavour, are the chief points he keeps prominently in view. He has to look to the staying power of his Vines, that they may go on year after year producing good crops of high quality ; while he has to resort to artificial means to cope with dull skies and low temperatures. At the same time, given a fair amount of sunshine, with good glass structures, and efficient means of keeping up the temperature, the British Grape grower holds his own against all comers, though necessarily at much greater expense than where the fruit is grown out-of-doors. To gain the best results so as to recoup the greater expense of production, the British grower must use a more fertile soil, or if the soil selected does not possess all the necessary con- stituents, these must be added. It is here that chemistry comes to the Grape-grower's aid, for by having an analysis of the proposed soil, its fitness or unfitness can be determined, and if found suitable, though weak in some ingredients, these can be sunplied, and failure, so far as the soil is concerned, reduced to a minimum. I scarcely think Grape-growers will agree with Mr. Hughes where he says, that " compared with farm crops, Grapes, consisting largely of water, cannot be considered an exhausting crop." Farm crops of some kinds, particularly cereals, may take more out of the soil than Grapes, but then the fields have the benefit of a rotation of crops, white crops being alternated with green crops, along with annual manuring, followed up by a season or two of grass or fallow, before the same crop is repeated. The Vine border has no such rest. The crop is the same year afcer year, and so must become exhausting, as the demand is always for the same constituents from the soil. Hence the necessity for frequent top- dressings to replace what is abstractad and lost. Many Grape-growers are very much hampered in the matter of soil. It is generally conceded that turf full of fibre, from the surface of an old pasture, is the best soil for Grape-growing. Many owners of gardens stand in their own light in this respect. While they expect their gardeners to produce the finest fruit, they often obstinately refuse to allow suitable soil to be dug, though there may be acres of it on the estate. I remember when in charge of a large fruit- growing establishment in FjQgland, there were acres of the finest possible Grape soil in the park within sight of the garden walls. The soil in question was a fine red loam, full of fibre, on a subsoil of red marl. We might have asked the squire for a back tooth with more chance of success than for a few loads of this old pasture. All onr supplies in the way of turf, which were very limited, had to be brought about a mile, from an out-of-the-way corner, of hungry light soil, with very little staying power in it. This is a very common experience. ■There is no doubt some fine red soil in the Wor- cester Hop gardens, and in Kent and Devonshire, but few gardeners would be allowed to incur the expense of fetching it, as suggested by Mr. Hughes, unless those living in the immediate neighbour- hood. Suitable soil for Grape-growing can generally be found in most districts where old parks or pastures exist, red soil, being, I believe, from my own experi- ence, the best, though sometimes an indifferent- looking soil may be made a very good material for Grape-growing. This is notably the case at Cloven- fords, where excellent results are produced, year after year, from a soil which many Grape-growers would be slow to use, but which, in conjunction with Mr. Thomson's manure undoubtedly has great staying power. I quite agree with Mr. Hughes that wood- ashes are valuable for mixing with soils deficient in potash and phosphoric acid. Light soils are much benefited by the addition of burned clay or marl. Bone-meal and |^-inch bones are valuable in most soils. Sans Petir. CALOCHORTI IN THE OPEN AIR. These most beautiful and free-blooming Califor- nian bulbous plants, known to florists under the English names of Butterfly Tulips or Mariposa Lilies, are practically unknown in this country save to a few, and to these mostly from weakly and poorly grown specimens, grown either in pots, frames, or Cape-pits, wherein they will never really thrive, or produce more than a small portion of their love- liness. The chief reason for these bulbs having been hitherto treated as above mentioned has, of course, been that they were not known to be hardy in this country, but now that they have been proved by Mr. C. G. Van Tubergen, of Haarlem (who has grown them for some years past in considerable quantity) to be quite as hardy as an ordinary Hya- cinth, and only to require much the same cultiva- tion and treatment as those well-known bulbs, it is to be hoped they will be much more extensively grown and tried by many who have hitherto thought it useless to attempt their cultivation. Having received from the Haarlem firm above named a col- lection of 108 bulbs in seventeen varieties (two of which, however, turned out not to be Calochorti at all, but Cyclobothrifi), I planted them in the first week of November, 1890, in an open bed in my garden, in specially-prepared light sandy soil, and in as sunny a positiou as possible, and during the whole of the winter they had no kind of protection what- ever. They nearly all grew, sending up two or thrte grassy leaves in March or April, with the exception of C. Madrensis, a Mexican species, figured in the Gardeners' Chronich on October 4, 1890 ; and the first to come into flower towards the middle of May was C. Benthami, with small bright yellow flowers, which, owing to my absence from home during that month, I did not see. The next to flower was C. venustus citrinus, a most beautiful variety, with large flowers of a deep canary- yellow, with a purple spot at base of each petal ; this was followed by C. venustus oculatus, a most beautiful variety, with large cupped flowers of a creamy-white, deeply spotted with purple at the base of each petal. Then came the dwarfer-growing and smaller- flowered C. luteus, with bright yellow flowers ; but amongst my half-dozen bulbs sent as this variety were two of the much larger and far finer variety, C. citrinus, well figured on plate 6200 of vol. ci. of the Botanical Magazine. Then came C. splendens, which seems to me in nowise to deserve this pretentious name, as its flowers, which are of a light shade of purplish-mauve, are without any kind of marking, and though sufficiently elegant and profusely produced, cannot compare for either size or beauty with either of the fine varieties of venustus mentioned above. C. venustus roseus is rather dis- appointing, its flowers being of an indistinct and washy colour. C. venustus purpurascens is an exceedingly strong -growing, free -blooming, and handsome variety. It may be mentioned here as curious that all the forms of venustus save the type, though quite the smallest and weakest bulbs, proved to be much the strongest growers and the most abundant bloomers of the whole lot. Amongst the C. Benthami was a single bulb of C. Maweianus, which, however, is dull and pale in colour, of a whitish shade, with purplish markings, and com- paratively worthless. The varieties which, though most of the bulbs grew, yet failed to produce any bloom, were aa follow: — 1, C. macrocarpa; 2, C. venustus; 3, C. Jancart 30, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 139 Kennedy!; 4, C. Howellii ; 6, C. Nuttalli ; 6, C. Gunnissoni, and the bulbs of these, on being examined, seem to be perfectly sound, and many of them to have increased in size daring their culture C. Madrensis, alluded to above, bloomed much later than all the others, but both abundantly and well, the flowers being much smaller in size, of a bright deep golden-yellow, opening almost flat in FlO, 24. — STEEPTOCAKPDS GALPINI. during the week's snow which has now just left us, and do not expect them to receive any injury there- from. I have added to my bed half dozens of the following varieties new to me: — C. Bonplandlanus, purple; C. llavus, golden-yellow; C. flexuosus, C. longibarbatua, lilac ; C. nudus, and C. Palmeri, white. W. E. Gumhkton. STREPTOCA.RPUS GALPINI. Tjtis is a new species of Streptocarpus which flowered in October last at Kew, whither it was sent by Mr. B. E. Galpin, who collected the seeds in the Transvaal in 1890. He wrote, " I am sure you will like the two species of Streptocarpus [the second one was S. Dunnii, introduced some years previously] if you can succeed in raising them. They both grow in crevices in the cliffs and under rocks, and oaly on the very tops of the mountains just below the brows of the highest peaks. The red-flowered species (S. Dunnii) I found growing in profusion on the granite mountains in Upper Swaziland, whereas here they grow in metamorphic sandstone. Those I send you came from the "Bearded Man," a peak farming one of the boundaries of Swaziland, thirty miles off, where the plants are much finer than here. I send some specimens to show how freely the plants flower.*' Out of a score or more plants raised from the seeds of S. Gatpini, only one has flowered, the others being evidently too weak last year; they are, however, promising in appearance this year. The character of the species is shown by the illustration, which was prepared from ihe Kew plant last November. The single spreading leaf was 8 inches long by 5 inches in width, fleshy, with thick nerves and midrib, the whole surface covered with soft silky hairs, the under side tinged with purple. The hairy flower-scapes spring from the base of the midrib of the leaf, and they bear numerous flowers, the plant continuing in bloom over five weeks. The form and colour of the flowers are quite different from any other cultivated species of Streptocarpus, the tube being very short and wide, the limb almost regular, and the tfolour a rich blue with a tinge of purple, and the throat pure white. Although small the plant bore over fifty flowers, each 1^ inch across. It flowered again in December. The capsule of S. Galpini is very much shorter than that of any other species known to me. Various crosses were made between this new one and other kinds, and full-sized fat capsules were matured, but in almost every case they did not contain a single seed. Whether S. Galpini will cross with others of the same genus or not, it is certainly a plant of great promise. In my opinion it is the prettiest of all the species of Streptocarpus in cultivation, not overlooking the claims of such kinds as S. Rexii, S. Dunnii, S. lutea, and S. polyanthos, which, as well as several others of less horticultural value, are in the Kew collection. A figure of S. Galpini will shortly be published in the Botanical Magazine, W. W. here, but none of them show any signs of making offsets. Why these varieties failed to bloom like their brethren under precisely similar conditions is indeed hard to understand. the BUn, and quite distinct in form and method of holding themselves from those of any other variety. I planted my bed again about the same time as in 1890, and have left the bulbs quite unprotected FLORISTS' Flowers. CHINESE PEIMULA. I HAVE just been comparing the wild form of Primula sinensis (figured at p. 13 of the Gardeners' Chronicle for January 2) with the coloured plates figured in the Botanical Register, t. 539, and Botanical Magazine, t. 2oG4. In the first-named publication, the drawing was made from the plant which flowered for the first time in England in March, 1821, in the greenhouse of a Mrs. Palmer, Bromley, Kent. This plant cannot be far removed from the wild state. The flowers are described as of a lilac-red colour, and all that seemed to be known of it was, that it was brought to England from the gardens at Canton, the rest being supposition. The flowers are placed on lax footstalks, forming a very irregular truss, and the edges of the petals are slightly serrated, and the segments of the corolla not notched in the centre. 140 THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. [jANttABT 30, 1892. It was registered under the name of P. praenitens. The drawing in the Botanical Magasine has fJowers with the corolla segments notched, as in the figure in the Gardeners' Chronicle of the above date. The specimen figured in the Botanical Magazine was pro- duced in Mr. Joseph Knight's nursery in the King's Road, Chelsea, in 1824, and one would judge from that figure that the flower retrograded towards the notched segments of the wild plant. It was treated as " a very hardy greenhouse plant," and was kept growing all the year round, and the plants were seldom out of flower. The result of this would be what might be expected— the plants would never at any time produce well-developed flower trusses or good flowers, and the treatment as a very hardy greenhouse plant would, as it is stated it did, cause the plants to rot oif at the neck. I observe at p. 12, Gardeners' Chronicle, in the three forms of the calyx, that they have five segments only; and the Botanical Magazine specimen had but five segments, whereas the first plant that flowered had, besides the variously jagged corolla, generally more than five teeth to the calyx ; and the effects of culture was to produce flowers in a verticillate manner on the stems. The subsequent effect of culture was to change the colour of the flowers, as well as greatly to improve their form ; but at first, and for many years afterwards, there was but little change, except to white. It was not until the very highly coloured form termed Chiswick Red was introduced, that a rapid improvement of this fine plant set ia. Messrs. Sutton, of Reading, and Messrs. Cannell, of Swanley, have both made great strides in the direction of raising distinct varieties. The pure white varieties are remarkably beautiful, but they are not more charming than the soft rose, pink, and pinky-blush varieties. Much has been learned in the way of superior cultivation also, for the improvement of the strains has not been more rapid than improved culture. Indeed, it would be but little use for dealers to improve their stock of seeds if gardeners were not awake to the importance of doing their best to cultivate the plants to a high state of excel- lence. Competition at the Chrysanthemum shows has done a good deal to promote special excel- lence in these plants. Many cultivators err on the side of too high feeding. This, of course, is an error in the case of any class of plants ; but more so in those with succulent leaves, like the Chinese Primula. Loam three parts, leaf- mould one part, and decayed manure one part, make a good potting compost, and some coarse white sand and a small portion of bone-meal may be added to it at the last shift. It ought to be observed that the young seed- ling plants are easily stunted or dwarfed in their growth by delay in repotting them, and when this happens, the plants seldom arrive at a high state of excellence ; but no good gardener need be warned of this, for it occurs in every class of plants. Let them be kept steadily growing from the first deve- lopment of the leaf, until they have grown to their full size, and all through the summer and autumn the plants ought to be in the open-air with the lights ready to be placed over them if the leaves are likely to be bruised and broken by autumn gales, or the compost in which the plants are growing may become hardened or saturated by heavy rains. The flower-pots should be well drained, and it is also very easy to err on the side of over- potting. Many persons have expressed their surprise at the large size of the plants compared to the size of their pots, exhibited at the meetings of the Royal Horti- cultural Society ; but the fact is, if larger pots were used, the leaf-growth would preponderate over that of the flowers. The plants in their comparatively imall pots are fed with prepared manure of a con- centrated character. The sportive character of these Primulas is still further shown by the numerous semi- double varieties, and which may be raised from seeds almost as freely as the single varieties. They are as variable in their colours as the purely single varie- ties. There is yet another section with the flowers so double that seeds are never produced from them, and the plants must be propagated by cuttings or division. Mr. Gilbert, gardener to the Marquis of Exeter, Burleigh, near Stamford, exhibited a set of these double Primulas in London some twelve or more years ago, which were greatly admired, and this exhibit was also the means of extending the culture of them very considerably. I have on a previous occasion fully explained the method of propagating these double varieties from cuttings, and growing them on to a flowering size, but any very choice variety of Primula may be propagated in the same way from cut- tings, as soon as they break into several crowns, each crown being taken off at a joint (when the wood has hardened a little, and the moisture has been reduced by keeping the plants dry at the roots), will, if planted singly in thumb-pots in fine sandy soil, soon form roots, and grow into as good plants as the seedlings of the year. The propagated plants are not BO likely to become overgrown as are the seedlings. Some remark is made at p. 12 of a mystery to be solved, and it is a mystery " Why some plants of the same genus are so much more variable than others ? " It may be that some have not received that amount of artificial culture as would change the form and colour of the flowers. The Primula Auricula has been much cultivated, and received more artificial treatment than any other, and the result is, that it is the most variable of all the Primula family. P. pubescens, the supposed parent of the alpine Auri- culas, is also very variable, but as it has not received anything like the same amount of atten- tion as the other, it has not altered so much from its original form. The ordinary Primrose of our meadows is very variable, and in time P. villosa would produce some curious forms. All that is required is for some one to watch the changes in seedlings, and take advantage of them. J. Douglas, CELERY CULTURE. Many journeyings about the country during the past season in the capacity of a judge at exhibi- tions have impressed on me the inferior quality of numerous examples of Celery that I have seen exhibited. Indeed, taken all in all, this particular vegetable was about the worst shown. 1 make ,bold to say, therefore, whilst all other culinary products grown in this country have shown a wonderful advance of late years. Celery has remained stationary, or below the average. Yet it would be imagined that the past season was one particularly favourable to the growth of Celery. On many occasions, when examining a score or two Celery exhibits, it was found impossible to select examples from merely the apparent external excel- lence of the heads ; and worse still, when the knife was applied, results did not improve, as the best- looking were either " hotted," or with leaves split, and somewhat decayed — to say nothing about the many worms that were present, which always caused dis- figurements, as do also the common slags. All these heads were far below the old Manchester standard of excellence, which brought the scale down at 8 lb. and even more. Celery is not a new vegetable, as grown, blanched, and consumed at present, although it came into use at a later date than some of the other ordinary inmates of the kitchen garden. It was only known in Gerarde's day — later, in fact — in Johnson's time, who edited the last edition of Gerarde's Herbal — as the ditch-plant — Smallage; a " strong-smelling " plant, the leaves of which were occasionally used iu " broth," but which were mainly accredited with medicinal properties. Though there is a dearth of data as to its original use in the blanched form, as at present, the singular fact is, that the best varieties or selections first known were named "Roman" and "Italian," pointing to the belief that the plant was so used on the Con- tinent earlier than in this country. Botanical dictionaries, nevertheless, consider it exclusively a British plant. If, however, it was so used in the above countries prior to its introduction as blanched Celery here, a margin of doubt must follow as to its home being limited to this country alone. Any way. it is common enough in the more stagnant water- ways of Sussex, &c., and is abundant on the coast of Thanet, which points to its hardiness in a marked degree. There should, therefore, be no great diffi- culty in upholding the old Manchester standard of excellence, if not, indeed, improving upon it. But, apart from the fact that it is most commonly found in the wild state in moist land, it will succeed in old disused chalk-pits, wherever time has been permitted to form foothold of rich surface soil. For instance, in such a position, now overgrown with trees, little more than a stone's-throw from the old Frinsbury Church, above Strood, in Kent, it clothes the ground iu great luxuriance, having successfully combated and overcome all other indigenous weeds. This, added to other experience, proves to me that calcareous soils are suited to its requirements. Now, as to its culture. Is there not a prevailing feeling amongst cultivators, explained in some such sentence as the following : " It is only Celery, it will live through the sumtner, somehow, and when autumn rains fall, and we get longer nights and much dew, it will make np for lost time." Be this as it may, I am convinced that, given proper attention to three or four points, which I will now refer to, it will yield better results. To grow good exhibition Celery there should be a depth of good surface soil (above the subsoil), of not less than 3 feet ; and where such depth does not exist, wide trenches to that depth should be made and filled with the proper materials. Furthermore, to succeed, even such a depth of good soil should be trenched during the previous winter. Some readers may smile at the thought of trenching for Celery, but I assure them, it is no new practice. Older growers, whose successful practices have brought their names into prominence in some of our oldest and best works, habitually trenched for Celery ! L»t u?, however, examine the subject. It ia thought highly proper to trench for Onions, is it not ? If, instead of trenching for the Onion crop, the same ground was trenched for Celery it would be in better trim for a succeeding Onion crop, and after the Onions autumn Cabbages, both of which like firm ground ; such firmness, in fact, as Onions fail to find on newly-trenched grounds of only a month or so ago. I am recommending no more work, but an im- proved preparation generations approved for rota- tion of crops. Whether the ground be trenched or not, different and better preparation of ground for Celery than that which ia too generally in vogue will have to be made, if excellence ia to be looked for. Judging its requirements from those which suit it iu a state of Nature, its roots delight in free, fine, loose soils, abounding in moisture ; and the best arti- ficial soil for it undoubtedly is, three parts decayed manure to one part good loam, which should be exceptionally well incorporated. Contrast this with the kind of treatment it too generally is subjected to, i.e., a trench is formed only so wide as to admit of the free use of the spade in its preparation, and often the bottom of the trench consists of an un- genial substratum of soil, some kind of strong manure, undecayed, is dug in, and on the top of this the Celery is planted often with a dibble, which jams their roots together in a small hole. That they live and commence to grow when the summer-heat is past goes without the saying ; but is such treatment desirable or proper? With such liberal treatment as I previously suggested in this article, there is no reason why the plant should not make vigorous progress throughout the summer-time. Minute seedlings grow most freely upon mounds of rich soil in spring and do not object to a high bottom-heat. The explanation is, the fine rich soil is suitable to the plant. Large sticks, large-hearted and solid, can only be formed by plants that make a large base at first in the spring or summer, and here is the alpha and omega of grand heads of Celery. To ensure this large base, no check to growth must be permitted, JlNTTABY 30, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. and transplant into the trenches in a well-prepared compost, like that I have indicated, a compost, in facb, equal in fineness and richness to that of the first nursing-bed, and, if possible, superior to it. As to the proper date for seed-sowing, those who wish to dig properly blanched sticks on September 1, and to ensure an unbroken succession, must sow as early as the month of February, and at intervals of three weeks. For the main crop, however, and later season exhibition purposes, such early sowings are not desirable. Seed for main crops is sown early in the month of March ; the seeds soon germinate, and the plants are permitted to become starved in the seed-boxes, for a long time before they are pricked out. By far the better plan is, to sow about April 1, and so soon as the seedlings are ht to "handle," prick them out, and grow them on fast by the kind of liberal treatment that I have sketched out. in proof of this, I may add, Mr. Lancaster, a grower for the Metropolitan markets of "Lancaster's Celery," not only sows broadcast in frames at this seasonable date, but pricks his seedling plants out upon beds of soil in low-roofed glass structures, frames, &c., thereby ensuring rapid progress. The trenches have been prepared long previously-so long, in fact, as to admit of his first crop of French Olive, and other Radishes, Early Lettuce, &c., being sown and grown upon the mounds between them. As regards his estimate of the summer needs of his Celery, he has adopted, at some expense, a perfect system for intermittent irrigation. Split-stalked Cdery is far too common, and is not only aa external disfigurement, but materially lessens the value of the crop, causing much waste and loss, an important consideration from the y man, I remarked; and he answered, "Noa I beaut, for they grew on sewage farm. Lincoln folk, won t eat um, but I knows them as well." William JLarly, Ilfori. 141 Foreign Correspondence. GARDENERS' EDUCATION. I HAVE been thinking a great deal about thi» matter, as well before as after Mr. Thiselton-Dyer's papers, and I have had some experience too. It is a very difficult problem, but, all in all, I quite agree with bis remarks, that " The cultivation of plants is an art which can only be acquired by practice, and therefore, it appears to me, it cannot be taught in the lecture-room. ... The mere reading of books and attendance on lectures will never make anyone even a moderately competent gardener." This is true, especially in the case in question ; and as Mr. Dyer recommends physics, chemistry, botany, &c., he cannot be blamed for neglecting theory. The difficulties lie in the questions— How is the gardener to get opportunities to study the sciences ? How much is wanted to be of any use ? and, Is it possible for a gardener to acquire, besides a good practical training, a thorough knowledge of all the desirable subjects, viz., botany, vegetable physiology, chemistry, physics, drawing, levelling, surveying, geology, languages, book-keeping, &c.:'' remembering that most gardeners must commence with merely an elementary knowledge of grammar, mathematics, and geography. First, as to his opportunities. I have by expe- rience (two years of which time I was in England), and by reading the Gardeners' Chronicle for many years, got the impression that it is more difficult to get such opportunities in England than in any other country; it may be a wrong impression, but it is one that is shared by many Englishmen. In most other countries you will find horticultural schools teaching all, or almost all. of the above sciences. Still, It IS admitted by everyone that English gardeners are, on the whole, the best in the world. I do not say it is because they have no theoretical school of horticulture; it is in spite of this fact, and because circumstances are more favourable for our art there than in any other country. As to intellectual capacity, I have no opinion; but there is in England a taste for horticulture, money to pay for it, a toler- able climate— still one that demands glass-houses— and good traditions; and in some or all of these respects, many other countries are behind her. It is high-class gardening and plenty of opportunities to learn this in practice, that makes the good English gardeners. What is wanted of science is readily got in a prepared digestible form from without— I mean from the innumerable pro- fessors, doctors, reverends who are in some way con- nected with horticulture, and of whom there are fewer in other countries, too. Of course, England has many scientific gardeners, and they are so much the better for the greater difficulties they have surmounted in acquiring scientific knowledge, which speaks much for their energy, which is not always the case where the acquirement of a subject is easy. But still I cannot help sympathising with those who demand horticultural schools, where a knowledge of the requisite subjects may be obtained. Horticulture advances, and in connection with so many branches of science, that it is absolutely necessary for the heads of all mercantile, public, and large private establishments to understand some, if not all, of these subjects, to such an extent that they are able to follow them in their development, make use of new discoveries, and on the whole apply science to practice. As instances of which, I willjust mention fungi and their destruction, artificial manures, and latterly electricity. But that brings us to the other questions — how much is wanted so as to be of any use ?— and which subjects should be included ? These questions are not easy to answer, too little of each may be worse than none, and a thorough insight into all, would demand too much time for the majority of gardeners. Only a start can be made at school, and afterwards each individual must choose the subjects he most needs, and follow th*m up after he gets a situation. As to subjects, I should not like to exclude any of the above-named, but would rather add some more, but the list is already a long one, and it will take years devoted to study to acquire so much knowledge in each of these as to be able to follow the advances which are made in any one of them and make use of them. This fact limits attendance, and as many of the pupils will be able beforehand to know which subjects they most require and which not, and as there generally are facilities in large towns for learning those that are required, the state, of things is, perhaps, not so bad after all. btiU, we foreigners, with all our State examinations, can hardly understand how you get on without an official test and a standard for State and public othcials, and the same in horticulture. The British Empire, with its colonies, is so large and so wealthy, that It stands in need of such a school, and is well able to support one. But there is great danger connected with such schools in more than one direction. The pupils may get a dislike for practical work, and then they will not be of much use as gardeners. When the exami- nations give, as they ought to do, access to public and good private places, then the school will attract a lot of— I hardly know what to call them— not really desirable or suitable young men, who have frequented good schools, but those who, from want of ability, or liking for the university, or the more exacting professions, will pass a theoretical exami- nation much easier in such a school than the gar- deners, but, at the same time, thev will be of much less value as gardeners. The cost of such a school ought not to be of any moment in England, whether the State, the various horticultural societies, or the gardeners themselves, should bear it, as much poorer countries than England and her gardeners are able to do it. The time that such a course of instruction will take, especially when combined with practical work, as it most likely would be, may seun to be of some importance, but I do not think that it is so in reality. It is a long time from 15 to 25 years of age— let the school take 5 years, and there is still time for travelling, both abroad and at home. Now, as to the possibility of acquiring a thorough knowledge of every one of the above subjects. I should say it is impossible even for a man who devotes all his time solely to them — how much more so for the gardener, who has the other half of his pro- fession, and not the least important— the practical one, to attend to! Now, of course, it depends on how much is demanded of each. It is possible to learn the elements of all, and extend some of them afterwards, and drop the others ; and many pupils, may even drop them all, and yet be good gardeners— the most practical, but they will not be representa- tive of the class. On the whole, rather too much is expected from them. I should like to meet the man who is a master in practical work, knowing every branch of the profession : forcing, Orchids, plant culture under glass, kitchen, fruit, and flower garden, landscape gardening, decoration of rooms and tables bouquets, &c., not to speak of ponies, cows, boats, and general usefulness. And still a man seeking a situation in a private place, isofcen obliged to under- stand all these things ; when can any man find time for the study of such exacting subjects as chemistry, physics, geology, and languages (if not sojourning abroad) ? Yet he may in the evening and other leisure hourstakeupafewofthe other subjects, as botany, plant physiology, drawing ; and above all, he must find time for reading the gardening papers. This is good recrea- tion and excellent mental exercise without attending many lectures. It will, together with thorough practical knowledge, tend to make as good a gar- dener as can be wished for. Give him more theory and he will lose in practice. But as said before, I understand that there must be a want of theoretical educated (still practical) men with a certain stan- dard knowledge, for these a school is almost a necessity ; they are the heads of large gardens, but they will be second to the others (the practical men) in smaller places. It may appear rather peculiar that a foreigner should be treating of this purely English subject, when he has plenty to do for himself. I am furnish- ing, I am afraid, an illustration to my assertion that too much theory is not an unmixed good. Strange, the Director of Kew does not believe in lectures to an equal extent as the practical gardener (p. 51 of the Gardeners' Chronicle, came in after the above was written) ; it proves how much the theoretical man values practice and the practical man theory — thus paying a compliment one to the other. I do not exactly know why County Councils ar9 142 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Jantjajst so, 1892. going to educate gardeners, but if my impression be the right one, it is the holders of small allotment gardens who are to be educated ; then I should say get them to work in a garden, and in that department of it of which they most desire a knowledge— say one day a week or a few hours morning and evening, for if they are wholly unacquainted with horticulture, lectures alone will not benefit them. A cheap and good weekly paper, treating of their needs, I should consider to be the best form of assistance. M. P, Andersen, Jonkoping. Forestry. TREES FOB MARSH AND MOUNTAIN. In a former paper I briefly glanced at the excep- tional merits of several species of deciduous trees that were capable of growing and reproducing them- eelvea on marsh and mountain ground ; but as the subject is by no means exhausted, I shall now briefly direct the planter's attention to a few ever- green species that I have found capable of growing both for ornament and profit in similar situations. The Attstrian Pine. The Black Austrian Pine, since its introduction into this country in 1835, hais proved to be thoroughly hardy, and capable of growing in a great variety of soils and situations, from the flat Irish peat-bog up to the highest point reached by arborescent vege- tation in this country. In the Highlands of Scotland I have planted it with perfect success on the top of limestone and granite rocks, where the soil was thin and the situation exposed to the wind from all quarters ; and in Ireland I have planted it exten- nively on recla'mcd peat-bog with equal success. It i I also well adapted for planting as an ornamental tree at suburban villas and elsewhere in the vicinity of large towns, where the air is contaminated by smoke. It makes a grand specimen tree on the lawn or in the park, and when allowed space to fully develop, it retains its side branches from the ground upwards, and is truly cone-shaped. In spring, when its prominent terminal buds begin to expand, they gradually get enveloped in a white cottony substance, which appear like knobs of burnished silver, which make a fine contrast with its glossy-green foliage, and in this respect it has no competitor among the Pine tribe of trees. When planting young trees of any considerable si'.e for standards, they should be staked, to keep them firm in the ground until the roots take to the 8)il and become established, and in doing so drive a stump firmly into the ground, leaving it about 20 inches above it. Place some soft material round the stem to prevent injury to the bark, and tie the stem firmly to the top of the stake. By this mode of staking, the tree can oscillate in a natural way by the wind, which is all important in promoting its bes'. form of development. Many young trees are ruined by tying them to a long stifT pole, and keeping them in an unnatural cramped position for a series of years after being planted ; and, besides, a long stiflf pole presents too much surface to the wind, and this explains the reason that we see so many trees, staked in this way, leaning to one side after a gale. This is one of the best Pines for planting in marine situations, where the soil consists principally of loose sand ; but when planting the trees in such places, I have found it an advantage to mix a little clay with the staple at the 8 lots where the trees are to be planted to increase ths weight and firmness of the soil, as well as to attract and retain moisture, all of which will prove beneficial in promoting the growth and healthy de- VHJnpment of the trees. As a timber tree, for thrift and utility, the Austrian Pine is by no means despic- able, when its culture is carried out under rational principles. When the tree is grown in isolated p isitiuns, the wood is generally of a coarse knotty texture ; but when grown in plantations, or blocks by ittelf, it should be giown at such a distance apart that the side b a'"ches gradually 1' se their vitality by confinement, and fall to the ground of their own accord. When grown in this way, the stems present fine clean shafts, free of knots or blemish of any kind, for a distance of about three-fourths the length of the stem, from the ground upwards ; and when the wood is cut up for use, it is found to be of a close firm texture, free of knots, and well saturated with resinous matter, which adds to its du-ability. Isolated trees, however, and such as are growing around the margins of plantations, should have their side branches cut off as soon as they lose their vitality, as from their exposure to the air they get carbonised and as hard as horn, and thus lay the foundation for a loose knot in the timber. PiNus Cembba. Many years ago when overhauling and renovating the natural forests and planting trees to shelter and ornament the Highland home of the Queen, I found the Swiss Stone-Pine (P. cembra) to be exceptionally well-suited for planting on poor thin soil, resting upon shingle and gravelly drift. This alpine tree is interesting in many ways, and seems to be able to anticipate the approach of a coming storm in a very accurate manner by gathering up its leaves around its stem, branches, and twigs to prevent as far as possible the accumulation of snow, and thus enable it the better to combat the onset and fury of the elements. But although the mountain air and hard inorganic soil is eminently suitable for the require- ments of this tree, it is by no means confined to such, as I have planttd it with success under very different conditions as regards soil and climate. The contour of the tree, when fully established, is strictly columnar, and when allowed space it is well furnished with side branches from the ground upwards, and makes a fine specimen tree for a small garden. Ama- teurs should employ this tree for the embellish- ment of their villas, planting it in thoroughly-drained ground that has been broken up with a pickaxe. It belongs to the tribe of Pines which contain five leaves in a sheath ; these are of a fine texture, and from 2 to 3 inches long, light-green in colour, and slightly tinged with a silvery hue. In Great Britain and Ireland its normal height is about 50 feet, and, although its wood is of a fine firm texture, yet it is of too slow a growth to be recommended to the notice of the planter as a profitable timber tree. It freely produces cones and fertile seed in this country, and these are of a pretty large size, and generally lie in the ground dormant the first year after being sown, and vegetate the following season, so that cultivators need not ba disappointed at the non- appearance the first year of the young'plants. There is a variety of this tree known as the Siberian Stone Pine (P. c. sibirica), but I have had both kinds sent me from the same nursery under the same name. This kind, however, resembles the species very much, but may be distinguished by its shorter and stifier foliage, while the habit of the tree is more upright, and not so spreading as that of the species. This variety is said to attain a height in its native country of nearly 100 feet. In this country it grows equally well under the same conditions as the species, and is interesting as a variety. The dwarf Cembra Pine (P. c. pygma3a) only attains the height of a few feet, and is highly suitable for amateurs to plant in their small gardens on the grass plot, where, with a little care and attention at the time of planting, it forms a very attractive little specimen. Its con- tour, when fully established, is that of a close little bush, well clothed with small branches and twigs. Like the species, it delights in a porous open soil, thoroughly drained and well broken up previous to plarting. It is also very suitable for planting on dry rocky places to show contrast and variety. J. B. Wchster. The Week's Work. THE ORCHID HOUSES. iiy H. A.BUEBERRT, Orchid Grower, Highbury, Birmingham. THE COOL-HOUSE. — Time permitting, examine all the occupants of this house, washing the pots and cleansing the plants. If the Odontoglossums are infested with thrips, sulphur will be found a good remedy if well puffed into the young growths. S.ugs may also be kept under by the same means, for they are often found in close proximity to the flower- spikes, which will now be coming up. CALANTHES. — The deciduous varieties, as Veitchii, luteo oculata, and rubra oculata, which may have passed out of flower, should be rested in a pit or house having a warmth of 50° to 60°, and in a light position. To succeed these varieties, C. Turnerii, C. Stevensii, C. Williamsii, and C. Reg- nierii should be grown, so that Calanthe blooms may be obtained for several months longer. THE MEXICAN-HOUSE.— In order to keep some species of Orchids, healthy, vigorous, and at the same time to flower them successfully, this sunny house is absolutely necessary. The best kind of structure is one provided with a span-roof, and which is heated so that the temperature may not fall below 60°, with ventilation aftorded in the winter. During the summer no shade whatever should be employed. Wooden stages are the best, using " slats," a few inches apart, and the ventilators should be sufficient in number on the roof to prevent the leaves of the plants frcm being scorched by the sun's rays. This house is suitable for Laelia autumnalis, L. albida, L. anceps, L. majalis, L. flava, L. cinnabarina, L. furfuracea, L, Goldiana, and L. harpophylla; many of the Epidendrums, in- cluding E. atropurpureum, E. Parkinsonianum, and E. nemorale ; also Thunias, and some species of Schomburgkias, Bletias, Pleiones, Brassavolas, and Cattleyas ; the whole of the Barkerias, not to men- tion many other species which need to have a long rest, as Catasetums, Chysis, Mormodes, and Dendro- biums. During the growing season we pay particular attention to the watering, dipping, and syringing of the plants, night and morning, and the ventilation calls for a considerable amount of opening and shut- ting of the ventilators in changeable weather, but when it is mild the house remains wide open, and partially so at night. I may remark that, although this house is a suitable place for plants which are robust and of good size, it is not adapted for weakly specimens. ORCHIDS IN FLOWER.— To keep the blooms fresh and in perfection for a long period, there should always be a show house set apart for them, and in which it is possible to arrange the Orchids with other plants in a pleasing manner, the floors being kept dry, and everything in nice order. Orchid-houses that are nearly always damp and wet under foot, with the flowering specimens placed widely apart, are not generally pleasant places to inspect. THE HAKDY FEUIT GAEDEN". U!/ G. WooD^\■ARD, Gardener, Barham Court, Alaidttone. PRUNING YOUNG PEACH AND NECTARINE TREES. — These trees may now have their smaller shoots cut back to a triple bud, making quite sure that the centre one is a wood bud. If the wood is well ripened, very little shortening of the main branches or leaders will be necessary, as I have found that by judicious and persistent disbudding and pinching, the shoots, from 2 to 3 feet in length, have been made to furnish young wood from the base upwards ; and by adopting this method, the wall-space is furnished with bearing wood much quicker than when the shoots are cut hard back every year. Young trees generally have a tendency to make very strong wood, and to obviate this, the leaders should be left at full length ; and if this has not the desired effect, root-pruning in the autumn will have to be resorted to. If the wood is immature (and I fear it is so in cold districts), it will be neces- sary to cut back much harder, so as to get those buds to break where they are required for furnishing the framework of branches. MAIDEN TREES. — I advise that these be shortened back very close, only leaving about three wood-buds at the base, which will have the effect of inducing the bottom buds to push strongly ; and it is im- portant, if well-balanced trees are required, that the lower branches should have a good start of the others. TRAINING.— I have tried various ways of training, but the system I myself have adopted, and which I can recommend, is that known as the fan-shape, without any centre leading shoot to rob the side January 30, 1893.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 143 branches of their strength, and eventually to become a fruitless bare stem. Generally, young trees from the nursery, have from four to six branches, and these should hi nailed or tied erjui-distant apart, the two lowest shoots to be tied or nailed almost horizontally. THE RASPBERRY.— The canes may now be cut back to about ;f (eet G inches in height, except in the case of very strong growers, which may be allowed a length of 5 feet. Newly-planted canes should be cut down to 6 inches from the soil, and this cutting down will encourage stronger suckers to break up from the roots. Various are the ways of training the canes. The one I have found to answer well, and which is largely adopted throughout this district, is simply to thin out the canes to 8 inches apart, head them back as above described, and do nothing further. Although this mode is not so neat as when the canes are tied to stakes or wire, it answers eijually as well. THE FLOWER GARDEN". By H. W. Ward, Girdsner, Lonjford Castle, Salisbury. TENDER BEDDING PLANTS.— Stock plants of Cjleus, Iresiue, and Alternanlhera should now be pushed into growth, destroying them afcer the first lot of cuttings has been taken, afterwards propagating from these the desired quantity of each. Dibble them into shallow boxes filled with light mould and having a surfacing of sand, and at 1 or 2 inches apart ; water with a fine rose, and place over the pipes in a Cucumber or Melon-house, or in any other structure where there is a growing tem- perature. Heliotrope, Ageratum, Lobelia, and Petunias may be propagated in the same manner ; or they may be struck in pots, and plunged to the rim in sawdust or leaf-mould near the glass in a hotbed, which should be kept close, and be covered with mats and Fern at night. PROPAGATING HOLLYHOCKS —This is effected by sowing seed, by division of established plants, and by cuttings. Fixed types or varieties are per- petuated by means of the two last-mentioned methods, and new kinds are produced by crossing the flowers of good promising varieties. The seed saved from the fertilised flowers should be sown out- of-doors in an open situation in June or July. Where a stock of plants has not been raised in tlie manner indicated, or by the potting-up of the desired number of rooted oft'jets early in the autumn, no time should be lost in sowing seeds saved of a good strain, in pans. Corer the seeds with fine sandy soil, watering carefully ; place the pans in a forcing- house or hotbed, and cover them with glass and moss to exclude air and light. When large enough, pot the seedlings ofl', and return to heat ; water, a'nd grow them on steadily until the end of May. when, transplant them, after being gradually hardened oft'. Cuttings about 3 inches long taken off close to the ground as soon as obtainable in spring, and inserted singly in 3 inch pots, filled with sandy soi', watered, and then plunged to the rims in a hotbed, and kept close, will soon become rooted, when they should be gradually hardened off, prior to trans- planting in the open. Soil of average fertility will suit the requirements of the Hollyhock, but, like most other plants of the kind, It will do better in a good loamy soil, inclining to be heavy rather than light, enriched with well- decomposed manure, incorporated with it in the prccfss of digging. FRUITS UBTDER GLASS. By J. RiniiRLL, Gxrd'.ti'.r, Castle Howard, York. PEACHES. — Before commencing to force Pe«ch trees, the condition of the border on which they are growing should be ascertained ; also if water is re- quired. Young trees in newly-made borders usually make rather strong growth for the first few years, and clear water need only be given to these. Older plants in feeble health, however, and growing on exhausted borders, will be much benefited by occasional appli- cations of fairly strong liquid-manure at this, and all other stages of their growth. In either case, use the water at a temperature of 60°. Syringe the trees on mornings and afternoons of bright davs, and main- tain a minimum temperature of 4.5° for the first week, raising it 2° every week "until 60° are reached, which will be about the time the trees are in floiver. A corresponding maximum temperature of 6° higher, with fire-heat ; and 15° to 20°, with the sun's infiu- ence, should also be maintained. Peaches started earlier and about to open their blooms, may now be fumigated on two successive nights, to kill any green- fly or thrip that may have obtained a footing on the foliage. The most efficacious and cheapest material I have yet found for this work is medicated tobacco- paper. Old and weakly trees can safely be relieved of a large number of their flower-buds before they open, which, to a certain extent, will prevent undue ex- haustion, and enable them to start into strong growth. A dryer atmosphere in the house during the time the flowers are open will be c inducive to a good set, and gently shaking the trellis on which they are trained several times daily will also be an aid to the same result. Peaches now set and swelling will require attention in disbudding. This oneration is best extended over a period of ten days, which averts any check the plants would be likely to suffer were all the buds intended to be removed rubbed ctF the tree at one time. In starting this work, select the strongest bud at the base of each shoot, and the side nearest the centre of the tree, to take the place next year of the branch destined to bear fruit this, and remove a third of those remaining equally over the shoots. Reduce another third of them in the course of five days, at the same time keep promising growths to fill bare space, and complete the work another five days later. At this stage, and until the fruit begins to ripen, the trees will be much benefited by being syringed in the morning, and when the house is shut up in the after- noon, and the borders and paths damped frequently in sunny weather. Maintain oj° to 60° in the house at night, and regulate the day temperature accord- ing to external conditions, admitting air when the thermometer rises 7° above the minimum figure, and increase the ventilation as the maximum of 75° or 80° is reached. THE KITCHEN" GARDEN. By G. WVTHES. Gardener, Syon House, Brentford. MUSHROOMS. — When a demand for Mush- rooms exists during the spring, the present is a good time to commence preparing the manure. Those who possess cellars or sheds, sometimes obtain a better crop than others who have costly houses, the latter often being overheated. The material for growing Mushrooms, too, may be used in a rougher state than is usually the case in private gardens. When underground houses or sheds are used, the beat from newly-made beds will keep the tempera- ture np sufficiently. In severe weather, place the new litter as brought from the stable on the floor of the house near the door, taking care to avoid sweating. When the beds require covering, dry material should be used, and excessive steam or moisture avoided. Watering the beds in such structures will seldom be required during the winter months ; but if heated, more moisture is necessary. I like the temperature of the house to be at 50° to 55°, the first-named in severe weather; and when spawning new beds, from 75° to 80° is none too high, if the heat is declining. When water is necessary, apply it in a tepid state, adding a handful of fish- manure to a large can of water, using the latter in moderation. TOMATOS. — A pinch of seed should be sown now to produce early plants for fruiting in advance of the general crop. Those who can spare house-room should get strong plants for early fruiting ; cuttings struck in the autumn usually fruit before seedlings. If seeds are sown in a light compost in pans or pots and placed in bottom-beat, they will soon come through the soil, and from that time till the end of May will require dailv attention. For the early fruiting I prefer Horsford's Prelude, as this, according to my experience, comes in ten days to a fortnight before others; Conference and Ham Green come next, while for later work Perfection, Conqueror, Hackwood Park and Trophy are excellent and reliable croppers. Those who like yellow kinds will find Greengage and Golden Queen good. All should be grown near the light to prevent drawing in their early stages. SALADS. — If severe weather has destroyed outsi le crops, a small sowinsr of Early Paris Market Lettuce or Veitch's Golden Queen should be made in pans or boxes. The last-named variety is unrivalled for forcing purposes, forming small firm hearts of a beautiful light green colour. It is also excellent for sowing in pans every three or four weeks for cutting in a young state. Mustard and Cress should be sown fortnightly in order to maintain a constant supply. Watercress sown in pans or boxes and pricked off, gives nice fresh supplies in a yonng state ; it can b3 readily grown in frames. Endive may be had in a small state as advised for the Lettuce. Dandelion and Chicory should be placed in a temperature of 55°, and kept dark to blanch. A warm bed of leaves and litter should be prepared for Kadishes, but if a separate frame cannot be afforded for this purpose, a row may be sowu between Potatos in frames, using an early variety of quick growth. PLANTS UNDER GLASS. By R. Mll,\ER, Gardener, Penrice Girdens, Sivansea. SHOW AND FANCY PELARGONIUMS.— These should now have their final shift, using pots according to the size of the plant. A compost of two parts rich loam, one of leaf-mould, and sufficient sharp sand to keep the soil porous, will be found suitable for them. The drainage must be made perfect, and the pots thoroughly clean. Make the soil quite firm, as this is conducive to a short-jointed growth. Some plants should be grown in small pots, as these will be found most useful for furnishing purposes. A low pit, where a temperature of 45° to 50° at night, with a rise of 5° to 10° by day can be main- tained, will suit them well, if given air on all favour- able occasions. Keep a sharp look-out for green- fly. ZONAL PELARGONIUMS —Sufficient cuttings of these should now be taken to form the stock of plants lor blooming next autumn and winter. The required number of small 60-sized pots should be well-drained, and filled to within three quarters of an inch of the top with a compost of two parts loam, one of leaf-soil and sharp sand, running the whole through a fine sieve. Select the best-ripened shoots as cuttings, as these are not so liable to damp off as those which are soft and sappy. Insert one cut- ting in each pot, afterwards plunging them in a gentle bottom-heat under hand-glasses, where they will quickly take root ; when rooted remove them to a pit or on a shelf in the greenhouse near the glass. GREENHOUSE. — Flowering - plants should be looked over separately once each week, removing any decayed leaves, blooms, &c., and all plants which are past their best. Admit air when the weather is at all favourable, and keep the pipes lukewarm so as to expel damp. Late plants of Cinerarias, Primulas, Cyclamens, &c., which are showing for bloom should be assisted with a little of Thomson's Manure, or some other well-tried ferti- liser. Let the night temperature be kept from 45° to 50°, with a rise of 5° to 10° by day. THE STOVE —Plants of Acalyphas which have lost their under foliage may now be cut well in. The ends of the shoots can be made into cuttings, inserting them singly in small GO-sized pots filled with a sandy compost of peat and loam, and placed in the propagating frames. Croton cuttings should now be put in. Old plants of Dracajna, which have got leggy, can also be cut down, and the stems cut into pieces and used as eyes. Place the latter in pots or pans in a sandy compost, and plunge them in a manure hot bed. 'The tops of the plants root separately in small pots. Also increase the stock of Isolepis gracilis by dividing the old plants. PLANT PORTRAITS. ^EscHYNANTHUs POLCHKE, Scvue de V HoTticulture Beige, January. Apple. Reinettb Pomolooce Haqe, Bulletin d' Arboriculture, 1891, p. 353. C.iisALPiNiA JAPONicA, Garden, December 26. — Hardy shrub. HvpEEicuM Bdckleii, Garden and Forest, Dec. 9. — A hardy shrub suitable for small rockeries or borders. Native of mountains of North Carolina. Randnx'Olus fascicdlabis, Meekan's Monthly, t. 1, 1892. ViBORNDst TOsiENTosnif, Garden and Forts', December 16. Vbiesia hvhrida (B. Babillkti X splkkdens), Gcfrtenflora, January, t. 1392. — A very handsome form, with purplish leaves and flat spikes of dull crimson, bracts edged with green. Vriesia hybrida Codiensis, Bevue de I'Horlicul- ture Beige, 1892.— A hybrid by pollen of V. Barilleti out of "V. psittacina. 144 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Januaet 30, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICE. Lbtters fob Publication.— <4ii communicationg intended for pitblicaTion, as well as specimens and plants for naminfj, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, WelUng- ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica- tions should be written on one side onlt OF the PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly signed by the writer. // desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. MONDAY, THURSDAY FEIDAY, SATURDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY, MEETINGS. /"Provisional Committee of the Lon- ^ -J don International Fruit Show, *^^- ^S atAnderton'sHotel, Fleet Street, (. at 2.30 P.M. Feb. o< Dundjg Horticultural Associ: t tion. Feb. 6.— Wakefield Paston Society. [ Dahlia", Tarn^tioiis. Paeonies, Lily of the Valley. &o., at Protherce ( & Morria' Rooms. Palm'', Greenhouse Ferns Roses, Bf^gon-as. &c., at Protherce & Morns' Rooms, Grand Importfllion of Liliums from Japan. 20U (00 Palms, Seeds, &c., at Stevens* Rooms. ( 8855 Lilium auratum, Tuberoses, Feb. 4.? Herbaceous Plants, &c., at Pro- ( theroe & Morris' Rooms. (Imported Orchids, from Messrs. Feb. 5< Linden, Brussels, at Protheroe & ( Morris' Rooms. ( Liliums, Palm Seeds, Border Plants, Feb. 6.| Rose and Fruit Trees, &c., at ( Stevens' Rooms. OOKRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 39°.2. It may be greatly open to doubt The Amateui s jj ^^^ class of per.son3 obtains so much unfeigned enjoyment from a comparatively small patch of land as the amateur gardener. Certaioly not the country magnate, with his well-trained head gardener and many assistants, and his " ranges " of plant and forcing- houses, and their supplementary pits and frames. The personal interest, ever present in the former, gets much attenuated, or lost altogether, to the possessor of so great an abundance of good things. The one enjoys the works and products of his own labours, or at the most, with the assistance of the " odd man," or boy, and at fitful times thegroom, if perchance, he have one ; the other's enjoyment is more vicarious, being dependent on the efforts of his staff of gardeners and garden workmen. In the small plot of the amateur, as in the large garden, spring comes laden with a great multitude of laborious cares, and which may not be neglected, if profitable or pleasurable returns are hoped for. Premising that the greatest number of amateurs in gardening may be found in and round the larger towns, it will be desirable if we advise them as to what the operations are that should be first under- taken in the garden. Let us take the glass struc- tures, greenhouses, cool Orchid houses, if any ; hardy fernery under a glass roof, pits and frames. Long ere the spring has come, the roofs of all these buildings will have become nearly opaque with that oily-coaly deposit the townsman knows too well, and which must be removed before the plants start into growth, if we would have strong, healthy shoots, and flowers of the highest colours. Hitherto, they have rested in growth, so far as outward and visible signs go, and therefore suf- fered but little, unless it be from fog. If the structures are small and low, syringe the glass heavily — not in front, but from above, or sidewards, so that the dirty water be not driven in upon the plants, and then with a hair- broom remove the sooty deposit, finishing with another syringing of clear water. Large or tall houses need a ladder and a roof platform to do the cleaning properly. Pit and frame lights are easily cleaned inside and out with clear water, a whitewash-brush and the syringe. Having admitted the fullest amount of light into the structures, the repotting of such plants that need it may be begun. If no potting-shed exists, make a potting table, about 4 feet long and 2 feet wide, fitted with a 6-inoh upright ledge on three sides, which may be placed on a side stage when in use, or on two tressels, fastened together in such a way that they do not become separated. As to soils for potting, these generally will have to be purchased from the dealers, and it is better if each be kept by itself, and the mixing done according to the needs of the plants when soil is wanted for use. Leaf mould, a rare commodity in the pure state, or, failing that useful ingredient, well-rotted stable manure, loam of a medium degree of heaviness, and which is top spit soil and not the unfertile subsoil, and fibrous peat, two years cut and stacked, and river sand or silver sand. The last-named ingredient is not at all necessary, its use being as well filled by the former, and even in propagation the former is equally good if it be very fine and clean ; or pounded brick will do as well for most of the plants the amateur requires to propagate. Soils, it may be said here, should not be kept in cellars or other underground places, the con- ditions prevailing favouring the growth in and on them of fungus of various species, which, when allowed to grow, tend to impoverish the soil ; but they should be kept in a sunny corner out-of-doors, and each by itself in the form of a neat heap, with a ridge-like top. Such heaps should not be allowed to get weedy, and in case they should become so, pare off the sides and bury the parings in the middle of the heap; or turn it all over, the sides into the middle. In winter, the snow and rain should be kept out of the soil by some kind of pent-house. In March and April Camellias should be examined, and if the drainage is not quite clear it should be renewed ; or, if the soil be sour, or the roots very much cramped for want of space, two conditions that usually are found together, repotting should be performed. Soil for Camellias should consist of rough loam, a little peat and leaf-mould or burnt- earth, and a sufficient quantity of sand to make the whole slightly porous, remembering that a very open soil or too much drainage materials are not good for this plant. Do not biu-y the old ball more than half an inch; make the soil very firm, and see that the old ball is quite moist before turning it out of the old pot. A few days after potting, water the plant moderately, and let it stand in a part of the house where there is little ventilation, or place it in a frame or pit, and give no ventilation for fourteen days. The same kind of attention will be required by the Orange, Myrtle, Pit- tosporum Tobira, P. undulatum, Abutilon, and tender Conifers, and the period named is a good one in which to repot these greenhouse plants. Fuchsias miy have their stems cut back if young, and the side shoots stubbed back, and watered slightly; and when they have begun to shoot, it is a good time to repot them in loam, leaf-mould, or manure, and a small portion of sand, using the soil in not too fine a condition. Let the drainage be good — not excessive, or the watering of the plants will become a great tax on the amateur's time. Some of the rarer and therefore more interesting species and hybrids, as Fuchsia Fominiana, F. serratifolia, F. corymbiflora, F. splendens, F. procumbens, a pretty species for a basket, should find a place in the amateur's collection. Ivy-leaf, zonal, and tricolor Pelargoniums may be shifted, shaking off much of the old soil ; also the scented-leaf Cape Pelargoniums and Rollison's Unique and Quercifolium— all old- fashioned plants, that look well, and are not what the gardener calls " miffy." The soil should be light, moderately rich, and sandy. When the Ferns in the greenhouse or warm- house begin to show signs of returning activity, no time must be lost, but the whole stock should undergo examination. If the soil be found to be inert, and closely packed, channelled by earth-worms, or the drainage spoiled by the infiltration of particles of mould, the plant should be repotted in loam and peat and leaf-mould, the more delicate in peat and leaf-mould chiefly, not sparing the silver-sand. Surfacing the pot with fresh soil after taking out about 2 inches deep of the old soil is usually sufficient, where the conditions of the ball are found to be healthy. A word here about "fertilisers" of all kinds. It is prudent not to employ any of these mixed with the potting soil, whatever the plant may be, but to afford these aids to growth in the form of top-dressings in a dry state in infinitesimal doses, or a weak solution in water. Let the amateur be wary of using them at all on his Ericas, Epacrises, Boronias, and the like plants with fine twiggy shoots, and fine roots. The sowing of flower seeds of various species of plants soon demands attention, after March is out — chiefly those that furnish the gay, if somewhat generally evanescent, flowering subjects of the mixed border, although some are of such long duration that they may be employed in beds on the lawn or the gravel parterre without there being ugly-looking patches of bare earth to be deplored in the brighter pirt of the season. The earliest of these sowings should not be made before the beginning of April, or the plants will get spoiled before they can be planted. We may allude to just a few : Phlox Drummondi,the various Asters, Dianthus diadematus, and others, very beautiful ; East Lothian, and Ten-weeks Stocks, these last two making lovely beds or masses ; Zinnias, tall and dwarf, and always effective; Petunias for filling baskets or training against a low fence. Sweet Peas for flowering early, and Nemophyla insignis, and others — beautitul sub- jects for edging a greenhouse shelf or stage. In sowing these fine seeds, rough siftings of soil should always half-fill the seed-pot, just a bit or two of crock at the bottom being then sufficient to assure an outlet for the water. The upper portion may consist of almost any kind of light materials, finely sifted. Always water the soil in the seed-pots and let them stand for two or three hours before sowing. Sow thinly, and barfely cover the seeds — such fine seeds as those of Lobelia and Petunia are better when not covered with soil. Put a piece of tile over each pot to keep the seeds dark, for they do not like the light, and to prevent the too quick drying- np of the soil, and place them on a warm shelf, or in the hot-house — it does not matter in what part — till they begin to grow, when a bit of glass tilted at one side may take the place of the bit of tile. In the hot-house, the general stock of flowering subjects may be repotted. This "will apply to Ardisia crenulata, ^ohmea, Coffea, Eranthe- mam, Eucharis if the pots be very light; Eu- phorbia jaoquiniEeflora, Gardenia, if old plants, Jandahy 30, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 145 out of bloom, or very young flowerless ones ; to Gloxinia, Hedjchium, Hoya, Libonia, Maokaya, Plumbago, Rivinia, Russellia, Torenia, and Thyrsaoanthus. As a general rule, no plant that is in bloom shonld be repotted till some few weeks after it has passed out of bloom. Aohimenes are very nice plants for baskets and pans, and some tubers may be started in pans of sandy peat in February, March, and April. When the tubers, which should be laid on their sides, and covered with fine sandy leaf-mould and peat to the depth of \ of an inch, have grown 2 inches, the point of each should be pinched out ; and when they begin to break again, transplanted ■'} or 4 inches apart, into baskets or pans of light, rich, sandy compost. Baskets will not want drain- age. Ijut pots and pnns will want a gooddeil of it, which has been secured from the Metropolitan Dis- trict Railway Company for this purpose, will be opened on May 14. It will display the state of pro- gress of horticultural science, taste, resources, imple- ments, and plant culture, at the present date ; and, in addition, the various departments and exhibits will serve as models, not only for the possessors and managers of estates, but for each and every one who loves a garden. An abounding profusion of plants and flowers from all parts of the world will display their beauties of form and colour, groaped for effect in a garden charmingly laid out, both under cover and in the open, in one of the few available spaces in London. There will also be music of the highest class, the buildings and grounds will be brilliantly lighted by electricity, and everything will be done to ensure that this Exhibition — which appeals so much to the great English love of gardening — shall be a f' rent climatic conditions, and also the careful methodic treatment adopted abroad. Flower and fruit shows will be held periodically. There will be flower fetes, besides special exhibits of American plants. Orchids, the old-fashioned herbaceous plants, &c. Lectures and demonstrations in practical gar- dening will be given regularly, and competitions in garden design and in gardening operations will be held, and prizes offered. Pictures representing all phases of the art of gardening, as well as photographs of particular trees and scenes, will be exhibited; and a reference library is being collected. There will be exhibits of new and rare and of special collections of plants; seeds, conservatories, greenhouses; methods of heating, ventilatiug, glazing, and general construction ; garden requisites, tools, and all labour-saving machinery ; statuary, vases, edgings, rockwork, and ferneries ; fountains, seats, tents, and FlO. 25. TUE TEBBACE WALK AT ALBPBV. (sEK P. 147.) Most of the above-named hothouse plants like peat — say, one-half of the whole compost; the rest may consist of loam finely sifted if the plant be small — otherwise it may be broken up by the hand, and leaf-mould and sharp sand. The potting should be firm, and the house must not be much ventilated for a month after the general repotting is done, that is, if many of the inmates have been disturbed. In the case of a few, these may be stood in a part of the house by themselves, away from currents of air. Water sparingly at first, but thoroughly when water is needed, and syringe the plants night and morning, more heavily at night. We may allude shortly to the outdoor department of an amateur's garden. INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 1892. — The great International Horticultural Exhi- bilioD, to be held this year at Earl's Court, London, stupendous success. Here will be found examples of the gardens of all ages, including restorations of the ancient gardens of Egypt, Greece, and Rome ; copies of those in China and Japan ; and types of the Baronial, Italian, Tudor, Jacobean, Georgian, and Victorian eras. A large subtropical garden will also form a feature of the attractions offered. The tea- gardens of India and Ceylon will be represented, illustrating the growth of the Tea-plant, and the manner of drying and manipulating the leaves. A model cottage garden aud allotment-ground will be shown, demonstrating practically what can be done in a limited area. This exhi- bition will be not only representative of all that is being done in the United Kingdom to promote horticulture, but, in addition, arrangements have been made whereby foreign countries, especially Belgium, France, Italy, and Germany, will co- operate to show the progress in their respective lands. This will be interesting, not only on account of the display of the beautiful objects sent over, but as demonstrating the manner of overcoming dif- summerhouses ; fencing, draining niirthods, decora- tions, and all objects and appliances that tend to enhance the beauty of a garden, or are necessary to its working. Medals, both Gold and Silver, and Certificates, will be awarded by the most capable judges, in addition to considerable money prizes ; and the entire net profits will be devoted to such gardening institutions as the Executive Committee may select. Henry Ernest Milner, F.L S., Assoc. M.Inst C E., Chairman of the Executive Committee; G. A. LovEDAY, B A , Hon. S-'C, Temporary Offices, 11, Grocers' Hall Court, Poultry, EC. Begonia octopetalo - Lemoinea Fleur D'AutOMNE. — The old Begonia octopetalo - Le- moinea I'Heritier, from Peru, has been crossed by MM. Lemoine & FiLS, Nancy, with the pollen of various tuberous Begonias, and a new type of Be- gonia has been developed. The plant is vigorous and very floriferous. The root-stock is rather long and irregular, the middle portion partly re- sembling the black roots of B. octopetala and 146 THE GABDENEBS' GHBONIGLE. [Jahuary 30, 1892. Class ua l-.'2 124 125 the nearly globular tubers of Begonia tuberosa. The stems are herbaceous, short, and luxuriant. L->a7es apparently caulescent, leaf-stalk cylindrical, and furnished with strong hairs. Leaf large, almost regular in shape, long, heart-shaped, wavy, with small indentations at the edge, and of a pretty silky-green appearance. Flower-stalks numerous, stiBF, anl strong, U to 2 feet high, each fur- nished with five to seven large rose-coloured fl jwers, 7 to 9 centimetres broad. It flowers in the aitumn. Another variety, La Lorraine, has scarlet fljwers and yellow anthers. Professor Rudolf Stoll, of the School of Viticulture and Pomology at Klosterneuburg, Vienna, succeeds his father, who has been super- annuated after many years service, as Director of the Pomological Institute of Proskau. Kent CouNxr Chrysanthemum Society. — The next show of the above Society will be held on Tuesday and Wednesday, November 1 and 2. West African Plants.— From Dr. Engleb, the Director of the Berlin Botanic Garden, Kew has re:eived a parcel of novelties, chiefly from the collections made by German travellers in tropical A'rica. Kew Bulletin, Chicago Exhibition.— The following is the te ;t of the classification for Department B, ' Viticulture, Horticulture, Floriculture": — Group 20. — Viticultobe. The Vine and its varieties — shown by living examples, by cuttings, by engrav- ings, photographs, &c. 120. — Methods of planting, staking, and train- ing the Vine. 121. — Vineyards and their management. Grapes for the table. — Grapes for wine-making. — Grapes for drying — Raisin culture. — Methods of and appliances for cultivat- ing, harvesting, curing, packing, and shippiner Grapes ; wine cooperage. „ 126 to 129.— Wines of different kinds. „ 130. — Methods of expressing the juice of the Grape ; of fermenting, storing, racking, bottling, and packing. „ 131. — Brandy of all kinds ; methods and appa- ratus for the production of brandy. „ 132. — Literature, history, and statistics of viticulture. GrOOP 21. — HORTICDLTUBE. Class 133. — Garden vegetables and their cultivation. „ 134. — Market and truck gardening. ,, 135. — Esculent vegetables. ,, 136. — Garden tools and other accessories of gardening. Group 22. — Flohicultube, Class 137. — Hardy perennials, flowering shrubs, &c., other than Koses, Rhododendrons, &c. „ 138. — Roses of all varieties. „ 139. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and wild flowers. „ 140. — Orchids and orchid-houses. ,1 141.— Ornamental leaf plants. 11 142.— Bedding plants and annual flowering plants, ornamental bulbs, &c. „ 143. — Flower and seed trade — methods of test- ing vitality of seeds. „ 144. — Cactaceoe. „ 145. — Aquatic plants and their culture. Nym- phtea, &c. „ 146. — Cut flowers and florists' work. 1. 147. — Floral designs, &c. Bouquets, preserved flowers, leaves, sea-weeds. Illustra- tions of plants and flowers. Materials for floral designs. Bouquet materials, bouquet holders, bouquet papers, table decorations. 148. — Receptacles for plants. Flower-pots, plant-boxes, tubs. Fern-cases, jardi- nieres, &c. Wiodow gardening. Plant and flower-stands, ornate designs in iron, wood, and wire. Group 23. — Arboriculture. Class 149. — Ornamental trees and shrubs — methods of growing, transplanting, &c. „ 150.— Fruit trees and methods of rearing, grafting, transplanting, pruning, &c.; means of combating insects and other enemies. „ 151. — Nurseries and the nursery trade. Group 24. — Pomology. Class 152. — Fruits of temperate and sub-tropical regions, as Apples, Pears, Qiinces, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Plums, Grapes, Cherries, and ilelons ; cold storage, and other methods of keeping, packing, and shipping. (For Grapes, see Group 20.) „ 153. — Citrus fruits — Oranges, Lemons, &c. „ 154. — Bananas, Pine-apples, and other tropical fruits, except Citrus fruits. „ 155. — Small fruits— berries, &c. „ 156. — Casts and models of fruits. Group 25. — Preserved Fruits and Vegetables. Classes 157 to 165. Group 26. — Appliances and Methods or Horti- culture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, &c. Class 166. — Hothouses, conservatories— methods of construction, management, and opera- tion. 167. — Heating apparatus for hothouses and conservatories. 168. — Hotbeds, forcing and propagating houses and appliances. 169. — Seats, chairs, and adjuncts of the garden and conservatory. 170. — Ornamental wirework, trellises, fences, borders, labels for plants and trees, &c. 171.— Garden and nursery administration and management. Horticulture, floricul- ture, and arboriculture as arts of design and decoration. Laying out gardens — designs for the laying out of gardens and the improvement of private resi- dences ; designs for commercial gar- dens, nurseries, graperies ; designs for the parterre. Treatment of water for ornamental purposes — Cascades, foun- tains, reservoirs, lakes. Formation and after-treatment of lawns. Garden construction, building, &c. — Rock- work, grottoes ; rustic constructions and adornments for private garvlens and I ublic grounds. Planting, ferti- lizing, cultivating, and appliances. Mexican Plants.— From the Botanical Divi- sion of the LTnited States Agricultural Department, AVashington, there has been received a very fine set of Mexican plants, collected by Dr. Edward Paljier, and described and published by various American botanists. The Mexican flora seems indeed almost inexhaustible, every fresh collection abounding in new species. Kew Bulletin. Plants of Western China.— In connection with the botanical collections made by Mr. Antwerp E. Pratt, in Western China and Eastern Thibet, at elevations of 9000 to 13,500 ft., the Principal Assis- tant in the Herbarium, Mr. W. B. Hemslev, F.R.S,, has visited Paris, in order to study the novelties col- lected by Prince Henrv of Orleans, and published by Professor Bureau and Mr. Franchet. A consider- able number of Mr. Pratt's plants proved to be the same, yet the number of different species was even larger. These will be published as soon as possible. Kew Bulletin. Butter Nuts.— A large supply of the "butter nut "of British Guiana (Caryocar nuciferum) was re- ceived from Mr. G. S. .Ienman, F.L.S., Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens, Georgetown, Demerara. The tree yielding these nuts is a very valuable timber tree as well as a fruit-yielding tree, and its successful introduction to the tropical parts of the Otd World has been a matter of solicitude on the part of Kew for some years. An attempt made in 1888 appa- rently failed. The present supply of nuts has been distributed to the botanical establishments at Cpl- catta, Madras, Queensland, Lagos, Ceylon, Mau- ritius, Singapore, Natal ; while some v/ere sown at Kew. Kew Bulletin. Linnean' Society. — At the evening meeting, intended to be held on February 4, at 8 p.m., the following papers will be read : — 1, " A Monograph of the Dianthus," by F. N. Williams, F.L.S, ; 2, " On the Sponge Remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata, near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand," by G. Jennings HiNDE, Ph.D., and W. Muhton Holmes. Agaves. — The Keeper of the Herbarium, Mr. Baker, has lately proceeded to the Riviera to examine the fine collections of Yucca, Aloe, Agave, Dasylirion, &o., growing in the gardens of Mr. Thomas Hanburt, F.L.S., at La Mortola, near Men- tone, and others. Mr. Baker has long made a special study of this class of plants, and his visit has proved very instructive. A detailed report of the results will appear in a future number of the Kew Bulletin. Vanilla. — The collection of Vanilla pods in the Museum of Economic Botany (No. ii.) has recently been revised and augmented by a series illustrating the principal kinds now known in English trade, in- cluding the following sorts; — Madagascar, Bourbon Reunion, Mauritius, Seychelles, Bahia, Mexico, Java, and " vanillous " (the less valuable sorts of Vanilla). Kew Bulletin. Yucca filifera. — A very fine, and probably a unique, plant of Yucca filifera was presented to the Royal Gardens by Mons. de Falbe, Villa Valetta Cannes, and placed in the temperate house. This specimen is 25 feet high, and about 3 feet in diameter at the base. It is a magnificent plant in size and character, and although it has lost its terminal crown of leaves, owing to injury during transit, it is hoped that it will eventually recover. The species is figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 7197, from a specimen received at Kew in 1888. AVhen it arrived, it was apparently dead, and the trunk was placed in the Museum of Economic Botany (No. iii.). After re- maining there for two years in a dormant condition, it put out rudimentary leaves, and it ultimately flowered. The plant was then removed to the temperate-house, where its inflorescence was fully developed in September, 1890. Kew Bulletin. The Reigate and District Chrysanthe- mum Society. — "It may be of interest to some of the readers of these pages," says Mr. H. Bailey, The Briars, Reigate, " to be made acquainted with the good work done by the above during the past year. It was thought by the committee that it would be enhancing the interests of the Society if we kept our charity near home, and after several suggestions, it was ultimately decided to give 30 guineas to the Royal St. Ann's Schools, Red Hill, an Institution for fatherless children, and one that is much in need of help. AVe were of the opinion that by making this departure for one year only, we should enlist the sympathies of those who had hitherto refrained from. helping us. I think I may safely venture to say that our efforts were crowned with success, for we not only handed over the above sum to the executive of St. Ann's Schools, but were enabled also to give 10 guineas to the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, and £10 to the Gar- deners' Orphan Fund ; thus making the total given to the three Institutions during the three years the Society has been established, of £196 10s., as fol- lows:—1889: Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Insti- tution, £52 10s. ; Gardeners' Orphan Fund, £50- 1890 : Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, £42. 1891 : St. Ann's Schools, £31 10s. ; Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, £10 10s. ; Gardeners' Orphan Fund, £10. The foregoing figures speak for themselves, and are, I think, a guarantee of the success attained.' It 'maylie here "mentioned that, at the annual dinner of the Society on December 10, at the Public Hall, Reigate, upwards of sixty guests were present. " Januaey 30, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 147 SlAM. — The Journal of the Society of Arts for the 23Qd inst. contains an interesting narrative of the travels of Mr. Sadow in the Laos States in the Northern and Eastern parts of Siam. There is in- cidental mention made of Orchids, but, unfortunately, Mr. Sadow does not specify the kinds. "There are," he says, " about 150 species found in the Chiengmai woods, and the women are very fond of wearing them as ornaments for their hair; the same practice is common in Burmab. Many of the better-known species have their distinctive native names. There is one which is brought every year from Jlu'ang Yoom by the Lawas, who inhabit the mountains, and presented to the Chief as tribute. It has an insignificant greenish-white flower, but is much esteemed for its fine odour, which the chief asserted could be recognised in the city while the tribute-bearers were several miles off. . . . One morning we received a summons to the Chief's house, to be present at the presentation of the tribute Orchids already mentioned. The ceremony took place in the audience-hall. We all sat on chairs, ranged in a semicircle, the Chief wearing his every-day dress. The Lawas from Mu'ang Yoom were introduced by an old Lio, who has served under seven successive chiefs of Cliiengmai. They brought with them a tazza full of Amaranths, which this old man banded to the Chief, repeating first a long exorcism, during which the Chief held up his hands as if in prayer. Next a long joint of Bamboo, full of arrow poison, and a few skeins of cotton yarn were offered to him. Then a small stone mortar, full of powdered ginger, was handed to the Chief, who put some in his mouth, chewed it, and spat it out, to symbolise the fertilisation of the ground for the reception of the rice seed. The Orchids were there, stuck into two sections of a tree, bat apparently no reference was made to them. . . . The Chief stuck an Orchid tlirough the hole in his left ear-lobe, and gave us each a sprig to do likewise, but not being provided with those useful apertures, we had to put them behind our ears, whicli is, after all, quite as elegant as the native manner of wearing a flower." The principal sources of industry are the Teak forests, of the working of which an interesting account is given. We trust Mr. Sadow may find means of giving us further particulars as to the names of the Orchids he mentions as having been the objects of his search. British Fruit-growers' Association. — The annual general meeting of this Association was held in the Horticultural Club, Hotel Windsor, Vic- toria Street, S.W., on Thursday, January 21, under the presidency of Dr. Masters. Owing to the pre- vailing epidemic, however, there were but few mem- bers present. The committee's report and financial statement for the past year were adopted, and the Chairman moved that they be printed and circulated. Notwithstanding the low rate of subscription, and heavy expenditure, the financial statement shows a balance of £2 7s. ■^d. It was announced that arrangements were being made to hold three pro- vincial conferences, and one in the metropolis, during the ensuing year, but the exact places and dates could not be determined, as applications had been received from several important societies. At the conclusion of the business of the annual meeting on Thursday, January 21, Mr. Lewis Castle was presented with a gold watch and chain, in slight acknowledgment of the valuable services rendered by him as honorary secretary of the above association, Aberdeen.— The Links and Parks Committee of the Aberdeen Town Council had before them on Tuesday, the 2Gth inst., a letter from Mr. Lewis EssoN, offering to hand over a valuable collection of botanical specimens, at present on view at the Aberdeen Trades Council Exhibition. Mr. EssoN stated that the collection is worth £100, but that he vould give it to the committee for £60. It was remitted to two members of committee, and the head gardeners of the City parks, to examine the collection, and, if necessary, employ an expert, the feeling being that such exhibits were wanted for the Duthie Public Park Museum. ALBURY. Not far from the pleasant town of Dorking, within easy distance of the swelling downs that intervene between that town and Guildford, lies Albury, the Surrey seat of the Duke of Northum- berland. Fine trees, rich woods, green pastures, and clear rivulets lend their charm ; an old church, no longer in use, abuts on the pleasure ground. A cavern in the sandstone rock served as a bath-room for the monks of old, and a subterranean passage, leading no one knows exactly where, arouses the interest of the visitor. The trees form the great feature of the place. Among them are fine ex- amples of Planera llichardi, Tulip trees, American Oaks, Liquidambar, Sweet Chestnut, and others. One of the Chestnuts we measured girthed over 21 feet at 5 feet from the ground. A remarkably fine specimen of the American Lime is to be seen on the lawn. Its dome-shaped form is so symmetrical that some visitors are said to have remarked that it must be a very difficult matter to clip so large a tree ! The leaves are broad, rather thick, deep green above, and covered with whitish- grey down on the under-surface. It is superior to the common Lime for planting near towns. Conifers are well represented, the woods being full of fine Douglas Firs, among them several of marked weeping habit, interesting and desirable for variety's sake, but not to be compared for massive grandeur to the ordinary form of Abies Lowiana (lasiocarpa of gardens), there are several very fine specimens, as also of A. Nordmanniana and A. nobilis and Pinus pungens. A Deodar, laid low by the wind, has rooted at one end, and has thrown up a fine stem from the prostrate trunk. The Corsican Pine is represented by some finely-grown specimens, as well as the more recently-introduced Welliog- tonia. Many of these trees have now nearly or quite reached timber size, whilst of those which may be expected to do so mention may be made of Thuyopsis dolabrata, Cupressus Lawsoniana, which, however, is open to the objection that it is too bushy in habit. This difficulty might be got over by selecting appropriate varieties, and by judicious management in the young state. But of all the comparatively recently-introduced Conifers, Mr. Leach, who has charge of the gardens, thinks most highly of Lobb's Thuya, Thuja gigantea (or, as it is usually called in gardens, T. Lobbi). Thuva gigantea. "This Conifer," says Mr. Leach, "will ere long become one of our finest timber trees, and a noble tree as a lasting tribute to one of our greatest travellers namely, William Lobb. For my part, I consider a finer tree could not have been chosen to perpetuate the name of one who has done so much in giving us BO many grand trees. I am well aware that many practical men have had their eyes open to the value of this tree, particularly as regards its beauty as an ornamental tree ; but the credit is due to those who, some thirty years ago, planted this and other Conifer trees, that we are now able to give a sound verdict as to their economic values. Planters in general have been a very long time in making use of this valuable tree as a timber producer. If I had a thousand acres to plant with trees that would give the most remunerative returns in a given time, the above would be my mainstay. "As regards soil and situation, it will grow any- where. We have had it here growing in pure sand and in various situations, and in other kinds of soil ; many trees being 70 to 80 feet and more in height, or on an average of 76 feet high. " In regard to its timber, it is fine-grained, and for building purposes I am fully persuaded it will be found good in every way, being of better quality than the Scotch Fir. Where the Larch is often crippled with disease, and in many places refuses to grow at all, the above tree, given a little more room, would grow and thrive, and in a few years give a good return. After many years' close inspection, I have never seen any harm done to this fine tree by insect pests. There may be places and situations where this Thuya will not grow, but I have not seen such places yet, and I have grown it in stiff clay down to pure sand. "Another point in its favour is, that wind seems to have but little effect upon this tree, unlike many other fine subjects — such, for instance, as Cupressus Lawsoniana. The above does not, as a rule, branch out into two or three stems, but has one leader and light foliage. I would invite others who have a knowledge of this tree as growing to a large size, to state their opinions, feeling sure that many who only regard it as a tree for ornamental planting will be glad to hear of its great value as a timber producer." From what we have seen, not only at Albury, but also at other places in the South, we can fully endorse Mr. Leach's opinion of the value of this tree. How it succeeds in the North we do not so fully know. That Maize can be grown as a profitable crop in Surrey is a proposition that will be received with a good deal of hesitation ; nevertheless, having had the opportunity of seeing what Mr. Leach does in the by no means exceptionally favoured climate of Albury, we can but say that he succeeds in producing tine well-filled cobs, which would be serviceable for poultry feeding and other purposes. What the cost of production may be we do not know. Our illustrations, on pp. 137 and 14."), show views from either end respectively of a long terrace-walk, bounded on the one side by lofty trees and by a high wall, on the other by a shrubbery border, which serves to hide out the kitchen garden. The terrace itself forms a broad grass walk of considerable length, having the gardener's house at one end, and the vineries at the other. With Alnwick and Sjon to fall back upon, there is no need for any large con- servatory or for any very extensive forcing establish- ment at Albury ; but what there is, is thoroughly well done. Home Correspondence. education of gardeners.— -This discussion to an onlooker seems rather degrading to the gar- dening fraternity. Head gardeners have always seemed to me to be every bit as efficient members of the community as any other body of men. To say that they have not advanced with the times is non- sense. One has only to consider how Orchid-growing, the culture of hardy fruit under glass, and the use of artificial manures have been successfully taken up by gardeners who were brought up in gardens wheie quite different traditions reigned, to know how absurd such a supposition is. In this respect, they contrast very well with agriculturists, the majority of whom seem to keep on in the same groove as their forefathers. If the present head gardeners are capable horticulturists, keeping pace with every new development, and calling in aid from other sciences, why should we doubt that young men will be wanting to till their places. Such has never been the case hitherto in any profession. The young men who are learning to be gardeners now, will do well to learn as did those in the past, that is, by prac- tical experience in a good garden, and, if possible, a jear or two in a botanical garden. Merely listening to lectures does not add much to any one's store of information. The remembrance of them is like the remembrance of a sermon. The way to become proficient in an art, so as to make it of use, is to grapple with it in spare time, finding out things for oneself. The gardeners of old were taught by experience their cralt ; and, depend upon it, it will be the only way in the future. As the standard of requirements gets higher, so will the subordinates in a garden have to acquire wider knowledge. The demand always regulates the supply. Those County Council lecturers, who flatter themselves they further the cause of scientific horti- culture in the villages, always remind me of a rustic who said, " Why arn't the cove made his own fortune , if it is such a good thing? " J'agahoncf'. ■ Having read with much interest the corrr- spondence in your columns en this subject, 1 ♦ > 148 THE GABDENER8' CHRONICLE. [Januaet 30, 1892. should like to make a few observations. In the first place, it is well-knowa that the best men are not always in the best places, and never will be until gentlemen are more particular iu the selection of their gardeners, and securing them from proper quarters. It may be asked what I consider proper quarters. Well, in my opinion, if gentlemen were to apply to our large nursery firms for men they would be better suited, for the simple reason that a nurseryman generally has means of knowing the capacity of the men on their registers or in their nursery, and in their own interests would hesitate to send men of inferior attainments and wanting in experience to good places. They are acquainted with most of the gardens in the country, or, if not, they can obtain the desired information from their travellers and correspondents, and are enabled to judge whether a situation that may happen to be vacant requires to properly fill it a man skilled in fruit- culture, orchid-growing, or any other of the various branches of horticulture. When a gentle- man engages a man through an advertisement, he may possibly get one who is quite unsuited for his place, although furnished with good testimonials. As regards education, I should be the last to discourage it in any form, but when we take into consideration the wages that a gardener usually receives, it hardly seems worth the trouble to qualify him in botany, Latin, &c., especially when we know that only about 10 per cent, can succeed. I should say, at a rough guess, that 60 per cent, of the places are single-handed or where two are kept ; 30 per cent, where three to eight men are employed ; and perhaps abnut 10 per cent, where eight to forty are engaged. Now in 60 per cent, of the places, the wages average from 18s. to 22s. per week, with or without house ; for these places, where all kinds of rough work have to be done, do we re- quire educated men ? I am afraid their knowledge would make them dissatisfied with the little scope allotted to them in which to display their abilities ; they would ever feel they were fitted for better things. Is it to be supposed, on the other hand, that the wages given in 30 per cent, of the places, which possibly may average from 22s. to 30s. per week, form a sufficient inducement for young men to study ? To obtain one of these places, a man must be twenty- seven to thirty years old ; he must be married. If his wife can do laundry or dairy work, he stands a much better chance. Perhaps at the age of thirty-five we find him out of place, with a family of three or four children ; let him then seek a situation, and he will find if his university education will procure him one, for the gentlemen do not like " encumbrances." He then has to do jobbing gardening to obtain a living. I believe this is the fate of many of our gardeners. Would it not be better to encourage our young men to go abroad to countries that are not so densely populated as ours, and where the competition is not 80 keen, to carve fortunes for themselves, than to bring them up to a profession in which 10 per cent, succeed, 30 per cent, obtain mediocre places, and 50 per cent, have to go to the wall. W. E. G. I read with interest " ShoDman's " letter 01 the above subject. It is true, the wages offered young men in nurseries are barely enough to live upon, and if you want to lay by a few shillings for a rainy day, you have to live in a state of semi-starvation to do so. And yet we find the labour market glutted, not with com- petent men, but with men whose knowledge of the trade is nothing ; and foreigners, who, when they 'and on our shores, perhaps never worked in a nursery before. I have often known men put in P'lsitions they were no more capable of holding than a shoe-black. Employers say, it is a difficult matter to find a good practical man who knows the business ; and such is likely to be the case so long as there is so much inducement given to inexoerienced men and foreigners who are willing to work for the small wages offered in the nurseries. The only remedy that I can suggest is, that masters should employ only those who can produce a certifi- cate showing that they have served a term of appren- ticeship ; and then we may get a class of men who are worthy of the name gardener, and can do some- fiing to raise the trade from the degraded and underpaid state it is in at the present day. P. Lavii. TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN THE COUNTIES.— The lectures given at the present time in various parts of the country by the county councils are intended in the main for the benefit of the working men. cottagers, and holders of small areas of land, market-gardeners, and, indeed, for any who care to avail themselves of the opportunity of attending them, but for the benefit of the first three more especially. It is open also to young gardeners to attend these lectures, but what is the result of the attendance? From my own experience the results are far from being satisfactory as regards the attendance. In a purely rural locality during a course of six lectures given during one week, the average attendance did not exceed twenty-five, perhaps this may to some extent be accounted for by the severe weather and the prevalence of the infiuenza epidemic in the neighbourhood. I find also that the class which is the most interested in the lectures, con- sisted of persons who are amateurs in the strict sense of the word, at least, such as I take it to mean, namely, those who cultivate a garden merely for the love of the work, and for the sole object of obtaining a good home supply of fruit and vegetables, without any thought of sale, and who do the whole of the work, or the greater part of it, without any paid assistance — these persons being what I term amateurs proper. There are so many opinions as to what con- stitutes an amateur, that I have taken the liberty to here introduce my notions of what constitutes one. Such persons, 1 find, have a greater thirst for know- ledge than almost any others. The ordinary farm or garden labourer appears to think that he is sufficiently well versed in all the necessary details of the work necessary to manage a garden properly, and that it is not necessary to acquire any further knowledge. The first thing to overcome in such cases as this is to get rid of the prejudices above named. If technical education is to do any good under the rule of the county councils, and it doubtless will in time do this, it must be carried out in a thorough manner. It is useless to tell such people how much money can be made out of an acre of Strawberries, Gooseberries, or Currants, or, indeed, anything else to that extent. If you tell them that the land must be manured to the extent of fifty tons of manure to the acre, this equally is quite beyond their grasp ; and to tell them if they cannot find a market in one place for their produce, they must look for another elsewhere, is also absurd, and their interest in the subject wanes at once, and they will not again attend a meeting. The reading of a long, dry paper, full of little else but statistics of what has been made and what can be (?) made from a few rods of ground, is not the right way to create an interest in the minds of those for whom the lectures are mainly intended. Technical instruction in horticul- ture can be rendered useful in other ways than this. In my opinion, the best way to encourage the attendance of those to whom technical education is especially intended, is to give them at every lecture a few object lessons, in, for instance, the pruning of an Apple tree, or the branch of one, show- ing them how young fruit trees should be pruned at the time of planting them ; examples of moss and lichen-covered branches, and those also which have been cleansed from such growths, and explain how the cleaning is to performed. The staking of standard Apple trees would serve as another lesson. Then the pruning of Currant and Gooseberry bushes, in all cases showing also the wrong method of doing anything connected with these subjects, as most persons like to know what not to do, as well as what to do. Technical education carried on in this manner would excite an interest, and be the means of fur- thering the object of these lectures, which at present are but tentative in many localities ; and if the right lines ere followed by the lecturer, much useful work will be done in the course of time. 1 do not mean to say that no suggestions need be made as to the profits that may be derived from the disposal of any surplus produce there may be where facilities are at hand, that would make it pay to give special atten- tion to this matter; but to give a glowing account of the large amounts to be derived from this source is scarcely the right tack to follow. Only persons resi- dent in any neighbourhood, which the lecturers as a rule are not, can afford any trustworthy information as to markets, and other ways of disposal of garden crops. To connect the education of young gardeners with the technical lectures now being held, is not likely to be of much service — not but that many of them could learn much by attending them— but any young man who has the inclination to improve himself will readily find out the best means to do so; and those who do not care to learn cannot be made to do so by establishing lectures. Practical. LECTURES ON HORTICULTURE.— Residing in a district favoured with free lectures on horticulture and allied subjects, I can endorse Mr. Dyer's re- marks respecting gardeners having more practical knowledge than the lecturers themselves, and labourers not caring to go to hear theories pro- pounded by people ignorant of work and work- men. We have such "benefits" as " The Manure Heap," " Physics of a Glasshouse," " Fertilization of Flowers," interesting perhaps when skilfully handled, but nothing more at best, and too far-fetched to be of any real utility. Your correspondent " Excelsior " mentioned hewers of wood and drawers of water. If gardeners are to be drilled and preached at by state lecturers why should " hewers " escape. Surely there is also room here for lectures. That a good practical knowledge of gardening is widespread and general is proved by the excellent cultivation observable in cottage gardens, allotments, and also on railway sidings mostly worked by persons ignorant of the new-fangled technology. A course of lectures by dealers in semi-scientific second-hand knowledge, ventilating theoretical facts obtained by perusing other theorists' writings, seem hardly calculated to improve the general standard. Gardening literature is both cheap and good, and there is no scarcity of it; in fact, it finds its way into most periodicals. There is no end to the works dealing with specialties, dictionaries, annuals, and calendars, besides ex- cellent journals devoted to all branches of the art, which, in the writer's opinion, are far better than any of the lectures yet delivered, as they unfor- tunately are, by state-aided theorists generally without practical experience. Under Gardener. MELTING SNOW IN THE STREETS.— There has been this winter the usual crop of inventors who, without the slightest knowledge of the subject they advocate, endeavour to enlist the time and money of others, as ignorant as themselves, [in a very foolish scheme, i.e., to use ordinary gas to melt the snow which obstructs the streets, some of the sanguine having gone to some expense in demonstrating what was already known, i.e., the possibility of it irrespective of cost. How absurd such a project is, can be easily seen by com- paring the known heating value of coal-gas with the work to be done. Six inches deep of average snow, when melted, becomes half an inch in depth of water, 24 square feet of which will weigh 62J lb., or 23 4 lb. per square yard. At this rate, the snow on 1 mile (or 1760 yards) of a street 20 yards wide, would, if 6 inches deep, weigh 823 680 lb., or 363J tons. The heating-power of London gas is 660 units per cubic foot, i.e., 1 cubic foot of coal-gas will heat (360 lb. of water 1° Fahrenheit, and of this we may take it as a maximum that 500 units could ba utilised. It has been proved repeatedly and beyond question, that 1 lb. of snow at freezing-point requires 150 units of heat to melt it and raise the temperature of the water obtained to 40° Fahrenheit, and this effect would be produced on 3J lb. of snow by the consumption of one cubic foot of coal gas. From the above data it will be found that to melt the snow in the assumed mile of street would require the consumption of 247 000 cubic feet of gas, costing, at 3s. per 1000 cubic feet, a little over £37, or at the rate of £3256 per square mile. As there are a great many square miles of streets in many towns, and as the snowfall has already been nearly double that assumed, it will be seen that the problem is, most certainly, not one to be solved by this method. Even if we were to assume that the cost of gas and labour were not prohibitive, the fact that the ground itself is usually colder than 32° must be considered, and the ground would also have to be warmed, or a thin surface of glassy ice, of the most slippery and dangerous kind, would remain after the snow was removed; this alone would condemn the project aa being unworthy of consideration. Thomas Fletcher, F.C.S., Warrington. THINNING THE BRANCHES OF AND CLEANING APPLE TREES. — It is a very common thing to see Apple trees in orchards and gardens crowded with branches and twigs, and covered with moss and lichens — conditions the reverse of healthy. To get large fruit and a clear skin of a good colour, the trees must have plenty of direct sunlight, and a good current of air playing abuut among them, these being factors which give that desirable finish to the fruit. With thickly crowded branches, only leaves of thin substance and small Apples can be looked for, but when the heads of the trees are maintained in such a state by cutting out unnecessary shoots and main branches sometimes, that the light and air have access to every part, the fruit is benefited in a corresponding degree. Moss and lichens are also great enemies to the trees, for, like all other parasites, they live at the expense of what they fasten themselves to, and, moreover, they close the breathing pore^ gt tb§ X\Vi^ of the younger branches, Janitabt 30, 1892.] THE GABDENERS' GERO^ICLE. 149 The cure for these evils consists in removing all branches that interfere with each other, and the best tool to use for the purpose is a fine-toothed saw — rough set, and all the wounds made by the saw should be smoothed with a sharp knife or chisel. Not only should these branches be cut out, but all shoots growing on the main branches in the middle of the head. After this part of the work is carried out, attention may be given to the cleaning of the trees. If the trunks have been much neglected, the better way is to scrape them with some blunt instru- ment, and then atFord a dressing of freshly-burnt slaked chalk-lime, adding water to make a thin whitewash of it, when, if strained through a fine sieve, it can readily be distributed over the trees by means of the garden-engine or the syringe. Not only does this dressing of lime eradicate the moss, but it is a good insecticide, and especially against that scourge of the Apple, the American blight, as the aphis and their breeding- places become plastered up. /. S. CHOU DE BURGHLEY.— The merits of this excel- lent vegetable are being recognised, and as I have had something to say in its favour on several occa- sions, I was glad to see so good an authority on vegetables as Mr. Iggulden noticing it in the way he did when treating ot winter vegetables in the paper read by Mr. Wilks at the meeting of the Royal Hor- ticultural Society, held on the l"2ih inst. At one time, Chou de Burghley was decried, as being neither aBroccoli noraCabbage — as if that mattered ; in reality, that constitutes one of its chief merits, as We get the two kinds of vegetables combined — one an improved, honest-looking Cabbage, possessing all the good qualities of the old sort, with the tender- ness and delicacy of the heart leaves of Broccoli or Cauliflower. And what can we desire in one plant? The mistake made with Chou de Burghley at first was, in growing it at a season when it was not much needed, as its greatest value is as a winter and very early spring vegetable. This being so, the seed should not be sown till quite the middle of the month of April ; and for still later use, towards the end of May. When plants from such raisings are put out into good soil, they afford a long succession of produce. J. Sheppard, BOCCONIA CORDATA. — I have been surprised at the doubts expressed by some persons as to the hardi- ness of this stately herbaceous plant. Here the difficulty is to keep it within reasonable bounds, so quickly do its roots extend on all sides, and trom which the sucker-like shoots are thrown up. On a lawn it is a conspicuous object ; and on a lawn with a southerly aspect, amongst some hardy Azaleas and Pernetty as, it makes a bold show in the summer and autumn, but it is nowhere better seen than at the corner of a Rhododendron border, when there is a clump of it 8 feet in width, the stems of which also reach that height. E. M., Swanmore. SECOND FLOWERING OF LYCASTE SKINNERI. — Mention was made by a correspondent in these columns of a Lycaste which had flowered twice in one season. 1 did not pay much heed to the state- ment, as at that time I had a plant, a small one, which had had three flowers, which appeared in succession. This season there has again been a crop of flowers, which has passed over, and other flowers have appeared, so that it would seem that the flowering of this species twice in a aeason is nothing unusual. W. A. Cook, Compton Basiett. THE MULBERRY— I have been much interested in the remarks found in several recent issues of the Gardeners' Chronicle respecting the Mulberry, and should like to mention an instance of the great vitality of the tree which came under my notice in the vicarage garden of Falham. I well remember some thirty years ago a fine Mulberry tree, to which the Rev. Robert Baker had a stone placed to record the fact that many years previously a new gate had been put up, and the posts were of Mulberry, and to everyone's surprise, one of them took root, and broke into leaf, and formed a goodly tree, which seldom failed to yield fruit. As neither of your correspondents have mentioned anything about the quality of its wood, which is of a fine grain, takes a lovely polish, and is of a dark colour. Writing of wood, I would mention that many woods could be grown in this country, in quantity, which would be useful to the cabinet- maker, and 1 am led to make this remark from the fact that, some thirty years ago, I set about col- lecting British-grown woods, and collected eighty different kinds, cut, planed, polished, and named them, and the lioyal Arboricultural Society of Edinburgh awarded me a medal for the exhibit; and there they remain in my oflice, and many a person interested in timber-growing has found them interesting, if not instructive. I can recommend the study of woods to young gardeners, who may find the knowledge acquired some day of use. J. Rust, Eridge Caitle. THE MOORE FERN HERBARIUM.— It is a mis- take to suppose that, as stated at p. 116 of your last issue, " the Fern Herbarium of the late Thomas Moore has been presented to Berlin by the Kew authorities." His British collection, which is very rich in varieties and abnormal forms, is still kept at Kew intact as a separate collection. His exotic collection was combined with the general Fern Herbarium at Kew. In the process, duplicates were freely withdrawn from both, and these were made up into sets, and subsequently distributed. One of the best of these sets was sent to Berlin. J. G. Baker, Kew Herbarium. TREATMENT OF THE GRAPE VINE.— Under the above heading, "F, R. ' enquires at p. 118 of the Gard. Chron., for the 23rd intt., whether anyone of the readers of this journal had previously heard of or prac- ticed the method to which he referred — namely the cutting out of all Vine eyes located in the axils of the leaves during the period of growth except the end and second- best eyes from the base ? I beg to say that this practice was recommendtd to be followed in the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle, in " Fi uits under Glass," a few years ago by the writer ; and I believe that Mr. Roberts, gardener at Charlaville Forest, TuUamore, practiced it in connection with the production of the large bunches of Grapes for which he has been so long famous. H. W. Ward. BRIAR STOCKS — "Rosa" would scarcely wish to insist upon the rule without exception in the planting of Briar stocks for the succeeding summer budding. Last autumn twelvemonth I gathered in seven dozen at the end of October, and at once pre- pared them for planting by cutting off or out every morsel of decay. I say " out," because shoots die back deep into the stump. There is also dead bark — an outer coat which is carefully scraped off, for upon these attentions depend the health of the future plant. When planted in the rows they are well dusted with sulphur to prevent or kill fungus, which is of deadly influence if allowed to remain. These were not fixed in their appointed places as the severe weather overtook us, and they remained by the heels till February. They all did well, not more than five or six failed, and are now in a strong and healthy state, with dormant buds or ripened shoots a foot long. Two important features for success are to have a rich and well-prepared position to receive them, and to secure every rod to a horizontal line of Willow or other dry rods made fast to a few stout upright stakes driven firmly into the ground. I do not pretend ignorance, having practised as an amateur for forty years, but am most willing to learn. Charles Ellis, Lijme Regis. ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS ON LAWNS. —While giving manunal assistance to fruit trees is generally practised, and their vigour maintained thereby, trees and shrubs on lawns are often over- looked in this respect, where a little timely assistance would be of benefit. Where the trees in the park are fenced round at some distance from the stem, a heavy mulching may be spread over the enclosed space ; but on the lawn this manner of assisting healthy development is objectionable, and it is necessary that some other should be adopted. The surface of the soil should be slightly loosened with a steel fork, and top-dressed with other and suitable soil, into which the roots will soon find their wav, and a thorough drenching of the staple with rich liquirl manure should follow this top-dressing. If these operations are carried out at this season, great benefit to the trees will accrue. During the summer months two applications of manure-water will materially increase the rapidity of the growth. H. MarJcham, Mereworih Castle. CITRON CULTURE IN CORSICA. The British Consul at Ajaccio furnishes to the Foreign Office, under date of May 16 last, a very interesting " Report on the Cultivation of Citrons or ' Cedrats ' in the Island of Corsica." The report commences by stating that the great difficulty in obtaining reliable information and correct data concerning the cultivation of the Citron or "("edrat" is principally due not only to the distance which separates the different districts where it is carried on, but also to the reluctance of both growers and buyers to concede information which may con- duce to the development of the culture of thia very remunerative article of commerce in other parts of the world, in which the conditions of climate and soil might prove suitable. The size, aroma, and general superiority of the Corsican Citron, which always commands a higher price in the market than that produced in other countries, is attributed in a great degree to the Corsican soil, which being not only extremely rich in ferruginous qualities, is also strongly impregnated with the various salts and chemicals necessary for the pro- duction of the numerous aromatic plants with which the island abounds. This is evident from the natural growth on the hill-sides of Myrtles, Cistua, Wild Lavender, Heaths, Arbutus, and a variety of highly-scented plants and shrubs, which in spring and early summer not only impregnate the whole atmosphere with their delicious aroma, but can also be recognised for some distance at sea when the wind is off the shore. Another requisite for the successful growth of the " Cedrat" is perfect shelter from the mistral or north-wind, as well as absolute protection from frost. These desiderata, together with plenty of sun, and an ade- quate supply of water having been obtained, a good crop should be looked for if constant care and attention are given, proper manuring at the right seasons carried out, water supplied regularly morning and evening during the dry season, and the various diseases to which the tree is subject watched for and attended to. Cdltoeb. The site usually selected in Corsica for a plan- tation or garden is a sheltered valley, at an altitude of not more than 200 to 300 feet above the sea level, facing south or south- west— the north or north-east winds, which blow strongly during the winter months, having to be carefully guarded against — or any equally well-placed hillside not too much exposed. A constant supply of water is an absolute sine qua non. A space of at least 12 to 16 superficial yards being requisite for each tree, naturally limits the number of trees to the space available. In many places in the Cap de Corso district in the northern peninsula of the island, where the natives are a harder workiig people and more intelligent than in the south, the gardens are surrounded by high stone walls, divided by inner walls, and again subdivided by stiff fences of dried brushwood closely wattled. No more than four trees sometimes occupy these small plots, to which the soil has at times been brought in baskets at the cost of much time and labour, in order to take advantage of a sheltered situation. This careful protection is seldom seen in the southern portion of the island, the lazy character of the people resting satisfied with what Nature has done for them in the way of situation, shelter, and the supply of soil and water. Fre- quently, in the Cap de Corso and Balagna districts, the principal fruit cultivating regions of Corsica, the trees are protected during ihe winter by branches and mats spread from wall to wall, and in nearly all cases a piece of stiff wattled brushwood is erected as a protection above the walls. The produce of a Cedrat tree naturally varies in the amount and size of the fruit according to the situation of the garden, the soil, and the care and attention devoted to it, but a single tree of matured growth frequently returns as much as £10 to £12 per annum. These figures alone show how remunera- tive a culture that of the Citron may be made, although the original outlay for making the garden — which is nearly always terraced, frequently involving considerable labour for masonry, walls, &c., as well as for the tanks and water-conduits — may have been very considerable. The causes which combine to make the culture of the Citron an exceptionally lucrative 150 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Janoaest 30, 1892. enterprise, and those which constantly ensure a high price for this fruit, if produced in Corsica, are, firstly, that the Corsican Cedrat is renowned as being by far the beat produced ; and, secondly, that the Cedrats of Algeria, Spain, Genoa, and Sicily, have all of them beneath the epidermis a sandy substance which grates against the teeth in a dis- agreeable manner. Moreover, in Corsica even, only a few situations are completely favourable to the Cedrat tree, the proof of which lies in the fact that not a single plantation in the imme- diate neighbourhood of the town of Ajaccio has succeeded, as not only does this tree require a low situation, but it is also necessary to shelter it in a valley, the configuration of which protects it from every wind. The main roots of the tree being very short and feeble, it nourishes itself principally by its smaller branch roots, which require water in abundance — a rare thing in Corsica. It also requires great natural heat in summer, as well as a strong and light soil. Although it is customary to plant the trees at intervals of about 10 feet, it is preferable to give them 13 feet. The trees give a half crop in three years' time, and at from six to seven years of age they produce from 400 lb. to 500 lb. of fruit ; at from ten to twelve years they give from 500 lb. to 600 lb. The small cultivators of Cedrats have to struggle against the buyers in no slight degree. The Genoese merchants have the small cultivators in the district of Ajaccio frequently completely at their mercy, as they have not the necessary conveniences for picking their fruit, and they have not, as in the district of Bastia, a manufactory for candying fruit, the result being that the buyers or middlemen frequently obtain the fruit of the small growers at half or quarter of its real value. The expenses of upkeep consist only of watering, and are not considerable. Pruning has recently been abandoned, as it was noticed that trees grew sickly under the treatment. Besides watering, the only other necessary expendi- ture is for placing supports beneath the heavily- laden branches. The crop is gathered in November ; in March and April there is a second small gathering, that of the "victims" fruit, of very symmetrical form, left on the tree to attain a larger size, in order to sell them to the Jews at Eister, who make use of them for their Passover ceremonies. The victims grow at the junction of the branches or at their extremities. At Bastia, a candying factory has been started, in order to prevent the continental buyers from entirely controlling the market. It has succeeded fairly well in the undertaking for which it was intended. It would be no diflScult matter to treat the fruit in a superior manner to the candying establishments at Bastia and on the continent, where the Cedrats are but poorly preserved. There is a certain method of candying the Cedrat which produces an exquisite fruit, and of whose delicious flavour it is impossible to form any accurate idea if one is only acquainted with the ordinary candied Cedrat of commerce. The preservation consists in steeping the fruit in casks of brine composed of sea- water, with a certain ad mixture of salt, and possibly other saline chemicals, which remain a trade secret amongst the buyers and preservers, and which differ according to each individual's method of treatment. For the ordinary Citrons the fruit is sliced in halves to permit the brine permeating the inner rind, but the finer qualities of the fruit which weigh from 2 to 3 lb., are frequently preserved whole, and as such form not only an elegant, but extremely delicious adjunct to the table. These whole fruits are in great request in Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, and amongst all Oriental peoples, and high prices are obtained for the choicest fruits thus candied. They differ as much from the ordinary candied Citron sold in grocer's shops in England as the choice vin- tages of Bordeaux, such as those of the Chateaux Margaux and Lafitte, do from the vin ordinaire or manufactured wine served at an ordinary Continental table d'hSte. Diseases. The Citron tree is subject to various diseases, such as white-root, fumagine, or smut, kermes, &c. but of all the diseases, that of white-root is the one most dreaded and guarded against. It is due to a fungoid growth, which attacks the cortical tissue of the root, exhausts this tissue, and ends by destroying the plant after an interval of more or less time, in proportion to its powers of resistance to the disease. Its first attacks are recognised by the discoloration of the leaves, which turn yellow, and develop ulcera- tion at the base of the stalk. Another sign of attack may be recognised by the condition of the roots of the suspected tree. Exposed to view, these roots appear tender, damp, and inclined to rot. In order to cure the trees of white-root, various measures have been at different times adopted, of which the following are the most approved : The first step to be taken is to prune to the quick all roots deprived of vitality ; after which an equilibrium should be established by proportioning the branches to the roots which remain unaffected, the tree should then be surrounded by a deep trench, with a free passage for the overflow of water. A second measure consists in cutting off the aS"ected roots, and applying boiling tar to the exposed stump. This treatment gives the best results, and is, as may be seen, easily applied, and suitable to all plantations. A third method frequently used in Portugal is the aeration of the roots. After carefully trenching round the main stem, in order to expose the principal roots, the hole is filled with stones of the size of the fist, or, still better, with lumps of charcoal, the efficacy of which against decaying matter is well known ; after which the trunk of the tree is embedded to the height of 15 inches with the same stones or lumps of charcoal. These stones or lumps are placed at sufficient distances from each other to allow of the passage of the air, which thus penetrates to the roots of the tree, and prevents their being aiTected by the fungoid growth. (To be continued.) The Rosery. A HOUSE OF EOSES. At the present time, when many will be starting their pot Roses, it may be of some interest to them if I give a brief description of my Rose-house. It is over 100 feet long, 22 feet wide, and varying from 12 to 16 feet high. The reason of this variation in the height is because the ground falls very much, and as I wished the house to be built from north to south, and also wanted to avoid the trouble of making the ground level, I had it built in two sections, and have left the ground inside of the same slope as before. There are two flows and two return pipes up each side of the lower section ; but the upper and larger part of the house only has a single flow and return upon each side. This is just sufficient to keep out spring frosts, and also to dry the atmosphere during dull or foggy weather. More than this is scarcely necessary where one wants a quantity of good Rose blooms. Almost all the flowers cut from this cooler house have much better substance and colour than those which are harder forced. From the end of March until June, I can cut many dozens of grand flowers every morning. The most successful Roses I have grown are, William Allen Richardson, Mar^chal Niel, and Reine Marie Henriette. The last-named Rose is wonderfully superior when grown under glass, and comes of a very deep and bright red, never having the dull washed-out appear- ance it so often possesses when grown out-of-doors. I know of no better red Rose than this for forcing. It flowers very freely upon the ripened wood of the previous summer, and as the blooms are borne well above their foliage, and upon long stalks, they are well-suited for decorative purposes, William Allen Richardson has carried over 300 flowers at once, and has had some 700 or more buds upon the tree in their different stages of opening. Like Marechal Niel, Madame Berard, and Reine Marie Henriette, this grandest of Noisettes flowers very freely upon the long shoots of the previous summer. With me it is the grandest Rose of all for freedom of growth and quantity of flowers produced. Eyery spring my plants throw a grand crop ; and at in- tervals all through the summer and autumn, there are a few good flowers to be cut from this variety. At the present time one of my plants has over twenty long shoots some 15 to 20 feet in length, and which will carry flowers from almost every eye. I think that where one has space no Roses pay better for forcing than these strong growers. True, you only get one good crop of flowers during th3 season, but as that comes at tha most useful time, and well before any Roses can be had from walls in the most sheltered situations out-of-doors, I do not think this is any great drawback. You get far mora flowers upon the some amount of wood, and the constitution of the varieties being so good the plants are seldom out of health. The three Roses named already, with the addition of Kaiserin Friederich, Climbing Niphetos, Henriette de Beauveau, Lamarque, Madame Chauvry, L'Ideile, and Bouquet d'Or, will give a good selection of colours, and be sure to please where one Las the space for them to make and mature their long climbing growths. The walls of my house are planted with such varieties as Rubens, Catherine Mermet, Madame Lambard, The Bride, and Perle des Jardins ; while the centre is filled with the same kinds, and a few other stronger growers. The pillars and cross supports are covered with the strong climbers already described ; while the walls around the outside of the centre and side borders are used for pot R )ses. I find Niphetos, Francisca Kruger, Jean Dacher, Madame Falcot, Perle des Jardins, Goubalt, Souvenir d'un Ami, Anna Ollivier, The Bride, Souvenir de S. A. Prince, and Catherine Mermet, the best for this work among the Tea-scented class. General Jacqueminot, Fisher Holmes, and Gloire de Margottin, are three good dark-coloured kinds for the same purpose ; and may generally be depended upon to give a few good flowers. Frequent syringings with a weak solution of soft- soap, and a generous treatment with a tempera- ture ranging between 55° and 65° while in full growth, is all that Roses require to do them well. They are too often over- coddled for a time, and then when the least disease puts in an appearance, sharp measures are taken which, more often than not, cripple the plants for the season. If growers would use a very weak solution of some insecticide each time they sprinkled their plants, and avoid sudden changes in the temperature and cold draughts, Roses might be grown as easily and as free from disease and fly, as most subjects. I never force my plants until they show signs of swelling, and this can be induced by keeping the house close and moist for a few days. A. P. Vegetables. THE TRADE IN ONIONS. A VEGETABLE that has progressed immensely in consumption in the last quarter of a century is the Onion. Cultivated at home, to the extent of probably about 40,000 tons, we yet have to import now nearly 4,000,000 bushels annually. The pro- gress made iu our foreign imports is shown by the following figures for the last three decades : — rears. Quantity. Value. 1870 1880 1890 Bushels. 1,054,16 J 2,256,697 3,'71,195 390,830 5)4,357 724,010 Nearly three-quarters of a million is a large I January 30, 1892.] THE GABDENER8' CHRONICLE. 151 sum to pay yearly for this edible bulb to foreigners. The chief countries to which we are indebted for supplies are Holland and Germany, Spain, Portugal, and Egypt. The large and mild Onion forms one of the common and universal supports of life in the Peninsula, and is also an important article of food of the Greeks, Turks, and other oriental nations. Analysis shows that it ranks next to Peas and grain in nutritious properties [?]. although its pungent rainfall in October, when we registered 7-39 inches. It was, however, my intention to draw notice to the utility of Chou de Burghley as a winter vegetable. A good quarter of this Cabbage, or Cabbage Broccoli, as its selector designates it, has proved invaluable to us, and admirably takes the place of Brussels Sprouts on the dinner-table. I, for my own table, prefer the former to the latter. Good breadths planted from sowings made in the middle f' Plant Notes. Fig. 26. — BtGNONU maomfica. (Flowers rangipg in colour from rich crimson to delicate mauve : 3; inches in diameter.) flavour has much to do with ita enjoyment— or otherwise ! P. L. S, Ciion DE Burghley. Oar Brussels Sprouts are far from being eatis- actory this season, although they grew well during the summer, and in October were apparently an excellent crop. On being gathered many of the Sprouts were found to be decayed in their centre, and unfit for use ; and at the present time, after having on the 9th 19° of frost, and on the 11th 20", the decay is still more plainly visible. The cause of this may, I think, be truly attributed to the heavy of the month of April will afford a continuous supply of heads during the winter months. I grow the larger number from the second sowing, and generally select for them a plot that has been previously occupied by Peas, and afford occasionally liquid manure, which causes a quick growth. Grown in company with Rosette Coleworts, I find that the Chou de Burghley equals it in hardiness, and has a milder flavour. At planting time my old Utchen garden man usually reminds me that " Charlie Burghley" is thought much of in the kitchen, which is saying much in its favour. Thomas Coomber, BIGNONIA VENUSTA AT SYON, AND OTHERS. The above plant was introduced from Brazil in the early part of the present century, and it remains to this day one of the most beautiful climbers that we possess for planting in a warm greenhouse. It is often called by gardeners a stove climber, but, if given stove treatment, especially in a dry house, it is a difficult matter to keep the foliage clear of red spider, thrip, and other kinds of insects ; therefore a house, with a winter temperature of 50° to 60°, just suits its requirements, and I would prefer the lower to the higher degree of warmth, so that a warm greenhouse would grow the plant satisfactorily. There are two varieties of what is usually called B. venusta. I have seen a variety which is much paler in colour than others, and which some growers find a difficulty in flowering— at least, freely ; but, at Syon, it grows and blooms very freely indeed, the blooms showing in November, and later, although the flowers in sunless weather open with difficulty and drop quickly, fogs accelerating the loss of bloom, and bloom- buds and leaves. In nice weather, it is a charming plant, useful for cutting, the blooms en- during in a cut state for a long time. At Syon it is afl^orded all the sunshine possible during the summer, and it is not trained in any way, but the shoots are allowed to hang down from the roof of the house, in which manner its beautiful flowers can be seen the best. Our B. venusta is interesting on account of its great age, for I have been informed that it was growing about 1830, or earlier, and I have no reason to doubt my informant's statement. The plant is not in a favourable position, the roots being under a high stage, and the stems a long way from the light, getting the drip from other plants ; but it has a stem at the base that measures some 6 to 8 inches in diameter, and notwithstanding the disadvantageous position, it does well. There are many beautiful things among Bignonias, as B. Cherere, B. magnifica (fig. 26), the last-named a Colombian species, in- troduced in the seventies by Mr. W. Bull, and bears flowers of great size, and is most attractive in appearance, and the plant makes free growth in an intermediate-house. B. Cherere is a well-known plant, sometimes called Tecoma heterophylla. These plants in their native habitat grow on river banks, and in damp woods, so that when grown in this country in dry houses, they give much trouble if not syringed daily; on the other hand, I find, when shaded, they fail to flower freely, so that light and moisture are essentials if they are to bloom well. Thinning of the shoots is an important matter, as it permits what is left to mature. Bignonia venusta is an excellent plant for a roof, as there it gets all the sunlight, and at the same time the growths form a shade for the plants beneath. When starting into growth, more heat and moisture are required. It is best grown in a compost of loam and peat in equal parts, with some coarse river-sand added, and the assistance of some liquid manure is desirable when in full growth. Propagation is by cuttings in the early spring, and, if possible, cuttings taken off with a heel. Place them in a sandy compost, in a bottom-heat, under a bell-glass, and give very little water till rooted. They may also be increased by layers, and do best when planted out in a border. G. Wythes, Syon Hmse. [A full page engraving of B. venusta was published in these pages on Maich I, 1879. Ed.] Societies. ROYAL HORTICtTLTURAL. Chiswick Gardens, 1892. The Society's Gardens were first established at Chiswick in 1822, and since that time have been looked upon as a leading and important help to horticulture. The new plants discovered by Reeves, Potti, Dampier Parks, and Fortune in China and in 152 THE GAUDHNEHS' CHUONICLE. [jANtJAEY 3d. 1S92. the East Indies ; by Don on the west coast of Africa, South America, and the West Indies ; by Forbes at the Cape of Good Hope and the Zambesi region ; by Douglas in Nortli America; and by Hartweg in Central America, were all first grown at or intro- duced to Chiawick, and from thence were after- wards distributed over the British islands and the continent. The council being anxious to make the gardens (,as far as the funds at their command will allow) a school of practical and tcientific horticulture, and of increased value and interest to the fellows, have de- voted careful attention to their present condition, and to a scheme for their better utilisation in future. They desire the gardens to be devoted (1) to the cultiva- tion of such fruits, vegetables, stove, greenhouse, and hardy plants and flowers as are found to be most generally useful or ornamental ; (2) to the trial of new sorts side by side with established varieties ; ^3) to experiments in the culture and treatment of those plants which possess a floral or decoratire as distinguished from a merely scientific value and interest. To these may be added (4) the trial of Buch horticultural appliances and materials which may from time to time be submitted. The cultivation, trial, &c., of fruits have always been considered as of the utmost importance, and happily forms one of the most valuable features of the gardens. There is an almost unique collection of the best varieties of fruits, and it is intended to maintain and extend it by the trial of such novelties as the raisers may be good enough to bestow on the society. The cultivalinn of Grapes is conducted on a large scale, and the Great Conservatory, ISO feet by 30 feet, and 26 feet in height (one of the largest and noblest structures devoted to Grapes in this country), affords at all seasons ready examples of, and instruction in, successful Grape culture, which might be of service to many of the Fellows ; and when the fruit is ripe is an object of the greatest possible beauty. House No. 14, lately occupied with Tomatos, has been planted with Muscats, and will be similarly useful and instructive. House No. 5, which has Peaches on the back wall, has also been furnisheil with fruit trees in pots, and their culture will be extremely interesting to many Fellows, as experiments in treatment are more readily carried on with pot plants. One of the largest houses, No. 6, is devoted to the cultivation of Figs in pots, forming without doubt the finest and most varied colleciion of Figs to be found in this country, and will well repay the attention of all lovers of this particular fruit. A large number of Apples and Pears grafted on different varieties of stock have been planted for experiment and trial, and will prove of great value and interest to fruit growers. The different methods or systems of pruning and training fruit trees are also illustrated to the fullest extent, and experi- ments made in grafting on various kinds of stocks, and the results carefully observed. A very complete collection of Red and White Currants has been formed, and the different Tarieties have been carefully studied and classi- fied, and are described in the Journal, vol. xiii, p. 134. A collection of standard and typical varieties and different vegetables will again be grown (as far as space permits) for comparison with new varieties, both to assist the committee in recommending their awards, and for the general information of the Fellows. Besides this general collection, specially exhaustive trials of certain classes of vegetables will be made every few years in rotation, and de- scriptive reports given. The special classes proposed for 1892 are varieties of Runner Beans, together with new varieties of Peas, Potatos, and new Tomatos. Experiments in regard to the Potato disease will also be conducted. The floral department will include all plants and flowers of a distinctly decorative garden character, whether for cultivation undei glass or out-of-doors. A few classes only can be illustrated each year. For 1892 it is proposed to continue the trial of hardy border Carnations and Pinks ; perennial Asters and Sunflowers (of which a very large and complete selection were sent to the gardens from America, in view of the conference of 1891) will be again grown, in order to confirm the nomenclature, and to establish or otherwise the impression already formed as to their value from a horticultural point of view. Cannas, Pinks, Phloxes, are also proposed for trial this year. The very large collection of herbaceous Pffionies made a Tear or two since will be an object of great and increasing interest and in- struction now that the plants are more fully established. As opportunity oflFers, experiments will be con- ducted with and trial made of all sorts of articles and appliances used in the management or work of a garden, eg., manures, insecticides, mowing-machines, garden tools, systems of glazing, ventilating, heating, &c., and reports will be published thereon. The condition of the glasshouses has been greatly improved during the past year, although much still remains to be done before they can be pronounced quite satisfactory. The officials of the Society will give any infor- mation and render every assistance in their power to all Fellows. Anyone wishing to study any parti- cular branch of the gardening operations, or to make any special observations on different subjects, should make direct application to the Society's Super- intendent at Chiswick; or to the Secretary, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W. Meetings and Lectures. The following programme has been drawn up for the present year : — January 12. — " Winter Vegetables," Mr. W. Iggulden. February 9. — Annual General Meeting at 117,Vic- toria Street. March 8. — " Plants for House Decoration," Mr- John Wills. March 22.— " The Cultivation of Melons, Mr. C. Ross. April 12.— " Daffodils," the Rev. G. P. Haydon. April 19— "The English Florists' Tulip," the Rev. F. D. Horner. April 19.— Auricula and Primula Show. May 3. — Lecture, by Professor Michael Foster, F.R.S. May 17. — " Hardy Climbers and Creepers," Mr. W. C. Leach. May 25 and 26.— Great City Flower Show in the Inner Temple Gardens, London. June 7. — " Summer Pruning and Training of Fruit Trees." June 21. — "The Management of Trees in Parks and Gardens." Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C M.G., &c. June 21.— National Rose Society's Firiit Show, 1892. July 12. — "Orchids for a Cool House," R^v. E. Handley. July 26 —"Insect Eating Plants," Mr. A. J. Manda. July 26. — " Carnation and Picotee Society's Show. Aueust 9. — " Fuchsias," Mr. Geo. Fry. August 23 — Exhibition and Conference on Begonias. August 24.— E.Khibition and Conference on Apricots and Plums, at Chiswick. September 6.—" Root Pruning," Mr. Geo. Bun- yard. September 20. — "Variation of Some Hardy Plants under Cultivation," the Rev. C. Wolley Dod. October 4 — " Michaelmas Daisies," Mr. D. Dewar. October 18.— " Cycads," Mr. W. Carrnthers, F.RS. November 1. — "Frnit Trees in Pots," Rev. W. Wilks. Noveoiber 15 — " Zonal Pelargoniums for Autumn Flowering,' Mr. C. Pearson. December 13. — " Winter Berry-bearing Plant?," Mr. Lee. — Extract from Schedule and Arrangements c^ the Royal Horticttltural Society for 1892. (To be continued.) ©iJttuarfi. Trade Notice. The partnership formerly existing between Samuel Clay and James Levesley, manufacturers of Clay's Fertiliser, having been dissolved, the partnership business will in future be carried on by the said Samuel Clay and his son, Samuel Charles Clay, the proprietor of S. C. Clay's Invigorator ; and tbey will in future manufacture both manures at Temple Mill Lane, Stratford, E., under the title o( Clay & Son. Enquiry. " He that questionetfi much shall team miicA. "—Bacow. Brittle Timbeh. — Will any of the readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle kindly inform R. S. as to which of the two statements is correct, viz., " that the slower the growth the more brittle ; " and " that the quicker the growth the stronger the timber." Robert J. Parker.— We regret to announce the death, at the age ot sixty-five years, of Mr. R. J. Parker, of Tooting, which occurred on the 21st inst. The deceased was at one time well known in the hcriicultural circles — first as the senior partner in the firm of Parker & Williams, and which afterwards grew into the important business ofB. S. Williams — and in more recent years as a successful cultivator of herbaceous perennials, and of whose extended cultivation in our gardens he was an earnest advocate. The Weather. [By the term " accumulated temperature" is meant the aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of temperature above or below 4.i° Fahr. for the period named; and this combined result is expressed in Day- degrees — a "Day-degree" siguifying 1'^ continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] Bright Sun. ACCUMri.ATEI>. «, S a Is Is t .a 1 is lis 3 - s ^!s %'i ""..«" a S.jj.a =,; si 1 = 1 as Z'^ '■s 1, ; " \ ; " + 5 = *■ s 2 1 Is" Sig In P a = <^ ^■s S H i. ^ Day- Dav- Day- Day- lOths deg. deg. deg. deg. Inch. Ins. 0 1 — 0 32 - 25 + 81 5 — 16 30 3 10 1 2 — 0 47 - 2; + 77 5 + 11 1-9 0 13 2 3 — 0 47 - 21 + 70 1 — 11 12 1 12 3 2 — 0 43 - 2; ■1- 7) 3 — 11 0-6 2 16 4 3 — 0 45 - it + 80 1 — 13 1-3 5 19 l> Oaver 4 26 - 26 + 53 2 — 10 0-8 12 21 6 2 — 0 30 - 3J + 6:i 2 — 14 2-4 U 16 7 3 — 0 36 - 2f + 6b 3 i- 15 22 3 15 8 1 — 10 23 - 3i + 6! 3 — 13 1-7 11 24 9 3 — 0 30 — 44 + 53 3 — 15 20 0 17 10 2 — 11 26 - 5)1+ 69 1 — 13 21 8 22 • 1 + 25 2 - 27 + 23 2 — 18 1-8 4 16 The districts indicated by number in the first column ar<; the following :— Principal Wheat-proditcing Districts— 0, Scotland. N. ; 1, Scotland. E.; 2, England, N.E. ; 3, England, E. ; 4, Midland Counties; 6, England, S. Princioal Gra^iiig, ^c. Districts -i6. Scotland. W. ; 7. England. N.W. ; 8, England. S.W. ; 9, Ireland, N. ; 10, Ireland, S. ; * Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending January 2.3, is furnished from the Meteorological Office ; — " The weather during this period was cold and ex- tremely dull in all parts of the Kingdom, with frequent falls of rain or sleet. A good deal of mist or tog prevailed in the English districts, especially in the south and east. "The temperature continued below the mean generally, but slightly exceeded it in the "Channel Islands,' and just equalled it in ' England, S.' The highest of the maxima were recorded on the last day of the week, when temperature was rising quickly. They varied from 53° in ' Ireland, S.,' to 45° in 'England, N.E.' During the earlier part of the period the thermometer (except in the west and south-west) seldom exceeded 40°. The lowest of the minima were registered on very irregular dates, and ranged from 19° in ' Scotland, E.' and ' England, N.W.,' to 29° in ' England, S.,' and to 35° in the ' Channel Islands.' " The rainfall was more than the mean in ' Scot- land, E.,' and ' England, N.W.,' but less in all othtr districts. In ' England, E.' the fall was very slight. " The hright sujishine was very deficient. In ' Scot- land, E. and W.,' and ' Ireland, N.,' none whatever was registered; while, elsewhere the percentage c f possible duration varied frcm 1 in ' England, N.E., and from 2 to 4 in several other districts, to 11 in ' England, S.W.,' and 12 in ' England, S.' " January 30, 1892 ] THE GAIWENERS' CHRONICLE. 153 IVl ARKET8. COVEST GARDEN, January 28. [We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub- joined retKjrts. They are furnished to us regularly every Th irsday, by the kindness o£ sereral of the principal salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible for the quotations. It must be reraemliered that thef-e quotations do not represent the prices on »ny particular flay, but only the general averages for the week preceding the date of our report. The prices deiend upon the quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the demand; »nd they fluctuate, not only from day to day, but often several times in one day. EdI Maeket steady, with prices firm at last weet'- quotations. Janvs H'ebber, Wholesale Apple Market. Cur Floiveh Wholesale Prices. s.d s.d. Narcissus, paper- white, Fr., p. bun. 0 6-09 Orchids: — Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 C-12 0 Odontoglossum cri3pnni,12blms. 3 0-60 Pelirgoniums, scar- let, per 12 bun. 9 0-12 0 — 12 sprays ... 10-16 Poinsettia, 12 blooms 4 0-90 Primula,sing.,12bun. 4 0-60 Roman Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 9-10 Roses, Tea. per dozen 10-30 — coloured, dozen 2 0-40 — yellow (Mare- chals),perdoz. 8 0-12 0 — red, perdozen... 16-20 Tubero es, 12 blms. 10-16 Tulips, p doz. blms. 1 C- 2 0 Violet', Parme, per bunch 4 6- .? 0 — Czar, per bunch 2 9-36 — English. labun. 16-20 Orchid-bloom in variety. Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices. s- d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Adiantums, perdoz. 4 0-12 0 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90 Arum, por dozen ...12 0 18 0 Ferns, per 100 ...8 0-15 0 Aspidistra, perdoz. 18 0-63 0 Ficus, each 16-76 Aver s.d. s.d. Acacia or Mimosa, French, per bunch 16-20 Arum Lilies, doz. bl. 6 0-80 Azilen, p.doz.spravs 10-16 Camellias, white. doz. 3 0-40 — red, per. doz. ... 10-16 Cirnitions, 12 blms. 2 0-30 Chrysanthemums, 12 blooms ...10-50 — 12 bunches ... 6 0-21 0 E'jcharis, per dozen 6 0-70 G .rdenia, per dozen 4 0-90 Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09 LiUc white (French) per bunch 5 0-70 Lilium Harrisii. doz. 6 0-10 0 Lily of the Valley, per doz. sprays ... 0 9-16 Miiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 4 0-90 Marguerites, per doz. bunches 3 0-40 Mignonette, perdoz. bunches 16-02 :ilea. per doz Bi^ouias, per doz Chrysant hemu per dozen — large, each Cyclamens, per d - - - 0 HyacinthsDutchdoz. 6 0-90 4 0-60 LilyottheValley.pot 20-30 Marguerites, perdoz. 6 0-12 6 6 0-90 Primula sinensis, doz. 40-60 2 0-36 Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0 -, , ^_. 9 U-IS 0 — specimens, eachIO 6 84 0 Cyperus, per dozen 4 0 10 0 Pelargoniums, Scar- Dracoenas, each ... 10-50 let, per doz. ... 60-90 Kpiphyllums, p. doz. Poinsettias, per doz. 12 0-18 0 pots 9 0-18 0 Roman Hyacinlh.p. Erica hyemalis, per doz. pots 9 0-12 0 dozen 12 0-18 0 Solanums. per dozen 9 0-1 J 0 Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 Tulips, per doz. pots 8 0-90 Feuit.- Average Wholesale Prices. s- d. s. d. s. d. s. d. nd Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 30 0 S.i 0 >er Lemons, per case ...15 0-30 0 ...10 0-18 0 Pine-apples. St. Mi- ... 10-40 chacl, each ... 20-60 Apples. Canad Nova Scotii Apples, ^-sieve Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices. s. d. s. d. ■ s. d s. d. Artichokes Globe, Lettuces, per doz. ... 16-20 enfh 0 4-06 Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- Beans, French, lb ... 0 6-10 Mustard and Cress Beet, red, per dczen 2 0-30 punnet 0 4- Carrota, per bunch... 0 4-06 Parsley, per bunch " 0 3- 06 Cjuliflowers, each ... 0 3-06 Seakale. p. basket 20-30 Celery, per bundle... 10-30 Shallots, per lb. 0 6- Cucumbers. each ... 0 6-09 Spinach, per bushel 3 6- " Endive, perdozen ... 2 0-30 Tomitos, per lb. ... 0 6- i 0 Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9-10 Turnips, per bunch... 04-06 POTATOS. The improve rent noted last week, still continues, the market being firm for choice samples. Ordinary forts are fought for at 65s. to 75s.. Medium at 7.5s. to 86s , and Best at 95.'. to lIOs. per ton. J. II. T/nmas. SEEDS. LoxDOX : Jan. 27.— Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed Mer- chants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report to-day's market without sinking feature. Quietness in demand, and firmness as regards values, now characterise the seed trade. Coantry buyers generally appear in no hurry to effect their purchases; meantime, prices aU round are well sustained. For spring Tares there is rather more inquiry. Mustard anl Rape seed keep fii-m. There is no chang! this week in Peas. The temptingly low rates prevailio? for Haricot Beans attract attention. Linseed is dull. For bird seeds the sale is slow. FRTTITS AND VEGETABLES. SpiTALFIELDS Jan. 26.— Quotations :— English Apples, 2j. to 5s. per bu-hel ; American do.. 15s. to 18s. per barrel ; foreign Tomatos, Is. to 2s. per box ; Seakale, Is. to Is. 6d per punnet ; Curly Kale, M. to 9d. ; Spinach, Is. 6i. to 2s per buthel; Savoys, Is. 6d. to 3.-.; Cauliflowers, 6s. to 12s' per tally; Greens, Is. M. to 2s. 6d.; Turnips, Is 6rf. to 2s. 6d. ; Carrots. 2s. to 2s. M. ; Parsley, Is. M. to 2s. 6d. p.r do/.en bunches; Turnip-tops. 2s. to 3s. per sack ; Parsnips. id. to 9J. per score ; Endive. Is. to Is. 6d. ; Cabbage Lettuces. 9d. to Is.^d.; Leeks, U.9d. to 31.; Eeetrpots, 3d. to id. per dozen; Mustard and Crtss, Is. 6d. to 2s. per dozen baskets; English Onions, fs. to 7s. per cwt. ; Bordeaux do., 5s. to 6s.; Spanish do., es. 6d. to 8s. per case ; Belgian do., 5s. 6d. to 6s. 6d. ; Dutch do.. 5s. «d. to 6s. per bag of 110 lb. j Celery, id. to Is. ; Horseradish, Is. to Is. Id. per bundle. Borough, Jan. 26.— Quotations; -Savoys, 2s. 6d. to 3s.; Broccoli, lOs. to 15s. per tally; Spinach, Is. 6d. to 2s. per bushel; Brussels Sprouts, Is. to Is. 6(i. per half- sieve ; Greens, Is. id. to 2s. 6d. ; Turnips. Is. Od. to Is. 9d. ; Carrots, Is. 3d. to Is. 9d. per dozen bunches; English Onions, 6s. to 7s. 6d. per cwt. ; Apples, 2s. 6d. to 6s. per bushel ; Canadian do,, 10s. to 20S., and Newtown Pippins 15s. to 28s. per barrel. Stratford: Jan. 26.— Savoys, 2s. 6rf. to 5s. per tally; Greens. Is. to Is. 6d. per loose ; do., 2s. to 2s. 6rf. per dozen bunches; Turnips, 2s. to 3s. do.; do., 35s. to 50s. per Ion; Carrots, household, 32s. to 40s. do. ; do., cattle-feeding, 20s. to 32s. do. ; Parsnips, 9d. to Is. per score; Mangels, 16s. to 20s. per ton ; Swedes. 20s. to 26.!. do. ; Onions, English, 120s. to 140s. do.; do., Dutch, 4s. ed. to 5s. Sd. per bag; do., Bor- deaux, 4s. 9d. to 6s. 3d. per case; Apples. English, 2s. to 4s. 64. per bushel; American, 12s. to I6s. per barrel ; Brussels Sprouts, Is. to Is. 6rf. per halt-sieve ; do., 2s. to 2s. 6rf. per flat; Horse Radish, 9ii. to Is. 3d. per bundle; Celery, 6rf. to IQd. per roll. Notices to Correspondents. Alljmandas, Poisonous : J. T. L. Allamanda be- longs to the large order ApocynaceaB, many members of which have a poisonous milky juice. American Gardening Journals : G. M. Canadian Horticulturist. Published at Toronto. Office, Gritnsby, Oatario. Single copy, on spot, 10 cents. American Garden. Published in New York, These papers can be obtained through any foreign book- seller. Anthracite Coal: J'iridis. We cannot undertake to recommend dealers. Scan the advertisement columns of the South Wales newspapers, or advertise jour wants in onrs. Aspidistra : .V. Y. Z. Pot the roots in well but no; overdrained pots, in March or April, in a com- post consisting of peat, loam, burnt earth, and leaf- mould or well-rotted manure from the stables, and to this add a small quantity of sand. Keep the root- stock just above the soil, and pot firmly, but use no rammer. Stand them in a close pit, having a night temperature of 50", and if the plants have much foliage, or they have been much denuded of the soil that was about their roots, employ a little shade when the weather is bright. When fairly got into growth, remove them to an intermediate- house, and later, that is, in full summer, the plants will do well in a deep garden frame or pit. If the ventilation is sufficient, they will not get their leaves burnt by sunshine, but in an unshaded, close frame, they olten get disfigured by hot sun- shine. In the southern parts of England, Aspidistras may in summer time be sunk in a coal-ash bed in some partially shady place away from the drip from trees. In winter keep them cool and moderately dry at the root. They need very little light at that season, and may be kept at the back part of the greenhouse or in a frost-proof brick pit. If the drainage be kept in good order, once in three years is often enough to disturb their roots ; but an annual top-dressing of fresh com- post should be afforded in the spring. The plants are naturally of slow growth, and it is not advis- able to try to accelerate it by bottom-heat or much manure-water. Books : A. S. We know of no one book which treats of purely nursery practice. As a guide to the propasation of plants, you would do well to obtain The Sursery Book, by L. H. Bailev, published by the Rural Publishing Co.. New York.— Student : Henfret/'s Elementary Course of Botany. The Student's Flora of ike British Isles, by Sir R. D. Hooker. The Propagation and Impioveynent of Cultivated Phnfa, by F. W. Burbidge. Book on Fruitgrowing: A. B. Mr. Bunyard's Fruit Farming for Profit ia a good one. A number of small manuals on various hardy fruits are published by L. Upcott Gill, 170, Strand, W.C. Brown Scale on the Peae : L. T. A simple in- expensive remedy is to paint the wood thickly with clay, cowdung, and water, with a quart of soot and a handful of flowers-of-snlphur added to one painful, and made into a thickish wash. It can be put on with a solft brush, and should be brushed into every part of the tree. If done at once, it will cause no injury to the buds, which ore still snug within their enveloping scfiles. Cineraria candidissima : Paddy from Cork. If seeds can lie obtained, they may be sown in a heat of 00=^ to 6.j', pricking off the young plants when they have made two true leaves, and growing them on for a time in gentle warmth ; hut seedlings rarely acquire their fine white colour the first season. Cuttings may be made in March and April of the side shoots of plants that have been induced to grow by placing them in moderate warmth. These may be inseited, not too deeply, in pots of sandy soil, and placed in a mild hot-btd frame, plunging the pote. They strike, and grow after they are struck, rather slowly, but when once they are established out-of-doors, growth is quick. From the middle of July to the middle of August is a good time to take cuttings, and then a very small amount of bottom heat is requited to strike them, but they should be kept close, and aired every day for fifteen minutes. Fruits in Caluobnia : R. P. Apply to some of the foreign booksellers. Graftino Mexican Pines : Pahila. Pot up in the early spring some stocks of Pinus austriaca or P. sylvestris, or, indeed, any hardy Pine— say, four to five years old— and winter these in a cold pit, and graft them, in saddle or cleft fashion, on growing lip in May. Side grafting (veneer) not cutting any tongue in graft or stock, but leaving several bunches of needles on the stock above the point of union, is another good style of Conifer grafting. These modes of grafting are best performed in a temperature of 55° to 6u°, and the grafted stocks kept in a close case, carefully guarding them against damp by daily airing the case for half-an- hour, and wiping all moisture ofT the glass. Graft- ing may be done out-of-doors after growth has begun, but it is less successful. Leaving Ndrseet : J. H. It is customary to allow the tenant one year, and in some parts of the country more time, for the proper removal of big stock of trees, shrubs, and other plants in the ground. Fruit and other trees planted for stock or fruiting are not removable. Moss ON Lawns : J. Cockburn. Winter dressings of sifted wood-ashes and loam, in the proportion of one of the former to three of the latter. The Grasses will grow with vigour, choking the life out of the Moss. Before dressing the lawn, pull out as much as you can of the Moss with an iron rake. If a lawn be very wet from want of draining, the above remedy will not prove to be a permanent one. Mushrooms : )V. K. Certainly, Mushrooms may be grown on a large scale, add made to produce good profits,a8fine Mushrooms aresaleableatallseasons. We have heard of one bushel fetching 30s. in the winter months. The Mushroom may be grown in beds made out-of-doors, in September and October, and the produce comes into use during the winter, when it fetches the best price. Summer Mush- rooms must be grown in cellars or under-giound places, where the temperature does not exceed 60°, above-ground Mushroom-houses being seldom much good in the warm weather, the produce of the beds being quickly grown, deficient in weight and flavour, and soon over. Wright's Mushrooms for the Million is a useful bonk. It is published at 171, Fleet Street, E.G. The Mushrooms, if they must travel far by road or railway, should be packed in 1 or 2 lb. punnets, which are again placed in boxes of 4 or 5 dozen punnets. Where large quantities have to be sent short distances by road only, the half-sieve basket does well enough. The better and tastier the packing and putting up, the higher the price obtained. We do not know the present wholesale price paid to the grower, it depending on supply and demand, but it is usually found to be remunerative. Names of Fruit: M. G. Most probably St. Germain — specimen much rubbed and bruised. — A. L. H. 1, Lewis's Incomparable ; 2, Allen's Everlasting; 3, Beauty of Kent; 4, IJymer. Palms, &c. : Subscriber. It is very probable that the vitiated air of the rooms, and the cold at night, may have caused the injury done to the foliage. The irjury from cold would be very likely to follow if there was no previous hardening- off practised. Paris Market Potato : K. L. The commonest violet-skinned Potato in the Paris market is Pumme de terre Violette, or Hundredfold Fluke. It has a deep violet-coloured skin, and yellow flesh. It has erect growing, branching stems, of dark brown, about 2 feet high. The flesh is firm, floury, of escellent quality ; and the crop is matura 154 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [January 30, 1892. in September. M. Vilmorin staten in his Vegetable Garden, "that it is one of those kinds, which, like the Shaw or Regent, and the Segouzae Potatos, appear to maintain their vigour and productive- ness, notwithstanding the very great length of time during which they have been in cultivation." Peach-thees Dropping their Bloom-bdds : A. B. The immature condition of last year's shoots, indi- cated by the greenness of the rind, is the cause of the loss ; for if the shoot is not ripened, neither is the wood bud or blossom, although some of the former may develop into weakly foliage or shoots. PoLEMONinM ccERDLEnM : Faddy from Cork. As yours was not the variegated form of the plant, it was useless to look for variegated leaves. Profitable Gakdening Career : Student, What useful purpose should we serve by sketching out a gardening career for you, when you may be destined to become something very different. If you have a mind to stick to horticulture, first get knowledge in some good establishments, public, private, and commercial, and then, after perhaps a dozen years, your chance may come. Roman Hyacinths : T. FOB A PRICE LIST from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade, H. G. SMYTH, 21, GOLDSMITH STREET, BRITRY LANE. 'vr.C. ARDEN REQUISITES, as supplied to the Eoyal Gardens. — COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, Is Zd. per sack, 10 for 12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s., sacVs free : 2-ton truck. 30s.. free on rail near works. Fine ORCHID PEAT. 8s. M. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS Ao.. 6s. per sack. .1 for 22s. 6(i. BLACK do , 4s. 6d. per sack. 6 for 20s. FIBROUS LOAM, LEAF-MOULD, »nd PEAT-MOULD, each 3s. per sack. Coarse SILVER-SAND. Is. %d. per bushel. 14s. J ton. 26s. per ton. CHARCOAL. Ss. per sack. SPHAGNUM, 7s. 6ii. per sack ; all sacks and bags, 2d each. RUSSIA MATS, 10s. id. to 19s. per dozen. RAFFIA, VIRGIN CORK, STAKES. &c. BONES. J-irch, 11'. per cwt. Pure BONE- DUST, lis. id. TOBACCO-PAPER. Sre'ialite. lOrf. per lb., S8 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 26s. Price List, free. W. HERBERT iXD CO., Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwark Sireet. London. S.E. O HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truc^. loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address, a. J. EyE§ON, 26, Corporation Strget, Birmingham. Januaky 30, 189i2,] THE GAPiDENEnS' CltnONIOLE. 157 HILL & SMITH, BBIERLEY HILL, ST AFFORDSH IRE, And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, EC NEW PATTERN TREE GUARD, ^^The Porcupine^ The maximiun of utility and the nilnimum ot cost. C'on^t^ucted of Strong Iron Up- rights and Galvanised Barbed Site! Price 10s. 6d. TESTIMONIAL. The Whittero. Herefordshire, "Dec. 28, 1887. Dear Sirs,— I have now had an opportunity of tryirg your Porcupine Tree Guards, and they seem quite to answer my pur- pose, so you may send me 50 more as before. I en- close cheque for your account. Yours truly, RICHD. GREEN Messrs. Hill & Smith. BARB^WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WARRINGTON. ^VIJililJ!l!lk' PONKEYPOTTERIESvRUABOM^; CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories, Orchid- houses. Vineries, Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materials and Workman«free, by remitting I2s. to the Publishers. THE NARCISSUS : its History and Culture. By F. W. BURDIDGE, F.L.S.; with a Scientillc Review of the entire Genus, by J. G. Baker F.R S., F.L.S. With 43 beautifully coloured plates. Super- royal 8vo, 32s. "Mr. Burbidge has culled from various sources a large amount of valuable or interesting information. ... It is no slight boon to have in so acressibie a form so large a series of illustrations."— Gardeners' Chronicle. FLORAL PLATES from the FLORAL MAGAZINE. Beautifully coloured, for Screens. Scrap- books. Studies in Flowering-painting. &c. id. and Is. each. Lists of over 1000 varieties. One Stamp. BOTANICAL PLATES from the BOTAN- ICAL MAGAZINE. Beautifully-coloured Figures of new and rare Plants. 6d. and Is. each. Lists of nearly 3000. Three Stamps. L. REEVE AXD CO., 6, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. CATALOGUES RECEIVED. W. Smith & Sox, Exchange Seed Warehouses, Aberdeen- Seeds, Plants, &c, C. R. SniLLlNfl. Winchfield, Hants— Vegetable, Flower Seeds Plants, and Bulbs, ' EDMoMiiii;, Brotuehs, 10, Djm ! Street, Dubliii_\v„.tible HowerSeols, &c. '^ • R. Neil, Trinity Road, Wandsworth-FIower Vegetable Agricultural Seeds, Implements, &c. ""^elable, '^'"*Fln„'!.r"*» ")■• f,'''"'J'- "■"■'"'"'y-V''iJ>'t''bIes, Agricultural, J? lower, and other Seeds. ' ARrni.R Hosisso.-*, Leadenhill Strae\ E.C. - Vegetables flower, an.l term Seeds. ' Harlan P. KELSEV.Winville, North Carolina, USA -Native Plants of the Southern Alleghany Mountains. ' ' HiiiiE & Schmidt, Erfurt— Vegetable ani Floiver Seeds, and ■loHM HARKi.viiioT, Hertford-New and Selecte I Seeds ^^' Farm"''' ^^'''"'^'" Crjsj-Select Seeds for the Garden and Thomas Horsmax. Bndford-Choice Garden Seeds William Bull, King's Road, Chelsea-CatUogue of Seeds Herii Bros., Penrith— Garden Seed., GIadioli,'Manure" &o PKEn & So:«, Roapell Park Nurseries, Norwood, S.E.lseeJ '^' "'s.^C&c"' ^'"'^'''"'^' Kent-Vegetable and Flower Geo. C.J jli.vu & So.vs. Bath-Garden and Flower Seeds AGRairLTURlLANDHOHTICL-LTlJRlLA-SOCnTlO.V.Deptfo.d, S.fc..— Vegetable and Flower Seeds. i-nu-u, AusTl.v & MCA.SLAX. Glasgow-Vegetable and Flower See's ""\";e^t:^,rifdFToTe'rle1dr '^"'"^^^ '"" ''""""^ '•'^'■ Armii'a.;e Brothers, Nottingham-Vegetable and Flower Seeds Ale.xander Fixl vso.v, Southampton— Flov table Seeds. nd Vege Johx Pekk.xsSc 90X3 Market Square, Northampton- Vege- tible and Flower Seeds. ^ GARDENING APPOINTMENTS. B. .7. Wexslev. formerly of Hollybrook Hnnse, Southamp'on as Head Gardener to Captain SHiW-SroREl', Elm Ljdge" Bursledon, Southampton. * ' '' cl'iZ"'- ^"S''^'""^"^^ ""■ ^"'i'-gton Hall. Lonlh, as Lincornshi'r°e """'"'"■'- ^^'i- ^^e loa Manor, Louth, •. W. CHlsnoLM, as Head Girdener to J. H. Saxuebs Eso Porter s Park, Shenley, Herts. ' ■. Wakefield, as Head Girdener to C. A Baas E-,i Bound Hill Hou-e, Sydenham. ' '■ S" '■"''''',?.'' 'i""'' '*"')>"'«'■ to Sir Lewis Cave, The Manor House, VV^oodmansterne, Epsom. ■. Lemaire, as Head Gardener to W. NiVEX, Esq., Carswell Manor, Faringdon. Berks. ■• w^- u^'f J"-/ o "'=^'' Gardener to W. G. Nelsox, Esq , Woodford Road, Snaresbrook, Essex. ■. B. L. Canxixg. for some time Gardener at Little Birford House, St;. Neots, Hunts, as Head Gardener to Captain F Llovd Philipps, Peaty Park, Pembroke, South Wales ' •. KlxG, lats Gardener at Glenehess, Loudwater Rickma'ns worth, has been appointed Girdener and Bailiff to M Jexks. Esq , Cannons Park, Edgware. ■. ALE.1CAXDER GRANT, formerly of St. Leonard's Hill Dun- fermline N.B. as Head Gardener to Lord Henry Ghos- VEXOR, Bulwick Park, Northants. To Nurserymen. WANTED, a PARTNERSHIP, in an ESTABLISHED BUSINESS. Strictest investigation on either side desired. Veir London preferred.— E E The Pines, Attleborough. Norfolk. ' WANTED, a WORKING PARTNER, with \\ a';"''' *'-5---4U0 feet of Glass, 1 acre of Ground, in suburbof Loudon.— S. F.. 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.O. ANTED, as PARTNEK, a practical Man for Cut Flower Trade, in a provincial town. Thorouoh going concern. Incoming £|50. - HORfUS. Gardentis' Clircinuie Olhce, 41. W eliiiigton Street. Strand, W.C. Cemetery Superintendent, St. Mary, Islington -■pHE J5UR1AL BOARD for this Parish X REQUIRE a SUPERINTENDENT and REGISTRAR for their Cemetery at Finchley. Salary, £125 per annum with a residence. The person to be appointed must have had some experience in the performance of similar duties, or be con- versant with the laying out, planting, and drainage of land, must be a fair penman, and give his whole time to the duties of the oflice. No Candidate need apply who is above 45 years of age. Applications, enclosing not more than three test monials, to be sent io the Clerk on or before Monday, February a rext. By order of the Burial Board. GEORGE WM. WOflDROW (Clerk) Burial Board Offices. Vestry Hall, l^lington. N., .Ian. 22, 1892. WANTED, in Devonshire, a HEAD WORK^ IXG GARDENER, with five or six under him — Thoroughly experienced in Flowers, Kit. hen. F. rein' Fruit and Landscape Gardening. Age between .35 and 45. Married! without family, or not exceeding two. Must have unexcep- tionable references. Address, stating previous situation, a^e of self, and family (if any), wages, and refeiences, to M. L MARSTON. Ruborough. South Uevon. WANIED, a GARDENhR (indoors pre- ferreJ) in a small good place. Must be a thoroughly experienced and steady man, with full knrwleclass HEAD GARDENERS Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c. DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester (Limited) , are always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, Chester." ARDENER (Head); age 33.— J. E. McCleave, eight years Head Gardener to B. Hey wood Jones, Esq.. Badsworth Hall, Pontcfract, is open to a re-en- gagement in a good establishment. Nineteen years' experience in all branches. Testimonials of the highest order. — Catsclough, Winsford, Cheshire, GARDENER (Head), where three or four are kept.— Age 30 ; good experience in all branches of a first-class garden. Highest references.- F. H., Mr. Parsons. Pampisford, Cambs. ARDENER (Head),— Age 39, married, one boy. Good experience in the cultivation of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, and the general requirements of a good establishment, where several under are employed. Excel- lent testimonials from each place previously filled,— W, S,, 306, High Street. Acton. W. ARDENER (Head), in a gond establish- ment.— Age 30, single ; understands the general routine of a good establishment, including Early and Late Forcing; also House Decorating. Good references.— D. E., The Gardens. Claremont, Balham Hill, S.W. GARDENER (Head).— "Well up in Orchids, Vines, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Hardy Fruits, ^'egetables, and Pleasure Grounds. Fourteen years in present situation ; a death cause of change. Accustomed to sing in choir ; has two boys treble singers, both can re.ad music well. — HORTUS, Mears Ashby, Northampton. GARDENER (Head), Scotch.— Age 42, m rried, no family; nearly ten year,,' good character from present employer. Has been in some of the best Gardens in Scotbind and England. Is now open to re-engage to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a good all-round Gardener. — D. MACKAY', Maristow, Roborough. Devon ; or Messrs. J. VEITCH and SON, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W. GARDENER (Head), where two or three are kept.— Age 2.5. married ; ten years' experience in large establishments. Inside and Out. Good references. Abstainer. — G.M., 13. Clifton Terrace. AshvilleRoad, Leytonstone, Essex. GARDENER (Head).— Land and "Woods, if required. Married, Upwards of twenty years' practical experience. Six years with present employer (Sir E. Buckley, Bart.). Can be well recommended. — S. BAILEY, Plas Gardens, Dinas Mawddw y, Merionethshire. GARDENER (Head).— Age 46, married. Life experience in all branches, Land and Stock (fifteen years as Head). Excellent character and testimonials.— A. B., 3, Ferness Cottages, Stanley Road, East Sheen, Surrey. GARDENER (Head).— Age 39 ; life expe- rience ; all branches. Land, Stock. Eleven years' Head. Good character and testimonials. Wife Dairy if required. — WINFIELD, Brook Glen, Redhill. Surrey. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 4S, married, no incumbrance. Twenty-four years' practical experience as Head Gardener. Sixteen years in last situation. Excellent character.— D. W. BAKEE, Butleigh, Glastonbury, Somerset. GARDENEK (Thorough, or HEAD).— Single. Trustworthy, intelligent, and thoroughly prac- tical. Abstainer. High testimonials. Home Counties pre- I ferred.— J. H., 60, Gordon Place, Kensington. GARDENER (Head Wobking), where three or more are kept; married, no family; thoroughly experienced in all branches of gardening; five years in last situation, and fourteen years iu previous one. — C. SAYER, Barmley, Guildford. GARDENER (Head WoRKiNG).--Age 28. Fourteen years' practical experience in all branches. Excellent references and testimonials as to character and abilities.— Gardener, Scutterdine,lMordiford, nr. Hereford. G^^RDENER (Head Working).— Age 42, no family ; life experience, and thoroughly competent in all branches. Wife thorough laundress, if required. Near London preferred. — H. R., Gardener's Cottage, Wickea Rectory, Newport, Essex. GARDENER (Head Working). — Tho- roughly understands Vines, Peaches, Stove and Green- house Plants, House and Table Decoration. Excellent character. Abstainer.— GARDENER, 9t», Stadium Street, Ashburnliam Boad, Chelsea. S.W. ARDENER (Head Working). — Age 33, married, one child; fourteen years' experience in good Gardens. Abstainer. — G. D., Gardeners' Chronicle Olfice, 41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 26; well experienced in all kinds of Fruit Forcing, Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Excellent testimonials. Eight years at Chatsworth. Present position. Fruit and Plant Foreman. -J. BESTWICK, The Wharf, Cromford, Derby. GARDENER (Head V/orking).— Age 40, married, family. Thoroughly practicil io all branches. Excellent reference *. Fifteen years' character from last situation.— S. ANGER, 29, Springfield Road. Chelmsford.Essex. GARDENER (Head Working), where one or two others are kept. Age 23, married. Experienced in all branches. Good references.— A. HIBBS, The Gardens, ChiltDD I/odge, Hungerford. GARDENER (Head Working), where three or four are kept. — Age 33, married, no children. Good reference. Address, statiug wages, GARDENER, Bower Lodge, Havering. Romford. GARDENER (Head Working).— A Gen- tleman, having sold his place, will be pleased to recom- mend his Head Gardener to any Lady or Gent eman in want of a thoroughly experienced Man in the Cultivation of Grapes, Peache,-', Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Orchids, and Chrysanthemums, Flower and Kitchen Gardens.— G. G.. 11. Trinity Road. East F.nchley, London, N. GARDENER (Head Working)— Age 32; married, no family; successful Grower of 'J'omatos, Grapes. Plants, &c. A thorough good all-round Gardener, both under Glass and Outdoors. Testimonials from past, and reference to present, employer.— GARDENER, The Lodge, Firfield, Addlestone, Surrey. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 39, married; abstainer. Twenty three years' eiperienca with Grapes. Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomato.-, Mush- rooms. Stove and Greenhouse Flints, Flower and Kitchen Ga dening. Early and Late Forcing. Goad refe^ence^. Please state particulars of place.— J.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand. W.C. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or more are kept.— Fourteen years" experience in Fruits under Glass, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Excellent testimonials, — GARDENER, Erlwood. Bag:ihot. ARDENER (Head Working).- Age 30. E. CLARKE. Cannon Hall Gardens, Barinley, wishes to recommend his Foreman. A. Campin, to any Lady or Geotle- ma,n requiring a thorough practical man. Fifteen years' experience in good pla GARDENER (Head Working), where Surplus Produce is Disposed of.- Age 40, three children, youngest 10. Brought up to the profession. Thorougoly experienced in Growing Fruit. Flowers, and Vegetables, Inside and Out. Five years' character from present employer. — T. B , Redlands Gardens, Emsworth, Hants. ARDENER (Head Working); age 36, married, three in family, youngest age six years.— Edwin Beckett, Gardener to H. H. Gibbs, Esq., M.P., can with the greatest confideDce recommend a thorough all- round man as above. A most successful Cultivator of Orchids and Chrysanthemums. Eleven years' excellent character. — The Gardens, Aldenham House, Elstree, Herts. Jancaev 30, 1892.] THE: GAk DENE US' CHliONlCLE. 159 /^ARDENEIl (Head WonKiNo), where one V!T or more are kept.— Age 35, married; life experience iu all brandies of Gardenini^. Highest testimonials.- S. B., West Mill. Huntingford, Herts. GARDENER (good Single-handed, or UxniiU).— Ago 28, single. A practical man seeks situa- .Ttion Hi above. Excellent character.— C. MASLEN, Sydney Wharf, B:ith. GARDENER (good Single-handed, or where the e is another bept).— G. Hansford would be pleased to recommend his Foreman as above. Tea years' experience in good establishments. Miirrieil when suited.— The Gardens, Colesbourne Park, near Andoversfori, R S.O. GARDENER (good Single-handed).— Age 2J. Eight years' experience in good gardens. Well recommended by prt-sent and previous employers. — J. H., The Gardens, Bluclimoor House, Petersfield, Hants. ARDENER (Head, or good Single- ulNrF.D) —Age 40. married, two children. Thoroughly good all-round man. Hard-working, energetic, trustworthy. Two years' good character.— WOOD, Holmethorpe, Redhill. GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed), married, no family: good all round practical experi- ence, first-class references from present and previous em- ployers. P. DOrr, Swanland Manor Gjnlfus, Borough. Yorks. GARDENER. — Age 42, married, no incum- brance: thoroughly practical iu all branches. Wife could undertake the duties of thorough Coo». Housekeeper, or Caretaker.— GAKDENER, Railway Servants' Orphanage, Derby. GARDENER — Age 45, married, energetic. Thoroughly practical, including Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Orchids, and Roses. Good reasons for leaving. Highly recommended. —W. J.. Brynbraillu, Swansea, Wales. GARDENER (Second).— Age 24: ten years' experience Inside and Out. GooJ references.— H. F., Lodge Gate, Htzroy Park, Highgite. GARDENER (Second, or Head where another is kPDt).- Age 2.1. Seven yeirs' exp?rience Inside and Out. First-class references from present and pr'viom situations. Leaving througa place being let.— H. W., Bulwick, neir Wansford. ARDENER (Under), as, with a good Fore- man, under Glass, or Inside and Out.— Age 23: e ght ' xperience Inside and Out. Height, 5 feet 9J inches. I House, Sydenham. Abstainer.- J. COX, The Gardens, Malve GARDENER (Under). — Age 21 ; eight years' thorough good character. Four years in last situation. Ltft through breaking-up establishment.— S. RED- STONE, Hind Street, Bovey Tracey. Devon. GARDENER (Undeb), Inside and Out, in a Gentleman's family.— Age 22. Cause of leiving, through a death, establii-hment broken up. Five years' experience. Good references.— G. BURTON, Holwell Bury, Hitchin, Her:s. GARDENER (Under), Inside, or Inside and Out.— Age 2-3: eight years' experience iu good gard'-ns. Can be well recommended.— W. WEST, View Hallow Road, Wot ester. GARDENER (Under).- Age 26; five years' character. Can be very well recommended. — A R., Gordon Cottage. Gordon Road, Canterbury. To Nuraervmen. MANAGER or TRAVELLER. — Thirty years' practical knowledge in leading Nurseries. Seven years in late position as Manager. First-class testimonals. Knows England, Scotland, and Ireland well.— H. 0 , The Vineyards, Garston, near Liverpool. MANAGER.— Age 40, married; life expe- rience in Growirg large quantities of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables for Sale. Thoroughly versed in Management of Business. Five years in present position as Manager — T. WILLS. Redland's Nursery, Emsworth, Hants. RUPAGATOR and GROWER for Market. —Age 28. Twelve years' experience in Tomatos, Cucum- bers. Plants, Ferns, Roses, Bulbs. Forcing. Wreaths. Bouquets. &e.— E. W., care of R. Caimyllie, Long Lane. Brjutrhtv Ferry. N.B. '' GROWER. — Eleven years' experience in Growing Tea Roses, Ferns, Choice Pot and Cut Stuff, Grapes, and Tomatjs. Good character.— F., I, Baltic Terrace, Portslade, Suisex. RUIT-GROAVING. — A Gentleman wishes to reommenrt a youn:; man, age 21, as WORKING INSTRirCTOB. or FORE.VIAN. iu Fruit Growing, in Field or uodirGlasi. Has had four years' experience at the Crystal Palace in Landscape Gardening, and two years at Swauley College in Fruit-Urjwing. Salary £j per week. -K. E. W., Post-office, Ightham, near Sevenoaks. FOREMAN, Inside, where two or three are kept.— Jlr. W. Davies would be pleated to recommend J. Hamer as above. Abstainer. Winglield Park Gardens, Pentrich. Dei by. OREiMAN (Nun.sKiiy), ROSE-GROWER or PROPAGATOR. Good references. Aged :il ; married • disengiged middle of February. H. PEWTKESS, Fleet Road! Fleet, Hants. "POREMAN, in the Houses, or Sinqlb- ., HANDED, where there is Glass. Age 23 ; married when suited. Good character from present place.— W. G. WORS- FOLD, Rose Cottage, Haseley, near Warwick. POREMAN, age 29.— Mr. G. Thom.son, Gar- -i- dcner, Easneye, Ware, Herts, would like to recommend his loreman, H. Carpenter, to any Gardener in want of a good "-" Well experienced. Two years in present situation. Activ Abstaii F "To Nurserymen and Seedsmen. OREMAN. — Married. Sixteen years' prao- tical experience in growing Cniiiiilicrs. Tomatos. Roses, Azale.is, Foliage Plants, Ferns, una soft-ivuoded stuff; also Cut flowers for Market. Good references. Five and ji half years in present situation.- W. FERNIE, The Nurseries, Ammanford, R.S.O., South Wales UOREMAN, in a good estciblishment (Inside -I- or General). —Age 2.5. Good Plant and Fruit Grower. House and Table Decorations. Ten years' experience. Good character.— S. JOUDEN, Writtle, Chelmsford. FOREMAN (Inside, or General), in a good establishment.- Age 29; fourteen years' experience in the general routine of Gardening ; well up in Fruit and Plant Culture, including Orchids. Good character. Abstainer.— A. B. C. Mrs. Gibson. 1. Lindsay Terrace, Dumfries, N.B. C"OREMAN, to take charge of Houses.— Mr. i- Geo. Braddv, Knightons, East Finchley, can confi- dently recommend J. Wells as above. Twelve years' general experience Inside and Out. Ago 25. Abstainer. Two years in present place. POREMAN, in good Establishment.— Age 25; -*- good practical experience in Stove and Greenhouse Plants, also Chrysanthemums, Vines. Melons. Cucumbers, and Tomatos.- A. H., Waddesdon Girdens, Aylesbury, Bucks. L^OKEMAN, or GROWER.— Age 26, married; -L Good experience in Hard and Soft Wood, Ferns, and Palms. Also good at Making-up.- MORRIS, 6, Capworth Street, Leyton. U'OREMAN (General) ; age 28.— Mr. Gib- i- SON, Lyme Park. Disley, Cheshire, would be pleased to rrcommend his Foreman. O. Howard, as above, six years' experience as Foreman, ^^ery energetic and trustworthy. POREMAN (General), or Inside.- Age 27 ; -L twelve years' expeience. Good references. Scotch.— M,, Mr. Bridges Carville.Hall, Kew Bridge. Brentford. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Ag*. 19; seven years' experience. Good character. — H. WARREN, .-i. Plantation Cottag.)DICA. FICUS ELASTIOA. 160 PALMS in variety, GREENHOUSE FERNS, 1000 GLOXINIAS and BEGONIAS, 100 lots of LILIUMS, in variety, GLADIOLI, 23 lots of Doub'e and Siiif;le-n>ijned BEGONIAS, a very choice strain ; VALLOTA PURPUREA. BEGONIA and CYCLAMEN SESD, CARNATIONS. DAFFODILS; HERBACEOUS PHLOX, 70 SEEDLING AMARYLLIS from prize plants sent by a well- known exhibitor— splendid strain ; DAFFODILS, 100 lots of DUTCH BULBS, comprising HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CRO- CUSES, NARCISSUS, the surplus stock of a Seedsman- RUSTIC FLOWER VASES. GARDEN SEATS, &o. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Feltham, Middlesex. TWO DAYS SALE of splendidly grown NURSERY STOCK. Preliminary notice by order of Messrs. C. Lee & Son. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Lee's Nurserr Feltham, on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, March 1 and 2, a large quantity of exceptionally well-grown NURSERY STOCK. Monday Next -Hardy Plants and Bulbs. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C , on MONDAY NEXT, February 8, at half-past 11 o'clock, many thousands of Hardy PE- RENNIALS, all being true to name; GLADIOLI. Pearl TCrBEROSES NARCISSUS; a collection of CARNATIONS, including a number of Continental varieties ; HOLLYHOlKS, PYRETHRUMS, PHLOXES. PJEONIES. BEGONIAS, PASSI- FLORAS, CLEMATIS, IVIES. CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE, Imported LILIES, DAHLIAS, pot roots, and a fine collection of Homi^grown LILIES, &c. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Thursday Next. LILIUM NEILGHERIENSE, L. W 4S HINGTONIANU.M. L. HUMBOLDTII. L. COLCHICUM. HOME-GROWN LILIES in great variety, LILY OF 'THE VALLEY, CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE, TROPJEOLUM TUBER- OSUM. CARNATIONS, 1000 AMERICAN PEARL TUBE- ROSES, GLADIOLUS BEENCHLYENSIS. choice BE- GONIAS, and a large quantity of HARDY BULBS and PLANTS. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside. London, E.G., on THURSDAY NEXT, February 11, at half-past 11 o'clock. On view morning of Sals, and Catalogues had. Friday Next, February 12, MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will also SELL, by order of Mr. F. Sander, at their Rooms, on FRIDAY NEXT, February 12, at half-past 12 o'clock. A MAGNIFICENT LOT of the OLD CATTLEYA LABIATA, Collected by our own Collectors from the mountains, woods, and unexplored wildernesses of the labiata country. The Plants offered are in superb condition, and hardly any two are alike in appearance, and. coming as they do, from districts widely apart, we confidently expect a rich crop of distinct and elegant forms to appear. Great numbers of the plants are in sheath, and are strong, vigorous and healthy. It has not been our privilege to offer a finer lot. and we recommend them to Buyers with the utmost confidence. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Friday, February 12. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, bv order of Mr. F. Sasder. at their Central Sale Rooms, 67' and 68, Cheapside, London, E.G., on FRIDAY NE.\T, February 12, at half-past 11 o'clock, a grand importation, in extra fine Older, of — CATTLEYA IMPERIALI-i, collected in the same woods from whence the grand forms that appeared some three or four years since sprang. Also a BURLINGTONIA. SP. X , a wonderful frec-llowering species. All the plants collected are offered. EPIDENDRUM G0D3EFFIANUM, in marvellous masses— a grand new Epidendrum, SCHOMBURGKIA ERICSSONII, new. A Grand importation of VANDA CQSRULEA, in simply perfect condition. A fine lot of MILTONIA WARSCEWICZII, in'fiiJST possible order. Another grand batch of the famous MONTANUM TYPE of CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE. A fine lot of a New ANGULOA or LYCASTE species from the old Labiata country. Flowers pure white, and 5 inches A new CY-RTOPODIU.M from the old Labiata country. A fine lot of ODONTOGLOSSUM WALLISII, ONCIDIUM BARBATU.M, DENDROBIUM NOBILE, &c , &c. Also 20 fine plants of CATTLEYA LAVVRENCIANA, in sheath. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. HorseU Birob near Wolilng, Surrey. One mile from Woking Station, whence goods may be trans- mitted to any part of the country, TWO DAYS' SALE of unusually wcU-growu NUSSERY STOCK, in splendid condition for removal. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premiies, the Nursery. HorseU Birch. Wokin^', on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, February 16 and 17, by order of Mr. A. Knowles. 2000 GBEEN HOLLIES, 6 to 8 feet, well rooted trees; Variegated HOLLIES, 6 to 8 feet, including the Golden Queen; 2000 AUCUBAS. 1 to 4 feet, amongst them fine specimens ; Goldon YEWS ; 120O Portugal LAURELS, 2 to 4 feet ; 1800 Engli-h YEWS, 2 to 6 feet; 301 SPECIMEN SHRUBS. 4 to 8 feet, which will move well ; Standard and Dwarf ROSES ; 10. 000 -AIANETTI STOCKS ; a quantity of STANDARD ORNA- MENTAL TREES ; and a large number of RHODODENDRONS, BEEBERIS, CUPRESSUS and other Stock. May be viewed. Catalogues had on the Premises and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E,C., and Leytonstone. Wanstead Flats. CLEARANCE SALE of beautifully grown NURSERY STOCK, the Land being required for Brick-making. IMPORTANT to FRUIT TREE GROWERS, NURSERYMEN, and OTHERS. IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are I'-L instructed by Mr. T. East, to «ELL by AUG HON. on the Premises, the Wanstead Nursery, Wanstead Flats, E.isex, about a mile from Leytonstone, Snaresbrook, and Forest Gate Sta- tions, on THURSDAY and FRIDAY', February 18 and 19, at 12 o' lock each day, the whole of the thriving NURSERY STOCK, including 3.500 Standard Apples of the best sorts, 1.300 Dwarf and Pyramid ditto. Cherries, Peaches, and other Fruit Trees, 2000 choice Dwarf Rases, in 44 varieties; 9000 Limes, Planes, Poplars, and other Standard Trees ; 4500 Ber- beries. 3000 Aucubas, '1800 English Yews, 20OO Green Hollies, 3000 Rhododendron, 300 Daphne Cneorum, and quantities of Evergreens and Conifers, all in capital condition for removal. Maybe viewed. Catalogues may be obtained on the Pre- mises and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheap- side, London, E,C., nnd Leytonstone. Kicbmond. Surrey. By order of Messrs. G. & W. Steell, in consequence of the death of the Senior Partner, and the intention of the Vendor to relinquish the Business. SALE of the SECOND PORTION of the well-grown NURSERY STOCK. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Common and Gasfield Nurseries, Richmond. Surrey, on TUES- DAY End WEDNESDAY, February 23 and 24, the SECOND PORTION of the well-grown NURSERY STOCK. Fuller particulars will appear next week. N.B.— The LEASE of the HOME NURSERY, and the GOODWILL of the Old-established Business, is for Sale by Private Treat;. Particulars may be had of the Auctionei ri. Cbesterfleld SALE of SURPLUS NURSERY STOCK, the land le rg required by new line of Railway. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, will SELL by AUCTION, on the premises, the Nurseries. Ashgite Road. Chesterfield. on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, February 23rd and 24. h. by order of Mr. R. W. Proctor, a la' g i assortment of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, coisisting o: Ornamental Evergreens, Deciduous Trees, Shrubs, Roses Tnd Fruit Trees, a large quantity of Aucubas, Piivet Ovalifolium, Hollies, Yews, Limfs. Chestnuts, &c. May te viewed. Citalogaes miy be had on the premises ar.d of the Auctioneers, t7 and 68. Chsapside, London, E.C , and Leytonstone. A,T ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will ITX SELL by AUCTION, on the Premise", Devonshire House, Roehampton Lane, on THURSDAY, February 25, 1892, the remaining portion of the noted COLLECTION of the STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, formed by th) late D. B. Chapman, Esq., Further particulars will appear next week. Havant, Expiration of Lease. The THIRD and FINAL PORTION of the NURSERY STOCK on the Leasehold land, and the fir.-t portion on the Free- hold land, by order of Messrs. Ewing & Co., who are reliu- MESSRS.'PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCrlON. on the premises, the Sea View Nurseries, Havant, on Thursday, March 3, 1392, a large quantity of well-grown NURSERY STOCK. The FREEHOLD NURSERY to be DISPOSED OF. Par- ticulars of the Auctioneers. Preliminary Notice. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS beg to announce that they have received instructions from Messrs. Charlesworlh. Shuttleworth & Co.. Heaton, Bradford, and 213, Park Road, Cl.ipham, S. W., to OFFER by AUCTION, at their CenlrsI Sale Rooms, on FRIDAY, February 19, amarvel- lous consigoment of CATTLEYA LAWBENCEANA, CYPRIPEDIUM LINDLEYANUM, and many rare species just received in excellent condition, also 2010 ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM. best Paccho Strain. For full particulars see large advertisement next week. ■Wednesday and Saturday Next. 1000 Choice-named Euulish-grown Standajd and Dwarf ROSES, 1000 Standard, Dwarf-trained, and Pyramid FRIUT TREES, a large Collection ct BORDER PLANTS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, Home-frown LILIUMS, an impjrtation of LILIES from Japan. 2.50.000 Pearl and South African TUBEROSES. AMARYLLIS, PALM SEEDS, &c. MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, .38, King Street, Covent Garden, on WEDNESDAY and SATURD.AY NEXT, February 10 and 13, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely each dav. On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had. THOMAS B. JAMES (many years with Protheroe & Morris) holds WEEKLY SALES at his Rooms. 12. Bull Ring, Birmingham, of BULBS, PLANTS, NURSERY STOCK, &c., every WEDNESDAY and FRIDAY, at 4.30 P..\r. Sales of choice Cut Flowers. Fresh Entries invited. Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found. Matlock Bank Nurseries. MESSRS. ELSE and SON are instructed to SELL by AUCTION (Without Reserve), on TUESDAY, March 1, and following day (if necessary), on the above grounds, an assortment of NURSERY STOCK, including upwards of 100,000 Transplaited Rhododendrons, in sizes up u> 2 feet. Also Special Lots of Cupressus, Retinosporas, i sorts; Irish and Golden Y'ews, Privets, &c., of which r of particulars may be had free on application to— Messrs. ELSE AND SON, Auctioneers, &c., Matlock, Derbyshir MIDLAND COUNTIES.— TO BE SOLD (Folio 7561). in an important town, an old-established General NURSERY BUSINESS. Long Lease. Low rental. Capital required, about £2500. Apply to PROTHEROE and MORRIS, Auction and Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. KENT.— In the best District.— TO BE SOLD a compact FREEHOLD NURSERY, .about 4 Acres of Ground. Several modern Greenhouses, specially adapted for Growing Fruit and Cut Flowers. Splendid opportunity Full particulars of PROTHEROE AND MORRIS. Estate Offices. 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C. To Market and Cut Flower Growers. (Folio 756a.r:rMAflfeHE.SXER;- For PLEASURE and PROFIT. FRUIT. See CATALOGUE for Sim] to 8U., ROSES. Nothing 80 Profitable and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. Hundreds of Thousands. BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free SB. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cask with Order. KOSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen. OBNAHENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES. 4 ACRES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen. N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM. SEEDS &BULBSt DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. FOREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 16«. per 1000 J Ash. 3yr., 2s. 6d. per 1000; IJ to 2 feet. 13s. per lOuO ; 2 to 3 feet, \6s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Ash, Mountiiin, 3 to 4 feet, 21s. per 1000 ; Bee^^h, 2 to 2J feet, 22s. per Ic 00 ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Chestnut, Hor.se, 2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spani>h C, lAtoiifeet, 16S- per 1000; Elm Wych, 2 to 2J feet. 16s. per 1' 00; Larch. 12 to 18 inch, 14s. per lOOO ; 1 J to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; 2 to 2^ feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Spruce Fir, IJ to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir, 2-yr., 2-jr. tr,, 16s. per lUOO ; 2 feet. 20s. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3 fuet. 20s. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet. 16s. per 1000 ; Oak, English, 1 J feet, 12s. per lOOO; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; 2J to 3 feet, 18s. per 1000 ; Privets, Oval, li to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; Privets, Common, ]J feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, 1^ to 2 faet, 12s. per lOi'O; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Thorns, 2 feet, IDs. per 1000; 2J feet, 12s. per 1000; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000; 3 to 4 feet, 17s. per 1000. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. THE^HEW FORCING LETTUCE, CARTERS' HARBINGER, Supplies a want long felt Distinct and Delicious. Price in Sealed Packets, 2/6 & 6/- each, post-free. Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H M. the Queen and H.R.H. tlie Prince of Wales. HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON 237 238 TRADE OFFER OF PALMS. COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at 20s. per 100. ,, ,, jneo's at 68s. per 100. KENTLl Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100. at 60s. per 100. at24s. perdoz. SEAFORTHIA Elegans, ; in32's, at 48s. perdoz. at32s. periOO. at £6 per 100. W. Iceton haa a fine Stock of Asparagus plumoaus nanus, in48's and 60's ; Pandanus Veitchii, Draceenaa Lindenii, and Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON. Putney, S.W. KaSx^?^S>^S>^S>^S>^S>^S>^S>"S>^^ Delivered Free ^J^^^.^ "^^^ by Rail or Jt^ ^^T ^^^^ Parcels _^^^^^ SEED ^''°'' ^^A ^^^ POTATOS, t^^ Garden Tools, yr Sundries, &c., &c. Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. 403 ^ DicKsoiiScttGHesiei. (lAinitedr _2 \ o B E s . ElIPKROR WILLIAM, best blue, for bedding, 5s. per 100. MAGNIFICA. iine deep blue, large flowers, 6s. per ll 0. EEINE BLANCHE (new), the finest white, good grower, large pure white flowers. Certificate of Merit from R.H S. 10s. per 100. MAID OF MORAY (new), blue, with large white eye, com- pact grower ; fine for bedding. 10s. per 100. The above quotations are for strong, healthy plants, from store boxes, and will give a lot of stock. H. B. MAY, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, tfpper Edmonton. CLIMBING DELICATESS CUCUMBER. To THE TKADF. 100 packets, of ten seeds )i^s. 'ill packets ... \hs. 1 ) packets ... As. 1 packet ... %d. For depcripfion, see my Wholesale CATALOGUE. which can be obtained on application. Electros will also be lent if desired. J.'C. SCHMIDT ; ERFURT, Qi' GERMANY. SEASON 1892. Wm. CLIBRAN&SON Beg to inform their patrons that their NEW CATALOGUE OF SELECT VEGETABLE SEEDS CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS Is Now Ready, and will be sent po^frfree on application. It contains Descriptionsof all the STANDARD VARIE TIES of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, wi'h a careful selection of the most promising NOV^ELTI*es. Oriental Hellebores, Carna- tions. &o. Lists free o.n application. BARR & SON, 12, King St., Covent Garden, London- PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (Standarda, Pyramids, and Wall-trained), Apples, Pears, Cherries. Peaches. Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 Doble tall standard Vic'oria Plums snd Damsons, six yeara old. The Trees are withoiit blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons, specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, secured but recently regardless of cost ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Rosea; 40.000 Black and Red Currants, four years old ; and forty kinds of Gooseberries. 6000 Raspberries. Price, half their value. SeeCatalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD. Hon. GER- TRUDE JUNES. Churchtield, Cradley. near Malvern. CHARLES NOBLE HAS FINELY BUDDED RHODODENDRONS, named kinds. ANDROMEDA FLORIKUNDA. AZALEA, finest Ghent kinds. Ditto, Seedlings. B., and TEAS. y 6 feet. DVFARF ROSE^ THUIOPSIS BOREALIS THUIA LOBBII Ditto. AMERICANA CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANAJ HYPERICU.M CALYCINUM. PORTtTGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet. HARDY HEATHS. CLEMATIS. 3 and 4 years old. The General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK will I found superior in every way. B A G S H O T, February, 1893. GROUND BEaUIRED for BtTILDING. TO BE SOLD, CHEAP. lono PINUS AUSTEIACA, 2 to S and 5 feet. 1000 LAURELS, bushy. 4 to 7 feet. 80 1 MOUNTAIN ASH. 10 to 15 feet. SIX) LABITBNi MS, 8 to 10 f-et. 200 SPANISH C . ESTNUTS, 8 to 10 feet. .Wo POPLARS, ITALIAN, 12 to 18 feet. JOHN PEED & SONS, The Nurseries. Mitcham Road, Streatham, S.W. COVERT FOR GAME. LAURELS. Common. IJ to 2 feet, bushy. 70s. per 1000. ,. ., 2 to 3 feet, bushv. 100s. per 1000. PRIVET, Evergreen, 2 to 3 feet, bushy 35s. per 1000. .. Extra strong. 4 to 5 feet, bushy. 50s. per 1000. BERBEBIS AQUlFOLIA. 1^ to 2 feet, bushy. 80.!. per 1000. LEECH, extra strong. 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per 1000. HOLLIES, very bushy, 1§ to 2 feet, 30s. per 100. ,. .. 2 to 3 feet. 50s. per 100. BLACK and WHITE THORNS, LARCH and SCOTCH FIRS, and other TREES, equally cheap. CATALOGUES, and Samples, free on application. R. TUCKER, Nurseries. Faringdon, Berks. CHEAL'S new TOM THUMB DAHLIAS. Choice mixed Seed of above can now be supplied at 2s- 6d. per packet. CHEAL'S CACTUS DAHLIAS, carefully selected Seed, Is. 6d. and 2s. 6d. per packet. CHEAL'S SINGLE DAHLIAS, carefully selected Seed, Is. 6d. per packet. NEW CATALOGUE of DAHLIAS, containing many Novelties, will be ready shortly, post free. J. CBEAL and SONS, The Nurseries, CRAWLEY. POPULAR CELERIES. HARRISON'S EARLY ROSE, easily blanches, fine for e^hibition j Each HARRISON'S LEICESTER RED, is- ^ solid, the best late, very hardy ^per packet. PENGELLY WHITE, a quick forVamps. grower / Nothing is more disappointing than a soft, stringy Celery. The above will not disappoint you. ILLUSTRATED LIST of LEICESTER SEEDS, free. HARRISON & SONS, Seed atoyr&TB, LEICESTER. KELWAY'S ILLUSTRATED MANUAL of Horticulture and AKriculture for 1892. Is., po«t- free ; gratis to Customers. — KELWAY, Langport, Somerset. CMALL SHRUBS antTcONIFEIMO.— Abies O orientalis, 4-yr., 40s, per 1000; Cupressus macrocarpa, I-yr., 30,!. per 1000; C. Lawsoniana, 1 foot, 40s. per 1000; C. erecta viridis, 8 to 9 inch. 30.!. per 1000 ; Ci.tonea8ter Sim- monsii, 1 foot. 30s. per 1000 ; Escallonia macrantha, 9 inch, 8s. per 100; Ivy. Irish. 2-yr., 30«. per 1000; Lilac, purple, 2-)r., 30s. per 1000; Laurestinus, 6 to 8 inch. 7s. per ICO; Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr., drilled, 10 inch, 60s, per I'OO; Pinua cembra, 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000 ; P. Nordmannia, 2-yr. transplanted, 60s. per 1000; P. nobilis, 2-year trans- planted. 6s. per 100; Privets, oval, 9 inch, 8s. per 1000 ; ditto, 10 to 12 inch. 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; R. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per 100; Rhododendron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 in(.-h, 40s. per lOOJ; 6 to 9 inch, 58s. per 1000; Veronica Traversii, 8 inch, 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia. 6 inch. Ss. per 100; Yew. Englith. 2-yr8., 1-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 1000; Irish Yew, 8 to 9 inch. 8s. per 100. GARLIES MITCHELL. Nurseryman. Stranraer. WHEELER'S CAMBRIAN FAVOURITE MELON. A grand New Melon, which we believe will prove to be one of the finest standard varieties in cultivation. Per packet, 23. 6d. ; small pkt.. Is. 6d., post-free. Mr. J. MUIR. in icritinj of it, says : — " It is extremely handsome, and the flavour is all ihat could be desired ; indeed, it combine's more good points than I ever found in any other Melon." Wheeler's List of Specialties and Novelties will be forwarded, gratis and post-free, on application. WHEELER & SON, Seed Growers, GLOTJCESTEB. NOW READY. SHARPE'S TRADE CATALOGUE OF GARDEN and FARM SEEDS for 1892, Post-free on application t» CHARLES SHARPE & CO., Seed Farmers and Merchants, SLEAFORD. FORBES' CATALOGUE FOR 1892, Is the largest, best, and most comprehensive ever issued on FLORISTS' FLOWERS and HERBACEOUS PLANTS. It contains full and accurate descriptions of all the best Antirrhinums. Begonias. Carnations, Dahlias. Delphiniums, Fuchsias, Pieonies, Pansies. Violas, Pelargoniums. Pentste- mons. Petunias, Phloxes, Pinks, Potentillas, Primulas, Pyre- thrums, Verbenas, Herbaceous Plants, &c. ; also of my true and reliable strain of EAST LOTHLAN STOCKS, which, by the force of their merit, are now justly celebrated all the world over. In 5 distinct sorts, crimson, purple, scarlet, white, and WalUlower-leaved white, each sort. Is , 2s. fid., and bs. per packet. It is an indispensable Reference-Book on all sectiors of Florists' Flowers, and should be carefully perused by all buyers of flowers. Free on application. JOHN FORBES, Nurseryman. Hawick, Scotland. FRUIT TREES. STEPHEN SPOONER & SONS can offer the following, in really good stuff;— Standard and Half-Standard HAZEL PEARS, strong. Standard Manx Codlin APPLET. .S to 6 feet stems, strong. Dwarf-trained Prince of VCales PLUMS, fine. Dwarf-trained PEARS and PLUM=. of sorts. Dwarf-trained MORELLO CHERRIES. Dwarf trained APPLES, a few sorts extra strong. Maiden PE4RS PLUMS. APPLES, and CHERRIES, of sorts. Three-year-old WILLIAM PEAR'. Also IV fine lot of 2-year-old Lord SufBeld, Hawthornden, Cox's Orange King Pippin, and Wellinston. &c , So. A large and varied stock of FRUIT TREES of all kinds, in 1, 2. and 3-year-old stuff; and a .mantity of 2-year Bush Victoria and Pond's Seedling PLUMS. Standard LIMES. 10 to 12 feet.'stout. Standard General Jacqueminot ROSES ; also other varieties. I.TSTS on application. Prices moderate HOUNSLO'i'i^ NURSERIES, HOUNSLO'W, MinDLESEX. 166 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaet 6, 1892 KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM. FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to MORITZ H. SGHONSTADT, 59, FAKRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C. lUILDERS, NORWICH. WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES, AND GREENHOUSES IN ALL STYLES. GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY BOILERS Of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates. VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always in Stock. GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. No. 74. THREE-QUAKTER SPAN GARDEN FRAME. No. 73. NEW SPAN-ROOF GARDEN FRAKE 4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. ... £5 14 8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 0 I 16 ft. by 6 ft. ... 7 4 All Frames made of Selecte 1 Red Deal, painted three tin and Lights (glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass. Carriage paid on all Orders of 40s. value. Estimates on Application No. 75. MELON AND q CUCUMBER FRAME. .£430 ...560 CUCUMBER-FRAME LIGHTS. 6 feet by 4 feet, painte-i and glazed 14s. Orf. each. 6 feet by 4 feet, unp.iinted and unglazed ... bs.^d. ,, Catalogue of all our Manufactures, post-free on application. HENRY CANNELL & SONS' Our NEW CATALOGUES Op plants and SEEDS, Indetd, EVERYTHING FOR THE GARDEN, have been posted to our Customers, and we shall be pleased to also send them to all who contemplate purchasing. H. CANNELL & SONS, Nurserymen and Seedsmen to nearly all the Sm/al Families and " Heads " in the World, SWANLEY, KENT. MENDER'S PETUNIAS. The Grandest Strain grown. Seed saved entirely from large flowers, beautifully mottled and striped. Is. and 2s. per packet. PRIMULl.— Large frilled flowers, mixed, carmine, rose, white, and blue, special strain , Is. Qd. & 2s. Qd. per packet. BEGONIA. — Saved from the beat-named Double and single flowers. Is., 2s. Gd., and 5s. per packet. HENDER AND SONS, Nursery. Plymouth. EXTRA STRONG FRUIT TREES. Trained VICTORIA PLUMS, 8 to 10 feet high and wide. Standard APPLES, large heads. Standard PEARS Bu3h and Pyramids of both the former, 6 to 8 feet, WALNUTS, very strong Trees. Fine GOOSEBERRIES and CURRANTS. JOHN FEED & SONS The Nurseries, Mitcham Road, Streatham. BARR'S»LusCLEARANCESALE«fDAFFODILS Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in prime condition for Potting, Bedding, and Naturalisation. Detailed Priced LIST on application. Per 1000, 15s., 25s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and lOSs. BARR'S CLEARANCE SALE OP HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS -NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, CHIONODOXA, SCILLAS, SN0WFLAKE3, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs, ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES GREATLY REDUCED. LIST on APPLICATION. Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application :— CONFERENCE MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS. GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES. SINGLE P.EONIES, DOUBLE PEONIES, HELLEBORES, and IRIS. BARR & SON, 12, King St., Covent Garden, London. R. HALLIDAY & CO., HOTHOtrSE BUILDEKS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS, ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIODLETON, MANCHESTER. Vlnerlea, Stoves, Greenliouaea, Peaoh Housee, Forcing Houses, &c., constructed on our improTed plan, are the perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cauaot be equalled. Wo only do one class of work, and that THE VERY BEST. Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed architecturally coneot without the assistance of any one out of our firm, from the smaUest to the largest. Hot-water Heating Apparatus, with really reliable BoUers, erected, andsuocess guaranteed in all cases. ISelon Frames, Sashes, Eotlied Boxes, &o., always in stock. Plans, Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on in any part of the Kingdom. Our Manila is and always has been — MODEKATB CHARGES. FIRST-CLASS WORE. THE BEST HATEBIALS. Febhuaet 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 167 D/VMSONS.— strong Standards for Hedgerow IMauting; Hue stuff, a little rough. Special clie;ip offer £J per 100. i .1. K. PEARSON & SONS, Chihvell Nurserios. Notts. Raspberry Canes and Currant Trees. BAUMFORTII SEEDLING, 40.s. per 1000; SEMPER FIDELIS. 30.5. per lOoO. Sample 100 of eitbor sort, 6s. RED CUUR-iNT TREES, Ss. per 100. Cash with order. Free on rail. Apply — R. H. BATH, Wisbech. OOD STOCKS, carefully Hand-picked, of BEANS— HarlingtoD and Green WindsDr, White and Green Longpod. PEAS— Abundance. Berkshire Marrow, Dr. McLean, Fortyfold, Fillbasket. Gladiator, Hundredfold, Little Gem, Ne Plus Ultra, Paradise Marrow, Princess Royal, Pride of Market, Stratagem, Telegraph, Triumph, and Yorkshire Hero. Carters Elephant Swede. To effect a speedy Clearance, these will be Sold Cheap foh Cash, in Large or Small Quantities. Apply — GEORGE ELSOM, Seed Grower and Merchant. Spalding. ERNS ! FEKNS ! !— Trade.— Greenhouse and Stove, 25 saleable sorts, 12s. per 100; out of pots, 10.1. Large Adiantum ruaeatum, Aralias, SolauuQis, Cyperus, and Primulas, all in 48"s. 'os. pp.r doz. Palms and Ficus, Is. eai-h. Large Ferns. 10 best sorts, 5s. 6(/. perdoz., in IS's. Cineraria!*, Spirteas. and Cyclamen, full bloom, 9s. per dozen, in ■18's. Adiantum cuneatum and P. tremula, extra size, in ^j-iiich pots, 165. per 100. Packed free. Cash with Order. J. SMITH, LoDdon Fern Nurseries, Loughboro' Junction, S.W. SPECIAL CHEAP 0 F E E E.— Fastolf RASPBERRIES, strong healthy Canes, 3s. 6rf. per 100; 27s, 6rf. per 1000. ROSES, Choicest Varieties, half-standards, ys. ; standards, 12s. per doz. QUICK, strong transplanted, 9s. ; extra stout, Hs. per 1000. Common LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet, 9s. per 1 00 ; 60s. per 1000 ; ditto, 3 to 4 feet, 12s. per 100 ; 80s. per 1000. AUSTRIAN PINES. 3 to 5 feet, 2s. 6rf. per doz. ; 15s. per 100. SYCAMORES. 5 to 7 feet. Is. per doz. ; 4s. id. per 100. Free on rail.- LAWS, Nurseries, Beccles. PIXES FOR SALE.— QUEEN'S, CHAR- LOTTE ROTHSCHILD'S, and SMOOTH CAYENNES. A very fine lot of Suckers, in 7 and 8-inch pots, ready to put into fruiting-pots, very clean, and in perfect health ; also, fine fruiting plants of the same varieties, ready for immediate throwing up. Giving up Pine Growing, reason for disposal. Apply, H. E. GRIBBLE. Wynyard Park, Stockton-on-Tees. LAURELS.— C.\UCASICUM, LATIFOLIA, ROTUNDIFOLIA, and COMJION, fine bushy plants, well-rooted, 2 to 6 feet high. PORTUGAL LAURELS. Standards, fine heads. CATALOGUE on application. H. LANE AND SON. Nurseries, Berkhamsted, Herts. For Exhibition! BROAD BEAN, BIDULES' MONSTER LONGPOD. — Extra long, fine quality. Per quart. Is. M. CAEKOT. BIDDLES' SCARLET PRIZETAKER, Interme- diate, the finest exhibition Carrot grown. Per oz.. Is. ONION, BIDDLES' GIANT SPRING.— Too well known as a prize-winner to need further recommendation. Per oz , Is. BIDDLES ASD CO.. The Pexnt Packet Seed Co , Loughborough, Lei-cstershire. fruit Trees a Specialty. APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW- BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption. Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE and GUIDE, the most completeissued, 6d. Ordinary LIST free. JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries. Withington, Hereford. L'HORTICTJLTURE INTEBNATIONALE (Orchid Emporium), Leopold Park, Brussels. THE GRANDEST CHOICE of ORCHIDS in EUROPE. THE DIRECTORS, Messrs. LINDEN, cordially invite Amateurs and Nurserymen to visit their Establishment. They will find at L'Horticulture Internationale the Finest, Healthiest, and Largest Stock of New. Rare, or Popular Orchids in Cultivation. Grand Importations every week. LISTS and CATALOGUES on application. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BiDDLES & Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. We invite tho^e about to pxuchase garden seeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 3000 Varieties catalogued. 500 Illustration s . ROSES. STANDARDS, from 2U per dozen, DWARFS, from 6s. per dozen, CATALOGUES, post-free. FRANK CANT, BRAISWIGK NURSERY, COLCHESTER. ANTHONY WATERER invites from intending Planters an inspection of the fisllowing well- grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS ;— ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet, „ DOUGLASII, 6 to 12feet. ,, ,, GLAUCA, 5 toSfeet. ,, HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), .3 to 6 feet. CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet. „ GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet. ,. LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIRIDIS, 4 to 8 feet. „ „ LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 6 feet. JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet. „ „ AUREA (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet, PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet. „ GRANDIS, 6 to 8 feet. „ LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet. „ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 5 feet. e), lito4feet. PUNGENS, IJ to 4 feet „ „ GLAUCA (Blue Spri PINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 : „ LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet. THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet. „ DOLABRATA aud VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet. TUUIA LOBBII (gigantea). 5 to 9 feet. ., OCCIDENTALlS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet, WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA. .■! to 7 feet. YEWS. Common, 3. 4, .5, and 6 feet. ,, Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, size, and quality unequalled. „ Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet. ,, Irish, 6 to 10 feet. „ „ Golden, 3 to 6 feet. AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2i to 4 feet. BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps, 4 to 7 feet. BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 6, and 8 feet. HOLLIES, Common, from 3 to 10 feet. ALTACLERENSE. HODGINS or NOBILIS, LAURIFOLIA, MYRTIFOLIA, SCOTICA, Yellow berried, and otter sort Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet. Golden Queen, 4, 6, up to 10 feet. Silver Queen. 4, 5, up to 10 feet. Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on Bti with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth. ,, New Golden Weeping. RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet. Knap Hill Nursery. Woking, Surrey, n various forms, point of variety, 3,4, 5, up to 10 feet. PLANTING SEASON, -" HAKPlI^lf-CBOWW ft ALL OTHEII TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 ACRES: VERT EXTENSIVE STOCK. Inspeotion lD¥lUd- Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free. Ai^IOcvSONo NCRSEBIES GEORCE JAGKMAN & SON, WOKING NURSERY, SURREY, Invite Inspection of the Following Well-grown Stuff : — FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsons, in Standard, Pyramid, and Dwarf- trained trees; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. ROSES.— A large Collection of Dwarf and standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roses, in all the lead- ing varieties ; also Tea Roses, in pot», for forcing. RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties set with flower-buds; also Hybrid Seedlings and Ponticums. CONIFERS.— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for Lawn aud Shrubbery planting. SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c. CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle- matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rockwork, &c. ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks, Avenues, Streets, and Private Gardens. FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for Coverts, Woods, &c. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading Feature. Plans designed, and Adv.ice given as to Layii^- out. Planting, or Renovating Parks, Cemeteries, Recrea- tion Grounds, and Private Gardens. 170R SALE.— A quantity of KENTIAS 1- FOSTERIANA and BELMORIANA ; al,,o SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in 48 and tiO-pots. Cleiu and good. No room the reason of selling. W. 0LLI3. 262a, CUpham Road, Stock«ell, S.W. SEED POT ATOS— SEED POTATOS— CHANGE YOUR SEED.- Reading Giant, Beauty of Hebron, Early Rose, White Elephant. 5s. 6d. per sack. Wi lb., sacks included. Cheaper by the ton. On Riil at Reading. Cash wi th order.— HARRYBRINK WORTH. PotatoGrowerBeading. MUSHROOM SPAWN, finest quality possible, 3s. 6<(. per bmhel of 16 bricks; RAFFIA or RUSH-GRASS, best quality. 6d. cost ... ] (2022 8s. 9rf. of this sum is held by the Society, subject to the provisions of ihe will of the late J. Davis, Ksq.) Cash at London and County Bank — On current account 260 15 7 On deposit account 345 0 0 Cash in hand 4 4 lo ' £i720 3 9 We have examined the above accounts, and find the same correct. (Signed) Harry Turner, 1 Henry Williams, >■ Auditors. A. H. Pearson, ) Harper Bros., Chartered Accountant?. January 22, 1892. New or Noteworthy Plants. CTPRIPEDIUM BACONIS, n. hyhr* Here we have a new hybrid, raised by crossing C. chlorops, Rchb.X (hjbr. of C. Hartwegiix Pearcei) with the pollen of C. Schlimii. The best * Cypripedium Baconis, n.hybr.— Foliis linearibusacumina- tissimis supra laete infra pallide viridibus i scapo plurifloro subdisticho; ovario 2-poll., longj incurve puberulo; sepalo dorsali oblongo acuto extus roseo, intus viridi pallide roseo marginato ; sepalis lateralibus coalitis cymblformibus apice minutiasime bidentatis viridibus rosec-venatis; petal» ovatis acuminatisecciuiloDgisvii sublongioribus; labellosubcompresso lobulis sese tegentibus antice sub-bilobo viridi antice roseo; staminodio transverse rhombeo umbonalo viiidi roseo^ marginato. we can say about this new hybrid is as to its very easy and luxuriant growth. Mr. F. Sander informs us that the seed was sown November 4, 1888. The aeedlitags sprang up in the first week of March, 1880, and the first flowers were in full development in the last week of January of this year. That is surely the quickest development of a hybrid we have heard of — but alas ! the only merit we can men- tion. The leaves and the habit of C. Pearcei, the spike of C. Schlimii, and the flowers of C. chlorops, give an idea of this new enrichment of our collections. There is a proverb in Germany — " Children must be cautious in the selection of their parents" — a frivolous, but, at all events, a correct expression of Mr. Darwin's theory. To apply this theory to a practical point of view, we must admit that good results can never be obtained if C. Pearcei has had a prevalent influence in the crossing. This new hybrid is dedicated to the memory of P'rancis Bacon (Viscount of St. Albans, the first Englishman who pointed out the merits of practical experiments against purely theoretical research). Dr. F. Kramlin. Catasethm Liechtensteimii, n. sp* This new species of Catasetum is no doubt the nearest to C. Trnlla, and at first sight I inclined to consider it as a mere variety of that species; but the characters of the lip, so constant in all the flowers seen by me, are so different from those of the true C. Trulla, that I resolved to describe it as a new species. It is very difficult to give'a good idea of this very striking plant. The old C. Trulla, described in 1840, was never very common in England, and Catasetum has never been fashionable in our col- lections. Imagine a dense pendent raceme of about twenty flowers, each 1 J or 2 inches across. The petals and the dorsal sepal are connivent, and form a sort of cup ; the lateral sepals are spreading, and all these parts are dull grassy-green; the lip— the botanical characters of which are pointed out in the diagnosis — is also green, with blackish-brown on the edges and the lower parts of it. Green and brown are not the colours to make a flower bright and attractive, and the plant will never become a serious rival to the Cattleyas and the Odontoglots, but everybody who likes to turn his eyes from these big blotches of purple, and rose, and yellow to the more modest colours will be more than satisfied by the striking forms of the Cataseta and several allied genera. It is to be hoped that some amateurs will turn their special attention to this group, the generic pecu- liarities of which are of the highest interest, and till now unknown for the greater part of the described species. The culture of Cataseta is by no means difficult. K. Orchid Notes and Gleanings. ODONTOGLOSSUM VEXILLARIUM. If amateurs and gardeners will examine any plants of this species not in good health, they will probably find traces of thrips ; the tiny insects themselves are not always visible, although they sometimes come out in very warm weather from the axils of the leaves. I was recently looking over a collection of Orchids, and on coming to a group of well-grown specimens of this Odontoglossum, I found several plants had damaged leaves, which I * Catasetvm Liechtmsieinii, n. sp. — Affine C. Trulltc, Lindl,,C.tricidonti. Kchb, f. Racemo compaeto penduloi brac- teia oblongis acutis dimidium ovarii requantibus ; sepalis peta- loque intermedio conniventibus ; sepalis lateralibus divergen- tibus omnibus subsimilibus oblongis acutis acnminatisve viridibus; labelli manifesto trilobi lobis lateralibus basl rotun- datis extus rectangulis acutangulisve sparsim seirulatis, lobo intermedio longe triangulo acummato apice incrassatomargine omnino integro, toto labello piano viridi margine prfeser- tim ad apices loborum fufco, medio in disco brupeo- adsperso ; gynostemio brevi dentibus 2 longissimis subulatis in medium usque labelli descendentibus ; anlheram non vidi. pol- liniis angubtis oblongis, caudicula lineari angusta, glaodula pro genere minuta — Accepi a domino W. Lauche. principis Liechtenstein horticulture fautoris hortulano. Dr. Krtindin. was informed happened by fumigating the house with tobacco-smoke. I was convinced from the very first that this fine Odontoglossum would not stand the fumes of tobacco-smoke strong enough to kill thrips. The only way to keep them clean is to periodically dip the plants in tobacco- water. We have large specimens about twelve years old that have been kept in good health by dipping the leaves about once in six weeks as a preventive. The last dipping must take place just as the flower-spikes are coming up, and they cannot be dipped again until the flowering period is over, as the tobacco-water injures the flowers in bud. Cool Orchids are often injured by tobacco-smoke, although they are sometimes fumigated. On one occasion I smelt tobacco-smoke in a structure, and enquired of the gardener if they fumigated the cool-house Orchids. " Well," he replied, " we are supposed to do so, and I put in the fumigator to make a smell." J, Doug/as, Odontoglossum Phal.i:sopsis. A well-flowered specimen of this species is a very distinct and pretty feature in a collection of Orchids, but it does not seem to prosper so well as 0. lioezlii and 0. vexillarium do, I remember the late Mr. Spyers saying that it was sulj^ct to the attack of a small species of thrip, almost invisible to the naked eye. Probably this is the reason that the plants are seen in good collections in a declining state of health. I have not seen a really good well-flowered specimen since Mr. John Ward exhibited it about fifteen years ago at the summer exhibition in London. The two fine plants grown by him were sold at Stevens' Rooms, King Street, Covent Garden, for 30 guineas each. I have followed his system of culture, and our small stock of plants does well. They are grown in a compost of peat and sphagnum, and are kept near the glass on the shady side of the cool-house. Mr. Ward repotted his plants in February, and they had been grown for many years without being divided. I find they do not like being divided, and we now repot the large plants every second year ; merely surface dressing with some fresh clean live sphagnum and fibrous peat when they are not repotted. The plants are dipped occa- sionally to destroy this tiny insect pest, and it is a good time to do so before surface-dressing them. I use soft scapy-water, with a little tobacco-liquor in it. J. Douglas. L.ELiA GRANDis vAR. TENEBROSA, Rsichenbachia, 2nd ser., t. 33. A very dark and exceedingly distinct form, the sepals and petals flatter than in the type, less undu- late, and of a decided copper-bronze tint, and the lip purple, more or less margined with white, with some deep purple at the sides of the throat. Native of Brazil, near Bahia. Cattleta labiata vae. Luddemanniana, Reichenbachia, 2nd ser., t. 34. This is stated to be synonymous with C. Dawsoni, and is subject to variation in colour from pure white to light rosy-purple, but all are readily distinguish- able by the relatively narrow lip. There is generally a pair of pale yellow or white blotches at the top of the throat, with lines of reddish-purple on the disc. Its flowers are produced on the newly-formed growths of the current year, and before the resting season. It should be grown in the Dendrobium-house, a sunny, bright, and very warm position suiting it best. Odontoqlosscm coronahidm, Reichenbachia, t. 35, 2ad ser. This, says Mr. Sander, is best grown in cradles, thus afTording plenty of drainage, in peat and sphag- num, and plenty of moisture, near the roof of a cool moiat-house. Cattleta granulosa var. Schofieldiana, Reichenbachia, 2nd ser., t. 36. The difliculties to be overcome in collecting this anl other Brazilian Orchids are not to be lightly estimated. Growing in the forks of trees, surrounded 172 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [FfiBfiuARY 6, 1893 by the accumulated debris of years, they (orm the abiding place of myriads of ants — significantly called fire-ants, scorpions, and the diminutive but virulent snake of the country. With these obstacles to face, the collector has oftentimes been brought to a stand- still, and has to exert all his eloquence and persuasive powers to induce the natives to venture on a task from which he himself shrinks. More often than not, to settle all doubts, the tree is cut down, and hence is opened the chance for a little nefarious business on the part of his native assistant, who, if so inclined, has the opportunity of substituting some more easily- reached plant, the appearance of which differs so slightly, that to pass it is excusable. The treatment of Cattleya amethystoglossa will admirably suit C. Schofieldiana ; placed in the warmest end of the Cattleya-house, with considerable moisture during the growing season, potting in the same way, and keeping comparatively dry during the season of rest, it will do easily and well, flowering freely, and proving itself one of the most attractive objects to be found in any collection of Orchids. COLONIAL! Notes. TRINIDAD. The Annual Report of the Royal Botanic Gar- dens for the year 1890 is quite an imposing document, giving full particulars of the garden and its departments, together with numerous photo- lithographs of characteristic trees. Mr. Hart has an interesting note on Coryanthes macrantha, in which it is shown that while bees effect the fertilisation of the flower, they do not, as alleged, feed on the fleshy plates of the lip. It is the black-beetle (Blatta oocidentalis) which does this part of the work. The average rainfall is about 65 inches, the greatest fall being in June, 78 ; July, 9 3; August, 10 G; Sep- tember, 80 ; and falling as low as 18 in February and March. The mean annual temperature is 77°'5, average maximum, 8G° ; average minimum, 69° ; highest in September, S'J° ; lowest, February, 66°. Jamaica. Mr. G. S. Jenman continues his descriptive list nf the Ferns of the island in the Bulletin of the Bota- nical Department, Jamaica. It is to be hoped it will eventually be published in some more generally accessible form. Ceylon. Mr. J. Alexander has issued a brief account of the timber trees of the Central province, on the occasion of the Colombo Exhibition. THE CULTURE OF PRIMULA SINENSIS. We hear much of the good cultivation of the Primula in these days, and our young men are in- clined to boast of their exploits, and some old ones as well, who have forgotten the successes of the gardeners of 30 and 40 years ago ; and they are apt to imagine that Primulas were never so fine or so large as now. The writer knew one of the Wells of Redleaf fame — proprietor and gardener were alike named Wells, who could grow the good ordinary strain of P. sinensis for winter blooming up to 2 feet and more in diameter. The seed, mostly home- saved, was sown in April and May in pans that were kept in a Melon-pit or mild hot-bed, and always close to the glass. Here they remained till the seedlings had made a rough leaf or two, when the seed-pans were looked over, and all those plants that had reached that amount of development were lifted with a sharp-pointed label carefully out of the mould, and pricked-oflf into other pans — generally in a line round the edge ; and if there were many, two lines might be made. The middle was always left bare of plants, as it was generally found that they damped- off there from excess of moisture — probably, just as in the opposite way we find seed- ling tuberous Begonias go off near the sides of the pans they are pricked-off' or sown in. These pricked-off Primulas went— together with the seed-pans, which had been carefully levelled by putting some sandy loam and leaf-mould into the holes made in tranferring the seedlings — into the place whence they had been taken, first affording them all a gentle watering. These plants would stay there for a fortnight, and at the expira- tion of that time, if the hotbed had not declined much in warmth, they would be placed in a cool pit kept moderately close. This pit was filled up with a coal-ash bed to within 1 foot of the glass in front, and Ij foot at the back, and the Primulas were stood on inverted pots so as to bringthem well up to the light. In very hot days a mat might be thrown over them Fig. 27.— zvgopetalum lin'dexi. from 12 o'clock till 2, but as a matter of fact, they had to get used to full sunshine by July. When large enough they were potted and repotted, until by the autumn they had got into large 48's, and always kept close to the glass in the cold pit. A little manure-water, guano-water was afforded them, and no flower was allowed to show. In winter the plants were kept in a pit impervious to frost, and always gently moving, no flowers being allowed to develop. In the spring they were shifted into 32'3, and in August into 24'8, the treatment being similar in every way to that of the previous summer. In October of the second year they were 2 feet, and some of them nearly 3 feet in their stretch of foliage ; and when at last — say, late in the year — they were allowed to flower, they realty formed a showy feature in the conservatory, well repaying the gardener for his pains. Of course the gardener had two successions of plants under way at the same time — the one year and the two year — and a considerable amount of glass was occupied with them. As our readers know, the Primula sinensis is not a plant of annual duration, although we choose to cultivate it as if it really were an annual, so that there is nothing abnormal in the plant lasting for two years. In some places and soils the Primula is apt to go off with canker between wind and water, but I have found that a good admixture of burnt earth with the potting soil, sprinkling also a little over the surface of the ball when the potting of the plant is finished, will in a great measure protect the plant from this evil. M. ZYGOPETALUM LINDENL We here present our readers with a figure of this singular-looking Orchid, which was introduced by L' Horticulture Internationale, Brussels, and named in honour of Madame Lucien Linden. For a full description of the plant we would refer our readers to our issue for December 26, 1891, p. 759. MR. T. C. HEINEMANN'S ASTER FARM AT ERFURT. The accompanying illustration (fig. 28), taken from a photograph, supplies an excellent representa- tion of one of the extensive Aster farms of Germany, that of Mr. T. C. Heinemann, of Erfurt. Erfurt is one of the great centres of the seed- growing industry on the Continent, and as Aster seeds are in great demand, it is necessary that the plants should be grown very extensively, in order to furnish an adequate supply. The picture of the Aster beds, given in the represen- tation, may convey to the readers of the Gardeners Chronicle some idea of the large' extent of land devoted to their culture. The greatest care is taken to keep the several types true to character, and of uniform fine quality ; and the competition among the growers of Asters in Germany and other parts, operates to maiutain these features. The intro- duction of new types during the past ten or twelve years, of which the Comet Aster forms so dis- tinguished an example, has been remarkable. On the large Aster farms, seeds are sown in pots or pans, or in the open ground. In the case of the latter method, sowing generally takes place at the end of March or early in April ; the seeds are placed thinly in drills, and covered with fine soil. Many, probably most of the growers, cover the seeds so sown with frames ; they are protected by means of straw mats by day, and from the sun by shading, when at its greatest power. Something like ten days are required for the germination of the seeds, and as the seedlings increase in size, air is admitted in order to induce robustness and a hardy character. At this stage insects are liable to injure the young plants ; woodlice and a black spider are the most troublesome. The plants are thinned out as re- quired. They are well cared for in all stages of growth, and they bloom during August and September It is sometimes the practice to make successional sowings, but the most vigorous plants bearing the finest flowers are said to be produced on plants sown at the end of March. When the seeds are sown in pots or pans, it is usual to cover them with a piece of glass whitened upon the upper side. This is done to temper the sun's rays ; it prevents a too rapid drying of the surface, and prevents insects from attacking the seedlings. It is the usual practice to start these seeds in a warm frame or in a house of a temperature of 65° or so. When the seedlings are through the soil the glass is raised on one side to admit air, and the white covering to the glass is washed off ia order to admit light. The glass is dispensed with as soon as the leaves of the young plants touch it. At the end of March these seedlings are pricked Fbbeuakv 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 173 in prepared beds in the open. A light rich soil is employed to grow them, and top dressings of vegetable mould given the plants at distances apart according to the character of growth. Some pro- tection is given by night if required, and water early in the day when the atmosphere is warmest. It is the practice of some growers to transplant during the first half of June, giving the plants much more room in which to develop ; but this is more particularly the case with those desirous of obtaining extra fine blooms. The plants are cared for in the matter of watering, and the surface is kept stirred and clean. Plants treated in this way will pioduce a large number of very fine blooms. The foregoing details are intended to impart some idea of the practice generally adopted on the German seed farms, rather than as illustrating the practice of any particular one. There are differences of details in culture, as in the case of our home establishments. but be this as it may, as gardeners, we must yield to the wishes of our employers, and should meet reasonable requests cheprfuUy. At the same time gardeners deserve consideration, and ought not to be expected to revolutionise a system of plant culture in a season with little or no additional outlay. Exotic plants do not spring up spontaneously in this country, and time and money are needful if some kinds are to be replaced by others. Many of the plants, however, that are best for furnishing flowers are readily increased, and, once a stock is obtained, the desired number can be main- tained without much dilliculty. I will name a few of these, giving a brief description of my treatment of them — at least, of such as we grow in quantity to supply the demand for cut flowers in the dull season. Of these, perhaps the deciduous Calanthes are the most useful, they being not only very floriferous, and their spikes graceful, giving them a charm when Eucharis are indispensable, and of the several species under cultivation E. amazonica is still the best and most free to bloom. Its spikes of pure white flowers are always valued, and they are pretty when arranged alone with suitable foliage, or when associated with those of Cliveias or similar sub- jects. I grow this plant together with Pancratiums, Hymenocallis, and Phaius grandifolius, in the stove, where at no time they are allowed to feel the want of water either at the roots or over the foliage, and they push numerous flower spikes twice in the year once at the present time when they are most useful, I am loth to disturb the bulbs of large plants, and only do so when they begin to grow less vigorously, which they usually do in four or five years after being repotted. This failing in health arises from the crowded state of the bulbs and a soured and infertile soil. The potting soil consists of fibry loam, mixed with a moderate quantity of peat and Fig. 28. — abteb grounds^ix i". c, hhinkmann's nubsekv, ebfdrt. (see r. 172) Early blooming is necessary to secure a good harvest of plump, well-matured seed-grains, and it would appear that while the character of the weather in this country during last summer was of a nature to interfere with the proper maturation of Aster seeds, the Erfurt seed harvest was generally of a favourable character. One noticeable development in the Aster of late is in the direction of greater brilliancy of hue; the ruby, scarlet, and crimson- flowered varieties are now remarkably fine, and of the greatest decorative value. li. D. POT PLANTS FOR FLOWERS. CUT The grand specimen hard-wooded plants that required great skill to grow them, and which were the pride of their possessors, have, in many gardens, given place to a more easily-grown class of plants suitable to furnish flowers for vases, &c. Some gar- deners consider this to be a retrogressive movement ; mixed with suitable foliage, unequalled by any other cheap and easily managed plant, but the blossoms last a long time in perfection, both on plants and after they are cut. Their culture is simple. The pseudo- bulbs should be potted when growth begins, and placed on a shelf near the glass in a stove, and very sparingly watered till the roots have obtained a good hold of the soil, when more liberal supplies become necessary. Liquid manure should be occasionally aff'orded the plant at that time. The plants should now be syringed, and although they delight in atmos- pheric moisture, they must be protected from powerful sunshine, and water gradually withheld as the foliage decays, and entirely so while the bulbs are at rest. A good compost for Calanthes consists of fibrous peat and loam in equal parts, mixed with a moderate amount of silver sand and dry cow manure. Free drainage is needful, and 6-inch or 7-inch pots should be employed if large spikes are coveted. The varieties and species have become numerous, and we have this season flowered some pretty seedlings raised from seed sown three years ago. sand ; liquid manure and soot water are freely employed during the season of active growth, and bright sunshine is at all times excluded from the plants. The common white Arum is another plant that produces valuable flowers or spathes for cutting, and particularly suitable are these, assisted with their own foliage, for filling large trumpet-glasses or similar vessels. This plant can be well cultivated under different modes of treatment. I adopt the following. Early in June the plants are taken from their pots, much of the soil shaken from the roots, their suckers removed, and any that have two or more stems are divided, confining each plant to a single stem or crown. These are planted out in trenches, where they are carefully watered, and assisted with liquid manure. In September they are lifted, and potted in 8-inch pots, the soil used being loam, to which a little leaf-soil is added. When potted, the plants are placed in a cool pit, and kept rather close, syringed, and shaded, until they have recovered from being lifted, when they are given jilenty of air, and 174 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febetjaet 6, 1892. exposed to the sun. They soon establish themselves in the pots, and are then removed to a warm house in quantities as required. Here they demand copious supplies of water and liquid manure. I am growing the miniature form, but have not had sufficient ex- perience with it to enable me to speak with certainty of its merits. Of Cypripediums, C. insigne is one of the freest of winter-flowering species, and although frequently neglected, its blossoms are invaluable, and last a long time in perfect condition. During the summer months my plants are grown in a cool-house, where they are partially shaded by Roses on a trellis, and continually have a gentle current of air. Here they succeed well, making luxuriant growth, but in winter they are placed in an intermediate temperature, where they blossom freely. This plant is not very particular about soil, growing well in peat, or a mix- ture of peat and fibry loam. Plants that are well- rooted, and in good health, enjoy weak applications ofliquid manure made of sheeps'-droppings. Thomas Coomhcr. Trees and Shrubs. DIERVILLA HOKTENSIS. Ddkinq the summer months the Japanese Weigelas form a very important feature in the shrubbery- border, the colour of their flowers varying from white to rich red. Diervilla hortensis is without doubt one of the finest and freest bloomers of the white-flowered section, and the flowers are borne in great profusion along the shoots for about 20 inches to 2 feet from the tip. A clump of several plants, or a good-sized plant, with its branches radiating in every direction when in full flower, is a sight well worthy of anybody's attention. It is not at all par- ticular as regards soil, flowering freely in most kinds, but it delights in a sunny position, so as to have its wood thoroughly ripened. Unfortunately it is apt to be cut by very severe winters, and more especially when young; but if some slight protection be afi'orded the plant, it will flower abundantly in June and July. It is very much sought after for forcing purposes, and it does not require a great amount of heat to induce it to flower, for if brought on gradually, and the plants removed to a cooler structure when they are about to open, the flowers will last for a longer period, and stand much longer in a cut state than.if it be bard forced. Propagation is easily effected if cuttings be made either in autumn or February, and planted on a warm border, burying the cutting, which should be about 8 inches long, up to a couple of eyes from the top, the soil being pressed firmly round the base of each cutting, and by the following autumn they will have made nice useful stufiT, and be fit for replanting. It also strikes root very readily if cuttings are taken ofl' in August of the current year's growth, the wood being well ripened and made about 4 inches long, and dibbled round the sides of an ordinary cutting-pot and plunged in close cases in a warmth of 60°, and in spring these cuttings will be ready for planting out in the nursery. H. The Coesican Pine. This tree (Pinus Laricio) stands ahead of all others of the evergreen tribe for fast growth. Not far from here, about 8 acres were planted with this variety and Scotch Fir, the latter predominating in numbers, about eight years since. It is plain enough to see now which variety grows the quicker. The Corsican shows a yard or more above the Scotch regularly over the piece planted. Many of them are now 11 feet high, which for evergreen kinds is a good growth, allowing, of course, for the time almost lost the first year after planting, as seldom do they make very much growth the first year. The wood of this Fir is said to be of good quality, and valuable for building purposes. If so, this, combined with its rapid growth, should render this tree one of the most profitable to plant. I do not think it is at all particular as to what soil it grows in, but like all evergreen Firs, is partial to a sandy loam. S. The Week's Work. THE KITCHEN" GAEDEM". By G. WrTHES. Gardener, Syon House, Brentford. TOMATOS. — If cuttings of Tomatos have been grown on through the winter, the beginning of February will be a good time for seed-sowing, but in cases where the first supply of this fruit has to be obtained from plants raised from seed, a start should have been made at the beginning of January with them, or as soon after as possible. If seeds are sown thinly in a rich compost, and given a warm temperature, plants will soon be secured, CUCUMBERS.— To get Cucumbers by May, the seed should be started at the new year, and the plants in their early stages of growth treated the same as recommended for Melons. No time should be lost in getting the seed sown if not already done, ROOT STORES. — In many gardens too little attention is paid towards providing a supply of vege- tables for the late spring months from roots. I need hardly go into details here, but I may point out a few of the most useful kinds. Salsafy and Scorzo- nera : which are not used nearly so much as they deserve, owing, no doubt, to the trouble entailed in cooking. If the seeds are put in too early, half the crop is lost by running to seed, and when sown too late small roots are the result ; too much manure, on the other hand, tends to produce forked or stringy roots. ■ The so-called Chinese Artichoke (Stachys tuberifera), though small, finds favour in a few establishments, and it is an excellent vegetable. I find the tubers keep best in the ground till required for use, taking care to cover with litter in severe weather ; they may be bad in good condition till late in the spring. Jerusalem Artichokes are too well known to need description, and, when well grown, are not to be despised. Celeriac is not grown' as much as it should be, although it is a valuable winter and spring vege- table. It can be readily grown, and if protected, the roots may be left in the ground till required for use. Celery, although chiefly used as a salad, is, I consider, superior to Seakale as a vegetable, when properly cooked. Cardoons, again, are seldom grown in small gardens, but those who can give space and attention to their culture will find them valuable for early winter use ; these suc- cumb to severe frost, so require lifting at the approach ot frost. Chicory is seldom used as a vege- table, but it is deserving of a place in large gardens. The Witloef, or large-leaved Brussels, may be forced slowly, and used in a similar manner to Seakale. The Asparagus Chicory is also worth cultivation, and resembles Spinach. Carrots are valuable for winter and spring use when sown in July, and the roots left in the ground during winter, but covered with litter in severe weather. These late roots, though small, are of excellent flavour, and always in demand in the winter months. The ground should be prepared by frequently forking over, and a free use made of lime or soot and wood-ashes, as the roots are more sub- ject to disease than the spring-sown ones. Seakale and Asparagus come under the head of forced vegetables, but the former should be more generally grown on a late border, and covered in February with some light protecting material, to produce a late supply. I have referred to these roots now, so that in ordering the seeds for the year the foregoing subjects may not be overlooked. Seakale is best grown from root- cuttings planted in April. PLANTS UNDER GLASS. Bi/ R. MXLXER. Gardener, Penrice Gardens, Sioansea. EPACRIS. — Plants going out of bloom should be cut back, after the soil in which they are growing has become somewhat dry. The cutting back should be within 2 or 3 inches of the wood of last year, and any neglected in this respect will result in a few years in leggy and unsightly plants, many of the species and varieties having an erect habit. Great care is necessary in affording water, unless they have begun to emit fresh growth, and it will be much safer to err on the dry side than to over-water. A low brick pit, where the temperature is maintained at from 40° to 45°, until the plants commence to break, will be the most suitable for them. Should any plant require repotting, pot it in turfy peat of the best quality ; also see that the pots are washed clean, and have perfect drainage by placing in the pot one- fourth its depth of clean crocks, large ones at the bottom, finishing with quite small ones at the top. Sufficient sharp sand should be mixed with the peat to keep it open. A few of the roots around the out- side should be loosened from the ball with a pointed stick, and when potting, the fresh material should be placed in the pot in small pieces, at the same time making it firm, by using a tapering potting-stick ; and precaution should be taken not to place the ball deeper in the pot than it was previously, and sufficient space allowed for holding water enough to thoroughly moisten the ball at one watering, which on all occasions should be rain-water, TUBEROSES. — In case the first batch of these have not been potted, no time should be lost in doing so ; and to form a succession, fresh batches may be potted up at intervals of a month till the end of May. The bulbs may be potted singly in 6-inch pots, or three in an 8-inch, placing them round the sides of the pot, at equal distances apart. A good compost for Tuberoses is one consisting of a rich fibrous loam, with sufficient sharp sand to make it porous. In potting the bulbs, keep the tops a little above the surface of the soil, making the latter mode- rately firm. The pots should then be plunged in Cocoa-nut fibre refuse, or in a leaf-bed having a bottom-heat of 80° to 85°. They will require scarcely any water at the roots till started, and by syringing them occasionally they will receive, in most cases, sufficient water till growth commences. When the leaves have grown several inches, they should be syringed freely overhead with tepid water, so as to prevent the encroachment of the spider, and to serve as an aid to growth. To have large and well-deve- loped spikes ot bloom, tepid manure-water, or a light sprinkling of some well-tried fertiliser, should be aflforded the plants occasionally. GARDENIAS. — Young stock intended to be grown in pots, and now requiring more root-space, may have a liberal repotting into a compost consisting of three parts rich fibrous loam, one part leaf-soil or peat, and sufficient sharp sand to keep the whole porous. Grow the plants in a house having a night tempera- ture of 60° to 65°, and by day of 70° to 80°. Syringe the plants freely when the weather is bright, to encourage a freedom of growth ; and as mealy-bug is very troublesome, a constant watch should be kept for them. Large established plants which are now swelling their flower-buds should be occasionally assisted with tepid manure-water, or a sprinkling of some fertiliser. Syringe freely about 2 p.m. with tepid water, keeping the night temperature from 65° to 70°, with a rise of 5° or 10° with sun-heat, but do not wet the blooms. FRUITS UNDER GLASS. By J. RiDDELL. Gardener, Castle Howard, York. FRUITING PINES. — The beginning of February is a good time to empty the Pine bed and have it refilled with materials that will maintain a steady and pro- longed heat. Oak and Beech leaves are undoubtedly the best things to employ for this purpose, and if obtainable in a fairly dry condition, so much the better. These ought to be made as firm as possible, and when tanner's bark can be easily procured, a foot in depth of it on the surface of the leaves will form an excellent bed to plunge the pots in Sawdust and Cocoa-nut fibre refuse are also used for this work, but all are more a matter of appearance and convenience than as essential items in Pine culture, for good examples of this fruit are grown without the aid of either. When the bed has attained a temperature of 75°, transfer the fruiting plants, and the strongest of those from the succession- house into it; and in doing so, make the material firm around the pots. Bottom-heat ther- mometers will tell the degree of warmth, and if this does not exceed 90° at any time all will be well ; but should it get beyond this point, loosen the pots to allow the heat to escape by their sides. Water applied to the roots once a week will be often enough, but the time to apply it will vary with the weather, and the kind to employ will depend on the plants themselves. For fruiting Pines, nitrate of potash, kainit, or soot, will be found useful, and growing plants will improve with the assistance of nitrogenous manures. SUCKERS put in last autumn may now be repotted, using a compost of two-thirds good fibrous yellow loam and wood- ash, horse-droppings and bone- manure in a fine state to make up the other third. The compost should be of the same temperature as the atmosphere of the house, and in the condition that when squeezed by the hand the particles cohere but slightly. In potting, use pots 3 inches larger Febeoabt 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 175 than the ones the plants have been rooted in, and pot firmly. The succession-house will be the place for these, where a minimum temperature of from 70° to 75°, with a maximum of 5° to 16° higher, and a humid temperature is kept. Admit air when the sun raises the temperature 10° above the mini- mum, and increase the quantity in accordance with external conditions. Syringe the beds and damp the pathways in the morning, and when the house is shut up in the afternoon. APRICOTS.— Admit air freely to the Apricot- house at all times when the external temperature is above the freezing-point, and see that the borders are not dry. The trees will be benefited by an occa- sional touch-up with the syringe on the mornings of fine days. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. By G. VVOOUWAHD. Gardener, Barham Court, Maxdiione. APRICOTS. — The bloom buds of the Apricot are very liable to injury by early frosts, and considering that the buds are now plumping up rapidly, owing to the mildness of the weather, no time should be lost in bringing the pruninfr, nailing, and tying of the trees to a finish. If the spurs are numerous and long, a few of them should be cut back annually, which will give those that are left a better appearance, and the blossoms better protection from the wall. In many gardens, Apricot trees are very perplexing subjects for the gardener, for no sooner has a tree grown old enough to carry good crops of fruit than it begins to gum, with the result that many large branches will die. To get over this difficulty, we use glass coping, and this is what 1 would recommend, as since this coping has been placed over the trees, we have had no un- sightly gaps in the trees, or any lack of fruit, WORK IN GENERAL. — All fruit quarters where the pruning is finished should now be lightly forked over, just sufficient to bury small weeds, and sweeten the surface ; large weeds being hoed up and collected into heaps, to decay, otherwise deeper digging will be necessary to bury them than is good for the trees. Manure put on as top-dressing should have stones mixed with it, as 1 have found that their presence gives excellent results, either when on the surface or forked into the soil ; failing broken bricks, with a few shovelfuls of earth, to keep the birds from dis- turbing it, thrown upon it. Any nails which have been drawn from the walls and are likely to be wanted this season, should be put on an old shovel and heated in a furnace and then plunged into linseed oil, and when cool strained through a fine- meshed sieve, which treatment will, in a great measure, keep them from further rusting. DAIVISONS. — These are very hardy fruit trees, and, consequently, are usually planted in exposed positions, or as protection for other fruits. For some reason or other, the Damson is often allowed to take care of itself, which is a mistake, as the past season showed, for where the trees were fairly well attended to, larger fruit was gathered, and the prospects for the coming year much enhanced. As much care should be exercised to keep the heads from becoming crowded, and the roots manured as advised for other fruit trees, care being taken not to injure the roots in digging the ground, as this is a fertile cause of suckers springing up. All suckers should now be grubbed up with a mattock, and if the tree is on its own roots, some of the strongest can be bedded in for future requirements. For pruning the Damson, use a secateur, it being a much handier instrument than the knife, and more quickly used . Keep the centre of the head quite open, and the branches well thinned ; shorten back all long shoots. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By H. W. WiKl>, Girdeiier. Loajford Castle, iSalUbury. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. — Where thearrange- ment and the division of clumps of these plants have not been as yet attended to, no time should be lost in setting about this kind of work. In the planting or replanting of herbaceous plants in beds and borders, regard must be paid to the colour of the fiowers, so that discordant combinations do not occur, such as two or more tints of the same or approaching colours ; also the various heights to which the plants grow, and the rate of lateral increase in size, the form of the foliage and its extent. The necessary alterations which will have to be made in the arranging of the plants, as to colour, the following spring, should be noted down when the plants are in flower, the want of harmony in the different shades of colour and heights of the several plants being then fully apparent. The dividing and transplanting of the bulbous and fibrous-rooted plants must be performed with skill, replanting the divided portions at about the same depth in the ground, assuming that they were not too deep before, and making the soil moderately firm and level about them. A dressing of short well-rotted manure should be laid on the border when the planting is finished, and slightly fork. Most herbaceous plants will do well in any fairly good soil, inclining to be light rather than heavy, and away from the shade of trees, that is, fully exposed to the beneficial influence of the sun all day long ; but when given a light, sandy loam, enriched with well-decomposed manure, results of the most satis- factory description in siz", form, texture, and colour of flowers may be looked for. THINNING AND TRANSPLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS. — There is still time to thin out crowded shrubberies, and transplant the shrubs, &c., if these be taken up with good balls in other quarters. In pruning trees and shrubs into any desired shape, care should be taken to leave no visible signs of the pruning-knife or the saw. All that requires to be done is to exhibit them in symmetrical and graceful outline, and the workman to exercise judgment and skill in giving effect to his ideas on these points. There should be no mere cutting and slashing of the branches, with no definite notion of what is wanted ; but, on the contrary, if a tree or shrub is lop-sided, or branch is too luxuriant in its development, these points should be remedied by cutting in here and there, and by that means diverting the flow of sap to other parts, and so produce a uniformity of deve- lopment. Flowering shrubs and trees, to wit For- sythia, Vitex, Gueldres Rose, Calycanthus fragrans, Chimonanthus, Svringa, Philadelphus, Quince, Kolreuteria, and Laburnum should have most of the weak growths cut back to within one or two buds of their base, and shortening unduly long growths [if not flowering ones]. Use the knife very sparingly on trees of drooping habit, especially in the case of those trees whose young erect growths acquire a drooping form when in flower, being weighed down by their own inflo- rescence— the Laburnum being one in point. Any dead or decaying branches that happen to be on trees or shrubs should be cut back into healthy wood, and the wounds made smooth. GENERAL WORK. — This will consist in paring edgings of turf, sweeping lawns, and dressing moss- covered ones with a slight sprinkling of gas-lime. Impoverished lawns may be improved in appearance by top-dressing them with a mixture of sifted loam, leaf-soil, wood-ashes, and a small quantity of fresh soot. If a G inch potful of Thomson's Vine and Plant Manure be added to one bushel of fine garden- soil or leaf-mould, a like result would follow. When the dressing has got washed down to the roots of the grasses, the lawn may be rolled — not before. If moss is very thick, and its presence in the grass is disliked by the family, which is by no means always the case, as much as possible should be dragged out with a rake before dressing it. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By H. A.BuBBt:uRY, Orchid Groicer, Highbury, Birmingham. DENDROBIUIVI. — For this desirable genus the most suitable house is a lofty one, well exposed to the sun. The summer blinds should be made from very thin material. Many of the genus grow best in shallow pans or baskets, the smaller the better, and these should be suspended close to the glass of the roof. Denbrobes, in most establishments, will be somewhat scattered in various houses at this season, and there the plants should remain until the sun gains power. Dendrobium Wardianum, D. cras- sinode, D. Findleyanum, D. nobile, D. Dominianum, D. Ainsworthii, and D. heterocarpum, which may be required to flower late, may still be kept in a temperature of 40° to 50° ; and those which have flowered or are still flowering may be accommodated in an intermediate temperature, where the growth will be slow till the season is more advanced. In a compartment which is kept at a temperature of 60° to 05°, and the air is moderately dry, we rest the Dendrobes from Torres Straits, viz., those valuable winter-flowering species, D. bigibbum, D. superbiens, and D. phalsenopsis. Since the month.of October until the present time, we have had them in flower, and some of the flower-spikes have measured from 2 to 3 feet in length. This division also contains others that will not stand resting in very cold quarters, namely, D. stratiotes, D. Bensoni, D. formosum giganteuin, D. Iluttoni, D. aggregatum majus, I). Dearii, D. Macfarlanei, D. Lowii, D. superbum, and U. rhoiiostoma. D. chry- santhuin is also kept here, as it is a species which has no season of complete rest, and it is now growing freely. If the compost is not in sweet condition it should be renewed, using good peat and sphagnum moss. Some species tliat are found to grow well in the Cattleya-house, and never removed from it, are D. tbyrsiflorum, D. densiflorum, D. 8uavissimum,aad D. chrysotoxum. PRUNING DENDROBIUMS. — I cannot recommend this practice. Nothing more than the cutting off of a few of the oldest stems which have become un- sightly should be done. POTTING. — The repotting of Orchids should be pushed forward, and a good supply of clean crocks and pots and baskets, sphagnum, and peat prepared. A commencement may be made with Lislia anceps, should any require repotting or rebasketing, espe- cially any which may have begun to form fresh roots. It is a good plan when repotting these plants to place each leading growth so that it may grow towards the centre of the pot, so as to form a natural-looking self-supporting mass. This ia better than letting them grow over the rim of the pot, and calling for repotting the next year. The white varieties of L. anceps I prefer to repot or rebasket in the month of September, as their roots are active throughout the winter, and these are more inclined than others to stray over the sides of the pot, and on this account the plants should not be repotted unless there is real need for it ; hut the young roots should be trained or directed so as to enter the compost, otherwise they will be injured in various ways. Phalsenopsis may also be repotted, after thoroughly cleaning the roots of all decayed materials. Phalanopsis are best sus- pended near the light, in baskets or pans. THE APIARY. By EspKRr. CLIPPING QUEENS' WINGS.— The practice of cut- ting the wings of queens, with the object of prevent- ing swarms from absconding, has never found much favour in this country, although it is largely resorted to in America, and in this, as in some other of the practices connected with the management of bees, there is no question that we are ahead of our cousins across the water. Some time ago a beekeeper there, who was evidently in favour of this mutilation of queens, suggested that, if sticks were stuck in the ground, at an angle of about 45°, near the hives, the queen on issuing, and finding herself unable to fly, would run up one of them, where the swarm would find her out and cluster. Unfortunately it happens that the queen is just as likely to go anywhere else as crawl up a stick, although she might do so by accident, and therefore like many another theory, this one ia not of much practical value. One of the many drawbacks of clipping a queen's wings is, that the bees will dethrone her when they discover that she is imperfect — this occurring before she has a chance of leaving with a swarm. In such a case, the colony would probably be queenless for a con- siderable time, and reduced in numbers at a period when it should be gaining in strength. Supposing the bees do not depose the queen in this way, and everything goes right, so that the swarm issues forth, and she goes out with the rest; being unable to fly, she, of course, falls to the ground, where she stands the chance of being snapped up by a toad, or, in all probability, gets lost, unless some one happens to be near to secure her at once. Having secured the queen, the swarm may give trouble, as it has been observed that when queens are detained or unable to go with swarms, the bees seldom " cluster, " and remain very much longer on the wing than when a queen is with them, ottentiimes spreading themselves out, and alighting all over the apiary. If another hive in the locality happens to throw a swarm at the same time, if anything is amiss with either of the queens, the bees of the two swarms are almost sure to amalga- mate and cluster together, ao that a neighbouring bee-keeper may unwittingly reap an advantage at the expense of the owner of the clipped queen. It is altogether advisable in the management of bees to work on lines that are opposed as little as possible to their natural instincts and proclivities, and there can be no question that the clipping of the wings of queens does not conduce to the well-being of the bees or the advantage of the bee-keeper, and that it is an unnecessary proceeding. 176 THE GABDENERS' CHBONIGLE. [FiBBuAEY 6, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICES. Letters for Publication.— <4;i commimications intended for publication, as well as specimejis and plants for naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling- ton Street, Covent Garden. London. Commumca- twns should be written on one side only of the PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a gttarantee of good faith. Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should be careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see. Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor, hut to the Fuhllsher, at the ahove address. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. MEETINGS. /"Royal Horticultural Society, An- Feb 9< ""^^ General Meeting, at 117. J Victoria Street. Committees at (. the Drill Hall, James Street. Feb. 11 ' ' Feb. 12— Wakefield Paxton Society. Feb 13 i I'°y*l Botanic Society's General ( Meeting. SALES. L Carnations. Pyrethrums. Anemones, Feb. 8-' Lily of the Valley, &c., at Pro- ( theroe & Morris' Rooms. /Palms, Greenhouse Fernp, Roses, I DaHodils, Amaryllis, Begonias, at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms. 1000 Choice English-grown Roies, TUESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SITURDAY WEDNESDAY, Feb. 10 THURSDAY Feb, 11. FRIDAY, Feb. 12 SATURDAY, Feb. 13- ( C'ypripedium pppcfabile, Tuberosf ' Gladioli, Home-grown Lihes, &i ( at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms. I Border plants Tuberoses, Amaryl- ' lis. Palm seeds, &o., at Stevens* t Rooms. OORRKOTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK. DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 39°.]. No one can look upon a collec- improvement ot ^ion of these garden flowers in all Florists' Flowers ... . , " _ . , by Seeds. their rion and varied colours without admiring the work of those patient florists who, by skill and perse- verance, have been able to so change the appear- ance of wilding plants, that even experienced botanists are unable confidently to trace the origin of some of the productions of Art with Nature combined. The production of choice florists' flowers from seeds is not a matter of mere guess work, and the cultivator must not trust to chance. Take the show Auricula, for instance. It is not easy to discern in the curious green, grey, and white-edged corollas, with the exquisite combi- nation of colours and symmetrical form, the simple yellow-flowered Primula Auricula of the Alps, or, indeed, any of the alleged original forms mentionad at the Primula Conference. We may fairly ask the question, " Why have certain species become improved, while many other alpine Primulas have not changed their character ? " One reason is, that many of them do not take kindly to cultivation. They will grow fairly well for a few years, but do not increase freely, and cannot long be preserved without the most skilful culture; suoh delicate subjects are not likely to be improved as garden plants. Of all the alpine Primulas, P. Auricula is probably the most amenable to garden culture. It may be, as shown at the Conference, and in the discussions in these columns which followed it, that all the variation in the Auricula is not exclusively derived from P. auricula. Probably the purple P. venusta has become in some way linked with it. The alpine Auricula, as it is termed, must not be in this connec- tion ; it is, as much as the show Auricula, a garden plant, but it has not yet put on anything like the same amount of variation. One parent of these alpine Auriculas, P. pubescens, is sup- posed to be a natural hybrid. Rightly or wrongly, the florists have pretty unanimously decided that the main point in the standard of excellence of an Auricula or other garden flower of this type is "form." This point is essential, and the cultivator works up to this. The seed-bearing parent, at least, ought to pro- duce flowers of rounded and symmetrical form, broad, and of go od substance ; the edge of the petals without roughness or indentation upon the edge. It is rather remarkable that anything like a per- fect green, grey, or self-edged Auricula, from a florist's point of view, was not obtained until the production of Lancashire Hero, raised by a Lan- cashire hand-loom weaver, Mr. Robert Lan- cashire, in the year 1846. Later, even better results were obtained by Mr. Richard Headly, who produced quite a model show Auricula in George Lightbody, a grey-edged variety. Even now, after a lapse of forty years, this kind obtains the prize as the best show Auricula in the exhibitions. The florist, in hybridising for raising new varieties, must be careful to keep the four classes distinct. The green-edge is always placed first, but, according to Mr. Douglas, it is probably the most difficult class to improve. The most interesting way is to deal with one class only at a time ; and although the green-edged section is the most difficult of the four, it is as easy for the tyro in the work to deal with that class as with any other. The two best varieties at present in the trade are Prince of Greens and Rev. F. D. Horner ; they have both faults, but the one has qualities that the other lacks. The first-named has a weak washy throat to the corolla, which dies off a blackish tint before the other part of it does ; Rev. F. D. Horner has a good yellow "tube," as it is termed, but an angular paste, which the florists have decided ought to be circular. By crossing these two, we may hope to obtain a new green-edge with the round paste of Prince of Greens and the golden tube of Rev. F. D. Horner. If we could obtain a seed- ling with the best points of each variety with the bad eliminated, this would be a vigorous plant throwing up a full truss with stout footstalk. The corolla well formed, the throat yellow, the paste round, white, and thickly laid on ; the ground colour almost black, the edge quite green and free from the farina spots. This is a fault from which many green-edged Auriculas are not free ; indeed, out of a hundred seedlings from such purely green-edged varieties not more than one or two would have the edge green, minus the small white farina dots. The grey-edged class, which is intermediate between the green and white-edged, frequently merges into the other. For instance, Lancashire Hero, alluded to above, has often been exhibited and has won first prizes as a green-edged Auricula, although it is usually grey. A seed- ling of Mr. Douglas', Mrs. Moore, received several First-class Certificates as a green-edge, but it is, we believe, usually grey. The green-edge state invari- ably comes from a truss which has been formed in November or December, deep down in the axil of one of the lower leaves. The truss slowly develops and the flowers expand about the end of April. Why a centre truss never has a green edge, while a side truss often develops green- edges, is a question we may ask, but who would venture to give a reply ? Such questions as these continually crop up in the daily life of the florist. George Lightbody is a model grey edge, and may be crossed with Marmion or Mrs. Moore aforesaid, both vigorous growing sorts. The white-edged class contains some good old varieties of vigorous constitution, and grow into full-sized plants, which the best of the new ones, Conservative and Acme, do not. The best seed bearers of these old varieties are Taylor's Glory, Smith's Ne Plus Ultra, and Heaps' Smiling Beauty. Any of them may be hybridised with the pollen of Conservative or Acme. Although it is right to insist on keeping the classes by themselves, the fancier must not suppose that his seedling plants will be all of the same class as the seeds were saved from. This is by no means the case. There will be yellow selfs, and some from which all trace of the maroon or dark purple colour of the parents have fled, leaving a yellow ground, with a white, grey, or green edge. Many will have lost all trace of edge, and come out as full blown maroon or purple selfs — evidence of the old P. venusta parentage. The selfs of the florist seem to be totally distinct from his edged flowers, and although from these edged flowers there are plenty of selfs amongst the seedlings, we never have a reversion the other way, edged flowers being rarely, if ever, produced from selfs. The reversion of the edged flowers to selfs is nothing more than a natural tendency which all cultivated garden flowers had to revert to the primitive state from whence they have been derived. The time for saving seeds of the Auricula will soon be here, and we may conclude with precise instructions, for which we are indebted to Mr, Douglas, how to proceed. Before the corolla (pips) are quite open, take the plant, and invert it, and with a pair of sharply-pointed scissors cut the stamens quite out, the pollen-cases will not have burst ; this is to prevent any chance of the seed-bearing parent being self-fertilised. In two or three days the stigmatic part of the flower will be ready to be fertilised with the pollen of the male parent. The pollen should be dry, and be conveyed to the stigma with a fine brush. The flowers upon a truss are not all open at one time, and it may be ten days before one truss is quite finished. The seeds ripen in July, and should be sown at once. They will vegetate during the autumn and ensuing spring months in a shady place under a hand-light. Royal Horticultural Socieiy.— The So- cietj'a second show this year will be held in the Drill Hall, James Street, Westminster, on Tuesday, February 9. Besides the usual plants, flowers, and fruits to be submitted to the various committees, a Silver Medal, presented by Messrs. Baek & Son, v/ill be offered for the best coUectiou of forced Daffodils.Polyanthusvarietiesexcluded. At 3 o'clock, instead ot the usual lecture, the annual general meet- ing of the Fellows will be held in the Lindley Library, 117, Victoria Street, when the Keport for 1891 will be submitted, and officers for the current year elected. National Rose Society.— a meeting of the Executive Committee will be held, by kind permis- sion of the Horticultural Club, at their Rooms, Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, Westminster, ou Tuesday, the 9th inst., at 3.30 p.m. Hyacinth and Tulip Show at Haarlem IN April. — Last autumn, two show beds of Hya- cinths were planted in Messrs. E. H. Kbelage & Son's nursery grounds at Haarlem, each containing more than 600 bulbs, selected from the best, most choice, and newest varieties. In April next, these beds will present a brilliant show, and be a great Supplement to "The Gardeners' Chronicle" February 6th -1892. Hedychium coronarium, Glasgow Botanic Garden. February 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 177 attraction to English visitors on an Easter tiip to Haarlem. A spacious tent will be put over the beds during the flowering period. Similar shows were held in the same gardens from 1880 to 1884, and again in 1880, and they have always attracted much attention from native and foreign lovers of the Tulip. Near these Hyacinth beds are two large beds of early florist's Tulips, single and double varie- ties, and a separate tent will be devoted to them. Messrs. Krelage & Son will endeavour to get their Tulips to Hower at the same time as the Hyacinths, as they were able to do in 188'J. The Linnean Society.— On the occasion of the meeting of the Linnean Society on January 21, Professor Stewart, President, in the chair, Messrs. B. J. Austin, Stanley Edwards, and F. Turner were elected Fellows of the Society, and Mr. T. J. MooHE, of Liverpool, an Associate. On a motion by the President, it was unanimously resolved that an expression of respectful 8ymi)athy should be conveyed to Her Majesty the Queen, and to H.K.H. the Prince of Wales, on the loss sustained by the death of H.H H. the late Duke of Clarence and Avondale. Mr. D. Morris communicated some further notes upon the tick pest of Jamaica, upon which an animated discussion took place. A paper was then read by Mr. F. E. Weiss, " On the Deve- lopment of the Caoutchouc, containing cells of Eucommia ulmoides, Oliver." He found that the bark and leaves of this tree, used medicinally by the Chinese, and called by them " Tu-chung," con- tain numerous elastic threads of silky appearance, which proved to be of the nature of Caoutchouc. They are contained in long unbranching cells, some- what like latex cells which are found in the cortex and in the secondary phloem, and accompany in large numbers the ramifying bundles of the leaf and the pericarp. Unlike the ordinary latex cells, they are not derived from specialised cells of the embryo, but originate in all new growths, and can be seen forming in the cortex, the pith and the parenchyma surrounding the bundle of the petiole. They originate in twos, by longitudinal division of a very granular cell, both daughter cells growing out at their two extremities into a long tube, which makes its way along the intercellular spaces by sliding growth. They never contain more than one nucleus, and the large granules of Caoutchouc, which soon make their appearance, finally coalesce into a single solid mass, which has, when the tissues are broken, the appear- ance of a silky thread. Mr. Weiss regards these cells as a primitive form of latex cells, similar to those from which the more elaborate ones of the ordinary Euphorbiacese may have been derived. The meeting was brought to a close with a paper by Dr. Jean Mi'lleh on the " Lichens of Manipur." International Horticultural Exhibition, Earl's Court, London, i892.— The following preliminary programme has been issued. Flower Shows:— May 7, Groups of Plants (flowering and foliage) from Nurserymen ; Medals. May 27 and 28, Great Summer Flower Show ; Cash Prizes. June 6, 7, and 8, Market Growers' Show ; Medals. July 5 and 6, Koses, Table Decorations, &c. ; Cash Prizes. August 1, 2, and 3, Market Growers' and Cottagers' Show (Carnations, &c.) ; Cash Prizes and Medals. September 7, 8, and 0, Autumn Flowers ; Cash Prizes. October, t«o shows; 1. Hardy Fruits ; 2. Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. In addition, there will be permanent displays of groups of flowering plants throughout the season, arranged for eflfiiCt. The entire net profits will be devoted to such gardening institutions as the executive may select. SCHEDULE. Group A. Class 1. Plant houses (ec/., conservatories, show houses, winter gardens), hot houses, vineries. Peach houses, forcing houses, stoves, fruit rooms, frames,; pits; 1 Gold, 2 Silver, 2 Bronze Medals, Certificates. Class 2. Systems of patent glazing and ventilation Certificates. Class 3. Systems of heating, including hot water boilers; 1 Gold, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal. Group_B. Class 4. Lawn mowers (hand and horse machines) ; 1 Gold, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal. Class 5. Garden rollers; Silver Medal. Class G. Water barrows, syringes, pumps, spray distributors ; 1 Gold, 3 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal, Certificates. Class 7. Garden tools and cutlery ; Silver Medal, Certificates. Class 8. Thermometers, barometers ; Silver Medals, Cer- tificates. Class 9. Rain and snow gauges ; Silver Medal, Certificates, Group C. Class 10. Garden tents; certificates. Class 11. Garden seats, band stands; Silver Medal, Certifi- cates. Class 12. Flower stands and baskets for conservatory decoration ; Silver Medal, Certificates. Class 13. Rustic summer-houses and seats; 1 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal. Group D. Class 14. Ornamental iron work for conservatories and hot houses ; Silver Medal, Certificates. Class 15. Ornamental wire work, trellises, arches, apiaries, aviaries, borders ; 1 Gold, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal. Class 16. Fences, gates, tree guards. Group E. Class 15a. Shadings (various kinds) ; certificates. Class 16a. Paints and wood-preserving materials; Certificates. Class 17. Labels, sticks, Bamboo canes ; Certificates. Class 18. Cocoa fibres, refuse manures, and silver sand ; Certificates. Class 19. Ropes, lines, and twines; Certificates. Class 20. Russia mats, Archangel, Taganrog, and Petersburg; Certificates. Class 21. Raflia fibre ; Certificates. Class 23. Fumi- gating materials and processes; Certificates. Class 23. Insecticides and weed-killers ; Certificates. Class 24. Horticultural glass ; Certificates. Geodp F. Class 25. Orchid and other peats ; Certificates. Class 25a. Fuel for general horticultural purposes (Comparative value and enduring powers of various materials — coal, coke, gas, oil, &c.) ; Silver Medal, Group G. Class 26. Ferneries, portable and permanent ; 1 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal. Class 27. Rockwork, built in natural stone; do., do., artificial material; 1 Gold, 1 Silver Medal. Group H. Class 28. Garden pottery ; 1 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal, Certificates. Class 29. Statuary," fountains, vases, edgings, &c. ; 1 Gold, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal. Group 1. Class 30. Tree transplanting machines ; 1 Gold, 1 Silver Medal. Class 30a. Tree tubs ; 1 Silver Medal, Certificates. Gfioup K. Class 31. New or patent inventions amongst garden requisites ; Silver Medal, Certificates. Group L. Class .32. Miscellaneous decorative requisites, such as bouquet-holders, papers, tubes, &c. Group M. Class 33. Machinery for seed cleaning and saving. Class 31. Do., for extracting essential oils. Class 35. Perfumes. Class 36. Fruit evaporators. Class 37. Pumps, methods of irrigation. N.B. — Practical trials will be made in the various classes, where necessary, in order to arrive at satisfactory decisions. Group N. Class 38. Stands exhibiting models of produce from seeds provided by exhibitor ; 1 Gold, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze Medal, Certificates. Class 39. Collections offlower and vegetable seeds ; Silver Medal. Class 40. Do., agricultural seeds ; Silver Medal. Class 41. Do., grass seeds (mixtures) for permanent pastures and lawns, according to soil ; Silver Medal. Class 43. Flower seeds — 12 most popular sorts ; Silver Medal. Class 43. Vegetable seeds — 13 most popular sorts ; Silver Medal. Class 44. Grass seeds— 6 sorts, dis- tinct ; Bronze Medal. Class 45. Agricultural seeds — 6 sorts, distinct ; Bronze Medal. Group O. Class 46. Designs for the laying-out of a typical estate of 100 acres, enclosed by grounds, 5 miles from town in Midlands, with ground sloping gradually towards south. Class 47. Designs for Improvements of grounds to private residences. Class 48. Photographs of trees and shrubs. Class 49, Garden scenes. Group P. Essays on the progress of gardening since 1866. Do., practical education of gardeners, embracing scheme for a school of horticulture. Do., practical education of foresters, embracing scheme for a school of forestry. Group Q. Methods of determining the nature and fertility of soils, with tabulated statements of ingredients required to improve under difl^erent conditions. Methods of determining germinating powers of seeds. Methods of using the electric light in the growth of plants. Bay Ru.VI. — It was not known until of late years, from what plant Bay rum was prepared, but it is now ascertained, says the BiUictin of the .Jamaica Botanical Bepartiiunt, that Bay rum, which one only sees in the hairdresser's windows, is manufacured in Do- minica from the dried leaves of Pimenta acris. Bay rum is procured by distillation, and this in a very simple manner. The leaves are picked from the trees and then dried ; in this state they are placed in the retort, which is then filled with water, and the process of distillation is carried on. The vapour is then condensed in the usual way, and forms what is known as " Bay oil," a very small quantity of which is required for each puncheon of rum. The manufacture of Bay rum is carried on at the northern end of Dominica, and proves a very lucrative busi- ness to those engaged in it, as the plants are plen- tiful in this district. The following is an estimate of rum, &c., required : — 1 puucheou rum— lOiJ %\U , about Is to 19 proof, say, at :i5. per gal £10 0 0 Empty puncheon 10 0 1^ pint bottle Bay-oil, pure, to a puncheon of rum 0 16 8 £11 16 8 The rum must be of the strength of 18 to 19 proof, or the oil will not amilgamate properly. Our Apple-crop.— Where is it now':* Cer- tainly not in our fruiterers' shop-windows, where, as a rule, tiie only Apples to be seen are the well-known American and Australian varieties. Many papers are discussing the question started by a corre- spondent of this Journal recently as to what has become of our Apple crop. Thus, the East Anglian Daily Tiiiws says :— " Can it be, it is asked, that our immense crop is all sold and eaten ? Or is it the case that there are plenty of English Apples yet at home which cannot find a purchaser while the foreign Apples are in the market ':' " Unhappily, the latter suggestion seems only too likely to be the true solution. The correspondent, however, does not raise the cry for Protection, which would probably only foster unskilful fruit-growing, and compel English housewives to make puddings with Apples both inferior and dear. English ><. Foreign.— Mr. William Horne, of Clifl^e, made a suggestion at the British Fruit Growers' dinner, held at the Hotel Windsor, Vic- toria Street, London, on Thursday evening of last week, that as the Association was formed not only to educate and instruct the masses in fruit growing, steps should be taken to bring the matter before Parliament, to put a stop to unprincipled fruit- sellers labelling fruit other than with its true name, simply on purpose to work off a spurious article on the public. Also that all fruit should be labelled " Foreign " or " English " as the case may be. Mr. Albert Bath, Sevenoake, thought it might be brought under the Food Adulteration Act. The suggestion was well received, and is to be brought forward at the next meeting. " INDISCHE HEIL UNO NUTZ PFLANZEN UND DER Cultur," von a. TschircH.- This is a trea- tise on Indian medicinal and economical plants by the 178 THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE, [Febbuaby 6, 1892. Director of the Pharmaceutical Institute of the Uni- versity of Berne, and is one result of the author s journey in India and Java in 1888-89. Cultivation in general is divided according as it takes place in fields, gardens, avenues {allies), and mixed culture where two or more plants are grown together. The plants mentioned are Cinchona, Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, Guarana, Gutta Percha, Tamarinds, Pepper, Vanilla, and various other economic plants. No fewer than 128 photographic illustrations show the plants, their mode of culture, and preparation for export. Hertford Horticultural Mutual Im- provement Society. — This Society was inaugu- rated on January 7 last. It has for some time past been felt in the neighbourhood that something of the kind was needed to bring together those of all classes who are interested in gardening, and the venture promises to be a success, as already there are about fifty members. The first general meeting of members was held on Wednesday last, when Mr. J. Fitt, gardener to Lord Cowpee, read a paper on " Apple Culture," which was rendered interesting by a number of Apples exhibited by him. The reading of the paper was followed by a discus- sion on modes of culture, varieties, storing, &c. The next meeting will be on February 10, when Mr. C. Cox, gardener to J. Tbotter, Esq., of Brickenden Grange, will contribute a paper on " Chrysanthemums ; " Mr. Cox is thoroughly master of the art of growing these plants, and he is also a successful exhibitor. Technical Education in the villages. — It would be a grievous misfortune, says the Sunday Maqaiinc for January, if through any mischance the efforts now being made to extend a system of tech- nical education to the country districts should be lightly or impatiently abandoned. We have to feel our way, to make our own paths. We do not find everything already prepared for our coming ; and, of course, mistakes are inevitable. But then, as a philosopher has reminded us, the man who never makes a mistake, never makes anything; and this is as true in education as it is in other matters. We cannot expect to hit on the best methods without experience, and to ensure success at the first attempt. Still, in many parts of the country, where the scheme has been taken up with hopefulness and energy, it is already possible to point to a large amount of excellent work. The teaching that has been given may not have done much for agriculture, but it has done a great deal for the agricultural labourer. And it is on men, not on machines, that the success of agriculture, like success in every other calling, mainly depends. The great end at which we have to aim is to reach the men and the women who work on the land, to fill them with new intelligence and interest, to lift them to a higher level of being. When they have learned how their food may be made more attractive and wholesome, when their eyes have been opened to some of Nature's simple wonders that surround them at every step, they will have gained a new inspiration and a new power, that will make its influence felt through the dull round of their daily life. To raise the quality of the work, we must first raise the character of the workers. Illustrations of the Flora of Japan.— Mr. ToMiTAEO Making is publishing a series of lithographic plates for the use of botanists of the native plants of Japan. The quarto plates are very well executed, and the details carefully and accurately drawn. As so many of the plants are of horticultural importance, this is a publication which the libraries of our botanic gardens should not be without. It is published in monthly parts at Tokio by Keiqyosha. The text is in Japanese. A Devon Fruit Farm— a Company has been formed at Torquay, to be known as the South Devon Fruit Farm Company, who have, says the Western Mercury, taken 16 acres of ground at Cockington, where about 9000 fruit trees and bushes are being planted for supplying the town with fruit. In addi- tion to this, about 30,000 feet of glass are to be erected for the production of delicate fruits, Tomatos, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, &c. Hooker's " Icones Plantarum."— The fourth part of the first volume (xxi. of the whole work) of the fourth series has appeared, completing this volume, which is devoted to the illustration by Sir JosEPU HooKEB of Indian Orchids of a less con- spicuous character than those commonly cultivated. The work is now published for the Bentham Trustees, and sold at 4s. per part, by Dulau & Co., of London. The third series, consisting of ten volumes, containing 1000 figures of interesting plants, is on sale by the same firm at £5 the set. Only a limited issue is printed, and when exhausted, it will not be reproduced. Potato Disease and the Copper Treat- ment.— With the object of testing the merits of bouiUie bordelaise as a remedy for Potato disease, says our contemporary the Morning Fast, the Highland and Agricultural Society instituted ex- periments last season upon farms situated respectively in Haddingtonshire, Forfarshire, and Renfrew- shire. Two mixtures were tested : the one con- sisting of 20 lb. of sulphate of copper, 10 Ih. of burnt lime, and 80 gallons of water ; and the other of 15 lb. of sulphate of copper, 5 lb. of burnt lime, and again 80 gallons of water. These quantities were applied per acre, and also in half doses per acre. Repeated observations were made during the growing season, but in no case was any dis- tinction visible among the plots. The drills that were sprayed, as well as the unsprajcd drills between them, grew quite uniformly ; and when disease appeared on the leaves it seemed to be fairly distributed over the whole area. The report states that the general and quite evident conclusion to be drawn from these experi- ments is that the Bordeaux spray has entirely failed to have any restraining effect whatever on the pro- gress of the Potato disease. The opinion is further expressed that, if the spray is a protective against the Potato disease, it can only be so when the disease attacks the plants while they are still young, and their entire surface is capable of being reached by successive sprayings. At the same time, it is considered possible that such complete drenching of the young plant with the bouUlie bordelaise might seriously impair its vitality, and thus prove worse even than the disease itself. The general result of these experiments is suchjas to afford growers little, if any, confidence in the efficacy of this mode of treatment. On the whole, it may be said that the results of the Scottish trials are decidedly con- firmatory of the negative issue of the e.xtensive series of field experiments upon Potatos conducted by Messrs. Sutton & Sons at their trial grounds near Reading. Horticultural Club.— The Annual Dinner will take place at the Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, on February 9, at 6 p.m., Haerv J. Veitch, Esq., in the Chair. Publication Received. —/niM Seminum in hortis Musaei Parisieiisis, anno 1891 collectorum. (Paris, Rue Cuvier, 27.) HEDYCHIUM GARDNERIANUM. [Supplementary Sheet.] Our Supplementary illustration this v/eek shows a part of the Winter Garden at the Glasgow Botanic Garden, in which a mass of Hedychium Gardner- ianum in bloom forms at this time one of the most conspicuous features. Hedychiums, as most of our readers know, are imposing - looking herbaceous plants, belonging to the Gingerworts, and flowering during the autumn months. They are plants of easy growth, requiring a good rich loamy soil, large pots if grown in that manner, and plenty of water during the season of growth and flowering. After the bloom is past they require less and less water, and cool treatment, till the stems decay, when they should have the latter cleared off, and be stored away in the greenhouse ; or in the case of a plant in a border, the soil around the roots should be allowed to remain dry during the winter. In warm seasons, Hedychiums flower well out- of-doors if grown in pots, and it is then that their powerful aroma is most appreciated ; indoors it is apt to be overpowering, and to cause headache. We are indebted to Mr. BuUen, the Curator of the Glasgow Botanic Gardens for the photograph from which the photogravure was taken. NOTES OF THE DAY. (Frem a Correspondent.) What interests and concerns us most is. On what lines do the Worshipful Company of Gardeners intend working, in order to acquire what I may well call the backbone of their prospectus — the " smaller agricultural holdings ? " Granting, for the moment, the proposed scheme to have been started, and carried out as detailed in the prospectus, the effects of which on the gardening community of this country in, say, another two years time, had better be imagined than described. Let the company first promote a scheme whereby small holdings can be, with the least inconvenience and expense, easily secured at fair rentals — no tithes, rates and taxes paid by the landlord, and, above all, fixity of tenure assured. They will then have taken the " bull by the horns," and be on the high road to a correct solution of the present land problem. This once accomplished, the proper husbandmen would speedily follow. Whether the Company of Gardeners or some other public body take the initia- tive on similar lines as above, matters little ; but until this is done, all such petty makeshifts on a matter of so much importance to the country at large are a mere delusion. For the guidance of the company, I specially recommend to their notice a paper by the Rev, W. Tuckwell in this month's Contemporary Bevicw. The solution of the land problem will most cer- tainly be a knotty point to deal with, but neverthe- less it is one which awaits our legislators of the near future — nearer perhaps than many of them imagine. Until this is satisfactorily settled, and as one means whereby its consummation may be hastened, let every railway company in the country turn to account their immense landed property in the shape of innu- merable slopes and embankments, hundreds of acres of which are admirably adapted to the growth and culture of early small fruits and vegetables. It is really pitiable in the eyes of practical people to see so much good land laying in a state which is worse than useless — waste. Were this at once taken in hand by the railway companies in a thoroughly earnest manner, if only in the spirit and hope of swelling their annual incomes, it would ultimately, I am convinced, lead our large landed proprietors to encourage and grant such facilities and terms to small holders as to very materially lessen and even smooth the rough edge of whatever legislation may be required for what we feel is so generally desired — a permanent re-adjustment of our present land laws. Your monthly stock-taking account is worthy of the most careful study by economists, and all those concerned in the cultivation of the soil in this country. Those items relating to raw fruits and vegetables are very interesting, and should set even the variest tyro in agri-horticulture reflecting on why such tre- mendous sums should annually be handed over to foreigners ; and more especially so, when he is told that under other conditions — or such similar con- ditions as those the foreigner enjoys — this country FEBHnAET 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 179 coald produce treble the quantity of the products in question, and those, too, of first quality. It is simply crying over spilt milk, and too stereo- typed to listen to, to bewail, as so many do, our climate. The climate is a fairly good one, and well suited, in a very large majority of our seasons, when combined with intelligent management, and attention to details, to the production of the very best Apples, small fruits, and vegetables. Pomum. ever, that directly the beads of the Palms grow out into the open above the general vegetation of the valley, the sun's heat seems to scorch the leaves up, and they have a brown withered appearance. W. Bolting Hemshy. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF LIVISTONA. There has been some confusion in gardens with regard to the proper application of the names Livistona australis and L. inermis, and perhaps also L. humilis, three species described by K. Brown in Prodronms Flora JS'oi'ie Hollandice, p. 2G7, the Srst under Corypha. Allan Cunningham is credited with having introduced all three of these Palms into English gardens as early as 1824, but it is exceed- ingly doubtful whether there are, or ever were, more than two Australian species of Livistona in cultiva- tion. It is also probable that his L, inermis and L, humilis are states of the same species, the latter differing only in having more or less prickly petioles L. Leichardtii of Mueller is also, as Sir F. Mueller himself suggests, the same species, but these questions can only be decided upon more complete material than is to be found in the herbaria at the British Museum and Kew. From an examination of Brown's specimens and comparisons with his descriptions, however, it is quite clear what Palm he intended by Corypha auatralis, and it may be added that he himself suggested that it might, per- haps, be better placed in the genus Livistona, to which Martius subsequently referred it. Brown described L. australis as having flabellate- palmate — that is, fan-shaped — leaves, and a globose fruit ; and L. inermis and L. humilis as having pin- nately-palmate leaves. These distinctions are so evident in the cultivated specimens, it is somt- wbat surprising that contusion should have arisen. The leaves of the latter are remarkable, in being intermediate between the fan and feather forms of structure ; and the fruit associated with this type of leaf is oblong or ovoid. Livistona australis appears to have been the only one of the three that long survived their introduc- tion by Cunningham — or, at least, the only one that grew to a large size at Kew. It is one of the few of the large Palms enumerated in the Guidr to Kew Gardens a^ long ago as 1851. In 1877, it was figured in the Botanical Maga;:ine, plate 6274, where we are informed that it flowered annually at Kew in the spring months for many years. At that date it had outgrown the limits of the Palm-house, and was felled. This was, undoubtedly, the Corypha australis of Brown, the common Palm of subtropical and temperate regions of eastern Australia, found as far south as the Snowy Kinge in Victoria. Nevertheless, some botanists bad conceived that it was the true Livistona inermis, and this alteration found its way into gardens, but the late Mr. Bentham rectified the error in his Flora Aitstralicnsis. Yet even he did not seize upon the distinctive characters of the foliage. Both L. inermis and L. humilis, with pincately-palmate leaves, were collected by Brown in the islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria. But the most curious fact is to come : About three years ago an exploring party, including Professor Baldwin Spencer and Mr. C. French, F.L.S., visited Croa- jiugolong, in the extreme east of Victoria, and in about .37° S. latitude, where they discovered a Palm in some plenty, growing to a height of more than 100 feet. This Palm was taken by them to be Livistona australis ; but from the photographs repro- duced in the Victorian Naturalist, vi., p. 8, the leaves are pinnate ratherthan palmate, and have even more of the pinnate character than L. inermis. This is shown both in young and adult trees, therefore it seems uncertain what this Palm is that attains such a stature in so rude a climate. It is stated, how- Home Correspondence. TECHNICAL EDUCATION OF GARDENERS.— I have followed with much interest the discussion of the question of technical education for horticulturists which has appeared in your columns during the past few weeks. 'There is an aspect not yet touched upon by your correspondents, which has much weight in guiding my own feeling, and which ought logically to be considered by all who have to form an opinion on the subject. I allude to the analogy with other arts and industrial occupations. As one of the founders of the Yorkshire College at Leeds, estab- lished nearly twenty years since, upon the original basis of giving instruction in such sciences as may be applicable to the manufactures, mining, or agriculture of the district, I have seen the experi- ment attended with brilliant success in systematic teaching applied to textile manufactures, dyeing, mechanical engineering, coal mining, &c. But our fundamental principle has been to supplement practice, not to substitute it by theory. Our students pass through ordinary workshops as formerly, but they are taught at the college the rationale of opera- tions that come within their daily duties. Of course, those who are training for masters and foremen take long courses of daily instruction, but even the younger workmen fill evening classes in each subject. I am happy to know that Dr. Thiselton Dyer is intimately acquainted with this work of the Yorkshire College, in relation especially to dyeing and the investigation of new dyeing materials. But the analogy which I wish to press home is based on the more recent inclusion of agriculture as a subject of instruction. An admirable historical article on agricultural education appears in nhitalcr's Almanack for the present year, and its perusal will repay any reader. The establishment of purely agricultural colleges at Cirencester, Downton, Aspatria, and Edinburgh indicates the sense of need for such instruction in its higher aspects, and its provision for secondary and elemen- tary classes is developing rapidly under the stimulus of liberal grants from various county councils. Sup- ported by subsidies from the three county councils of Yorkshire, the Yorkshire College sends out three travelling lecturers, whose whole time is devoted to teaching agricultural classes in various districts. Professor Muir reports that nearly 300 elementary schoolmasters are attending at five different centres in the county, and he urges that if the education of scholars in country districts better fitted them for rural life, the present flow of the population to the towns would receive a check. Now, the step from agri- culture to horticulture is a very short one, and it is absolutely impossible that the combination of "practice with science" demanded by the first of these sister arts should be indifferent to the second. Of the two, horticulture seems to have many facilities denied to its bigger sister. It is attracted by, and serves the great centres of population with their quick-acting brain. It represents iha polite culture, which other countries have developed earlier than we have done. It is one of the most laudable recreations for our town population. The amateur gardener, of either sex, alike with the intelligent youth adapting this as his daily calling, will gladly welcome sound instruction in tlie principles of the art. The wants of particular districts would, doubtless, give the bias to the teaching, whether fruit, vegetables, or flowers claimed the first attention locally. 1 can believe that at first there will be difficulties in finding teachers equipped equally with science and practice, but a few are to be found. That the system will come into operation is as certain as "the flowers in May," and those who help it forward may well recollect Bacon's aphorism, " God first planted a garden." Richard Reynolds, Cliff Lodge, Leeds, I cannot agree as to " Shopman's " views, that a gardener in a good situation is worse paid than a mechanic, when we come to total house-rent, fuel, vegetables, and perhaps a few other additions to the gardener's advantage ; and besides the above things, to a mechanic's disadvantage, he in many cases lives from three to ten miles from his work. Let " Shopman " note this — 2s. to 4s. a week taken out of the mechanic'a earnings merely for transit to and fro ; moreover, he is constrained to take his mid- day meal away from home, which also entails some extra out. ay. Now, " Shopman " must know, as he is in the trade, that all foremen, mananers, travellers in trade nurseries, market growers' establishments, &c., are well paid ; and does not their usual long service with the firm answer this question, for in nearly all the best establishments there are many under-men who are merely waiting for a rise or something advantageous occurring, at a much less wage than " Shopman " quotes, this being considered by them better than idleness ; besides, there is usually much to be picked up of a useful practical nature. The merely book-learnt man will never, in a gardening point of view, win the race with the man who alone has done hard work in either first-class private gardens or our go-ahead great fruit and plant-producing establishments. IF. R, There are two rather dogmatically ex- pressed dictums in " W. E. G.'s " letter on p. 147, that many will be disposed to cavil at. The first is, that " the best men are not in the best places." The answer to this is, that employers are not as a rule fools or too indulgent masters. If their gardeners fall short of the standard they require, they generally receive peremptory notice to quit. And this is also the case with men who are good horticultui ists, but bad managers of men. It is not always the case that the men who are most before the public as writers to gardening papers, or as ex- hibitors and judges at flower-shows, are the best gar- deners and best managers. The contrary is very often the case; of this, I can speak from experience. The second expression of opinion that many will demur at, is the advice that gentlemen requiring head gardeners, should leave the choice to nursery- men. This is surely an impracticable wish ; for everybody, who has the dignity of the craft at heart, would like to see gardeners as independent of nur- serymen as possible. The morality of business is very much the same in every branch of trade, and nurserymen would very likely recommend good customers of their own. Again, what do nurserymen know of the foremen in large and well-ordered gardens who are the men most likely to make good and efficient head gardeners, or of the promising young men in botanic gardens ? Vagabond. Your correspondent, " W.," p. 116, may well ask the question, " Where are we now? " for a more sensible and crushing reply to those theoretical educated " prophets " 1 have never read. No sensible man would say a single word against the advantages of education ; but if the best situations could only be obtained by examinations in botany, &c., the first- rate places would be available only to the few. Is it not a fact that some of our best and most successful gardeners, now holding leading situations, have justly and deservedly gained those positions by being thoroughly practical in the various branches of horti- culture, and yet some of them cannot properly write out the character of a young man ? Gentlemen and nurserymen want practical men; gardening is not good enough for parents to educate their sons in Greek and Latin for it. I have yet to learn that gardeners, as a class, are less educated than men of other trades. Thomas Oldham, Stotighton Grange, Leicester. MISTLETO. — If it is as stated by M. Gaston Bonnier that the Mistleto instead of doing harm to trees on which it grows is beneficial to them, the Mistleto will be much more grown than it is, as up to the present there has been little or no efi'ort made to cultivate or have it in gardens or orchards, for the reason that it, like all parasites, has been regarded as inimical to the health of the plant it grows on. I am strongly of opinion myself that this is so, and until further experiments are made, and fresh proofs given, I do not think the statement will be accepted, as no one, 1 think, has ever seen healthy vigorous Apple or other trees that have Mistleto attached to their branches. If they have, such experience has been different to mine, and it will be interesting and profitable to hear what others have to say on the matter. ' It seems to me that an evergreen on a deciduous tree must, in a great measure, alter its nature and draw on it for support, independent of what the leaves of the Mistleto take in from the air, and if so it must be like burning the candle at both ends to keep a deciduous tree at work during the winter. For all this, the Mistleto is coveted by many, and regarded as a great curiosity by all except those who happen to reside in districts where it is plentilul. Anyone who may desire to have it, may easily get it established by simply rubbing or placing 180 THE GARDENERS' GHRONIGLE. [Febeuakt 6, 1892. the seed on the bark of a branch of an Apple, Thorn, Lime, or Poplar, as owing to the viscid matter with which the seed is enveloped it adheres and germinates, although the process is slow and little progress is made in growth the first season. I have been watching some trees that had bruised berries placed on them three years ago, and most of the seeds grew, and the trees now have several bunches of Mistleto, J. Sheppard, Woolvcrstone Park. CRACKS AND SPOTS ON PEARS. —The old sajing of the blight that comes on the east wind, should not be ridiculed. It is one of those obser- vations of our forefathers connecting certain effects and causes without explaining the process step by step by which they were brought about. And there are many such, which have been handed down to us by those who did not live in times of mutual im- provement, as ours. Who shall say how frequently the men of science of to-day have been put on the right track by popular folk-lore ? When a long spell of east wind sets in, vegetation is checked in its growth, insects seize the opportunity, and the energies of the tree are still farther reduced. There is no more powerful cause of blight than an east wind. The assertion that spots on Pears are caused by fungus, is about as unsatisfactory an explanation of the trouble, and as unworthy of the learning of to-day, as if your correspondent had told us that blight was caused by insects. Plant a Pear tree where there is a gravelly or unsuitable subsoil, and it will, perhaps, bear good fruit for several years. [The Pear suffers much from a dry soil, and soon gets unfruitful. Ed.] Gradually, however, fungus spots and cracks appear and increase. Remove the tree to a fresh site ; or if to occupy the same position, cut off all tap-roots, and afford something to tempt the roots near to the surface. As soon as the tree has become established in the fresh soil, its fruit is clear and free from spots, and only after several years, when the roots have again descended into the subsoil, do the cracks and fungus spots re-appear. This would appear to tell us that such a soil is unsuited to that variety of Pear, and that the strongest predisposing cause to the attacks of fungus is the crude infertile subsoil. Will any other readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle state their experiences in this matter, and what it is that induces spots to appear on the rind of Pears ? Are these blemishes caused by fungus ? Will Tayler. [The circular corky spots of a brownish colour, which at first are sur- rounded by a black ring, which is bordered by a white fine line, are caused by a fungus, Fusicladium pirinuma. Reddish - yellow or red patches, on which columnar warts several milli- meters long develop, whose cell-walls at last open in a meshed or sieve-like manner, and allow the escape of a yellow dust, are caused by another fungus — Gymnosporangium Sabinac. The Pear tree in all its parts is liable to the attacks of many foes, and it is not always possible, from a cursory exami- nation, to say with certainty what has caused a certain injury. Ed ] DWARF V. TALL CELERY.— The great i dwarf Celery has over the tall kinds is shown in an unmistakable way during the winter, when one has to protect the plants. The dwarf varieties may easily have what few leaves there are projecting above the ridge covered, but the tall kinds cannot be well protected from the frost. Not only is tall Celery objectionable on this account, but it involves more labour in earthing; and, after all, there is not more useable material in it than in a good dwarf variety, such as the Sandringham or Incomparable. There are now some excellent intermediate kinds, as Veitch's White and Veitch's Early Rose ; but the long-stalked sorts I do not consider are now worth growing. For late work, I think the Rose or Red sorts keep best, and I used to cultivate Major Clarke's, which stands well in the spring, but when the weather sets in warm, most of it will bolt. J. S. WATERING COKE BEFORE USE.— The notes by Mr. E. Jenkins (p. 117) open a very interesting sub- ject, and having had much practical experience in the use of both coke and anthracite coal as fuel, a few remarks from me may be of interest to your readers. Dealing with the real question of watering coke, or even using coke from the open, it will take no very wise head or scientific mind to know, that before any particular unit of heat is obtained, all damp or moisture must of necessity be removed. Mr. E. Jenkins very graphically describes the why and wherefore of this. As an old practical stoker, I can honestly affirm that using 1 ton of coke is far more laborious than for the same quantity of anthracite. Besides, while using coke, there is always a doubt lest the fire should be low. With anthracite, after twelve hours' burning, days and days go by when but little stoking is required. There are various degrees of quality in coke as in coal, but good coke at 15s. per ton will be dearer than anthracite at 20s. Generally, coke will require clinkering at least twice a day, and more in sharp weather. Then there is the drawback of loss in heat at banking up time with coke ; besides we have to reduce the draught, to keep the fire in, say for eight hours, 10 p.m. to 6 a.m., while anthracite virtually abolishes night stoking. 1 guarantee a temperature of 5° higher in the latter case, compared with the eight hours of coke burning. Coke, to get its full heating value, should by all meansbe used dry. How to use anthracite coal is now my purpose to explain. I will be particular, because many fail in the management of this. First of all, the stoker must forget his experience in the use of coke, the anthracite requiring less attention. Once a day is all that is wanted to remove the clinkers. Ashes will ,be less. After the fire is well alight, put on coal until the desired heat is obtained, then reduce the draught. To get a fire quickly, all that is wanted is to gently put the poker between the bars to remove the dust. In banking-up, push a good portion of the fire to the back, making up the front with coal. By so doing, the present heat is well maintained, and if low at the back in the morning, there will be a good fire in the front to work at. For saddle boilers, I consider there is not the least doubt of economy in the use of anthracite. In boilers up to 4 feet long, nuts or cobbles are preferable, while those 5 feet in length, will take the larger ordinary coal. To give some idea of the intense heat of anthracite, 1 may say that I have to nse leather gloves in stoking. More than once I have been asked if the intense heat in using anthracite will burnoutthe boiler orbars morethan with coke, but so far I am not able to say. Bars apparently stand well. While anthracite is well suited for all prac- tical purposes for garden use, I particularly impress on young beginners to give a good eye to the damper. Conserve the heat ; it will be there when it is wanted. For cleanliness— as compared with coke — I am certain no one would wish to go back to coke after using anthracite. The only fear, to my mind, is the question of price. Gas coke, I fully expect, will get to a low figure, very much less being used for garden purposes. Anthracite coal, on the other hand, is rising in price, and I cannot see any immediate profppct of improvement. To economise the consumption of anthracite, more particularly if good coke can be laid down at a lower figure than I have quoted, can be used thus : after heat is got up, more particularly in bright weather, the tire can be made up with coke. "The only objection to this is that clinkers will have to be again drawn out before tea, to keep up the desired heat. Then we must not forget that, while using coke it is absolutely necessary to clean the flues and boiler at least once a week. They can work three weeks with the entire use of anthracite coal, and even then there will not be so much dust, soot. &c. Stephen Castle, F.E.H.S , Ashford Viiicyard, Fording- bridge, Salisbury. FUELS AND STOKING.— 1 read with considerable interest the remarks of your correspondent on " Fuels and Stoking," in answer to " A Stoker," on p. S'J of the Gardeners' Chronicle, and 1 should like to make a few remarks in reply, more particularly to ques- tion No. '1 : — " What fuel suitable for hothouse fur- naces is best, say, for a saddle-boiler, weight for weight, which gives out the most heat ? " My expe- rience convinces me that anthracite coal is the most suitable of all fuels, and, taken weight for weight, is much the cheapest. I have used anthracite coal for something over two years, and have found a won- derful saving of labour in using it — certainly not more than half the labour required to drive the same fires with coke. Then there is the fact that it is smokeless, and almost entirely free from snlphur, and it is very durable and uniform in its work, and can be left to burn with perfect safety in the sharpest weather, from ten to thirty hours, according to the size of the boiler, and will maintain an even tem- perature throughout. My boilers are situate close to the East India Orchid-house, inside the potting- shed, so that the absence of smoke and sulphur fumes is with me a very important matter. When I started to use anthracite, I had to take the stoking in mv own hands, as my man said it would not burn, and he wanted some house-coal to light it with, and to renew it with two or three times a day ; so I tried it for a few days. At first, I must say, I did not make it go any better than my man had done, but on the second day I found out the grand secret, viz., that it did not require stoking — that is, poking about at all, but simply to keep the furnace clean, pull out the damper, fill up the furnace, and leave it to do its work, and it did it. I must say, however, that the furnace-bars and flues must be thoroughly cleaned at least three times a week, by pulling out the fire, and cleaning the fire-bars from front to back, and then starting the fire anew. I have inquired of a brother gardener in this town the result of his experiments with this kind of coal, which he has used for twelve months, and he says that it is clean in use, durable, trustworthy, and cheaper than coke. H. J. Smthgate, Morpeth House Gardens, Ipswich. WARWICK CASTLE.— In the Gardeners' Chronicle of January 16, I was surprised in reading an article on the above to find various mis-statements. It is not my object to point them out, further than to correct the one regarding the tree planted by H.R.II. Princess Mary of Teck. That interest- ing ceremony took place on January 14, 1888, when the Princess, in presence of her own family, and several members of the Warwick family, planted a Cedar of Lebanon (not atlantica) ; the tree at that time was 3.} feet high, with a spread of 3 feet of bottom branches. It is most important to all lovers of trees that correct date and name should be given of trees planted as commemorative, memo- rial, or otherwise, that may be referred to in the future. C. D. A. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS FLOWERING. — A plant of this is now flowering in Messrs. Thomson's Nur- sery, Sparkhill, Birmingham, which was raised from seed three years ago, and is still growing in a 5.V-inch pot, and the plant is 7 feet high. There are sixteen flowers and buds, which were formed last June, and remained in the same stage with but slight altera- tion in size until just before bursting, a few days since, when the calyx divides in the centre in a hori- zontal position, the upper part, resembling a cap, is thrown off"; the centre of the flower forming a cup of bright green and yellow, surrounded with hundreds of anthers of a pale lemon colour, the flowers measuring 2 inches across, and emits a peculiar odour. The buds are produced in pairs at the axis of the leaves. I enclose a spray, and should like to know if the flowering of the Eucalyptus is of a frequent occurrence. C. H. H. CEDARS OF GOA. — In a recent issue there was a notice by Mr. Burbidge of this Cedar, the most graceful, perhaps, of them all. The country to see them in their full perfection is Portugal. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to make a per- manent settlement in India, and consequently this Cedar was very early introduced into their country from Goa [?]. Many fine specimens are to be seen in the gardens of villas ; and at Montserrat, near Cintra, there is a flourishing avenue of them. At Collares also, near Cintra, the high road is lined with towering Eucalyptus trees. During the present dear- ness of the oil, the inhabitants of the district would do well to try and extract this valuable essence. The vineyards at this place have never been devas- tated by the Phylloxera. The reason is that the Vines are growing in an alluvial soil, below 3 or 4 feet of sand. The young Vines are planted in pits, and after they have reached the level of the sand, the sand is allowed to fill up the pits. The larvae of the Phylloxera are thus unable to reach the roots. Vagabond. CALOCHORTI IN THE OPEN AIR.— My experience of Calochorti in the open air has been much the same as that of Mr. Gumbleton, as given by him on p. 138. The principal variance that I can think of is with regard to C. Howellii, that blossomed freely here, and certainly has a place in my affections. Its flowers are white. H. Embank, Byde. CATTLEYA PERCIVALIANA, SOUTHGATE VAR. — I am not a little amused to read the remarks of your correspondent, " P. W.," in your issue of the 23rd inst., to the effect that Mr. Measures says that his variety is only equalled by one other in Captain Vipan's collection. It reminds me of the old saying, that " It is never safe to prophecy unless you know." How can Mr. Measures have even an idea as to the quality of the many varieties of this Orchid grown in the North of England, which, I submit, might more accurately be described as the home of C. Per- civaliana, as immense quantities o were purchased Febkuam 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 181 by the late Mr. Percival and his many friends in the North, and have been more or less successfully grown and flowered by them. I have only to-day seen several plants which, I venture to say, will compare favourably both in size, form, and colour, with either the Woodlands or Captain Vipan's plants, and have suggested to the owner, Mr. George Hardy, that he assured. Much has been done during the past half century in acclimatising, and it may be that the Calochorti will accommodate themselves to our climate. However that may be, my object in writing this is to give my own experience in their culture. In the autumn of 187'J when I had charge at Gunnersbury Park, I secured a coliectioQ of department of the garden suffered most. I know we lost many choice herbaceous plants that winter, and among them the whole of the Calochorti. A few of the clumps made a futile effort to survive, but their vitality was so seriously impaired that they soon faded away. A portion of the stock was potted, and protected in fraoi's, b'.it these were not so satis- Fio. 29.— JA3MINUM nudiflorum: wintek-floweeing hardy shkde ; FLOWERS YELLOW, (see p. 182.) should send jou a bloom in support of my conten- tion, that " Falmam qui meruit ferat." F. H. A. [We have a splendid bloom before us. Ed.] HARDINESS OF CALOCHORTI.— The tribute paid to the beauty of this genus by Mr. Gumbleton on p. 138 is well deserved, and his success in growing and flowering them most encouraging. If we could feel certain of their hardiness, their popularity would be Calochorti, and planted them on a well-drained sunny border facing west. The soil was a light loam, and had been thoroughly trenched and enriched with well-decayed manure. They were planted in clumps, and the following season I was rewarded with a nice display of bloom, and felt satisfied with my experience for that season. The following winter, 1880-81 , proved a most trying one for all kinds of hardy plants, and I think the herbaceous factory as the plants grown in the open border. They certainly merit extended trials, in various soils and positions, as their beauty U quite uncommon. I hope Mr. Gumbleton's second season's experience with them will prove more successful than mine. J. Roberts, Shepperton, A TRIO OF PEAS.— An amateur who had a weakness for novelties, and has been a loser in con- 182 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaby 6, 1892. sequence, lately asked me to recommend Peas in a few Tarieties to give a supply through the season. He annually, he said, perused several seed catalogues, and ordered Peas of new highly recommended varie- ties, sufficient, as he thought, to supply his wants ; but which, after costing a high price, and having been carefully cultivated, proved, in many instances, more or less disappointing. This gentleman is not alone in being unfortunate in relying upon novelties, and will probably not be the last to make a mistake of this kind, notwithstanding cautions upon this point being frequently given by experienced culti- vators. But returning to my subject, I gave three as the least number of Peas that we have found will yield a continual supply through the season of Peas, of first-rate quality. Some growers may think this number too few, and possibly, under some circum- stances, it may be so, yet here we find it enough, although we yearly test, in a limited way, some of the newer kinds. The varieties I recommend are William I., Criterion, and Ne Plus Ultra, and this trio, taking all their qualities into consideration, is difficult to beat. The first-named well-known variety is a few days later than some others, but its general excellent properties amply make up for this drawback. Criterion is unsurpassed as a main- crop kind, and its free-bearing propensity, combined wiih good flavour, will keep it from being easily beaten ; while Ne Plus Ultra for late use is all that can be desired, and although old, is still, in my opinion, unequalled for late crops. Thomas Coombcr. STANDS FOR JAPANESE CHRYSANTHEMUMS — If Mr. Divers were an exhibitor of cut blooms, and had to travel, perhaps, 12 miles by road, and 200 miles by railway, to visit one show, I do not suppose^that he would advise that a stand for twelve blooms should be of the size he named ; and, again, if he were the secretary of a flourishing Chrysanthe- mum society, which has difficulty enough now to find space to accommodate all exhibitors, I think he would hesitate before advising such an increase in the size of the stands. Fancy eighteen entries in a class for forty- eight blooms, the Japanese in that class alone occupying no less than 96 feet of tabling run ! And most likely the present size would be found to be quite large enough for half of the exhibits. I think Mr. Divers does not quite realise what the size of a travelling box would have to be to contain forty-eight Japanese blooms, if the size he recommends were to be made compulsory on exhibitors. By all means, let the present size be increased, but consider that there is a limit even to the space needed for the giants of to-day. Blooms with too much space sufl'er in consequence — they appear dwarf, and apparently lose in eifect ; it is not the green boards that we wish to see — there is too much already of that for some persons. I would suggest to those who mp.y be responsible for any alteration, to think the matter well over before de- ciding, and then not to make any size compulsory — for some time, at least. If any exhibitors are slow to adopt the proper suggestions as to size, let them obtain a lesson or two on the exhibition table by taking a back place, in consequence of having to retire before better taste in arranging the blooms by exhibitors who have advanced with the times. There is nothing like a practical Itsson to open the eyes of the dullards, who must be dull if they do not copy what is manifestly superior to their own. A little coaching, as it were, will soon lead those who are prejudiced in any desired direction, as it will in regard to increasing the size of the stands for Japanese. E. M. BRITTLE TIMBER.— Replying to " K. S." on this subject, neither of the statements, in ray opinion, can be taken as the rule, although in some cases it may appear so. Thevariation of soils governs the dura- bility of timber rather than anything else ; for instance, take an Oak tree on clayey soil, which grows very fast, the tree itself will be very vigorous, but will, when having attained a good size, have a greater percentage of sap in it than a tree planted on sharp, gravelly soil ; the latter tree would be somewhat brittle. Now, with the Beech, the rule is dif- ferent, this wood is used for handles of tools, mallets, and various articles which sometimes are used violently, and the timber is preferred for their manufacture, which has been grown on a stony or gravelly soil, and has matured slowly. Beech that grows on clay and stitf soils thrives freely, but when it comes to be used generally splinters and breaks. The Ash, which is our toughest timber, varies on different soils as to its rate of growth. In some cases this tree will grow very fast, and make to all appearances a deal of timber in a very few years, but it will not bear comparison as regards toughness and durability with a tree that has grown half as fast. J. Garhett, Hale Tark, Hants, JASMINUM NUDIFLORUM. There are very few plants which have the com- mendable quality of flowering at the close of the month of December, and even if there were, it is possible that the sharp frosts and dense fogs of that season would soon mar the beauty of their blossom ; but a better plant than the above could scarcely be found. Jasminnm nudifiornm (see fig. 29) is one species out of some ninety others belonging to the genus, which will stand the rigours of our severest winters, and, like a horticultural Mark Tapley, "come out strong," under great diflSculties, just at the dullest season of the year. This Jasmin may be seen in many gardens, either trained on a wall, or up a trellis round cottagers' doors, and nearly always flowering profusely. Although so hardy, J. nudiflorum, or the " Naked- flowered .Jasmin," as it is called, is not indigenous to our islands, but is a native of Northern China, and is a great favouritewith the natives of Nankin, Shanghai, and other towna. Among the numerous useful and ornamental plants introiluced from various parts of the world some years ago by the collectors of the Royal Horticultural Society, this one found its way into cultivation through the means of Robert For- tune, who was sent out by the Society to collect plants in the Celestial Empire, and with what bene- ficial results to our gardens may almost everywhere be seen at the present day. The plant made its ap- pearance in the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens at Chiswick in 1814, and it was first described in the Society's Journal (vol. i., 1846, p. 1.53), by Dr. Lindley, at that time Assistant Secretary. From Chiswick it has been widely distributed, and may be locked upon — after less than fifty years — as one of our most useful and hardy decorative winter shrubs. At first it was thought safer to treat it as a greenhouse plant, but in a few years' time it was found to be quite hardy in England, and in 1852, a plate appeared in the Botanical Magazine, t. 4649, from a plant which had survived the preceding winter. Since that time it has been grown as a hardy plant. Although the leaves and flowers do not appear at the same time, the former dropping off in the autumn as a rule, and the flowers appearing in December, I know one plant which bears leaves during the winter months ; it is on a sheltered wall, and has flowered about January or February for the past two years, the sheltered situation having pro- bably something to do with this. J. /f. It delights in a rich deep loam and good drainage, and in a position fully exposed to the sun, where it will be able to ripen its wood thoroughly. 'Whilst growing, it should be watered occasionally, and it will greatly benefit by a syringing now and again, as it will help to clear away the dirt that settles on its leaves and shoots. It is principally propagated by cuttings taken off in August, when the wood is about half-ripened, and dibbled round the sides of 5-inch pots in light soil, and afterwards plunged in a close case. In a few weeks they will emit roots, and can be placed in cold frames for the winter, and in spring will be nice little stuff for planting out in nursery rows, which should be in a mixture of loam and leaf- mould. There is a light-yellow coloured form, J. nudiflorum, which, when in leaf, has a pretty effect, but it ia not nearly so free-flowering as the species. T. H. CITRON CULTURE IN CORSICA. (Continued from p. 150.) FuMAGiNE, smut, or Citron-black is almost as destructive as white-root; it is described as a black fungoid growth which attacks the bark and upper surface of the leaf. It absorbs the j uices and nourish- ment necessary for the tree, which soon becomes feeble and ceases to bear in consequence. Fumagine is at present destroyed by a process efficacious and easy of application. It consists of whitewashing the tree with limewash as far as the bark extends, and in syringing the leaves with the same preparation. Syringing with tobacco-juice and soft-soap gives equally good results. As it is usually in damp and shady situations that smut shows itself, and as the trees affected are generally those which have not been allowed sufficient space, they must be first subjected to moderate syringing, and afterwards to a good pruning in order to give access to air and light. The kermes disease does great barm to the Citron ; the tree affected by this insect presents the appearance of a number of small brown excres- cences on its branches, about the size of a Pea. This is the chrysalid of the female insect, which dies shortly after depositing its eggs. In the spring the eggs hatch, the larv« spread over the young leaves consuming them, and destroying the sap of the tree. Myriads of microscopically small eggs may be destroyed which have been deposited beneath the dried and hardened husk of the dead female adhering to the tree, by rubbing the ligneous parts with a cloth dipped in a boiling decoction formed of 4 quarts of soapy-water, in which are dissolved a pound of soft-soap and sufficient lime to give consistency. An equally good remedy consists in the application, with a brush, of a decoction of tobacco-juice. Walnut husks, and chlorate of lime. In order to guard against kermes, the following treatment has been found successful : Dissolve a quarter-pound of soft soap in 2 quarts of water, add a quarter of a gill of tobacco-juice and three spoon- fuls of essence of turpentine. This mi.xture having been prepared over night and strained, is syringed over the trees every two or three days. The oscine, or Orange- fly, is an insect which causes white mould, and is the source of much damage to the Citron as well as to the Lemon trees. A large quantity of this fly collects on the under- surface of the leaf and absorbs the sap, the leaves rapidly lose their green tint, and become whitish ; the tree sickens, and the young shoots appear feeble, and fall off. Towards the end of May, the winged insect appears. The female fly attacks the young frnit, piercing the rind by means of a borer which she carries like a sting, and deposits her eggs within the pulp of the fruit. The egg produces a caterpillar which decomposes the surround- ing substance, giving exit to a gummy issue from the fruit; finally, the fruit detaches itself, and falls to the ground before arriving at maturity. This insect is easily destroyed by a decoction of lupine applied to the leaves by means of a garden syringe. The fly attacks the lower surface of the leaves, and if the plant be syringed so as to affect the fly, it will never resist this excellent insecticide. A mixture of one quart of tobacco-juice with two quarts of water may also be used. A third treatment is to dissolve 2 lb. of soft-soap in two quarts of water, adding 2 lb. nicotine of 12° strength, and spray the leaves with a fine syringe. In all these remedies, and in many others which have been employed to contend with these diseases, the ingredients have always been quicklime, cinders, sulphur, tobacco-jaice, and soft-soap. If these agents do not completely cure the disease, they, at all events, prevent the propagation of the insect, and arrest its ravages. In addition to the diseases mentioned, two other causes tend to the degeneration of the Citron trees, and render them more liable to disease ; these are, firstly, the methods employed for reproduction ; secondly, the want of proper and suitable manuring. The trees are nearly always reproduced from shoots or slips. This system, no doubt, allows of a quicker return, as the trees arrive sooner at ma- turity ; but these more rapidly grown trees have not so long a life, and soon deteriorate. They are far from having the vigorous, if slower, growth and longevity of trees raised from seed. Daily experience tends to prove that trees imported from Genoa, and obtained from seed, are in a much better condition than those obtained from cuttings Februaht 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 183 It ia time that this degeneration, which ia already assuming alarming proportions, was checked. If, instead of continuing the fatal system of cuttings, seedling nurseries had been established, in the course of ten years a large number of new plants would have been produced, ready to take the place of those trees which had gradually weakened, and become sterile. The following ia the method of procedure for raising seedling trees : The choicest fruit ia selected and exposed to the sun in a heap, allowed to ferment from eight to ten days, then thrown into water to soak for a few hours, and then broken up by hand. After remaining a few minutes, the good seeds sink and are collected, leaving the bad ones, which float. When dry, the seeds must be either sown at once or kept dry in aand. They are aown in pots or shallow boxes filled with peat-mould, and covered with a slight layer of leaf-mould and sand, and a layer of straw above. They must be kept sufficiently watered to ensure the moisture necessary for germination. The month of April is moat favourable for sowing. The first year it will be sufficient to keep the plants free from weeds, and watered. One or two years after, the young seedlings are pricked out, taking care when removing them, to retain the mould adhering to the roots. They are then planted in the nursery at about 18 inches to 2 feet apart. In the spring of the third year the lower branches are pruned in order to ensure a strong stem. Regarding the remunerative value of the Citron culture, it is stated that last year's crop, which was a fair average one of fine quality, amounted to about 2000 tons, 300 tons of which were ex- ported in brine to England and Germany, the rest being taken by the Dutch, American, and Italian markets. The value of Corsican Citrons in brine is stated to be about £2o per ton. On the prospects of the successful cultivation of the Citron in the colonies of East and South Africa, the following remarks are made : The question as to whether the cultivation of the Corsican Citron tree could be made equally remu- nerative in other countries, in some of our colonies, for instance, is one on which it is impossible to express an opinion without accurate data concerning the latitude, temperature, rainfall, condition of soil, &c., in the region proposed. As may be gathered from the opinions quoted, the principal requisites — a suitable soil having been found — are shelter, warmth, water, and manuring. These desiderata apply equally to the cultivation of all delicate trees, and the rich soils which produce the Cardamoms and Cinnamon of Ceylon and the Cloves of Zanzibar would probably be well worth experimenting upon with a view of the cultivation of the Cedrat. The high-lying valleys on the mountain slopes of our newly-acquired protectorates in Africa would pro- bably form an excellent position for conducting a series of experiments in various cultures, ol which the Cedrat and Lemon might form a portion, and no great outlay would be necessary for the establish- ment of an experimental plantation. Societies. BOYAIi HOaTICULTURAL. Tra new members of Council proposed for election on Fe ruary 9, are : — Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., M.P., ' )wen Thomas, C. .J. Lucas, in the place of Sir .1. T. D. Llewelyn, Bart. ; Everard Hambro and Martin R. Smith. The officers proposed are Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart,, M.P., President ; Philip Crowley, Treasurer; Rev. W. ft'ilka. Secretary; Harry Turner, Henry Williams, and A. H. Pearson, Auditors. LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL ASSO- CIATION. Geeat interest was taken in the annual meeting of the Liverpool Horticultural Association, which was held in the lecture hall of the Free Public Library on Saturday evening. In the absence, through indisposition, of Mr. White, the President, the chair was taken by Mr. T. Powell, of the Botanic Gardens, and there was a large attendance. The committee's report showed that the expenditure of the spring, summer, and autumn meetings all ex- ceeded the receipts by £144 (is. %d., £.306 4s. id., and £00 respectively. The subscriptions amounted to £537, and the sum of £8G had to be drawn from the previous year's balance in order to meet the expenditure. The attendance at the summer and autumn showa waa much below the average, but the competition was keen, and the exhibits very fine. At the spring show there were 3035 visitors, fi007 at the summer, 5858 at the autumn show. Tne committee thanked the pro- prietors of the Gardeners' Magazine and the Amateur Gardening for prizes given ; also Messrs. R. P. Ker & Sons tor the Challenge 'Vase. The essays on various horticultural subjects had not been as numerous as waa desired. Mr. A. ICime, Woolton, gained the prize for an essay on the " Culture of Cinerarias, Primulas, and Calceolarias;" and Mr. Ed, Williams, Llanfyllin, for the essay on "Cool Orchids." Great regret was expressed at the death of Mr. Fletcher Rogers, for many years Hon. Treasurer of the Aasociation, and one of its warmest and most valuable supporters. Mr. E. Bridge, who has done valuable work as Secretary of the Association, re- signed office, and after keen speaking and voting, JMr. Wm. Dixon, chartered accountant, 25, Victoria Street, Liverpool, was elected Secretary, at a salary of £30 a year. Mr. Geo. Blackmore was re-elected Sub-Treasurer, and the appointment of Treasurer was left in the hands of the committee. leaving Highclere he went into the service of the Board of Works, Hammersmith, to superintend the planting, &c., of the street trees, where he faithfully served for eight years, and died at the age of 60. He has left a wife and five children to mourn bis Law Note. HAMILL V. REID & BORNEMANN. This was an action brought by Mr. R. J. Hamill, a gardener of Sydenham, against Messrs. Reid & Borne- mann, nurserymen, of .Sydenham, to recover £4 10s., balance of wages in lieu of notice and also damages against Mr. Bornemann for slander. Mr. Le Breton appeared for the plaintiflT, and Mr. Johnson Watson for the defendants. After the close of the plaiutiflTa case, Mr. Justice Grantham suggested to Counsel that the matter was one for a settlement, and a con- sultation thereupon took place with the Judge in his private room, and a settlement of the action arrived at. The defendants, by their Counsel, withdrawing in open Court all imputations against the plaintiff and paying him £25 towards his costs, a juror by consent being withdrawn. Enquiry. " He that questioneth much shall learn miKh." — Bacon. Removal of Strawberry Plants. — Will some of our readers kindly inform "J. F. " if the law permits a market-gardener on leaving his holding to remove Strawberry plants which were planted last year for fruiting. Stephen Ross— We regret to have to announce the sudden death of Mr. Stephen Ross, who died from syncope on the morning of January 27, at Hammersmith. Mr. Ross was a native of Banffshire, and started as a lad at CuUen House, a noted place of the Seafield family, after which he came to London and filled various appoint- ments there and in the provinces. In 1859 the firm of John & Charles Lee secured him the appointment as Head Gardener to the late Earl of Carnarvon, in which capacity he spent twenty- five years. While at Highclere he carried out many alterations and improvements in the grounds, and was the raiser of several new Azaleas and Rhodo- dendrons. On his retirement from Lord Carnar- von's service, his lordship granted him a pension. On leaving Highclere his friends and fellow-servants presented him with a gold watch and chain as a token of their regard and good wishea. Soon after The Weather. By the term "accumulated temperature" is meant the aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period named; and this combined result ia expressed in Day- degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] Te.mpebatuhe. RiEiTALL. Bright Sun. J3 bo Tl Aoodmdlated. 1 k 2 3 - i A 1 u 2<^ n > < 1 ir 'x ^ 3" CS if ^2 1 fa 1 i s, 2-3 at Day- Day- Day- Day- lOths deg. deg. deg. deg. Inch. Ins. 0 i + 23 13 - 7 + 62 10 4- 23 51 13 11 1 5 + 28 17 — 5 + 64 3- 15 2-2 26 16 2 0 + 26 13 AverO 4- 45 3 — 13 1-3 21 15 3 i + ]6 28 — IS 4- 60 2 — 15 10 26 19 i 4 + 29 17 - V 4- 55 4 — 16 1-5 22 19 I 3 + 2.5 15 - ^■' -1- 38 5 — 13 0-9 22 22 « 5 + 28 7 — 12 4- 40 4- 39 8 4- 21 40 15 16 i + 21 6 — IV 2 -i- 19 31 14 15 8 2 + 25 10 - So 4- 52 5 — 17 2-2 29 25 9 3 + 2) 8 — 29 4- 39 1 + 20 2-7 13 16 10 3 + 33 5 - 37 4- 54 5- 17 2-6 16 20 * i + 29 0 — IV 4- 11 6- 22 1-9 29 20 Principal '^heat-producing Districts— 0, Scotland, N. ; 1. Scotland. E.; 2, England, N.E. ; 3, England, E. ; 4, Midland Counties; 5, England, S. Principal Grazing, S^c, Districts— 6, Scotland. W. ; 7, England, N.W.; 8, England, S.W. ; 9, Ireland, N. ; 10. Ireland, S. ; ♦ Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending January 30, is furnished from the Meteorological Office : — " The weather this week was mild and humid in all parts of the Kingdom ; very frequent and heavy falls of rain occurred in the extreme north and north- west, but in the more eastern and southern districts the fall was slight and less frequent, and some bright intervals were experienced. " The temperature was above the mean in all dis- tricts, the excess ranging from 2° in 'England, S.W.' and the ' Channel Islands,' to as much as 5^ in ' Scotland, E. and W.' and ' England, N.E.' The highest of the maxima were recorded at most stations on the 29th, when they varied from riO° in ' Scotland, E ,' 57° in ' Ireland, S.,' and 50° in * England, N.E,,' to 52° in the ' Channel Islands.' The lowest of the minima were registered either on the 24th or 25th, and ranged from 25° in the ' Midland Counties,' to 34° in 'Scotland, W.' and the ' Channel Islands.' " The rainfall was considerably more than the mean in ' Scotland, N. and W.,' and rather more in ' Ireland, N.' and ' England, N.W.' In all other dis- tricts, however, there was a deficit. Over the eastern and southern districts the fall was very slight. " The hrig/if sunshine was much more prevalent than during the preceding week, and exceeded the mean in nearly all districts. The percentage of the possible duration ranged from 13 in ' Ireland, N.' and ' Scotland, N.,' and 14 in ' England, N.W.,' to 29 in 'England, S.W. ' and the ' Channel Islands.'" 184 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [FEBRUAfiT 6, 1892. ARKET8, C0V£:NT GABDEN, Fchncary 4. [We cannot accept any editorial reaponsibility for the aub- joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible for the quotations. It must be remembered that these quotations do not represent the prices on any particular day, but only the general averages for the week preceding the date of our report. The prices depend upon the quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the demand ; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day, but often several times in one day. Ed.1 Business still keeps quiet, Grapes being a slower trade. James Webber^ Wholesale Apple Market. Cut Floweus.— Average Wholesale Prices. Acacia or Mimosa, French, per bunch 1 6- Arum Lilies, doz. bl. 6 0- Azalea, p. doz. sprays 1 0- Camellias.white.doz. 3 0- — red, per. doz. ... 1 0- Carnations, 12 blma. 2 0- Chrysanthemums, 12 blooms ... 1 0- — 12 bunches ... 5 0-: Eucharis, per dozen 6 0- Gardenia, per dozen 4 0- Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6- Lilac white (French) per bunch 5 0- Lilium Harrisii, doz. 6 0- Lilyof the Valley, per doz. sprays ... 0 9- Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 4 0- Marguerites, per doz. bunches 3 0- Mignonette, per doz. bunches 1 6- Orchid- Narcissus, paper- white, Fr,, p. bun. 0 Orchids : — Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 Odontoglossum crispnm,12blms. 3 Pelirgoniums, scar- let, per 12 bun. 9 — 12 sprays ... 1 Poinsettia, 12 blooms 4 Primula,sing.,12bun. 4 Roman Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 Roses, Tea, per dozen 1 — coloured, dozen 2 — yellow (Mare- chals),perdoz. 8 — red, perdozen... 1 Tuberoses, 12 blma. I Tulips, p. doz. blms. 1 Violets, Parme, per bunch 4 — Czar, per bunch 2 — English. 12bun. 1 BLOOM in variety. 2 0 8 0 1 6 4 0 1 6 3 U SO 21 0 7 0 9 0 0 9 7 0 10 0 1 6 9 0 4 0 0 2 0-12 0 0- 1 6 0-9 0 0-12 0 &- 2 0 0-16 0-2 0 6-5 0 9-3 6 6-2 0 Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Pbioes. s.d.s.d. s.d.i Adiantuma, per doz. 4 0-12 0 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0- Arum, perdozen ...12 0-18 0 Ferns, per 100 ... 8 0-1 Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-63 0 Ficus, each 1 6- Azalea, per doz. ...36 0-60 0 HyacinthsDutchdoz. 6 0- Begonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60 Lilyof the Valley, pot 2 0- Chrysanthemums, i Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-1 perdozen ... 6 0-90 Primulasinensis.doz. 4 0- — large, each ... 2 0-36 Palms, various, each 2 0-i Cyclamens, per doz. 9 0-18 0 i — specimens, eachlO 6 i Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0 \ Pelargoniums, Scar- Dracsenas, each ...10-50] let, per doz. ... 6 0- Epiphyllums, p. doz. | Poinsettias, per doz. 12 0-] pots 9 0-18 0 Roman Hyacinth, p. Erica hyemalis, per | doz. pots 9 0-] dozen 12 0-18 0 Solanums, per dozen 9 0-] Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 \ Tulips, per doz. pots 8 0- Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices. s. d. s. d. \ s.d I Apples. Canadian and I Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 35 0- Nova Scotian, per Lemons, per case ...15 0-^ barrel 10 0-18 0 i Pine-apples. St. Mi- Apples, ^-sieve ... 1 0- 4 0 chael, each ... 3 0- Grapes 19-361 Vegetables.—. 5. d. Artichokes Globe, each 0 4- Beana, French, lb. ... 1 6- Beet, red, per dtzen 2 0- Carrots, per bunch... 0 4- Cauli flowers, each ... 0 3- Celery, per bundle... 1 0- Cucumbers, each ... 0 6- Endive, perdozen ... 2 0- Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9- Average Retail Prices. s Lettuces, per doz. ... 1 Mushrooms, punnet : Mustard and Creas, punnet ( Parsley, per bunch... ( Seakale, p. basket ... * Shallots, per lb. ... ) Spinach, per bushel '• 3 0 I Tomatos, per lb. ... ( 1 0 i Turnips, per bunch... i Potatos. Since last reports arrivals have been very heavy, and stocks have increased much. Prires for medium and ordinary sample rule 55. to 10s. lower. Market very flat. Best samples, 90s. to 1005.. Medium, 70s. to 805., and Blackland, 55s. to 65s. per ton. J. B. Thomas. SEEDS. London: Feb, 3.— Messrs. John Shaw & Sons. Seed Mer- chants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report a thin attendance of buyers on to-day's market, with but few trans- actions passing. American cables come firm, but brown and inferior home-grown reds are lower. Choice samples of Alsike, white, and Trefoil, show no change. Rye-grasses are harden- ing in value. French and Italian are dull. Sainfoin is advancing. Peas and Haricots move off slowly. In Rapeaeed the tendency is upwards. Mustard keeps firm. rRTTITS AND VEGETABLES. Borough, Feb. 2.— Quotations ; -Savoys, 3s. to 5s, ; Broc- coli, IDs. to 155. per tally; Spinach, Is. Qd. to 25. 6(f. per bushel ; Brussels Sprouts, Is. to Is. 6rf. per half- sieve ; Greens, Is. 6rf. to 2s. 6d.; Turnips, Is. dd. to Is. %d. ; Carrots, Is. Zd. to Is. 9rf. per dozen bunches : English Onions, 65. to 7s. <6d. per cwt.; Apples. 2s. 6rf. to 6s. per bushel ; Canadian do., lOs. to 20s., and Newtown Pippins, IBs. to 2S5. per barrel. SPITALFIElds. Feb. 2.— Quotations :— Savoys, Is. 6free. Chief Peat Depot : Ringwood, Hants. ORCHID PEAT. PREPARED, ready for use, all fibre, 10s. per sack ; iiotils.id. SELECTED, in blocks, very fibrous, 8s. per sack; i for 37s. 6d. SECOND QUALITY, os. per sack ; 5 for 22s. id. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, 4s. per sack, 5 for 18s. ; and 3s. per sack, 5 for 12s. 6rf . PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each 2s. 6ii. per sack; 5 for 10s. PREPARED POTTING COMPOST, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s. All sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sanrple Sack. Spfcial terms to the Trade. For Price List apply to THE FORESTER, Joyden Wood, nearBexIey, KeLt. ORCHID PE.\T; b^t QuaHty f BHOAVN FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of WALKER AND CO., Farnborough, Hants. HAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories, Orchid-houses, Vineries, Greenhouses, Plant and Forciug- houses. Best Materialsand Workmanship guaranteed, at Mode- rate Prices. InteDdingPurchasers waited upon by appointment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPARATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of Garden Reouisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-hou.ses, Tool-houses, Pigeon Cotes, Doff Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, £or six fetampa. PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH. GARDEN REQUISITES. COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, 4d. per bushel ; 100 for 25s. ; truck (loose, about 2 tons), 40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each, LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5J. 6i. per sack ; 5 sacks, 25s. ; sacks, Ad. each. BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 6j. per sack, 6 sacks, 23s. ; sacks, id. each, COARSE SILVER SAIfD, Is. M. per bushel; 16«. per half ton ; 26s. per ton. in 2-buahel bags. id. each. YELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF- MOULD, Is. per bushel. SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. id. per sack. MAUURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &o. Write for Price LIST.— H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.. 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury Lane (lately called 17i. Coal Yard1. W.C. GARDEN REQUISITES, as supplied to the Royal Gardens. — COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, Is Zd. per sack, 10 for 12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s., sacks free ; 2-ton truck. 30s., free on rail near works. Fine ORCHID PEAT, 8s. U. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS do.. 6s. per sack, 5 for 22s. 6rf. BLACK do , 4s. 6d. per sack, 6 for 20s. FIBROUS LOAM, LEAF-MOULD, and PEAT-MOULD, each 3s. per sack. Coarse SILVER-SAND, Is. 6d. per bushel, 14s. J ton, 2os. per ton. CH.ARCOAL, 8s. per sack. SPHAGNUM, 7s. 6i. per sack ; all sacks and bags, 2d. each. RUSSIA MATS, IDs. 6rf. to 19s. per dozen. RAFFIA, VIRGIN CORK, STAKES, &e. BONES, A-inch, lis. per cwt. Pure BONE- DUST, lis. U. TOBACCO-PAPER, Speeialile, iOd. per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH, Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 26s. Price List, free. W. HERBERT and CO., Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southivark SIreet, London, S.E. The Original and Only Makers of tlie GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS WITH SOLID ENDS, AliO- SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTBAM, With Special Provision for Cleaning the Inside thoroughly (a Most Important Point). These Boilers, after long experience, have proved themselves the Most Efficient, Econo- mical, and Lasting Boilers extant. Every other kind of Boilere, Sockets, Flanges, and Expansion-Joint Pipes and Fittings, for all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE. SMKEYS'tatis Garden Pots . "^iv Bute Messrs. DickSOns, Limited. Chester, write :— " The Flower Pots you have so largely supplied us with are light, stron(< and well made, and in every respect highly satisfactory." Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write :— " We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with your ' Garden Pots,' they are well made, light, yet strong, and we like them better than any other we have ever used." Mr. William Bull, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes;— "For nearly thirty years I have been using your Garden I'ots,' and still tind them the best and cheapest." Largest Mamtfactitrers in the World. No Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £,\0 Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free. THE GARDENERS' GHRONIGLE FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION. THE PUBLISHER, U, Wellington Street, Strand, LONDON, W.C. Please send me " Thb Gabdbnbbs' Chboniclk " for _ commencing ,for which 1 enclose P.O.O, ^ _1892. Months Please Note that all Copies sent Direct from this Office must be paid for In advance, .e THE UNITED KINGDOM :— 12 Mouths. 16s. ; 6 Months. 7s. 6d. ; 3 Mouths. 3s. 9d.; Post-free. ALL POBEIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS, Including Postage, 17s.6d. for 13 Months. Receipts for less than six montha' subscription will not be sent unless specially asked for. P.O.O. to be made payable at the Post Office, No. 42, DRUBT LANE, London, to A. G. MARTIN. Cheques should be crossed " DRUMMOND." Febboahy 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 187 HORTIOULTURAL SUPPLY CO.— RELIANCE FERTILISER for Fruit, Flowers, VeRO- tables. Lawns, &c. Scentless, and cleanly I o use. A highly concentrated and entire Plant Food, carefully compounded. Cdsh with orde Keliance Fertiliser Best Peruvian Guano Nitrate of Soda Sulphate of Ammonia Bones ; Flour or Meal, and half-inch Superphosphate 2 1b. I I Parcels,! iK 14 , 28 10 1 913 05 0 0 9 1 sla 03 6 0 9 1 01 92 9 s.d.'s.d. 10 0 18 (I 10 0 18 G 8 6 15 0 10 0,18 6 6 0 10 6 4 e! 7 0 Carriage paid on 10s. orders of the above MANURES on Carter Paterson's round, or to any railway stations -within 200 miles. Directions for Use with every lot. Leaf-mould, Peat-mould, Loam, and Potting Compost, each, 3s. per sack. Is. per bushel. Best Brown Peat, 5s. per sack. Is. id. per bushel. Cocoa-nut Fibre, Is. M. per sack, 5 for 6s. Silver Sand (coirse or line), Is. 'id. per bushel. Charcoal (nuts or fine), 2s. per bushel. •• Plant Foods and How to Apply Them." a De-:criptive List, post-free. \d. Price Lists free. The Trade supplied on liberal terms.— HORTICULTURAL SUPPLY CO., Old Shot Tower Wharf, London S.E. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. This manure is chemically distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring and ripening of Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, &c., beyond any other Manure. j^^lij crawIey, Sussex. Sept. 14, 1891. " The effect of this manure is most noticeable in the develop- ment, ripening, and colouring of the fruit. In consequence of the wet and sunless weather, I could not get my Tomatos growing in an unhealed and rather damp house to ripen ; but within (A reerfa^s of applying your Manure they began to colour, and I have been gathering splendid fruit almost dailv since." (Signed), B, C. RAVENbCROFT. Prices in Sacks, at Works, \0s. per cwt. ; £2 per J ton ; £3 IJj.s. per ^ ton ; .£7 per ton, THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO., THE CHEMICAL WORKS. HEMEIi HEMPSTEAD, HERTS. ^TATIVE GUANO.— Best and Cheapest H Manure for Garden Use. Price £3 10s. per ton, in bags. Lota under 10 cwt., 45. per cwt. ; 1 cwt., Sample bap, sent Carriage Paid to any Station in England, on receipt of P. O. for 5s. Extracts from 16th Annual Collection of Reports :— NATIVE GUANO, for POTATOS, VEGETABLES, Sc:. H. Brixkworth, Potato Grower, Reading, used for Potato3, Onions, and Carrots, results: — " Very good ; never had better crops." J. Butler, Sittingbourne ;— " Used for Potato, Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO, for FKUIT, ROSES, TOMATOS. &c. J. Peed & Sons, Streatham, used for Fruit Trees and Roses, results: — "Very satisfactory; we use no other Guano now ; consider yours preferable to Peruvian." J. Finch, Orr*'ll Gardens :— " Used for Vegetables, Tomatos. Grapes, Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most excellent f'^r Potatos, and many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market." Orders to the Native Guano Co., Ltd.. 29, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London, where Pamphlet of Testimonials, &c., may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES For Destruction of Insect Pests. Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers. KILLMRIGHT, 2-oz. Sample posted free on application. Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the Stott Distributor Co.. Ltd.. Barton House, Manchester BENTLEY'S-BENTLEVS THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE. The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides. As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such as Green and Black Fly, Mealy Bug. Scale and Thrip, Red Spider, American Blight, Woolly Aphia, Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c. Price in tins— J-Pint, Is.; 1 Pint, Is. 9d.; 1 Quart, 3s.; J-Gallon, 5s.; 1 Gallon, 9s.; 5 and 10-Gallon Drums, Ss. per Gallon. Carriage Paid. Teatimouials and Particulars sent free on application. Prepared Solely by THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD., LUTON STREET, LIVERPOOL. WEED DESTROYER Has paved tbe way for many imitators, but maintains itn position of superiority, and acknowledges no eiiual. Has the largest sale, and the confidence of the leading gardeners. 3 gallons, 5s. 6rf. ; 6 gallons, 10.';. ; 12 gallons, 19s. ; 18 gallon!^, 27s. ^d. ; 40 gallons, oO.s-. Carriage paid. Sole Ia'Ventor — JOSEPH BENTLEY, CHEMICAL WORKS, BARROW-ON-HXJMBER, HTTLL. For all INSECT PESTS in Greenhouses and Frames, nothing has proved equal to the LETHORION (VAPOUR CONE), They are now uni- versally admitted to be thoroughly uniform in strength, and safe for any Plant or Flower, even if four times the quantity are used. Scale and Mealy Bug may be completely eradicated by using the Cones double strength. PEICES— For Frames, &c.. of 50 cubic feet, 6ii. ; 100 ft., 9. .500 feet. Is. ; 1000 feet. Is. %d. ; 4000 feet, 6s. each. THE HOUSES SHOULD BE WELL SECURED. CORRY & CO., Ltd., 16, Finsbury Street, LONDON, E.G. IMPORTANT -IBl TO GARDENERS, AMATEURS, AM> Othkrs. who Fumiuate Houses TO KILL *'FLY," OR *' THRIP." You will shortly be ordering your Spring Supply of Fumigating Material. Why lay in a heavy stock of tobac^'O paper, uncertain in quality, often disappointing, and very unpleasant to use, when you can have a Safe, Keliable article, and one that is pleasant to use ? On which you can thoroughly depend. The manufacture is luch improved THE FIRST OF ITS CLASS, AND STILL THE ONLY ONE and it ordered without any risk of the disappointments often attending other fumiga- PRICES :— ti"g materials. For houses with \ 1000 cubic ft.. No. 3 Roll, 1/- each iPost a capaciti/ of 'I 2000 , 4 ,. 1/9 ,, (Free. The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up required quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. - The safest and most effective Liquid Insecticide for dipping or syringing. Prices, post free:— Pints, Is. lOd. ; quarts, 3s. 3d.; half gallons. 5s. 9d. CLIBRAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.-A truly valuable remedy, has saved thousands of bulbs. Prices, post-free:— Half-pinta, Is. 9rf.; pints, 2s. 9d. ; quarts, 4s. 9d. ; half-gallons, 8s. Or from your Seedsman. 10 & 12 Market Street, Manchester; And Principality Nurseries, Deganwy, Llandudn TNNES' FERTILITAS. — THE VINE and J- PLANT FOOD.— Of all Nursery and Seedsmen, or direct. ISj. per cwt., carriage paid to all Stations. References and testimonials of the Sole Malters — W. INNES AND CO., Sunny Hill Vinery, Littleover, Derby. ISHUftST COMPOUND used since 1850 for Red Spider, Mildew, Thripa, Greenfly and other blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather from cake for American blight, and aa an emulMion when paratfin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to fl^per^ede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d, GISIIURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on wet ground. Boyea, Gd. and Is., from the Trade. Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY (Limited), London. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE PUBLISHER'S NOTICES. Gabdenkus' Chuonicle Telegrams. — The Rer/istered Address for Foreign and Inland Teleijrams is " Oardchron, London," ADVERTISEMENTS. Scale of Charges for Advertising. Head Line charged as tti:o. 4 Lines .. £0 .s 0 15 Lines . £0 8 6 6 „ .. 0 3 6 16 „ . 0 9 0 8 „ .. 0 4 0 17 „ . 0 9 (J 7 ,, .. 0 4 6 18 „ . 0 10 0 8 „ .. 0 5 0 19 „ . 0 10 6 9 „ .. 0 5 6 20 „ . 0 11 0 10 „ .. 0 6 0 21 „ . 0 11 6 11 „ .. 0 6 6 22 „ . 0 12 0 12 „ .. 0 7 0 23 „ 0 12 6 13 » .. 0 7 6 24 „ . 0 13 0 14 „ .. 0 8 0 25 „ . 0 13 6 AND SIIPENOE FOR EVEBr ADDITIOSAI. LINE. It set acr 3S two Colum ns. the lowest charge will be 20s. three Colum ns the lowest char(te will be 301. Page, £8; Half Page, £4 10s. ; Column. £3. Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver- tisements are received without name, address, or anything beyond the postmark on envelope by which to identify the sender ; this in all cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and frequently the sender cannot be identified at all. Advertisers are requested when Remitting to give their Names and Addresses, and also a Reference to the Advertisements which they wish repeated. Gardeners and othebs Wanting Situations, 26 words, including name and address. Is. Qd., and Sd.for every additional line (about nine words) or part of a line. These Advertise- ments must he prepaid. This scale does not apply to announceynents of Vacant Situations, luhich are charged at the ordinary scale. Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 5s. each insertion. Position. — - Advertisers are specially requested to note, that under no circumstances what- ever can any particular position be guaranteed for advertisements occupying less space than an eyiiire column. Postal Orders. — To Advertisers, Subscribers, and Others. — It is very important in remit- ting by Postal Order that it should be filled in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to A. G. Martin, as, U7iless the number of a Postal Order is knozvn, and it has been made payable at a particular office, and to a par- ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any person into whose hands it may fall from negotiating it. N.B. — The best and safest means of Re- mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY ORDER. Advertisements for the current week must reach the Office not later than Thursday noon. All Advertisements should be addressed to the PUBLISHER. Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements, 41, Wellington St., Stband, W.C. SUBSCRIPTIONS. All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United Kingdom, 12 months, 15s.,- 6 months, 7s. 6d. ; 3 months, 3s. 9d.. All Foreign Subscriptions, including Postage, 17s. Qd. for 12 months; Post-office Orders to be made payable at the Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to A. G. Martin. Subscribers who cvperience any difficulty in ob- taining their Copies regularly, are particu- larly requested to communicate with the Puhlisher (in cases of delay in the delivery by post, the cover should be forwarded ivith com/plaint). THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuabt 6, 1892. tondon County CounciL— To Horticultural Builders and CONTRACTOR:^. TENDERS are invited for the ERECTION of a PALM HOUSE in BATTFRSEA. PARK, to be constructel chiefly of Iron. Persons desirous of submitting Tenders may obtain a copy of the Speciticatiou, Drawings, Fotm of Tender, and other particulars at the Office of the Architect of the Council, at Spring Gardens, on payment of a sum of one guinea, which will be returned on receipt of a bond fide Tender. Persons tendering will be required to declare in their Tender that they piy such rates of wages and ob-'erve Buch hours of labour as are generally accepted as fair in theif trade. The Tenders, which must be on the form supplied from this Office, and be addressed to " The Clerk of the Council," and endorsed " Tender for Palm House, Batter=ea Park," are to be delivered at this Office before 10 o'Clock a.m. on February 23, ltt9:i. and no Tender will be received after that hour. Any Tender which is not fully filled up in every pir- ticular will be rejected. The Council does not bind itself to accept the lowest or any Tender. H. DE LA HOOKE, Clerk of the Coui-cil. Spring Gardens, S.W., February 4, 1892. TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck- loads to any Station in England and Wales.— Address, G. .T. EVRSON. 2, Corporation Street. Birmingham. GARDEN KEQUISirE S.— sticks, Labels, Virgin Corlf, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of— WATSON AND SCULL, 90, Lower Thames Street, London.E.C. GENTS WANTEDfortheSALEof NATIVE GUANO. The Best and Cheapest Manure for all Farm and Garden Crops. — The NATIVE GUANO CO,MPAN]C, LIMITED, 29, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars. London, E.G. SIX CABINET PORTRAITS, Zs. ; three for 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. id. ; sil for Is. id. Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. Zd. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order, and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies, with Original.— FRANCIS ANT) CO , ao. Ludgatehill, London. REE GRANTS of LAND in MANITOBA and other PARTS of CANADA.— The reports (illustrated) of the twelve British Tenant-Farmers who visited Canada in 1890, and other pamphlets issued under the authority of the Imperial and Dominion Governmeut!3, containing maps and full information as to land regulations, bonuses granted to settlers, openings for capital, demand for labour, rates of wages, cost of living, and all other particulars, may be had post-free, on applying to the High Commissioner for Canada (Mr. J. G. COLMER, C.M.G., Secretary), 17, Victoria Street, London, S.W. ; or, to Mr. JOHN DYKE, Canadian Government Agent, 1.3, Water Street, Liverpool. CONWAY G. WARNE, Limited, Eoyal Potteries, Weston-super-Mare. BOILING WATER OR MILK. E P P S ' S GRATEFUL-COMFORTING. COCOA BREAKFAST-SUPPER. THREE MILLIONS HAVE BEEN PAID BY THK RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY, FOR ACCIDENTS OF ALL KINDS. 64, CORNHILL, LONDON. W. D, MASSY, I ~ ,. A. VIAN, '\Seci. Demy 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6ff. MY GARDENER. Illustrated by H. W. Ward, F.R.H.S.. Head Gardener to the Earl of Radoor, Longford Castle, Salisbury. "Clear, sensible, and full of instruction." — Times, "This is the beat work on gardening which we have come acroi^s for a long period .... and certainly deserves a pi ice in every gardener's library or bookcase." — Bural World. " As a practical handbook for the million, it baa no superior on the subject."— i'eZZs Weekly Messenger. "The book is replete with valuable cultural notes, indis- pensable to the millions who are now turning to gardening as a scurce cf pleasure and profit." — Gardeners' Chronicle, " The professional gardener, amateur, and cottager may look to it as a trustworthy guide in matters affecting the routine of the garden." — Gardeners' Magazine. " U is likely to be most useful and very popular."— D. T. FISH, Esq., Bury St. Edmunds. " I hope for the good of the country it may meet with the extensive sale it deserves."— W. THOMSON, Esq., Cloven- fords. "I f-hall consult it myself with pleasure."— F. W. BDR- BTDGE, Esq , Curator of Trinity College Botanical Gardens, Uublia. AMERICAN HORTIGULTURALINTERESTS ARE BEST KEPRE.SENTED IN THE AMERICAN GARDEN, WHICH INCLUDES :— THE AMERICAN GARDEN ... ISth Year. THE GARDENERS' MONTHLY 32nd Year. and HORTICULTURIST 44th Year, THE FLORAL CABINET .„ 19«l Year. Making the Largest, Best, Oldest, Liveliest, Handsomest Gardening Magazine in America. THE LEADING AMERICAN JOURNAL FOR HORTICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS. Subscription Price for England and Countnea in the Universal Postal Union, lOs, United In ONE. E. H. LIBBY, Publisher, Times Building, New York, U.S.A. Agents for Great Britain and Ireland :— STEEL AND JONES, 4, Spring Gardens, Charing CrOM, London, S. W. , to whom Orders for Advertisements and Subscrip- tions may be sent. A Specimen Copy post-free for IQd. (stamps). CATALOGUES RECEIVED. V. DoPPLEll, Erfurt, Germiny — Vegetable and FiOB-er Seeds. &f. Thos. Imrie & So.\s, 1.37, Hish Street, Ayr, N.B.— Garden Seeds. W M. Watt, Cupar and Perth- Garden Seeds and Sundries. J. B. Thyxe, 83, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow— Garden Seeds, Implements, &c. O. Bruce & Co., 35, Market Street, Aberdeen— Garden Seeds, Tubers, &c. W. L. Lewis & Co , Chaseside, Southgate, London, N. — Special offer of Orchids. W. Fkomow & So.NS, Chiswick, London, W. — Garden Seeds. &c. VV. F. Guxx & Co., 3, Stockton Road, Sunderland— Garden Seeds, &c. J. Jeffekies & Sons, Cirencester- Seeds and Bulbs for Spring Planting. Hogg & Wood, CoWstream and Dunse, N.B.— Insecticides, Weed Killer!, Mildew Destroyers, &c., also Garden Thomas S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham— Flower and Wgetable Seeds, B-gonias, and Chrysanthemums. Carters & Co., H'gh Holborn, London— New Chrysanlhe- H. Canxell & Sons, Swanley, Kent— Flower and Vegetable Seeds, &c. M. Bl'tcher & Sons High Baruet— Vegetable, Flower, and Farm Seeds. W. Drummond & Sons, Dawson Street, Dublin— Vegetable and Flower Seeds, &c. W. P. LAIRD & Sinclair. Dundee — Garden Seeds. D. S. Thompson & Soxs, Wimbledon, Surrey— Gar 'en Seeds, Implements, &c. John Green. Norfolk Nur^erieo, Dereham— Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Rooted Cntlings. &c. W. Samson & Co., Kilmarnock— Seeds and Plants. F, Miller &. Co., Fnlham Road, London, S.W.— Vegetable and Flower Seeds. James Yatfs, Little Underbank, Stockport — Vegetable and F ower Seeds. H. Cannell St, Sons, Swanley— Floral Guide and Garden Seeds. Samuel M Causland, Victoria Street, Belfast — Seed Catalogue, Bruce & Robbie, Castle Street, Forfar— Garden Seeds. ViLMORIS-.iNDRlEUX & CO.— Catalogue Generale de Graines, Fraisers. &c., Quai de la M^gisserie, Paris. J. A. Anderson, Wine Street, Sligo— Garden Seeds. Fletcher, Son & Co., Chesterfield- Garden Seeds. Webb & Soxs, Wordsley, Stourbridge— Farm Seeds. PITCHER & Maxda, The United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley — Chrysanthemums. GARDENING APPOINTMENTS. Mb. C. Bellis, until recently Foreman in the gardens at Henley Hall, as Head Gardener to Sir C. H. Rol'SE BouGHTON. Bart., Downtoa Hall, Ludlow. Mr. ARTHUR White, until recntly at Fern Hill, Huyton, as Head Gardener to Alderman Neill, J. P., Eastwood House, Rotherham. Mr. J. Watts will commence his duties as Head Gardener to Mrs. Wood, Moortieid, Glo^sop, on February 8. TO THE NURSERY TRADE & GROWERS. A GENTLEMAN, desirous of LEARNING the BUSINESS, is willing to GIVE TIME, or INVEST MONEY in a SOUND AFFAIR.— Letters to ARTHUR ROBINSON, 8, Leadenhall Street, London, E.C, To Nurserjmen. ■JTED, a PARTNERSHIP, in an ESTABLISHED BUSINESS. Strictest investigation T side desired. ^ cat London preferred, — E, R., The Attleborougb, Norfolk. w\^: iith WANTED, a Person willing to JOIN an OLD-ESTABLISHED NURSERY as a PARTNER, with £500 to £1000. The Lessee has just obtained a new lease for thirty years at a low rental. Apply by letter to J. S , Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C. WANTED.— H. CANNELL and SONS are desirous of ENGAGING a young MAN to proceed to New York as LEADIN » HAND in a small Nursery, under the Proprietor, and to take charge in his absence. Stat« expe- rience. &c. — Swanley, Kent. To Gardeners, WANTED, a thoroughly experienced MAN, to take the entire Management of a Garden of 10 Acres, 4 acres of which are gla^-s. ^iJ uated at Hillingdon. near Uxbririge. Only thoroughly experienced men, accustomed to grow for market, and whose characters will bear the strictest investiga- tion, need apply, stating fully the whole of past experience, age. and salary required. House foui-d. but no commis.'^ioQ or auv extras allowed. — Apply, by letter only, marked Private, to WILLIAM WHITELEY, Westbourne Grove, London, W. WANTED, a WORKING MANAGER, under principal, for Market Kursery. — Must be thoroughly exp rienced in Cucumbers. Tomatos, Mus-hrooms, Chrysanthemums, and all sorts of Bulb^ for forcing ard Soft- wooded pot Plants and Cut Flowers, all grown exclu-ively for Market ; a permanent situation to a thoro"gh energetic and reliable man ; gocd House on premises. State f uil par- ticulars, ege. pxpt-rieiice. and salary reiiuired. — G. A. WILLIAM&ON. SmithHeld Market, Maochesler. WANTED, as HEAD GARDKNER, an energetic, practical, and obliging Man. — He must thoroughly uiKer.-tand his business, and bw able to produce a constant supply cf Fruit. Flowe'p, and Vegetables; garden contains the usual quinlityof glass, and a f reman is kept; preference wil be given to a middle- 'ged man without family. —Letters, with all particulars, to H. H. R , Mesv^rs. D Gosden & Co., 17, Tavistock Street, Coveut Garden, London, W.C. WT ANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR- V V DENER.— Mu^t thoroughly und>=rstand Vines. Peaches, Vegetable and Flower Garden. London Suburb. Must be competent to Manage Stock. Cowman kept. State nge and family, and wages required (excellent Cottage, with Garden, Coals. Gas. Vegetables, and Milk, being found). Copies only of testimonials to be sent.— Addre s.H, D . Gardeners' Chronicle OtBce, 41. Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR- DENER. Bear I>ondon, where several others are kept. Must be married, no family, and well uo in Grapes. Melons. Cucumbers, Greenhouses, Flower and Kitchen Gardens, and have 60me knowledj^e of Stock. — Apply, stating age, expe- rience, and wages required, to W.G., 81, Harley Street, W. WANTED, as HEAD WORKING GAR- DENER. an intelligent experienced all-round man. with an interest in his work. Two under him. with extra help as required. Apply, G. H. HADFIELD, Moraston, Ross, Herefordshire. WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER, where two under are kept.— Must be well up in the management of Stove Plants. Early and Late Vineries, Orchard House. anH Outdoor work, and h^ve exceptionally good testi- monials. Wages, 2is.. with good Cott&ge and Firing. — Apply, stating age, what family (if anv). and particulars of former eDgagements. to R. P. & S., 35. Lincoln^ Inn Fields. W.C. WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER, for ^urrey, with thorough knowledge of Vegetable and Flower Garden. Small Conservatory, assistance given. Gcod pergonal reference from last employer. Wages to commence about 25s.— Apply by let'er only to S. B., Mr. J. Barker, Castle Court. Cornhill, E.C. WANTED, in Devonshire, a HEAD WORK- ING GAFDENFR. with five or six under h'"m.— Thoroughly experienced in Flowers, Kitchen. Forcing Fmit, and Landscape Gardenirg. Age between .S5 and45. Marrud, without family, or not exceeding two. Musr. have unexcep- tionable references. Address, stating previous situation, aye of self, and family (if anv\ wage^s, and rieferenfes, to M. L. MAEISTOWF, Rcborougb. South Pcvoq. Februasy 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 189 WANTED, aa GARDENER, a man from 25 to 3iJ vears . Must have f^ood experience in Market Stuff. Cuuataiit worlt.— J. HAKRISON, Abbey Road, Bnrkinf;. WANTED, an active (lAKDENER (22 to 30) : must he a (.ood Fern and Palm Grower. Wage.s, to emmeuce, £1 a weelt ; perrnment to suitable mau. — COLLINS A.vo COLLINS, CumberianJ Park Nur^erv, Wille=den Junction, N.W. WANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR- DENER (tboroughly comp.'tent).— Single, or married wit'l no children preferred. Must be hard-working, energetic, and obliging ; thorougb knowledge of Glaiis-work and Progu- gating indispensable.— W. VINSON, " Walnuts," Orpington, WANTED, on Tyneside, a good active man, as SISGLE-HANUED QAKUENER, with knowledge of Greenhouse. Stove, and Coust-rva cry. Vegetable aud Flower Garden. House, Coals, and Water, free. — Apply, stating ajie, salary, and qualirtuatioiis. — No. 91, Gurdeners' C/ironicU OHice, 41, WeUingtou Street. Strand. W.C. "lA/" ANTED, as UAKDEl\ER, a married man, T * ubout a5, without any family, ss Lender Gardeuer, and to live at tbe entrance Lodge. He must be thoroughly up in all Kitchen Garden Work, and have unexceptional reier- euces. Wuges, £1 a week.— Ajiply, by letter only, ttiting age, how lung married, and wuere previously employed, to JoH.N INNES, MertOD, Surrey. ANTED, a good plain GARDENER.— Married, without family ; Wife as Caretaker, iu a partly-furnished private house. — Apply, with full par- ticulars, gsving references, to Mr, W. L. HLTBBLE, AUmgton, Maidstone. ANTED, as SECOND GARDENER (three others kept), a strong active young man, about 2b. Must be smart iu appearance, and thoroughly conversant with all requirements of a gentleman's establishment, especially kitcheu garden. Must have good references. Reply ty letter only, stating experience, wages required, &c., to T. SCliOLEi', Heathside Cottages, Potter's Bar. ANTED, a young MAN, as bECOND, where four are kept.— Must understand Inside and Outside Work ; also one for Lawn and Kitchen Garden. One used to Mowing Machine and Sc}the preferred- Bolhy and vegetables. State age aud wages to u. BABNBTr, Hilton Park Gardens, Wolverhampton. WANTED, a young MAN well up in growing liowers, as UiKDENER. To live in house, and assist in housework; all fouud. Wages, 7s. to Ss. Address. T. G.. 24. Bow\er Terrace. Clapham, S.W. WANTED a thorough practical, trustworthy Man as FOREMAN. -W. WHIIiUERLEY, Gardens, OuUon Park, Tarporley, Cheshire. WANTED, about FIFTEEN active MEN, for a Branch Nursery, being built, where Cucumbers are the chief things grown.— JOHN ROOHFORD. Turkey Streel, Waltham Cross. Nearest station. Forty Hill, G.E B. ANTED, an ALL-ROUND MAN, to talie charge of Inside aud Outside. Understands Toniatos, Chrysanthemums, and Cucumbers. — R. T., White Hart, Ricbmoud, Surrey. WANTED, a thorough all-round MAN, to Grow peifejtly Grapes, Peaches, Tomatos, Roses, Gardenias, Azaleas, and other Plants. Must have a good character in every respect. A b>tainer preferred. Three Glass Houses, usual Flower and Kitchen Gardens. None but a thoroufjh workman will suit. Active and quick at hisw^rk. and with interest in the pla?e. — Itate full particulars to W. A. GLYNN. Seagrove, near Ityde. WANTED for a Market Nursery a sharp, active young ^lAN to take charge oF a set of House, uader the principal ; one with a knowledge ti Roses, Carnations, and Bouvardias preferred : W; ges, ^Is., progress ve ; staieage and ex.erience. Also a jouug MAN. quick at potting; wages, !«!.— TURNER BROS., tireen Hill Nursery. Gaiston, Liverpool, WANTED, a young MAN, about 2o, for the Pleasure Grounds. Must thoroughly understand his work, and the working of horse lawn mower, and the use of scythe. Wages, 17s„ uo bothy. Apply, Mr. DIBBIN, Tilgate Gardens. Crawley, WANTED, a young MAN experienced Inside and Out, who understands Plant Growing, age not under 24. Wages 17.5. 6rf. per we.k and bothy.— H. FOJTER, The Gardens, St. Ives, Bingley, Yorkshire. ANTUD, a single MAN, with good ex- penence, for Kitchen Gaid.'n and Pleasure Grounds. Must be accust med to Scythe ami Pony Machine. Wages lis. per wiek.- T. OLDHAM, Stoughton Grange, Leicester. ANTED, a competent AlAN, well up in Growing Double Primulas, Bouvardias, and other Plants for Market. Also one well up in the Culiure of Fruit and Herbaceous stuff. Good references, and state wages — :», Queen Street, Cardiff. WANTED, a reliable and energetic MAN, age 26 to 3-1; for Propagating and Glowing Pot Plants and Cut Flowers for Market. None need apply unless thoroughly experienced, and whose character will bear the strictest investigation,- Apply, with full particulars, as to ability, references, wagrs expected, and enclose photo lo "We Oirice, 1 1 , Wellington Street , WANTED, ayoung MAN of good experience, where soft-wooded Plants, Ferns, and Palms are grown for the London market. References required. Apply to J. WILLIAMS, College Park Nursery, Lewitham, S.E. WANTED an Energetic MAN, not under 25, ns FOREMAN for the Houses. Must have a good knowle.lge of Plants, Orchids, Ferns, &c., also Melons aud Cucumbers-- State age, wages, and experience.— J. hUDD, Lockerley Hall, near Romsey. ANTED, SEVERAL young MEN, in a large Market Nursery, wilh a knowledge of Cucumber and Tomato Growing, and willing to make iheraselven gene- rally useful. Also a married MAN required for NIGHT STOKING. Permanent emplojment for suitable men. — Apply, stating experience and wages r. quired, to GUIVER BROTHERS AND LA WSjN, Durauts Nursery, Ponder's End, Middlesex. WANTED, a young MAN, accustomed to Chrjsanthemunis and Tomato, s.— State age, refer- ences and wages expected, to MANAGER, Llys onen tiardeos, St. Clears, Carmarthenshire. WANTED, a steady, honest, sober MAN, who can grow Vegetables. &c. Understands Vines hid Fruit Trees, and can clem-up sm.ll gardens in a neat way. Age 30 to 4a. Abs a ner preferred. Constant work, &c. Wages as to his ability.— A. GROOMBRIDJE, Tothill Nursery, PI) mouth. ANTED, at ONCEr ^n^SSISTANT for the Cut Flower, Plant, and Seed Business. Must be quick at Wreaths, Bouqust.. Butlon-ho'es, &c. Slate nge, wages, and experience to W. BALCHIN and SONS, US, Church Road, Hove. WANTED, a thoroughly reliable married MAN of about 30. as MANAGER in a Shop. Must have a fair knowledge of the Seed Trade, and a thorough knowledge of the Cut Floner and Plant Trade. Character and ability must bear the strictest investigation.— MARSHALL BROS. AND CO . Barnhain .Tunclion. Bognor. WANTED, IMilEDlAlELY, an ASSIST- ANT SHOPMAN, one with a knowledge of the Cut Flower trade preferred. Apply, with references, stating ape, and wages required, to JAMES COCKER and SO.NS, 130, Union Street, Aberdeen. WANTED, a young MAN for Flower Garden and Lawn, and to lake turn with fires and Sunday duty. Must be strong, active, ard willing. Wages.Uv., with bothy and v.getables. Apply, giving full particulars, to J. PENSON, Willey Gardens, Bro,eley, Salop. ANTED, an ASSISTANT, fo71.he Se^, Bulb, Plant, and Floral Business.- A preference given to one accustome-1 to the Floral Business. Applioants to state age. wagis, and references.— P. Q-, Hurst & Sjii, Houndsditch, London, E.C. ANTED, a TRAVELLER and SIIOR- MAN. We have a VACANCY for such. Full par- ticulars of axe, experience, reference, aud silary to HARRISON AND SONS, Seed Mechants. &c , Leicester. WANT PLACES. Advertisers are cautioned against having letters addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all Letters so addressed are opened by the authorities and returned to the sender. To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agents, STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS. JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN, several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter. Enquiries should be made to 237 and 238, High Holborn. W.C. SCOTCH GARDENERS,— I have at present several very superior MEN on my Register, whose cha- racter and ability will bear the strictest investigatioo. — JOHN BOWNIE. Seedsman, 144. Princes Street, Edinburgh. ICH A RD SMITH and CO". beg to announce that they are constantly receiving applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and tuat they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with particulars, &c.— St. John's Nurseries. Worcester. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL COMPANY (.70HN COWAX). Limiled, The Vineyard and Nurseries, Garston, near Liverpool, wish to recommend to any Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com- petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindsay, who WIS Heid Gardener for the last twelve years to the late Sir Thomas Edwards Moss, Bart., of tJtterspool, near Liverpool. — Full particulars on application to the Company, Head Gardeners. JOHN LAING AND SONS can at present recommend with every confidence several energetic and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character Ladiesand Gentlemen in wantof GARDENERS and BAILIFFS, and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, London, S.E. Q A N D E R S, St, Albans, can thoroughly KJ RECOMMEND several first-claw HEAD GARDENER.S Gardeners, Farm-Bailiffs, Foresters, &c. DI C K S O N S , Royal Nurseries, Chester (Limited), are always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DIcKSONS, Chester." GARDENER (Head).— Mr, Wills, of the Royal Exotic Nursery. Soati Kensington, can with the most perfect confilence recommend a thoroughly good Head Gardener. Mr. Wills has known him for upwards of twenty yeirs. He can bs highly recommended by several employers. He has hid the management of the picturesque gardens con- nected with The Mote, Ightam, Kent, for fifteen years, and has had besides the charg-j of large fruit gardens for market purposes at The Mote. His age is right, and he ha" """"- nbrances.— L. IS.MAlf, Boro Or. , Sevf paratively no oaks, K GARDENER (Head),— Age 39 ; life expe- rience; all branches. Laud, StocK. Eleven years* Head. Good character and testimonialn. Wife, Dairy if required — WINFIhLD. Brook Glen. Redhill. Surrey. GJ.ARDENER (riEAD).~Age 38, single; ■ thoroughly experienced in Fruits, Flower-i, and Ve^e- tables; indoors and out; six and a ha'f years' gjol character, A Death cause of leaviuf.-E. JAINES, 2, Uuion Place, Union Street, Stratfor.l, E, GARDENER (Head); age 46, married, VJ Scotch.— A Genti.e.max wishes to recommend his Gar- dener as a thoroughly practical man in all branches of his business, including Early Fruit Forcing, Orchids, Stove Plants and Manigementof all Ifarden Work, Land, &c. Please state particular-.— S., WheatSe'.d Cottage. Callow, Worcester. GARDENER (Head).— Age 39, married, one boy. Good expi-rience in the cultivation of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, and the general management of a good garden, where several under are employed. Eicel- leat testimonials from each place previously filled.— W S 3U6, High Street. Acton. W. r^ARDENER (Head); age 3.3, married, V_J three children.- A Nurseryman can strongly recommend his Foreman, who was formerly Foreman in a Noblemin'a garden, who is a ihoroug-ily enperienced trustworthy all-round Gardener, well up in growing for .Market, it required.— E. D , 4, Station Road. BeileyjHeath, Kent. GARDENER (Head); age 34, married, no family.— Mr. J. WiLLARD, Head Gardener to the Baroness Burdett-Coutts. Hollv Lodge. Highgate, N , is in a position to recommend to an. Lady, Nobiemau. or Gentleman a thorough practical man iu the above capacity. Five years as Head in present place. Well versed iu theCultuieof al kinds of Fruits. Plants, and Vegetables, and the requirements of a large Establishment.— For full particulars, please rep'y GARDENER (Hfad), in good establishment. — Mariied, no family Abstainer. Life expeiience in Early and Late Forcing all kinds of Fruits. Flowers Vege- tables. Mushrooms, also KitCLen and Flower Gardens, Pleasure Grounds. Eight years' character from present empiover aud sixteen years' previous references.— J. D., Normansfield Lodge, Hampton Wick, Middlesex. GARDENER (Head), where three or four are kept —Age 30, single ; sixteen years' experience in all branches. Good references.— A. G., Basing Park Gardens, Alton, Hat ts. ARDENER (Head).— Mr. Ward, gardener to the Right Hon. Lady Im ly Foley, Stoke Edith Gardens. Hereford, would be pleased to recommend his Fore- man (John Wild) to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a first-class practical man. He has had fourteen years' experience in all branches of the profession, has lived in first-class establishments, and can be well recommended by prerious employer. GARDENER (Head) ; age 35 ; married, one boy of nine years.— Mrs. SANCROFf Holmes. Gawdy Hall. Harleston, Norfolk, highly recommends Head Gaidener as [above. Thoroughly understands his duties; excellent references. GARDENER (Head),— Age 46, married. Life experience in all branches. Land and Stock (fifteen years as Head). Excellent character and testimonials.- A. B , 3, Ferness Cottages, Stanley Road, East Sheen, Surrey. ARDENER (Head).— Mr. Si.mpson, Gar- dener to the Earl of Wharncliffe. Wortley Hall. Sheffield, can recommend his present General Foreman as above, to any Lady or Gentleman. First-class man, and good testimonials. GARDENER (Head), where two or three are kep'..— Age 25, married ; ten years' experience in large establishments. Inside and Out. Good references. Abstainer. — G. M., 1.!. Clifton Terrace, Ashville Road, Leytonstone,E-sex! GARDENER (Head).— Age 42; married, one child, age II ; understands forcing Fruit, Vegetables, Flowers, and a good Orch d grower; high testimonials — -M, HERASJUN, M. Waterford Koad, Knlham. S.W. GARDENER (Head), age 28.— Mr. B.^bke^ MARTONHALL. R.S.O , Yorks, wishes to recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a practical man ; fourteen years' experience. ARDENER (Head).— Age 43 ; married six- teen years. Head Gardener to the late L?rd Cotlesloe. Thorougly practical in all branches of the profession.— F. SMALL, Winslow, Bucks. ("J_ARDENER (Head), in a large establish- X ment ; age 41, widower, two children, youngeet 9 years, — E. S. Wiles, wtio has had charge of the E,Jgcote Gardens for the last thirteen years, will be diengaged on March 25, and is open to re-engage to any Lady ir Gentleman re- quiring a good all-round Gardener. Excellent characters from present and previous employers.- E. S. WILES, Edgcote, Banbury, Oion. 190 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, [rEBRUAET 6, 1892. GARDENER (Head).— Mr. Clabke, Head Gardener to the Earl of Lonsdale, Lowther Castle, Penrith, can Avith every confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thorough practical man ; experienced in all branches. GARDENER (Head).— Land and Woods, if required. Married. Upwards of twenty yeart,' practical experience. Six years with present employer (Sir E. Huckley, Bart.). Can be well recommended. — S. BAILEY, Plas Gardens, Dinas Mawddwy, Merionethshire. ARDENER (Head).— Married, age 42. No young children. Vine', Peaches, Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Flower and Kitchen Garden. Home Farm not objected to. Six and twelve years' characters from last two situations. — C. CRETCHLEY, Hatch End, Pinner. p ARDENER (Head), Scotch.- Age 42, VX married, no family ; nearly ten years' good character from present employer. Has been in some of the best Gardens in Scotland and England. Is now open to re-engage to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a good all round Gardener. — D. MACKAY, Maristow, Roborough, Devon ; or Messrs. J. VEITCH AXD SON, King's Road, Chelsea, London. S W. ARDENER (Head).— Age 44, married; no family ; thoroughly experienced in Noblemen's and Gen- tlemen's Gardens. Fifteen years iu last situation. Highly lecommended.— S. L. SHIPBORNE, Tonbridge, Kent. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30, married ; well experienced in the Cultivation of Plants, Orchids, Fruits and Vegetables, and the requiiements of a good Establishment. Life experience. Excellent testimonials. Death cause of leaving.— A. (J., The Gardens, Shales, Bitterne, Southampton. ARDENER :(Head Working); age 33, married, two children, ages 9 and 6; Scotch.— A Gextle- MAN^wishes to recommend his deceased father's (Jardener, as a thoroughly experienced and trustworthy man, who has been in his service for four vears. Excelleiit te.-.timonial3 from previous employers.— J. P./SP, Warrington Orescent. Maida Hill, W. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or more are kept.— Age 30. Fifteen years' experience in all branches. Three years foreman in present place. Ex- ceptional references from present and pievious employers. — A. CAMPIN. Cannon Hall Gardens, Barnsley. GARDENER (Head Working), where three cr more are kept. — Age 32, married, nofamily ; eighteen years' thorough experience in good all-round Gardening, in- cluding Table Decorations. Good testimonials and references. —P. T., Firfield Gardens, Addlestone, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working).— No family; life experience, and thoroughly competent in all branches. — r. G., Stir Hill, Newport, Essex. ARDENER (Head Working) where tatce is given . — Age 24, single. Eight years' expe- years' good character trom present employer. Caversham Nurseries, Reading. G -A. B., Mr. Billii GARDENER (Head Working), where one or two are kept.— Age 25. married wlien suited ; twelve years' experience inside and out, with good characters from ■ previous and present employer. — G. L., 4, St. Mary's Cottages, Westfields, Barnes, Surrey. Q_ARDENER (Head Working), — Age 33, y^A married, one child; fourteen years' experience in good Gardens. Abstainer. — G. D., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ARDENER (Head Working), where three or four are kept.— Age 38, married, no children. Good reference. Address, stating wages, GARDENER, Bower L^dge, Havering, Romford. ARDENER (Head Working, or good Sl.NGLE-HiNDED).— Age 35, married. Thoroughly ex- perienced iu all branches of gardening. Twelve years character from present employer.— GARDENER, The Beacon, ■West End Lane, West Hampstead, London, N.W. ARDENER (Head Working), where three or four are kept. Has had thorough experience in good establishments. Excellent character ; an abstainer. — GAR- DENER, 29, Stadium Street, Ashburnham Road, Chelsea, S.W. ARDENER (Head Working), where another or more are kept.— Age 29, married, no family ; twelve years' experience in Vines, Flowers, and Fruit ; Flower and Kitchen Gardening. Excellent characters.— J. WHITING HamptonPark, Hereford, ARDENER (Head Wobking).— Age 34, married ; thoroughly experienced ; six years' good character from last situation.— E. U., 7, Poplar Cottages, Rusthall Common, Tunbridge Wells. ARDENER (Head Working) or GAR- DENER and BAILIFF.— Age 40; thorough practical and life experience in all its branches, including Laying-out Grounds, &c., and the Keeping up well of good Gardens. Eighteen years' good character, also previous excellent refer- ences.— B. A., Mr. A. Saywood, Shenfield, Brentwood, Essex. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 36, married ; thoroughly experienced. Seven years in present situation, two years previously as Head. Formerly six years as Under with the Earl of Jersey. Thorough good references from each place. Land and Stock, if required. — T. HICKS, Eroobfield Farm, Buckingham. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 38, married, one child (age 12). Thoroughly practical. Good references.— WM. COUSENS, The Lodge, South Park, GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32, married, no family. Thoroughly practical in all branches. Seventeen years' experience. Excellent testi- monials and references. Nearly four years in presentsituation, leaving through a death.— H, TULLETT, The Trowlock, Tedding ton. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33, married, no family; excellent character througli life; also life exoerience in all branches of Gardening. — E. W. JENKINSON, 104, South Bridge Roid. Croydon. ARDENER (Head Working).— Middle- aged, single; thoroughly practical in all branches, in- cluding Decorating and Laying-out. First-class testimonials' M. M.. 1, Peel Place. Silver Street. Kensington, W. GARDENER (Head Working), where Surplus Produce is Disposed of.- Age 40, three children, youngest 10. Brought up to the profession. Thoroughly experienced in Growing Fruit. Flowers, and Vegetables, luside and Out. Five years' character from present employer. — T. B , Redlands Gardens, Emsworth, Hants. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 37, married, two children, youngest 12 ; twenty- three years* experience with Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Mushrooms, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardening, and Early and Late Forcing. Abstainer. Good references. Please state particulars of place, GARDENER, Lampets, Hoddesdon, Herts. / > ARDENER, age 31, married, — Situation VJT wanted in Isle of Wight or Devon. Capable of Growing Bedding and Soft-wooded Plants, Palms, Ferns, Cucumbers, Tomatos, and Cut-flowers. Twelve years good character from present employer.— A. FLOYD, 5a, Malet Road, Hither Green, Lewisham, S.E. G^ ARDENEK. — Age 28, married when suited. T — A Heap Gardener highly recommends his Second. Jlan as a good all-round practicil Gardener all in branches, to any Gentleman requirihg same. — K. Gardeners' Chronicle OlBce, 41, We lington St.. Strand. W.C. GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise). Age 40, married, no family; good all-round man. Both total abstainers, and botli can be well recommended. —GAR- DENER. 31, Bruce Road, High Baroet. GARDENER (Second).— Age 22 ; seven years* experience Inside and Out. Good character. — F UPTON, L>3. Prospect Road, Childs' Hill, N.W. GARDENER, where one or two undermen are kept.— Age 2S. single. Member of the Church of England.— LEWIS xMILLER, Mrs. Arnold, Hardwick, near Aylesbury. G1 ARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). — n Age 35; tweuty years' experience in the profession. Wife Laundress or Dairy, if required. Testimonials and character. — S. B., West Mill. Buntingford, Herts. GARDENER (Single-handed, or Under). — Age 2.5 ; seven years' experience. Good references. — K. DEBNAM, Spring Cott:ige3, Srunmore, Middlesex. GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed), married, EC family; good all round practical experi- ence, first-class references from present and previous em- ployers—P. DOIG. Swanland Manor Gardens. Brough.Yorka- GARDENER (Head, or good Sixgle- HAXDED).— Age 40. married, two children. Thoroughly good all-round mau. Hard-working, energetic, trustworthy. Two years' good character.— WOOD, Holmethorpe, Redhill. GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 22; Life experience in all branches ; well recommended by present and previons employers.— A. S., 17, Nightingale*Lane, Kalham, S.W. GARDENER (Single - handed). — Under- stands all branches. Good references. — J. CURRY, 2-3, Bickford's Lane, Teignmouth. South Devon. GARDENER (Single-handed, or with help).-MiddIe-age, one girl (age 13). Good character. Seventeen years' previous as Head. Would not object to charge of Cows or Stock.— W. GREEN, 51, Woodcote Place, West Norwood, Surrey. GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed). — Age 22; seven years' experience Inside and Out. Good references. — A. SNELLING, 26, Stamford Terrace, Stamford Hill, N. GARDENER (Second or Journetman), — Age 23 : thoroughly reliable ; strong, aotive young man ; abstainer.— Apply, in first instance, HEAD GARDENER, The Elms, Banbury. 0"^ ARDENER (Second, where two or three !X are kept. Inside and Out, or Sl>"GLE-HA>"DED). — Age 26, Two years' good character, and three years' previous. — F. COLES. 5, Park Terrace, Upper Caterbam, Surrey. GARDENER (Second). — Age 133. Over eight years' experience, inside and out. Excellent characters.- F.S.,Mrs. Horrid, Highwood Hill. Mill HiII, N.W. GARDENER (good Second).— Age 25, single. — C. WiNGROVE, The Gardens, Sunbury Park, Sunbury, can thoroughly recommend good all-round man, as above. Well up in Plants, Forcing Grapes, Fruits, &c. Seven and two-and-a-half years' references. GARDENER (Undeb, or Single-handed). — Age 23. Total abstainer; good references.— H. A., 4, Church. Street, Lower Edmonton, N. GARDENER (Undeb, or Single-Handed). — Age 20; willing to make himself generally useful. — E. T., Kingswood Cottage, Shortlands, Kent. GARDENER (Undeb), in a gentleman's establishment.— Age 23 ; nine years' good character ; experienced in all branches. — J., 32, Glenroy Street, Cardiff. GARDENER (Undeb). — Respectable young man, age 18 ; good knowledge o? In and Out-door work. Three years in present situation ; excellent testimonials. Bothy preferred.— REDMAN, Eyne.'^bury, St. Neots, Hunts. GARDENER (Undeb, or Single-handed). -Married, no family. No objection to one or two Cows. Six years' character. — GARDENER, Duke's Rotwell, near Chelmsford, Essex. GARDENERS. — Two seek re-engagements, iDSide, or Inside and Out (age 20 and 22). Five and seven years' experience, and can have excellent refe-ences from present and previous employers.- H. YOUNG, Shiplake Court Gardens. Henley-on-Thames. To Nuraerymen. PROPAGATOR.— Age 23. Nine years' ex- perience in Stove and Soft-wooded Stuff, Ferns, &c., for Market. Good references. — R., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ROPAGATOR.— Age 22 ; well up in Budding and Grafting, Growing of Fruit Trees, Ro3e3, Clematis, and Conifers. — THOS. ANDERSON, Elm Tree Cottage, Darley Dile, Matlock. PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 23; nine years' experience in Palms, Ferns, double Primulas, Begonias, Cyclamen, Poinsettias, Potting Cinerarias, and general Stove Plants, &c. Good references.— W. L., Gardeners^ Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. PROPAGATOR or GROWER (Soft-wood, or otherwise). ^Age '24; good references. Ten years experience. London or suburbs preferred. — H., 6, Ivy Terrace, B iddow Road, Chelmsford, Essex. PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Ferns, Ficus, Draccenas, Soft. wooded and other Market Stuff. Age 24. Nine years' experience. Good character. — H. H., 41, Weliiug- ton Street, Strand, W.C. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 26. X Soft-wooded Stuff, Ferns. Bouvardias. &c. Near London preferred.- M.A., Gardtners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welliogton Street. Covent Garden, Strand. W.C. To Nurserymen. GROWER. — Age 26 ; good experience in Growing Cucumbers, Grapes, Tomatos, Melons, Mush- rooms, Cut Flowers, Palm^, Drac^nns, and can do any work to Greenhousea aud Pipes. — W. L., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. GROAYER (Second). — Age 23 ; seven years' experience iu all kinds of Market Stuff in London and Provincial Nurserie*. Good Salesman. Abstainer. Good re- ferences.- E. SMITH, 13. Elm Terrace, Eltham, Kent. To Nurserymen. GROWER. — Age 26; twelve years' experience. Well up in Palms. Dracaenas, Ferns, Ficus, and in Forcing Plants, Roses, and Fruit, also can do any work to Boilers aud Glasshouses— S. L., Gardeners Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. MANAGER. — Age 40, married ; life expe- rience in GrowiDg large quantities of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables for Sale. Thoroughly versed in Management of Business. Five years in present position as Manager — T. WILLS, Bedland's Nursery. Emsworth, Hants. OREMAN GROWER.— 20 Years in a ]\Iarket Nursery ; Ferns, Palms, Chryaanthemums, or would manage branch Nursery where good private trade is done. - State particulars to A. Z., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. To Nurserymen. FOREMAN (House). — Thoroughly practical. Twenty years' experience. Good Propagator and Grower of general Indoor Stock, Salesman, Florist, and forcing for Cut Flowers. Has held the above position with several leading tirms.— G. F., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welliugtoa Street, Stand, W.C. FOREMAN. — Age 24; seven years' expe- X? rience in Stove and Greenhouse Departments. Good character.— W. SELLEY, The Gardens, Brookland House, Painswich Road, Gloucester, FOREMAN, age 29.— Mr. G. Thomson, Gar- dener, Easneye. Ware, Herts, would like to recommeud his Foreman, H. Carpenter, to any Gardener in want of a good man. Well experienced. Two years in present situation. Active. Abstainer. FOREMAN, in a good Establishment. — Good Plant and Fruit Grower. Two years as General Fore- man in last situation. Well recommended. — A. C, 2, Roseleigh, Alexandra Road, Epsom, Surrey. FOREMAN in a good Establishment. — C. PUZET can with every confidence recommend hia Foreman, F. Lupton, as above. — Scampston Hall, RiUington, OREMAN or PROPAGATOR.— Age 28; married ; fourteen years' experience in growing Ro&es, Azaleas, Ferns, Foliage and Soft-wooded Plants, and Cut Flowers for Market ; good references ; four years iu last place. — W. H., 18, Choumert Grove, Peckham, S.E, Febrcaey G, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 191 J^J^OREMAN. — -Age 25 ; good experience in stove and Greenhouse Plants; also Chryaautheraums. Vines. Peaches. Cucumbera, ami Melons. — J. SHERLOCK, Moor Park Oiinlen-<. Kickmnnswcrlh, Hcrls. To Market and Fruit Growers. FOREMAN. — Age J.i, married ; experienced in all branches. Highly recommended.— J. M., 9, Srace Road, Aylestoue Park. Leicester. FOREMAN, to take charge of Houses.— Mr. -»- Gi;o. BRiDDT, Kuightona, East Finchley, can confi- dently recommend J. Wells as above. Twelve years' general experience Inside and Out. Age 25. Abstainer. Two years in present place. I^'^OREMAN.— W. Innes & Co. have much -L pleasure in recommending their Foreman, who has been with them for eighteen months as Indoor Foreman in either Private or Market establishment. Seven and a half years in his last situation. Well up in Fruit. Plants, and Cut Flowers. —A. DAVIES, Sunninghill Vinery, Littleover, Derby. FOREMAN PROPAGATOR, or GROAVER — Married; fourteen years' experience in London and general Nurseries. Hard and Soft-wooden Stuff, Palms. Ferns, Fruit, Wreaths, &c. Good references.— A. W., 4, Park Cottages, Church End, Finchley, N. NURSERY FOREMAN, age 32, married,— R. .T. HA MILL is now open to a re-engagement in a good establishment as above. Twelve years as Foreman in leading London and Provincial Nurseries. Thorougly practical, ener- getic and reli.ible. Special knowledge of Herbaceous and Alpine Plants, Florist s Flowers, Chrysanthemums, &c. First- class references and excellent testiinoninla. Could travel.- Mayow Cottage, Sydenham, S.E. UOREMAN or MANAGER.— Twenty years' X experience in London and Province.", in tome of the largest nurseries ; a thorough general knowledge of the tirade, — h. MOELEY, Bloomsbury Lane, Timperley, Minchester. I^^'OREMAN (Inside, or General).— Age 28; - thirteen years' experience. Well up in Plants, Fruits, Orchids, Hoise and Table Decorations. Two years Foreman in Nobleman's place. Abstainer.— FOREMAN, 2, Lincoln Street, Sloane Square, Chelsea. S.W. FOREMAN (Inside, or General),— Age 27. Mr. GR.AY can with every confidence recommend his Foreman, W, Daffurn, as above. Twelve years good practical experience.— Bodorgan Gardens, R.S.O.. Angles-y, N. Wales. rj'OREM AN, in a good establishment. — Age 25 ; -L ten years' good experien e. Good Plant and Fruit Grower, also Decorator. First-class character and testimonials. — S. YOUDES, Writtle, Chelmsford. OREMAN (General), in small establish- ment. orgood JOURNEYiMAN.— .4ge26; ten years' ex- periecce Inside and Out, including Orchids. Total abstainer. Good characters.— M. D , Stanmore, Jliddlesex. OURNEl'MAN, in the Houses, or Inside and Out.— Age 20 ; six years'experience. Strong and active. Bothy preferred.— G. DOWNES, Burkham Gardens, Alton, Hants, JOURNEYMAN, age 19.— W. Cole, Clewer Manor Gardens. Clewer, can with confidence recommend W. Moss as above. Strong, active, and willing. Bothy preferred. JOURN E YMAN, "uutside, or Inside and UuT. —Age 21; good character. Six vears' HARPER, 7, Brook Place, Beckenham. Kent. OURNEYMAN (First) i^the Houses in a good estiblishment.— Age 21. Ten years' experience. Can be well recommended by present and previous employers. -W. PEARCE, The Hermitage Gardens, Ascot, Berks. OURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Age 19; five years' experience; good character.- T. PITT, West End, Esher. OURNEYMAN in the Houses.— Age 21. Five years' experience in Market Nurseries, both Fruit and Plants. Good references.- G. H., 1, Raleigh Koad Kichmond, Surrey, S.W. OURNEYMAN, under a Foreman or good Grower.- Age 21 ; used (o General Market Stuff, Tomatos, &c. Six years' experience. Goodcharacter.— C. C. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, orlnside and Out.— Good practical knowledge. Seven years' excellent cha raoter. Bothy preferred.- A. OHILMAN, Brasted, Sevenoaks Kent. JOURNEYMAN.— Age22; six and half years' experience. Three years in present situation ; thiee and half in previous.- J. WILLCOX, The Gardens, Elsham House, JOURNEYMAN with charge, in good establish- ment.—Age n ; eight years' experienc e ; nearly three Kil''" P'esent situation as above ; good testimonials.- W. WRIGLESWORTH, Grimston Gardens, Tadcaster. JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Fault Houses, tj under Foreman, in a good Establi-hment.-Age 23; bothy preferred. -G. CLARKSON, Moor Park Gardens, Rick- mansworlh, Herts. JOURNEYMAN, in a Private Establishment, W where Gardening is carried out citensively.-Age 21; bothy preferred. Good character. Three -.ears in present situation.— E. COOK, Buckden Towers, Huntingdon JOURNEYMAN in the Houses.- R. Donkin, fJ Gardener to E. H. Carbutt, Esq., will be pleased to re- commend an energetic young man as above.— The Gardens, Nanhurst, Ranleigh, Surrey. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 22; two years in last place. Can be well recommended.— R. HILL, The Gardens, Roselands, Woolston, Southampton. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses ; age 21.— T. LowTO.V, Gardener, Ospringe Hoaae. Faversham, can with confidence recommend Ernest Douch as above, for a good establishment. Two and a half years' in present situation. JOURNEYMAN (Second or Third), in tf Fruit or Plant Houses.— Age 22. Over seven years' expe- rience. Fifteen months in last place. Bothy preferred. Total Abstainer.— G. CARTER, 69, Caversham Road, Reading, Berks. JOURNEYMAN (Inside), in a good Establish-, ment.— Age 22; eight years' experience, two years in present situation. Good references.— E. TODD, The Gardens, Wrlley Park, Broseley, Salop. J OURNEl'MAN, in a market or private estab- lishm^nt.- Age 20. Six years' experience inside'and out. Two-and-a-hall years' character. Abstainer.— .1. WIGGINS, 1 he Gardens, Toddington, Wiuchcomb, Gloucestershire. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 23; seven years' experience Inside and Out. Good references from present and previous places.— J. HARDY, Wentworth Castle Gardens. Barnsley. [OURNEYMAN (First or Second), where tf fouror five are kept. Age 2.i. Nine years' experience ; leaving to improve himself —GAEDENER, J. Voss, Finches, Lindfield, Sussex. JOURNEYMAN in the Houses ; private establishment preferred —Age 21 ; good references — S. S.V1ALLEIDGE, 69, West Street, E. Grinslead, Sussex. JOURNEYMAN GARDENER (Under), or fJ FOREMAN.-Wanted to recommend as above Had seven years' experience in Gardening. Three years in last situ.ation.— H. HURLEY. St. John's, Ipswich. JOURNEYMAN in a good establishment.— Age 23. E. GODDARD is anxious for improvement in the houses, and bothy preferred —Hilton Park, near Wolver- hampton. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses; age 22; eight years' experience. Buthy preferred.— R. Walker, Gardener, Hotham Hall, Erough, Y'orkshire, will be glad to recommend a young man (L. Cross), as above, who has lived under him three years. Strong, active, and willing. JOURNEYMAN, in a large place, or SECOND in a smaller place.— F. W. Russell, Head Gardener, Wood Green Park, Ch. shunt, Herts, would be pleased to recom- mend a thoroughly industrious and trustworthy young man as above, who has been here three years and a half.— Full parti- culars as above. IMPROVER, under a good gardener in bothy. -»- Age 18. Two years' character. No objection to small JMPROVER, in the Houses, under a good -t Gardener.— Age 17; two years' experience Inside and Out. Bothy preferred. — J. CHAMBERS, The Gardens Kelham Hall, Newark, Notts. IMPROA'ER, in a Market Nursery (Tomatos, Cucumbers, &c.)— Age 18 ; three years' experience — F. J. S., 59, The Chase, Clapham Common, London, S.W. IMPROVER in the Houses.— Age 19; three years' and a half experience inside and out ; bothy pre- ferred ; good character. -F. SAUNDERS, Worton House, &te pie Aston, Oxon. IMPROVER, in the Houses. — Nearly two -L years' experience — H., 90, St. Ann's Hill, Wandsworth, London. S.W. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener, Inside -L and Out.— Age 17; bothy preferred. Smart, active, and willing. Goodcharacter.- A. J. ELPHINSTONE, 110 Archway Road, Highgate, N. FMPROVER. — I can highly recommend a L strong willing youth (age 17). Three years here Indoors lid Out. Bothy preferred.— GARDENER, Henley Hall, Ludlow. TMPROVER.— A Lady wishes to obtain a -4- situation for a strong active intelligent youth, age 19, who h.is had some experience in the gardens, and can be highly recommended. Reference can also be made to the Head Gardener at Neeston House.— Mrs. DICKINS, Cherington House, Shipston-on-Stour. IMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden, under Glass preferred.- Y'outh. age 19 ; four years' character Well recommended.- W. WALTESS, Treburrye Gardens Launceston. ' TMPROVER. — J. Friend, The Gardens, -L Rooksnest, Godstone, can highly recommend a young man (age ' 7) as above. Three years' good character. IMPROVER under a good Gardener. — Age 19. Five years' expe ' .- . . . PLEASANT, Bov -"rO GENTLEMEN and GARDENERS.— A J- young man, age 23, seeks re-engagement as UNDER GAEDENER, where three or four are kept. Nine years' ex- perience, and good retireiice.— J. W.. Gardeners' Chronicle office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. TO HEAD GARDENERS Holly Hank Nurseries, Potter's Bar. a young man, age 20, tall and strong, or partly Outdoors. R. FOULGER, , -shes to recommend SECOND Under Glass, '■PO GARDENERS and NURSERYMEN.— Practical Seven years' exceUe Kingsworthy Houi^i , m A'ines, Peaches, and Plant Houses it character.— Mr. F. SMITH, The Gardens, , near Winchester, Hants. •T-O GARDENERS, &c. — A young man -L (age 20), seeks a situation in the Houses, or Inside and Out. Three years Inside in last situation, on first-class estate. Good characters.— GROVES, 1. Cyprus Villas, Isle of Wight. ''ro SEEDSMAN.— Wanted SitvTatioiTfor L^tT, ■L age 16, under a Gardener to work his way up. Three years' good character.-CH.iRLES LAWRENCE, Stone House Farm Bnmpton. 'ro NURSERYMEN.— A young Man, age 20, X requires situation in a Nursery in theHousi-s; has been used to markit and retail business; good character.- A Z 2. Maud Cottages, Wolsey Road, Hampton Hill. Middlesex. ' ' I O NURSERYMEN.— Wanted to APPREN- X TICE a strong youth (age 16).— Particulars to G. S. S., Messrs. Deacons', Leadeuhall Street, London, E.C. nro NURSERYMEN.— Appointment wanted -*- in good nursery office ; long experience of the business For many years had charge of correspondence and cash in a' large establishment. Highest testimonials from past and pre- sent employers.— SCOTT, Ola Nurseries, Maidstone. 'CO NURSERYMEN.— Advertiser (age 21) J- seeks a situation in a good Nursery. Well lip in Stove and Greenhouse, and all kinds of Hard and Soft-wooded Plants and Cut Flowers for Market. Seven years' experience' Strongly recommended.- T. W. P., 41, Wellington Street' Strand. W.C. ^ oueet, 'ro NURSERYMEN.— A young Man seeks X a situation as PALM and FERN Grower. Age 21, Well up in all blanches. Wreaths, &c. Eight years in the Trade Good references.- BROWN, 117, Upper Brook Street Win- chester, Hants. 'TO FRUIT FARMERS and GROWERS.— X Appointment wanted as MANAGER, at Home or Abroad. Adverti-er having thorough experience in Fruit Culture, and Management of Men. Age 32, married.— H. A., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. J^O FRUIT GROWERS.— Young Man (age X 23) seeks engagement in a Market Nursery, where fruits are the chief things giowo; good references.-T R Gardeners' Chromcle Olfiee, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. -yO THE TRADE.-Adve7fcise7is open for an -l engagement as NURSERY MANAGER, or GENERAL TR.AVELLER. in a good establishment. Has had a thorough practical training in all Departments, also in OIBce-work, aSd can produce references of the highest order.— For further particulara apply to W. M., Gardeners' Chronicle Office 41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C WEED TRADE.— A young man, age ]9, live KJ years' London experience in the agricultural seed trade, desires situation as CLERK and ASSISTANT, town or country Highest references.— E. K , 61, Vicarage Lane, West Ham, E." SHOPMAN (Assistant).— A young man, well recommended, seeks situation as above in gjod retail teed warehouse.— J. B.. Messrs. Nutting & Sons, lu6, Southwark Street, London, S.E. SHOPMAN (Assistant).— Has had experience in Seed. Plant, and Flower Trades. &c. ; willing to help in nursery if re.juired.— WHITE, 4, Vineiard Street, Garston, near Liverpool. 'TO FLORISTS.— A young man (age 23), X desires a situatioi as ARTISTIC FLORIST. Good Wreath and Boufiuet hand. Excellent references.— " SNOW- DROP," 31, Westbourne Road, Claughton, Birkenhead. ''PO FLORISTS. — A young Lady, thoroughly X experienced, seeks re-engagement; first-class at Posies. Bouquets. Wreaths, Button-holes, Sprays. &c. Highest refer- ences. Five years in one situation.— ROBERTS, Holyrcoi House, French C, Southampton. FLORISTS. — A young Lady requires re- engagement. London or Suburbs. Ten years' experi- ence. Firstclusa referencea.— FLORIST, 14. Clarendon Road. West Green, Tottenham, N. pORRESPONDING CLERK.— John Laing Xj & Soxs, will be pleased to recommend H. J. Pettit, to any good House in the Trade, requiring efficient service in this capacity, or that of BOOK-KEEPER, combined v.ith an excel- lent knowledge of Plants and the general requirements of the Trade— The Nurseries. Forest Hill, S.E. HOLLOWAYS OINTMENT AND PILLS. -Dangerous Chest Complaints.- The enumeration of these diseases is scarcely necessary, as, unfortunately, most Englishmen know them to their cost. Coughs, common colds inHuenza, bronchitis, asthma, pleurisy, inflammation of the lungs, and even consumption in its ear:y stages, are best treated by rubbing Holloway's Ointment upon the chest and upon the back, between the shoulders. It penetrates inter- nally, checks the cold shiverings, relieves the overgorged lungs, gradually removes the oppression from the chest, and restores the obstructed respiration, hitherto so distressingly disagreeable and highly dangerous. In treating thisclas^of diseases, Holloway's Pills should always be taken while using his Ointment ; they purify the blood, promote perspiration, and allay dangerous Lrritations. 192 THE gardenehb' chronicle. [I'EBBCAfeY 6, 1892. AWARDED TWENTY PRIZE MEDALS AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AT HOME AND ABROAD. KEITH S PATENT BOILERSj"^ CHALLENGE. VIADUCT, FOR HOT-WATER HEATING, 'STAND FIRST;' require no building uo-k around them, are fntirely tcater-jacketed, and heat from W feet up to 20,000 feet of '^-inch pipe respectii-e'y. Many thousands are in use all over the teorld, and the Boilers are unrivalled in power and ecotiomy. Manufactured under 30 James KeltL's Patents in Great Britain, fnited States, and Canada. &c,, This Engraving " illustrates the most ji.iwerful form of Boiler that has yet been II nie for Hot-water Circulation." — Extract iiiim Hood, on Warming by Hot-water, N. .V Edition, 1891. KEIIH,-^ lilUu.N l,v_iiLLl,, as ilju^ticii.a, b.ih I, i . jadif Kit tt ., . h i , iii i ., «iih 1"_ - juare feet of tire-grate area, heats about 20,000 feet of 4-inch pipe, and is the Most Powerful and Complete Sectional " Special " ilot-water Heating Boiler in the World. JAMES KEITH (C.E., Assoc. M.Tnst.C.E.), Gas, Hydraulic, Heating, Ventilating, and Consulting Engineer. Established 182.3. Contractor to Her Msjpsty's Government. 57, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, EC, ALSO AT EDINBURGH and ARBROATH. V/OOD & SON ARE CELEBRATED FOR THEIR ORCHID PEAT ( ALL BROWN, BRACKEN FIBRE ), HARD -WOOD and STOVE PLANTS exceptionally Good this Season ALL SO0NO TURVES. LOAM (Siiri'sy), Yellow Fibrous. Samples, with prices, per return, Carriage Paid to any Station. W.W.&S. ORCHID BASKETS, OUR OWN MANUFACTURE. ALL SIZES. SPECIAL OFFER FOR BONES, £7 7s. 6d. per Ton on Rail, for Prompt Delivery. TRY OUR PRIZE MANURES. "LE FRUITIER," the Celebrated Vine Manure. " The Perfection of Plant Food." Tins, Is. 3d.; 7 lb., 2s. 6d. ; 1 cwt , 19s. MATS, RAFFIA, TOBACCO- PAPER, CANES, &c. BEFORE YOU BUY, inspect our NEW CATALOGUE. SILVER MEDAL and 23 CERTIFICATES of MERIT awarded to- W. WOOD & SON, F.R.H.S. ( EsTABLiSHED\ Address Chief Office, WOOD GREEN, LONDON. Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bbadbubt, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of Loudon, in the County of Middlesex, and published by Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, WeUington Street, Parish of St. Paul's. Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday, February 6, 1893. Agent for Manchestar— JoHi* Heywood. Established No. 268.— YoL. XI.{s^;^',",°} SATUEDAY, FEBRUAEY 13, 1892. [Rcgt. as a Newspape: Price 3cl. POST-FBEE, 3Jli. CONTENTS. Amateurs' gardeiH AmutfUts' notes... Udontoglossum Alex- andtu^. culture of ... Apple grafts ApDle**. disappearance of Enftlish Apples, home-grown Bigrionia venuata Brittle timber Charing Cross Embank- ment Garden, the Clematis in pot^, ihe ... CvcnoehesplandiiliferuQQ Cultural notes Chorozema cordatum spleodens Frte^ias Eucalyptus globulus in newer Eucalyptus oil Fuchsias, seedling Gardenera' Orphan Fund , ihe 203, Horticultural exhibition at Earl's Court, inter- national Jerumlem Artichoke, the Mormodes Rolfeanum ... New or noteworthy plant Cypripedium Leda ... Obituary Caird, Sir James Kawlings. Mrs. Roberts, J Taplin, James Thomson, R. E. Odontoglo3Soms, a group Plant portraits .'." .'.'.' ! Potato, oldest existing variety in Ireland Societies ; Brixton Streathamand Clapham Horticul- tural : Devon and Exeter Gar- deners'Association ... Linneaf. National Dahlia Nation.il Rose Royal Horticultural 208, berry plants, re- Sti Sweet Peas, growing .. Thorough culture of ve getables Thuia gigantea Trade notice Hale Farm Nurseries Trees and shrubs Chimonanthusfragran grandiflorus Variorum Week's Work, The Forestry Flower Garden Fruits under glass Hardy Fruit Garden., Kitchen Garden Orchid Houses Plant-t under glass Weather Whittern, The ILLUSTRATIONS. Chimonanthus fragrans Mormorles Rolfeanum Odontoglossums, a group of, at Westmount, Glasgow ADVERTISERS will greatly ass!H oxr efforts to get to Press earlier, by forwarding their favours as EARLY IN THE WEEK as Now Ready, in Cloth, \\i. Qd., " The Gardeners' Chronicle," Vol. X., Third Series, July to December, 1891. The Publishee, 41, Wel- lington Street, Strand, W.C. " Paxtons Calendar." New Edition, '' The Cot- tagers' Calendar of Garden Operations," Price Sd., post-free, Z\d. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CA PALOOUE of the FINEST COLLEC- TION in the COUNTRY, including all the neivest and best varieties, now ready, gratis and po-tt-free on application. — The Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 238. High Holborn. London. W.C. Amaryllis I Amaryllis ! I BS. WILLIAMS AND SON are now offering • splendid Bulbs of this popular plant, at rery low priceSf previous to re- potting, in consequence of want of room. Named varieties from 425. per dozen. Seedlings ,, 30J. per dozen. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper HoUoway, London, N. OUBLE PINK IVY GERANIUM — Madame Crousse— fine strong Cuttings, 55, per 100, 40*. per 1000. Carriage Paid for Ca>h with Order. W. H. DIVERS. Ketton Hall Gardens. Stamford. Sharpe's Victor Potatos. WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Gbowees • and Merchants. Boston, offer a few tons of this excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample. Price, per cwt. or ton. on application. RASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder, Carter's Prolific, also Fastolt. strong and well rooted, ALBERT BATH, Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent. Hardy Fruits for the Midlands. PROFITABLE FRUIT GROWING: What to Plant, and How to Plant. New Edition up to date, now ready, price tii.— A. H. PEARSON, Chilwell, Notts. CHEAP TO CLEAR.— Strong rooted layers of old Crimson CLOVE, CALADIUM ARGYRITES, YUCCA ALIFOLIA, strong in 48'3. JOHNSON AND Co., The Nurseries, Hampton. SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands toselectfrom. Writefor List, free.— P. MoAKTHUE, The London Nursery, 4. Maida Vale. London, W. WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37, Exeter Street, 'W.C. is open to SELL on COMMISSION. TOMATOS. GRAPES. &c. Good references. 1 OVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES. l_j — We offer for Cash, good sorts in nice plants, carriage paid, at 3s, per 100 ; 12s. id. per 600 ; 20s. per 1000. Sample Dozen, id. Descriptive LIST free. W. LOVEL AND SON, Strawberry Growers, Driffield. M Notice. R. FRED. HENKEL, of Darmstadt, who until recently BEPRE.SENTED US as TRAVELLER, OW LEFT OUR E.\IPLOY, and no longer has any con- in with our firm. Notice. HB, ILLMAN, formerly in my employ, • has NO CONNECTION whatever with my Business. EDMUND G. WILLIAMS, Seedsman and Florist, 11, Fore Street, Hertford. ARDENER'S ORPHAN FUND, 1892. Mrs. NORGATE respectfully THANKS the SUBSCRI- BERS to above Fund, who have so kindly niven their Votes to her Son Edmund Norgate.— Edware, Feb. 10th, 1892. DAMSONS. — Strong Standards for Hedgerow Planting ; fine stuff, a little rough. Special cheap offer £5 per 100. J. R. PEARSON & SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, Notts. LAXTON'S SEEDS and STRAWBERRIES. —Best novelties and best standard sorts. 100 Certifi- cates. Send for Descriptive Priced Lists, T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford. 1 n (\l\(\ EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well- Xv/^ V/V/ 1/ grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6». to 16j. per dozen. Less by the 1000. Cash with Order. J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton, pUT FLOWERS.— ARTHUR L. BULLEN, \J Wholesale Flower Salesman and Grower, 33, Exeter St., Covent Garden, 271 and 272, Flower Market, Covent Garden, W.C. and Highfield Nursery. Bromley Common, Kent. CONSIGNMENTS of CHOICE FLOWERS SOLICITED. ATANIA BORBONICA, 4 ft. to 4 ft. 6 in., with Pot, averaging 10 fine Ifaves, 16s. each— a few hundreds for disposal -W. OWEV, 108. Stamtord Hill.N. RETlNoSPORA PLUMOSA.— Several thou- sands U to 4 ft. for disposal, at special lowprice to clear the ground.— JOHN STANDISH and Co,, Ascot. WANTED, a good quantity of Potts' Seed- ling. Branitey's Seerlling. Lord Sufiield. and Warner's King Bush APPLE TREES, 2 or 3 years old. Must be Good Stuff.— WM. BRACEY, Jun., Martham. near Great Yarmouth. ANTED, SEED DRAWERS and FIX- TURES.- Good Second-hand lot.— Give full particu- lars and lowest price to ARMITAGE BROTHERS, Seed Mer- chants, Nottingham. WANTED, SCARLET GERANIUMS, VESUVIUS, and good TRICOLOR, autumn struck from stores, a few hundred. Also a few larg« ASPIDISTRAS and EUCHARIS BULBS for cash. E. MARIES, Florist, Lytham, Lancashire. "■HE BEST POTATOS FOR THE TABLE. JUTTON'S COLLECTION of TWELVE of ) the FINEST SORTS of SEED POTATOS. 7 lb. of each, 21s., carriage free. SUTTON'S SEED POTATOS GENUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM SUTTON AND SONS, THE QUEEN'S SEEDSMEN, READING. LAURELS.— CAUCASICUM, LATIFOLIA, ROrUNDIFOLIA, and COMMON, fine bushy plants, well-rooted, 2 to 6 feet h'gh. PORTUGAL LAURELS, Standards, fine heads. CATALOGUE on application. H. LANE AND SON, Nurseries, Berkhamsted, Herts. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Our Illustrated CATALOGUE will be sent tree on application. 16 First Prizes. (10 this year.) 5 Gold Medals for Chrysanthemums. EEID AND BORNEMANN. Sydenham, London, S.E. EGONIAS.— Davis's New, Rare, & Beautiful. The Best BEGONIA CATALOGUE publithed. crates a magnificent and unsurpassed Collection, .ions, illustrations, and mULh valuable informatit V popular tiower; post-free. The first grower to is , Catalogue was B. R. DAVIS, Begonia Grower, Y ovil, Somerset. B th s TANDARD ROSES. — All leading kinds, good Stuff. £3 to £3 10s. per 100, to clear at once. JOHN NEWMAN. Stratford, Sandy, Beds. LAPAGERIA ALBA.— Healthy, well-rooted Plants, in pots, single thcots, 5 to 6 feet long, 7s. ti per acre. FREE- HOLD FRUIT and MARKET GARDEN, adapted for building development. MESSRS. PRORHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at the Mart, Tokenhouse Yard London, EC, on WEDNESDAY, February 21. at 2 o'clock, the valuable and productive FREEHOLD MARKET GARDEN and FRUIT GROUND of 26 acres, abutting on the South Eastern Railway, close to Paddock Wood Station, with 2 Cottages. Stabling, and Buildings, at present let at £100 u year, but possession could be arranged. May be viewed. Particulars had oa the Premises ; at tlie Mart; of Messrs. HORSLEY AND WEIGHTMAN, Solicitors, 1, Guildhall Chom'oers, London, E.C.; and of the Auctioneers and Surveyors. 67 and 68. Cheapside. London, E.C. HOMAS B. JAMES (many year-s with Protheroe & Morris) holds WEEKLY' SALES at his Rooms. 12. Bull Ring, Birmingham, of BULBS, PLANTS, NURSERY STOCK, &c., every WEDNESDAY and FRIDAY, at 4.30 P.M. Sales of choice Cut Flowers. Fresh Entries invited. Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found. Wednesday and Saturday Next. 1000 Choice-named standard, liall-Stundard.Divarf and Climb- ing ROSES, including many of the beit-known sorts, from an Eaulish grower, luijl Fruit Trees. 200 lots of Carnations, Pinks. Picotees, Phloxes, Dahlias, Pyrethrums, Iris, and other border Plants; Importations of Liliums from Japan, Gladioli, Home-ground Liliums, Spirffia, Palm seeds. Tuberoses, Lilley cf the ^'alley. Crowns and clumps, Dutch Bulbs, &c. MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, on WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY NEXT, February 17 and 20, at half-past \i o'clock precisely each day. On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had. Matlock Bank Nurseries. MESSRS. ELSE AND SON are instructed to SELL by AUCTION (Without Reserve), on TUESDAY, March 1, and following day (if necessarv). on the above g.-ounds, an assortment of NURSERY STOCK, including upwards of 100,000 Transplatted Rhododendrons, in sizes up to 2 feet. Also Special Lots of Cupressus, Belinosporas, &c., in sorts; Irish and Goldeu Yews, Privet?, &c, of which Catalogue of particulars may be had free on application to— Messrs. ELSE AND SON, Auctioneers, &c., Matlock, Derbyshire. WANTED, to RENT, a SMALL NUR- SERY, in a provincial town ; chiefly glass; with shop not objected to. Must be genuine.— No. 1. Gardeners' Chronicle OHice, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W C. WANTED to PURCHASE, a genuine NUR- SERY and FLORIST BUSINESS. Capital £800 to £1000, or PARTNERSHIP to same amount. Reply to H. F., 1.32. High Street, Poole, Rare Opportunity for Florists and Nurserymen. HE WILLIA.M BARRACK. A BANKRUPT. TO BE SOLD BY TENDER.— All those Seven modern GREENHOUSES, with Boilers, Fittings, and Piping complete, along with the full Stock of Palms, Ferns, and Flowering Plants, in great variety, and now in full bloom, as well as general NURSERY' STOCK, at Castle Gardens, Kendal, Westmoreland. The garden ground (which can be taken at a reasonable rent) comprises about 2,200 yards of good land, and in addition to the Greenhouses are Potting Sheds, Cart Sheds, and every coovenience for carrying on the business. The whole must be disposed of without delay, and possession will be given at once. Do not miss this opportunity, but apply at once to Mr. WM. HEATON, 4.5. Finkle Street, Kendal, the trustee under the estate of W. Barrack. 45. Finkle Street. Kendal, February 9. 1892. 'VO BE SOLD a Genuine FLORIST BUSI- X NESS, with a gxiil General Trade, on moderate terms, I as a Going Concern in a aPopular and Rapidly Growing I Neighbourliood, near Richmond, S.W. The Nursery consists I of rather over i an acre of Ground, with 4 New Glass \ Erections and a range of Pits in Splendid Condition, and well stocked with things suitable for carrying on the Trade. Theie is an 8-feet wall round the ground, and a roomy old fashioned Dwelling House witli Shop in front. To an energetic man the above 'offers an opportunity seldom met with. A death being the sole cause of selling. Apply on Premises. Mrs. MARTIN', Northumberland Nursery, Heath Road, Twickenham, S.W. SEED and NURSERY BUSINESS FOR DISPOSAL. AT ONCE. -Established forty years. The Seed Shop, Office, Warehouse, and Residence are spacious and convenient, situate in a leading thoroughfare of the City of Truro, adjacent to the principal public buildings. The Nursery Ground is fertile, fairly sheltered, well watered, in good heart and c ndition, within an easy distance at the west end, five m nutes' walk of the railway station ; a Cottage, Glass Houses. Packing Sheds, Frames, &c., on the same; a good demand for Fruit Trees, Roses, Shrubs, Decorative Plants, Cut Flowers, &c. The stock at present is low, to be taken at a valuation. Market Stall in the best position. All the premises mentioned are within an hour's distance by rail of the seven principal market towns in the County, thus offering a favour- able opportunity to a man or men, of experience and energy, with moderate capital to realise advantageously. Apply to ROBERT DOBELL, .Tun., Solicitor, Truro, Truro, February 9, 1892. IDLAND COUNTIES.— TO BE SOLD (Folio 7561). in an important town, an old-established General NURSERY BUSINESS. Long Lease. Low rental. Capital required, about £3500. Apply to PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, Auction and Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. KENT.— In the best District.— TO BE SOLD, a compact FREEHOLD NURSERY, about 4 Acres c£ Ground. Several modern Greenhouses, specially adapted for Growing Fruit and Cut Flowers. Splendid opportunity. Full particulars of PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C. To Gardeners and Others. A CAPITAL NURSERY, 2 Greenhouses -TV and Show House. Good .TOBBING BUSINESS. Price for Goodivill, Stock, and Greenhouses, £120. Apply to J. S., 9, New Road, Crouch End, N. URSERY, Small, TO LET.— Eight Well- heoted Houses. &c.. Owner retiring, in Upper Hollo- wly, in Centre of a good Residential District, where an could do an increasing trade. Good opening opposition. A most favourable opportunity iine.sa. A Ready Money Trade tor Sund for establishing a Brunch Bu: done in the season. Bent. £ or Lease for the unexpired term of \S^ yi ith Houses and Street, London, E.C. I To Market and Cot Flower Growers. (Folio^r.ss!)" LONDON DISTRICT.— TO BE LET, either as a whole or in two portions, a Large MARKET NURSERY, comprising about 5 acres, four being covered with for 21 years will te granted. Only &mall Lea: Stock planted out to be tak Full particulars of Mes 67 anil 6-=. Cheapside, Londi ider optii PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, LfOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS X toGrowThem,applyto SANDER'S, St. Albans. Thefinest stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Pancras. THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY V (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 WholesaleHouses. Call or write for Prospectus. Address. SECRETARY'. 43. Great Tower Street, E.C. ICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY,— Form- ing Waterfalls, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries,' Winter Gardens, Alpineries, &c., as in hundreds of places about the kingdom, including at Aldenham House, Elstree, so faithfully illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by PULHAM AND SON, 50, Finsbury Square, London. E.G.. and Broxbourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection on receipt of twelve stamps. 160,000.-Speclal Offer of Kentias. WICEl'ON has a large quantity of the • above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 \0s. per 1000.. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per lOOU; in 60'8, well- established, at £30 per 1000. _ W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. C'aHRYSANTHEMUMs7'" best soTts.- Plants V^ 2s. e« ^"' varieties. SPIR^A ARUNCUS. „ ASTILBOIDES, PALMATA ALBA, TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM. THE TOTTENHAM NURSERIES, LIMITED, Dedemsvaart, near ZwoUe, Netherlands. Managing Directors] ^j ^. %' 'y'l^^T^^'^'^' ' FORBES' CATALOGUE FOR 1892, Is the largest, best, and most comprehensive ever issued on FLORISTS' FLOWERS and HERBACEOUS PLANTS. It contains full and accurate descriptions of all tbe best Antirrhinums. Begonias. Carnat ons. Dahlias. Delphiniums, Fuchsias, Pieonies, Pansies, Violas, Pelargoniums. Pentate- mons, Petunias, Phloxes, Pinks, Potentillas. Primulas, Pyre- thrums, Verbenas, Herbaceous Plants, &c.; also of my true and reliable strain of EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS, ■which, by the force of their merit, are now justly celebrated all the world over. In 5 distinct sorts, crimson purple, scarlet, white, and Wallflowcr-leared white, each sort, Is., 2s. 6rf., and 5s. per packet. It is an indispensable Referenoe-Book on all sections of Flerists' Flowers, and should be carefully perlsed by all buyers of flowers. Free on application. JOHN FORBES, Nurseryman, Hawick, Scotland. Seed Potatos HAND F. SHARPE invite the attention of • the Seed Trade to their fine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS, comprising all the varieties worthy of cultivation. They have been grown expressly for Seed, and the samples will be found very fine and well dressed. The prices will compare favourably with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech. For Exhibition! BROAD BEAN, BIDULES' MONSTER LONGPOD. — Extra long, fine quality. Per quart, U. 6i. CARROT, BIDDLES' SCARLET PRIZETAKER, Interme- diate, the finest exhibition Carrot grown. Per oz.. Is. ONION, BIDDLES' GIANT SPKINO.— Too well known as a prize-winner to need further recommendation. Per oz , Is. BIDDLES AND CO.. The Pennt Packet Seed Co , Loughborough, Lei estershire. BEGONIAS A SPECIALTY. — Awarded Four Gold Medals, and Gold Cup, and all First Prizes. Seed saved from Prize plants. Our Begonia Seed and Bulbs eclipse all previous years. Choicest mixed, single or double varieties, Is.. 2s. ^d., and 5s. per packet. Collections (Seed)— single, 12 named varieties, separate, 5s. 6^S?^S>^S>^S>f£ S> Select VEGBTABIiQi Choice FLrOWBR. The best qaalltles at ^^^ Moderate Prices, jj^^ Delivered Free ^^^^ J^ ^1^^ by Rail or ^^^ ^^T ^^^* Parcels ^A^^^^ SEED Poet. ^^ y^ POTATOS, ► Garden Tools, Sundries, &c., &c. Illustrated DescrlptWe Catalogue, No. 103 1 ;«;iS>^s>^s>=s?ts>^sxs>^s?:al PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES, (standard'". Pyramids, and Wall-trained). Apples, Pears, Cherries, Peaches. Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall standard Vic'oria Plums and Damsons, sir years old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons, specimen Shrubs, and Hollies, secured but recently regardless of cost : 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Koses ; 40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years old ; and forty kinds of Gooseberries. 6000 Raspberries. Price, half their value. See Catalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD. Hon. GER- TRUDE JONES, Churc'-field, Cradley, near Malvern. SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOOS IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, Zd. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS &, SON, THE NURSERIES, SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS. CLEARANCE SALE of PALMS, DRAC^NAS, &c. Strong Small Palme, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFOKTHIA ELEGANS. LATANIA BORBONICA, AKECA SAPIDA, CORYPHA AUSTRALIS. KENTIA BELMORIANA, K. FOSTERIANA, and DRAC.ENA INDIVISA, sample 2 of each, 14 plants in all, 5i. ; 1 of each, 7 in all, 3s. Package Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. » LATANIA BORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averaging 10 fine leaves. I5s. each. •CHANLEROPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging 13 fine leaves, 30s. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 13 fineleaves, 21s. each. * DRAC/BNA CANIFOLIA, i to 8 feet high, 21s. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, 16j. each. * PHCENIX TENUIS, 3 feet high, .5s. each. * Ditto ditto 3 feet high, 18s. per dozen. * DRAC.ENA INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 5s. each. * Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen, » Ditto CONGESTA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. •SEAFOBTHIA ELEGANS. in tiO's. fit for 48'3, strong, 6J. doz. Price per 100 on application. Those marked * are Packed Free, but not Carriage Paid. W. OWEN, 106. Stamford Hill, N. POPULAR CELERIES. HARRISON'S EARLY ROSE, easily, blanches, fine for exhibition | Each HARRISON'S LEICESTER RED, "• solid, the best late, very hardy |-pcr packet. PENGELLY WHITE, a quick for stlimps. grower / Nothing is more disappointing than a soft, stringy Celery. The above will not disappoint you. ILLUSTRATED LIST of LEICESTER SEEDS, free. HARRISON & S0N3. Seed Growers. LEICESTER. E E D ESTABLISHED 1793, s 0 THE BEST WAND THE CHEAPEST SEN WCATA_. JOHN K nnnr S P w SEND FOR FREE TO CATALOGUE. ALL. Royal Seed r-T-l Grower, UU COQQESHALL,' E3SEX. ' ' SEEDS ^lu uz^ette^ y By Koy,al Appointment ^ . (;y/. Nurserymen & Seedsmen fJ^P/^rr /^T"^ f IPl.'S to H.M. the Queen, and «-^t^<;^ CyUl/nO His Eoyal Highness the Prince of Wales. 400 Acres. GARDEN SEEDS CARKIAGE PAID. CATALOGUES FREE. littII&bTllantyne CARLISLE. SEEDS! SEEDS!! SEEDS!!! VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS saved from CHOICE SFXECTED STOCKS. Everyone with a garden and every market gardener should send for a Catalogue before purchabing elsewhere. Special Low Quotations to large buyers. B. L. COLEHAN, Seed Merchant and Grower, SANDWICH, KENT. WM. PAUL AND SON respectfully invite inspection of the following TREES and SHRUBS, now on Sale. Prices (on application) very reasonable, and quality unexceptionable as to roots, tops, and stems : — BEECH, purple, best variety 12 to 18 feet. common l.'feet. BIRCH, Silver and others 12 to 14 feet. ELMS, four sorts 12 to 18 feet. LABURNUMS 9 to 10 feet. LIMES 8 to 12 feet. MOUNTAIN ASH 12 to IB feet. NORWAY MAPLES ... 12 to 18 feet. PLAINS 12 to 18 feet. POPLARS, lii sorts 12 to 18 feet. SYCAMORE 12 to 18 feet. THORNS, Paul's Double Scarl t ... 12 to 14 feet. (The finest Trees in the Trade.) FLOWERING SHRUBS, vario us ... 4 to 5 feet. ARBOR- VIT.E, American 6 feet. AUCUBAS ... 3 to 4i feet. BOX. of sojts ... 3 to 5 feet. CEDRUS ATLANTICA ... 5 to 10 feet. DEODARA ... 8 to 12 feet. CnPBESSUS LAWSONIANA 6 to 7 feet. HOLLY, Variegated 6 to 12 feet. ,, Green, named sorts 6 to 12 feet. FIR, Scotch ... 6 to 9 feet. Austrian 3 to 8 feet. LAURELS ,„ 3 to 7 feet. OSMANTHUS ,.. 2 to 4 feet. PICEA PINSAPO ... 6 to 8 feet. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM. off loam 2 to 4 feet. Hybrids 2 to 4 feet. ,, Named sorts... 2 to 4 feet. YEWS, Common, and others 3 to 7 feet. APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, and PLUMS, Standard and ASPARAGUS for Forcing. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTffAM CROSS. South Entrance, 1 minuter' walk from WalthamCrosaStation; West Entrance, 3 minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station, Great Eastern Railway. SEASON 1892. Wm. CLIBRAN & SON Beg to inform their patrons that their NEW CATALOGUE OF SELECT VEGETABLE SEEDS CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS Is Now Readt, and will be sent post-free on application. It contains Descriptions of all theSTANDARD VARIE TIES of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, wi'h a careful selection of the most promi(*ing NOVELTIES. Buyers of GENUINE, RELIABLE SEEDS should send for a copy before placing their Orders. INSECTICIDES, IMPLEMENTS. TOOLS, And Miscellaneous Requisites of every description, for the GARDEN or FARV. supplied. 10 & 12, MARKET ST., I OLDFIELD NURSERIES, MANCHESTER. I ALTRINCHAM. And Prinripalitv Nurseries. Deffsnwv. Llandudno. 198 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaet 13, 1892. ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.— Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well- London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road. ^ ^ WILLIAM BARRON and SON offer the followiDK well-grown and finely-rooted, which Ihey offer at very low prices :— CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, in great variety, 2 to 8 -eet. PICErN^0l^LTs^Kr>1V4°.er^ ^i^^!^t^^l^^^~ a toS feet. PINUS. in variety. 1 to 8 feet RETINOSPORAS. in variety, 1 to 8 fee_.. THUVA OCCIDENTALIS, for hedge!, 6 to li feet, to per lUU. in variety, 2 to S feet. ^ YEWS, Common, many thousands, I5 to „>,- teet. •„ Golden, grand specimens, up to 8 Jeet. HOLLIES, in great quantity and variety 1 t° W f^^'' „ Golden Queen Specimens, 4 to 7 £«f •; "^ *'"«■ AUCUBA, green and variegated, I5 to 25 leei. AVENUE TREES. , , , . AOERSCHWEDLEERIKscarlet-ledved Maple), 10 to 14 feet. NORWAY MAPLE, 10 to U feet. SYCAMORE, from 12 to 14 feet. ,„ r„„f HORSE CHESTNUNS, very stout, 10 to 1^ leec. POPLARS, in variety, 10 to 14 feet. PURPLE BEECH, from 10 (0 13 feet OAKS, Scarlet and other varieties, 10 to IJ teei. KLMS. fine variety. 10 to 14 feet. ^ j , THORNS, Scarlet. Pink, and White, fine standards. LARY, very fine, from 2 to 3 feet. THORN (Quick), strong. Lis. per 1000. very strong, 20s. to 25s. per 1000. FRUIT TREES, all kinds. APPLES and PLUMS especially fine. :„„;f„j A visit from intending planters is respectfully invited. Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby, oi'V '^^^ SSdland walk from Borrowash Station, Nottingham and Derby, Midland Raspberry Canes and Currant Trees. BAUMFORTH SEEDLING, 40s. per 1000; SEMPER FIDELIS. 30s. per 1000. Sample 100 of either sort, 6s. RED CURRANT TREES, 8s. per 100. Cash with order. Free on rail. Apply— R. H. BATH, Wisbech. PAUL'S PRIZE AMARYLLIS- PAUL 8l son, THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT, Can now furnish plants showing spikes of their distinct strain of AMARYLLIS as under :— Fine coloured Seedlings, 40s. per dozen. Specially selected Seedlings, 60s. per dozen. Numbered Seedlings, with description, IbOs. per dozen. The last purchasers can name. For the last three years the First Prizes at the Royal Bota- nical Society's and Crystal Palace Spring Shows have been taken by PAUL & So.x. Also Ten First-class Certiftcates '"' Seed saved from Selected Varieties, 2s. U. per packet. A GOOD INVESTMENT. sell for one hundred pounds. I have ogam obtained seed from the same source, and have a small quantity to spare at Is. 6d. and 2s M. per packet. I shall be pleased to purchase .at a fair price any good varieties raised from this seed.-H. J. JO^Es. Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham. . „.„,„„,;,,,„,,„,. The best book on the Chrysanthemum is Chrysmtliemuim, ami Hew 10 Grmo Them. Now ready, post-free, 9 stamps, of H. J. JONES. Ryecroft Mursery, Lewisham. S.E. TRADE OFFER OF X COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs ... ineo's, KENTIAFoateriana and Belmoreana, PALMS. at 20s. per 100. ... at55s.perl00. thumbs, at 20s. per 100. .„60'3. at 60s. per 100. " " " iu48'8. at24s. perdoz. ■' " " in32's, at48s. perdoz. SEAFOETHIAElegans,in60;y. ... ... f/J-P//;""; W. i'ceton has i' fine Stock 'of Asparagus plumosus nanus ln48'3 andeo-s: Pandanus Veitchii, Dracffina Lindemi, and FicuB elastica.— W. ICETON. Putney, S.W. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. See our New DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for all Novelties bf the present Season, and all the best varieties in cultivation, post-free, on application to '■ PITCHEB & MANDA, j The United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE. SWANLEY, KENT. SEAKALE ROOTS, for Forcing, extra fine, lOs. per 100. BEGONIAS (Tuberous), grand named Doubles Is. 3(<. each. 12s 6rf. per dozen. (Cash with order.) ' G, H. COPP, Holnest Gardens, Sherborne. I> OSES ! ROSES ! ROSES ! — Plant now. \l 100 strong dwarf. H.P. Eoses for 25s. ; or £11 10s. per 1000. The finest in the Trade. Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order. CATALOGUES, free on application. C. H. GORRINGE, Roselands Nursery, Eastbourne. Now is the Time to Plant -O^ONIES, PYRETHRUMS, X DELPHINIUJIS, and GAILLARDIAS, the most showy of all Hardy, Easily-grown Perennial Plants. For Priced Lists, see KELWAY'S SEED and PLANT MANUAL for 1892, Is.. Dost-free (deducted from first order), to those unknown to us. KELWAY AND SON, Langport, Somerset. Thlrty-seventli Issue. W THOMPSON, Seedsman, Tavern Street, . Inswich, begs to announce that the SUPPLEMENT to his CATALOGUE of FLOWER SEEDS for the present season is now Ready, and has beenforwarded to all his Patrons. Will be sent post free, with the general catalogue, to any address. Both include many Rare and Choice Seeds, and at moderate prices. DOBBIE'S CATALOGUE and COMPETI- TORS'guide for 1892.— 2.5th Annual Edition, 160 pages, illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in England as "the most useful list published in the trade Now ready. Gratis to all who apply for it and enclose 3ci. to cover postage.— DOBBIE AHD CO., Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay. Scotland. ^_^__ clany Acres of Lilies of the VaUey I TJAWNOCH, Largest Grower of LlLlLb • OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year-old Crowns for planting out, of unsurpassed quality Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices and terms on application. . . T JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, Kings Lynn, Norfolk. ThTBest Present for a Gardener. INES and VINE CULTURE. The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on Grapes and their Culture ever published. New Edition. Price 5s., post-free. 5s. 6(f. A. F. BARBON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick. -Tr Tn^fTsT— VINES. — VIN E S . V We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application JOHN PEED AND SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood 1 Road, London, S.E. TO ORCHID LOVERS.—" LE JOURNAL DES ORCHIDi;ES," published in French, on the 1st and 16th of each month. 16 pages of text, by I.UCIEN LlJDEN. and 60 Selected CoUaborateurs, furnishes the best information as to ""subscription. 8s. per annum, post-free, to be sent to the Publisher, Luc lEN LlNDES, 100, Rue Belliard, Brussels. Specimen Number sent Gratis on demand. Seeds.— Carriage Fald.-Seeda. DICKSON AND ROBINSON'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for }f;l- Enumerates the Best and Choicest Varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, and SEED POTATOS; M.ANtKbS, SsECTICIDES; HORTICULTUR.AL IMPLEMENTS, and GVRDEN REQUISITES. Post-free on application. COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, from Us. to Sis. COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, from 2s. 6d. to 84s. Seed Warehouse, 12. Old Millgate, Manchester. Seed PotatoB.-Seed Potatoa. MYATT'S PROLIFIC, the earliest of all Kidneys, which every one with early land should grow. Potatos dug in July and August are always worth 100 per cen.. more than later sorts. Price, 12Cs. per ton, grown in ^'magnum BONUMS. later kind, for main crop. Price. Tfic ncr inn oTOwn in Lincolnshire. _ ^ Apply to' WN WHITE AKD CO., Ltd., Covent Garden, London, W.C. CTAN DISH'S RHODODENDRONS.— ia Choicest varieties, well-budded plan ts 24s 30s. and 42s. , per dozen. Well-rooted and Bushy PONTICUMS, of all sizes. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. Royal Nurseries, Ascot. HYPERICUM CALYCINUM, good strong well rooted clumps, grow well under trees, banks, or rockeries, or for covert planting, 2s. per dozen; JOs. per 100 : 90s. per lOOO.-THOS. HOLDFOETH AHD SON, Saunders Lane Nurseries, Woking^ ON SALE, CHEAP.— Six splendid specimen ERICAS, all in good health.— Apply, J. ,.GAESIDE, 7, Northgate, Halifax. T7RUIT TREES. — APPLES, PEARS, X: PLUMS, CHEERIES, per 100 or 1000. Descriptive CATALOGUES, post free, on application. FLETCHER BROS., Ottershaw Nurseries. Chertsey, Surrey. RCHIDS for IMMEDIATE SALE. Two Private Collections. 12s., 21s., 30s., and 42s. per dozen. LIST ready. THE PLANT CLUB, Kirkstall. Leeds. o V LAXTON^SITRAWBERRIES. SCARLET QUEEN, a new, bright-coloured, high quality, large, early seedling, from Noble, and with WHITE KNIGHT, a distinct, and richlv-flavoured, new main sort. Certificated at the Fruit Conference, 1891. COMPETITOR, CARDINAL, LATEST OF ALL, JOHN RUS- KIN, NOBLE, and all best new standard sorts can now be supplied in good runners, true to name. LISTS FREE. T. LAXTON, Seed Grower^ BEDFORD. 0 B E TUBEROUS ROO'TED BEGONIAS. Special Cheap Offer for Cash. Fine strong Bulbs for bedding. Crimson. Rose, and Pink, 16s. per 100 ■ choice mixed varieties for bedding. 10s. per 100 ; extra choice varieties for pot cultuie in all colours separate, 30s. per 100: 6s. per dozen. „ j , „ t. HENRY LOADER, Kirkdale Nursery, Sydenham. S.t.. fruit Trees a Specialty. APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW- BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits srown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption. Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE and GUIDE, the most completeissued, 6rf. Ordinary LIST free. JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington. Hereford^ ^ S~ TANDARD ROSES, 14s. per doz. ; Bush Roses, 6s. per doz. ; best named Clematis, 14s. per doz. ; Ampelopsis Veitchii. 4s. per doz.; Variegated Ivies, 4s. per doz.- Mrs. Sinkins Pinks. 12s. per 100; Ferns, in pots, 15s., 21s and 4.5s. per 100. Catalogue, gratis and post-free. " H. ENGLISH. Clevedon Nurseries. Clevedon. EMPEROR WILLIAM, best bine, for bedding, 6s. per 100. MAGNIFICA. fine deep blue, large flowers, 6s. per lOO. EEINE BLANCHE (new), the finest white, good fj'owerlarge pure white ilowers. Certificate of Merit from E.H.S. MAID'bF"MORAY (new), blue, with large white eye, com- pact grower ; fine for bedding. 10s. per 100. The above quotations are for strong, healthy plants, from store boxes, and will give a lot of stock. H. B. MAY, Dyson's Lane Nurseries, Upper Edmonton. GOOD STOCKS, carefully Hand-picked, of BEANS— Harlin.'ton aud Green Windsor. White and Green Longpod. ° PEAS— Abundance. Berkshire Marrow. Dr McLean, Forty old. Fillbasket. Gladiator, Hundredfold Little Gem Ne Plus Ultra, Paradise Marrow, Princess Royal. Pride of Market, Stratagem, Telegraph, Triumph, and Yorkshire Hero. Cabtek's Elephant Swede. To effect a speedy Clearance, these will be Sold Cheap fos Cash, in Large or Small Quantities. APPly— GEORGE ELSOM, Seed Grower and Merchant, Spalding. ^ P' INES FOR SALE.— QUEEN'S, CHA.R- LOTTE ROTHSCHILD'S, and SMOOTH CAYENNES. A very fine lot of Suckers, in 7 and 8-inch pots, ready to put into fruiting-pots. very clean, and in perfect health ; also, tine fruitiDg plants of the same varieties, ready for immediate throwing up. Giving up Pine Growing, reason for disposal. Apply" hTe. GRIBBLE, Wynyard Park, Stockton-on-Tees. THUIA LOBBIL— 50,000 propagated yearly ; X adapted to all soils and situations ; of vigorous growth. Wood of finest quality, not subject to spring or autumn frosb.. 10 to 12 inch. 40s. per 1000 ; 12 to 15 inch, 60s. per 1000 ; 15 to 18 inch, 60,i. per 1000. All sizes to 8 feet. GAELIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stanraer. oRcmDsr THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO. (JOHN COWAN), Limited, Have an immense stock of ORCHIDS, Both Established and Semi-Established, and they are constantly receiving IMPORTATIONS from various parts of the world. INSPECTION IS 'VERY EARNESTLY INVITED. The Company's Prices are all fixed as low as possible, with the view of inducing liberal Orders. ^_ PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Post-free on Application to the Company. THE VINEYABB AND NURSERIES, CARSTON, ^^^^ LIVERPOOL. Febuoaby 13, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 199 Vegetable and Agricultural Seeds. HAND F. .SHAUriiS SPECIAL TRICED • LIST of tlici nbavenamod SICKD3 comprises !ill the finest »-arietiescf IS'.U growlli, ami at jirices very favourable to purchasers. Those in tlie Trade who have not yet recciveii a copy call have one on application to Wisbech. GOOD HAEDY PErxENNIALS.— A large quantity of strong llowerinjr ..lumps of Sunflowers in variety. Tritoma Uvariii, I'yrolhnini iiligiiiosum, Marguerites', and many other tjaoil things, 1.';, j-i^r du/.. ; extra large, 65. and 9s, per do/.. Per HlO on iippliLatiuii. R. MARIES, Florist, Lytliam, Lancashire. RR'8s«CLEARANCESALE»f DAFFODILS Prices greatly reduced. Bulbs in priino condition for Potting, ]?edding, and Naturalisation. Detailed Priced LIST on application. Per 1000, 15s., 25s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and 105s. BARR'S CLEARANCE SALE OP HYACINTHS, TULIPS, POLYANTHUS ■ NARCISSUS, CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, CHIONODOXA, SCILLAS, SNOWFLAKES, and other Spring-flowering Bulbs, ALL in PRIME CONDITION. PRICES GREATLY REDUCED. LIST on APPLICATION. Important Descriptive LISTS now ready, free on application :- CONFEBENCK MICHAELMAS DAISIES, and PERENNIAL SUNFLOWERS. GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, PINKS, HELLEBORES, and LILIES. SINGLE P.EONIES, DOUBLE P.EONIES, HELLEBORES, and IRIS. BARR & SON, 12, King St., Covent Garden, London. "I^OSES. — Old English Cabbage, Moss, and -l-V Provence in large quantities. Must be cleared, at nOTiinal prices.— J. MASON, East Greenwich. S E. O R C H I D S . T .ELIA GRANDIS TENEBROSA (true).— -i-^ A new imporlalion, just received, in fine condition, with leaves dormant. Please write for PRICE LIST of these and other BRAZILIAN ORCHIDS. A. H. GRIMSDITCH, Orchid Importer, -5, Clayton- SciirARR, LivKRi'Of)L. Depit and Residence, 17. Dryden Road, Edge Lane, Liverpool, Sole Agent for Caklo.s THAVA.fSOS. Rio de Janeiro. ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY. Many new, choice, and rare species and varieties alwavs in stock. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. One of the finest collections of these plants known. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. A grand coUtction, approved novelties, write for our new Descriptive CATALOGUES, NOW READY, and Post-free on application to PITCHER & MANDA, The United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT. HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!! THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY Undertake the complete erection of HEATINft APPARATtTS for aREENHOXJSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, Ac. Have the largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspection of same. BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY- END, Etc. ; VENTIUTINC GEAR and VALVES. In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced UPPER the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, \s. PRICE LIST FREE. GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, Telegraphic Address-" HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763. the course of a few mlnutes, S.E. KEEP YOUR PIPES WARM. FOSSIL MEAL PIPE LAGGING is the only effective means for preventing Loss of Heat, and Pipes Freezing. CHEAPEST PACKING existing. For Sample and Particulars, write to MORITZ H. SCHONSTADT, 59, FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON. E.C. OULTON k PAUL, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, NORWICH. WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES, GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. No. 60. PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER. NiW SPAN-ROOP GARDEN FRAME. 4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14 0 1 12 ft by 6 ft. 8 tt. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 o|ltjft by 6 ft All Frames made of Selected! Red Deal, painted three ( and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass. Carriage paid on all Orders of 40s. value. AND BOILERS Of all makes and siz^s supplied at the cheapest rates. VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stock. GREENHOUSES IN ALL STYLES. GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. f'^ Estimates ou Application. No. 71. THREE-QUARTER SPAN GARDEN FRAME. CA'-H Pkici^. CARRiAfat. Paid. CnCUMBER-FRAME LIGHTS. 6 feet by -l feet, painted and glazed 14s. Od. ft 6 feet by 4 feet, unpainted and unglazed ... bs.iid. of all our Manufactures, post-free on applicatii 200 THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuah^ 13, 1392. FRUIT TREES AND ROSES! VAST QUANTITIES TO OFFBB, of the usual excellent quality. HUGH LOW & CO., Bush Hill Park Nursery, ENFIELD. WHEELER'S CAMBRIAN FAVOURITE MELON. A grand New Melon, which we believe will prove to be one of the finest standard varieties in cultivation. Per packet, 23. 6d. ; small pkt., Is. 6(1., post-free. Mr. J. MlUR. in icritin/ oj it, says:-" It is extremely handsome. ana more good points than I ever found in any other Melon." Wheeler's List of Sp2Claltles and Novelties will be forwarded, gratis and post-free, on application. WHEELER & SON, I Seed Growers, GLOXJCESTEB. SHARPE'S VICTOR POTATO. "Earliest of all Earlies." TO OBTAIN THE True Yellow -fleshed Variety, Apply to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD. niininiiiiniiiiiiiimiHiiii iMiiinnnmiiimiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiihimiq PLANTJIG SEASON. ^^ ■> BARDlL.V-OKUn'IV A ALL OTHER TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 ACRES: TERT BXTEHSITB BTOOK. InBp«etloii InvlUd- Prioed Catalogues Gratis & Post Fpea. in^ICKSONS NURSERIES (LmiTBD) CHSSTEIS. THE NEW EARLY DESSERT APPLE, COOLING'S BEAUTY OF BATH, Is the handsomest and best^flavoured First Early APPLE yet introduced, and should be in every collection. MAIDENS. 23. each. PYRAMIDS, 3s 6d. and 53. each. FAN-TRAINED. 5s and 7s 6d. each. STANDARDS, 33. 6d. each. Trade price on application. Descriptive FRUIT TREE and ROSE CATA- LOG UE, Post-free on application. GEO. COOLING & SONS, THE NURSERIES, BATH. NEW PEA FOR 1892 a 3i 5s. per pint, post-free. A magnificent blue wrinkled main crop Pea, which has been raised on our own Farms, from a cross between the varieties— Culrer- well's Giant Marrow and Omega. It grows about 5 feet in height, has stout stems, and large, light-green foliage; the pods are long, straight, very handsome in appearance, and contain about nine extra large, and fine- favoured Peas. Besides being of first-class table quality, thi^ Pea is of the utmost value for exhibition purposes. WEBBS' SPRING CATALOGUE Post Free, Is. The Queen's Seedsmen, WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE. WORLD-RENOWNED GOLD MEDAL STRAINS Per Packet, 1/6, 2/6, 3/6, & 5— Mmlmk Per Packet, 1/8, 2/6, 3/6, & 5/-. FLOWEE SEEDS POST FREE. Cf° Every Packet of ahove bears our Registered Trade Mark, without which none are genuine. ILLUSTRATED SEED CATALOGUE, comprising everything nece.isan/ and requisite for the Garden, Gratis and Post-free on application w&^&i&(MmMm, UPPER HOLLOWAY.^-F^sr^ lOA/OO/V. N. VEITCH'S COLLECTIONS OF SUPERB ASTERS. VICTORIA ASTER. The most ehowy and massive of all the Asters. Grand for Exhibition. Collection of 13 distinct colours, separate, 3s. DWARF CHRYSANTHEMUM-FLOWERED. Splendid free-liowerJng variety. Indivicual flow.ra often 4 inches in diameter. Collection of 12 distinct colours, separate, 2s. 6i. IMPROVED P/EONY PERFECTION A noble incurved variety, of great size and symmetry. Collection of 12 distinct colours, separate, 2s. 6rf. NE PLUS ULTRA (New). A spleodid new variety of vigorous growth, with large imbricated and perfectly double flowers. Collection of six distinct colours, separate, 2s. 6rf. REID'S QUILLED IMPROVED. The finest and most perfect form of Quilled Aster. CjUectiun of 16 distinct colours, sepirate, 2s. 6rf. For full description of the abjve, see SEED CATALOGUE for 18Q2,forujarded gratis arid post free on application. JAMES VEITGH& SONS ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W. " AM E R ICAN SPECIALTI E S." We have this year without doubt the finest Novelties in CHRYSANTHEMUMS Ever yet aeen, and for which we received last year more MEDALS, FRIZES, &c., than any other firm. OuK New Desckiptivb CATALOGUE Now Eeady. Post-free on Application to — Pitcher & Manda, s^^tIs^v^se^^. HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT. CHAMPION EXHiBiTioH PEAS. CARTERS' SIRAIAGEM, TELEPHOHE, AND ANTICIPATION. THE FIRST PRIZE RECORD?, and the SUPERIOR TABLE QUALITIES of these GRAND PEAS atiU remain UNBEATEN. Price, In Sealed Packets, each per pint, 2,-, post-free, 2/3. ROYAL SEEDSMEN BY SEALED WARRANT, 237 238 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON Febrdaky 13, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 201 70 0 9 0 FIRST-CLASS NURSERY STOCK. JAMES BACKHOUSE and SON offer the following stout, well-rooted, transplanted — „ J o^ ,. Perdoz. ; perlOOO; perlOO. Trees and Shrubs. " ^ ' ^ ^^ ^ ' ' ,. i. ALDER. Common, 6 to 7 (eet ... 4 0 — 20 0 ,, Hoary-leaved, 6 to 8 feet ASH, Common, 5 to 6 feet .,. HAZKL, 2 to3feet OAK, English, 3 to 4 feet ... 4 to 6 feet ... ,, ,, 6 to 6 feet ... PINCS Anatriaca, 12 to 18 inches ... — IJ to 2 feet ... 2 6 Laricio, 2 toSft. (ex. trans). — POPLAR, Black Italian, 5 to 7 feet 2 6 „ Giant Canadian, 4 to 6 feat ... 2 0 SYCAMORE, Variegated, 4 to 5 feet 13 0 7 to 8 feet 24 0 Evergreen Trees and Sbrutis. ARBOR-VIT.E.Amerii — 150 0 53 6 7 0 — 13 6 flO 0 13 6 — 10 6 Perdoz.; perlOO. , for Hedges, 3 to 4 ft. 8 0 50 0 4 to 5 ft. 10 6 70 0 5 tots ft. 15 0 105 0 BERBERIS Aquifolium,9tol3in.,63s. 1000, 18 8 0 12 to 16 in., 105s. 1000, 2 « 13 6 BOX, Compacta, a beautiful form of Tree Box, compact in habit, and bright in colour, 12 to 18 inches ... 4 0 20 0 IJ to 3 feet 5 0 30 0 ,, HandsworthBroad-leaved, 12 tolSinch. 3 0 18 0 IJ to 2 feet... 5 0 27 6 CEDRITS Atlantiea, 3 to 2^ feet 15 0 105 0 2i to 3 feet 20 0 150 0 6 to 6 feet 50 0 — 6 to 7 feet 60 0 — CUPRESSUS Lawsoniana. well-grown plants, 2 to 3 feet 9 0 65 0 ,, 3 to 4 feet 15 0 100 0 .. 4 to 5 feet 24 0 160 0 ,. argentea, 3 to 3J feet ...24 0 160 0 „ „ ., 3} to 4 feet ,.. 30 0 300 0 „ crecta viridvs, 3 to 3t feet... 30 0 200 0 3J to 4 feet... 43 0 — RHODODENDRON Ponticum, extra bushy plants, 13 to 18 inch. 6 0 35 0 „ li to 3 feet 9 0 55 0 „ 2 to 2i feet 15 0 90 0 SWEET BAYS, in pots, IJ to 2 feet 13 0 80 0 2 to 2i feet 18 0 120 0 YEW, Common, 2 to 2} feet 8 0 50 0 2J to 3 feet 13 0 75 0 Irish, 3 to 4 feet 30 0 200 0 „ 4 to 5 feet 43 0 350 0 Roses. ^"^r"'TT' STANDARDS, fine named sorts, our (election 16 0 140 0 HALF STANDARDS, ditto, ditto 14 0 120 0 DWARFS, fine plants on Manetti, ditto 8 0 BO 0 ,, on our roots, ditto 10 0 75 0 Thi above are all strong plants. Purchasers can send names of sorts desired, which will be adhered to as far as possible. Descriptive CATALOGUE on application. Peaches and Nectarines. STANDARDS, or RIDER-TRAINED. 7s. M. to 10s. 6rf. each ; extra strong trees, 12s. 6(i. to 16s. each. DWARF-TRAINED, 6s. to Is.M. each. Apples and Pears. XTBA STRONG DWABF-TRAINED, 3s. M. to 7s. M. each. Special Prices to large purchasers, or the Trade, on application, stating quantities required. JA.S. BACKHOUSE & SON, YOBK. GEORCE JAGKMAN & SON, WOKING NtTRSEBY, SURREY, Invite Inspection of the Following Well-grown Stuff :— FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsona, in Standard. Pyramid, and Dwarf- trained trees ; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. ROSES.~A large Collection of Bwarf and standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roaes, in all the lead- ing va'-iefeies ; also Tea Roses, in pot^, for forcing. RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties set with flower-buds; alsoHybridSeedlingsand Ponticums. CONIFERS,— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for Lawn and Shrubbery planting. SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c, CLIMBERS,— Including their celebrated Cle- matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rockwork, &c. ORNAMENTAL TREES, — For Parks, Avenues, Streets, and Private Gardens. FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for Covert«, Woods, &c. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading Feature. Plans designed, and Advice f^ven as to Layinip- out. Planting, oj Kenavating Parks, Cemeteries, Recrea- tion Orounds, and Private Oaidens, March 4th next. New Orchids. Extraordinary New Lady's Slipper, Gypripedium Victoria Regina (SANDEK). NEW SPECIES. The Most Extraordinary Cypripedium ever imported. Gypripedium Ghamberlainianum (SANDER). Magnificent New Species of Great Value, Messrs. PROTHEROE&MORRIS Have received Instructions from Mr. F. SANDER to SELL, at their Great Rooms, 67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.G., a Grand Lot of the above New CYPRI- PEDIUMS, on— FRIDAY, MARCH 4. Our researches in New Guinea and Borneo have led to the discovery of Two New Species of LADY'S SLIPPER ORCHIDS, in every way most remarkable and distinct from every- thing in either Eastern or Western Cypripedes. CYPRIPEDIUM ghamberlainianum (SANDER), Is from the Meeapi Mountains, and of great beauty and distinctness. The flowers, which are produced in great profusion, are of large size, and unlike anything ever seen. According to Collector's description, the flowers are violet- purple and white, produced all along the spike ; and although our man had a nice lot when he started, but few were alive, and they were in weak condition when he arrived at port ; but he thoroughly established them there, and a captain took great care of them on the journey home. The leaves are 2 feet long and 2 inches wide, and all mottled. CYPRIPEDIUM VICTORIA REGINA (SANDER), Is the most remarkable Cypripedium we have ever seen. We are proud of the introduction into Europe of Cypripedium Sanderse, Roths- childianum, Sanderianum, &c. ; but such an one as this we have never seen ; the compact zigzag inflorescence is 2 feet high, and shows upwards of thirty flower-seats, each flower springing from a conspicuous bract ; and the remarkable feature is that the flower-seats are not more than j-inch from each other. The upper part of the flower is most lovely : it is white and green, tinged and lined with blackish-purple, very broad and short, the lower sepal light green and dark purple ; the petals are spreading, undulate, twisted, and are white, green, and purple, in lines and dots. The whole flower is hairy ; the very broad pouch is in shape like C. cardinale, and light purplish- violet, much inflated, spotted with dark purple, with a golden-yellow and pea-green rim ; base of the pouch white and green, as also the infolded lobes, inside ; the pouch is dotted with purple ; staminode black and green, sometimes with a green line through the middle. The Sowers are 4 inches across each way. Abundant dried material will be shown, to prove the above extraordinary facts. THE SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 1892, THE WHITTERN. A BOUT a dozen years ago Mr. Richard ■^-^ Green, a famous breeder of Hereford cattle, like many other squires and magistrates of Herefordshire, built for himself a house named The Whittern, and situated in the parish of Lyonshall near Kingston. The site is high and delightful, and one looks across the lawn and down the slopes of the hill, on which the house stands, into some deep-lying pastures below and up the slopes beyond, away to Lady Lift, a hill in the distance, feeling that such a landscape leaves little to desire. The pretty green hollow with its steep sides might be a park so far as appearance goes, but it is better than a deer park, since it sustains Mr. Green's beautiful herd of white and red Herefords, and is, in fact, his home farm. One may ask how is it that the pastures of a farm bear such noble psrk-Iike timber, and how is it that within the limits of the lawn and shrubbery there are numerous exotic shrubs and specimen trees much older than the house ? The answer is, that an old country house stood near the present one, and the owner, though his house was small, was a patron of arboriculture. A Larch tree in front of the present handsome mansion was one of his favourites. It is a very remarkable tree, with pendulous branches spreading over a diameter of 60 feet, and having a great trunk which, at 4 feet from the ground, becomes sud- denly smaller, so that the upper part appears to be of later date than the lower. Near the old entrance to the former house, at the rear, are two Sycamores, 80 feet in height, and in front of where the older house stood are three Cedars of Lebanon, which must have stood there scores of years, winning by their grand proportions the admiration from a former generation. At this corner of the present lawn, near the spot where the roof-tree of the former family, the MoMurdos, stood for several generations, there is a fine clump of Conifers planted by them, such as the Douglas Spruce, Cryptomeria japonica, and Wellingtonia ; and between tha trees and house were interposed — much too near for modern notions — the stables, and some kennels, where an old gentleman fond of his gun, kept pointers and other dogs. All are gone, and as old Mr. MoMurdo may have said, " dc transit " on the departure of his predecessors, so we may say " sic transit " of him and his dogs and kennels. A thriving Tulip-tree stands on the very site of his kitchen, on what is now the smooth lawn of The Whittern, Greatly to the advantage of the new structure, its material consists of native sandstone, quarried on the spot, and of sober, grey colour. An artist of note has left his mark on a large stone forming part of the front wall of the house, and as long as the wall stands, the hunting-scene carved upon it will be admired, as 202 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febbuaey 13, 1892. it is by all who see it now. The west wing of the house is sheltered by a handsome conservatory, whose chief ornament is a fine specimen of that handsome creeper, Coboea soandens, which can never become " common," though it may be abundant. Turkey Oaks are among the old trees around the house, and scattered over the park-like pas- tures at various levels, but always on good land, are fine specimens of English Elms, Scotch Firs, and big Beeches. The newly-planted shrubs flanking the house and its terrace have thriven amazingly in ten years, the soil being rich, and well suited either for pastures bearing the great beeves of the country, or for timber trees and shrubs ; and, pleasing as some poor soils may be, rich land has great advantages. Among the Conifers are Abies nobilis, A. pinsapo, and A. Nordmanniana, lending to the site, not exactly novelty, but rich variety and refinement. A wealth of shrubs arrests attention on the wide lawn between the house and kitchen-garden, Gaultheria procumbens and other Americans are conspicuous in some of the clumps and borders, others are filled with Rhododendrons, many with English Heather, and some with flowers. Hya- cinthus candicans grows under the terrace-wall which it tops, attracting all eyes. Its bulbs have not been removed for six years. Andro- meda floribunda, in some of the borders, was manifestly about to fulfil the promise of its name, showing abundant signs of flowering at the time of my visit, September 23. The Rhododendrons were looking well, and several sorts of Menziesia and the American Pernettya, with red bark, looked luxuriant. The wall bounding the pleasure garden in this direction is well covered with creepers. The Virginia Creeper had already assumed the deep crimson tint of autumn ; the Ampelopsis Veitchii would be a month later. The border in front of the wall was required to be gay, being within the precincts of high civilisation, and it was made so with Tritoma Uvaria, Helleborus atro- purpureus, Japanese Anemones, perennial Phloxes, Sweet Briar, Gaillardias, Rudbeckia Newmanii, Funkias, Michaelmas Daisies, rock Cistus — in flower all through the summer and still in flower, Lilium auratum, and other things. It is a border which Mr. M^eaving may well be proud of. Small space remains for the kitchen garden. The site here is high, and the soil strong, and experience does not seem to sanction the cordon system for fruit trees, in this locality. If the trees were lifted every third or fourth year, the result might be more satisfactory. We are here in a district where the Apple grows to the size of a timber tree, and the subsoil is not injurious. Mr. Weaving has tried the methods of pruning Apples and Pears, by leaving them ^■ery much to Nature, with slight pruning only, and pruning and disbudding freely, and he has found the former plan more conducive to the bearing of fruit. The site of the garden is 4.50 feet above the sea, and as Sutton's Perfection Tomato partially ripened out of doors this year, the soil cannot be cold. Hale's Early Peach ripened on a west wall this year before Moor Park Apricot. Sutton's Abundance Potato is yielding this year at the rate of fourteen tons per acre on this rich land, and some of the Potatos weighed 17 ozs. each. The Winter Nelis Pear, growing on an unrestricted pyramid, has cracked badly during the past two seasons, which Mr. \^^eaving attributes to the damp weather ; so it seems there is a drawback even to The Whittern. The Pears must be imported. U. F. NEW OR Noteworthy Plant. CYPEIPEDIUM LED A, ». hyb. John C. Bowbing, Esq., Forest Farm, Windsor Forest, has raised a hybrid Cypripedium, which has recently flowered in his collection. It is said to be a seedling from C. X Harrisianum, the pollen probably being derived from C. venustum, as the characters of that species are well repre- sented, both in the upper sepal and the veining of the lip. The upper sepal is broadly ovate, pale green, with a white margin, bright-green nerves, and some dark brown at the base, and on the lower part of the midrib. The'petals are rather short and broad, and much like C. villosum in colour, with a few dark brown spots at the base. The Up is short and stout, light purple-brown round the mouth, and paler behind ; the nerves darker green, and the side-lobes with numerous minute light-brown spots. The staminode is pale green, closely reticulated with dark green on either side of a central fleshy keel. The leaf is pale glaucous green, with transverse dark green reticulated markings. It is fairly interme- diate, except that the purple stripes on the upper sepal of the mother plant are almost entirely obliterated. Orchid Notes and Gleanings. CATTLEYA TRIANiE COBBII. This variety has by far the handsomest and most perfectly formed blossoms of any of the C. Trian^s of the Backhousiana, or feathered-petalled section ; the plant has been for some years in the collec- tioQ of Walter Cobb, Esq., Silverdale Lodge, Syden- ham, and it has always been pronounced distinct by competent judges, among whom the late Mr. Frank Casey suggested the advisability of fixing by name a means for its identification. Two fine flowers which have just reached me, finally prove it to be constant. In form these are the same as some other of the best varieties ofC. Trianaj. The pale rosy-lilac sepals are broad and flat, and the nearly oval petals arrange well with the broad and not too long lip. But the striking and superlatively attractive features are the inch-long brilliant mauve-crimson markings on the tips of the petals, which markings are not run or smeared, and heavy, though they scarcely show on the reverse of the petal. In respect to the colouring on the tip of the petals, the present variety diS"era from C. T. Backhousiana, which is splashed with colour towards the middle of each petal, and also from C. T. Ernestii with its prettily mottled tip to the petal. The labellum of C. T. Cobbii is of an intensely glowing crimson-purple in front, with clear chrome-yellow -extending to the base of the pure white column. But with regard to the fine C. T. Backhousiana, unfortunately anything with a little splash in the petal is now sold for it. James O'Brien. SEEDLING FUCHSIAS. I AM pleased to see that the veteran George Fry is to read a paper on " Fuchsias " at one of the meet- ings of the Royal Horticultural Society during the summer. No one is so well adapted to deal with the subject, more especially as in many experiments Mr. Fry has made with Fuchsias during the past few years, he has endeavoured to cover new ground by proceeding upon original lines. Therefore, we shall all be pleased to hear, when the time comes, what the veteran has to say upon the subject. I think the raising of seedling Fuchsias has become almost a past art in floriculture. I can quite understand anyone saying, what is the use of attempting to raise seedlings while there are so many tine varieties in cultivation. But the possi- bilities of production are illimitable, and I would suggest that if some of the more novel of the decorative varieties were taken in hand and crossed, breaks might be obtained of a singularly attractive and valuable character. Apart from this, the raising of seedlings of any popular flower is one of the most agreeable and.pleasant occupations relating to the culture of flowers, and as so few are engaged in obtaining seedlings of Fuchsias, there is ample room for enthusiasts to undertake the work. But then it is not worth while going to work unless on the really good seed. One cannot depend upon what is obtained at seed-shops, because a good deal of it is not taken from just such varieties as the operator would desire to work with, and so it would be best to request some one who is noted fjr growing a good collection to save seed from a few of the very best varieties, especially those possessing some individuality of character. Better still, to select three or four striking varieties and carefully cross-fertilise them, making a note of the crosses, and so far as possible in impregnating the flowers, seeking to secure definite results. But how to proceed with the work of fertilisation is a matter of the first importance. Having selected the varieties intended for the purpose, the operator should carefully watch the flowers as they expand, cutting away all imperfect ones, and retaining only such as are true to character and of fine quality. The flower to be impregnated must have all the anthers cut away from it, then by means of a fine camel's-hair brush the pollen, at the right moment, is taken from the flower to be crossed on to it, and carefully laid upon the stigma, making a careful note of the cross ; then a piece of fine netting should enclose the flower to prevent insects from undoing the work of the cross-fertiliser. The seed will ripen quite as well if the plant is placed out of doors, but I have known birds to steal the seed pod, which is, of coarse, a great disappointment. The seed pods need to be carefully watched as they approach ripening ; indeed, they are apt to drop before fully ripe, and become lost. One old raiser of seedling Fuchsias used to make a practice of rubbing the newly-ripened pods between his hands, then to pick out the seeds from the pulp by the aid of a fine-pointed penknife, and spread them out on a sheet of white paper to dry, placing them upon a shelf in the sun, and cover them with a sheet of glass to prevent them being blown away. After becoming dry, the seeds, mixed with a little fine silver sand, were placed in a small wooden box, and kept until the time of sowing came round. But pods are sometimes dis- appointing, and though large, plump, and full of •promise, when cut open are destitute of seeds, while much smaller ones, on the same plant, will produce forty. There is no difficulty in procuring Fuchsia seeds, as seed pods are freely formed, and they are generally fertile, but it is better to sow twenty seeds obtained from carefully impregnated flowers than three hundred taken indiscriminately from a col- lection with but poor results flowering from the experiment. And now comes the question. When to sow ? It may be said seed can be sown at any time of the year, but it is best to sow in January or February, as the plants can then be had in flower the following summer. Take some 32-8ized pots, have plenty of drainage, place over the drainage a little moss or cocoa-nut fibre refuse, then fill nearly to the top with a fine light rich soil. Sow the seeds thinly upon the smrface, and cover with a quarter of an inch of finely-sifted leaf mould and silver sand ; giving them a gentle syringing, and then plunge the pots to their rims in a gentle hot bed. But if an ordinary propagating bed be not available, the seeds should be sown a few weeks later if they are to be raised in a dung frame, but care is necessary in covering at night, giving air, &c., for if the heat be too rank, the seeds will quickly germinate, and damp ofl' quite as fast. For three weeks or a month after sowing, the surface of the seed pots should be kept merely moist ; and great care is needed that the tiny plants are not eaten by insects. As soon as the seedlings have formed a pair of leaves above the seed leaves, the strongest can be pricked out into 60-sized pots. I am informed by old raisers that at this stage of growth the seedlings feel the removal much lees than at any other time. As they grow into size, they will need to be shifted as required, and eventually bloom in 48 or 32-sized pots, according to their si^.e. A stake should be placed to each plant, so that it FBBBnABT 13, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' GHRONIGLE. 203 miy display its habit of growth to the best As Fuchsias are now employed mainly for deco- rative and bedding purposes, it is indispensable they be of a good, free, and compact habit of growth, and thoroughly floriferous, as well as coutinuous in bloom. I think Mr. James Lye, of Clyffe Hall, deserves great praise for raising seedlings showing such a remark- able freedom of bloom as his new varieties do. They have superb quality, with all that can be desired in reference to habit of growth, and it is these characteristics which cause them to be in such large demand for exhibition purposes. R, D. EUCALYPTUS OIL. The old saying, that " It is an ill wind that blows nobody good," is being realised by the dealers in Eucalyptus oil, which is strongly advocated as an future it will remain a regular domestic remedy, as it has become in Australia the home of the plants, which yield it ; and it is further an interesting fact, that as the reputation of Eucalyptus oil has grown in public tstimation, other sources of supply than Australia have been discovered, and even in Australia the distilling industry is no longer con- fined to Victoria, all the colonies now sending supplies to this country. Considerable quantities of the oil are distilled in the South of France, and as many as 20,000 lb. of the oil of Eucalyptus globulus are now exported yearly from California. The growth of the Eucalyptus in California is another example of how rapidly new industries are developed in the far west. The first plantation of any extent was made in 1869, when 5.5 acres of hill land at the back of the town of Haywards was planted with E. globulus seedlings, to supply the want of timber, and to improve the climatic con- ditions of the locality. As it proved a satisfactory They had noticed the pleasant odour which came from the boilers, but they were unaware that the leaves contained a volatile body until they were told what a valuable oil they were wasting. Means were at once taken to collect it, and that with the boiler fluid was the beginning of a very respectable industry, which was ultimately taken over by the company. The factory is situated at the San Lorenzo Station, on the Southern Pacific Railway. The trees in the forests and plantations are cut down, and the leaves gathered by men called strippers. From 10 to 12 tons of leaves are operated upon daily, these yielding 1,.500 gallons of boiler fluid, and 70 lb. of ensential oil. The oil is thus a big product, and during the past two years it has become so important a part of the industry, that the com- pany have appointed a skilful chemist, under whose instructions the purity of the distillate has become greatly improved." John R. Jackson, Kew. Fig. 30.— moemodes eolfeanum. influenza preventive [without however any adequate evidence of its being more than a palliative. Ed.] From our contemporary, the Chemist and Druggist, we learn, that owing to the very great demand for the oil, a parcel of a fine brand, which only two or three days previously had been sold for 2^. Qd, per lb., sprung up suddenly to 4s. id., since which time quo- tations have advanced by %d. per day, or even more, till on January 20 it reached 7s. &d., and on the fol- lowing day 8s. was paid for the oil of E, globulus, and it was stated that 50 lb. of the same oil had been sold during the day at 12s. &d. per lb. At that date, nearly all holders who had any merchantable oils to sell had been cleared out, but a vessel was said to be due having a considerable quantity on board, though most of this was already sold before it had actually arrived. Since this was written, the Ormuz has arrived with about 2000 lb. on board, and further supplies are expected. Our contemporary before referred to, speaking of the fillip which the influenza scare has given to Eucalyptus oil, says, it is highly probable that in the investment, yielding a profit of 17'50 dols. per acre per annum, which was increased as experience was gained, the example thus set was quickly followed by others. One large forest was planted seven miles south of Los Angeles, and now the Eucalyptus is found over a tract of 400 miles along the Californian coast, cultivated in fields varying up to 100 acres. The trees, which are chiefly E. globulus, grow rapidly, and form a splendid shelter ; the other species grown is E. rostrata, but this is cultivated chiefly for its timber. At first no attention was given to the distillation of the oil, and its adoption as a commercial article is thus described : — " In 1883, a Mr. George Downie discovered by accident that a decoction of Euca- lyptus leaves removed the scale from boilers. He set about putting a preparation on the market, and succeeded in this. Meanwhile he found that in superintending the manufacture of the boiler fluid, he had lost an asthmatic affection from which he had suffered for years. A friend with whom he was associated in the work was also cured of bronchitis. MORMODES ROLFEANUM. We are indebted to M. Lucien Linden for a speci- men of this remarkable Orchid, a coloured figure and full description of which appeared in the Lindenia, August, 1891, t. 289. The shape of the flower is sufficiently indicated in our woodcut. The Ecpals and petals in the specimen sent were of a dark nanieen-bufF colour, and traversed by numerous conspicuous liver-coloured nerves; the fleshy, curved lip was also liver-coloured. The species was dedi- cated by M. Linden to Mr. Rolfe, to whom, since the death of Professor Reichenbach, we too have been specially indebted for descriptions of new Orchids. THOROUGH CULTURE FOR VEGETABLES. Admittino the extent and adequacy of cultural and calendrial suggestions and advice, so plentifully disseminated throughout the country, in technical serials, papers and otherwise, I think the fact remains that the great advantage attaching to thorough culti- vation has not taken hold of the minds of the mass of allotment holders, cottage gardeners, &c., to say nothing of those who possess villa gardens and other lands. Even though results in this country are, as a rule, twice as profitable as on the Continent, not even excepting the much-vaunted petite culture in France, we are bound to confess, Scotland with its inferior climate is as far in advance of England as the latter is in advance of Continental countries. The average productions, per acre, are about aa follows : — France £4, England £8, Scotland £15, and it may be added, Ireland, with its greater rainfall, £4 to £5. Against this, instances have occurred in Essex, where ex- ceptional returns, amounting to above £35 per acre, have been affirmed. Too frequently the very first essentials to thorough culture are overlooked, or dispensed with. This is particularly so in the case of small holdings, through- out the country. It is also noticeable in gardens of greater pretentions. I do not include in this category, gardens where efficient gardeners are employed, though my remarks may prove useful to young men amongst such as are struggling on successfully, not having had the advantages which proper training in- variably gives. Apart from the science of soil amelioration, based on abstruse rules of chemistry and similar standpoints, we act on the principle of utilising obvious mechanical and fertilising natural agencies, at the command of all. 1 advocate the efficient manipulation or tillage of all grounds intended to grow fine vegetable roots, to a rainimnm depth of 3 feet, where subsoils so admit, as an all-important primary essential. It may be said, "This is a necessary and well- known fact wherever good crops are anticipated." My answer is,— If that is so, it is confirmatory of my subsequent proposition, which is this ; Each and every piece of ground where vegetable crops are 204 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaet 13, 1892. to be grown, and which is devoted to such culture, should be trenched, and in conjunction, manured deep down, as liberally as can be done, as a first and primary operation. I affirm that such efficient preparation produces immediate results in the quality and value of the first crops, effecting the improvement referred to, whereby all subseqaent crops profit incalculably. The first essential in preparing earths for rooi- growth abounding in root-food, is pulverisation ; breaking up solidified deposits of the past ages, thereby admitting air, with its all-powerful disinte- grating influences. When once broken up, it changes greatly, continuing such amelioration in favour of food-searching roots all but indefinitely. The change is not one of food- supply alone, however; its me- chanical capacity becomes more elastic, whereby moisture and warmth are more freely, and therefore more equally, diffused. Furthermore, such sites, once trenched, always work more freely afterwards, and can be dug more deeply at each subsequent digging or forking, and with less labour, which is no mean consideration. Contrast long-tined forks or spades inserted into such soils as these, and how freely they work, with those driven down on to hard, previously unturned depths. And imagine roots previously nurtured in good ground, delving down into crude hard, comparatively foodless airless depths, and it is not difficult to decide. Shallow-tilled grounds are much harder to work at all times and seasons, and good crops an impossibility, as compared with what is the case where a more rational culture is practised. Thorough culture, however, demands further con- sideration than has yet been given. Beyond working the ground up deeply once, if no more, the value of duplicate forkings in winter is greatly under-esti- mated. The ryots in India put us to shame in this respect. Deficient as are their ploughs and tools, they turn the ground over again and again in season, rarely letting it rest. The usual British plan is to dig it once in a year, and seldom more. This is a system of turning over, not manipulating or stirring, to form those free soft moulds prize Potato-growers value so highly. Finally, while the result of good culture is a yield of double or treble ordinary crops, with greatly enhanced quality, what about labour or outlay ! This, as already shown, would be more than com- pensated for by ease in working during all the sub- sequent years. Moreover, owners who cannot turn over the whole of their ground one year, should do a portion each year, until all is in thorough workable, capable order. William Earley. GROWING SWEET PEAS. The wonderfully improved varieties introduced lately, in which many lovely shades of colour are found, have given to the Sweet Pea a prominence amongst our garden flowers it had not previously enjoyed. Those, who like myself, have seen Mr. Eckford's fine varieties displayed by him at the Bir- mingham and Shrewsbury Shows, and elsewhere, can testify to their beauty and to their appreciation by the visitors. As cut flowers they richly deserve attention, and they last so long in a cut state. For dinner-table decoration they are lovely objects, and a bouquet of Sweet Peas is an object the eye can rest upon with pleasure. The American florists have found out the value of the Sweet Pea as a commercial flower, and its adaptability to various kinds of decora- tive work, and the flower is becoming popular in the States. The cultivation of the Sweet Pea is the point I wish to draw attention to. It is the general rule to sow in rows very thickly together, but no greater mistake can be made. I went on from the great Shrewsbury show in August last to Wem to see the new varieties of Sweet Peas, and I found myself amongst 2J acres of them in long rows of a sort, all growing free from each other, and in rows about 6 feet apart. Some plants from 24 inches to 3 feet apart, from 2 to 2J feet through, branching and bushy from the bottom, and from 5 to 6 feet high, and each plant a " thing of beauty." By giving the plants ample room, the flowers are much finer, and in Eckford's new varieties, it is not only in the very lovely new shades of colour that we see so much improvement, but it is especially apparent in the size, form, and substance of the flower, and the increased number of blooms on each stem. I mention the bush form of Sweet Pea I saw at Wem to indi- cate what the Sweet Pea can do as a plant under favourable conditions ; and as to general culture, I cannot do better than quote the cultural instructions found in Mr. Eckford's catalogue : — " In preparing the ground, if not already tolerably rich, a liberal dressing of thoroughly decomposed stable manure should be dug in some time before the ground is wanted, leaving it rough and allowed to consolidate before sowing. When preparing for sowing, all that is necessary is to break the ground thoroughly with a hoe, and draw a drill about 3 inches deep, and sow the seed thinly, and cover with 2 inches of soil, leaving the drill hollow, and gently tread the ground if dry. When the young plants begin to appear, tread the row on either side, making the soil firm for a distance of 18 inches on either side. Sow early in February, and for suc- cession in March, April, and May." As soon as the plants are well above the ground, they should at once be staked, and this is an im- portant operation, as nice new twiggy sticks, if possible, should be secured, preferring light undressed sticks, as the Sweet Pea delights in clinging to, and hanging from, the points of the twigs ; and a mulch- ing of some light material should be given if the weather is hot and dry. Any well-decomposed leaf- mould, spent Hops, or horse-droppings well broken will answer the purpose, or all may be mixed together, and this to the Sweet Pea is infinitely more important than watering. The stakes should be very firm in the ground. It is wonderful what is being accomplished in colours, for in the new variety Primrose, we have a very near approach to a decided yellow ; in Mrs. Eckford, a delicate tint of pale primrose ; in Dorothy Tennant, a rosy- mauve colour ; and in other varieties, very bright crimson-scarlet, rosy-claret and pale blue, pale mauve, bright purple-blue, orange-pink, very great improvements in whites, dark maroon-purple, and a host of intermediate shades of colour. Even the old varieties of white, scarlet, purple, Painted Lady, and striped, are sown much too thickly, and staked far too closely together. When Messrs. Carter & Co. gave us Scarlet Invincible, we had a great advance, and this firm, as well as Mr. Eckford, has since devoted much attention to crossing, and with great results. Others are engaged in the same work, and the Sweet Pea will shortly be regarded as a popular flower, and deservedly so, for its long stems and fragrance alone are two great points in its favour. W. D. CYCNOCHES GLANDULIFERUM.* FuETHEB material has just come to hand respecting the singularly sportive genus, Cycnoehes. Dr. Lindley's Herbarium contains a rude tracing of what appears to be a life-size drawing of a Mexican plant, labelled " Cycnoehes glanduliferum, Rich, and Gal.," which does not appear to have been anywhere described. It represents a species much like C. Egertonianum, Batem., but with the sepals and petals distinctly spotted, as in C. peruvianum, Rolfe. Nothing further seems to be known about it. A plant, however, which has just flowered with Mr. W. Bull, F.L.S., of Chelsea, and which has been sent to Kew for determination, with the information that it was imported from Mexico, appears to be speci- fically identical with the one just named. The sepals and petals are light green, spotted with brown, and the lip white, except the two basal teeth, which are light green. It also flowered with Mr. Bull in * Cycnoehes glanduliferum. Rich, and Gal., exJHemsl., in Gard. Ckrm., 1879, pt. 2, p. 368, name only. August, 1889, and what is evidently the same species with Mr. J. Charlesworth, Heaton, Bradford, in August, 1888. Both were sent to Kew, but the habitat not being stated, they were not then iden- tified with the tracing in question. Nothing is yet known of the female flowers, but these may appear hereafter, and in any case the re-appearance of the other sex is very interesting. The re-examination of this and allied species has led to some rather startling results, not altogether unexpected, perhaps, for I have long felt there was something mysterious about the history of C. ven- tricosum and C. Egertonianum, though I have been unable to explain it satisfactorily. I am now con- vinced, however, that a similar confusion has been made to the one I recently pointed out in the genus Catasetum. The case of Cycnoehes ventricosum sporting into C. Egertonianum has been so often quoted, and has become so familiar, that we need only refer to it in brief. Among Mr. Skinner's earliest Guatemalan collections, was a curious plant with long pendulous racemes of small flowers, which it was thought desirable to introduce into cultiva- tion. Some plants were sent by Mr. Skinner, which on flowering " proved to be merely the old C. ventri- cosum." Some mistake being suspected, a fresh supply of plants was sent, but which " were scarcely settled in the stove before flowers of C. ventricosum were again produced." Mr. Skinner being then about to return home, kept one of the plants under his special protection during the voyage. This plant flowered at sea, and the flowers, which were the genuine C. Egertonianum, were exhibited on their arrival, thus seeming to preclude the possibility of further con- fusion or disappointment. The plant was placed in the stove at Knypersley, but when the season of flowering came round, it only brought with it a recurrence of the former scene of astonishment and vexation, for the flowers " were not distinguishable from the old C. ventricosum." These " were still hanging to the stem," when the inexplicable plant produced a raceme of the genuine C. Egertonianum, This story is so pretty that it seems a pity to spoil it, and the facts are so clearly set forth that at the first glance it seems impossible to explain them away. Indeed, it is only after a mature considera- tion of all the facts now known, and by aid of the experience gained in dealing with the allied genus Catasetum, that I feel able to deal with the re- markable phenomenon exhibited at t. 40 of Bateman's splendid work, The Orchids of Mexico and Guatemala, a plate which has always possessed for me a peculiar fascinatiou ever since I first set eyes on it. That plate, undoubtedly, shows two racemes, one of C. ventricosum, the other of C. Egertonianum, growing from the same pseudobulb, and most people will be inclined to think, as I long did, that nothing can explain away the fact, especially as Lindley carried the question a step further by figuring C. Eger- tonianum with a flower supposed to be C. ventri- cosum actually growing intermixed on the same raceme {Botanical Register, 1843 ; Misc., pp. 75, 77). The following facts, however, must be taken into consideration. There are flve other species, of which both sexes are now known, namely, C. Loddigesii, C. chloro- chilon, C. Warscewiczii, C. pentadactylou, and C. Rossianum, in every one of which the column is short and stout, with two fleshy more or less tri- angular wings, but without the anther. The males, on the contrary, have a long and slender column, without wings, but with a perfect anther. In the first two of these species, the Up is almost identical in the two sexes, but in the other three, the lip of the male flower is totally different, being far smaller, and broken up into radiating teeth. An examina- tion of t. 5 of Bateman's work, which represents the original C. ventricosum, will convince any one that the flowers shown are males, and that the lip is analogous with that organ in C. Loddigesii, and C. chlorochilon. The fruit shown is, of course, from a flower of the other sex of the previous year. The green flowers shown on t. 40 of the same work are certainly^ identical in every respect, although Pbbbdabt 13, 1892.J THE GARDENEIiS' CHUONICLE. 205 from onr experience with other species, they should hare been females. On taming, however, to Lindley's figure, showing the two kinds on the same raceme, we see that one flower is a female, the other four being C. Egertonianum. (This figure was repro- duced in these columns in 1843, p. 775 ) One or two of the flowers are somewhat in a transition state, and 1 suspect the female is not absolutely normal. Unfortunately, Lindley has not preserved them. We now turn to Paxton's Flower Garden, where, in a note under t. 75, Lindley writes of C. ventricosum : — " Sports to C. Egertonianum, and even towards the cucuUate form of C. Loddigesii, as was ascertained by Sir P. Egerton, in 1849." The latter part of the note is more fully explained in his Herbarium. On the sheet of C. ventricosum are two flowers, both from " Sir P. Egerton," one received " August 30, 1849," the other " October, 1849." They are both females, evidently of C. ventricosum, of which there is also a fine male raceme on the sheet, and, I venture to state, much larger and appreciably dif- ferent from the single female figured by Lindley on the raceme of 0. Egertonianum. We may now return to Bateman's figure of C. ventricosum and C. Egertonianum on the same plant. These, as we have already seen, are both males, and each has been observed to produce flowers of the other sex. Now it would be, indeed, remark- able if any species were found to produce four different kinds of flowers, two males and two females, and with our present knowledge of the genus, we may safely dismiss the idea as impossible ; and with it must go the combination shown on Bateman's beautiful plate. But how can we explain its origin ? From Bateman's own words, it is clear that the two were not borne simultaneously. The plant is C. Egertonianum, and was drawn when in flower. Bat there were two other flowers " still hanging to the stem," no doubt much too withered to be drawn, and as these had attracted so much attention, and " were not distinguishable from the old C. ventri- cosum " — to cite Mr. Bateman once more — the artist, instead of restoring the withered flowers, borrowed them from some drawing of C. ventricosum. But in doing this, he was making the male of one species do duty for the female of another, simply becaase the two were so much alike that they had been confounded together. Why they should have been so confounded need not be discussed here ; the bare fact is sufficient. We need not quarrel with Nature for having made them so much alike, though it has been sufficiently perplexing for poor botanists. Unfortunately, there is no dried female flower of C. Egertonianum at Kew, but there is an excellent drawing, by " Hy. Etheridge," sent by " Mariano Montealegro Tijo, Costa Kica," in December, 1880, representing a plant with an erect raceme of two olive-green female Cowers on one side of the pseudo- bulb, and a long pendulous raceme of twenty-two dull purple males on the other, which is so similar to C. Egertonianum, that I am inclined to think it belongs to the same species. If not identical, it represents a very closely-allied species, but dried specimens are not yet forthcoming to decide the point. Not only are C. ventricosum and C. Egertonianum distinct, but they belong to different sections of the genus, the former to Eucycnoches, the latter to Heteranthae. Bateman wrote : — " The species (if as such it may be regarded), was named in honour of Sir Philip Egerton, before any of its eccentricities had been discovered, otherwise the compliment might have been deemed a dubious one." It is satisfactory half a century afterwards to be able to establish its claim to specific rank on so firm a footing. C. Egertonianum var. viride, Lindl., Bot. Beg., xxxii. (1846), t. 46, said to have been introduced from Oaxaca by Messrs, Loddiges, has pale green flowers, and appears to me to be closely allied to C. Warscewiczii, Rchb. f., as figured in the Floral Mai/aiine, if not specifically identical. There are two or three other Central American forms whose position remains doubtful, and I fear will remain so until a better series of specimens, dried or otherwise, comes to hand. Indeed, the whole genus would amply repay a little closer atten- tion. Distinct progress has been made within the last three years, but very much still remains to be done. In conclusion, we may call attention to three distinct and beautiful species which seem to have quite been lost to cultivation. These are C. Lod- digesii, C. aureum, and C. maculatam. All are well worth re- introducing. E. A. Eolfe. THE CLEMATIS IN POTS. When properly managed, few things are more showy than Clematises in pots, and as they are so readily grown to perfection, it is very strange we so seldom see them under pot treatment. They are among the most certain flowering plants we have, and can be had in bloom very early in the season with little trouble, provided one chooses the right sections for this work, and secures well-matured growths. Plants may be purchased at all times, as they are generally kept in pots, and the present would be a good time to make a start. One of the main points in cultivating these flowers is to know to which class or section any particular variety belongs. For instance, one would not expect those of the Jack- mani type to be so amenable to early forcing as the varieties of the Patens and Florida sections. These last contain many splendid varieties, and are by far the best for early work. They should be grown on strongly during the coming spring and summer, having their shoots well exposed to the light. This is best secured by growing them up a wire or string, over the roof of the house. In this position they get thoroughly matured, and as the flowers of these sections are practically stored up in the growths during their ripening, it will readily be seen how very important it is that they should have plenty of light. After the growths are ripe, they may be removed from the wires or strings, and tied round some sticks set into the pots, or over any balloon- shaped wire support according to fancy. When the plants have rested for some few weeks, they may have the top soil removed, and be mulched with a rich compost. The Clematis is a gross feeder, and well repays generous treatment. The plants may now be stood in a moist heat of 55° to 65°, and will very soon show signs of activity. Keep them moist at the roots, and frequently syringed, when you will soon have growths carrying a flower from almost every one of the matured eyes on the summer- made wood. When finished flowering, remove the growth that has borne the blooms, and grow on the sucker-like shoots that will be springing from the bottom by this time. These must be ripened in an efficient manner, like the previous growths were, and will require exactly the same treatment. These sections of Clematis want very much the same style of treatment as climbing tea-scented Roses, and are then exceed- ingly pretty flowers for a conservatory or greenhouse. They may be grown in a cool house, too, with ease. The only thing is to let them come on naturally during early spring; and when the flowers are secured, yon may stand them in some sheltered situation out-of-doors for the rest of the summer. But they must not suffer from drought in any way, at least, not until their growths are completed, and the plants are at rest. Remove to the cool house before any very sharp frosts come, and then treat them in the same steady manner as before. The Florida class are all double, and many of them are very sweetly scented. Countess of Lovelace, Duchess of Edinburgh, and B.4le of Woking are three grand varieties in this class. Fair Rosamond, The Queen, Albert Victor, Miss Bateman, and Lord Londesborough are good examples of the Patens class. The Jackmani section flowers from the growths made during the same season. These attain their full length, and then break into blossom from under almost every leaf towards the end of the shoots. It is best to train the growth of these to their position as they grow. As soon as they have flowered, the plants may be shifted to a pit or frame until early the next year, when they should be overhauled and mulched heavily. They will soon commence growing again when introduced to heat ; the wood that has flowered generally dies down, and should be cut away before starting the plants again. A few of the best varieties in this class are Star of India, Alexandra, Jackmani, Jackmani superba, and Rubro-violacea. Those of the Lanuginosa class require growing much the same as the Patens and Florida classes ; but as these bloom in succession on the short lateral growths, they should not be cut away so hard as the Patens or Florida varieties. Many of our finest varieties are included in this class, Gem, Bine Gem, Henryii, Alba Magna, Beauty of Surrey, and Otto Frcebel are all good kinds. Clematises do not require much heat to force them. The Patens or Florida sections, if they have matured growths, may be introduced to heat in October, and will make showy specimens for Christmas, and a little later. These classes when properly treated, and brought on in batches, will supply flowers all through the winter and early spring, at the cost of very little trouble. As Clematises require a large amount of water, they must have good drainage ; then, while in full growth, it is hard to give them too much water, and they benefit very much from liquid manure. I grow mine in 10 and 12-inch pots, and shake them out and repot every third season. As they make a lot of roots, and it is difficult to remove any but the surface soil, I find it better to pick out the soil with a stick, and even to cut away a portion of their roots. Too much care cannot be given to securing an effi- cient drainage, and they like a rich loamy compost, with a little coarse sand. A. P. Cultural Notes, CHOROZEMA CORDATUM var. SPLENDENS. Mt object in drawing attention to this hard- wooded greenhouse shrub, is to point oat its adapt- ability for furnishing a supply of cut flowers from the middle of January on through February. Its usual season for flowering under greenhouse treat- ment is April, but if grown in a little extra warmth, it can be had in bloom at the time mentioned, a period when most families are entertaining guests, and consequently a heavy demand for cat flowers exist. Here we have two large specimens planted in a narrow border, and trained up the back wall of a house that we utilise for flowering zonal Pelargoniums and double Primulas during late autumn and winter months. The temperature during those months ranges from 48° to 55°, according to the weather outside. During the growing season, the shoots are allowed to ramble at will, no attempt being made to tie them in, and by the end of summer they are from 2 to 3i feet in length. Long sprays of their bright flowers are thrown out from the axil of almost every leaf, making a beautiful picture. We cut the shoots as long as possible, and arrange them in large vases by themselves ; if Arums are arranged with their own foliage in other vases close at hand, the eflFect is very pretty. When flowering is over, the plants are pruned and retied, kept a little on the dry side at the root until growth recommences, and syringed daily. When growth is fairly active, the plants require abundance of water, stimulants being afforded once a week. Compost suitable for them consist of peat and loam in equal parts, with char- coal and sand added to keep it porous. J. Tunnington, Eipley Castle Gardens, Yorks. Freesias. The delicious perfume of the Freesia has made it a popular flower. In addition to its fragrance, it is useful for conservatory decoration, and producing bloom for cutting. The best time to pot the first batch of bulbs is early in August, and some may be potted at a later period to keep up a succession. The 206 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Fbbbuary 13, 1892. earliest lot, if potted in August, would flower the following January. They like a compost of good turfy loam and leaf-soil, with enough sharp sand to keep the whole porous. For general purposes it is best to put five good bulbs in 48-pot8. After pot- ting, water and allow the pots to stand for a hour or two to drain before placing under ashes. They should be examined occasionally, and as soon as the bulbs are beginning to push, remove the pots to a light airy position, such as a shelf near the glass, with a temperature of 50° by night, rising to 60° by day, or even 70° with sun-heat. They can also be grown very well with cool treatment. As soon as the flower-buds appear, a little weak manure-water will be very beneficial to them, but care should be taken not to give plants too much water at any time, neither should they be allowed to get dry, as both extremes are very injurious. After flowering, care should be taken to dry the bulbs off gradually, and allow them to be well exposed to the sun and air, for on this will depend next year's success. A little weak manure-water after they have done flowering will assist the bulbs a great deal. It is at this period of their growth that extra attention should be given, to see that they do not get too dry as long as the foliage remains fresh. When the bulbs do not start into growth satisfac- torily, it is generally because they have been dried off' too rapidly. When the foliage is dead, the pots can be stored in a cool place ; or, if preferred, the bulbs can be shaken out and placed in sand, where it is not too dry, till the following August. The plants here are just now coming into bloom, and some are really grand specimens. Some of the flower spikes measure 2 feet 6 inches in length, with four and five smaller ones branching out of the stem. Given the above treatment, the bulbs will increase very rapidly. T. Nea!e, BarJiam Court Gardens. FRUITS UNDER GLASS. Bi/ J. RIDDELL, Gardener, Castle /toward, York. STRAWBERRIES.— Clear all Strawberry plants in pots of dead leaves, top-dress any that require it, and water those that are dry before taking them into the forcing-house; and when a hot-bed is at command plunge them to the rims of the pots. In the absence of a structure specially devoted to forcing Strawberries, the plants may be put in any vinery or Peach-house when forcing is being carried on. A situation near the glass, and not far from the ventilators, is what should be aimed at to ensure stout flower stalks and sturdy leaves, both of which are forerunners of good fruit. In such positions, too, they are likely to get the full force of the syringings applied to them twice daily, morning and afternoon, with water of the same temperature as that in the house. Sufficient water to keep the soil in the pots just moist will be all the plants require until coming into blossom. Plants about to bloom should have every provision made for them getting the direct rays of the sun, and an airy position, for the next fortnight at least. A number of the weaker buds may be picked before they open, by way of concentrating the plant's vigour into those left. Some growers maintain a dry atmosphere around Strawberry plants during the flowering period, and assist fertilisation by distributing the pollen with a fine hair-brush; but if any red spider ia lurking about, this is the time it has the chance of taking possession, and damaging the foliage, so that fine fruits cannot be expected afterwards. A better plan is to give them dewings with the syringe in the afternoons of bright days when in bloom. Thin the fruits, which will set freely under this treatment, to from seven to seventeen to a plant, according to its strength, and feed liberally with phosphatic and nitrogenous manures. For support to the fruit, nothing is simpler or handier than old worn birch-brooms. A succession of ripe Straw- berries may be kept up by taking a batch of plants in to force once a week. The WEEK'S Work. FORESTRY. -By J. B. WnnsTER. YOUNG WOODS AND SNOW. — Young shelter plantations require to have the fences of stone or turf cleared on the outer side of drifted snow, by doing which deer and sheep cannot enter the plan- tation, as they would do if the snow remained till it could bear their weight, and browse on the leaders and twigs ol the young trees, doing irremediable injury to them. As soon as snow begins to melt on hills and high ground, there is sure to be a great rush of water to the low ground, consequently, all conduit.", ditches, and drains should be scoured out to give it free vent, and thus avoid probable flooding of forest- land. In hill districts, especially in the North, when the snow has become firm, advantage should be taken to remove heavy timber from out-of-the-way places where roads do not exist, the logs being dragged along the surface with little trouble, as compared with their removal on the bare ground. The fact is, that were this not put in practice in many Highland forests, the timber would in many cases not pay for its removal. When timber has been removed, it should be cut up for use [sometimes before. Ed.], and allowed to season before using for estate purposes. During stormy weather, when m'uch labour is at a standstill on farms, &c., the making of sheep-hurdles should be prosecuted, so that these may be ready when wanted. The cross- cutting, splitting-up, and preparation of firewood, should also receive attention, which will give profit- able employment to some of the hands. During frosty weather, heavy materials of all kinds may be carted, so as to have them ready when wanted in the spring. Stones should be selected and broken for road-metal, and in most cases it will prove to be an advantage to form heaps at intervals along the lines o roads on which repairs are likely to be made. Gravel should likewise be dug and prepared at the pits, and in some cases carted where it will be re- quired in the spring. Old dilapidated fences of all kinds should either be repaired or removed altogther, and the ground trenched and turned to account, to improve the appearance of the spot. At each and all of these, profitable employment may be found for man and beast when planting and other kinds of work cannot be engaged in. PLAWTS UNDER GLASS. By R. MrLNEH, Gardener, Penrice Gardens, Sivansea. CLERODENDRON THOMPSONI. — Plants of this which have been kept dry at the roots during the winter should now be examined, and sufficient tepid water given them to thoroughly soak the ball ; also ascertain if the drainage is in good condition. Any plants that require it should be repotted before they have started into growth ; rich fibrous loam, a little decayed manure, and sharp sand should be used. Pot firmly to induce a short pointed growth. Apply water cautiously until the roots have per- meated the fresh compost. Keep the night tem- perature from 60° to 65°, with a rise of 5° or 10° by day. To encourage the plants to break freely, syringe with tepid water. When the plants are required to flower in succession, they may be started at intervals of five or six weeks, according to the requirements. If taken to an intermediate-house when the flowers are commencing to expand, the plants will continue to produce bloom for a much longer period than if kept in a higher temperature. Those planted out in beds should also be examined, and the soil thoroughly soaked with tepid water, afterwards finishing-off with a surface-dressing of loam, decayed manure, and sharp sand. Should the plants be overcrowded, the present is a suitable time for thinning ont the old wood. AMARYLLIS (HIPPEASTRUM).— The earlier por- tion of the stock of these bulbs should now be started, and the others brought on at intervals of three to four weeks, so as to have a rich succession of flowers extending over a long period. A good compost for Amaryllis consists of two parts rich fibrous loam, one of decayed cow manure, one of peat or leaf soil, and sharp sand in sufficient quantity to keep the whole porous. The pots to be used will depend greatly on the size of the bulbs, but generally a 6 or 7-inch pot will be found large enough for an ordinary-sized flowering bulb. The pots should be thoroughly clean and well- crocked, and over the crocks may be placed some of the roughest of the compost. Before potting the bulbs, it is advisable to clear away the decayed bases of the leaves of last year; and if mealy bug or spider be suspected, the necks of the bulbs may be washed with some weak kind of insecticide. About one-third of the bulb should be above the surface of the soil, and a small quantity of sharp sand should be placed under each bulb, to en- courage the emission of roots, and to act as a pre- servative against injury by damp soil at the base. After potting, which should be done firmly, plaoe the pots in an intermediate temperature, on a warm bed of Oak leaves, over which 6 inches of Cocoanut fibre are placed, plunging the pots to the rims. The heat of the bed may range from 70° to 80°. Syringe the bulbs lightly on bright days, and afford no water before the roots have taken possession of the soil in the pots. CROWEAS. — To have these plants in flower during the autumn, last year shoots should be cut back to within some 4 inches of where they were cut-in last year. Although greenhouse plants, I have always seen them thrive best in an intermediate- house, and in which they should be placed after being cut back, standing them in as light a position as possible, and well up to the glass, so as to encou- rage the young shoots to grow sturdy. Water should be withheld for several days previous to cutting back ; and until the plants have started well into new growth, they should be kept drier at the roots than before the cutting down. Should any plants require repotting, this may be done when the young shoots have made some 2 or 3 inches of growth, using for the purpose for moderate-sized plants 7-inch pots, and for specimen plants 10 or 11-inch pots. The potting soil may consist of good fibrous peat, with sufficient sand in it to keep the soil open. NEW HOLLAND PLANTS. — Boronias, Gompho- lobiums, Pimeleas, Leschenaultias, Darwinias, and others of that class of plants, should be examined frequently, as if kept in too low a temperature during the winter, they are liable to the attacks of mildew, which, if not noticed in time, will cause the majority of the leaves to fall off, causing much injury to the plants, and sometimes their destruction. Whenever the plants lose their leaves in quantity, it seriously affects the amount of bloom, and weakens the succeeding year's growth. Should there be the least signs of mildew on a plant, lay it on its side, and apply flowers- of -sulphur over every part, especially the under-side of the leaves. This dressing should be allowed to remain on the plant for two entire days, afterward syringing it off with clear water, and keeping them still on their sides till the leaves are dry, so as to prev nt the sulphur penetrating the soil and killing th plant. If any of the flowers-of-sulphur shouldl i dge on the surface of the soil, it must be scraped off. In affording air to these plants in winter and early spring, care should be taken to avoid draughts of cold air ; and, if possible, the ventilators of the house should be placed on opposite sides, and only those facing the direction from which the wind is not coming, opened, THE ORCHID HOUSES. By H. A.BUHBERRT, Orchid Grower, Highburi/, Birmingham. THE COOL-HOUSE. — Epidendrum vitellinum majus is an old favourite, although it is somewhat difficult to manage. The plant adapts itself to no other house so readily as the cool-house, where a light position suits it best, if the plant be potted in good materials and well-drained pans, and liberally supplied with moisture during its season of growth. The same remarks apply to Odontoglossum Rossi majus, which is an Orchid that enjoys the coolest house, and where O. Alexandrte would perish. This treatment of 0. R. majus has been proved to suit the plant by many growers, both before and during the last severe winter. I am not quite certain, at this distance of time, but I think I noticed Epidendrum vitellinum majus and 0. Rossi majus, when newly imported, sometimes growing together in the same mass. Odontoglossum Cervantesii is another Orchid that likes cool treatment, and it is a useful species, the more recent importations of which have produced some magnificent varieties with colours that vary from the purest white to deep rose-colour, all being more or less barred and spotted. 0. Cervantesii and 0. Rossi majus should be grown in pans or baskets close up to the roof- glass. Ada aurantiaca is another lovely and much-valued Orchid, and is, unlike the above, very accommodating, thriving equally well in the cool or in the intermediate- houses, which fact may be utilised to prolong its flowering- season ; for example, those growing here in an intermediate-house, are now in bloom, whilst those in the cool - house will flower later. It is a plant that should be grown in numbers, its showy, rich, orange-coloured flowers lasting a very long time in great perfection. The cultivation of the plant is easy, and it admits of Febrcahy 13, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 207 rapid increase. It is not, however, safe to let the warmth of the house in which it stands fall below 45°, when it or other Adas are growing, or the foliage will soon get badly spotted. THE CATTLEYA-HOUSE. —Plants of Cattleja Trianse should now be making a great show, and I have remarked with some surprise, when I take the character of our last summer into consideration, that all those which have hitherto flowered are decidedly better in quality than the same plants were last year. 1 have also observed the same improvement in Cattleya Percivalliana, and io some Dendrobiums. Vanda suavis, V. concolor, and their varieties, grow best in this division, and strong plants of these will now be exhibiting their flower-spikes, and conse- quently may be afforded more moisture at the root. Atirides crispum and its varieties, Lindleyanum and Warneri, and A. Fieldingi (the Fox-brush Orchid), are likewise best grown here, because they get the most light and ventilation. TEMPERATURES. — The warmth maintained in all divisions may remain as advised on .January 6, with the exception of a rise of a few degrees with the increasing sun heat ; and let a sufficient quantity of fresh air be admitted daily, with care, avoiding draughts, which check growth and bring other evils in their train. The plan of opening the doors between the houses, when these are in one range, commends itself to me as a good one for ventilating purposes; and, if it can be so managed, the outside air should enter at the coolest house and pass on to the warmer ones through the opened doors. Whilst advocating the letting in of fresh air on every possible opportunity, much caution should be exer- cised during the next few months, when bright sun- shine and piercing winds often go together, and it is better then to lower the warmth in the hot-water pipes rather than open the ventilators. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN". B'/ G. Woodward, Gardener, Barham Court, Maidstone. THE MORELLO CHERRY.— This 18 amongst stone- fruits, perhaps, the most prolific bearer, and it is one that adapts itself better than any other variety or kind to cold situations, consequently it may be planted with every reasonable expectation of success in places and positions where other stone-fruits would fail. Whether it be trained in a fan-shape, and treated like the Peach tree — that is, by laying in as much of the young wood annually as there is room for, or planting it as a standard, it will be found to grow alike well, and produce prodigious crops of fruit. THE PRUNING AND TRAINING OF THE MORELLO consist principally in cutting out much of the growth which has carried fruit, and laying in shoots of the previous year. These may be laid-in much thicker than is advisable in the Peach, and still with good results ; nevertheless, I do not recommend these summer growths to be laid-in at less than 5 inches apart ; for, if they are placed closer, the fruits are small. If summer attention has been neglected, the knife will have to be freely used at this season ; and only the stoutest and best placed shoots left. Old trees which have but a small amount of fruiting- shoots at the lower parts and centre of the trees, may have several of the old branches sawn back to a point where these shoots are most required. There is no fear of harm in doing this, the Morello Cherry generally breaking freely. STANDARD MORELLOS. — These are getting much more common than formerly, but the tree not being a very strong grower, it should not be planted in orchards where stock is turned out to graze. It makes a drooping tree beautiful in bloom and fruit, and whether it be planted on the lawn or in the fruit quarters, it is always much admired. GRAFTS. —Scions for grafting of the various kinds of fruit trees should now be taken, tied up in small bundles, correctly labelled, and placed in little trenches 5 inches deep ; the earth being trodden firm about them. A cool but not shady place should be found for them, so that they be not excited by the sun's heat to push their buds. The scions must be ripened shoots of last year. THE KITCHEN GARDEN". By G. Wythes. Gardener . Syon House, Brentford. GENERAL WORK.— With the favourable weather vpe have had, digging will have been pushed forward, the frosty weather in January having allowed the necessary manure to be wheeled on to vacant quarters. I pointed out in a previoue calendar the desirability of deep cultivation of ths soil, and afl"ording a change of manure and the rota- tion of crops. This will apply to Potatos and other root crops. By getting all land which is vacant into good order betimes, time will be saved in the spring — a great consideration when so much presses to be done. Plots of Broccoli or Borecole now cut over may be cleared of their stems, which may be burnt, and returned to the soil. This is a better way of dealing with these clearings than to throw them into heaps to decay. HERB BORDERS. — These should be cleaned, and the needful division of the plants performed, for as the present is likely to prove a forward season, the sooner such is performed the better. Much ground need not, in a general way, be occupied with pot- herbs, as when each kind is properly grown, the produce from the plants is equal to that derived from a much greater space. I like to have my herbs near a walk. Mint and Thyme, which are always in demand by cooks, should be more extensively grown. Spear Mint will be largely required in many families for the next few weeks, and it may be forced in any kind of forcing- house or the stove. Tarragon may be lifted for forcing, the older roots being divided into many pieces and replanted. Now is a good time to plant new beds, for, like other plants, a change of ground is beneficial to it. Basil, of both kinds, should be sown for early use — Sweet Basil is nearly always required. Herb seeds should be sown this month, and in frames, if this method be convenient, planting out the seedlings in April. Towards the end of the present month or next, slips or cuttings of Sage, Rue, and Thyme should be planted in firm ground in a sandy compost, and in rows 18 inches apart. HORSERADISH. — This root well repays good cultivation, and now is a good time to lift all roots that are in the ground, the sorting them, and getting a new bed ready for planting. The large straighter roots should be heeled in rows, on a north border for use, and if in quantity, these will furnish the summer supply. In laying-in cover the crown, as if exposed the root deteriorates in flavour, and in dry weather it becomes soft. The smaller straight roots will make the best sets for planting the new bed ; these should have the side-growths cut, and be laid-in till wanted for planting. It is hardly necessary for me to point out the importance of new ground for this root ; still, if the old bed must be utilised, it should be deeply trenched, taking care to remove every bit of root, and putting in plenty of rich manure. Planting should take place as soon as the ground is in condition to tread upon ; a dibber of wood or iron should be used, and the sets placed 3 inches below the surface. The ground after planting should be levelled with a rake, which will fill up the holes. Rows of Horseradish should be 2 feet apart, and the sets in the row 1 foot. As soon as growth is a few inches high, remove all side-growths, leaving only the strongest one ; this will in a great measure assuie unforked roots. RHUBARB. — Where much Rhubarb is forced, annual plantings must be made, and that for forcing should be grown in a warm part of the garden, so as to get ripened early in the season ; it is also best to have small roots in preference to large ones, so that frequent removal becomes a necessity. Division of the large masses should now take place, planting the divisions in well-manured ground in rows 4 feet by 3 feet, taking care that each root has a good strong bud. After planting, afford the land a mulching of decayed manure or leaf-mould, and in the event of hard frosts, throw some Fern or straw over the crowns. No stalks must be pulled — at least, not in the spring. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES.— These roots should now be taken up, and the larger ones selected for use, and covered with soil. I prefer to keep Jeru- salem Artichokes covered in the open ground, to keeping them in dry sheds in sand where they soon shrivel, and become almost unfit for the table. The middle-sized tubers may be placed thickly together, and covered with soil until planted. Give the crop fresh land, and prepare it by trenching and manuring. Some heavy materials may be added to land that is light; and half-rotted leaves, sand, and lime-rubbish, burnt earth, or road-scapings to clayey soils. Plant in rows, 2 feet apart each way, or have the rows 3 feet apart, and the sets at 18 inches in the rows. POTATOS. — Examine tubers stored in dark places, and bring them to the light ; indeed. Potato sets are better at all times for free exposure. If space allows, place them in a single layer so as to induce a short stumpy growth of shoots ; and if shallow boxes can be spared, much time is saved by placing the tubers in them, v/ith the eyes at the top. Any sets that require to be cut before planting should be 80 treated at once, in order that a strong eye or bud may start from each. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By H. W. Wakd, Gardener, Lonyford Castle, Salisbury. CANNAS. — These are becoming very popular for bedding, and old plants which were lifted from the beds last autumn and then stored away in boxes of dry sand, should now be brought to the potting- shed and the best crowns selected. These should be put into boxes or pots, using a light rich compost, and placed in a vinery or Peach-house to start them steadily into growth, and by planting-oat time they will be well-established, and make a good show at once. Young plants resulting from seed advised to be sown early last month will now require potting into small pots, using a mixture of three- parts light sandy loam and one of sifted leaf mould and horse droppings. Return them to heat, and water to settle the soil. Shift into larger pots as occasion requires to prevent the roots getting pot- bound before planting-time arrives. These seedling plants being comparatively small, should not be intermixed with those raised from seed last year, but might be used as an edging to them. DAHLIAS. — Dahlia roots should now be taken out of their winter quarters, and placed closely together (with the labels attached) on the floor of a forcing- house, or any other convenient and suitable place, ■with a little light mould put around and amongst them. As soon as they have made shoots about 2 inches long, these should be taken off with or without a slight piece of tuber attached, and inserted singly in small pots filled with sandy mould, watered, and then plunged in a hotbed. If only a few plants are required, they may be plunged a few inches deep in sawdust, placed in hand-lights somewhere in heat. Shade from sunshine for a few hours daily until the cuttings are rooted, and the young plants be gradu-> ally hardened oft' between then and planting-out time — the end of May or early in June. LILIUM AURATUM,and many other Lilies usually grown in pots, do equally well planted out in herbaceous and shrubbery borders, with full exposure to the sun. They also do well, and show off to great advantage, when planted in recesses in the margins of beds and borders planted with Rhododendrons, and such like plants. But in this latter case, it will be advisable to plant the Lilies in large eflSciently- drained pots, filled with a compost consisting of three parts flbry loam, and one of peat, leaf mould and horse droppings, and sharp sand, and buried in the soil. This will prevent the roots of the ordinary occupants of the beds from intermixing with those of the Liliums. The bulbs should be planted this month in warm districts, and early in March in places less favourably situated as regards soil and climate. PLANT PORTRAITS. Acer palmatum vab. Aokii, Gartenflora, t. 1363. — A form with finely divided leaves, variegated with pink and cream colour, Anguloa unifloha tar. Trevebani, Lindenia, January, t. 310 ; a variety in which the transverse bars at the base of the lip are more developed than usual. Apple Antonooka, Bulletin d' Arboriculture , &c., .January. The most highly-esteemed Apple in Russia. It is a globular Apple, of medium size, deeply depressed at each end, and of a lemon yellow colour, like that of Calville Blanche. Flavour, sub- acid. It is a valuable Apple for cold countries. Carnation Ketton Rose, Garden, January IG. Chrtsanthemum M. Georges Nevt, Revue de V HortiaUtwre Beige, February I. Japanese, florets ruddy bronze, golden yellow on the reverse side. Ctpripedium vExiLLARiini X, Litidcnia, January, t. 309. Fuchsia triphtlla, Garden, January 9. L.iaiA GRANDis VAB. TENEBROSA, OrchidopkHe, December, 1891. MoBMODEs BOCCiNATOB VAB. AUBANTiACA, Illustra- tion Horticole, t. 144. OdONTOGLOSSUM crispum VAB. XANTHOTES, I.in- denia, January, t. 312. — A variety in which the sepals and lip are white, with yellow blotches. 208 TEE GARDENERS' GHRONICLE. [FEBETJAfiY 13, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICES. Letters fob Publication. — All communications intended for publication, as well as specimens and plants for naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welllng- ton Street, Oovent Garden, London, Communica- tioTis should be written on one eiDE only of the PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to the Editor early intelligence o/ local events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable to bring under the Tiotice of horticulturists. iLlAJSTTLiLTIOJiB.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro- duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, S(c., are particularly solicited. Newspapers.— Correspondents sending newspapers should be careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see. Advertisements should not be sent to tbe Editor, but to the Publisher, at the above address. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. M EETI NGS. ( LinneaD Society. THURSDAY, Feb is] Brighton and Hove. ( Chrysanthemum Society. SAT[IRD.iy, Feb. 20 Wakefield Paxton Society. SALES. ( Cdmation B. 15.J &c., at ( Rooms. MONDAY, TaESDAY, i Nursery Stock, at Horsell Birch Nurseries, Woking, by Protheroe & Morris. {GreenhouBe Ferns, Roses, Azaleas, Carnations, Daffodils, &c , at Protherce & Morris' Booms. Orchids at the Orchid Nurseries, by order of Messrs. Seeger & Tropp, by Protheroe & Morris. 1000 Choice Roses, Fruit Trees, &c , - at Stevens' Rooms. I Nursery Stock Sale, at the Nur- THURSDAY, Feb. Hi series, Wanstead Flats, by Pro- ( theroe & Morris (two days). FRIDAY, SATURDAY, p iqJA Grand Importation of Orchids, t «.B. it> ^ ^^ Protheroe & Morns' Rooms. at Stevens' Rooms. OORHEOTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHI8WICK.-39''.2. What a difference the annual The Royal meeting of the Royal Horticul- Horticultural . i S • . m •• Society. tural bociety on Tuesday last presented from some of its pre- decessors ! In the old South Kensington days, horticulture had to take a second place. Horti- culture then was very much in the same position that landscape gardening is now in the opinion of some architects. Then followed a dismal period — lively enough, indeed, for those who had to take part in it, but dismal enough for those lookers on who had the higher interests of hor- ticulture at heart. The fag end of these times was the period of " internal heat," of which Professor Fosteii spoke the other day. These were the times when individual members of Council came straight from the Council-board to us, and doubtless to our contemporaries — not, indeed, to reveal secrets— they were gentlemen — but to retail the latest squabbles, and make com- plaints about the acerbity of this man, the masterfulness of that, to narrate how So- and-So was ruining the Society, and turning it into a Cremorne, and so on, and so on. We do not wish to be boastful, but we may take some credit for the fact, that editorial discretion at that time prevented many things from being worse than they were. All this is happily a " by-gone." The editorial sanctum is no longer invaded by councillors anxious to ventilate their own special nostrums, or to make complaint against those who were advocates of a different panacea. Ever since the principle was laid down that horticul- ture was the sole, or, at least, the essential, business of the Royal Horticultural Society, things have gone better, and the Society has risen in public estimation. It is not the interests of prize-loving exhibitors, not the welfare of traders, not the whims and caprices of mere pleasure-seekers that the Royal Horticultural Society has primarily to do with. These things are all well enough, and unobjec- tionable if kept within due bounds, but neither of them singly nor a combination of all of them, can be urged as anything but very secondary objects for the Royal Horticultural Society. At the annual meeting held on Tuesday last, the President, Sir Tbkvor Lawrence, was jubilant in commenting on the report, as pub- lished in our last issue. Right glad are we that he should be. The President took office at the dismal period, he maintained even sway during the period of " internal heat." During evil times, as in better ones, he has stuck to the Society with undiminished interest, and with an impartiality that has never been challenged. We rejoice that, at last, it is his good fortune to be able to say that " the affairs of the Society are in a thoroughly satisfactory condition." Of course, there are the usual grumblers and sun-spot students, but they did not make themselves heard on this occasion ; and, although they perform a useful office, we may leave them out of consideration at the present moment. The main facts elicited at the meeting were that the number of new Fellows has greatly increased — no fewer than sixty-seven were elected on Tuesday ; the income, too, has increased. The Journal has been published with greater regularity, and meets with great approval. How different from the old times, when no one applied for their copies, and the publication was for the most part a sheer waste of money and energy, in spite of the fact that its contents, even then, were not so greatly inferior to what they are now. The Drill Hall came in for its share of animadversion, but as the scheme for building a new Hall is for the moment in abeyance, and no better site offers, it must be put up with for the present. The thanks offered to the com- mittees and lecturers have been well earned, and the same may be said of the Council, and spe- cially of the indefatigable Honorary Secretary. The Conferences were alluded to as satisfactory, and the Conifer Conference as having " eclipsed all its predecessors." Remembering, as we do, the first Orchid Conference, the Primula Con- ference, that devoted to Roses, and some others, we think the President's praise very high praise indeed. Unhappily, the weather was simply atrocious, and so the general public had little opportunity of seeing what was done or of appreciating the labour spent in its behalf. The relation of the fc'ociety to such matters of public importance as fruit culture — and the promotion of technical education was alluded to. We can but express our wish that the Society will on all occasions promptly assert itself in all such questions, and render unnecessary the host of special societies, which sap the vitality of the parent Society, and entail such a wasteful expenditure of energy and financial resources. All these should be sections of the Imperial Society, working for and with it, but each endowed with home rule and the liberty to manage its own affairs in its own way as far as consistent with the welfare of the central body. Why, to pursue our subject, should the Society of Arts monopolise the arrangement of affairs connected with the Chicago Exhibition ? Surely the Royal Horticul- tural Society is the proper body to undertake the supervision of matters relating to horticulture. The renewed offer of money prizes is a concilia- tion to the weakness of frail human nature. Such prizes constitute one of the main objects and reasons for existence of the special and of all the local societies, but are of far less consequence in the case of a body whose duty it is to advance horticulture rather than gratify individual ambition, or satisfy less honourable, however legitimate, proclivities. Ultimately, the adoption of the Report was proposed by the President, seconded by Baron Schroder, and carried unanimously. In the discussion which followed. Professor Foster reiterated the praises of the Journal, alluded to the difficulties of the education question, but thought that the matter, including that of examinations, was one which the Council should take up. Coming from such an authority, this expression of opinion was specially valuable. Some formal business was then got through, and eventually a vote of thanks to the Pre- sident and officers was proposed by Dr. Hoqg. No words were necessary to explain or enforce the resolution, for never certainly within the last quarter of a century, has better work been done by any Council. No wonder the vote was unanimous. _ It is a matter of great satisfaction Orphan Fun" *° those who, like ourselves, were present at the birth of this insti- tution, and who have watched its career to the present time, to find that it is steadily making its way. Its finances are surely progressing ; the number of children who are benefitting by ic is increasing in proportion, so that now, after less than five years, no fewer than fifty are on the books. Considering how short is the time since the inauguration of the Fund, these results are very satisfactory. In spite of severe losses, the executive committee has managed to con- tinue its beneficent work in a manner to com- mand the gratitude of the subscribers. The votes of thanks which were passed to the officers and the local secretaries at the annual meeting on Friday last will be taken up warmly by those at a distance. The Chairman of the Committee is Mr. William Marshall, who is also the Chairman of the Floral Committee, and who is in both capacities emphatically the right man in the right place. The Secretary is Mr. A. F. Baeron, the ever-popular Superintendent of the garden of the Royal Horticultural Society at Chiswick. This connection of the Royal Horti- cultural Society and of Chiswick with the Gar- deners' Orphan Fund, though quite informal and accidental, is also in accordance with the fitness of things. Perhaps it might be possible to inau- gurate a Strawberry fete, or a Rose fete, with the adjunct of music, at Chiswick, as well as at the Crystal Palace, some day in the forthcoming summer, for the benefit of the Fund. But whether this be feasible or not, it is evident that no reasonable means must be left untried to increase the annual income, and to accumulate a sufficient reserve fund to meet possible con- tingencies. Actuarial calculations would show what proportion the reserve fund should bear to the income, and specially to the liabilities. The extremely low rate of subscription, again, is a matter which must surely soon attract the atten- tion of the governing body. As it is, the working expenses must of necessity bear a very large proportion to the receipts. 'Ihe secretarial work, for instance, which must be very heavy, would be no heavier were the present subscrip- [The OirdeSers'.Cliri ry IS, itSS. 210 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [FEBEnAET 13, 1892 tion rate doubled. There are many, we are con- fident, who would not object to raise their sub- scription from 5s. to 10s., whilst the Fund would still gladly continue to receive the help of those who would prefer to contribute at the lower rate. At the meeting, something was said as to the propriety of increasing the number of gardeners — meaning, presumably, private gardeners — on the executive committee. No doubt, it is an excellent principle, that this class should be specially well represented. When it is remem- bered that all the local secretaries are ex officio members of the committee, and that of these gentlemen (nearly sixty in number) almost all are practical gardeners, it becomes evident that principle and practice are in fair accord. A Group of OdontogloSSUMS.— Oar illus- tration. Fig. 31, shows a group of Odontoglossnms, presumably 0. crispum and its varieties, as seen when at their beat in the garden of Hugh Stevens, Esq., Westmouut, Glasgow. There are persons of refined tastes who are proud of possessing a collec- tion of show or fancy Pelargoniums, whilst others have a fancy for Auriculas, Tulips, Panaies, Dahlias, or Carnations, and each is equally at liberty to prefer his pet subject before all others. In Odontoglosaums Mr. Stevens has found his particular fancy, and if we may judge from the excellence of the plants shown in our engraving, he has got a gardener who knows how to treat them. LiNNEAN Society.— At the meeting held at the Society's room on Thursday, February 4, Professor Stewart, President, in the Chair, a letter was read from General Sir Dighton Pbob?n, conveying the thanks of the Prince and Princess of Wales for the expression of condolence with their Royal Highnesses in their severe bereavement, which had been for- warded by the President on behalf of the Society. Mr. John Rattray was elected, and Mr. W. H. Blabeb was admitted, a Fellow of the Society. Mr. F. N. Williams read a paper on "The Genus Dianthus." He pointed out that Velezia, Dianthus, and Tunica form a natural group of genera distinguishable from the Silene group by their seeds, which have a facial hilum and straight embryo. Velezia may be dis- tinguished from Dianthus and Tunica by having half the number of stamens. There are, however, three characters to be relied on in distinguishing these two genera : — (1), the presence of an epicalyx of bracts ; (2), the number of nerves to the calyx; (3), the junction of the claw with the blade of the petal. This last character was regarded as distinguishing very clearly Dianthus from Tunica. In Dianthus the blade of the petal is abruptly narrowed into the claw, so that the two are distinct ; in Tunica the transition is gradual. Mr. Williams was of opinion that the species of Dianthus might he arranged in three natural groups (subgenera): — (1), in which the flowers are numerous and clustered, as in Sweet William ; (2), the largest group in which the flowers are few, and usually solitary on the branches of the stems, as in Carnation ; and (3), a small group inter- mediate between Tunica and the true Pinks, and cor- responding with the genu3 Kohlrauschia of Kunth. The number of species recognised by Mr. Williams in this monograph amount in round numbers to 250. At the evening meeting, to be held on Thursday, February 18, at 8 p.m., the following papers will be read: — 1, on " Bud Protection in Dicotyledons," by Percy Groom, F.L.S. ; and, 2, " Revision of Colenso'a New Zealand Hepaticae," by F. Stephans. Royal Gardens, Kew.— As an appendix to the Kent Bulletin, has been published a list of seeds of hardy herbaceous plants, trees and shrubs avail- able for distribution by means of exchange among the regular correspondents of the garden. None are sold. An index to the five volumes of the Kew Bulletin has also been issued, Ghent Quinquennial Exhibition of i893.— The programme of this Exhibition will appear in March, when it will be seen that some important alter- ations are contemplated, special attention being given to growing plants and Orchids. The Exhibition of 1893 will contain some new features of much interest to the horticultural world. International Horticultural Exhibition AT Earl's Court.— On the invitation of Mr. H.E. MiLNER, a large number of leading horticulturists were entertained by him at luncheon at the Hotel Windsor on the 9th inst., among those present being Messrs. William Paul, W. Bull, H. Williams, H. M. PoUett, H. Cannell, F. Q. Lane, W. Marshall, H. Turner, A. Turner, J. Smith (Mentmore), G. Wythes, B. R. Cant, John Lee, P. Barr, G. T. Miles, E. O. Greening, J. Hudson, R. Dean, B. Wynne, &c. After luncheon, Mr. Milnee, who presided, made a statement to the effect that the land at Earl's Court is the property of the District Railway Co., that Baron Renter and Colonel North have an interest in it, and it was their desire that an important exhi- bition should be held daring the coming summer. Something was wanted, and it was proposed that it be illustrative of diflFerent features of practical horticul- ture. The promoters he had named would provide plenty of funds. Possession would be taken of the ground on Thursday next, and operations com- menced at once. It was his desire that the scheme should be upon the broadest grounds, and be taken up warmly. Several distinguished foreigners had accepted invitations to be present, and many leading horticulturists had promised their assistance. No liability would attach to those who formed the Com- mittee. An immense amount of work woald have to be got through in a short space of time, as the exhi- bition must be opened on May 7. Mr. Milner made an appeal for the co-operation of all present. A number of questions were asked, and the following resolution, proposed by Mr. William Paul, and seconded by Mr. McKellar, of Sandringham, was carried unanimously: ■ — "That this meeting of representatives of leading nurserymen and gardeners of the United Kingdom desires to express their appreciation of the objects of the International Horticultural Exhibition, and promises to do what they can to secure its success, and also extend a cordial greeting to their conti- nental friends." Several of those present gave in their names as members of the committee, and the proceedings closed with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Milner for his hospitality. Brixton, Streatham and Clapham Horti- cultural Society.— At the Annual General Meeting of this Society it was decided to hold the Autumn Show on November 1 and 2, at the New Town Hall, Streatham. A pleasing incident at the meeting was the presentation by exhibitors of the Society of a handsome salad bowl, fork and spoon, to the Hon. Sec, Mr. W. Roupell, with a hearty vote of thanks from the members for his services during the past year. South African Fruits.— There were further sales of fiuit from South Africa at Covent Garden on Wednesday, Feb. 10, the Union Steamship Com- pany's mail steamer Tartar having brought home in refrigerators a consignment of Peaches, Tomatos, Grapes, Cucumbers, and Pine Apples from Cape Colony and Natal. The National Dahlia Society. — The annual meeting of members took place at the Horticultural Club, Hotel Windsor, on the 9th inst., Mr. E. Mawley in the chair, there being a good attendance of the leading growers and exhibitors. The annual report set forth that the reduction in the amount of subscription paid by members, while it had operated to bring about an increase in number, had reduced the amount received from this source, though only slightly. The annual exhibition, held at the Crystal Palace on September -i and 5 last, was an extensive one : more blooms of the show and fancy types of Dahlias were staged than at any time since 1887 ; while the Cactus, decorative, and single varieties had greatly increased in quan- tity. The commencement made last year of com- piling and publishing in the schedule a list of true Cactus varieties, resulted in the addition to the society's exhibition of a beautiful and attractive feature ; this list will he revised and added to, for service in the ensuing season. The Society has to deplore the loss of one of their Vice- Presidents in the person of Mr. Henry Glasscock, late of Bishop's Stortford, who for some years occupied the position of amateur champion of the Dahlia world, and cultivated all the types with great skill and success. The financial statement showed that the sum of £71 3s. Qd. had been received as subscriptions and donations ; the sum of £50 from the Crystal Palace Company ; and the balance of £31 17s. Id,, brought over from last year, made a total available income of £153 Is. \d. Oa the other side, £130 7s. had been paid as prizes; printing, &c., amounted to £15 4s. 8i., and small disburse- ments left a balance of £2 2s. Wd., with unpaid sub- scriptions amounting altogether to £7 7s. The report and balance sheet were adopted, and ordered to be printed in the usual way. The annual exhibition of the Society will take place at the Crystal Palace on September 2 and 3. Some revision of the privileges given to subscribers was made ; tickets of admission will be given pro raia to the amount of subscription paid; and, for the first time, members will receive a copy of the ofBcial report of the Dahlia conference held at Chiswick in 1890. It is subscribers only who can compete for prizes at the annual exhibition in Sep- tember. The Vice-Presidents were re-elected, with the addition of the names of Messrs. S. Baelow, .John Downie, and G. H. St. Pierre Harris. The members of the old committee were re-elected, with the addition of Messrs. A. Rawlings, F. Glasscock, T. Vago, and G. Phippen. An offer of two Turner memorial prizes of £5 each from the trustees of the fund was accepted, and also a Gardeners' Magazine medal from Mr. Geo. Gordon. A vote of thanks to the chairman brought the proceedings to a close. The Oldest Existing Variety of Potato in Ireland. — Although the last century, and up to the famine times in the '40's, there were some very fine varieties of Potato in the south of Ireland, purely native raising, but whose raisers names are now unknown. The most famous were Quarries and Mignons, the Quarries being the chief food with the people during early summer and harvest ; the Mignons, as a main crop, occupying the same attention then that the famous Scotch Champion does at present. Mr. Baylor Hartland, who sent some samples of Quarries to us, says, " There was no better variety grown during his time, and he can remember Irish Potatos fifty-two years ago; and he knows that Quarries were in cultivation for one hundred years previously." In fact, he asserts that " Quarries " and " Mignons " were the staple food of the Irish peasantry that formed the bone and sinew of Wellington's Irish troops. We understand the quantity of seed is limited, and only last year the variety was re-dis- covered in a remote part of the co. Cork, in the possession of a small farmer whose land consists of dry peat resting on limestone. He further states that it is the oldest known Potato in Ireland at present in cultivation. We should like to hear of the oldest variety in cultivation in England or Scotland. Some of the tubers, which we cooked in the usual manner — i.e., peeled — were very heavy, close-grained, slightly mealy outside, and dry within. The flavour is that of boiled Chestnuts, which was the more readily remarked, as our new varieites are mostly flavourless. The Charing Cross Embankment Garden. — We observe that a bandstand is in process of erection, from which we infer that the laudable practice of gratifying Her Majesty's poorer subjects with occasional musical performances is to be con- tinued. We trust that the occasion will be seized to do away with, or, at least, re-construct some of the silly and purposeless flower beds, the design of which is about as bad as it could be. It would be a great FEBRtjAKV 13, 1892.; TEE GABDENETiS' CHBONTCLE. 211 improvement, also, if the Euonymua bushes, dotted about on the lawns, were removed. At present, they are eyesores, and they destroy the sense of space and repose (we use the words in a landscape gardener's sense), which was apparent, even in such a small area as the embankment garden before the lawn was needlessly cut up with these obstructions. It is too laie too protest now, but could not those who are responsible for the pruning of the flowering shrubs, see that the work of pruning is so carried out that some, at least, of the flowering shoots are left for the delectation of the citizens. Apple Grafts. — We are requested to publish the following note: — "We have at present at Chiswick one of the largest (if not the largest) col- lections of Apple trees in the world. There are, however, a number of good sorts scattered here and there throughout the country, and but very little known. The Council of the Society invite the owners of such comparatively unknown sorts to send grafts of them with name, locality, age of tree (if known), and any other particulars, to Chiswick, for trial alongside of the standard collection. Grafts should be addressed. Superintendent, Royal Horti- cultural Society's Gardens, Chiswick. — W. Wilks, Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society." The Jerusalem Artichoke.— We have so often recommended our cultivators to grow this plant under glass for the purpose of procuring seed- lings and improved varieties, that we were pleased to find that Messrs. Vilmorin have succeeded in ob- taining seed from Corsica, and according to the Revue Horticole, have already secured one or two varieties which are improvements upon the ordinary form. English Orchid Collections.— The last number of the Journal dcs Orchideis contains an eulogistic account of the collection of Sir Teevor Lawrence, from the pen of M. Lucien Linden. Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Associa- tion.— On Wednesday, the fortnightly meeting of members of the Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Asso- ciation was held at the Guildhall, Mi. G. D. Can.v, Hon. Secretary of the Exeter Horticultural Society, presided, and there was a good attendance. The subject for discussion was, " How to Grow and Show Vegetables for Exhibition," a paper on that subject having been prepared by the R^v. A. H. CROwra, Rector of Cruwys Morchard, near Tiverton. Unfor- tunately, Mr. Crdwys' medical advisers would not sanction his being out-of-doors in the evening, and Mr. Hope, Hon. Secretary, therefore, at the essayist's request, read the paper. The paper treated of the Potato, the time for planting it, how to grow tubers for exhibition, &c. ; then came papers on Beetroots, Turnips, and ending with a list of what may be called exhibition varieties of the above roots. National Rose Society.— We are informed by the honorary secretaries of the National Rose Society that the following exhibitions of Roses, in the current year, have been decided on, viz., a show of Tea Roses at the Drill Hall, James Street, West- minster, on Tuesday, June 21 ; the Metropolitan Show at the Crystal Palace, on Saturday, July 2; and the Provincial Show, at Chester, on "Thursday, July 14. The date of the annual dinner of the Society is fixed for Tuesday, June 21, at the Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, S.W. Stephan L. Endlicher. — We read in the Illustrierte Garten Zeitang for last month, that this celebrated botanist, who died in 1S49, is to have a memorial tombstone, which will probably be erected somewhere in, and at the expense of the municipality of, Vienna, the city of his birth. cross between C. marmorophyllum and C. Spicer- ianum, the new hybrid, is remarkable for its size, form, and the snowy white dorsal sepal, which is very large, spreading, and (after a time) curling up like a sugar-paper ; the mid-rib is plainly marked by a purple line ; the base is rather bright, clear green. The rest of this handsome flower is green, more or less tinged with bronze, especially over the two petals which spread widely and are fringed at the upper edge. The lip resembles that of C. marmoro- phyllum ; the staminode is wavy; the centre green surrounded by a pretty shade of purple ; and the edge white. The leaves are short, broad, and green slightly marbled. Selenipediuiu leucorrhodum, white in colour ; a fine variety of S. candidulum ; Cypripedium nitens superbum, well bloomed, with many and dis- tinct purple spots ; Lnjlia anceps alba, with strong sepals, and petals ivory white in colour, and Odonto- glossum Humeanum, deserve to be specially signalled out among the Orchids now in bloom in M. Peeters' establishment. Ch. de B., Lierre. Belgium. ORCHIDS AT BRUSSELS. Thehe may be seen, in the houses of M. Peeters, a very fine lot of Cypripedium raised by this skilful orchidist. Cypripedium X Senateur Montefiore, a AMATEURS' NOTES. The Culture of Odontoolossum (crispum). — There are but few of the Odontoglots that possess so much of beauty as does a well-grown plant of 0. crispum when in flower. Much has been written about its fascinating charms, its habits, its culture ; and I think its renown is everywhere known. Experts and novices have repeatedly given us their opinions respecting its merits. The Press has paid considerable attention to it, and has directed the notice of the public to its superlative qualities. Financiers and speculators have reaped golden harvests as the result of good importations, and much good has been done, and much benefit derived from such " labours of love." Any one with means can buy a dozen or two plants of it, and at the same time have the history of its cultivation, gratis, from the salesman, if necessary, but, alas ! how often is the result failure ! Perhaps the best method of purchasing Odonto- glossum crispum is to buy the imported bulbs at one of the London sales. In my experience this has been the most satisfactory, and to any one who knows how to treat the imported masses after he has pro- cured them, I would say by all means buy imported bulbs. Assuming that we have before us an importation of the pseudobulbs just unpacked from the case — ugly, worthless-looking things they are — and we wish in twelve months' time to transform these "dry bones " into living, beautiful plants, perhaps bearing in some cases two or three spikes of their lovely blossoms ; how are we to set about it ? First, then, wash the pseudobulbs very carefully in tepid water, so as to thoroughly cleanse them from all parasites, both insect and fungoid, which are almost certain to be there, cut away all dead roots, bulbs, leaves, &c. ; in short, make perfectly clean. In the shady cool end of the stove spread a mat on the stage, and on the top of this a layer of broken crocks, washed and perfectly clean ; place the cleansed masses of bulbs base downwards on these, and syringe several times a day, being ruled by the intensity of the brightness of the weather. The rays from the sun must be shaded off with fine straw paper, gradually admitting more light as the young growths'make their appearance. When the rootlets appear, and before they attain any size, and the growths are beginning to nicely develop themselves, remove the masses into pots of suitable size, three parts filled with clean crocks and a few lumps of charcoal, place one or two lumps of very fibrous peat on the top of this, as close as expe- dient to the young rootlets which are forming. Let the bulbs lie rather loosely, but upright, on this, until they have forced their roots into the material, syringing periodically as they develop. After a time press firmly and carefully into the pot other pieces of fibrous peat so as to form a mound around the pseudobulbs, at the same time taking care that the bulbs rest on the summit — as nearly as possible — of the mound, and plant over with fresh green sphag- num. At this stage they can be moved into a cooler temperature. The sphagnum must always be kept fresh and green ; in order to accomplish this, rather plentiful supplies of water must be given. As long as the sphagnum is in good condition, the plant itself is certain to be right ; the sphagnum should never be allowed to become dry. After the first leaves are fully developed, they may be moved into their proper quarters in the cool house, and grow on there, giving them plenty of moisture and ventila- tion. In all probability many of them will flower the first year. This mode of treatment is about the most suc- cessful, and one that never fails. After the plants are established, nothing is required but the necessary ventilation, watering and syringing. In very bright weather they shonld be lightly sprayed over with the syringe at least four times a day, and the floor of the house should be kept constantly damp. Plenty of water must also be supplied, if the drainage is in good order, and the potting compost is of a porous nature. Too much water can scarcely be applied ; at least, such is my conclusions after six years' constant experience with this lovely class of plants. When they grow too large for the pots in which they had been established, they must be care- fully moved into a larger size. When any of the pseudobulbs decay, they must be carefully removed with a sharp knife. C H. B. Home Correspondence. BRITTLE TIMBER. — In the issue of the Gardeners Chronicle for January .30, p. 152, " R. S. ' wants to know which of the statements is correct, " That the slower the growth, the more brittle ; and that the quicker the growth, the stronger the timber." No doubt there are different opinions regarding this question, but my experience is that the quick-grown timber is the best. Let us take the common Ash, for example. For many years I have realised \s. Qd. per cubic foot for quick-grown strong elastic stufl^, fit for handle wood, car shafts, gig shafts, and a variety of other purposes in connection with coach building, where strength, elasticity, and durability are indispensable. On the other hand, slow-grown stuff, of the same kind, only averaged, as a general rule. Is. per cubic foot, but extra good trees of this class of timber sometimes realised as a top price Is. 'id. per foot. Slow-grown timber, no doubt, is of a hard, dry, firm texture, but it is wanting in elas- ticity, as compared with quick-grown trees of the same age. A good deal also depends upon the class of soil where the trees have been grown ; hard, dry, rocky ground, composed principally of inorganic matter, produce dry, brittle timber with a short grain, as compared with trees of the same species and age produced upon ground of a softer texture, and well mixed with combustible matter or clay. Tradesmen who use large quantities of timber are generally pretty good judges, and this accounts for the difference in price. ./. B. Webster, APPLES, HOME-GROWN.— Speaking of Apples, brings me to A. D.'s" article (p. 118). His pro- position to submit samples of American and home- growth to the Fruit Committee of the Royal Horti- cultural Society for the purpose of comparing, deter- mining, and testing their relative domestic values, would be, I venture to say, of little or of no value whatever ; and this for very obvious and paramount reasons, which will occur to none more readily than the Committee in question. Having lived in the States for several years, with ample opportunities on the spot for purposes of comparison, my own im- pression is that, barring two or three varieties, our best English Apples are far ahead either for culinary use or dessert. Regarding colour, "A. 1)." has, I think, overstated the value of this at one- half, as the American view. What percentage of value would " A. D.," or even the Americans them- selves, attribute to colour in such varieties as Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Gravenstein, and Newtown Pippin ? all standard fruits, and readily cleared at remunerative prices in all the American markets. Quality, size, and evenness of sample are the chief points upon which'growers rely to command, and hold the market, at top prices. That our home-grown crops are badly stored. 212 THE GAUDENEBS' C BR ONI CLE. [S^EBMABT 13, 1892. sampled, and marketed, there cannot be much doubt ; that there are one-half too man; Tarieties, and some of very inferior quality is patent to all. To reduce these by some means or other ought to be the first task of the Koyal Horticultural Society, whose influences for good, in matters horticultural, is happily now rapidly extending. We have many first-class Apples in this country, that will vie with tie best of foreign growth, for flavour, size, or colour ; and as a guide to intending planters, of small or large areas, a condensed list ought to be compiled of the most superior varieties only, of the two classes into which we usually divide them, i.e., dessert and kitchen, and this list sown broadcast over the land. Tae more condensed the list the better, and to meet the varying climatic conditions of these islands, which are, after all, more apparent than real, need not, at fie outside, exceed twenty varieties, although twelve or sixteen would doubtless be found quite ample. If ihis were done, and determinedly stuck to, everyone concerned would be gainers thereby, and none more so in the end than our large fruit-tree nurserymen, from whom, at least on first thoughts, we should expect the most persistent obstruction. Our nursery- luen, however, are progressive men now-a-days, and a moment's reflection will speedily prove why, and where they would be special gainers. But why con- tinue growing kitchen Apples? Superstition— and ia this connection it amounts to this — dies hard. By kitchen or culinary Apples in this country we gene- rally mean those varieties which are deficient in sac- charine juices, and being unfit to eat in a raw state, we relegate them to the kitchen to be cooked, and supply the deficiency by added sugar, before eating — a procedure at once uneconomical and far from healthy. By growing our best dessert varieties, in their hun- dreds of thousands throughout the land, a revulsion of feeling would soon set in against all those varie- ties the juices of which were found below the adoptt d standara of quality ; and I cannot here too strongly impress upon all those who do not know, or who have never tried, that our best dessert varieties are also by far the best to cook. Amongst the chief reasons — some of which I must candidly admit, deserve the fullest considerstion — which can be advanced for the retention of at least the best of our too numerous kitchen Apples, are 1st, their earliness ; 2nd, their heavy, and in some varieties sure-cropping qualities ; 3rd, their general large size ; and lastly, the length of time some may be kept in sound condition. At any rate, I must ask your readers in general, and the Fruit Committee of the Eoyal Horticul- tural Society in particular, to bear steadily in mind, that the comparatively few varieties grown by the Americans, and which are unanimously admitted to be the best for their climate, have been so obtained through the most determined and rigorous clipping and condensing of lists, carried out by the lead- ing fruit and farmers' associations throughout the Union for a period of twenty years. The Americans are now quite satisfied with the work accomplished, and with the results, amply evident in the enormous quantities with which they yearly fill our markets, chiefly of varieties the number of which may be counted on the fingers of one hand. Are we, then, ti be above taking a leaf from their book ? I sin- cerely hope not ! If knowledge is power, then, by tne shades of all the good Apple trees, let us apply it.. Let us lay the axe to the root of all those be-lichened, be-gnarled, worthless and unprofitable Apple trees which cumber the ground, and rob their better brethren in too many dilapidated man-for- gotten orchards in this country ; let us ruthlessly tear them from the ground, top and branch, root and bole; let us consign them to a smouldering fire, whose ashes— the best legacy they have left us--will help compensate our labour, and begin afresh, for never in the history of our country was the need greater, or the time more opportune. Pomum. [BIGNONIA VENUSTA.— My experience of this clinjber is that it is an exceedingly showy plant when in bloom ; but in the cut state it is useless, the blooms lasting but a very short time. We used to grow it here in a house mainly devoted to Gardenias, and which was not kept at a high temperature. Tfte Bignonia grew remarkably well and flowered pro- fusely every January ; but owing to its uselessness in a cut state, the plant was cut out to make room tor something else more useful, j:. M. [What a pity : Ed ] AMATEUBS' GARDENS.— I was pleased to read the good advice you gave to the amateur (p. 144) as to the management of the indoor department of his garden. My experience of the amateur has been somewhat a large one, and I may, without fear of contradiction, say that 1 know of no people who have a greater love for their gardens than amateurs, and if for that reason only they deserve any assistance that can be afforded them in the columns of this journal. The amateur spends much time and money in his or her garden, and no one can better appreciate advice on any point connected with his favourite pursuit than they. Take, for instance, a course of technical lectures on horticulture : it will be found that the amateur is a most regular attendant, and proves his interest in what is going on by asking twice the number of questions that anyone else will, his thirst for know- ledge seeming insatiable. A good many persons are inclined to scoff at the amateur if he be classed as a gardener, but such persons are not wise in doing so. I know no other persons who, as a class, read the various horticultural papers more attentively, and this fact I have learned by conversation with them at various times, when they have surprised me by the keen interest in gardening that they display. For these reasons I am pleased. Mr. Editor, to see you give the amateur a turn. A Head Gardener. [Only considera- tions of space prevent us doing more. Ed] THUIA GIGANTEA.— The note by Mr. Leach, at p. 147, comes as a confirmation of my opinion of it as a timber producer. Here, in our strong soil, it grows fast, 18 inches to 2 feet annually when once established, and with stems as straight as the pro- verbial gun-harrel, although the tree shows a great tendency in a young state to produce several leaders, one of which, however, takes the lead. With the object of testing it thoroughly, we planted, a year ago, 2000 in a field which is fully exposed to the north-east, the soil of a stiff nature, inclining to clay, and in spite of the unfavourable spring of 1S91 for newly-planted small trees, these trees on the whole look at the present time most promising. South Hants. REMOVING STRAWBERRY PLANTS.— In answer to your enquiry in last week's issue about the Strawberry, 1 may fay they can be removed. Mr. A. Bath ol Vine- courtFarm, Sevenoaks, Kent, left his farm at Halstead, Kent, a few years ago, where he had 40 acres of Rasp- berry Canes. Mr. Mildmay, the landlord, would not pay him, so he got a mowing-machine, and mowed them all off; and then he got the steam-plough into the field, and was going to plough them all up, but his landlord then decided to give him £100 for the plan- tation, so he did not do it. I know Mr. Bith ; also the ground. Mr. Bath will be glad to answer enquiries. F, EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS FLOWERINQ. — In answer to your correspondent, " C. H. H.,"I may say that although the severe winter of 1890 -Ul de- stroyed all our plants growing outside, it has bloomed abundantly in the shrubberies here on plants 12 to 15 feet high — hundreds of flowers on a plant. We had no frost here for eight or ten years, previous to the winter I speak of, severe enough to destroy them, so that the plants were from six to ten years old. The flower buds were formed the year before, as described by your correspondent, bul do not open till .June on plants outside. The perfume is very strong. Swaffield, Bournemouth. THE ALLEGED DISAPPEARANCE OF ENGLISH APPLES. — Tlie mania lo dispose of their produce before foreign su; plies reach our market, which possesses growers and holders of Apples, will to a great extent account for the comparative absence of native Apples in the markets at the present time. A large fruit grower and dealer told me that if he did not get rid of his Apples before foreign supplies come in, the prices are usually so low, that what with transit, costs, and commission, it was barely worth sending them to the market ; and again to keep AppUs on a large scale and in good condition, means labour and money, together with a certain loss in decayed fruit. Wellington as an Apple is one of tl e b^st late varieties of Apple, which usually sells fail ly well; but it does not succeed in some kinds of soil, and in some seasons they do not keep so sound U.8 in others. With regard to selecting the best fruiro, and making two or three different samples, I was told this had been tried, but the trifle more muury obtained for these sorted samples did not balance the loss on the smaller ones, the latter finding scarcely any sale. He now intends opening a shop on his own account, but with what success remains to be proved. One other point connected with fruit-growing — I opine planters will shortly over-plant the earlier varieties, for go where you will, the cry is, " Plant early Apples," which has been and is being done on a large scale ; but we should not lose sight of Blenheim Pippin. H. Markham, Maidstone. EARLY PEAS. — Considering the trouble autumn- sown Peas give in most gardens, they are hardly worth bothering about, for if put into the ground at the period referred to, they have to stand the attacks of mice, birds and slugs, and by one or other, or the whole combined, rows become so decimated or the plants so crippled that the yield from them is very poor and inferior. This being so, instead of putting seed into the ground in November, we wait and sow in boxes filled with sifted leaf-soil, and by putting a lath or strip of deal every 2 inches or so apart, the Peas may be taken out of the boxes in long lengths, as they hold tightly together, and easily transferred to the rows. The way we prepare the drills is just to strain a line, and chop down at the side of it, so as to get the necessary depth for the roots, which cannot well be done with a hoe, and the Peas are then laid in, and the earth drawn to them, leaving their tips just clear of the soil. To ward off sparrows, I have never found anything equal to black cotton, in three lines, strained one over the middle, and the others along each side, and at a height of 3 inches or so from the ground, and with that arrangement it must be a very knowing or bold sparrow that will venture to interfere with the Peas. The sort I prefer as a dwarf is Chelsea Gem, and of the taller kinds I always grow Veitch's Extra Early, Kentish Invicta, and William I., the last- mentioned succeeding the others. In January, if the weather is favourable, we sow the same kinds outdoors, or as soon then as the land is fit for the seed. The Marrow kinds, if put in early, will rot, and in wet ground it is a good plan to cover with fine coal-ashes or very dry soil. J. S. EDUCATION OF GARDENERS.- What will be the result ot all the correspondence that is now going on \n t\\e Gardeners' Chronicle on this subject? Many and diversified have been the suggestions offered from time to time for the further education of our gardeners. For my part, I think the suggestion given by James Wilson, jun., p. 117, the most sen- sible and the most practicable. An intelligent man, working day after day amidst flowers and fruits, all in themselves educational, is ever noticing something to improve upon, or something that should be avoided. He is also assisted by literature, which is to be obtained so reasonably now, containing good sound information, the records of practical results. Lecturers and theorists are often delusive ; the lec- tures are mostly far-fetched, are not retained in the mind, and generally the lecturer does not possess sufficient ability. There is nothing like the nursery for the fundamental training of young men, but the latter should not confine themselves to one place. Three shifts in a period of six years would be most beneficial, and until a man reaches the mature age of thirty, he should endeavour to master the various systems practised in northern and southern gardens. At thirty years of age he would be ready to take the belm, fortified with a practical knowledge that " Professors " might envy. The most important and vital matter to consider just now is, by what means can be brought practically into working a fair and equitable position for gardeners of ability receiving its pecuniary award ? The palm is not gained with- out the labour; let him who has won it bear the palm. There are men filling positions who are not virtually fit to hold them ; the mystery is, how do they manage to retain such positions ? Will some one of influence take up the cause ? Will some of the lecturers throw in their mighty flow of eloquence, and claim that the gardener proper shall take his position; must be brougiit out of the degrading obscurity where hf has so long been hidden, and with conscious import- ance of his equality with his fellow men, uphold with pride an occupation that speaks of nought else but peace and contentment ? I would suggest a unity of certificated gardeners ; it appears to me the only way out of the lethargy. A power vested in a society granting certificates to men on recommendation from substantial and representative nurserymen. I would further suggest a gradation of certificates issued in degrees ; Ist, head gardener ; 2nd, foreman, nursery or otherwise, 3rd, first-class journeymen; also a special certificate for marked excellence. Situatioi s to be taken through or notified to the Society. 1 believe this could be made thoroughly practicable, and give ezery man bis due. Semper Paraius. Febeuaet 13, 1892.] TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 213 Trees and Shrubs. CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS GRANDI- FLORUS. What a glorious winter-flowering shrub, yet how few are in poseession of it. It is one of the few subjects that produce their welcome flowers during the dreary months of winter without the assistance of artificial heat. Although so much has been said in its favour from time to time in the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle and elsewhere, it is still very rare that one meets with it even in the best gardens, flourishes best is against a warm wall, which shelters it from the north and east winds, and in such a position, the pale yellow cup-shaped flowers streaked with a brownish-red on the inside, are seen to the greatest advantage. It may also be planted in the shrubbery border, but there its flowers get sometimes cut by frost, hence the good derived from a wall. When planted in fairly rich loam, and carefully pruned after it has blossomed, the plant can be made to bloom from December to February, but owing to the mildness of the early part of the present winter, it commenced to open its flowers on November 17. H. Fig. 32. — chimonanthus fbageans : flowees fbaoeant, fale yellow, stekaked with purple. a fact to be deplored, as it merits the widest cultiva- tion. The type is planted rather extensively. Although the flowers of this fine shrub do not possess brilliant colouring, they are nevertheless distinct, and if there is a deficiency in one respect, it is fully made up for by the quantity of bloom pro- duced and the very sweet fragrance they emit, and that, too, when almost everything else is dormant. The flowers are useful for table decoration ; they last a considerable time after being severed from the plant, and a few only are necessary to perfume a good- sized room. Under garden cultivation, it makes a bush of 6 feet in height, and if planted against a wall, it will reach 7 to 8 feet. Planted singly, or three or four in a group on the lawn, it forms a mass of great beauty ; but the position in which it Societies. ROYAL HORTICULTURAL. February 9. — There was a capital display of bloom in the Drill Hall, James Street, S.W., on the occasion of this meeting, and the attendance was larger than is usual at this time of the year, being swelled by those who had come to attend the general annual meeting. Orchids, of which mention is made else- where, were the principal features, but some fine collections of miscellaneous plants and groups of Cyclamen, the latter being very attractive, were staged by various nurserymen. Fruit, too, as re- ported below, was well represented, some large col- lections of Apples and Pears being exhibited by a few of the leading growers. Floral Oommittee. Present: W. Marshall, Esq., in the chair; and Messrs. J. Laiug, B. Wynne, H. Herbst, C. T. Druery, C. H. Breeze, R. Dean, C. Jefl'ries. W. C. Leach, P. B. Lowe, G. Phippen, W. H. Williams, C. E. Pearson. H. H. D'Ombrain, C. .T. Salter, H. Cannell, C. Noble, J. Frazer, G. Paul, T. W. Girdlestone, E. Mawley, H. B. May, H. Turner, R. Owen, and F. Ross. Cyclamens were the principal features that came before this Committee, some representative groups being staged by various trade growers. Those shown by Mr. T. Walker, Hounslow, were remarkably well flowered, as also were the plants staged by the St. George's Nursery Co., Hanwell ; and Mr. J. May, Gordon Nursery, St. Margaret's. In the group staged by the last-named exhibitor, a variety named Queen of the Whites was particularly good. Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Enfield, sent a collection of hard-wooded plants in flower, among which Correas, Pimeleas, Boronias, and Ericas of kinds were noticeable. From Messis. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, S.E., came a group of stove plants and Orchids, and the same firm also exhibited a few plants of Draccena Alex. Laing, apparently a very pretty variety, with rather narrow leaves of a bronzy colour, edged with red. Several interesting things from the Royal Gardens, Kew, were staged, and included a bunch of fruit of Caryota Cummingii, a Palm, and blooms of H:Emanthu8 magnifica. Aloe supralEevis, which somewhat resembled a Kniphofia, Greyia Suther- landia, and a fine flower of Brownea Crawfordi, a hybrid between B. grandiceps and B. macrophyllus. Mr. G. Wythes, gr. to the Duke of Northumber- land, Syon House, Brentford, staged a basket of Amaryllis and Narcissi ; and Mr. R. Owen, Castle Hill Nursery, Maidenhead, sent a few blooms of late- flowering Chrysanthemums. A bunch of Marie Louise Violets came from Mr. Miller, gr. to Lord Foley, Ruxley Lodge, Esher ; and some Bertolonias were exhibited by Mr. C. T. Bause, Norwood. Of the latter, B. argyroneura and B. Comte de Ker- chove were the best. Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, showed a small collection of Primulas ; while from Messrs. F. Ross & Co., Bletchingly, came blooms of Oxera pulchella, a useful winter-flowering subject. Mr. J. Friend, gr. to the Hon. P. C. Glynn, Rooks- nest, Godstone, Surrey, exhibited four boxes of Camellia blooms, several masses of Acacia dealbata, and Cliveas Mrs. Glyn and the Hon. P. C. Glyn, both of which appeared to be capital varieties. Some sprays of Lilac were sent by Messrs. G. Paul & Sons, Cheshunt, the best being President Gr^vy, a white-flowering variety, and useful for forcing. And, among other things, Messrs. B. S. Williams, Upper Holloway, showed a plant of Elaiis melanococca. Flowering branches of Amygdalus Davidiana and A. Davidiana alba, staged by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, attracted some attention. The shoots, although cut from trees growing in the open air, were covered with bloom ; as also were sprays of Lonicera Standishi, exhibited by the same firm. Messrs. Veitch also showed plants of Lachenalia Aureliana. Orchid Conunittee. Present: Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair; Messrs. James O'Brien, De B. Crawsbay, T. B. Haywood, S. Courtauld, Norman C. Cookson, C. J. Lucas, H. M. PoUett, H. Ballantine, T. W. Bond, Jas. Douglas, H. Williams, F. Sander, W. White, E. Hill, and J. Jaques. The weather being mild, numerous Orchids were staged, fifty entries being made for the adjudication of the Committee. Baron Schroder (gr., Mr. H. Ballantine) exhibited Odontoglossum crispum no- bilior, one of the finest heavily spotted varieties yet seen, the pretty purple-spotted 0. Pescatorei Schroderianum, which is second only to O. P. Veitchianum, also a " Dell " plant, and the violet- coloured and fragrant 0. ioplocon. Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., MP, Burford Lodge, Dorking (grower, Mr. W. White) sent Lycaste Youngii, Hort., a citron-yellow species, bear- ing nearly fifty flowers ; Phalsenopsis Stuartiana punctatissima, Dendrobium chrysodiscusX, the ele- gant little D. Foelschii, and the new yellow Tricho- centrum triquetrum, a species with curiously flattened growths. W. R. Lee, Esq., Beech Lawn, Arden- shaw, Manchester, staged a noble plant of Dendro- binm splendidissimnm Leeannmx (D. nobile pen- 214 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febbuaet 13, 1892. dulum X D. aureum philippinense. Some of the stout pseudobulbs were over 3 feet in height, and bore over thirty iowers, some of the sprays having four or five flowers. Drewett 0. Drewett, Esq., Riding Mill-on- Tyne (gr., Mr. A. J. Keeling), sent his hybrid Cypripedium Ceres X (hirsutissimum X Spicerianum), which appeared to be the best of the hirsutissimum crosses; also C. JunoX (Fairrieanum X callosum), which bore some resemblance to a good C. vexillarium, but with a large white, crimson-veined upper sepal. Mr. Drewett also sent a tall spike and leaf of the curious C. Lindlejanum. Charles Ingram, Esq., Elstead House. Godalming (gr., Mr. T. W. Bond), exhibited Cypripedium Lathamianum X , obtained from the reverse cross to the original, but without material difference ; C. la Nymphe X (cenanthum X Dauthieri) ; a spike of a fine form of Phalienopsis Sanderiana, and cut flowers of ten good varieties of Cattleya Triaois. F. Wigan, Esq., Clare Lawn, East Sheen (grower, Mr. W. H. Young) set up a group of cut Orchids, comprising a dozen fine spikes of Phalaenopsis Schilleriana, one of P. Stuartiana, Dendrobium speciosum, Cattleya labiata Luddemauiana and C. Percivaliana, all showing evidence of good culture. Mrs. Adair, Beechwood Park, Dunstable (gr., Mr. J. Freeman, showed a fine plant of the rare Cattleya Percivaliana alba, and a spike of a noble light- coloured C. Trianse. R. N. Dale, Esq., Bromborough Hall, Cheshire, sent cut examples of a very fine, large-flowered, white C. TrianiE ; a four-flowered spray of Ljelia anceps Sanderiana, a grand form of Phajus Hum- blotii, and spikes of the rare Odontoglossam Rossii albens. Mrs. Arbuthnot, Bridgen Place, Bexley (gr., Mr. Mitchell), exhibited a well-grown plant of the rare Vanda concolor. Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Wylam-on-Tyne, showed his hybrid Dendrobium CassiopeX (japoni- cnm? nobile albiflorum i? ), a dwarf variety with creamy-white flowers, and some resemblance to D. endocharis X. J. F. Ebner, Esq., Horton House, Beckenham (grower, Mr. C. Franklin), submitted Cypripedium Savageanum superbum X, C. Bufieldi- ense X , and C. villosum Horton House variety, which last bore the largest flower we have seen in the species. E. G. Wrigley, Esq., Victoria House, Dunkinfield, Cheshire (gr., Mr. C. Harris), sent a curious, small-flowered, thick-bulbed form of Den- drobium lituiflorum, and a variety of D. Wardianum. Charles Winn, Esq., Selby Hill, Birmingham, submitted, for the opinion of the committee, a hybrid Dendrobium, decided to be D. Aspasia X. R. T. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road,' Camberwell (gr., Mr. H. Simpkins), exhibited Cypri- pedium insigne Cambridge Lodge variety, a lovely little thing, something like a miniature C. i. violaceo- punctatum, and which attracted much attention ; also Cypripedium X (Insigne Chantinii x villosum), which somewhat resembled C. Sallleriix, and the reverse cross of C. Lathamianum x, also exhibited by Mr. Ingram. T. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Man- chester, sent cut examples of Oncidium Loxense, Odontoglossum ramosisslmum, varieties of Lajlia anceps, Sophronitis grandlflora, &c. C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham, sent a few examples of good Orchids, among which was a very large flower of Lycaste Skinneri alba. Messrs. James Veltch & Son, Royal Exotic Nur- sery, King's Road, Chelsea, also exhibited some startling novelties in hybrids. Under the name Cypripedium Hera X (Boxallii $ x Leeanum ? ), they exhibited one of the noblest hybrids yet raised. We find, however, that In the Gardeners' Chronicle January 25, 1890, p. 105, Mr. Rolfe applied the name C. Herax to a very difl^erent plant (villosum $ Spicerianum?). Another fine hybrid of Messrs. Veitch was Zygopetalum leucochilum (Burkei X Mackayii), an elegant plant, with tall scapes of white-tipped flowers. The same firm also send Dendrobium dulce (LInawianum ^ x aureum 2 ) with rose-coloured flowers; and the favourite Cypri- pedium Sedenii candidulum. Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, had an ex- tensive and well-arranged display, in which the rare PhaliBuopsis casta and P. Brymerlana were pro- minent among the Phal^uopsis, for which this firm IS noted ; other striking species, in more or less quantity, being the pretty fragrant Vanda Amesiana, fine varieties of Cattleya Percivaliana, the white Calanthe nivea, Vanda Boxalli lutea, Saccolabium bellmum Dendrobium fimbratum oculatum D War- dianum Lowli, and many other Dendrobes, k fine lot of Cypripediums, &c. In the large group from Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Upper Holioway, the species and varieties of Cypripedium predominated, and these were eflec- tively arranged. Among them were a fine lot of C. WilliamsliX ; C. AmesianumX, C. politumx, C. Harrisianum x , C. Leeanum x , C. Fitchianum x , C. DauthieriiX, C. Boxalli, C. villosum, C. Sallierii x , C. vexillarium superbum, and the rare C. retlcu- latnm X . These were arranged with white varieties of Laelia anceps, Dendrobiums, and other showy Orchids of the season. Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, had a smaller group of rare and well-grown Orchid, the centre being some grand Oncidium splendidam, and with these were fine varieties of Lycaste Skinneri, a plant of the handsome new Epidendrum Watsonianum, four varieties of Odontoglossum aspersum, and a hand- some hybrid Odontoglossum, six forms of the elegant cool - house Oncidium Phalsenopsis, some Lsella harpophylla, the very curious DIsa Cooperl, &c. Messrs. Seeger and Tropp, Lordship Lane, East Dttlwich, had a small stand with a fine form of Masdevallia macrura, Clrrhopetalum picturatum, Oncidium cheirophorum, Odontoglossum blandum, various species of Masdevallia, &c. From Lord Foley, Ruxley Lodge, Esher, came a group of finely grown Ccelogyne cristata, and F. T. Steed, Esq., Lismure Woodhill, 'Wimbledon Park (gr., Mr. John Curtis), also sent a good specimen of the same species. Mr. James Crispin, Fishponds, Bristol, exhibited a curious large form of L^lia furfuracea and cut Saccolabium giganteum, Odontoglossum Edwardi, and other Orchids. F. W. Moore, Esq., Curator,' Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, for- warded the rare terrestrial Cynorchis Lowii, with large rose-coloured lip, and Restrepla striata. Mr. H. A. Tracy, nurseryman, Amyand Park Road, Twickenham, staged a fine dark form of Cattleya Trlana; as Tracy's var. J. Gathorn Wood, Esq., Thedden Grange, Alton, Hants (gr., Mr. N. Campany), sent flowers of a very fine form of Dendrobium nobile, and Messrs. F. Ross & Co., Brewer Street, Bletchlngley, exhibited a spike of Cymbldlum Hookerianum. Messrs. John Liing & Son, Forest Hill, also had a good sprinkling of popular Orchids in their fine group of miscellaneous plants. Fruit and Vegetable Committee. Present: Phillip Crowley, Esq., In the chair; Messrs. J. Lee, R. D. Blackmore, H. Weir, W. Wilksi C. W. Cummins, J. Cheal, G. Banyard, A. W.' Sutton, J. Jabez, T. J. Saltmarsh, A. Dean, W. Bates, G. H. Sage, G. Wythes. J. Hudson, J. A. Lalng,' H. Balderson, J. Smith, F. Q. Lane, G. Norman, G. T. Miles, and Dr. Hogg. Apples and Pears were well represented for the time of year, the collection comprising 100 dishes, staged by A. H. Smee, Esq., Carshalton (gr., Mr! G. W. Cummins), being particularly fine. The majority of the samples were of good size and well coloured. Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, also sent a good collection of Apples and Pears, as likewise did Mr. Miller, gr. to Lord Foley, Ruxley Lodge. Esher. Mr. W. Crump, Madresfield Court Gardens, Malvern, showed a dish of Apple May Queen ; and Mr. Leach,' samples of Albury Park Nonsuch, a seedling Apple of merit. Several dishes of Apples for naming were staged. A large basket of Seakale, called Canford Lily White, and said to be a distinct type of the well- known Lily White, was sent by Mr. T. H. Crasp, gr., Canford Manor, Wimborne, but it was not specially recognised by the committee. Mushrooms were staged by Mr. Miller, Ruxley Lodge ; and Mr. C. Leach, Albury P.irk Gardens. List of Awards. OiicHiu Committee. Medals. iilcer Gilt. To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of Orchids, Silver Flora. To Messrs. B, S. Williams & Son, Upper Holloivay, for a group of Orchids, Silver Banksian. To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a aroao of Orchids. First-class Certificates. To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Koyal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea for Zygopetalum leuoocheilum. To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Cypripedium Hera x . To Baron Schroder, for Odontoglossum crispvim nobilius and 0. Pescatorei Schroderiauum. To Drewitt O. Drewitt, Esq., Riding Mill-on-Tyne, for Cypripedium Juno x. Botanical Certificates. To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., for Epidendrum Watsoniannm. To Sir Trevor Lawrence, for Dendrobium Foelschii and Tri- cocentrum triquetrum. To Drewitt 0. Drewitt, Esq , for Cypripedium Lindleyanum . Awards of Merit. To W. R Lee, Esq., Beech Lawn, Andershaw, near Man- chester, for Dendrobium splendidissimum Leeanum. To Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oikwood, Wjlam-on Tyne, for Dendrobium CassiopeX. ToH. J. Measures, Esq. (gr., H. Simpkins). Cambridge Lortg!, Camberwell, tor Cypripedium insigue, Cambridge Lodge var. To Sir T. Lawrence and Messrs. B. S. Williams, for Lycaste Youngii. To Baron Schroder, for Odontoglossum ioplocon. To Drewitt O. Drewitt, Esq., for Cypripedium Ceres X. Cultural Cimmendat-on. To Lord Foley, Euiley Lodge, Esher, for Coelogyne cristata. Flokai Committee. Medals. iilver Gilt Banksian. To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for a miscellaneous group of plants. Silver Bankaian. To Mr. J. May, Gordon Nurseries, Twickenham, tor a group of Cyclamen. To Mr. T. Walker, Whitton, Hounslow, for a group of Cyclamen. To the St. George's Nursery Co., Hanwell, for a group of Cyclamen. To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., for a group of miscellaneous plants. To Mr. J. Friend, gr. to the Hon. P. C. Qlyn, Godstone, Surrey, for Camellia blooms, &o. First-class Certijicates. To Mr. C. F. Bame. Norwood, for Bertolonias Argyroneuron and Comte de Kerchove. To Messrs. B. S. Williams, for Eteis melancocoa. Awards of Merit. To Mr. J. Friend, for Cliveas iilrs. P. C. Glyn and Hon P. C. Glyn. To Messrs. J. Laing Sc Sons, for Iris histriodes. To Messrs. G. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for Lilac President Grery, Fruit and Vegetable Committee. Medals. Silver Gilt. To A. H. Smee, Esq. (gr., Mr. Cummins), Carshalton, for collection of fruit. ■Silvei To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for a collection of Apples and Pears. To Lord Foley, Ruiley Lodge, Esher (gr., Mr. Miller) for collection of fruit. Award of Merit. To Mr. W. Crump, Madresfield Court Gardens, Malvern for Apple May Queen. Cultural Commendation. To Mr. W. C. Leach, Albury Park Gardeas, for a dith o£ GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND. FEuauABY 5.— At the annual general meeting, held at the Cannon Street Hotel on Friday, the following candidates were elected to receive the benefits of the fund :— Mary Esther Green, Thomas James Francis, Charles Newrey Wasley, Annie Parker, Edward William Butcher, John Ernest Vine, Agnes Jane Mcintosh, Edmund Norgate, James Alfred Bolton, Janet Hood Ireland, and Olive Hall. The following is the Report and statement of accounts from July 1, 1890, to December 31, 1891, which were presented at the meeting : — The executive committee in presenting their fourth report have again the pleasure of con- gratulating the subscribers to the Gardeners' Orphan Fund on its growing importance to the gardening community, as testified bv the generous support it continues to receive from all classes. The committee deem it necessary for the in- formation of new subscribers to state that eighteen months have elapsed since the last report and statement of accounts was issued, owing to the alterations made in the rules twelve months ago, which provided for the commencement of the' financial year being altered from July 1 to January 1, the former date having been found to cause much trouble and confusion in the management. The committee are glad to report that although the accounts (which are herewith submitted) include the working expenses of eighteen months, and the sub- scriptions practically only for the twelve months, there has been no diminution of revenue, but on the contrary a considerable increase. The munificent proposal made by Mr. N. N. Sherwood and Mr. H. J. Veitch at the last general' meeting, that if the subscribers would contribute a minimum sum of £250 they would jointly provide any further sum that might be required to allow the committee to place on the Fund the seven children who had that day been unsuccessful, as a memorial to the late chairman, Mr. George Deal, was readily accepted by the committee. The sum of £.555 16-s. (id. was speedily raised, enabling the committee to grant the benefits of the Fund to seven orphans. The committee, recognising the great value of the Fbbrcahy 13, 1892.] THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 215 services rendered by Mr. Deal to the Fund, most gratefully thank all those who so generously helped in promoting such au appropriate tribute to his memory. The lamented death of Mr. B. S. Williams, a warm supporter of the Fund, called forth a very general de- sire that his honoured name should also be associated with the Fund in a similar manner, and on receipt of £250 from the B. S. Williams Memorial trustees, two more children, on the nomination of Mr. 11. Williams, were elected. The committee deplore the loss of Mr. William Kichards, one of their most zealous and active colleagues, who was never weary of promoting the best interests of the Fund. His name will be long held in grateful remembrance. The committee greatly regret that they were un- able to arrange for a floral lite in Covent Garden Market as in former years, owing to practical dilli- culties in carrying them out. The loss thus sus- tained was in a great measure compensated for by a generous subscription raised by the standholders in the market, and by the profits arising from the Rose Fair and Floral Fete held at the Crystal Palace. The desirability of establishing this fiite at the Crystal Palace as an annual event is under the consideration of the committee. The National Card Collection, which was insti- tuted in thesummerof last year, resulted in addingthe handsome sum of £250 to the resources of the Fund. This collection, it is proposed, shall be continued annually. The fact that of the amount collected last year the greater part came from non-subscribers to the Fund, and mostly in small sums, was con- sidered extremely gratifying. The committee find it impossible to acknowledge in detail the great obligations they are under to so many kind friends for efficient help rendered in many ways during the past eighteen months, and embrace this opportunity of tendering to them collectively very hearty thanks. At the present time thirty-nine children are re- ef iving the benefits of the Fund, and the Committee recommend that eleven be elected, thus raising the number of heneficiaires to fifty, who will be supported by the Fund at a cost of £650 a year. Most grati- fying as the Committee regard this, as the result of the work of the Fund during the comparatively short time (four and a half years) it has been established, they cannot ignore the fact that they are still unable to meet the claims of many necessitous cases that come before them, and take this opportunity of again urging the claims of the Fund upon gardeners in particular and a generous-hearted public for assistance. The Committee wtre fortunate in securing Mr. William Marshall, of Bexley, a gentleman well known in the horticultural world, as Chairman in succession to the late Mr. Deal. Mr. Hugh Low, of Clapton, was elected a member of the Committee, in the room of Mr. George Deal, deceased ; and Mr. A. W. G. Weeks, of Chelsea, in the place of Mr. W. Richards, di ceased. The members of the Committee who re- lire by rotation are Messrs. Assbee, Cannell, Cum- mins, Gordon, Lane, Roupell, Sharman, and Wynne, who, being eligible, all offer themselves for re-elec- tion. Gardeners* Orphan Fund. Cash Statement, July 1, 1890, to December 31, 1891 (Eighteen Months) . Seceipts. £ s. d. £ s. d. To Balance from Last Account Hi'I 8 11 Subscriptions, General £359 10 6 Dilt^ collected by Local Sec3.... 1^0 7 6 Donations, General 333 19 2 4s;i IS DiMo collected by Local Sees. 117 4 2 450 3 655 16 4 6 The Georpe Deal Memorial TheB.S. Williams' Memorial 260 0 0 General Card Collection 294 7 3 Crystal Palace Fete 129 3 3 Annual Dinner 67 15 6 Advertisements in List o£ Subscribers ... 31 2 0 Miscellaneous receipts 52 14 4 Dividends on Stock and Interest on Deposil t £ 173 17 2 330i 6 3 NOTR :— INVF.STME.NTS, &C. 2J per Cent. Consols £1056 4 7 3 per Cent. Canadian Stock ... .500 0 0 £l.5.W 4 7 On Deposit with Bankers BOO 0 0 Exptnditura, By Allowances to Orphans General Card Collection Crystal Palace /'^eie Annual Dinner Printing List of Subscribers Secretary's Clerk Printing and Stationery General Meetings (2) and Election Hire of Rooms for Meeting Postage Bank Charges Sundry Expensea (Petty Ciish) Purchase of £517 8s. 9d., 2 J per Cent. Stock Purchase of £oOO, 2| per Cent. Stock 43 12 16 12 Having inspected the securities, and ex- amined the books and vouchers supplied to us, Ave certify tlie above account to be correct. (Signed) John Fraseu, Lea Bridge, 1 Wm. Sharp, Chartered Accountant, [-Auditors. 60, Gresham Street, E.G. ) January 18, 1893. Trade Notice. HALE FAKM NURSERIES, TOTTENHAM. We are informed that this business, until recently carried on by Mr. Thomas Ware, will in future be conducted solely by Mr. Francis Fell, who has for many years been connected with the business as Manager. The business will still be known as " Thomas S. Ware." ©ijttuatg. Mr. J. Roberts.— On the 23rd January last, at Charleville Forest Gardens, Tullamore, passed away a veteran Irish Grape grower, J. Roberts, gardener to Lady Emily Howard-Bury. He suc- cumbed after an illness of but two days duration, to acute pneumonia, brought on by influenza. He had reached the 63nd year of his age, and the 36th year of his service in the Charleville family, he having been the faithful servant of five members of this house, including three Earls. He was engaged by the 3rd Eurl of Charleville, whilst in the Pine- Apple Nursery, Maida Vale, London. Previous to this he had served Lord EUesmere, at Worsley Hall ; Lord Windsor, at Hewell Grange; and Sir Joseph Radcliffe, Bart., at Rudding Park. Mr. J. Roberts was very successful as a gardener, and he was very intelligent, and had enjoyed the benefit of a good education. It was as a Grape-grower, however, that he made his mark, and at the shows of the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, held in Dublin, he always swept off" the best prizes. Several times when showing Grapes in England and Scotland, he beat all opponents, as at the International Shows of Manchester and Edinburgh. During his career as an exhibitor, he had gained over 50 medals, includ- ing several of the coveted Veitch Memorial Medals. Mr. Roberts was the raiser of an improved variety of Gros Guillaume, and exhibited several very large bunches of this variety ; one of which weighed more than 23 lb. Some years ago, Mr. Roberts was taken out to Algiers by the Countess of Charleville, for the purpose of laying out the gardens and grounds attached to the winter residence of the family at that place, and contributed an account of his impressions to these columns. He leaves a widow, five sons, and two daughters. His son-in-law, Mr. R. McKenna, succeed* him as gardener at Charleville Forest. Mrs. RawlingS.— Mrs. Rawlings, wife of Mr. George Rawlings, formerly of Bethnal Green and Romford, and mother of Mr. Arthur Rawlings, of the Dahlia Nurseries, Romford, died at Brgoweir, Monmouthshire, on the 2nd inst., at the age of 75, She had been a great sufferer, having been helpless for 14 years through chronic rheumatism. Sir James Cairo.— We regret to hear of the decease of Sir James Caird, the eminent agri- cultural writer; also of Colonel Grant, the associate of Speke in the discovery of the sources of the Nile. Both were in former years correspondents of this journal. James Taplin.— We take the following parti- culars relating to one of our former contributors, from the American Florist. Tapliu was a man of mark in the horticultural circles of this country a quarter of a century or more ago, but after his departure to America, but little was heard of him on this side of the Atlantic. Mr. .James Taplin died at his home in Maywood, N.,I,, on Saturday .Tan. 'J, after an illness of only 14 days from an attack of influenza, which turned to bronchial pneumonia, and ended in his death as above in the Cist year of his age. He was born at Overton, at village in Hampshire, England, and as soon as able to earn his own living was duly apprenticed to the business of a gardener. After serving his full time as such, he worked in several of the best gardens in England, first as journeyman, then as foreman, &c., during which time he was steadily adding to his knowledge. Being always a very hard worker, and also a great student, he mastered his business much earlier than many others who start out under equally favourably conditions. As evidence of this, while quite a young man he was appointed head gardener to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth, Eng- land, where he succeeded Sir .Joseph Paxton. In 1864 he relinquished his position there to go to America and take charge of the florist business of Mr. George Such of South Amboy, N.J., where he soon displayed his master hand by producing such magnificent specimens of many rare tropical plants as had never been seen in that country, if anywhere, before, and which were often exhibited by him at the old Madison Square Garden, N.Y., at the time the New York Horticultural Society held its grand shows there. In 1879, after Mr. Such had decided to dispose of his immense collection, Mr. Taplin bought a farm at Maywood, having considerable glass already built upon it, to which he removed with his family, and where he resided till his death, and where he had carried on the wholesale growing of flowers and plants, principally for the New York market. Of late he has been turning his attention to hardy flowering shrubs, &c. < Richard Edward Thomson.— On Thursday February 4, 1892, at his residence, Kenfield Hall, Petham, near Canterbury, from influenza followed by bronchitis, Richard Edward Thomson, J.P., son of the late Edward Toker, Esq., of The Oaks, Ospringe, Kent, aged 84. Kenfield Hall is noted, amongst other things, for the Pinetum planted by the late Mr. Masters, of Canterbury. Some of the earliest Wellingtonias were there planted by his own hand, and have now reached noble proportions. Variorum. ECCLES AND PATRICROFT CHRYSANTHEMUM Society. — The subscribers of this Society held their annual meeting recently, and Mr. J. Andrew pre- sided. According to the report of the Hon. Secre- tary, Mr. HuBER, their fifth show, held in November last, was a great success, over 3000 persons having viewed the exhibits. Although £20 more were offered in prizes last year, there remains a balance in hand of £75 13s. 2d., against £60 10s. 9r/. in the previous year. The next show will be held on November 11 and 12. 216. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaey 13, 1892. Sheffield Botanical Gardens.— The annual meeting of the shareholders of the Botanical Gardens Co. was held at the Cutlers' Hall, Sheffield, on February 5. According to the committee's report, the net income from the galas during the past year was £247 5s. \(id., being £211 Vis. 2d. less than that for 1890. This was due to the inclement weather which prevailed on the gala days. It is satisfactory to note, however, that after the payment of outstanding accounts, there will be a balance in favour of the Company of £102 Is. \0d. Mr. William Baeron, late of the Botanic Gardens, Cambridge, is the Curator. Literary Gardening. — A correspondent signing himself " Stultus in Hortu or Hort-u-not ?" writes, " Please, sir, if my boy John plant 'a slip of a pen,' what will it come up?" Answer paid — • A Jon-quill. The Weather. [By the term " accumulated temperature" is meant the affgregate amount, as well aa the duration, of degrees of temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period named ; and this combined result is expressed in Day- degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying l'^ continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] Tempehatube. Rainfall. Bright Sun. ® 7i i C! .a &£ Accumulated. d % s ^ ^ . ^"5 "^ Q . as! n M 1) °2 g sj<«; M Sd 1 s i^ *-s 0 1 ..a 9,? 11, u i n 1^ 1 ->l % 1^ a". 11 ll ±1 1 3 11 Day- Dav- Day- Dav- lOths deg. deg. deg. deg. Inch. Ins. 0 ■i — 0 36 - li + 69 6 + 30 7-8 17 12 1 1 — 0 40 - IJ + 6 3 — 20 2-6 32 20 2 Oaver 3 28 — 7 + 4S 3 — 16 1-4 36 19 3 2 + 9 26 — l.i + 6b .1 — 18 1-1 37 22 4 2 + 11 25 - 9 + 63 3 — 20 1-7 28 22 6 2 + 20 13 - 9 + 31 2 — 18 1-3 24 23 6 Oaver 7 26 — 16 + 47 3 + 27 61 31 19 7 1 + 6 20 - Vt + 39 2 + 25 39 27 18 8 2 + 21 8 - 23 + 46 1 + 24 31 27 25 9 1 — 10 28 - 31 + 45 3 + 27 3-7 2J 17 10 1 + 2(J 8 — 38 + 46 3 + 23 3-7 26 21 * 2 + 28 0 — 16 + 9 2 + 29 2-9 8 17 The districts iDdicat«d by number in the Hrst column art the following : — Principal \^ heat-producing Districts — 0, Scotland. N. 1, Scotland. E.; 2, England, N.E. ; 3, England. E. 4. Midland Counties; 5, England, S. Principal Grazing, ^'C, Districts— 6. Scotland, W. ; 7 England, N.W. ; 8. England. S.W.; 9. Ireland, N. 10, Ireland, S. ; * Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending February 6, is furnished from the Meteorological Office : — " The weather during this period varied consider- ably ; in the W. and N. it was generally squally, with showers of rain, sleet, or snow daily, but over the E. and S.E. districts the conditions were quieter, the showers slight and less frequent. A good many intervals of bright sunshine occurred in nearly all parts of the Kingdom — especially in the E. and N.E. " The temperature continued above the mean (the excess being 1° or 2°) in moat parts of England, as well as ' Ireland, S.' and the ' Channel Islands,' and just equalled it in ' England, N.E.' and ' Scot- land, W.;' in 'Scoland, N. and E.' and ' Ireland, N.,' however, it was a little below the normal. The highest of the maxima, which were recorded either at the beginning cr end of the week, ranged from 55° in 'Ireland, S..' and 54° in 'England, S..' to 49° in ' Scotland, N. and W.' and 'England, N.E.' The lowest of the minima were registered either on the 3rd or 4th, when the thermometer fell to 14° in ' Scotland. N.,' 18° in ' Scotland, E ,' to between 23° and 30° in most other districts, and to 38° in the * Channel Islands.* "The rainfall exceeded the mean in all the ' Grazing Districts,' as well as in ' Scotland, W.,' but showed a deficit elsewhere. " The bright sunshine was very deficient in the ' Channel Islands,' but in all other districts it was fairly abundant, and in most instances considerably exceeded the mean. The percentage of the possible amount of duration ranged from 32 to 37 over the eastern part of Great Britain, and from 31 in ' Scot- land, W.,' to 17 in ' Scotland, N.,' and to only 8 in the ' Channel Islands.' " ARKETS. COVERT GARDEN, Fehruary 11. [We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub- joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible for the quotations. It must be remembered that these quotations do not represent the prices on any particular day, but only the general averages for the week preceding the date of our report. The prices depend upon the quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the demand; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day, but often several times in one day. Ed.1 Business somewhat better this weet. with prices firm. Supplies equal to the demand. James Webber, Wholesale Apple Market. Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices. Acacia or Mimosa, French, per bunch 16-20 Arums, per doz. bl.... rt 0- 8 0 Azalea, p. do2. sprays 10-16 Camellias, white, doz. 3 0-40 — red, per. doz. ... 10-16 Carnations, 12 blms. 2 0-30 Chrysanthemums, 12 blooms ... 10-50 — 12 bunches ... 5 0-24 0 Eucharis, per dozen 6 0-70 Gardenia, per dozen 4 0-90 Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09 Lilac white (French) per bunch 5 0-70 Lilium Harriftii. doz. 6 0-10 0 Lily of the Valley, per doz. sprays ... 0 9-16 Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 4 0-90 Marguerites, per doz. bunches 3 0-40 Mignonette, per doz. bunches 16-02 s.d ; Narcissus, paper- ■white, Fr., p. bun. 0 6-09 Orchids :— Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 C-12 0 Odontoglossum cri8pum,12blms. 3 0-60 Pelirgoniums, scar- let, per 12 bun. 9 0-13 0 — 12 sprays ... 10-16 Poinsettia, 12 blooms 4 0-90 Primula,siDg.,12bun. 4 0-60 Roman Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 9-10 Roses, Tea. per dozen 10-30 — coloured, dozen 2 0-40 — yellow (Mare- chals),perdoz. 8 0-12 0 — red, perdozen... 16-20 Tubero-eP, 12 blms. 10-16 Tulip^i. p doz. blms. 10-20 Violet-*, Parme, per bunch 4 6-50 — Czar, per bunch 2 9-36 — English. labun. 16-20 Plants ] Orchid-bloom in variety. ■ Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices. Adiantums, per doz. 4 0-12 0 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90 Arum, perdozen ...12 0-18 0 Ferns, per 100 ... 8 0-15 0 Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-63 0 FicuP, each 16-76 Azalea, per doz. ...33 0-60 0 HyacinthsDutch doz. 6 0-90 Begonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60 Lilyof the Valley, pot 20-30 Chrysanthemums. Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 6 perdozen ... 6 0-90 Primulasinensis.doz. 40-60 — large, each ... 2 0-36 Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0 Cyclamens, per doz. 9 0-18 0 — specimens, eachlO 6-84 0 CyperuB. per dozen 4 0-10 0 Pelargoniums, Scar- Dracaenas, each ... 10-60 let, per doz. ... 6 0- 9 n Epiphyllums, p. doz. Poinsettias, per doz. 12 0-18 0 pots 9 0-18 0 Roman Hyacinth, p. Erica hyemalis, per doz. pots 9 0-12 0 dozen 12 0-18 0 Solanums, per dozen 9 0-12 0 Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 Tulips, per doz. pots 8 0-90 Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices. s.d. s.d. s.d s.d. Apples, Canadianand ' Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 41 0- ...1 Nova Scotian, per Lemons, per case ...15 0-30 0 barrel 10 0-25 0 , Pine-apples.. St. Mi- Apples, J-sieve ... 10-40 chael, each ... 20-60 Grapes 19-36 Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices. Artichokes each Beans. French, lb. Beet, red, per dozt Carrots, per bunch, Cauliflowers, each , Celery, per bundle , Cucumbers, each . Endive, per dozen , Herbs, per bunch , .d. , s.d Globe, , Lettuces, per doz. ... 16-20 0 4-06! Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ... 16-20' Mustard and Cress, 2 0-30 punnet 0 4- ... 0 4- 0 6 I Parsley, per bunch... 0 3-06 0 3-06' Seakale, p. basket ... 20-30 10-30, Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ... 0 6-09! Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ... 2 0-30 Tomatos, per lb. ... 06-10 0 9-10 Turnips, per bunch... 04-06 Potatos. With decreasing stocks, prices have rallied a little for best although sufficient stocks of low-priced are still on the market Prices have ruled, Best. 95s. to 100s.. Medium. ICs. to 855., ami Blackland, 50s, to 6ds. per ton. /. B. Thomas. POTATOS. Borough : Feb. 9. — Quotations : — Hebrons and Ele- phants, 70s. to 90s.; Impeiators, 60s. to 85s.; Bruce Mag- nums, 60s. to 90s. ; Dunbars, 90s. to 105s. per ton. Spitalfields : Feb. 9.— Quotations;— Magnums, 50s. to 70s ; Regents, 50s. to 80s. ; Imperators, 55s. to 75s. ; Main Crop, 60s. to 80s. ; Snowdrops, 50s. to 70s. ; Bruce ;Magnum8, 55s. to 70s. per ton. Farrixgdox: Feb, 11.— Quotations :— Bruce Magnums, 75s. to llOs. ; Imperators, 70!. to 90s. ; Magnum Bonums. 60s. to 110s. ; Sutton's Abundance. 85s. to llOs. per ton. Stratford : Feb. lO— Quotations :— Magnums, 55s. to 80s. ; Bruce do., 65s. to S5s. ; Imperatori, 65s. to 80s.; 'Scotch Magnums, 70s. to 90s. ; Main Crop, 90s. to UOs. per ton. Notices to Correspondents. Amaeyllis : (?. Cooper. A variety excellent in every way, and especially in colouring, in which it resembles Empress of India, and in the numher of blooms on a scape. The bulb has exceptional vigour. Book on Table Decobations : J. C. G. Floral Decorations for the Dwelling House, by Annie Hassard, would meet your requirements. Its publishers are Macmillan & Co., London. Carnation : E. H. A. Your Carnations are probably attacked by some species of fungus, or they have eel-worms at the roots. Kindly send examples, so that we may be better able to assist you. Carnations in November. You can obtain from the nurserymen, in March, nicely-rooted cuttings of Tree Carnations. These may be grown on till April in a cold frame, transferring them in that month to a sunny spot out-of-doors. Repot them when the roots have filled the soil, and do not let them get pot-bound. If you have a hot-bed, you can strike cuttings of C. Miss JoUiSe at this season. Cattleya Disease : W. L. This disease has affected Cattleyas and Lselias in various parts of the country lately, and it is supposed to be contagious, but nothing definite has, as yet been made out about it. The matter will be re-investigated. Cattleya labiata ahtumnalis : X. It is now known that the plant comes from Pernambuco. The fact was stated in the Orchidophile, October, 1891, p. 311. Cineraria Leaf : A Constant Header, The leaf sent is channelled by the leaf- miner Tephritis onopordinis. It attacks Celery, Chr)santhemum8, and other cultivated plants, besides British ones. Badlj- infested leaves should be cut off and burned, and the miner squeezed and killed if it has just begun operations. Soot- water or quassia-water may be used over the leaves from May to December to render them distasteful. Soils for pot plants should not be used in a fresh state, as these are apt to contain the pupae, but let them be thrown in heaps for two years before using them, and when using the soil examine it for the little brown pupa cases. Clianthus Dampiehi : Constant Header. Like all the Clianthi, this species requires perfect drainage, and to be kept rather dry at most times, except whilst making growth, and even then water should be supplied in not too great abundance. The best kind of compont for it is loam j, finely broken brick or burnt clayey soil, and sand with broken charcoal J. The pot should be large enough for the seedling to grow and flower, without repotting during the two or three years it can be kept alive, and it should be placed — whether planted out against a wall in the conservatory, or in a pot — in a sunny spot. The foliage must be kept clear of red spider, which is verv partial to it ; and the bark of the white Scale, although this last insect is not so likely to attack it, during its short life as C. Duniceus or C. magnificus. Your plant may be suffering from too much moisture at the roots, or an improper kind of soil, or want of sunshine, we cannot say what, as no particulars were furnished. Correction : The title of the Supplementary Illustration in our last issue was inadvertently stated by us to be Hedvchium coronarium, when it should have been H. Gardneriannm. Fungus Spawn : A. D. It is not possible in its present condition to say what the mature state is likely to be. In any case, it is likely to be a deadly enemy, and should be dealt with accordingly Laurels : A. W. You may increase your stock by layering the shoots that grow near the ground — two-year-old wood rooting in about one year, and older wood in from one to two years. Scrape out a small hollow, bend the shoot into it after giving it a twist with the hand at the point of contact with the earth, or cut a notch in the shoot, and make it secure in the ground with stout wooden hook ; fill in the mould and tread it firm. Take cuttings of young wood with a heel in September, and insert them in well-drained and properly pre- pared sandy compost, consisting of loam and potting-bench refuse — not much leaf-mould, and no manure — under hand-glasses placed under the shelter of a wall facing east or north. Another way, take cuttings, or better, slips of two-year old growth, cutting back the soft, current season's Fbbbuabt 13, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 217 ' (jrowth to half its length, and place these at a distance of 3 or 4 inches apart in trenches cut out deep enough to take the cuttings almost up to the beginninf of the young growth ; scatter some sand or sandy compost at the bottom of the trenches, just burying up the base of the cuttings ; return the rest of the soil to the trenches, making it firm ; and before frosts arrive, cover the soil with 1 inch of half rotted leaf mould, or cocoa-fibre. Some pea-sticks or blacken put over the bed during hard weather is an advantage. Maidenhair Fern ; •/. T. L. We know that letting the fronds lay immersed in cold water — not icy cold — for an hour, prolongs their freshness ; but, we greatly doubt the efficacy of boiling water. Why not try it for yourself — only as a precaution, do not put an armful of fronds into the tub. Names of Fruits : C. Vocock. 1, Old Russet ; 2, Bees Pool. — HartweU. 1, Wyken, or Warwickshire ; 2, not recognised. — D. T. F. Apple Striped Beejng. — T^'^S'J- Doyenn^ d'Alec^m. Xames of Plants : .V. Y. Z. Plant sent early last week, and whose sender's name is lost, is Til- landsia striata. Peach Tkees ; Amateur. You must remove the shoots by degrees, say, first taking off all those shoots which spring from the rear, or under-sides, of the branches. Next, in about a week, those growing out at right angles to the wall may be pinched oflT; and finally, in another week after- wards, a selection must be made of shoots to be left to grow, removing the remainder. Those to be left are such as are wanted to fill up blank spaces, those springing from the upper sides at the base of this year's fruitiog-shoota, and the leaders of all shoots, young and old. When these shoots once obtain the lead, very little disbudding will be required afterwards, but now and then a strong shoot that is getting too much sap to itself must be bent sharply downwards, and fastened there for a time, or cut back to its lowest side-shoot. Recently-Transplanted Yew Hedge : E. It will be prudent to wait until the bushes break, before doing anything further than just catting back the browned or damaged tips. See that the plants get well watered during March, April, and May, and that the soil has a slight mulch to check evaporation. Rose W. Allen Richardson : Amateur. As it has ceased to flower, cut it in hard — into the old wood. Do not give it much water till it breaks, then remove some of the top soil, which replace with new rich loam, trodden well, then afford the whole a thorough watering, and when the weather gets warm, mulch the soil. Soils and Capillarity Nonice. — Consult any ordi- nary text-book on agriculture. The First Coltsfoot : .V. The first flowers were noticed near London on the 10th inst. The first Snowdrops were observed on January 22 in a garden north-west of London, nearly three weeks later than last year in the same situation. The Newspaper Statements about Fruit from Tasmania, the Cape, and New Zealand ; J. B. Yes. it is quite correct that fruit has been arriving in this country from these and other distant parts. Tasmanian Apples came over first, we think, in 1«88. Violets: J. B. Obtain rooted runners in April, and plant them 1 foot apart in good land, enriched with leaf-mould and road. scrapings, and not in too sunny a position, but still, not under trees. The Czar and Marie Louise are good kinds. White Arum : J. B. It does not matter how yon grow them, so long as the roots are not crowded cr starved. One or three in a pot, feeding them well with weak manure-water, or top-dressings of rotted manure and plenty of water whilst growing, and a rest of a month or more before starting them. C jM-MU-viciTioNS Received.— J, R.— .T. S.— T. C— H. R. B.— R. D.— W. E. G.-H. M.— J. S.— E. C— VsRiboud - .T R.— W. H. B — Science and PracticP.-S. T. W.-C. G. Van T.— W. Codner.— A. D.-R. B -T. H.— E. M.— G. W.—W. A. C. —J. D.— P. C — P. K.— R. A. R.-J B. W.— E. J —J. T. W. -J. O'B. — H. W. W.— H. D.-F. S-— Profesfor Hans-n, Copenhagen.— Sir .T. P.— W. W.-Dr. Bona\ia — N. E. Br.— W. T. T.D-G.E— J V. & Sons. —Messrs. Sutton.— F. W. II.— A. R. E.— W. E. T.-D. M — W. T.— E. B -F. W. B.— P. B.— J. T. N.— C. B.— W. Liddiate (next week).— E. T.— \V. R— Constant R-ader.- H. E.— Salopian.- G. D. S.— E. -Wild Rose.— J. G.-G. H.— Pteria. W. WOOD & SON'S NEW YEAR'S "SPECIALITIES." The Cheapest House in the Trade for ORCHID BASKETS Our Own Manufacture, of all Descriptions and Sizes. tend for Ntw Illustrated CATALOGUE, giving prices. ORCHID, THE k ili Pi. k m FINEST 5 THE COUNTRY PRODUCES. For HARD-WOOD and STOVE PLANTS, OuB, Peat is Unequalled. Special Prices Carriage Paid to any Station in the United Kingdom. RHODODENDRON PEAT, 15s. per Ton F.O.R. Hants. FRESH GREEN SPHAGNUM. Short, thick, full-headed Moss ; just the sort for Orchids. 2s. Qd. per Bushel. SPECIAL OFFER, TO CLEAR GROUND, Broken Fibrous Peat, in truck loads, is. ^. per yard; Decayed Leaf Sou, 3« 6i. per sack. In trucks on Rail near London. w. w. & s. PRIZE MANURES. WOOD WOOL, '"''"A"s%"er7wr"^' SuPEHiOB WADDING in Colouhs. A Ship Just Arrived, of S H E L L SHI N G L E. LOAM, COCOA-NUT FIBRE. O. E. R., 16s per Truck of 2 Tons. G.N. R.,G.W.R..L &N. W.R., and M.R., Is. 6|UMINvJ. t'ISH GUANO. Unequalled in quality and price. 16s. 6d. per cwt. All our other PRIZE MANURES at special low trade prices. BON £ Sj *°. VTOTORTA STRKET, WKSTMINST'KR, iW. ; and BACHBLOK'S WAiK, DUBLIN,— JJwwnoit for Cash, 218 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaky 13, 1892. TRADE MARK. TRAD£ MARK. THESE WELL-KMOWM MANURES ABE USED BY THE Leading Growers, Royal Botanic Society, Boyal Horticultxiral Society, Royal Parks, London County Council, Throughout the United Kingdom, And in Every Quarter of the Glohe. Sold by HEEDSMEN, FLOBISTS, and NUBSERniEN, in 6d. and Is. Packets, and HEALED BAGS:— 7 lb. 14 lb. 28 lb. 56 lb. 112 lb. 2s. ed. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 20s. ^ Or direct from the Works in Is, Packets, post Jree, or Bags of either size. Carriage Faid{as sample), in the United King- dom, for Cask with order as atove. The resppetive Trade Mark i8 printed on every Packet and Bag, and also impressed on the Lead Seal attached to the mouth of each Bag. The only Guarantee of Geouinenega. PlifCES OF CRUSHED BOiVES IN VARIOI'S SfZES ON APPLICATION. CLAY Manufacturers and Bone Crushers, TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD, LONDON, E. ATIVE GUANO.— Best and Cheapest Manure for Garden Use. Price £3 10s. per ton, in bags. Lota under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt. ; 1 cwt., Sample bag, sent Carriage Paid to any S tation in England, on receipt of P. O. for 5s. Extracts from 16th Annual Collection of Reports:^ NATIVE GUANO, for POTATOS, VEGETABLES, &c. H. Brinkworth, Potato Grower, Reading, used for Potatos, Onions, and Carrots, results : — " Very good ; never had better crop3." J. Butler, Sittingbourne :— " Used for Potato, Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO, for FKUIT, ROSES, TOMATOS. &c. J. Peed & Sons, Streatham, used for Fruit Trees and Roses, results:— " Very satisfactory; we use no other Guano now; consider yours preferable to Peruvian." J. FixcH, Orrell Gardens:— "Used for Vegetables, Tomatos, Grapes, Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most excellent for Potatos, and many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market." Orders to the Native Guano Co., Ltd., 29, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, Loudon, where Pamphlet of Testimonials, &c., may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. Thia manure is chemically distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring and ripening of Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, &c., beyond any other Manure. jfjey Crawley, Sussex, Sept. 14, 1891. " The effect of this manure is most noticeable in the develop- ment, ripening, and colouring of the fruit. In consequence of the wet and sunless weather, I could not get my Tomatos growing in an unheated and rather damp house to ripen ; but within iArsedaysof applying your Man 11 <-* Lhey began to colour, and I have been gathering splendid fruit almost daily since." (Signed), B. C. RA^'ENSCKOFT. Prices in Sacks, at Works, 10s. per cwt. ; £2 per \ ton ; £3 15s. per J ton ; £7 per ton. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO., THE CHEMICAL WORKS, HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, HERTS. TNNES' FERTILITAS. -^THE VINE and JL PLANT FOOD.-Of all Nursery and Seedsmen, or direct. 15j. per cwt., carriage paid to all Stations. References and testimonials of the Sole Makers — W. INNES AND CO., Sunny Hill Vinery, Littleover, Derby. SAFE, Reliable IMPOSTANT TO GARDENERS, AMATEURS, AND Others, ttho Fumigate Houses TO KILL ''FLY," OE, *'XHIIIP." You will shortly be ordering your Spring Supply o^ Fumigating Material. Why lay in a heavy stouk of tobacco paper, uncertain in quality, often disappoi^.ting, and very unpleasant to use, w' - ~ - article, and one that THE FIRST OF ITS CLASS. AND STILL THE ONLY ONE On which you can thoroughly depend. The manufacture is much improved, aod it can be ordered without any risk of the disappointments often attending other fumiga- PRIGES :— *'°g materials. For houses with ( 1000 cubic ft.. No. 3 Roll, 1/- each ) Post acapacitijof > 2000 „ „ „ 4 ,. 1/9 ,, f/rce. The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up required quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. — The safest and most effective Liquid Insecticide for dipping or syringing. FbicIlS, post free ; — Pints, \s. lOrf. ; quarts, 35. 3rf. ; half gallons. 5s. ^d. CLIBKAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.-A truly valuable remedy, has saved thousands of bulbs. Prices, post-free :— Half-pints, Is. ^d. ; pints, 2s. 9(f. ; quarts, 4s. 9c?. ; half-gallons, 85. Or from your Seedsman. CLIBRAN'S ^^iil\i.. ALTRINCHAWl ; 10 & 12 Market Street, Manchester; And Prinoip;ility Nurseries, Deganwy, Llandudno. THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE. The Cheapest and Best of aU Insecticides. As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such as Green and Black Fly, Mealy Bug, Scale and Thrip, Red Spider, American Blight, Woolly Aphis, Caterpillar, Wood Lice, &c. Price in tins— J-Pint, Is. ; 1 Pint, Is. M.; 1 Quart, 3s. ; J-Qallon, 6s.; 1 Gallon, 9s,; 5 and 10-Gallon Drums, 8s. per Gallon. Carriage Paid. Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application. Prepared Solely by THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD., LUTON STREET, LIVERPOOL. THE '^TOTrlPEClALmS For Destruction of Insect Pests. Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers. KILLMRIGHT, 2-oz. Sample posted free on application. Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd.. Barton House, Manchester For Green and Black ny, American Blight, camellia Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale, Worms, Wood Lice, &c. " O T i^ I> C M fl " THE UNIVERSAL f 1 O K Ei N Aj INSECTICIDE. SAFE— ECONOMICAIr— EFFECTUAL. 16, Princes Street, EpinBUKaH, July 15, 1887.— "Dear Sirs. I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a gallon of water at a temperature of 96°, I find it kills Green Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at 120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds ; while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dis-solves Mealy Bug, and 60 far as I have yet observed, without the slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing or spray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A. MACKENZIE." of Messrs. Methven & Sons. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London, January T. 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti- cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others. I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed) B. S. WILLIAMS." Sold by Chemists. Nurserymen, and Florists. in Bottles at Is. 6d., 2s. td., and 3s. 6d. ; in Tins (1 and 2 gallons), 10s. 6d. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 6 gallons and upwards, 9s. per gallon. Prepared only by DUNCAN, FLOCEHABT tc CO., Chemists to the Queer, Edlnhurgli. May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London ; and from WILLIAM EDWARDS ANP SON, 157, Queen Victoria Street, London, "Nothing Succeeds like Success.'' (SOLUBLE) INSECTICIDE The most reliable and best of all Insecticides for destroying Insects and Vermin on Plants and Fruit Trees, also on Animals, and Birds ; and as a Disinfectant & Bleacher in Washing Clothes. Full Directions on the Labels of each Bottle. Sold by Seedsmen & Chembts, i/S, 2/6, & 4/6; J^-g.allon 7/6, i-gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities. A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on application to the manufacturer, addressed to E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Hanchester. Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and Patent iNIedicine Houses. NEW YORK— .\. RoLKER & Sons. ORCHID PEAT. PREPARED, ready for use, all fibre, 10s. per sack ; 5 for 47s. Hd. SELECTED, in blocks, very fibrous, 8s. per sack; 5 for 37s. tirf. SECOND QUALITY, os. per sack ; 6 for 22s. 6d. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, 4s. per sack, 5 for 18s. ; and 3s. per sack, 5 for 12s. 6d. PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM. each 2s. iSd. per sack ; 6 fur 10s. PREPARED POTTING COMPOST, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s. All sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sample Sack. Special terms to the Trade. For Price List apply to THE FORESTER. Joyden Wood, near Bexley, Kent. RICHARDS'noted ORCHID and other SELECTED PEATS (g^\^S?Sin"]l), SOILS, MANURES, and every description of GARDEN SUNDRIES. G. H. EICHAEDS, The Horticultural Stores, 1, Belvedere Crescent. Lambeth, London, S.E. Write for Samples and Price List, Post-free. Chief Peat Depot : Ringwood, Hants. EPPS'S-'-'TEAT, For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS, Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton, ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. Rich flbrousLOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal, and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE, fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC- TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter. The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD. HANTS. SAVE HALF THE COST. GARSIOE'S BEDFORDSHIRE COARSE AND FINB ILVER SAND la admitted by the leading Nurserymen to be the Best Qtiallty obtainable in the Trade. Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of tjjese Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in- exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus save half the ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS. Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail- way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEATsupplied at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag gent on application to GEO. GARSIDE. Jnn..F.R.H.S.. LelghtOD Buzzard. Beds. ORCHID BASKETS, RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS, AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES. SEND FOR A PRICE LIST from the Largest Manufaotnrer in the Trade, H. G. SMYTH, 21, GOLDSMITH STREET, DRURY LANE. W.C. A R D E N REQUISITE S.— sticks. Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &e. Cheapest Prices of — WATSON 4NP ?CULL, 90, Lower Tfeames Street, London.E.O. Febrdaey 13, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 219 The Original and Only Makers of the GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS WITH SOLID ENDS. Aho— SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTHAM, With Special Provisiou for Cleaning thelii.si.te thoroughly (a Most Important Point). These Boilers, after \ov\^ experience, have proved tliemaelves the Most Efficient, Kcoiio- miudl, and Lasting Boilers extant. Every other kind of Boiler?, Sockets, Flanges, and Expiinsion-Joiut Pipes and Fittings, for all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers. Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE. WIRE. ^ CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WARRINGTON. .•^ HILL & SMITH, BE.IEBLEY HILL, STAFFORDSHIRE, And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON. E.C NEW PATTERN '■'■The Porcupine.^'' The maximum of utility and the minimum of cost. Constructed of Strong Iron ITp- nghts and Galvanised Barbed Steel Price 10s. 6d. TESTIMONIAL. The Whittern. Herefordshire, " Dec. 28, 1887. Dear Sir9, — I have now had an opportunity of trying ,,jl '/ your PoRCUTlNE Trek [t.Mtlili'.''- Guards, and they seem II 'i[j quite to answer my pur- ~~^/ pose, so you may send me 50 more as before. I eu- close cheque for your account. Yours truly. EICHD. GREEN. Messrs. Hill & Smith. PIT LIGHTS. Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft., iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in London. Cash or reference with order, CUCUMBER HOUSES. Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door, &c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed specification, to W.DUNCAN TUCKER, HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM. ,/ CONWAY G. WARNE, Limited, Royal Potteries, Weston-super-Mare. "FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS. CO Registered Trade Mark. If you fail to obtain this ^2 Valuable Canvas from your local ^^ Seedsman, send a post-card to — ^^ BENJ. EDGINGTON, § (LlMlTlIi), - 2, DUKE STREET, London Bridge, S.E., y-» Who will reply by return, with '^Z. Samples and full Particulars. ^^ CO "DUROUNE (Transparent Wire Wove Roofing) JJ UNBREAKABLE. FLEXIBLE. LARGELY USED IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. Government Officials, Fire Insurance Surveyors, Architects, Engineers, and numerous Experts have testified on oath that "DUROLINE" is preferable to and much safer than Glass for Roofs, Skylights, and other similar erections. Set nM>ori " Lofidjn County Council v. Tht Nrw Wire Wor^c Roojin£ Co., Ld." May and June iSqi. INVALUABLE ?OIl EAEM BUILDINGS. Extensively used on Ike estates OJ H.R.H. The Prince oj Wales, T/te Dukes ot Westminster mnd Sutherland, cutd thousands of others. SAMPLES AND FULL PARTICULARS OF THE SOLE PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS THE REW WIRE WOVE ROOFS^S CO., LD. 75a, Q^een Vietoria Street. LONDON, E.C. GARDEN REQUISITES, as supplied to the Royal Gardens. — COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, Is. 3d. per sack, 10 for 12s., 20 for 20s., 30 tor 28s., sacks free ; 2-ton truck. 30s., free on rail near works. Fine ORCHID PEAT. 8s. ad. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS do., 5s. per sack. 5 for 22s. 6d. BLACK do, 4s. 6c!. per sack. 5 for 20s. FLBROUS LOAM, LEAF-MOULD, and PEAT-MOULD, each 3s. per sack. Coarse SILVER-SAND, Is. 6d. per bushel. 14s. } ton. 26s. per ton. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. SPHAGNUM. 7s. 6d. per sack ; all sacks and bags, 2d. each. RUSSIA MATS, 10s. id. to 19s. per dozen. RAFFIA, VIRGIN CORK, STAKES, &c. BONES, i-inch, lis. per cwt. Pure BONE- DUST, lis. ad. TOBACCO-PAPEK, Specialite, Wd. per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 26s. Price List, free. W. HERBERT AND CO., Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwark Street, London, S.E. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE PUBLISHER'S NOTICES. Gabdenebs' Chboniclr Telegrams. — The Registered Address for Foreign and Inland Telegrams is " Gardchron, London." ADVERTISEMENTS. Scale of Charges for Advertising. Head Line charged as tii'o. 4 Lines 6 „ 6 „ 7 „ 8 „ 9 .. 10 „ 11 » 18 ,, 13 „ 14 „ 10 3 0 0 3 6 0 4 0 0 4 6 0 5 0 0 5 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 7 0 0 7 6 0 8 0 15 Lines 16 „ 17 „ 18 „ 19 „ 20 „ 21 „ 22 „ 23 „ 24 „ 25 „ 8 6 9 0 9 6 10 0 10 6 11 0 11 6 12 0 12 6 13 0 13 6 AND SIXPENCE TOR EVERY ADDITIONAL LINE. If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20s. [f set across three Columns the lowest charge will be 30s. Page, £8; Half Page, £4 10s. ; Column. £3. Notice to Advertisers. — In many instances Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver- tisements are received without name, address, or anything beyond the postmark on envelope by which to identify the sender ; this in all cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and frequently the sender cannot be identified at all. Advertisers are requested when Remitting to give their Names and Addresses, and also a Reference to the Advertisements which they wish repeated. Gabdenebs AND othbes Wanting Situations, 26 words, including name and address, Is. 6rf., and Qd.for every additional line (about nine words) or part of a line. These Advertise- ments tnust be prepaid. This scale does not apply to announcements of Vacant Situat ions , which are charged at the ordinary scale. Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 5s. each insertion. Position. — Advertisers are specially requested to note, that under no circumstances what- ever can any particular position be guaranteed for advertisements occupying less space than an entire column. Postal Orders. — To Advertisers, Subscribers, and Others. — It is very important in remit- ting by Postal Order that it should be filled in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to A. G. Martin, as, unless the number of a Postal Order is knoivn, and it has been made payable at a particular office, and to a par- ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any person into whose hands it may fall from negotiating it. N.B. — The best and safest means of Re- mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY ORDER. Advertisements for the current week must reach the Office not later than Thursday noon. All Advertisements should be addressed to the PUBLISHER. Publishing Office and Office for Advertisements, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C. SUBSCRIPTIONS. All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United Kingdom, 12 months, 15s.; 6 months, 7s. 6d. ; 3 months, 3s. 9d. All Foreign Subscriptions, including Postage, 17s. &d. for 12 months; Post-office Orders to be made payable at the Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to A. G. Martin. Subscribers 7vho e.vperience any difficulty in ob- taining their Copies regularly, are particu- larly requested to communicate U'ith the Publisher fin cases of delay in the delivery by post, the cover should be forwarded with complaint). 220 THE GARDENEB8' GHRONIGLE. [Fbbbuaet 13, 1893. BOILINQ WATER OR MILK. E P P S ' S GRATEFUL-COMFORTING. COCOA BREAKFAST-SUPPER. AGENTS WANTED for the SALE of NATIVE GUANO. The Best and Cheapest Manure for all Farm and Garden Crops. — The NATIVE GUANO COMPANY, LIMITED, 29, New Bridge Street. Blackfriars, London. E.G. WANTED, good AGENTS, to introduce the "STOTT" HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTIES. Liberal Terms. Address — THE •• STOTT'' FERTILIZER and INSECTICIDE DIS- TRIBUTOR CO., Ltd.. Barton House. Deansgite, Manchester. COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, newly made, the same as supplied to the Royal Horticultural Society, 2 tons loose in truck free on to rails— G. W.. G. N., S.W.. L. & N.W.. MlDd.. 208.; other Jinea, 25s. ; in bags. 20. 165.; 40, 30s. Cash with order.— J. STEVENS and CO., Cocoa-nut Fibre Merchants. 153, High Street, Batterses, S.W BROWN and BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 25s. per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 Tons ; Bags, 5s. each ; 10 Bags 45s. PEAT, for farming Rhododendron, Bog. and American Plant Beds, 21s. per Ton, or £4 is. per Truck of 4 tons; Bags, 5s. each ; 10 Bags, 4ds. THOMAS WALKER, Tekels Park, Camberley, Surrey. ROHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Store and Greenhouse use. RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of WALKER AND CO.. Farnboroueh. Hants. TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck- loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address, O. J. EVESON, 26, Corporation Street, Birmingliam. GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859 for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other blight, 2ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when paraf&nis used. Has outlived many preparations intended to supersede it. Boxes, Is. , 3s. , and 10s. 6d. GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on wet grouni]. Boxes, 6rf. aoid Is., from the Traile. Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY CLimitedl, London. SIX CABINET PORTRAITS, Zs. ; three for 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for \s. Ad. Eight-inch Enlargement, 35. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 2'i for 1». 6d. ; 100 for 3s. M. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order, and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copiea, with Oricinal.— FRANCIS AWT> CO., 2P, Ludeat«hill. London. FREE GRANTS of LAND in MANITOBA and other PARTS of CANADA.— The reports (illustrated) of the twelve British Tenant-Farmers who visited Canada in 1890, and other pamphlets issued under the authority of the Imperial and Dominion Governments, containing maps and full information as to land regulations, bonuses granted to settlers, openings for capital, demand for libour, rates of wai^e^, cost of living, and all other particulars, may be had post-free, on applying to the High Commissioner for Canada (Mr. J. G. COLMER, C.M.G.. Secretary). U, Victoria Street, London. S.W. : or, to Mr. JOHN DYKE, Canadian Government Agent, 15, Water Street, Liverpool. CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories, Orchid-houses, Vineries, Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materials and Workmanship guaranteed, at Mode- rate Prices. Intending Purchasers waited upon by appo'ntment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEA.TING APPARATHS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of Garden Requisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses. Toot-houses, Pigeon Cotes, r>og Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE. pMt-fre^. for si i stamps. PALACE PLAIN HORTrCULTCTRAL WORKS, NORWICH. THREE MILLIONS HAVE BEEN PAID BY THE RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY, FOR ACCIDENTS OF ALL KINDS, 64, COKNHILL, LONJ)ON. W. D. MASSY, I ^ A. VIAN, \^'"'^- AMERICAN HORTICULTURALINTERESTS ARE BEST EEPRESENTED VS THE AMERICAN GARDEN, United In ONB. WHICH INCLUDES : — THE AMERICAN GARDEN ... IStll Year. THE GARDENERS' MONTHLY 32nd Year. and HORTICULTURIST 44tll Year. THE FLORAL CABINET ... 19tll Year. Making the Largest^ Best, Oldest, Liveliest, Handsomest Gardening Magazine in America. THE LEADING AMERICAN JOURNAL FOR HORTICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS. Subscription Price for England and Countries in the Univeraal Postal Union, lOs. B. H. LIBBY, Publisher, Times Building, New York, U.S.A. Agents for Great Britain and Ireland :— STEEL AND JONES, 4, Spring Gardens, Charing Cross, London, S.W.. to whom Orders for Advertisements and Subscrip- tions may be sent. A Specimen Copy post-free for lOd. (stamps). [rktiltiiral - Bcoitomtfit. An ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE, of 52 pages and cover. Exponent of scientific and high farming ; advocate of co-operation in agriculture, in the supply of farm requisites, and the sale of produce; organ of the Agricultural and Horti- cultural Association, the pioneer society for mutual supply of pure oilcakes, complete manures, reliable seeds, and imple- ments on wholesale terms. Specimen copy free. Subscription, per annum, .'is., inclusive of postage. Single copies 6d. each, through all Newsagents. 3, Agar Street. Strand, London. W.C. Demy 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d, MY GARDENER. Illustrated by H. W. Ward, F.R.H.S., Head Gardener to the Earl of Radnor, Longford Castle, Salisbury. *' Clear, sensible, and full of instruction." — Times. "This is the best work on gardening which we have come across for a long period .... and certainly deserves a place in every gardener's library or bookcase."— Brcral World. " As a practical haodbook for the million, it has no superior on the subject."— Ue/is WeekJy Messenger. "The book is replete with valuable cultural notes, indis- pensable to the millions wlio are now turning to gardening as a S( urce of pleaiiure and ^To'at."— Gardeners" Chronicle, " The professional gardener, amateur, and cottager may loot to it as a trustworthy guide in matters affecting the routine of the garden." — Gardeners' Magazine. "It is likely to be most useful and very popular." — D. T. FISH, Esq., Bury St. Edmunds. " I hope for the good of the country it may meet with the extensive sale it deserves."— W. THOMaON, Esq., Cloven- fords. "I fhall consult it myself with pleasure."-r. W. BOR- BIDGE, Es(i , Curator o£ Trinity College Botanical Gardens, Dublin. EYRE AND SP0TTI3W00DE, East Harding Street. E.C., and all Booksellers. QABDENINa APPOINTMENTS. Mr. A. Thomson, for the last two vears Gardener at Slingsby Hall, as Head Gardener to J. C. NICHOLSON, Esq., Moor- fields House. Leeds. Mr. J. ENGLiND. Foreman at Hickletcn Gardens, Yorkshire, for the last five years as Gardener to Lord Auckland, Edenthorpe, near Doncasler. Mr. A. Bexham, until recently Foreman at Middleton Park Gardens, Bicester, as Gardener to H. Hoabe, Esq., Wavendon, Woburn, Beds. TRAVELLER WANTED AT ONCE, To represent a large English Firm on the Con- tinent. Must have a good knowledge of General Nursery Stock, especially Orchids, Hardy Plants, &c., and speak French and German fluently. Only those who have been on the road before need apply, stating previous employment, and terms expected, to Box 3, Gardeners' Chronicle OfiBce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. SUNKEY^famoiisGARDENPOi ■^i- Bulwel I Potteries,: No Uin^h am Messrs. Dlcksons, Limited, Chester, write :— " The Flower Pots you have so largely supplied us with are light, strong and well made, antl in every respect highly satisfactory." Messrs Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write:— "We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with youi* Garden Pots,' they are well made, light, yet strong, aud we like them better than any other we have ever used." Mr. William Bull, 636, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes :— " For nearly thirty years I have been using your Garden Pots,' and still tind them the best and cheapest." Largest Maimfacturera in the World. No Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £10 Orders, Half Carriage on £5 Orders, Samples Free, Commercial Travellers' School, Pinner. WANTED, for the above-named Schools, a WORKING BAILIFF or GARDENER, who is tho- roughly experienced in the Management of Cows and Pigs, »nd can also Superintend General Farm Work and Plain Gar- dening. Wages 21s. per week, with a good cottage.— Appli- cation to be made, by letter, to the SECRETARY, 37, Milk Street, London, E.G. WANTED, a thoroughly reliable married MAN of about 30. as MANAGER in a Shop. Must have a fair knowledge of the Seed Trade, and a thorough knowledge of the Cut Flower and Plant Trade. Character J and ability must bear the strictest investigation.— MARSHALL BROS. AND CO.. Barnham Junction, Bognor. WANTED, for North Wales, a MAN to Manage and Assist on a small Farm of 60 Acres, where Stock is kept, and a few Acres of Fruit Farming. Give full particulars by letter to THOMAS PERKINS AND SONS, Nurserymen, 34, Drapery, Northampton. WANTED, a HEAD WORKING GAR- DENER. Second kept. He must be able and willing, and take an interest in his work.— Apply by letter to H.. Messrs. Nutting & Sons. 106, South wark Street, S.E. WANTED, a GARDENER.— To board and sleep in the house preferred, in a small, good place. Must be a thoroughly experienced and steady man. with full knowledge of Contervatorv, Fm t. and Kitchen Gardening ; also willing to clfan boots, knives, &c., in a small family. Good wages will be paid to suitable min. State age. wpges, and full particulars to Mr. HUMPHREYS, Holmesdale, Kew Gardens, Surrey. WANTED, as GARDENER, a married MAN, about 3S, without any family, at a small country house where Under Gardener is kept. Must be a good all-round working man. and wife to assist part of the day in house dutv. Wages. 25s. a week, with rooms, coal, oil, and vegetables if sufficient is produced from garden. Good testimonials required —Apply, by letter only, to C. G., 99 and 100. White Lion St., Pentonville. N. To Gardeners. WANTED, a thoroughly experienced MAN, to take the entire Management of a Garden of 10 Acres, 4 acres of which are glass, situated at Hilliogdon, near Uibridge. Only thoroughly experienced men, accustomed to grow for market, and whose characters will bear the strictest investiga- tion, need apply, stating fully the whole of past experience, age. and salary required. House fouid but no commission or any extras allowed. — Apply, by letter only, marked Private, to yfVLyiAM, WSTrSl-SYi Westboume Grovs, London, W. Fkbbuam 13, 189i.l THE GARDENER S' CHR ONI CLE. 221 WANTED, a reliable and energetic MAN, age 2l) to30; for Propagating and Growing Pot Plants and Cut Flowers for Market. None need apply unless thoroughly experienced, and whose character will bear the strictest iavestigdtion. — Apply, with full particulars, as to ability, references, wages expected, and enclose photo to KELIA.BLE, Cjrrfeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. WANTED, AT ONCE, a SECOND GAR- DKNER. — Married, small or no family; cottage. Thoroughly experienced in the Managem -nt of Glass iu all branches. State full particulars as to experience, reference, age, and wagjs required, by letter onlv.— J. ROBERTS, Tue Gardens, Bruomhill, Tunbridge Wells. WANTED, a thorough all-round MAN, to Grow perfejtiy Grapes, Peaches, Tomatos, Roses, Gardenias, Azaleas, and other Plants. Must have a good character in every respect. Abstainer preferred. Eight Glass Houses, usual Flower and Kitchen Gardens. None bat a thorough workman will suit. Active and quick at his work. and with interest in the place. — state full particulars to W, A. OLYNN. seagrove, near Kyde. W' ANTED, a FOREMAN, PROPAGATOR, and GROWER of General Indoor Market Stock, Florist, and the Forcing of Cut Flowers. — State age, wages, and if married, with references, to ADIANTUM, Gardeners' Chonide Office, 41. Wellington Street. Strand. W.C. ANTED, a MAN as GROWER and PROPAGATOR in a London Market Nursery.— Must be well up in Bouvardias, Double Primulas, and raising Maidenhair Ferns. &c. Must have filled a similar situation. — Apply, first instance by letter, stating wages, experience, &c., B. BULLEN. Lewisham. S E. WANTED, a competent CHRYS- ANTHEMUM GROWER for a first-class private establishment ; must be well up io growing for exhibition. &c. State full particulars, wages, &c., lu first instance, to JOHN LAING AMD SONS, Fores'^^ Hill Nurseries, S.E. WANTED, on Tyneside, a good active man as SINGLE-HANUED GARDENER, with knowledge of Greenhouse. Stove, and Conserva ory. Vegetable and Flower Garden. House, Coals, and Water, free. — Apply, stating age, salary, and qualifications. — No. 91, Gardeners' Chronicle office, 41. Wellington Street. Strand. W.C. WANTED, AT ONCE, a young MAN, for Cucumber and Tomato GrowiDg, &c, — Apply, stating age, and wages wanted, to MANAGER, Fern Sank Nurseries, Woore, near Newcastle. Staffordshire. ANTED, as UNDER GARDENER, a married man (without family prt-ferred).— Must be experienced in Indoor and Outdoor Gardening; will be rt quired to Milk and take charge of Cows Sec. Wile must be a good Iiaundress. Wages, 27s. per week, with lodgings on the pre- mises, milk, vegetables, and ga.«. Good references required. — Apply, by letter, to W. F., The Manor House, Richmond, Surrey. WANTED, a good practical and trustworthy FOREMAN, chiefly fur Fruit-houses ; also a JOUR- NEYMAN.—Wages £l and IBs. per week, respectively, with bothy and vegetables.— Apply, stating age and expe'ience, to Mr. B. HOPE, MiddlPton Park Gardens, Bicester. WANTED, as WORKING FOREMAN, a thorough prac'ica' MAN, who understands Inside and Outside Routine, and capable of managing a good stuff of men. Must be well up in growing Plants, Cut Flowers and Tomatos for Market, with a toorougli knowledge of Herbaceous Plants. Good f.refereoces indt3peDi>able. Only those who have held a iimilar situation io Market Nursery nted apply,— State parti- culars and wages required by letter, to E. F. SUCH, The , Maidenhead. WANTED, a good general WORKING FOREVIAN, inside and out.-Must be well up in Vines. Cucumbers, Feros, Tomato-s, Mushrooms, and Cut Flowers for market, and able to take the market one or two diy- a week.— Apply. W. H. L 4.WS0N, The Nurseries, Knares- borough, Yorks. ANTED, IMMEDIATELY, an UNDER JOURNEYMAN, for a Private E-tablishment. to work under a good Foreman, Inside the Houses only. Must have A good character for knowledge of Plants, Vines, and be a total abstrJner. Room-t found. No boy kept.— Appiv, by letter only, to S. T. FISHER. Esq., The Grove. Streathaiu. ANTED, a sharp youne: MAN, quick at tying, potting, to a-sist at propagation and general work, unier glass. State experience and wag ;9 expected, to J. fiOUGK. 0-*horn Nnrneries. Sunbury. WANTED, a lirst-class all-round FOREMAN. 20s., wiih bothy. Orchids and Grapes pirticularly. Not under 27. Clin any gardener recommend a really good man?-J. TAYLOR, The Gardens, Hardwieke Grange, near Shte wsbu ry . W' ANTED, a WORKING FOREMAN GARDENER, under Estate Bailiff, in Somersetshire, to take Charge of Flower Oarden, Kitchen Garden, Green- house, and Grounds. Wages, 22-?. per week, with Cottage, Coats, and Vegetables. —Apply, with full particulars and refer- ences, 10 J McMARTBIP. Radstock, Balh. ANTED, TWO Youn^ MEN of Good Character, one as FOREMAN, to take charge of Fruit and Plant Houses. Must thoroughly understand Indoor work, and be a good Plant Grower. Age about 25; wages 18*. and bothy. The other for General Outdoor Work; must be gold on Lawn with Scytlie and Machine. Wages. 145. per week nnrt Bothy.— Full particulars to GARDENER, Henley Hall, Ludlow. ANTED, FIRST and SECOND JOURNEY- MEN under Glaw, None need apply unless well up to jrk.— J. SUKPPARD, Woolverstoae Park, Ipgwich. w Asalatant Packer, WANTED, a young MAN as ASSISTANT in the Packing Shed.— State wages and where pre- viously engaged to WILLIAM BULL, Est.blishment tor New and Rare Plants, 636. King's Road, Clielse.T, London, S.W. WANTED, a young MAN, aged about -JO; accustomed to growing Tomatoes, Cucumbers, &c., tor market. Also one lor outdoor work,— F. W. Walters, Mile Ash Nurseries, Derby. WANTED, an experienced Milker, as COW- MAN, and to work in Garden. Must be strong, and single. Bothy on premises. Wages Lis., milk, tiring, and gas. Apply personilly. T. CHRISTY, F.L.3., 25, Lime Street, London, E.C. ; or by letter, giving full particulars, to Milvern House, Sydenham, S E. '■'»'' WANTED, an active single MAN, for Kitchen Garden Work.— W.nges. £1 Is per week — THOS. WALCROFr. Distillery House Gardens. New Wands- worth, S.W. WANTED, a young MAN7for~the~llousesr —One who has had some previous experience Wages I6s. per week, no bothy.-F. JENNI.VOS, The Gardens, Ro e- lands, Woolston. near Southampton. WANTED, a young MAN, in a Nursery and Florist Shop, all Glass, with small Premium to take part share in lieu of wages. This is a chsnce seldom met ■F. P., Stoekwell Road Nursery, Stockwell SE WANTED a Strong Young MAN tor Wight- wick Manor Kitchen Garden, where nine are kept Wages 16s. to start, rising to I9s.— Apply, statin with references. G. A. BISHOP, Estate Manag House, Wightwick, Wolverhampton Nethertoii To Market Growera! Ta/ ANTED, for a Provincial Nursery, two or T T three MEN, accustomed to Growing Plants, Cut Flowers. Cucumbers, Tomatos, &c., extensively for Market Purposes.- Age about 20 to 25.— G. H.. Gardeners' Chronicle Olfloe, 41, WelliDglon Street, Sirand, W C ANTED, GROWiiR and SALESMAN for small Provincial Nursery.— About 24. Single Abstainer.— Apply to •• Cut Flowers,'' 41, Wellington Street Strand, W C ^ oLieci, WANTED, an APPRENTICE.— A vacancy occurs for a Youth io a large Fruit and Flower Market Nursery 00 the South Coast. Premium required.— W. P H Garia establishments. Highest references — W. SHERWIN, Shipley Hall Gardens, near Derby. G> ARDENER (Head), to any Lady or Gen- i tlerain requiring a thorough practical man in every branch of the profession. In and Out, Landscape, &c. — Age 41, married, one child; over twenty years Head, in good estab- lishments, seven mid a half last place. Highest character fiom each enipluver. \\ ould Manage Home Farm, if required. — WM. LtWIS, HoUingbourne, Maidstone. GARDE N E R (Head); age 33.— J. F. McCleave, eigl.t years Head uardener to R. Heywocrt Jones, Erq., Badsworlh Hall, Pontetract, is open to a re-ei.- gagettent in a good establishment. Nineteen years' experien e in all branches. Testimonials of the highest order.—Catsclouch, Winsford, Cheshire. GARDENER (Head).— Age 30; good expe- rience in the general routine of a good e^tiblishm-nt. including Earlv and Late Forcing; also Decorating.— D. E The Gardens, Claremont. Balham. London. S.W. GARDENER (Head).— Age 2i»,— Mr. H. Jackso.v, gardener 'to S. A. Ralli. Esq., will Le pleased to recommend his Foreman, W, Prior, to any lady or gentleman requiring a good man. Fourteen years' experieni e 111 all branches of girdening, and can be well recommended ly present and previous employers.- The Gardem, Cleveland House, Clapham Park, S.W. GARDENER (Head AVobkinq).— A Gentle- man RECOMMENDS a sober, industrious, reliable man. skilled in Stove Plants. Orchids, Decorating. Forcing choice Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. Master of his work all round ; won over 100 prizes. -H. N., 20, Oxford Terrace, West Norwood. GARDENER (Head Working), where Surplus produce is Disposed of.— Age 40, three children, joungest lO. Brought up to ihe profusion. Thoroughly experiencedinGrowing Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, Inside and Out. Five years' character from present employer — T. B.. Redlands Gardens. Emsworlh. Hants. GARDENER (Head Working),— Age 3!). Married, two children, youngest 12; twenty-thne years' experience in Growing Grapes, Peaches, Melons. Cucnu - hers, Tomatos, Mushrooms, Stove and Greenhouse Plant.", Flower and Kitchen Gardening, Early and Late Forcinp. Abstainer. Good references. Please state particulars of place. —GARDENER, Lampits, Hoddesdon, Herts. 222 THE GARDENERS' GHR ONI CL E. [Feeruary 13, 1892 GARDENER (Head Wobking).— Age 32, mirried, no family ; throughly practical in all branches. Seventeen years' experience. Escellent t<3ti- moninls and references. Nearly four years in present situation. A death cause of leaving,— H. TULLETT, The Trowlock, Teddington. GARDENER (Head Working); age 31, married, no children. — iVIrs. ThUBSTAN Holland ■wishes strongly to recommend her Gardener, who has lived wiih her four years. He is honest and sober ; a very good Gardener. Leaving for no fault.— W. BELL, Durham Koad Dairy, Wimbledon. ARDENER (Head Wobking).— Age 39, married, two children, ages 10 and 6. Life experience in all branches. Fourteen years as Head ; excellent character and testimonials.— W. H. STOXE, 2, Lisburne Terrace, Torquay. ARDENER (Head Working, or good Single-handed).- Age 25, has had good experience of Stove Fruit, Greenhouse Flower, and Kitchen Garden work. Good character.— F. W. Harold Hall, Beds, ARDENER (Head Working) ; age 36, mirried.— G. Kemp, late Head Gardener, The Manor House, Effingham, offers his service to any lady or gentleman requiring au efficient, energetic, and practical man, in all branches of Gardening, also Land and Stock. Life experience in good gardens. Highest reference.— G. KEMP, Effingham, Leatherhead. ARDENER (Head Working), where two or more are kept.— Age 30. Fifteen years' experience in all branches. Three years foreman in present place. Ex- ceptional references from present and previous employers. — A. CAMPIN, Cannon Hall Gardens, Barnsley. ARDIMER (HEAD^WoRKiNG,^r good SiSGLE-HiNDED).— Age34, married. Well experienced in all branches of the work. Nine years' good personal character from last employer; abstainer. — A. G., Dorset Lodge, Merton Park. Merton. Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 31, married, two children ; thoroughly experienced in all branches, including Landscape Gardening; 15 years' expe- rience; five year^ with the Earl of Onslow. Thorough good character.— W. ATFIELD. Bellapgio, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working).— Seventeen years with the late Bishop of Carlisle. Highly recom- mended by members of his family. — S. FOSTER, Barton, near Lincoln. GARDENER (Head Working), where three cr four are Itept.—Age 3it, married, small family; thoroughly understands the general routine of Gardeaing. Well recommended. Leaving through death of erop'oyer. — HORN, The Gardens, Cedar Lawn, Hampstead Heath. N.W. C GARDENER (Head Working).~F. Cor- X MISH, The Gardens, Joldwyuds. near Dorking, wishes 1o recommend his Foreman, James Pullen. Thoroughly prac- tical in all branches, including Orchids, Hardy Alpines, and Herbaceous plants. Excellent character. GARDENER (Head Working), where one or more are kept.— Age 35. married, one chili; life experiecce in all branches, Land and Stock. Good character. GARDE^fER, Eist Ashling. Chichester. Sussex. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32, married, no family ; eighteen years' thorough expe- rience in Vines, Melons, Tomato?, and good all-round Gar- dening. Leaving of own accord. Good character. — P. T., The Lodge. Firtield, Addlestone, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working, or good SiNGLn-HiNDED).— Age 30, married, life exper.ence. Excellent character and testimonials.— GARDENER, Glad- mans Villa. Bath Road, near Cranford, Hounslow. ARDENER (,Head AVorking).— Age 37, married ; twenty-tive years' practical experience in all its branches: Table and Drawing-room Decorations. Four and a half years in last place, six years previous. Land and Stock.— E, DOWDING, The Bery Stede, Sunniogllill, Berks. ARDENER (HEAor or good Single- handed).- Eight years' good character. Thoroughly experienced in all branches. — Address R. P., 3, MeredeneSoreet, Soiers Bond, Brixton Hill, S.W. GARDENER (Hkad, or Single-handed). — Age 35; twenty years' experience in the profession. Wife Laundress or Dairy, if required. Testimonials and character. — S. B., West IMill, Buutingford, Herts. GARDENER (Good Single-handed, or wliere there is help given). — Age 29; twelve years' experience both Inside and Out. Understands the general routine of a Gentleman's Girden. Willing and obliging. — F. SIMMOXD.S, iWamhead Park Gardens, can with confidence recommend J. Dallmm as above for a good establishment.— J. DALL'VIAN, Ditton Hill Gardens, Ditton, Surrey. GARDENER (good Single-handed, or where help is given).- Age 24. Thorough experience in good gird'-ns. Good characters from previous employers. — J. H., Kast Tytherby, near Stockbriige, Hant-= GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 23; has goad knowledge of Vegetable and Flower Gardens. Good reference.— JOHN BRISTOW, 4, Dale View, Belvedere, Kent. GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 25, single. Good references.- J. T. 19, Ballantine Street, Wandsworth, Surrey. GARDEIS^ER (Single-handed), or where one is kept.— Age 28, married, two children; seven years' good character from present employer.— W. HIBBERT, Cam Hall, Fareham. GARDENER, good Single-handed, or where help is given. — Well up in all branches. Five years' good character.— WALTER HILLS, Church Street, Steyning. GARDENER (Single-handed), or where morearekept. — Age 25,single: twelve years' experience in Fruit and Plants. Good reference.— No. 2. Gvrdeners' Chronicle Office, 4i, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. /'"I AKDENER (Single-handed preferred).— V!X Married, no family. Abstainer, with reference. — A. KNIGHT, North Petherton, Bridgewater, Somerset. GARDENER (good Single-handed). — Age 24, single ; eight years' experience in all branches. Good references.— H. GLADDEN, Scio House, Putney Heath, London, S.W. G'^ ARDENER (Single-handed), or where T help is given. Age 40, married, no family; good all- round man. Abstainers ; good references, easy distance from London preferred. — GARDENER, 31, Bruce Road, High Barnet, Herts. ARDENER (Second), Inside, or Inside and Out. where four or five are kept; age 25. — F. Hamblix, Gardener, Harewoods, Bleti-hingley, Surrey, will be pleased to recommend .1. TK.EADWELL as above, who has been with him three years. ARDENER (Second), where four are kept. — Age 23 ; nine years' good practical experience Inside and Out. Four years in present situation. Good characters. — W- G., 86, Homesdale Koad, Bromley. Kent. ARDENER (Second), Inside and Out.— Age 16. Experienced in all branches ; good character. — W. H., '6-i, Croham Road, South Croydon, Surrey. GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed)* — Age 22 ; seven years' experience. Inside and Out. Good refereuces. — A. SNELLING, 26, Stamford Terrace, Stamford Hill, London, N. GARDENER (Second). — Age 23, six years' experience, in and out doors, good chdracter from last and previous pla-fs.— A. S.. Id. Queen's Ro id. Upper Norwood. GARDENER (Second), where two or three are kept, or Singlk-haSDED.— Ag3 26. Disengaged, Good reference.— F. COLES, 5, Park Terrace, Upper Caterham. Surrey. GARDENER (Second), or FOREMAN (UXDER).— Age 2.3; experienced in Early and Late Forcing, and Greenhouse work in general. Good character from previous employer. Disengaged February 26th. — H. NAPIER, The Gardens. Babworth Hall, Retford, Notts. GARDENER (Single-handed, or Eikst in Kitchen Garden in large establishment).— Excellent character from last place. Eastern counties preferred.— R. FIKCHAM, Hockwold, Brandon, Norfolk. GARDENER (Second, or good Single- handed).— Age 25, married, no family. — ALady wishes to recommend her Gardener as above. Tea years' experience. H., The Grove, Hertford. C'^ ARDENER (Second), under a good J Working Gardener, where three or more are kept. — Age 22. -A. BliWITT, The Gardens, Woolton House, Wood- hay, Newbury, Hants. ARDENER (Undeh), Outside.— Age 21 ; live vears' good character ; five years previous. — J. PAYNE, The Gardens, Orchardleigh Park, Frome, Somerset. GARDENER (Undbe) in a gentleman's girden. — Age 19; five vears' experience, two inside and out. Good reference.— E. POWELL, Powkhall, Claverley, Bridgnorth. ARDENER. — Age 45, married ; good all round. Nineteen years' experience as Head. Good, references.- W. P., The Gardens. Freochay Paik, near Bristol GARDENER (Under). — A young man, age 20, seeks engagement, where not less than four or five are kept. Five years' experience ; good references. — W. LEWIS, Queen Street Gardens, Colchester. GARDENER (Under). — Situation wanted for a single man, age 26, where he can work Inside and Out. Very sieudy and reliable man.— HEAD GARDE.NER, Compton, Stockbndge. Hants. ARDENE R (Under).— Age 22 ; both In and Outdoors preferred. Eighteen months character. Total abstainer — l.D., 161, LivingstooeKoad, Thornton Heath. / > ARDENER (Under), Inside, or Inside and VIJ Out.— Age 21', good character from present situation. — W. STACEY, The Gardens, Stanmore, Middlesex. G" ^ARDENER (Under). — Age 18. F^ years' experience.— ALBERT ALDKIDGE, Clarence Road, Teddingron, Middlesex, GARDENER (Under, or in a Nursery). — Age 25; eleven years' practicsl experience. Good references —A. McCALLU.M. High Street. Haslemere. G^ ARDENER, where two or more are A employed. — Age ?2, married ; experienced in the Culti- vation and Forcing of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, and all Garden Work. Good testimonials.— GEOEGE ADAMS, The Bed House Lodge, Great Barr, Birmingham, GARDENER. — Age 30, married ; enthusiastic and successful cultivator of Florists' and other Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Well up in all branches of Gardening. Understands Forcing of Vines and Peaches.— G. SAUNDERS, 25, Haringay Road, Middle Lane, Hornsey. GARDENER.— Good, hard-working, practical, single-handed, age 28. — Head Gardener can highly recommend the above. — G. N., Gardeners' Chromcle office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. GARDENER, where one or two undermen are kept. — Age 28. single. Member of the Church of Eugland.—LEWIS MILLER, Mrs. Arnold, JIardwick, near Aylesbury. MANAGER.— Age 40, married; life expe- rience in Growing large quantities of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables for Sale. Thoroughly versed in Management of Business. Five years in present position as Manager — T. WILES, Hedland's Nursery, Emsworth, Hants. To Nurserymen. MANAGER or TRAVELLER. — Thirty years' practical knowledge in leading Nurseries. Seven years in late position as Manager. First-class testimonials. Knows England, Scotland, and Ireland well.— H. O., The Vineyards, Garston, near Liverpool. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR (Assistant). — Age 21 ; good practical experience in Koses, Rhododendrons, Clematis and Conifene. First class references,— J. WATERS, HoUamby's Nurserie), Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells. ROPAGATOR and GROWER for Market.— Age 28; twelve years' experience in Toniatas, Cucumbers. Plants, Ferns, Roses, Bulbs, Forcing, Wreaths, Bouquets, &c. Good references.- WOODS, Camperdown Nurseries, Broughty Ferry, N.B. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Soft- wooded stuff. Ferns. Scc—kge; 21; 10 years' experi- ence. Good rcferencjs.— W. CLAYDEN, 8, Trinity Terrace, College Park, Lewishim. To Nurserymen FOREMAN or PRUPAGATO ?..— Age 2?; Married. Fourteen years' London and Provincial ex- perience in Hard and Soft-wooded Plants, Ferns, Palm", Boses, Fruit; well up in Wreaths, &i". Good references. — G, t< , Gardeners Chronicle Office, 11, Wellington St., Strand, W.C. FOREMAN, in the Houses, in a good estab- lithment. II years' practical experience ; 2 years previous, can be well recommended.— H. ARTHURS, 3, Colmtr Road, South Streatliam. FOREMAN. — J. PuzBY can with every con- ildence recommend his Foreman (F. Lupton) to any Gardener requiring an energetic and trustworthy man. Good knowledge of Plants and Fruit.— Scampston Hall, Eillington York. FOREMAN, in the houses.— Age 25; eight years experience ; over 4 years in present situition. Can be well recommended.— T. KOTLEY, The Gardens, Catton Park, Norwich. FOREMAN. — Age 26 ; eleven years' experi- ence. Thoroughly practical in all branches. Two years foreman in last place. Excellent testimonials.- FOREMAN, 10. Helvetic Street, Perry Hill, Catford. OREMaN, in a good Establishment.— Well up in Stove and Greenhouse Plants; Fruit Culture. Ten years' experience. Good character from present and pre- vious employers. Abstainer.- E. T., Grrdtncrs' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. FOREMAN. — Age 24 ; good experience in stove and Greenhouse Plants; also Clirysanth^mums, '\'ines. Peaches, Cucumbers, and Melons.— W. SIMM0ND3, 4, Priocep Road. Ealing Dene. FOREMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 38, J? married ; well up in Cucumbers, Tomatos, Cut Flowers and Plants. Fruit Growing, and Market Garden.— FOREMAN, Mr. HAMLI;), Bletchley, Bucks. l^OREMAN (Inside, or General in good JC establishment), age 27.— Mr. GR.AY can. with every con- dence, recommend his Foreman, W, Daffurn, as above. Twelve years good practical experience. — Bodorgan Gardens, R.S.O., Anglesey, N. Wales. FOREMAN (Inside, or General).- Age 28 ; thirteen years' experience. Good Grower of Plants, Fruits, and Orcfcids; Hoise and Table Decorations. Two years Foreman in Nobleman's place. Abstainer.- FOREMAN, 28, Cadogan Street, Cadogan Square, Cheltea. S.W. LTUREMAN, in a good Establishment. — \- Age 26 ; has a good knowledge of Stove and Greenhouse Plants, also Early and Late Forcing. Good references. — 5. C0N.1, Oakley Cottage, Naunton Crescent, Cheltenham. ITOREMAN, or JOURNEYMAN (First), in- A a large establishment; age 24. — ?tlr. Bitowx, Gardeaer, Capel Manor, Horsmonden, Kent, can with confidence recom.- mend Edward Reid as abope. Ten years' experience. OREMAN, age 25, good Plant and Fruit Grower, al=o Decorator. Ten years' first-clas3 experi- ence. Good character and testimonials. — YOUDEN, Writtle, Chelmsford. FOREMAN, in the Houses.— Age 28; two years in present place as First Journeyman and De- corator. Abstainer. — Mr. Mktcalte, Swinton Park Gardens, Mashom, Yorkshire, will have great pleasure in recommending Geo. Beech, a most respectable, painstaking, and industrious young man. Six years in previous situation. Fkuruart is, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 223 I:j'OREMAN, io the Houses.— Age 26; ten years' experience in good places. Gooil references and testimonials from lust and previous employers. — T. STEAD, The Gardens, Lees Cjurt, ne:\r Faverehum, Kent. FOREMAN. — Ago 35; married; thoroughly experienced in growiDtr large (juantities of Grapes, To- matoes, Melons, Cucumbera, Strawberries, Beans, Arum-*, Chrysanthemums, &c. Seven years' excellent character as Foreman in a large market place. E. C, 32, Market Street, Worthing, Sussex. UllSEUY FOREMAN or MANAGER.— Appointment wanted by thoroughly practical man in all branches — F. G.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Welling- ton Street. Strand, W.C. FOREMAN, in a good Establishment. — Ag<; 26; gooi practical experiem'e. Excellent te.sti- monials from last and previous situations.— W. FISHER. Orchard Gardens. Williton, Somerset. FOREMAN (Inside).— Age 27 ; twelve years' experience in Fruit and Pltnt Growing. Nearly two years in present place as Foreman. Good testimonials.— 0. W. , The Gardens, Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey. FOREMAN (Inside, or Genebax). — Twelve years' experience in all branches. Good references. — WILLIAiVI WATT, Stanmorc. Middlesex. FOREMAN, or to Manage. — Twenty years' experience in growirg leading Crops, under Glass and in the Open. Offers himself to anyone who requires a practical Man in all branches of a Nursery business. Good testimonials from past atid present employers. — OSWARD, Gardenera' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. JOURNEYMAN, Outside, or Inside and Out. — Age 21 : over four years' experience. Good character. Total abstainer.— J. JOHNSON, The Gardens, Hill House, Kerne Hill. S.E. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 23; fj seven years' experience. Inside and Out. Good references frjm present and previous places.—.!. HARDY, Wentworth Castle Gardens, near Barnsley. JOURNEYMAN (First or Second), under a Foreman, in good Gardens.— H. Gilliam, Gardener, North Cray Place, Foot's Cray, Kent, can highly recommend E. Morris (age 22), to any Gardener wanting a willing hand. JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses.— English. Age 22; nine yeara' experience, in-^ide and out. Two years with present employer, the Earl of Listowel; seven years in previous. Gooi character.— B. MOTHERSOLE, Convamore. Mallow, Co. Cork. JOURNEYMAN, with charge, in good Estab- li_4iment. — Age 21; eight years' experience; nearly three years in present situation as above. Good testimonials. — W. WRIGLKS'A'URTH, Grimston Gardens. Tadcaster. JOURNEYJIAN, in the Houses, or Inside and Out. — Age 21; live years' experience. Good character. -G. HaZHltOii, Benacre, Wreniham. Soff jlk. TOURNEYMAN, in a large Est f) SECOND in a smaller place.— Age 24. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Age 19; seven years' experience: good character. — H. WARREN, 3 Plantation Cottage, Hextable, Kent. TOURNEYMAN, Inside. — Age 26; eight Cj years' experience, chiefly outdoors. Good recommenda- tions. Bothy preferred. State wages.— F. LATTIiMORE, Ketton. near Stamford. Establishment, or Ten Inside and Out. Good leereaces from pre.-ent and previous employers. Bothy preferred. F. M.i.NFIELD, Wood Green Park, Cheshunt. Herts. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out, in a Gentle- man's or Nobleman's Garden.— Ag; 21^ years. Good reference.— F. THOMAS, 12, Winslade Road, Upper Clapton, London. N.E. OURNEYMAN (Second or Third), in the Houses. — Age 20. Good character from last situation. — A. FOWLER, Brockhurst, Gosport View. JOURNEYMAN (Inside and Out.)— Age 20; five years' experience; strong and willing; good cha- racter.—J COOPER, 44. Felix Road. Ealing Dean. JOURNEYAIAN, in the Houses, under a Foreman. — Age 2.'i ; three and a half years' good cha- racter from present situation.— E. DUNNINGTON, Orraesby, Middlesborough. JOURNEYMAN (Second).— Age 19; in the Houses, under a gooi Foreman, Good character. Bothy preferred.— E. BARNWELL, Brog Hill Gardens, Wimbledon. OURNEYMAN (Second) in a Private Establishment, where three or four are kept — Age2i; good knowledge of Orcliids, and highest reference from present employers.— W. MASON, Breadtalt Priory, Derby. JOURNEYMAN in the Houses in a good establishment. — Age 18; two years in present place. Good reference. Bothy preferred. —J. WRIGHT, Chalk-pit Cottage. Caterham Valley, Surrey. TOURNEYMAN (Fih.st). Age 23; ex- fj perienced in private and nursery. Good references. — Box S, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. JOURNEYMAN.— Age 20 ; six years in pre- sent situation, both Inside and Out.— F. BARTON, The Gardens, Totworth Court, Fal6eld, B.S.O., Gloucestershire. JOURNEYMAN (Fir.st), in the Houses; in a good establishment. — Age 22 ; six vears' experience. 1 borough knowledge of Orchids.— F. GILBERT, Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton Nursery, N.E. OURNEYMAN, age 20.— R. Henderson can highly recommend a young man who has been with him five years ia the Fruit and Plant Houses. — St. Leonard's. West Mailing, Kent. JOURNEYMAN (Inside or Out).- Age 19; Four years' experience. Cin be well recorameoded.— A. HINCttLIFFE. Tlie Garden, St. Vincents. Grantham. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out; age 2:i — (t. Hougson has great pleasure in reconmend- iiig J. Wilkox, who has been under him three years, as a thorough practical, obliging, active young man. Abstainer. — J. WILLC'OX, The Gardens, Elsham House. Grantham. JOURNEYMAN in good establishment. — Age S2 ; seven year-)' experiem c. Good references. Eothy preferred. Apply, with particular's, to E. LACEY, Hayes, Beckenham, Kent. JOURNEYMAN (First) in the Houses.- Ag< 23; last eighteen months at Cinford Manor. Wim- bourne. Good characters. Bothy preferred.— W, FENNELL, 92, Camden .Street, Camden Town, London. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20; se> en years' experience. Inside. Good character. Bothy preferred.— F. CHALKLEY, The Gardens, Wood Hall Park, Hertford. JOURNEYMAN, Indoors and Out.— Age 21 ; good characters from previous employers. — E. N., Northill, Biggleswade. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, or Inside and Out.— Age 20. Six years' experience. Strong and active. Bothy preferred.- G. DOWNES, Burkbam Gardens, Alton, Hants. JOURNEYMAN in Houses.— Age 20; six years in present Place. In and Out. Bothy Preferred. Well Recommended. -JOHN DEWHUKST, Clifton Hall Gardens, Preston, Lanes. TMPROVER, in good Establishment, in the A Houses. — Age 19; good character. Willing to pay Premium.- H. LOVE. Wirig'ieM House, Trowbridge. Wilts. TMPROVER (Inside, or Inside and Out).— Six J- years' experience, chiedy out.loors, wishes to improve. Age 21; strong, activ.*, w'illing. Good references. — T. BELCHER, Kingham. Chi(j|> og Norton, Oxon. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener, Inside and Out.— Age 16; bo'.by pr.'f rred. Strong, active, williuff. Three years' good character.— Apply, CHARLES LAWRENCE, Stone House F.arm. Brimpton, near Reading. TMPROVEH.- Age 17; in the Houses in X. Gentleman's Garden. Anxious to g -i on.— G. SIMMONDS, Gore, Upchurch, Near Sittingbourne, Kent. IMPROVER, Id the Houses.- Age 19; three years' and a half experience Inside and Out. Bothy preferred. Good references. — E. L , 31, Daimond Terrace, Teignmouth. MANAGER, PROPAGATOR and GROWER (Inside) of Roses. Clematis, Conifer. Rhodo- dendrons, General Hard and Softwooded stuff. Fourteen years' practical experience— C. MILLER, Heatherside Cot- tages, Camberley. Surrey. ROPAGATOR and GROWER. — Age 23. Experienced in the general run of Market stuff. Palms, Ferns, Double Primulas, Cyclamen. Poinsettias. Pelargoniums, Cinerarias. Stove plnnts. Forcing, &c. Good references. — Box 6. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C. IMPROVER, in the Houses, in a large or small Nursery. — Age 18 ; good character. Moderate wages.- H., 90, St. Anus Hill, Wandsworth. S.W. IMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden, under Glass preferred.— Youth, age 19; four year,' character. Well recommended.— W. WALTERS, Trtbursye Gardens, Lauoceston. APPRENTICE (Gardener's), or IM- PROVER under good Gardener in Bothy.— Age 20; good knowledge of gardening.— C. THOMAS, North Lodge, WemyssBay, N.B. RCHID GROWER'S ASSISTANT "^r JOURNEYMAN (FIRST) in a good all-round place.— Age 23. Eight years' varied experience; three years in Orchid- houses.— C. MITCHELL, Abbot Ileys, Green Hill Road, Allerton, Liverpool. TO THE TRADE.— Advertiser is open for an engagement as NURSERY MANAGER, or GENERAL TRAVELLER, in a good establi.-hment. Has had a thorough practical training in all departments, also in Office- work, and can produce references of the higliest order. — For further particulars apply to W. M., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. ''rO GARDENERS, Sec. — Mr. Ford, Gar- -L dener to Sir C. Pigott, Bart., is desirous of recommending a young man (age 25), for Flower and Kitchen Garden, who has lived with him for two years. He is a thorough hard- working young man.— Hexham Park, Slough, Bucks. TO GARDENERS.— The Advertiser wishes to plai-c a. young Man fage pj) under a good Gardener, in bothv ; £ t given.— Particulars to JOHN ERRY, Hillingdon Heith. Uxbridge. n^O GARDENERS.— William DiiivEii,Long- X ford's Minchinhampton, Gloi., 'wishes to recommend his son (age \9) to any Gardener wanting a smart, intelligent young man for the House:*. Five years' experience, '■|''0 GARDENERS.— A Youth wishes to leain JL Gardening, especially Orchid growing. Small premium or time.— A. J. W., 18, Gloucester Road, South Kensington, London. W. TO NURSERYMEN.— Wanted, situation in a Nursery, where Strawberries and other fruits are extensively grown for Market, by a young Man. (age 21, seven years' experience), and where further knowledge could be acquired. Premium given to suitable place.— W. WREN, The Firs. Normandy, near Guildford, Surrey. '■PO NURSERYMEN.— A young Man (age 21) -1- seeks a situation in a Market or Tnde Nursery. Several yeara' experience. Good character.— Z. Y.. Mr. Michael, Amwell Street, Hoddesden, Hertd. To NURSERYMEN. — A Young Man re- quires asituation where Grapes and Tomatoei are prin- cipally grown ; thorough practical knowledge of market work . Excellent references.- WILLI AMS, 27, London Street, Basingstoke. TO NURSERYMENT^Situation wantedrby a young Man, age 21 ; fire years' experience in Nursery Work, Fruit and Plants. Four years' good character — G. H., 1, Raleigh Road, Richmond, Surrey, S.W. TO NURSERYMEN.~A Dutchman (a^^~22) seeks a situation in a market nursery ; near London pre- ferred. Seven years' experience In and Out'^idn, in Holland, Germany, and England. Good references from jreient and past employers. A. OOSTERBAAN, 12, Priest popp] est reet, Hexham, Northumberland. To NURSERYMEN.— A strong Lad, aged 16, just left school, offers himself. No premium ; willing to pay part board. Particulars to J, H. G-, 123, Hopton Road, Streatham. S.W. TO FRUIT FARMERS and GROWERS.— Appointment wanted as MANAGER, at Home or Abroad. Advertiser having thorough experience in Fruit Culture, and Management of Men. Age 33, married. — H. A., Gard.ntrs' Chronicle OfBce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. O FRUIT GROWERS. —A Gentleman wibhes to recommend a young man who has boea four years at the Crystal Palace studying Land-capa Girdpning, and two years at Swanley <^'ollege. Growing Fruit, a^ WORK- ING INSTRUCTOR or FOREMAN, for Fruit Growing in Field, or under Glasi.— Mr. KETIKL, Post Office, Ightham, Sevenoaks. GARDENER'S HANDY MAN wants work. — Glazier, Painter, and handy at repairs ; any district ; good character.- J. C, 7, Lulot Street, Dartmouti Park Hill, Highgate, N. CAPiPENTER seeks employment in Nursery or Estate; willing to make himself generally useful. — J. FIELDER, Ashnrst Wood, East Grinttead. Sussex. CORRESPONDING CLERK.— John Laino & Sons will be pleased to recommend H. J. Pettit, to any good House in the Trade, requiring efficient service in this capacity, or that of BOOK-KEEPER, combined with an excel- lent knowledge of Plants and the general requirements of the Trade.— The Nurseries, Fore.st Hill. S.E. SHOPMAN (Assistant), age 20, seeks an engagement. Five years' experience in Seed and Bulb Trade. Geod references. — Apply, Box .">. Gardeners' Chronicle OlBce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. "7^0 GRO AVERS and MARKET GAR- X DENEES.— Wanted by an experienced [man, position as SALESMAN. Gold references as to ability, &c.— Box 209, Watson's, ISO. Fleet Street. E.C. TO FLOP.ISTS.— A young Lady seeks a situition in above business. Five years' experience in Flowers. Fruit. Seeds, &c,-AMY, Gardeners' CixroniCe Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. rO FLORISTS.— Two young Ladies seek situations, as FIRST HAND and IMPROVER. Seven ,d three years' experience. Undeniable references — E., ti2:l, arrow Road, London, W. TO FLORISTS.— A young Lady desires a situation as IMPROVER. Highest references. Lo"r'on preferrel. — MI[.LY. Gardeners' Chror.ide Office, 41, Wel- lin'ton Street, Strrnd, W C. HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— Weak stomachs.— The wisest cannot enumerate one quarter of the dis- tressing symptoms arising from enfeebled digestion, all of which might be readily dispelled by these admirable PjUs. They remove all unpleasant tistes from the mouth, flatulency, and constipation. Holloway's Pills rouse the stomach, livtr, and every other organ, helping digestion to that healthy tone which fully enables it to convert all we eat and drink to the nourishment of our bodies. Hence these Pills are the surest streng^heners and the safest restoratives in rervoiisneas, wasting, and chronic debility. HoUoway's Pills are iofallible remedies for impaired appetite, eructations, and a multitude of other disagreeable symptoms, which render miserable the lives of thousands. These Pills are approved by all classes. 224 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [FiBioABY 13, 1892. GREEN'S PATENT "SILENS MESSOR" AND OTHER LAWN-MOWING. ROLLING AND COLLECTING MACHINES FOR 1892. The Winners of every Highest Prize in all cases of competition, and they are the only Mowers in constant use at all the Royal Gardens and at the Royal Sortieultural Society's Gardens, South Kensington Koyal Horticultural Society's Show. South Kensington, London, June 3 to 7, 1S81. . The *^ Journal of ■ Horticulture," o/ June 9, says: — "MOWING MACHINES.— After a critical ei imination, the Silver Medal was granted to the old firm of world-wide fame, i.es3.-s. T. Green & Son, of Leeds and London. As the Machines are known in all lauat where good lawns are cherished, it is quite unnecessary to give any description of them." And thousands of i They have been submitted to numerous practical tests The following are their Advantages over all ot^iers :— ist.^ sji GREEN'S PATENT GRASS EDGE CLIPPER Patronised by— HER MOST OKACIOUS MA.7ESTY THE QUEEN on numerous occasions, mS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES. THE KING OF THE BELGIANS. The Late EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH. The EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, And most of the Nobility, Clergy an 1 Gentry of the l^n^^dK^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Introduced In the year 1856, Upwards Ot 170.000 01 tpse Jnacnmea uavo "» testifying to their superiority over all others. And thousands of unsolicited Testmionuils have bee^^^^^ ^^^ ^V^.^^ /^ ^^^ ^_^^_^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^.^^_ nplicity of Construction— every part being easily SINGLE-HANDED SILENS MESSOR LAWN MOWER. """^nt^ Packing Caae, 3s. With Improved steel Chains and Handles. ,,-cs3 ^^ W ^ Specially designed to meet To cut e in., can be worked by I „, ,. „ y^gSgg^g-'a ^ % a want which has long been a Lady ... f Jv^^^^^^ \\ ^ '° ™tt'ng the overhang- To cut 8 in., do. do. ' 2 10 0 _,^ M J^ \^ \»i ing grass on the edges of Tocut 10 in., do. by a strong youth 3 10 o ^s^'^^sS MM \k T^ walks, borders, flower-beds, Tocut 12in.,do. byaman ... 4 10 0 Jr /f^ ^ /* '«v Vi ' ■"■ away with the To cut 14 in., do. do. ... 5 10 ti jS' // MM % ^ tedious operation of cutting ^ ^' "* ^'^ *^ ** ".ith shears. Q" A very useful and serviceable Machine. DOUBLE-HANDED LAWN MOWER. I • To cut J-' iiiL-hea, can be worked b> two men £8 10 0 I 'To cut 24 inches, ■1" dn. ... 9 0 0 If made strong To cut 16 inches, can be worked by one on even lawn ... To cut 18 inches, do. man and boy _ . . 7 10 0 I . If nj^e stronger, suitable for Donkey, 30s. extra. "These^Mowersare the''"Ne Plus Ultra"' and "Acme" of perfection of aU Lawn Mowers extant Prices of Donkey, Pony, and Horse Machine,, including Patent Self Delivery Box,with Cross-stay complete, suitable for attaching to Ordinary Chaise Traces or Gig Harness :— DONKEY AND PONY MACHINES, To cut :i6 inches £1-1 0 To cut 28 inches lii 0 To cut 30 inches 18 0 Leather Boots for Donkey I 0 Leather Boots for Pony The 26 and 28 inches can eas the Machine makes little noise in any way damaging the machi , HORSE MACHINES. To cut 30 inches To cut 36 inches To cut M inches To cut 48 inches Leather Boots for Horse ly be worked by a Donkey, the 30 inches by a Pony, and the larger sizes by a I in working, the most spirited animal can be employed without fear of it runr le. Packicig Cases as per List, except when for export. and as way, or GREEN'S PATENT MULTUM IN PARVO" LAWN MOWER. GREEN'S Patent LAWN TENNIS COXTKT MAKKEB. No. 2412. The Best Marker made. Size with 1 wheel for Ordinary Courts, price 14S. Do., with 3 wheels, 17s. Size for Clubs and Largi Grounds, price £1. EEDUCID PRICES OF GREEN'S Patent ROLLERS, For Lawns. Drives, Bowling Greens, Cricket Fields, and Gravel Path^, &c. Suitable for Hand or Horse Power. Prices of Rollers In 2 parts. Length £ s. d. 1. by 17 in 2 6 0 1. by 22 in 3 5 0 1. by 26 in 4 10 1, by 32 in 7 10 Special quotations for Boilers, 3 feet, 3i feet, and 4 feet Diameter, fitted ■nith Shafts for one or ti\o horses. HOT-WATER BOILERS AND OTHERS WITH SHELVES, AND HOLLOW OR ORDINARY CAST- moN GRATE BARS. VERTICAL SADDLE BOILERS, &c. Delivered Carriage Free at all the principal RaUway Stations and Shipping Ports In England, Scotland and Ireland. Ifirctnrer is to be found at our London E.tabUshment. SUUKEY WORKS, BLACKFRIAUS ROAD. ,chere Purchasers can make seUction out of several hundred Machines of Hani, Pony, and Horse Power, and have the.r Orders .upphed '''^f '"i''"^' ';;;'*21^r J^r^l' t« thfi Purchaser The above Machines are Warranted to give entire Satisfaction othervrt^e they m^^^^ ^■hr. h.,,.-B Tow,, \T..«-..,..,«-l,i^h n..pH rpTin rinir should scnd them Cither throuffh their Ironmonger or ae.asmdu lo our ±,eeu3oi i^ N.B. — Those who have Lawn Mow GARDEN SEATS AND CHAIRS, which need repairing should send them either through th ,,,.■, , , * i, n, „io„a= prompt attention, as an Etiicient Staff of \^ orkmen is kept at both places. AND HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS OF EVERY Descriptive Illustrated PRICE LISTS Free on appUcatlon to DESCRIPTION, WIRE NETTING, &c., &c. THOMAS GREEN & SON, LIMITED, SMITHFIELD IRONWORKS, LEEDS; AND SURREY WORKS BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON ; or they can also be had of any Ironmonger, t-eedsman. Merchant, or Factor in the United Kingdom. The Hiblisher," at the Office, 41, Wellii.|tui, Str. Editorial commiiuications should be addressed to the " Editor ; " Adverti.sements and Fu.iuess Lettersto 1 ne ™°'>"°". ■"•'"' "f iinoo'l. in he C .u, in c Printed for the Proprietors by Mes...r». BRiDBUBV, AeNETW. & Co. (Limited). I on bard 8l reel, Pr«inct of W hiMn.rs Ot> of I^,,"OT^ ABTHUB (Jeobsb MjntTIM.at th« Office, 41. WeU.ugton Street, Parish of St. Paul's. Covent Garden, in the Mud Couniy.-SATUW.iT. leliunr> id, low. Ag^nl [ Garden, Londoi., W.C of &.idole^el, and publi.^bed by I Mauchecw— J0H> iiSiWOOB Established No. 269.— YoL. XI.{^^«;,«,°} SATUKDAY, FEBEUAEY 20, 1892. Price 3cl. Post-free, Z^d. CONTENTS. Acreage of fruit in Great Britain Amateur's garden, the ... Vegetable quarter, the American bliglit Apple crop, our Apples, Tasmanian ... Books. &c. Botanical Magizine ... Elements of Agri- ultu Icones Plan- I'l Crossing , pruning Hooki tarum 240 Natural Science ... 242 The Carnation ... 243 Brussels Botanic Garden 242 California as a home ... 236 Camellia, a venerable ... 242 Ceylon Crosses a plants Dendrobi Diseases of plants Education, technical ... 3l6 Eucalyptus globulus, flowering 247 Florists' flowers 233 Centropogon Lucyanus 233 Chrysanthemums ia February 238 Fog-eliminating plant- house, Toope's 242 Forestry 2*^7 Ash as a timber tree .. 237 Forestry lectures : Uni- versity of Edinburgh... 242 Foreign correspondence 238 Hardinessof Calochorti 238 Fuel, anthracite coal ... 247 Fuel and stoking 246 Gardeners and their em- ployers 2*7 Ghent Horticultural Meeting 242 Ghent, Quinquennial, the Thirteenth 243 Grape, new, Marchiones:^ ofDownshire 247 Herbaceous border, tlie 238 Horticultural Club, the 244 Hothouses of H.I.M. the Empress Frederick at Cronberg Law i\ote : — Lady gardeners Mansion House Asso- ciation on Railway and Canal Trallic Mistleto on fruit and other trees 244 : Newor Noteworthy plant Cypripedium Chamber- Obituary Henderson, Mr. M. ... Orchid notes and glean- ngs Odontoglossum Rossii from Cheltenham ... : Orchids at Bowden Hill House ; Pinus Laricio J Potatos, Irish J Potatos, preservation of ; Rhododendron '. Ricinus : Scotland ; Edinburgh Botanical Society : Senecio sagittifolius ... : Birmingham Gardeners' Association ; Midland Carnation and Picotee : Shrewsbury Horticul- tural ; Stands for Japanese Chry- santhemums ; Stock-taking: January, i Kew 24J Brussels Sprouts Celery, uew and old varieties o£ Haricot Beans Peas, Criterion and others Weather in the Midlands, the Week's work, the Flower garden Fruits under glass Hardy fruit garden ... Kitchen garden Orchid-houses Plants under glass Wireworms tLLUSTRATIONS. American blight Cypripedium Chamberlainianum Odontoglossum crispum, var. nobilior Henderson, Mr. Montgomery ADVERTISERS will great It/ assist o:ir efforts to get to Press earlier^ by forwarding their faioicrs as EARLY IN THE WEEK as possible, il C H I D S A SPECIALTY.— Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well- established, healthy, and easily-grown plants. W. L. LEWIS AND CO.. F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate, London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road. Raspberry Canes and Currant Trees. BAUMFORTII SEEDLING, 40^. per 1000; SEMPER FIDELIS. 305. per loOO. Sample 100 of either sort, ^s. RED CURRANT TREES, 8s. per 100. Cash with order. Free on rail. Apply — R. H. B\TK. Wisbech^ Hardy Fruits lor tlie Midlands. PROFITABLE FKUIT GROWING: What to Plant, and How to Plant. New Edition up to date, now ready, price 6f^.— A. H. PEARSON. Chilwell. Notts. AXTON'S SEEDS and STRAWBERRIES. —Best novelties and beat standard sorts. 100 Certifi- cates. Send for Descriptive Priced Lists, T, LAXTON, Seed Grower. Bedford. SUTTON'S FORCING DWARF BEAN.— The demand for Dwarf Beans, before it is possible to gather from plants in the open, is now so widespread that a variety especially adapted for forcing has become iudispensable, and we are glad to be able to offer a new Bean peculiarly suited to the purpose. Sutton's Forcing is the dwarfest-growing variety with which we are acquainted ; it, comes remarkably early, and is very prolific. Price, 2s. 6rf. per quart. SUTTON'S SEEDS GENUINE ONLY DIRECT FROM SUTTON AND SONS, THE QUEEN'S SEEDSMEN. KEADINa, S~ TANDARD ROSES. — All leading kinds, good Stuff, £3 to £3 IOj. per 100. to clear at once. JOHN NEWMAN. Stratford. Sandy. Beds. TO ORCHID LOVERS.—" LE JOURNAL DES ORCHID^ES." published in French, on the l3t and l.ith of each month. 16 pages of text, by I.uoien Linden, and 50 Selected CoUaborateurs, furnishes the best information as to Culture. Subscription, 8s. per annum, post-free, to be sent to the Publisher, Lucien Linden, 100, Rue Belliard, Brussels. Specimen Number sent Gratis on demand. '■PHUIA LOBBIL— 50,000 propagated yearly ; -I- adapted to all soils and situations ; of vigorous growth. Wood of finest quality, not subject to spring or autumn frosts, 10 to 12 inch, 40s. per 1000 ; 12 to 15 inch, 50j. per 1000; 16 to 18 inch, 60s. per 1000. All sizes to 8 feet. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. RCHIDS for IMMEDIATE SALE. Two Private Collections. 12s., 21s.. 30s., and 42s. per dozen. LIST ready. THE PLANT CLUB, Kirkstall, Leeds. o WD. SUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37. Eieter Street. W.C, is open to SELL on COMMISSION, TOMATOS. GRAPES. &c. Good references. SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thonsands toselecttrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUF, The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W, UT FLOWERS.— ARTHUR L. BULLEN, Wholesale Flower Salesman and Grower. 33, Exeter St., Covent Garden. 271 and 272, Flower Market, Covent Garden, W.C. and Highfleld Nursery. Bromley Common, Kent. CONSIGNMENTS of CHOICE FLOWERS SOLICITED. LONDON PLANES.— Large quantity of fine Standard Trees, straight stems and splendid roots, 10 to 20 feet high, as supplied to London County Council for street planting. W. FROMOW AND SONS, Sutton Court Nursery, Chiswick. ESSRS. SQUELCH and WOOD, Fruit Salesmen, North Row, Covent Garden, W.C, are open to RECEIVE CONSIGNMENTS of GRAPES. TOMATOS, CUCUMBERS, and all kinds of HOT-HOUSE PRODUCE. Our business connections being amongst the best houses in London, we are in a position to 9ecure the highest prices for all choice goods. Account Sales forwarded daily and cheques weeklj', or daily if required. Empties and labels supplied. Reference. Locdon and County Bank, Covent Garden Branch. EARLY OFFENHAM CABBAGE PLANTS for SALE. True Stock. Apply to - J. H. BROWN. Swineshead, Boston. DAMSONS. — Strong Standards for Hedgerow- Planting; fine stuff, a little rough. Special cheap offer £5 per 100. J. R. PEARSON & SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, Notts. ANTED, 6000 CARNATION CUTTINGS', Miss Joliffe. Particulars t«— TODDINOTON ORCHARD COMPANY. Winchcomb. ANTED, SEEDS or PLANTS of Cestrnm aurantiacum. Cyananthus incanus. Gilia undrosacea, 0. Brandegei, and Collomia linearis,— BEEDHAM, Cambridge. ANTED, MAIDENHAIR FERN, ROSES, ORCHIDS, CARNATIONS, LILIUM HARRISH, and other CHOICE FLOWERS, to SELL on COMMISSION. Boxes and labels supplied. Established 1870. Telephone No. 2939. R. END. Wholesale Florist, 28, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, ^.C, and Crystal Palace, Sjdenham. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of the FINEST COLLEC- TION in the COUNTRY, including all the newest and best varieties, now ready, gratis and post-free on application. — The Queen'i Seedsmen. 237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C. S. WILLIAMS AND SON'S • IMPROVED MUSHROOM SPAWN. For Out-door and In-door Culture. Per bushel. 6s. ; per cake, 6 MORRIS, Estate Offices and Auction Rooms. 07 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, ; of Mr. R. J. WARD. Chartered Accountant, Eloomsbury Mansion, Hart Street, London, W.C. ; and of Messrs. WARD. PERKS, AND McKAY, Solicitors, 85, Grace- church Street, London, E.C. Wednesday Next. 1000 Choice-named Standard, Half-Stanilard,D\yarf and Climb- ing ROSES, iucludiug many of the leading sorts; 500 Fruit Trees, a fine collection of border Plants. Liliums from Japan. Pearl and African Tuberoses, Stove and Green- house Plants, Spir«a japonica, &c., &c. MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, oa WEDNESDAY NEXT, February 24, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely. ■ of Sale, and Catalogues had. THOMAS B. JAMES (many years with Protheroe & Morris) holds WEEKLY' SALES at his Rooms, 12, Bull Ring, Birminehnm, of BULBS. PLANTS, NURSERY STOCK, &c., every WEDNESDAY andTRIDAY, at 4.80 P.M. Sales of choice Cut Flowers. Fresh Entries invited. Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found. Matlock Bank Nursei-les. MESSRS. ELSE and SON are instructed to SELL by AUCTION (Without Reserve), on TUESDAY, March 1, and following day (if necessarv), on the above grounds, an assortment of NURSERY STOCK, including upwards of 100. 000 Transplanted Rhododendrons, in sizes up to 2 feet. Also Special Lots of Cupressus, Retinosporas, &c., in sorts ; Irish and Golden Y'ews, Privets, &c., of which Catalogue of particulars may be had free on application to — Messrs. ELSE AND SON. Auctioneers, &c., Matlock, Derbyshire. Potter's Bar. Ten minutes' walk from the Station, G. N. R. FINAL CLEARANCE SALE. By direction of .Mr. E. Be.s-nett, F.R.H.S., who is leaving the neighbourhood, EXTENSIVE SALE of THRIVING NURSERY STOCK, icomprising Hardy Ornamental TREES and SHRUBS. VJESSRS. HARLAND and SON will SELL i»-L the abo»e by AUCTION on FRIDAY and SATURDAY, February 2tj and 27, 1892, at 1 o'Cloek precisely each day. Catalogues free by post of the Auctioneers, BarnPt, N. Preliminary Advertisement. TO LANDED PROPRIETORS, FORESTERS, NURSERY'- MEN, &c. THE LARGER PORTION of the Mag- nificent and well-known COLLECTION of GOLDEN YEWS, ENGLISH YEWS, Varieties of HOLLIES and PINES, and ARAUCARIAS. &c., at present growing in the Policies of Gowanbank, near Falkirk, N.B., and planted by the late Sir James Gowans at very great expense, will be exposed for SALE by Public AUCTION in March next. Particulars in future Advertisements. CHARLES S. NEILSON, Auctioneer, Falkirk, WANTED, to RENT on LEASE, about 2 Acres of LAND, with about 2 Greenhouses. Send full particulars to J. S., 2, Beach Terrace, Exning, Suffolk. p OOD NURSE P. Y BUSINESS. Apply to — POWELL AND POWELL, Bath. O BE SOLD, near Southport, an ASPARA- GUS FARM, in splendid condition ; also 2 Houses, either with or without the Farm.— A. R. CURPHEY, Woodville, near Southport. To Fruit Growers, Nurserymen, and Others. GOOD ARABLE and MEADOW LAND to be LET or SOLD. Close to the main road at Ponder's End (9 miles from London). Long leases granted. Rent. £12 per acre per annum, with option to purchase the Freehold any time during the first nine years. Several large Market Nurseries are established on the Estate. Full particulars of A. and O. 6UIVER, Land Agents, Ponder's End. To Nureeryraen, Fiorlsts, &c. FOR SALE, ERKEHOLD LAND, remarkably well adapted for the above purposes, and nthin easy distance of Hampton Station. By private t-eaty, 1 large or small quantities. Apply to — Mr. JOHN EMBLETON, Suffolk House, Hampton Hill. To Market Gardeners. TO BE LET, 50 Acres of good LAND, Small House, and suitable Buildings.— Apply by letter, to D. C. THOMPSON, Esq., near Romford, Essex. TO LET, a MARKET GARDEN and DAIRY, witliin ten minutes' walk of Eton College, twenty to Windsor, where a lar^e Business in Fruit and Flowers has been done; containing Dwelling-house, Muslirooin and Forcing Houses, Show-house, and two large Greenhouses, stocked, with Vines and Fruit Trees, a large Range of Pits, Stable, Barn, Dairy, Poultry-house, and Piggeries. A Lease would be given io a Gentleman for extensions, to make it a larger residence, if required. Enquire of Mr. MARTI N , Castle View, Rag&tone Road, Sloughy SJEED and NUKSELU' BUSINESS FOR O DISPOSAL. AT ONCE.— Established forty years. The Seed Shop, Office, Warehouse, and Residence are spacious and convenient, situate in a leading thoroughfare of the City of Truro, adjacent to the principal public buildings. The Nursery Ground is fertile, fairly sheltered, well watered, in good heart and c ndition, within an easy distance at the west end, five minutes' walk of the railway station; a Cottage, Glass Houses, Packing Sheds, Frame?, &c.,on the same; a good demand for Fruit Trees, Roses, Shrubs Decorative Plants, Cut Flowers, &.C. The stock at present is low, to be taken at a valuation. Market Stall in the b^st pos.tion. All the premises mentioned are within an iiour's distance by rail of the seven principal market towns in the County, thus offering a favour- able opportunity to a man or men. of experience and energy, with moderate capital to realise advantageously. Apply to ROBERT DOBELL, Jun., Solicitor, Truro. Truro, February 9, lS9i. OR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Pancras. CALCEOLARIA Golden Gem, Strong Autumn struck. 8s. per 100 for cash. A. WHITE, late Hardy, Stour Valley Nurseries, Bures. ORCHIDS. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO. (JOHN COWAN), Limitscl, Have an immense stock of ORCHIDS, Both Established and Semi-Established, and they are constantly receiving IMPORTATIONS from various parts of the world. INSPECTION IS VERY EARNESTLY INVITED. The Company's Prices are all fixed as low as possible, with the view of inducing liberal Orders. ^^^^^^ PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Post-free on Application to the Company. THE VINEYARD AND NXTBSERIES, CARSTON, NE-« LIVERPOOL. 2^^; THE GARDENERS' GHRONIGLE. [Febbuabi 20, 1892. EXHIBITIONS. CK Y S T A L r A LACE, The ANNUAL SHOW of SPRING FLOWERS will be held on SATURDAY, MARCH 26. Schedules are now ready, and may be had on application to Mr. W. G. HEAD, Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal Palace, S.E. Entries close March 19. Trade Offer of Large Palms. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Dracaenas, Bamboos, & Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted onapplication. W. ICETON, Putney. S.W. BUIT TKEES. — APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, per 100 or 1000. Descriptive CATALOGUES, post free, on application. FLETCHER BROS., Ottershaw Nurseries. Chertsey, Surrey. K GILBERT, High Park, Stamford, is now • offering the best of all RHUBARBS. " True Cham- pagne," 4s. per dozen ; also. King of the BRUSSELS Sl-JJOUrS. " Univeral Savoy." "Late Victoria BROC- COLI," and "CHOU DE BURGHLEY."at Is. per packet. APAGERIA ALBA.— Healthy, well-rooted Plants, in pots, single shoots, 5 to 6 feet long, 75. %d. each; stronger plants, 105. %d. each. THOS. CRIPPS AXD SON, Tunbridge Wells Nurseries, Kent. CHRYSANTHEMUMS, best sorts.— Plants 2s. 6(i. per dozen, 16j. per 100 ; Cuttings Is. 6rf. per dozen, 10s. per 100. For price of new sorts, see Catalogue, two stamps, of W. ETHERINGTON, Chrysanthemum Grower, nbe, Kent. FOR SALE, CALANTHE BULBS, VEITCHII and VESTITA ; four 7-inch pots of FAGUS GRANDIFLORA and COSLOGYNE CRISTATA, 3 pans, all in good condition. E. H. BROWN, Oapel Manor, Horsmonden. SEAKALE, most delicious vegetable ; good roots, special low price to sell out. 3s. ^d. per 100, worth double. AUTOCRAT PEA, grand late Marrow variety, 2s. per quart. Grown and offered by — F. MILLER AND CO., 267, Fulham Road, London, S.W.; and Daffodil Farm, Spalding, Lincolnshire. FERNS ! PERNS I !— Trade.— Greenhouse and stove, 25 saleable aorta, 12s. per 100; out of pots, 10s. Large Adiantum runeatum, Aralias, Solanums, Cyperus, and Primulas, all in 48'3, 65. per doz. Palms and Ficus, \s. each. Large Ferns. 10 best sorts, 5s. 6f/. per doz. , in 43's. Cinerariaa, Spirteas, and Cyclamen, full bloom, 9s. per dozen, in 48'3. Adiantum cuneatum and P. tremula, extra size, in 2^inch pots, 16s. per 100. Packed free. Cash with Order. J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseriea, Louf?hboro' Junction, S.W. FOR SALE, a very handsome PAGODA, exhibited in Exhibition of 1851. Suitable for Summer- house. Foundation entirely new within the last three years. A HOT-HODSE, with division for Forcing, fitted with Boiler, Pipes, &c., complete; Forciuf;-Pit, and Garden Frames. Fowl-Houses, an 1 Iron Dog-Kennels. — Address, in first instance, to E. C, at Horncastle's, Cheapside, London, E.G. L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE (Orchid Emporium), Leopold Park, Bmssela. THE GRANDEST CHOICE of ORCHIDS in EUROPE. THE DIRECTORS, Messrs. LINDEN, cordially invite Amateurs and Nurserymen to visit their Establishment. They will find at L'Horticulturelntern.itionale the Finest, Healthiest, and Largest Stock of New, Kare, or Popular Orchids in Cnltivation. Grand Importations every week. LISTS and CATALOGUES on application. Prize Cob Filbert Trees. MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S.,, of Western Elms, BeadinR (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower of PRIZE COB FILBERT TKEES for SALE, in the Kingdom. 20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution. Descriptive Price LISTS, &c., on application. OSES ! ROSES ! ROSES ! — Plant now. 100 strong dwarf, H.P. Roses for 25s. ; or £11 10s. per lOOO. The finest in the Trade. Send for Sample Dozen. 6s. Cash with Order. CATALOGUES, free on application. C. H. GORRINGE, Koselands Nursery, Eastbourne. THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses. Call or write for Prospectus. Address. SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.C. ICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form- ing Waterfalls. Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries,' Winter Gardens, Alpiiieries. &c., as in hundreds of places about the kingdom, including at Aldenham House. Elstree, so faithfully illustrated in this journal of November 21. executed by PULHAM AND SON. 60. Finsbury Square, London, E.C, and Broibourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection on receipt of twelve stamps. pROTHEROE and MORRIS, HoRTictrL- J- TUEAL Market Garden and Estate Atjotioneers and VALUERS, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, and at Leyton- etone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had on application. FOR SALE, 20,000 twice transplanted SCOTCH FIRS, the finest lot in the trade, highly suitable for ornamental planting. Must be cleared. E. TANNER, Broadwater Nurseries, Groombridge, Sussex. STANDARD ROSES, 14s. per doz.; Bush Roses, 6s. per doz. ; best named Clematis, 14s. per doz. ; Ampelopsis Veitchii, 4s. per doz.; Variegated Ivies, 4s. per doz. ; Mrs. Siokins Pinks, 12s. per 100 ; Ferns, in pots, 15s., 24s,, and ihs. per 100. Catalogue, gratis and post-free. H. ENGLISH, Clevedon Nurseries. Clevedon. KELWAY'S SEED MANUAL for 1892. " Cram full of useful reading-matter and illustrations."— Mark Lane Express. Is., post-free (deducted from first order) to those unknown to U8. KELWAY AND SON, Laogport. IRMINGHAM PRIMULAS, Lady Churchill, The Queen, Marquis of Lome, and all select sorts, 2s. 6d. per packet. Mixed, 2s. Qd. Usual Trade discount. POPE AXD SONS, King's Norton, Birmingham. BEGONIAS.— Davis's New, Rare, & Beautiful. The Best BEGONIA CATALOGUE published. Enumerates a magnificent and unsurpassed Collection, with descriptions, illustrations, and much valuable information on this now popular flower ; post-free. The first grower to issue a Begonia Catalogue was B. E. DAVIS, Begonia Grower, Yeovil s, Yeovil. Somerset. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Proved NOVEL- TIES in EARLY, JAPANESE, INCURVED, and other Select Varieties. New LISTS free. Gave great satisfaction last year. A. J. A. BRUCE, The Nurseries, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. OOD HARDY PERENNIALS.— A large quantity of strong flowering clumps of Sunflowers in variety. Tntoma Uvaria, Pyrethrum uliginosum, Marguerites, and many other good things, is. per doz. ; eitra large, 6s. and 9*. per doz. Per 100 on application. K. MARIES, Florist. Lytham, Lancashire. fruit Treea a Specialty. APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW- BERREES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption. Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE and GUIDE, the most completeissued, Gd. Ordinary LIST free. JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries. Withington. Hereford. Thlrty-seventli Issue. W THOMPSON, Seedsman, Tavern Street, • Ipswich, begs to announce that the SUPPLEMENT to his CATALOGUE of FLOWER SEEDS for the present BeasoD is now Ready, and has been forwarded to all his Patrons. Will be sent post free, with the general catalogue, to any address. Both include many Rare aod Choice Seeds, and at moderate prices. Seed Potatos. HAND F. SHARPE invite the attention of • the Seed Trade to their fine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS. comprising all the varieties worthy of cultivation. They have been grown expressly for Seed, and the samples will be found very fine and well dressed. The prices will compare favourably with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech. TRADE OFFER OF PALMS. COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at 20s. per 100. ,, ineo's atSSs.perlOO. KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 203. per 100. „ „ in60>, ateOs.perlOO. .. „ in48's, at24s.perd02. .. ,, in32'8, at48s.perdoz. SEAFORTHXA Elegans, in 60'8 at 32s. per 100. in 48'8, at £5 per 100. W. Icetoa has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus, in48's and 60*8 : Pandanus Veitchii, Draccena Lindenii, and Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney. S.W. Seed Potatos.— Seed Potatos. MYATT'S PROLIFIC, the earliest of all Kidneys, which every one with early land should grow. Potatos dug in July and August are always worth 100 per cent, more than later sorts. Price, 120s. per ton, grown in Lincolnshire. MAGNUM BONUMS. later kind, for main crop. Pric«, 70s. per ton, grown in Lincolnshire. Apply to W. N. WHITE AMD CO., Ltd., Covent Garden, London, W.C. Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley I TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES • OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year-old Crowns for planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. PriceB and terms on application. T. JANNOCH {Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk. GOOD STOCKS, carefully Hand-picked, of BEANS— Harlington and Green Windsor. White and Green Longpod. PEAS— Abundance, Berkshire Marrow, Dr. McLean. Fortyfold, Fillbasket, Gladiator. Hundredfold, Little Gem, Ne Plus Ultra, Paradise Marrow, Princess Royal. Pride of Market, Stratagem, Telegraph, Triumph, and Yorkshire Hero. Carter's Elephant Swede. To effect a speedy Clearance, these will be Sold Cheap fob Cash, in Large or Small Quantities. Apply— GEORGE ELSQM, Seed Grower and Merchant, Spalding. County Borough of Newport. To ARCHITECTS, LANDSCAPE GARDENERS, and OTHERS. PUBLIC PARK.— THE CORPORATION of NEWPORT are prepared to receive COMPETITIVE PLANS for LAYING OUT LANDS tor a PUBLIC PARK, with Estimates of the probable Cost. Plans of the site showing the levels, and particulars, may be obtained on application to Conyers Kirby, Esq., Town Surveyor, Newport, Mon. A premium of fifty guineas will be awarded t j the Author of the Plans most approved, and a premium of twenty guineas in respect of the drawings next approved by the Corporation. The plans in respect of which the premiums are awarded are to become the property cf the Corporation, and the Authors of such plans will not necessarily be employed by the Corpora- tion to carry out the works. Plans indorsed "Public Park," under a motto, with a sealed envelope containing the Author's name and address, to be sent to my office not later than the 25th day of March, 1892.— Dated this IBth day of February, 189J. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Our Illustrated CATALOGUE will be sent tree on application. 15 First Prizes. (10 this year.) 5 Gold Medals for Chrysanthemums. REID AND BORNEMANN. Sydenham, London, S.E. Selected. TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS. Special Cheap Offer for Cash. Fine strong Bulbs for bedding. Crimson. Rose, and Pink, 15s. per 100 : choice mixed varieties for bedding, 10s. per 100 ; extra choice varieties for pot culture in all colours separate, 30s. per 100; 6s. per dozen. HENRY LOADER. Kirkdale Nursery, Sydenham, S.E. To the Trade Only. LARGE S T 0 C K, at low prices, of— ANEMONE PULSATILLA. DICTAMNUS FRAXINELLA. GILLENIA (SPIRSA) TRIFOLIATA, IBIS K^MPFERI I 4v , ,. P.EONIA SINENSIS (■"'* ''^'' varieties. SPIE^A ARUNCUS. ASTILBOIDES, „ PALMATA ALBA, TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM. THE TOTTENHAM NURSERIES, Limited, Dedemsvaart, near ZwoUe, Netherlands. Managing Directors.! f" ^ S" JONGKINDT CONIKCK, ° " 1 A. M. C. Van deh Elst. THE GARDEN. We issue the best book and the best varieties of everything for the best-kept gardens. Send for one immediately. The " Weekly Times " says :— "H. Cannell & Sons' Floral and Vegetable Guides are the most complete Illustrated Cataloguea published. They are indispensable to all growers of llowers, &c. Those who wish to see what the riorists' art can do should pay u visit to Swanley." One of our greatest connoisseurs writes us thus : — "B. HOOKE, Esq., '■ The Towers, Hillingdon, Uibridge. "I hnd some sprays of blooms of your Begonias on my table the other evening, and I had some difficulty in persuading my friends that they were not Rose ' La France.' " "Amateur Gardening" also states :-*- "Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons give an open invitation to Swanley ; consequently, there ought not to be one solitary individual among the whole army of amateur gardeners who would fail to avail himself of the opportunity thus afforded of viewing one of the grandest floral displays imaginable, had he but the slightest idea of its magnificence. Well, indeed, was I repaid for my journey thither on New Year's Day, for, although the country around ^vas wrapped in its mantle of snow, and everything outside appeared desolate and dreary, yet on reaching the ' Home of Flowers * one seemed to liave suddenly dropped into midsummer, so great was the wealth of bloom.' Our far-away friends encourage us by the following : — •' Rupert Nursery, Preston, Victoria, Australia, " May 25th, 1891. •' Dear Sirs,— We received the box of plants last winter. They have tlowered splendidly, and were exhibited at Our Chrj-santhemum Show. Your novelties were in the centre, dis- tinguished by a drapery of yellow silk. All the papers spoke of them, and we send you two reports. We were so pleased that we had your name and address printed on placards, and also decided to give you the enclosed order, to further show the pleasure and satisfaction we have had from dealing with your firm." "JAMES STEVENSON", Esq.. Hounslow. " The Vegetable Seeds we had last year gave great satis- faction to myself acd my gardener." Mr. W. HURSON, Gardener to A. Yule, Esq., Braeside, Norwood. *' The seed I had of you all came up splendi'lly. I have had seeds from other well-known firms for several years past, but none have been equal to yours." CANNELLSSEEDS Xperfect only- direct from;^: r^^-^ "^ ' '^ :^ M=a .t^ ^^ w- M n I Februajbt 20, 1892.] THE GAR DENE li 8' CHRONICLE. 229 LAURELS.— CAUCASICUM, LATIFOLIA, HOTUNDIFOLIA. and COMMON, fine bushy plants, well-rooted, 2 to 6 feet high. PORTUaAL LAURELS. Standards, flue heads. CATALOGUE on application. H. LANE AN-n SON. Nurseries, Berkhamsted, Herts. KENTISH SEED PQTAT08. H. CANNELL & SONS Have a large quantity of the best kinds. Special prices for large quantities. SEND FOR A CATALOGUE. SWANLEY, KENT. FORBES' CATALOGUE FOR 1892, Is the largest, best, and most comprehensive ever issued on FLORISTS' FLOWERS and HERBACEOUS PLANTS. It contains full and accurate descriptions of all the best Antirrhinums, Begonias. Carnations, Dahlias, Delphiniums, Fuchsias, Piuonies. Pansies, Violas, Pelargoniuma. Pentste- mons. Petunias, Phloxes, Pinks, Poteotillas. Primulas. Pyre- thrums, Verbenas, Herbaceous Plants. &c.; also of my true and reliable strain of EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS, which, by the force of their merit, are now justly celebrated all the world over. In 5 distinct sorts, crimson purple, scarlet, white, and Wallflower-leaved white, each sort, 1*., 2s. 6d.. and 55. per packet. It is an indii-pensable Reference-Book on all sections of Florists' Flowers, and should be carefully perused by all buyers of flowers. Free on application. JOHN FOP.BES, Nurseryman. Hawick, Scotland. PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (standards. Pyramids, and Wall-trained), Apples, Fears, Cherries, Peaches, Filbertj, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons, specimen Shruhs, and Hollies, secured but recently regardless of cost ; 2000 Maiden. Standard, and Dwarf Eoses ; 40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years old ; and forty kinds of Gooseberries. 6000 Raspberries. Price, half their value. SceCataloguea.Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GER- TRUDE JONES. Churcbfleld, Cradley, near Malvern. NOW READY. SHARPE'S TRADE CATALOGUE OF GAEDEN and FARM SEEDS for 1892, Post-free on application to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., Seed Farmers and Merchants, SLEAFOBD. ROSES. STANDARDS, from 21s, per dozen. D W A R E S, from Qs. per dozen. CATALOGUES, post-free. FRANK CANT, BRAISWICK NURSERY, COLCHESTER. ^EgNS^JlSPKIAUTY [The fin^t&niost|ntere$tinq Callection in the Trade rstove.Gv-eenhou^«;tti?dyt)toClif^Bi'itish' I EVERY ONE interested in Ferns SHOULDI ISEND FOR OUR partially descriptive. j Catalogue free, on Application. laisoouv Illustrated Catalogue n:2I. ^ ' Price 1/6 posb Fi-ee. VEITCH'S PROLIFIC TOMATOS. HAM GREEN FAVOURITE. FIJi.'ST-CLAS.S CEHTIFICATE, Royal Hort. Society. Quality and flavour unsurpassed. The variety held in highest esteem for profit at Chiswiok. Per Packet, is. 6d. ACQUISITION TOMATO. The first of a ne^v race of Tomatos, of dwarf, compact, stout growth, and scarcely needs any support to carry the heavy crop of fruit produced. The fruit is of a bright red colour, handsome shape, smooth, nearly round, and of excellent quality, p^j. p^^^^j^ js. 6d. HACKWOOD PARK PROLIFIC TOMATO. Two First-class Certificates, Royal Horticultural Society. A very handsome and heavy cropping Tomato. Quality and flavour unsur Per Packet, Is. For full description of the above, see SEED CATALOGUE for IS92, forwarded gratis and post-free on application. JAMES VEITCH& SONS ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W. WILLIAM BARRON and SON offer the following well-grown and finely-rooted, which they offer at very low prices ; — ABIES, in variety. 3 to 6 feet. CEDRUS ATLANTICA and DEODARA, 3 to 7 feet. CUPEESStrS LAWSONIANA, in great variety, 2 to 8 feet, „ NUTKAENSIS, in variety, 2 to 8 feet. PICE A NOBILIS, very fine, 1 J to 2i feet, 65.'. per 100. ,. in variety. 2 to 10 feet. PINUS AUSTRIACA. over 100,000, 1 to 8 feet. .. Forest^tree sizes, very cheap, grand specimens, 6 to 8 feet. PINUS. in variety, 1 to 8 feet. KETINOSPORAS, in variety, 1 to 8 feet. THUYA OCCIDENTALIS, for hedges, 5 to 6 feet, £5 per 100. ., in variety, 2 to 8 feet. YEWS, Common, many thousands, 1^ to 3^ feet. ,, Golden, grand specimens, up to 8 feet. HOLLIES, in great quantity and variety, 1 to 10 feet. ,, Golden Queen Sperimens. 4 10 7 feet, very fine. AUCUBA, green and variegated, IJ to 2J feet. AVENUE TREES. ACER SCHWEDLEERII (scarlet- leaved Maple), 10 to 14 feet. NORWAY MAPLE. 10 to U feet. SYCAMORE, from 12 to 14 feet. HORSE CHESTNUTS, very stout, 10 to 12 feet. POPLARS, in variety, 10 to 14 feet. PURPLE BEECH, from 10 (o 12 feet. OAKS. Scarlet and other varieties, 10 to 12 feet. ELMS, fine variety. 10 to 14 feet. THORNS. Scarlet, Pink, and White, fine standards. LARCH, very fine, from 3 to 3 feet. THORN (Quick), strong, 15s. per 1000. ., very strong, 20s. to 25s. per 1000. FRUIT TREES, all kinds. APPLES and PLUMS especially fine. A visit from intending planters is respectfully invited. Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash. Derby, only three minutes ■walk from Borrowash Station, Nottingham and Derby, Midland Line. SEEDLING cy TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES. IRELAND & THOMSON NURSERYMEN, GRANTON ROAD, EDINBURGH, Have to offer large quantities of nearly all kinds of hardy, Scotch-grown Seedling and Trans- planted FOREST TREES ; also a splendid lot of straight-stemmed AVENUE TREES of all kinds, with splendid roots. Samples, Prices, and Catalogues on application. FOREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 16*. per 1000; Ash, 3-yr., 2s. 6rf. per 1000; IJ to 2 feet. I3j. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; Ash, Mountain, 3 to 4 feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Beech, 2 to 2i feet, 22s. per ICOO; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; Chestnut, Horse, 2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spanish C, IJ to 2} feet, 16s. per 1000; Elm Wych, 2 to 2J feet, 16s. per lnOO ; Larch. 12 to 18 inch, 14s. per 1000 ; 1 J to 2 feet. 20t. per 1000 ; 2 to 2} feet. 24s. per 1000; Spruce Fir, 1} to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; Scotch Fir, 2-yr., 2-yr. tr., 16s. per 1000; t feet, 20s. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000; Oak, Enghsh, 1} feet, 12s. per 1000; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; 2J to 3 feet, 18s. per 1000; Privets, Oval, IJ to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Privets, Common, IJ feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, 1^ to 2 feet, 12s. per lOCO ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; Thorns, 2 feet, 10s. per 1000 ; 2* feet, 12s. per 1000 ; 3 feet, 15«. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 17s. per 1000. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. ASPARAGUS, of fine quality— for forcing and planting; 2-yr. old, 2s. Si. per 100; .f-yr. old. good roots, 3s. per 100 ; ditto, selected, 4s. per 100 ; 6^S>^S^iS>tS>'Q^^S>^S>eSxS>^ 9> Select VEGKTABUS, Choice FLO^VER, The best qaalitles at ^_^ Moderate Prices. ^^^ Delivered Free ^^^^^ '"''*' by EaU or ^^^ ^^r Best Parcels ^^^^^^ SEED ^°°'' ^^^ ^y^^ POTATOS, ^^^ Garden Tools, yr Sundries, &c., &c. lUastrated Descriptive Catalogae, No. iOS DlcKsoiScrjieslBF.i (Limitedr _2 V LAXTON'S STRAWBERRIES. SCARLET QUEEN, a new, bright-coloured, high quality, large, early seedlirg, from Noble, and with WHITE KNIGHT, a distinct, and richly-flavoured, new main sort, Certificated at the Fruit Conference, 1891. COMPETITOR, CARDINAL, LATEST OF ALL, .lOHN RUS- KIN, NOBLE, and all best new standard sorts can now be supplied in good runners, true to name. LrSTS fREK. T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, BEDrORD. For PLEASURE and PROFIT. Nothing so Profitable and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. FRUIT. See CATALOGUE for Sim to s ROSES. Hundreds of Thousands. BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free 8S. per dozen, 608. per 100, for Cash wU/i Order. KOSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen. OBNAMENTAL TBEES, 91 ACBES. 4 ACBES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen. N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. SEEDS &BULBSj"''''ir/AKT''"' DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. 230 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaet 20, 1892. ANTHONY WATERER invites from intendinf! Planters an inspection of the fellowing well- grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :— ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet. „ DOUGEASn, 6 to 12 feet. „ ,, GLAUCA, 5 to 8 feet. „ HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet. CEDRUS ATLANTICA. 4 to 8 feet. ,. GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet. „ LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIBIDIS, 4 to 8 feet. „ „ LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 6 feet. JUNIPEKUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet. ,, ,, AUREA (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet. PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet. „ GRANDIS, 5 to 8 feet. „ LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet. „ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 5 feet. „ PHNGEKS, IJ to 4 feet. ., „ GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), 1§ to 4 feet. PINUS AUSTRIACA, 3 to 7 feet. „ LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet. THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet. „ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet. THUIA LOBBII (girantea). 5 to 9 feet. „ OCCIDENTALIS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet. WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 3 to 7 feet. YEWS, Common, 3, 4, 6, and « feet. „ Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet. Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, : size, and quality unequalled. „ Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet. „ Irish, 5 to 10 feet. ,, ,, Golden, 3 to 6 feet. JlUCUBA JAPONICA, 2i to 4 feet. BAMBUSA METAKE. fine clumps, 4 to 7 feet. BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet. HOLLIES, Common, from 3 to 10 feet. ALTACLERENSE, HODGINS or NOBILIS, LAURIFOLIA, MYRTIFOLIA, SCOTICA, Yellow berried, and otter sorta Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet. Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet. Silver Queen, 4, 6, up to lOfeet. Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems, with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth. ,, New Golden Weeping. RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet. Knap Hill Nursery. Woking, Surrey. in various forms, 1 point of variety. 3, 4, 5, up to 10 feet. En;iii[]iiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiEiiiiiiieiiiiiii: nmr I ^^ ■^ HARI»lJj'K.CJK©WPf A ALL OTHBR TREES & PLANTS, EYiReREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 AORES: VEBT EITGRBIVB STOCK. Inspeotlon Inirlted' Prised Catalogues Gratis tt. Post Frea. JLrlCKSONS NrRSBBIES GEORGE JACKMAN & SON, WOKING NURSERY, SURREY, FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsons, in Standard, Pyramid, and Dwarf- trained trees; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. ROSES. — A large Collection of "Dwarf and standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tt>a Koaes. in all the lead- ing varieties; also Tea Roses, in pot^, for forcing. RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties set with flower-buds ; also Hybrid Seedlings and Ponticums. CONIFERS,— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for Lawn and Shrubbery planting. SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c. CLIMBERS.— Including their celebrated Cle- matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis-work, Rockwork, &c. ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks, Avenues, Streets, and Private Gardens. FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for Coverts, Woods, &c. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading Feature. Plans designed, and Advice given as to LayipR- out, Planting, or Kenovating Parks, Cemeteries, Recrea- tion Grounds, and Private Gardens. WHEELER'S MELON. A grand New Melon, which we believe will prove to be one of the finest standard varieties in cultivation. Per packet. 23. 6d. ; small pkt., Is. 6cl., post-free. Mr. J. MUIR. in writing of it, ««ys:— "It is extremely handsome, and the flavour is all that could be desired ; indeed, it combines more good points than I ever found in any other Melon." Wheeler's List of Specialties and Novelties ■will be forwarded, gratis and post-free, on application. WHEELER & SON, Seed Growers, GLOUCESTER. FRUIT TREES AND ROSES VAST QUANTITIES TO OFPEE, of the usual excellent quality, HUGH LOW & CO., Bush HiU Park Nursery, ENFIELD. MENDER'S PETUNIAS. The Grandest Strain grown. Seed saved entirely from large flowers, beautifnlly mottled and striped, 1*. and 2j. per packet. PRIMULA.— Large frilled flowers, mixed, carmine, rose, ■white, and blue, special strain, 1j. Qd. Sc 3x. 6d. per packet. BEGONIA.— Saved from the best-named Double and single flowers. Is., 2s. W., and 55. per packet. LIST of Select FLOWER and A'EGETABLE SEEDS, Free, HENDER AND SONS, Nursery, Plymouth. SEEDS ESTABLISHED 1793. THE BEST Q AND Q] THE CHEAPEST. ' ^ SEND FOR FKEE TO CATALOGUE. ALL. [d JOHN K. KING, ^Z'^^r H ' ' COGGESHALL, ESSEX. ' ^ SEEDS SHARPE'S VICTOR POTATO. "Earliest of all Earlies." TO OBTAIN THE True Yellow - fleshed Variety, Apply to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., SLEAFORD. HRUBS and CONIFERS. — American Arbor-vite. 2J feet, 20J. per 100; Berberis aquifolium. 2 feet, 16s. per 100; Box Tree, IJ foot, 12s. per 100; Coto- neaster microphylla. 2 feet, 12s. per 100; C. Simonsii, 3 feet, 12s. per 100 ; Escallonia macrantha, pot, 2 feet, 24s. per 100 ; Laurel, Common, li foot, 10s. per 100; 2 to 2^ feet, 14s. per 100 ; 3 to 3J feet, 20s. per 100 ; rotunditolia. 2 to 2J feet, 16s. per 100 ; Portugal Laurel, 2 to 2J feet, 22s. per 100; Rhodo- dendron ponticum, IJ to 2 feet, 25s. per 100 ; 2 to 2J feet, S2s. per 100 ; 3 feet, 80s. per 100. full of buds; Yews, Eng- lish, IJ to 2 feet, 24s. per 100; 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100; Araucaria imbricata, 3 to SJ feet, 30s. per doz. ; 4 feet. 40s. per doz., Cupressus Lawsonii, 3 to 3 feet, 20s. per 100 ; 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 100 ; Erecta, viridis. 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100 ; 3 to 3^ feet, 40s. per 100 ; Pioea Nordmannia, 2 feet, 60s. per 100 ; 2J to 3 feet, 12s. per dozen ; Ketinospora plumosa, 2J feet, 30s. per 100 ; 4 to 4J feet, 60s. per 100 ; Thuia Lobbii, 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 100; 5 feet, 80s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70s. per 100 ; 7 feet, eitra, 80s. per 100 ; Thuiopsis dolabrata, 2 feet, 40s. per 100 ; 2^ feet to 3 feet, line specimens. 24s. per dozen ; 4 to 5 feet, 4s. each. QARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. POPULAR CELERIES. HARRISON'S EA.RLY ROSE, easily blanches, fine for exhibition j Each HARRISON'S LEICESTER RED, i^. solid, the best late, very hardy Vper paciet PENGELLY WHITE, a quick foryampa. grower / Nothing is more disappointing than a soft, stringy Celery. The above will not disappoint you. ILLUSTRATED LIST of LEICESTER SEEDS, free. HARRISON & SONS, Seed Growers. LEICESTER. ROSES. ROSES. 12 acres of Roses, 100,000 magnificent plants to select from, 22 Choice Standards, 21s.; 24 Half-Standards, 21.';. ; 12 Standards. 12s. erf. ; 12 Hall-Standards, 10s. 6^. ; 50 Choice Dwarfs, 50 sorts, 21^.; 24 choice dwarf Teas and Noisettep, 12s. 6d.; 12 choice climbing, %s.; 12 beautiful Teas and Noisettes, 9s.; 6 lovely yellow Roses, 4s. 6d. ; 6 Marechal Niels. 4s. 6d. ; 6 Gloire de Dijons, 4s. ; 6 choice Moss Rosea 3s. %d, ; 6 old Cabbage Roses, 3s. 6rf.; 6 Old-fashioned Roses. 3s. 6d. ; 6 crimson Monthly Roses, 3s. ; 6 pink Monthly Roses, 2s. 6rf. ; 6 -white Monthly Roses, 3s. ; 6 quick-growing Climbiug Roses, 2s. Gd. ; 12 Sweet Briars, 3s. My selection, cash with order. Thousands of Testimonials. Catalogues free. JAMES WALTERS, Rose Grower, Exeter. SEEDS! SEEDS!! SEEDS!!! ^rEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS saved V from CHOICE SELECTED STOCKS. Everyone with a garden and every market gardener should send for a Catalogue before purchasing elsewhere. Special Low Quotations to large B. L. COIiEMAN, Seed Merchant and Orower, SANDWICH, KENT. M. PAUL AND SON respectfully invite inspection of the following TKEES and SHEUBS. now on Sale. Prices (on application) very reasonable, and quality unexceptionable as to roots, tops, and stems : — UEECH, purple, best Tariety 12 to 18 feet. ., common... ... ... ... 12 feet. BIRCH, Silver and others 12 to 14 feet. ELMS, four sorts 12 to 18 feet. LABnRNUMS 9 to 10 feet. LIMES 8 to 12 feet. MOUNTAIN ASH 13 to 16 feet. NORWAY MAPLES 12 to 18 feet. PLAINS 12 to 18 feet. POPLARS, six sorts 12 to 18 feet. SYCAMORE 13 to 18 feet. THORNS, Paul's Double Scarlet ... 1! to 14 faet. (The finest Trees in the Trade.) FLOWERING SHRUBS, various ... 4 to Sleet. ARBOR- Vrr.fE, An AUCUBAS BOX, of sorts , CEDKUS ATLANTICA ... DEODABA ... CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA . HOLLY, Variegated ,, Green, named sorts . FIR, Scotch ,, Austrian LAURELS , OSMANTHUS , PICEA PINSAPO.. 6 feet. 3 to 4i feet. 3 to 6 feet. 5 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 6 to 7 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 9 feet. 3 to 8 feet. 3 to 7 feet. 2 to 4 feet. 6 to 8 feet. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, c« loam 2 to 4 feet. ,, Hybrids 2 to 4 feet. ,, Named sorts 2 to 4 feet. YEWS, Common, and others 3 to 7 feet. APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, and PLUMS, Standard and Pvramids. ASPAEAGUS for Forcing. PAULS' NTJKSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, 4 minutes' walk from Waltham Cross Station; West Entrance, 3 minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station, Great Eastern Railway. LEARANCB SALE of PALMS, DEAC^NAS, &o. Strong Small Palms, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFOKTHIA ELEGANS. LATANIA BORBONIOA, AHECA SAPIDA, COKYPHA AUSTRALIS, KENTIA BELMORIANA, K. FOSTERIANA, and DRACiENA INDIVISA, sample 2 of each, 14 plants in all. 6s. ; 1 of each. 7 in all, 3s. Package Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. * LATANIA BORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averagmg 10 fine leaves. ISs. each. »CHAMiEROPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves, 305. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves, 21s. each. » DEACalNA C ANIFOLIA, 5 to 6 feet high, 21s. each. » Ditto ditto 4 feet high, 15s. each. » PHCENIX TENUIS, 3 feet high, 5s. each. » Ditto ditto 2 feet high, ISs. per dozen. » DRAC.a:NA INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 5s. each, » Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. * Ditto CONGESTA, 2 feet high, l»s. per dozen. » SEAFOETHIA ELEGANS, in eO's, fit for 48's, strong, 6s. doz Price per 100 on application. Those marked * are Packed Free, but not Carriage Paid. W. OWEN, 106, Stamford Hill, N. Febecabt 20, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 231 Now Is the Time to Plant PEONIES, P Y K E T H R U M S, DELPHINIUMS, and GAILLARDIAS, the most showy of all Hardy, Easily-grown Perennial Plants. For Priced List?, see KliLWAY'S SEED and PLANT MANUAL for 1893, Is., post-free (deducted from first order), to those unknown to us. KELWAY AMI SON, LunRport, Somerset. For ExWbltlon ! BROAD BEAN, lUDDLES' MONSTER LONQPOD. — Extra long, line quality. Per quart, Is. id. CARROT, BIDDLES' SCARLET PRIZETAKER, Interme- diate, the finest exhibition Carrot grown. Per 07,., Is. ONION, DIDDLES' GIANT SPRINO.— Too well known as a priz8-wiuuer to need further recommendation. Per 07.,, Is. BIDDLES AND CO.. The Penny Packet Seed Co., Loughborough, LeiLCstershire. ''PHE OLD BROWN QUARRY EARLY X. POTATO. The Oldest Existing Sort in Ireland. I believe this to have been in existence here for 150 years : certainly, when I was a child, prior to the famine period. There was no other sort grown for harvest purposes when men worked with a sickle. I am enabled to offer it for redistribu- tion— it never having made its way to England— from a stock preserved for years on peat land, resting on limestone, in a remote part of county Cork. There must be something in the soil that preserved it for years. It is a first-class variety, of great substance. 7-lb. bag and postiige for 2s. 9rf. Seeds.— Carriage Paid.— Seeds. DICKSON AND ROBINSON'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892. Enumerates the Best and Choicest Varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, and SEED POTATOS ; MANURES, INSECTICIDES. HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, and GARDEN REQUISITES. Post-free on application. COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, from 6s. to 81s. COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, from 2s. 6ii. to 84s. Seed Warehouse, 12. Old Millgate, Manchester. EGONIAS A SPECIALTY. — Awarded Four Gold Medals, and Gold Cup. and all First Prizes. Seed saved from Prize plants. Our Begonia Seed and Bulbs eelipse all previous years. Choicest mixed, single or double varieties, Is., 2s. 6rf. , and hs. per packet. Collections (Seed) — single, 12 named varieties, separate, 5s. 6rf. ; 6 ditto. 35. Tubers, named singles, from 12s. to 42s. per dozen ; unnamed eeedlings, 12s. to 21s. per dozen ; bedding, choicest. 4s., 5s.. 6s., and 9s. per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 42s. per doz. ; unnamed, choicest, 18s. to 30s. per dozen ; choicest mixed, for bedding, 9s. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis. JOHN LAING AND SONS, Begonia Growers, &c.. Forest Hill, London. T?OR SALE.— 10,000 KENTIA PALMS, in -L (iO, 48, and 32-pots ; 6000 COCOS, in 60, 48, and 32-pots ; 5O0O L.iTANIAS, in 18-pots ; 6000 SEAFORTHIAS, in 60-pot^ ; 60 STORE-BOXES, SEAFORTHIAS, iOOO ASPIDISTRAS, in 32-pots, Green and Variegated. Grand, clean, healthy stuff. To be sold Cheap, to make room for other Stock. BARR'S SEEDS, BULBS and PLANTS, VEGETABLE SEEDS.— The best sorts only. Much valu- able information. Catalogue free on application. FLOWER SEEDS.— Upwards of 2000 species and varieties, all decorative kinds. Catalogue free on application. BULBS.— Gladioli, Lilies, Anemones. Ranunculus. Hyacinthus eandicans, Tigridias, &c., for Spring Planting. Lists ON APPLICATION. PLANTS. — Michaelmas Daisies, Perennial Sunflowers, Double and Single Pseonies, Irises. Oriental Hellebores, Carna- tions, &c. Lists free on application. BARR AND SON, 12. King Street, Coveiit Garden, London. CHEAL'S new TOM THUMB DAHLIAS. Choice mixed Seed o! above can now be supplied at 2s. ^d. per packet. CJIEAL'S CACTUS DAHLIAS, carefully selected Seed, Is. M. and 2s. 6a!. per packet. CHEAL'S SINGLE DAHLIAS, carefully selected Seed, Is. 6rf. per pacltet. NEW CATALOGUE of DAHLIAS, containing many Novelties, will be ready shortly, post free. J. CHEAL and SONS, The Nurseries, CRAWLEY, A GOOD INVESTMENT. Last season I sowed a small quantity of Chrysanthemum seed, from which I obtained twenty varieties that I would not Bell for one hundred pounds, I have again obtained seed from the same source, and have a small quantity to spare at Is. 6rf, and 2s. %d. per packet. I shall be pleased to purchase at a fair price any good varieties raised from this seed.— H. J. JONES. Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham. The best book on the Chrysanthemum is Chrysanthemums, and How to Grow Them. Now ready, post-free, 9 stamps, of H. J. JONES. Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham, S.E. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. See our New DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE for all Novelties of the present Season, and all the best varieties in cultivation, post-free, on application to PITCHER & MANDA, The United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE. SWANLEY, KENT. SEASON 1892. Wm. CLIBRAN & SON Beg to inform their patrons that their NEW CATALOGUE OF SELECT VEGETABLE SEEDS Is Now Ready, and will be sent post-free on application, ItcontainsDescriptionsof all the STANDARD VARIE- TIES of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, careful selection of the most promising NOVELTIB*. Buyers of GENUINE, RELIABLE SEEDS should send for a copy before placing their Orders. INSECTICIDES, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, And Jliscellaneous Requisites of every description, for the GARDEN or FARV, supplied. 10 & 12, MAKKET ST., I OLDFIELD NURSERIES, MANCHESTER. I ALTRINCHAM. And principality Nurseries, Deganwv, Llandudno. SMALL SHRUBS and CONIFER^.— Abies orientalis, 4-yr., 40s. per 1000; Cupressus macrocarpa, l-yr., 30.S-. per 1000; C. Lawsoniana, 1 foot, 40s. per 1000; C. erecta viridis, 3 to 9 inch, .30s. per 1000 ; Cotoneaster Sim- moosii, 1 foot, 30s. per 1000 ; Escallonia macrantha, 9 inch, 8s. per 100; Ivy. Irish, 2-yr., 30s. per 1000; Lilac, purple, 2-jr., 30s. per 1000; Laurestinua, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per lOO ; Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr., drilled, 10 inch, 60s. per 1000; Pinus cembra, 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000 ; P. Nordmannia, 2-yr. transplanted, 60s. per 1000 ; P. nobilis, 2-year trans- planted, 6s. per 100; Privets, oval, 9 inch, 8s. per lOOO ; ditto, 10 to 12 inch, 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; R. anrea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per 100; Rhododendron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40s. per 100-i; 6 to 9 inch, 55s. per 1000; Veronica Travereii, 8 inch, 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia, 6 inch, 8s. per 100; Yew, English, 2-yr3., l-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 1000; Irish Yew, 8 to 9 inch. 8s. per 100. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer^ AMERICAN SPECIALTIES. CHRYSANTHEMUM SEED, SHORTHILIi NTXRSERIES (XT.S.A.) Price, .3s. Qd. per Packet ; 5 Packets for 15s. £J5 offered in three Special Prizes at the Royal Aq Show for the three best new varieties raised from this Seed. For particulars, write for our I>/EW DESCRIPTIVE CATALOG UE, Now ready, Post-free on application to— PITCHER & MANDA, The United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT. special culture of FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOOK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogne of Fruits, post-free, 3d. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, the nurseries, SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS. THE NEW EARLY DESSERT APPLE, COOLING'S BEAUTY OF BATH, Is the handsomest and best-flavoured First Early APPLE yet introduced, and should be in every collection. MAIDENS, 2s. eacb. PYRAMIDS, 3s. 6d. and 6a. each. FAN-TRAINED, 5s. and 7s. 6d. each. STANDARDS, 38. 6d. each. Trade price on application. Descriptive FRUIT THEE and ROSE CATA- LOGUE, Post-free on application. GEO. COOLING & SONS, THE NURSERIES, BATH. 1 (\ C\C\C\ EUGNYMUS (Green), bushy, well- -l^lV/V/U (jrown, 18 inches to .10 inches, 6s. to 16s. per dozen. Less by the 1000. Cash with Order. J. J. CLARK, Ooldstone, West Brighton. AKGE QUANTITIES of strong THORNS, very cheap ; a-year, 2s. Qd. per 100 ; 3 and 4-year, 2iJ0 .Stout LIMES, well-firown. POPLARS, 3 to 1 feet, and 4 to 5 feet. LAURELS, very cheap. Ground must be Cleared for Building. WILLIAM TRE.SEDER, Nurseryman, Cardiff. INES FOR SALE.— QUEEN'S, OIIAR- LOTTE ROTHSCHILD'S, and SMOOTH CAYENNES. A very fine lot of Suckers, in 7 and 8-inch pots, ready to put into fruiting-pots, very clean, and in perfect health ; also, fine fruiting plants of the tarae varieties, ready for immediate throwing up. Giving up Pine Growing, reason for disposal. Apply, H. E. QRIBBLE, Wynyard Park, Stockton-on-Tees. INES. — VINES. — VINES. We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and Planting Canea. Names and pricea sent on application. JOHN FRED AND SONS, Roupell Park Nurseriea, Norwood Road, London, S.E. V The Best Present for a Gardener. INES and VINE CULTURE. The mo3t complete and exhaustive Treatise on Grapes and their Culture ever published. New Edition. Price 5s., poat-free, 5s. 6(i. A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick. OBBIE^ CATALOGUE and COMPETl- TORS' GUIDE for 1892.— 25th Annual ErJition. 160 pages, illustrated. Described by one of the greatest authorities in England aa "the most useful list published in the trade." Now ready, Gratis to all who apply for it and enclose Zd. to cover postage.— Dt)BBIE AND CO.. Seed Growers and Florists, Rothesay, Scotland. 20,000 DAHLIA ROOTS. H. CANNELL & SONS Have the largest and finest stock in the world, from 6s. to 30s. per dozen. SEND FOB 7LLU.STRATEn CATALOGUE. SWANLEY, KENT. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BIDDLES &. Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. We invite those about to purchase garden seeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 3000 Varieties catalogued, 50(J Illustrations. tiZ6eztec> y By lloj-.il ApiKiintmenfc Nurserymen tt Seed&men to H.M. the Queen, and His Koyal Highness the Prince of Wales. 400 Acres. GARDEN SEEDS CARRIAGE PAID. CATALOGUES FREE. LITTLE &bTlLANTYNE The Original and Only Makers of the GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS ■WITH SOLID ENDS. Aleo— SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTBAM, With Special Provision for Cleaning the Inside thoroughly (a Most Important Point). These Boilers, aft«r long experience, have proved themselves the Most Efficient. Econo- mical, and Lasting Boilers extant. Every other kind of Boilers, Sockets, Flanges, and E-xpansion-Joint Pipes and Fittings, for all kindg of High and Low-Pressure Heatiug. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE BILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE, STAFFOBCSHIHE. ^O HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck- 232 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febetjahy 20, 1892 mvm WORLD-RENOWNED GOLD MEDAL STRAINS rxmma Per Packet, 1/6, 2/6, 3/6, & 5/-. Per Packet, 1/6, 2,6, 3/6, k 5/-. Per Packet, 1/6, 2/6, 3,6, & 5,-. FLOWER SEEDS POST FREE. CT Every Packet of above iDeara our Kegistered Trade Mark, without wMch none are genuine. ILLUSTRATED SEED CATALOGUE, comprising everything 7ieces^ari/ and requisite for the Garden, Gratis and Post-free on application. TBMl/MlUam^'^Scn, UPPER //OLLOW/iY.'^^==&^ / O A/DO/y. N. NEW VEGETABLES Of Sterling Merit. WEBBS' SEEDS. TOMATO-WEBBS' RECIKA. This valuable novelty i3 early and very prolific. The fruit is smooth, somewhat round in shape, of beautiful colour, and delicious flavour. is. 6cl. and 25. 6d. per Packet. PEA.-WEBBS' TALISMAN. A blue, wrinkled, main-crop Pea (a cross between the varieties, Culverwell's Giant Marrow and Omega). It prows about 5 feet in height, has stout stems, and lar^e light-green foliage ; the pods are long, straight, and very appearance. hands( 53. per Pint. BROCCOLL-WEBBS' AVALANCHE. A splendid new variety, suitable for early spring usi very hardy, and robust in habit of growth ; the heads ai snowy white, close, and well protected. is. 6d. and 2s. 6d. per Packet. WEBB&S0NS3W)RDSLE^ST0URBRIDCE PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, four minutes' walk from Waltham Cross Station G.E.R.); West Entrance, tliree minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.E). ROSES. The Largest and Finest Stock in the Country. NEW EOSES A SPECIAI.TY. Also Books on Eoses, by Wm. Paul, F.L.S. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS SEEDS & BULBS OF BEST QUALITY. Also MUSHEOOM SPAWN. GARDEN MATS, MANDKES, INSECTI- CIDES, and all other GARDEN REQUISITES. Descripti . Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS FRUIT TREES GRAPE VINES. An enormous Stock of Fruiting and Other Trees unsurpassed in quality, being vigorous, clean, and true to name. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS I . r~ ^ HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS. lOf H^^ EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and "^' CONIFERS, in endless variety, kept constantly transplanted. RHODODENDRONS off Loam. HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS a specialty. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS CAMELLIAS Tlie Large&t Stock in the Country. Plants well set with Bloom-buds. Also, AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. I^ Prices stricH]/ moderate : reduced rates for large qitan- titles, hispection of stock invited. Goods packed by experienced hands for all parts of the uforld. Gardeners of ckaraeter and experience recomvitnded. Important : Observe the Christian Name and Address^ . PAUL & SON, WALTHAM CROSS, HERTS. SUTTON'S A superb strain, producing flowers with unusual freedom, varied and rich in colour. •■The Seedling Gloxinias were much admired at our show, taking off two First Prizes. They were the talk of the whole show."— F. BUCKINGHAM, Esq , St. John's. Price of seed, mixed colours, Bs. and 23. 6d. per packet, post-free. SUTTON & SONS^^d^^^^n! READING. aUEUs^ & CO.'S BULBS ^^ Bfgonias, Gladioli, Gloxinias, Anemones, Kanunculus. IVonies, Dahlias, Oannas, Lilies. Iris, &c. PLANTS, Besides an immense variety of otiier Bulbous and Rhizo- matous Roots and Plants, specially adapted for SPRING PLANTING, As well as for GREENHOUSE and STOVE. A'O PACJCING CHAJIGES!!! Goods delivered CARRIAGE PAID at PURCHASER'S DOOR in Great Britain and Ireland. Superb Complete Collections for the Garden, at 93., 12s., £1 Is., £2 23., and £3 3s. Beautifully Illustrated Amateur's Catalogue (in English), Gratis and Post-free from the Growers, VAN MEERBEEK & CO., HOLLAND. HILLEGOM, HAr/LW ■ THIS Paper. pEBfinAHT 20, 1892.] THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. 233 March 4th next. NEW ORCHIDS. GREA.T SALE.— NO RESERVE. Extraordinary New Lady's Slipper, Gypripedium Ghamberlainianum (SANDER). GRAND NEW SPECIES. EVERY PLANT RECEIVED WILL BE OFFERED WITHOUT ANY RESERVE. A magnificent and beautiful new Cypripedium which we have the privilege to offer. It is dedicated by permission to the Right Hon. Joseph Cham- berlain, M.P. An altogether unique and absolute new departure in every way from all known Cypripedinms, in inflorescence, in habit, and in leaf, a perfectly marvellous novelty. Its leaves in some instances are 4 inches across, ample, undulated, and often beautifully tesselated on the upper surface, re- minding one slightly of C. Morganse, but much larger and finer; it is altogether a noble plant. This extraordinary Gypripedium produces flower spikes up to 2 feet high, bearing all along its stem its white, yellow, and purple blossoms, and we are able to show dried flower spikes which have pro- duced over thirty flowers. Another remarkable feature is, that the flower seats are not more than half an inch from each other. The upper part of the flower is yellow with about six rosy-purple lines, divided by the midrib, emerging from a profusion of rosy-purple spots ; those at the lower part are much denser than at the upper half of the dorsal sepal ; the whole is beau- tifully reticulated and charmingly transparent towards the margins, densely covered on the outer surface with white hairs. The upper half of the dorsal sepal is clear and pure, without any spots or lines ; the lower dorsal sepal is similar in its markings, only not so dense, and about half the size of the upper dorsal sepal, which extraordinarily enough is as broad as it is long, being about 2 inches in diameter. The two petals are spreading, curled and twisted at the ends like a corkscrew, and spotted in the way of C. superbiens ; the margins are charmingly undulated, and bear a profusion of white hairs. They are spotted on both surfaces with blackish-purple and chocolate spots and blotches ; some purple lines also run along them. They are of a lovely shining white and creamy-yellow colour, highly ornate, each of them over 2 inches long. The slipper, shoe, or pouch, sometimes called the labellum, is also ex- ceptionally beautiful ; it is rose and white, more inflated than C. cardinale, and double its size, re- minding one of a beautifully-spotted bird's egg, so exquisite is the fine blackish-purple spotting over two-thirds of its lower part. The upper part and side-lobes are of a shining porcelain white colour ; this combined with the purplish-black spotting lends it a hue and charm perfectly unique. We have been asked by several Gentlfraen to Sell the whole Importation of this altogether extra- ordinary and charming new Gypripedium, without reserve, and we will do so. Gypripediums are most difficult to introduce, and without the right moment is caught, all arrive dead. This is the case unfortunately with Gypripedium Victoria Regina. These have perished on the journey. We shall try next year to introduce it. However, the finer of the two is GYPRIPEDIUM GHAMBERLAINIANUM, and fortunately this has come home in altogether exceptional order and condition, and the Sale will contain the whole Importation of about 700 Plants. Abundant dried material will be on view. March 4th next. NEW ORCHIDS. so RESERVE. CATTLEYA VICTORIA REGINA (SANDER), A distinguished and excellent new Cattleya. From one of my oldest exploring collectors, and a superb novelty of greatest merit in every way. Free growing, free and abundant flowering. The flowers are, individually, 5 inches across, and as many as eight or nine are borne on a spike. The flower is very compact, and of great substance. The sepals and petals are of a deep rosy-red, glowing and glistening, blotched crimson and purple, the margin lighter, and undulate. The lip is crimson, with a white tube. The importation is in magnificent condition. CATTLEYA SPECIES. A beautiful Cattleya. See dried flowers on view day of sale. CYPRIPEDIUM (GOLDEN YELLOW). When the beautiful Gypripedium insigne Sandera3 flowered, a few years ago, we instructed our collector to search for it, and are pleased to be able to ofl"er now a few plants of a simply magnificent golden- yellow and white G. insigne. The plants are in fine order. MAGNIFICENT NEW CYPRIPEDIUM. Gypripedium Kimballianum (SANDER), aUITE NEW SPECIES. This grand new species is now offered (or the first time, and no plants of it have ever been sold. It is a grand grower, and a grand novelty. Nothing similar to it, or in any way like it, has ever been imported up to now. It is a stately species. Its flowers are said by the natives to be of enormous size, and the colours are described as crimson, purple, and white in this description, we believe. It has been a terrible difficulty to get plants home alive ; and after all our trouble and expense, we only got a few plants. Those offered are in grand con- dition, and we believe that it will be absolutely impossible for us to ever again offer it, and that this will be the only time it will be on sale. An im- ported plant had leaves on it fully 2 feet long. The leaves are most beautiful, of elegant shape, and heavily mottled and blotcbtd. CYPRlPEDiUNl SPECIES. This may turn out to be simply a variety of Gypri- pedium Wallisii, but it comes from quite a different country, the extraordinary flowers have petals nearly 2 feet long and are pure satiny white, excepting the tip — which is rose. In Wallisii it is white. It is one of the most stately of Gypripediums we have intro- duced. In fact, it is quite a sensational plant. The consignment is in fine condition. Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS Have received Instructions from Mr. F. SANDER to SELL, at their Great Rooms, 67 and 68, CHEAPSIDB. LONDON, E.G., A Grand Lot of the above New Cypripediums, &c., On FRIDAY, MARCH 4. As a Supplement TO THE Gardeners' Chronicle FOR Next Week, February 27, Will he Published an Ink-Photograph of VANDA CCERULEA, GROWN IX LORD ROTHSCHILD'S GARDEN. THE SATUItDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1892, CEYLON. "pROFESSOR GOODALE, of Harvard Unl- -*- versify, has been visiting some of tho tropical botanic gardens, and contribntes an account of his trip to one of the American papers, whence, through the medium of the Tropical Agriculturist, we take the following extracts : — 1. Botanic Gardens in the Equatorial Belt and in the South Seas (First Paper).— It is my purpose to give, in the following notes, some account of the more important Botanic Gardens visited by me during a recent journey. The tour carried me from Genoa, through the canal at Suez, to Ceylon, in which country Peradeniya and Hakgala were examined ; thence to Adelaide, in South Australia ; Melbourne and Cxeelong, in Victoria ; Hobart, ia Tasmania ; Danedin, Christchurch, and Wellington, in New Zealand ; Sydney, in New South Wales; Brisbane, in Queensland ; Buitenzorg, in Java ; Singapore, in the Straits Settlements ; Saigon, Hong Kong, and Shanghai, in China; and Tokio, in Japan. With the exception of Shanghai and Tokio, the visits were made at favourable seasons ; in Northern China and in Japan the spring was not far advanced, but the early flowers were in perfection. The journey was undertaken with a view of securing from the establishments in question, for the University Museum at Cambridge, speci- mens illustrative of the useful products of the vegetable kingdom. In every instance the writer met with a cordial reception, and received innumerable courtesies, for which he desires to thank again the directors, curators, and super- intendents of the various botanical establish- ments. Every facility was afforded for careful inspection of the workings of the gardens and museums, and, it should be added, of the educa- tional institutions with which some of them were connected. A satisfactory photographic outfit rendered it possible to supplement the collection of photo- graphic views which were purchaseable at most points ; so that the series, now stored in the Museum at Cambridge, may be regarded as one of the largest yet brought together. It com- prises views not only of groups of plants, both in gardens and in their wild state, but of indi- vidual plants as well. Early next year these illustrations will be accessible to any visiting naturalists. The present sketch will follow essentially the route outlined in a preceding paragraph, begin- ning with the gardens in Ceylon. Peradeniya and Hakgala {Ceylon). — After the desert of Egypt and Arabia, and of treeless Aden, have been passed, the traveller comes, by an abrupt transition, upon tropical luxuriance of vegetation. There is, to be sure, a distant 234 THE gabdenehs' chuonicle. [pEBfiUAEY 20, 1892. glimpse of Socotra, but its shores are too far away to yield anything plainly discernible ; and even Minicoy, an island lying between the Maldives and Laccadives, gives only a faint suggestion of plant-life. Its low-lying land is fringed with scattered Cocoa-nut Palms, of which, later, one sees so many. Before reaching Ceylon, the ship passes within sight of the southern point of India, but not near enough to show what its plants are like. In fact, therefore, the arrival in the harbour of Colombo brings a surprise. Coming down to the shore, and extending as far as the eye can reach on either side, are crooked * Cocoa-nut Palms, here and there intermingled with trees having foliage of the deepest green. A botanist is struck at once by the superb capabilities of such a country for a tropical garden. These capa- bilities were not overlooked by the Dutch, who succeeded the Portuguese in possession. A Botanic garden was founded by them at Slave Island, in Colombo, but when the Dutch were driven out by the British, it fell into neglect. There was, however, at this period, an excellent garden connected with the country place of the first English Governor, near Colombo, which, at the beginning of his century, was under the charge of a naturalist, who gave it somewhat the character of a botanical garden. In 1810 Sir Joseph Banks sketched the plan for a botanical garden in Slave Island, Colombo, and suc- ceeded in transferring thither from Canton Mr. Kerr, who became its chief. According to the work from which I have derived these facts, the Slave Island garden was snbject to floods, and consequently the establishment was moved to Kalutara. One finds here and there in Colombo traces of the old occu- pancy remaining in the names of some of the streets — " Kew," for instance. From Kalutara the garden was transferred, in 1821, to its present site. Since that time, the large garden has established four branches, in order to secure all the advantages which can come from having land at diffei'ent altitudes and with different exposures. The branch gardens are— (1) Badulla, founded in 1886, in the eastern part of the island, with an elevation somewhat over 2000 feet. " The climate here is somewhat drier than on the western side of the hill region, receiving but little rain with the south-west monsoon." (2) Anuradhapura, dating from 1883, about a hundred miles north of the large garden, is the ancient capital of the island. Besides the interesting ruins at this point, which are well worth seeing, there exists the oldest historical tree in the world, Ficus religiosa (the sacred Bo), assigned to 288 B.C. This garden has a short rainy season and a hot dry climate. (3) Henaratgoda, 33 feet above the sea, and thoroughly tropical, is on the railroad running from Colombo to Kandy. It was founded in 1876. Here certain plants which cannot be grown at Peradeniya, are very successfully culti- vated. (4) Hakgala, established in 1860, as a nursery for Cinchona cultivation, is near Nuwara, Eliya (commonly pronounced "Newralia") the famous sanitarium. It is almost 6000 feet above sea-level,t in a place of surpassing beauty. Above the garden ia a frowning double cliff 1500 feet high, and all around the views are most attractive. The Gate affords one of the best of these. The landscape reaches over the Uva district towards the Ilaputale gap and the Madulsima hills. On entering the garden the bewil- derment begins. On every hand one sees species in the most grotesque juxtaposition. Plants from Australia, such as Casuarinas and Acacias, are per- fectly as home with East and West Indian, Japanese, and English plants ; of the latter there are many which seemed thrifty and well established. Although the garden is used primarily for experi- mental purposes, it has been laid out with regard to effectiveness of grouping, and with remarkable success. A botanical visitor is, hewever, constantly trying to separate in his mind the different plants from the curious collocations which everywhere abound, and demonstrate better than in any other place I have ever seen the wide range of tolerance of climate. The superintendent, Mr. W. Nock, who has had large experience in the West Indies, has carried on some interesting experiments in acclimatising plants from the western hemisphere, such as " Cherimoyer " and the like. There are few plants in the garden more attractive from an economic point of view than the vegetables of doubtful promise, such as Arracacha, and those of assured culinary position, " Choco " or " Chocho " (Sechium edule), for example. Some of the medicinal plants in hand were doing well in every way, while others have proved somewhat disap- pointing, for instance. Jalap and Ipecacuanha. The Ferns, especially the Tree Ferns, and the species of Eucalyptus, form one of the marked suc- cesses at this garden. Mr. Nock stated that the most troublesome weed in the garden is a species (perhaps more than a single species) of Oxalis ; it ia simply impossible to eradicate it. G. L. G. (To be continued.) New or Noteworthy Plant. CYPEIPEDIUM CHAMBEELAINIANUM, O'Brien, n. sp. (See fig. 34.) This is a surprisingly beautiful and distinct novelty, and quite unexpected by its lucky im- porters, Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, who, when sending their collector to a hitherto unsearched part of New Guinea, had little hopes of gaining such a plant, which, in addition to being an entirely new species, is also the first of a totally new section of Cypripedium. The plant is robust, and resembles a giant C. Spicerianum, or it might easily be taken for a large Angracum pellucidum, so distinct is its growth from that of anj other species. From the evidence of the dried spikes sent over by the collector, and those which opened imme- diately after their arrival, and from which our illustra- tion was prepared, it is seen that native specimens have spikes showing from twelve to twenty or even more flowers on a spike, each flower springing from a stout and ornamental bract. The flowers themselves may be likened in colour to those of C. superbiens or C. Morganns, but in their botanical features there is nothing to compare them'with. The dorsal sepal is yellowish-white, with six rosy-purple lines, three on each side of the mid-rib, and the base of the sepal has a profusion of rosy-purple spots. The lower sepal is similar to the upper, but smaller ; and a very peculiar feature in both is, that they are strongly pubescent or hairy on the backs. The petals are spreading, curled, and twisted, and beautifully spotted with crimson, the margins undulated and furnished with white hairs at the edges. The labellum or pouch is white, beautifully and densely spotted with rose colour on the lower portion. Altogether it is a charming plant, and well worthy to bear the name of the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., to whom Messrs. Sander have requested it to be dedicated. James O'Brien. ' Crooked conveys the Mea of sharp angles, wherca9 Ihs Cocoa-nut Pahiis are gracefully bent, t Somewhat over 5000 feet would be more correct. THE HOTHOUSES OF H.I.M; THE EMPRESS FREDERIC AT CRONBERG. The Empress Frederic's castle at Cronberg is built among most picturesque and mountainous scenery. The air which blows from the adjacent mountains ia extremely pare, and doubtless very favourable to the growth of Orchids and alpines. Annexed to the castle are many greenhouses, three of which are over 357 feet long. Each is divided into four compartments, varying from 65 to 97 feet long, by 19^V feet wide, and 10.} feet high. One of these houses is devoted to Orchids, and was selected because of its particularly favourable position. It contains a great number of the rarest and moat beautiful species and varieties, many plants being of nnusnal size, and now in full bloom or showing great promise for the future. A table 6 feet wide is set apart in the centre of this house, and decorated with hothouse and ornamental-foliaged plants; many choice and beautiful species are represented. On each side of this stand a path, 3 feet wide, leads past all the stages, which are about 3 feet wide and raised 2i feet above the ground. The space beneath the shelves is bordered with red ornamental tiles. Between the stages and the wall is a space 3 inches wide, to allow the warmed air to circulate. The shelves are not perforated, but the pots are not stood directly upon them, being raised on a Pitch-Pine lattice- work 4 inches high, so that the air can freely circulate ; this arrangement also enables zinc basins full of water to be placed near the plants, so as to increase the humidity of the atmosphere. The house is heated by twelve pipes, six on each side, so that in spite of the extent, an even temperature of 64° to 68° can be maintained. This charming building contains a considerable number of Orchids, all fur- nished by the Horticulture Internationale, the fine foliage of which fully attests the good care taken of them and the appropriateness of the locality chosen. Among the Orchids we may cite : sturdy specimens of different varieties of Lielia purpurata ; good varieties of Cattleya labiata autumnalis, which have just bloomed well ; the rare Lrelia grandis tenebrosa, so much admired when shown this year for the first time, and which is now in spathe ; Cattleya Mendeli, C. Mossiffi, C. aurea, C. gigas, C. Percivaliana, with good promise of bloom ; C. granulosa, various fine plants of Phajtenopsis Schilleriana, P. ama- bilis, P. grandiflora, and other beautiful varie- ties ; twelve splendid Angrjecum sesquipedale covered with buds, showing excellent cultivation, 18 to 24 inches high, and of remarkable beauty ; their graceful leaves are of a sombre green colour, entire all the way down to the pot ; Oncidium Lanceanum, which has recently flowered ; a quan- tity of Dendrobiura bigibbum which has been in bloom five months, and is still covered with clusters of flowers ; Grammatophyllum Ellisi, and other good species ; HouUettia odoratissima Lindeni ; fine plants of Lajlia elegans ; of Rodriguezia (^Burling- tonia) rubescers, a charming species, the smallest plant of which has borne since the commencement of the season a dozen clusters of pure white flowers, most graceful in form. They began to come into leaf at once, and at the end of ten days some of them had as many as fifteen shoots, all well-rooted. As soon as the blooms were faded, the flower-stems were cut, and the surface of the compost dressed with living sphagnum, in which roots soon formed abundantly ; to this treatment, the vigour of the plants may, doubtless, be attributed. The plants of Rodriguezia pubescens are hung about a foot from the glass, as are the Phalienopsis, certain Paphinia, Stanhopea, Miltonia Roezli, M. Phalfenopsis, and M. vexillaria, now in full bloom, and many other species, the vigorous health of which leaves nothing to be desired. Other hot-house plants are doing well in the same house, especially the Nepenthes, which are hung near the entrance, and bear many graceful pitchers. The other houses contain various plants ; Stephanotis floribunda climbs along the rafters ; Cissus Lindeni and C. discolor ; the charming Tro- piBolum Lindeni, newly imported by the Horticulture Internationale, has evergreen foliage of an excellent colour, and promises to take a first place as an orna- mental plant ; there are also Paasiflora triloba, another recent importation, and many others. One house is full of Gardenia grandiflora, well grown, and blooming abundantly ; others are filled with Pinks and other plants requiring a similar tempe- rature. Finally, there is a house especially built for cool Orchids ; it is about 65 feet long, 13 feet wide, and 7.} feet high ; the shelves to the right and left are about 2 feet above the ground ; in the centre ia a path about 3 feet wide. The shelves support Pitch- Pine lattices of various heights, on which the pots are arranged on steps, so that the plants may be as near the glass as possible. In this house is a fine collection of Odontoglnssum, chiefly 0, Alexandise Febbuaut 20, 1892.] THE GABDENEB8' CHRONICLE. 235 selected from good varieties of the type known as Pacho ; a fiftieth part are now in bloom, amongst others 0. Alexandra; Trianx, 0. Claeaianum, &c., coming from a collection imported last year, and which has done exceedingly well. A collection of the best species of Masdevallia promises an ample harvest of flowers, and we may finally mention Crelogyne cristata, placed close to the glass, Lycaste Skinneri, Cypripedium inaigne, full of buds, Odontoglossum arachnoides, of wonderful colour, which has been in bloom six weeks, and seems likely to last in full beauty almost as long again ; as well as a great number of other choice species, excellently cultivated, and in vigorous health, Jean Toncl, in Journal des Orchidees. Harris has purchased a lot of choice Orchids during this time, and amongst some of those in flower recently might have been noticed some very fine pieces of Lycaste Skinneri alba and L. Skin- nerii with seven spikes, grand plants of Den- drobium Wardianum, D. forraosum, D. gigan- teum, Cymbidium Lowianum, an excellent form of this ; C. Spicerianum, C. Bayanum, C. Boxalli, C. callosum, C. Sedeni, and C. barbatum. Flowers were also to be noticed on plants of the pretty C. bellatulum, one plant carrying two spikes of between seventy and eighty flowers ; Zygopetalum inter- medium and 7j. maxillare ; Masdevallia tovarensis with sixteen spikes of three or four flowers, each in a 48-pot ; Cattleya Triante and about thirty plants of ^ Fia. 03. — ODOfrToaLOssuM cbispum var, nobilior. Orchid Notes and Gleanings. ORCHIDS AT BOWDEN HILL HOUSE. Tms place has quite lately sprung into notoriety owing to Herbert Harris, Esq., the High Sheriff of Wilts, and owner of the place, having taken to the cultivation of Orchids. During the last two years many improvements have been effected in the gardens, a range of Orchid-houses having been put up, besides two Peach-houses and some other plant- houses, and a bit of land taken in from the park to increase the size of the kitchen garden, and a high wall built around the addition. Water has been laid on all about this part of the garden. Bowden Hill House stands out prominently, and lovely views of the surrounding country can be enjoyed. Mr. the true C. labiata ; various choice Denbrobes were showing profusely for flower, and some Lfclia autumnalis were in flower, and L. purpurata was looking well. In the cool-house were nearly 300 plants of Odontoglossum, of which a few O. crispum were in flower, as was a large mass of Cymbidium Lowianum, the spikes numbering six, and the blooms eighty. The general good health of all the occupants of the various houses struck one at the first view, and it appeared as if Mr. Harris would in a very little time have a beautiful show of Orchids in flower. In the greenhouses a fine lot of tree Carnations and Cyclamen were remarked, and in the stove some very fine Crotons and other plants. The collection of Begonias is one of the finest hereabouts, and they are employed for bedding as well as for the decoration of apartments, &c., and none but the best-named varieties are grown. The owner of Bowden Hill has become an enthusiast in everything horticultural, and he has found a good cultivator in Mr. Deacon, as may be surmised from my short account of what I saw, but much more remained to be inspected when night set in. W. A. Cook. Odontoolossum Uossii from Cheltenham. An interesting series of varieties of the above come from Mr. J. Cypher, Queen's Koad Nurseries, Cheltenham, and taking the extreme varieties, it is difiicnlt to reconcile them as being of one species. The handsomest is a large light flower of the 0. R. majus type, and the most curious a rather small flower with sepals and petals spotted alike, except that the petals have a narrow white margin. The lip of this variety is blush-white, and the callus cream coloured. With these also come flowers of a very fine form of hybrid 0. Rossii with a pale primrose ground colour. An example of 0. crispum with flowers 4} inches across, and prettily-spotted sepals and lip ; and a spray of noble flowers of Oncidium splendidum. ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM VA.R. NOBILIOR. This is another noble spotted variety of O. Crispum, which has flowered in the valuable col- lection of these plants in the gardens of Baron Schroder, at The Dell, Egham, and in the care of that clever cultivator, Mr. H. Ballantine. It was exhibited at the meeting of the Royal Hor- ticultural Society, on February 9, when it gained a First-class Certificate, and was much admired. Its sepals are nearly covered with warm reddish- brown blotches, its petals and lip also being adorned with heavy markings of the same colour. J. OB, CROSSES AND CROSSING OF PLANTS. This was the subject of a paper read at the late meeting of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri- culture by Professor L. H. Bailey, of Cornell Univer- sity. The paper is too long to reproduce entire, but we give in a condensed form the report as published in Garden and Forest. Professor Biiley's language is adhered to in the main, but in some cases a paragraph is summarised in a sentence, and in this way the original loses some of its rich- ness of illustration. Sex clearly has two offices : (1) To hand over, by some mysterious process, the complex organisation of the parent to the offspring ; and (2) to unite the essential characters or tendencies of two beings into one. The second office is the greater, for it insures an ofTspring somewhat unlike either parent, and there- fore better fitted to seize upon any place or condition new to its kind. And as the generations increase, the tendency to variation in the offspring must be constantly greater, because the impressions of a greater number of ancestors are transmitted to it. If, therefore, the philosophy of sex is to promote variation by the union of different individuals, it must follow that greatest variation must come from parents considerably unlike each other in their minor characters. Thus it comes that in-breeding tends to weaken a type, and that cross-breeding tends to strengthen it. In this discussion the term "cross" is used to denote the offspring of any sexual union between plants, whether of different species or varieties, or even different flowers upon the same plant. There are different kinds of crosses. One of these is the hybrid, or a cross between two species, as a Plum and a Peach, or a Raspberry and a Blackberry. Crosses between varieties of one species are termed " half-breeds," or "cross-breeds;" and those between different flowers upon the same plant are called "individual crosses." Distinct species, however, as a rule, refuse to cross. If we apply the pollen of a Hubbard Squash to the flower of the common field Pumpkin, the fruit will not form. The same is true of the Pear and the Apple, the Oat and the Wheat, 236 THE GARDENERS' GERONICLE. [fEBEUAET 20, 1892. and most very unlike species. Or the pollen may " take," and the seeds may grow, bat the plants which they produce may be wholly barren, some- times even refusing to produce either flowers or seeds, as in the instance of some hybrids between the Wild Goose Plum and the Peach. Sometimes the refusal to cross is due to some difference in the time of blooming, or some incompatibility in the structure of the flowers. But it is enough to know that there are characters in widely dissimilar plants which prevent inter-crossing, and that these charac- ters are just as positive as are size, colour, produc- tiveness and other characters. That is, the checks to crossing have been developed through the prin- ciple of universal variability and natural selection, just as other characters have been established. The result is simply, that the best results of crossing are obtained when the cross is made between different individuals of the same variety, or, at farthest, between different individuals of the same species. In other words, hybrids — or crosses between species — are rarely useful, and it follows, as a logical result, that the more unlike the species the less useful will be the hybrids. Again, crossing alone can accomplish little. The chief power in the progression of plants appears to be selection. Selection is the force which augments, develops and fixes types. Man must not only prac- tice a judicious selection of parents from which the cross is to come, but he must constantly select the best from among the crosses, in order to maintain a high degree of usefulness and to make any advance- ment ; and it sometimes happens that the selection is much more important to the cultivator than the crossing. I do not wish to discourage the crossing of plants, but I do desire to dispel the illusion which too often hangs about it. Chossino Strengthens Existing Types. The improvement of existing varieties by crossing is a more important office than the summary produc- tion of new varieties. This is the chief use which Nature makes of crossing — to strengthen the type. Think, for instance, of the great rarity of hybrids or pronounced crosses in Nature ! No doubt all the authentic cases on record could be entered in one or two volumes, but a list of all the individual plants of the world could not be compressed into 10,000 volumes. There are a few genera, in which the species are not well defined, or in which some character of inflorescence favours promiscuous cross- ing, in which hybrids are conspicuous ; but even here the number of individual hybrids is very small in comparison to the whole number of individuals. That is, the hybrids are rare, while the parents may be common. Darwin was the first to show that crossing within the limits of the species or variety results in a constant revitalising of the off'apring, and that this is the particular ultimate function of the operation. Darwin's results are, concisely, these : — Self- fertilisa- tion tends to weaken the off'spring ; crossing between different plants of the same variety gives stronger and more productive off'spring than arises from self- fertilisation ; crossing between stocks of the same variety grown in different places, or under different conditions, gives better offspring than crossing between different plants grown in the same place or under similar conditions ; and his researches have also shown that, as a rule, flowers are so constructed as to favour cross-fertilisation. In short, he found, as he expressed it, that " Nature abhors perpetual self- fertilisation." Darwin's well-known experi- ments show that crosses between fresh stock of the same variety were nearly 30 per cent, more vigorous than crosses between plants grown side by side for some time, and over 44 per cent, more vigorous than plants from self-fertilised seeds. On the other hand, experiments showed that crosses between different flowers upon the same plant gave actually poorer results than offspring of self- ferti- lised flowers. It is evident, from all his experiments, that Nature desires crosses between plants, and, if possible, between plants grown under somewhat different conditions, In extended experiments of my own'in the cross- ing of Pumpkins, Squashes, and Gourds, carried on during several years, increase in productiveness due to crossing has been marked in many instances. Marked increase in productiveness has been obtained from Tomato crosses, even when no other results of crossing could be seen. (To be continued.) CALIFORNIA AS A HOME. I AM writing on January 14. Over in the mild climate of England, my fellow-gardeners are pro- tecting their plants from frost, and sheltering care- fully all those potted plants which they are going to force for the market. California is large — twice the size of England, I should say. But if you want tofind a place herewhere you would haveto do the like in your profession, you would have to hunt the cool and somewhat treacherous bay-surroundings of onr metropolis, or you would have to climb the peaks of our sierras, and then you would have to reach an elevation of 3000 feet before finding places with a real winter. We have no winter here, and what is generally called winter, is understood to be the rainy season. This season is very mild, and we work at our place here in the foot-hills of the Sierras in shirt-sleeves to-day, and call it a most beautiful day. Our foot-hills rival the valley; we have the high mountains at the back of us protecting US from the dry winds of the plains east of them, and giving us the benefit of the warm reflection of the sun, which shines here almost every day. Our Grapes ripen at 2000 feet'elevation, but seven days later than those from the Eresno region ; while our climate is not so hot, being easier reached by the winds which blow every day from the ocean, we can dry Raisins in the sun in spite of the occasional early rains which set in once in a while in the haying season, at end of July. The highest temperature I have recorded for the last four years was 112° Fahr. in the shade. I must say for a person coming from a cool climate like that of England, this is anything but agreeable. But then 112° up in the mountains feels nothing like that heat in the valley, where no air may blow at the time. Hot spells last usually from three to five days, and then again we record 90° to 95°, or even 85° Fahr., for weeks at a time. By the time a person has been living here for say five years, he gets pretty well used to it, and lives through it just like everybody else. It is healthy here. The air is wonderfully pure, and the fogs which visit us from the ocean are quite pleasant, pure and refreshing. The coast-range is different altogether. It is affected by the evaporation of the ocean, and consequently cooler and temperate. The coast-range cuts the valley sharply from the ocean border, and its peculiarity is best demonstrated by alluding to the fact that, while the Grape never ripens at San Francisco, 10 miles from it, just behind the coast-range, there lies the land which supplies the city nearly all the year round with the most delicious Strawberries. Most people who come to California usually stop, and stay at San Francisco. The climate is more agreeable, and there are more fellow countrymen, and all the advantages which city life offers. But the most acceptable openings are in the interior. Gardeners as a rule are people who are the least afraid of anything, and if they cannot get a job at their own trade, very well, they try another. Fruit-growing is at its very best in California, and its climate is adapted to every kind in every part. The Grape will grow and ripen, rich in alcohol, or sour like a Kiesling, just as you choose to pick your location. The Orange is at home south and north up to 1500 feet, and, wonderful to note ! the Apple will ripen side by side with this subtropical fruit. Olives seem to be destined to shade every hill side which now gives ground to Pines and underbrush ; and Peaches and Apricots bring such wonderful returns that it is not surprising that English capital seeks investment by the million. If only the ground is kept cultivated, it needs no irrigation, and shoots of 10, 12, even 15 feet length on 2-year-old trees aie something a person may see from the railroad-car while travelling through our glorious state. The population of California is still small. One million and a quarter is all this State's census gave last year as the number of inhabitants. There will be homes for just as many as may choose to come and work their way. The great danger is that the warm climate and the ease with which the soil gives a return, will make the people too lazy. The young generation springing up at the present is not as energetic as their forefathers, from whatever country they came. Times have been too easy for the old folks : if they did not make any money through labour, they did so in trading, and as a last and most important resource, they can fall back upon their real estate, and tarn into money what the emigrants are willing to buy. The estates are too large alto- gether at present, and the more they are cut up the better it will be. A 10 or 5-acre farm is just as much as a person needs to possess to make a living for himself and family, and the returns are manifold. Wages are very high, though they are coming down, and hired help eats up the profits of a small house- hold. Of all the acreage of this wonderful State only 1 acre out of every 400 has been put into vineyards, and out of every 100, there are but 2 which would be valueless for the working population of the old country. What resources for the overcrowded kingdoms of Europe ! The man who comes here ought to know a trade, and be a handy man all round. He should be content to work for other people for a time until he gets accustomed to the ways of this climate. And he should work at the wages which the trade unions have established. As he works for other people, he has the best oppor- tunity to watch his chance without running any risk. And if he has a little something to expect from home, I give him the warning : leave it there. If a man is worth anything at all, he will be able to show it from the first day, even if he does not know the language. As long as any funds from home are at his disposition, he will not feel disposed to work, and of little worth is the money which you have not earned yourself. Whoever has been able to establish himself in California has made his way, if he has not accumulated a fortune, and property acquired is bound to increase in value. Of course, it must be understood that such comparatively rough country has no wants like an old-established commonwealth over in the old country ; time will pass by before such wants are developed. But it is a very good thing if anybody living here is acquainted with the ways of Europe, and applies that experience to our surroundings. The advantages of California are unrivalled : the healthiest climate, cheap real estate, rich soil, sure crop, no storms, no winters, free schools, and a bright future. Geo. Hansen, Foothill Agricultural Station ( University of California), Jack- son, Amador County, THE RICINUS, OR CASTOR-OIL PLANT. The Ricinus, like the Croton, is named after an objectionable insect, owing to the resemblance the seeds are supposed to bear thereto. The insect in this case is the cattle-tick, or as it was called in olden times, and probably is to this day in other countries, kik. The plant is also known as Palma Christi, though the origin of this name does not seem very clear. I find equal difficulty concerning the origin of the word castor, as applied to the well-known medicinal vegetable oil obtained from the plant, especially as this is the generic name of the beaver, and castoreum or castory is the name of the peculiar liquor found in the beaver's groin ; to say nothing about gemini, the fiery meteor occa- sionally observed on a ship's rigging. Owing to the name Castor-oil Plant, the seeds are also sometimes called Castor Beans. Strange as it may appear, Latin writers named the plant Cucurbita and Hedera. Gerarde gives some interesting particulars con- cerning the misnaming of the plant, which he says, " Whereof mention is made in the fourth chapter of Febscaet 20, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 237 Jonas, and sixth verse." And he proceeds to say ; — " Saint Augustine recordeth in his Epistle to St. Jerome, wherein effect he writeth thus: — That name KikaijoQ is of small moment, yet so small a matter caused a great tumult in Africa. For on a time a certain Bishop, having on occasion to intreat of this, which is mentioned in the fourth chapter of Jonas (in a collation, or sermon, which he made in his cathedral), said that this plant was called Cucur- bita, a Gourd, because it increased unto so great a quantity in so short a space, or else (saith he), it is called Hedera. Upon the novelty and untruth of this his doctrine, the people were greatly offended, and thereof suddenly arose a tumult and hurly-burly ; so that the Bishop was inforced to go to the Jews, to ask their judgment as touching the name of this plant. And when he had received of them the true name, he made his open recantation, and confessed his error, and was justly accused for a falsifier of the Holy Scriptures." Gerarde, moreover, considered the RIcinus was indigenous in America, and goes so far as to name it Kicinus americanus, though it appears to be of African and Indian origin. Before I leave this old author, I may add his advice concerning the value of the plant as an anti- dote to sciatica, with which so many gardeners suffer. He says, in effect :— " The broth of the meat supped up wherin the seed hath been sodden is good for the gout, and for and against the pain in the hips called sciatica." Reverting to America, it is considered moles will not remain where Ricinus seeds are sown. If this be the case, to any practical extent, the fact may occasionally be turned to good account in gardens, when, as sometimes happens, these singular creatures periodically visit newly-planted Celery in thetrenches, Onion, Carrot, and other small seeds when sown, amongst which they create great havoc, and with difficulty are caught, or kept away. The difficulty being greater during arid periods in summer, when their runs are deep below the surface, and trapping is next to impossible. It would be well to drop a few seeds into such injurious runs should they occur, and thus test the statement fully. Seeds are offered by all seedsmen and at reason- able prices, and apart from such considerations as the above, they are so easily germinated and grown, as to be adapted for amateur culture, whether to grow on in pots, or for planting in open borders for summer decoration of a " tropical " kind. A pot, with seeds, placed inside a sunny window with a square of glass over it, quickly gives pleasing results, and they germinate upon a shelf in the greenhouse, sown about April. William, Earley. Vegetables. BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Of all the Brassicas none will compare with Brussels Sprouts, as, besides their great productive- ness, they come in at a season when really good vegetables are scarce, and instead of yielding only a limited supply, the plant goes on affording a succession of sprouts for a long time. This is only so, however, when they are properly managed. In some gardens I find that it is the practice to cut off the tops and use them ; and worse still is it with others, who pull up the whole plant, instead of picking the hardest, which are the best sprouts. At one time the run seemed to be on the large varieties, these being showy and taking to the eye ; but they have had their day, for instead of being in any way equal to the good old imported stock, they had merely size to recommend them, and lacked the mellowness and mild flavour of the old favourites. It is a great thing to get a good strain of Brussels Sprouts, and keep it good by the selection of the best in a plantation as the seed bearers ; and it is only in this way that fine sprouts can be obtained. To have the vegetable at its best, the seed should be sown under glass in March, and the plants afforded plenty of air to keep them sturdy. A good way to plant them is to select a piece of deeply-dug or trenched land, in rows 4 feet apart, running a row of early Potatoa between the rows of sprouts, as doing so the latter get much light and air, and instead of growing tall and weak, they develop massive stems, which are covered with hard sprouts from bottom to top. .7. S. New and Old Varieties of Celeet, I have not grown all the newer Celeries, which have now become rather numerous, but those I have grown and tested have been grown on a large scale. Fortunately the autumn was rainy, which, while it curls the plant, does not induce a hardy growth, which will withstand severe frosts. Our Celery did not suffer much from frost, owing to moulding up being done in good time, and some dry bracken and litter placed around the leaves. On the other hand, like "J. S.," p. 180, I do not grow the very tall Celeries ; indeed, I see no good in doing so, although some market growers may find it advantageous, especially those who grow for early use. Those who grow for late use would soon see the advantage in having a dwarf variety that would require less pro- tection and moulding. I do not object to large varieties when they are grown for special purposes, but as this note refers more to the intermediate kinds, I will devote a few words to their value, especially to those of recent introduction. This year I grew for first early, Veitch's Superb White in quantity ; last year I grew but little of it. It was grown alongside of Sandringham Dwarf White, and I was so pleased with its flavour and the solidity of its stalks, that I resolved to have more of it this season. The wet weather seemed to have suited it, for I never had better Celery. I still have a weakness for the Sand- ringham, but would prefer the Superb for early use, growing the older variety to succeed it, as it possesses the merit of remaining a long time fit for use before going to seed. Superb White is a pure white Celery, of vigorous habit, and of a medium size, and it may be classed as one of the intermediate type. It is very early — always a gain in a white Celery ; it remains good till the last, and I have never seen any in- clination to bolt, and no decay in the heart. The flavour is excellent, and the stalks very crisp. Being an early Celery, it was not protected, and I was surprised to remark how well it stood the frost. I strongly advise its culture where an early Celery is desired. White Plume, though distinct is, I consider, inferior in quality to the older kinds, and after two seasons' trial I discarded it. White Gem, an early dwarf white Celery, of good substance, very compact, but of less merit than Superb, the flavour not good on our light soil, although it may be different on other soils ; it is a valuable Celery in gardens where space has to be made the most of. White Celeries are by some persons considered to be inferior to red ; but I think this is on account of their being grown for early use, and of course they cannot be as well flavoured in the early autumn in warm weather and often suffering from deficient watering. The advance in quality of the pink or red Celeries has been equally as great, if not greater than that of the white varieties, as in the Early Rose. My remarks on Superb White are just as applicable, but it has the merit that it may be grown as for early use if white Celeries are objected to. This kind may be termed rose-coloured outside with a much paler tint at the heart, which if kept till late in the spring, becomes white. It is a plant of medium growth, with a flavour of Walnut, and the sticks are solid and crisp eating. It resembles that sterling kind Colonel Clarke's Red, but is earlier. Among varieties worth a trial may be given Williams' Matchless Red, a good kind, with a crisp, juicy, and fine flavour, with a good habit. There is also Sulham Prize, an excel- lent Celery of medium growth, large heart in com- parison to its size, solid, crisp, and juicy. The heads are of great weight when full grown, and it is one of the best of the reds for late use that is to succeed the early white varieties. The best late red Celery running is Standard Bearer, a splendid addition to our red Celeries, of medium size, robust habit, heavy weight, and a fine nutty flavour, keep- ing good till May. I use no other for late use, and when kept late much o( its pinkness disappears, therefore making it more valuable for culinary pur- poses. For late use we sow it thinly in the open, and transplant direct into the trenches short sturdy plants ; it is very hardy, an excellent late kind. G. Wythee. Ceitebion, and Other Peas. I was very pleased to remark Mr. Coomber'i favourable comments on Criterion. With us it always does well, and crops immensely, and the large Peas are of excellent flavour ; in short, I take this Pea to be one of the best of Peas. I like Veitch's Extra Early as an early variety, it being fit to gather a few days before William I. But for cropping, the latter will hold its own against most comers, and it is in every respect a really good Pea. Ne Plus Ultra will never die out, for when once grown, no gardener ever cares to be without it after- wards. As a late Pea, British Queen has always been good in our garden, as is Champion of England. Mr. Waite, Glenhurst, Esher, sent me a variety for trial, a fine Pea, which I hope to grow again. Mr. Waite might say something about it. After all, I am convinced that several of the best old varieties will be in cultivation long after many of the huge wind-bags are forgotten. Medium-sized well-filled pods are those which I and most gardeners prefer, and for all kinds of seasons these are the best and surest croppers. H. Markham. Haeioot Beans These do not appear to be cultivated so much as their usefulness deserves they should be. In hard winters if the gardener can supply them they can be used at table, and thus make green and other vege- tables hold out longer ; and moreover as food these Beans are very nutritious. To cultivate the plant is simple enough ; where other Beans will grow. Hari- cots can be grown. They should be sown late in April, or early in May, according to the warmth of the locality, so as to afford time for the seeds to ripen. They should be treated the same as field Peas ; as soon as they are well filled, and the pods turn yellow, the plants should be pulled up and dried out- of-doors if it be fine weather, or bunched and hung up in an airy shed, and on wet days they can be thrashed out or shelled, and put in bags for use, W. A. C, Compton Bassett. Forestry. THE COMMON ASH AS A TIMBER TREE. Of late years this valuable tree has not been so much planted as it should be. This is prejudice in a great measure, as it is reputed to impoverish the soil to some considerable extent. It is of a hardy nature, and thrives in even barren soils, if planted in a moist situation ; its roots, spreading wide in every direction near the surface, have a tendency to render the ground dry and firm. The timber has the rare ad- vantage of being nearly as good when young as when old, making it a valuable tree to grow for the market; and our wheelwrights and coachmakers are always glad to get it when they can, although of late years they have had to fall back upon the different American and other foreign woods which continually glut our markets. I sold some recently to a local man for 2s. Zd. per cubic foot in the round, and could dispose of almost any quantity on quite as advantageous terms, providing the quality was good. Where, then, is there any timber that will pay better ? and why not introduce it more freely when planting new, or renovating and overhauling old woods ? Let it have the preference to some of the hard woods at present planted, but keep it out of fences adjoining arable and pasture land, J. Garbett, Hale Park, Hants. Planting Hawthorns. — As the buds of the Haw- thorn begin to expand in early spring, no time should be lost in completing the formation of hedges, making up blanks where necessary, and planting 238 THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. [FEBB0ABY 20, 1892. standards of difFerent kinds for ornamentation. The whole of the Thorn tribe delight in a deep rich soil, thoroughly drained, and well broken up previous to planting. In cases where the soil has become exhausted, or is of a poor character, a dressing of rich decayed manure may be applied with advantage. Young Thorns should be removed from the seed-bed, and planted in nursery lines 12 inches asunder, and 4 inches apart in the rows. Transplant Thorns from the lines where it has become necessary, in order to give the plants additional space, and promote the formation of stocky tops and bushy roots ; do not expose the roots for any length of time. Sowing Haws, 4'"- — Take advantage of dry weather to sow Haws on rich well-worked soil of a free, open texture, formed into seed-beds 4 feet wide. One bushel of Haws is sufficient to sow 20 lineal yards of a bed the above width. The seed should be sown in an even and uniform manner on the surface, pressed down with a light roller or the back of a spade, and covered with about half an inch of fine soil. In spring, before the plants appear above-ground, the hard crust on the surface had better be slightly broken up with a sharp rake to admit air and heat, and as young Thorns are easily damaged by frost, a few evergreen branches should be stuck into the ground as a protection. The seeds of other berry-bearing trees, such as Mountain Ash, English and Irish Yews, Holly, Service tree, &c., should now be sown, and as the treatment for these is similar to that described for the Thorn, it need not be repeated. If not already done. Oak acorns should be sown at the earliest opportunity. They are generally sown broadcast, on beds 4 feet wide, and one bushel of seed should be used for every 25 lineal yards of a bed of that width ; they require similar treatment to the haws. Cherry stones may likewise be sown in a similar manner, bat should be covered with about 1 inch of soil. Horse Chestnuts may either be sown in drills or broadcast on beds. One bushel of nuts should be allowed to sow a bed 4 feet wide and 20 lineal yards long ; cover with about 1^ inch of soil. Sow Beech mast on dry friable ground, formed into beds 4 feet wide. One bushel of good seed is sufficient to sow about 40 lineal yards of a bed of that width ; cover to three-quarters of an inch in depth with light sandy soil. Sycamore seed and Ash keys may be sown similarly, but only half-au-inch deep ; one bushel of seed should be allowed for every 24 lineal yards of a bed 4 feet wide. Seeds of the Scotch Elm (Ulmus montana), that have been kept over since last summer should be also sown half-an-inch deep ; one bushel of good seed should be allowed for 12 lineal yards of a bed 4 feet wide. Sow Hazel nuts and Spanish Chesnuts an inch deep in light sandy soil ; one bushel of nuts is sufficient to sow 30 lineal yards of a bed 4 feet wide. Cuttings. — Plant cuttings of deciduous trees and shrubs that are usually propagated in that manner, such as Willows, Elders, Poplars, &c. Poplar cuttings may be made from strong shoots of one-year's growth. Cut the shoots across at the base of a bud at the lower end, then at the distance of 12 inches from the base cut off the top with a smooth sloping surface, and insert them S inches deep into sharp sandy soil in lines 18 inches apart. When the buds at the top begin to expand, rub them off with the exception of the strongest and most central one, which should be left to form the stem of the tree. Tree Willows should be treated in a similar manner, but make the cuttings 15 inches long, and planted 10 inches deep into the soil. Dwarf Willows for basket-making should be planted where they are to remain, in lines from 18 inches to 3 feet asunder, and the plants about 2 feet apart in the rows. J. S. Webster. to once more try their hands on these most lovely bulbs. To ensure success in their cultivation, every- thing seems to depend on the situation chosen, and the soil in which they are planted. A soil which is retentive of moisture, or which has been freshly manured, must not be regarded as a place where Calochorti will thrive, as, for the greater part, they inhabit sandy plains in their native homes. Neither do they flourish in a situation where they do not get the full benefit of the sun's rays ; the border where they are planted should, therefore, be a due south one, and not one with a western aspect, where the sun cannot get at them before 12 or 1 o'clock p.m. Considering the many hours of sunshine they thus evidently lose day by day, it is not to be wondered at that the Calochorti at Gunnersbury Park, which could not possibly get properly ripened for want of roasting sun, fell a victim to an ensuing trying winter. That they are sufficiently hardy to with- stand without injury even a fair amount of frost, has been proved here by their passing unharmed the severeness of the terrible winter of 1890—91 ; but these bulbs were well matured, and, moreover, had enjoyed a perfect rest by their having been taken up and kept dry for about a month. Gardeners who have but little time to spare, or who object to the annual taking up and storing of the bulbs, may also resort to the Eev. H. Ewbank's excellent method of promoting the ripening process by fastening a pane of glass over the clumps of bulbs. Among the Calochorti imported by me last year, was also the pink variety of C. albus called C. amconus by Greene. Has tfiis ever been flowered in England ? C. G. Van Tttbcrgen, Haarlem. The Herbaceous Border. Foreign Correspondence. HARDINESS OF CALOCHORTI. Now that Calochorti have become more plentiful than they formerly were, their, at present, very moderate price will, I think, induce many growers Florists' Flowers. CENTROPOGON LUrCYANUS. Thekb are few, if any, plants that are more useful than this one during the winter, as in the temperature of a coolish stove it will flower profusely, and that not only at the ends of the shoots but at almost every joint for their entire length when the head is cut oS. The blossoms are about 2.i^ inches long, tubular, somewhat after the manner of those of the Salvias or Gesneras, and they are borne in bunches or clusters, making a fine show. Moderate- sized useful plants may be grown from cuttings put in during March or April, and in summer they grow freely treated in any pit or cold frame. J. S. Chhtsanthemojis in Februaey. There was so much of an attractive character at the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society on the 9th inst., that some bunches of pretty fresh Chrysanthemums from Mr. Robert Owen, Floral Nursery, Maidenhead, scarcely got the notice they deserved. There were stveral sprays of Golden Gem, one of the very best of the late-flowering decorative Japanese, of a deep gold, sometimes tinted with bronze and occasionally self- coloured, but more frequently heavily-shaded in the centre with reddish apricot. Some flowers sent to me by Mr. Owen on February 1 appeared to be fragrant. The other variety was Japanese, W. W. Coles, bright shaded red, with somewhat long droop- ing florets, a remarkably good late-flowering variety, that opens freely, and is of a shade of colour much appreciated. Both are healthy growers ; and they may be propagated at any time up to April. Mr. Owen grows three cuttings or small-rooted plants in a pot, and the shoots are kept continually stopped until the end of July or the first week in August. The plants are well exposed to light and air, in order to thoroughly harden and ripen the wood. They are kept outside until there is danger of injury from frost, and protected from harm when necessary, and housed in November according to the weather. Three plants growing up in a 24 or 32-sized pot, if well attended to, should be from 1 to 2 feet through, and carry from twelve to twenty-four heads of bloom. In this manner suitable varieties of Japanese Chry- santhemums, such as those named above, can be had in bloom at the middle of February. S. D. HELIANTHUS. When making up and replanting the herbaceous border, it would be well if some of the best varieties ofHelianthus be selected. In a great many gardens these most useful decorative autumnal-flowering plants have been too much neglected, especially where there is a great demand for cut flowers. They are readily grown, and produce an abundance of bloom all through the season. The taller kinds, such as H. multiflorus, H. decapetalus var. multiflorus plenus, and H. orgyalis, are best adapted for growing in shrubberies, or at the back of herbaceous borders ; the latter, which not coming into bloom in October, produces a quantity of small recurved flowers nearly all the way up the stem, forming a large panicle, and lasting until the frost comes. The dwarf- growing varieties worthy of notice are H. multiflorus, fl.-pl, Re?e d'Or, H. Marius, and H. rigidus, the former bearing small double flower-heads like miniature rosettes. They thrive well in any good garden soil, and should be propagated by division in early spring. E. Kewitt, Fulham Palace, S.W. The Week's Work. FRUITS UlIfDEE, GLASS Bi/ J. RiDDELL, Gardener, Castle Howard, York. MELONS. — Plants of Melons raised from seed sown early in the year will now be developing their true leaves, and occupying the soil in the pots with roots. At this stage of growth, either shift them into 14- inch pots, and adopt the treatment advised in a former calendar, or plant on mounds of soil resting on a hot- bed. In the latter case, a hot- bed of leaves, or leaves and stable litter, should be prepared, and covered with turves, graes side downwards, to pre- vent the compost mixing with the loose materials. On this place a ridge of soil along the side of the bed nearest the glass, with a larger quantity added to form mounds at 2 feet apart. When the soil has become warmed, transfer the plants to them, planting one in the centre of each mound. If there be a warm and cool end to the structure, the earlier fruiting varieties should be placed at the warmer end. In planting make the soil firm, and give it a good soaking of tepid water when the operation is finished. Allow the main stems to grow until within 1 foot of their allotted extremities before stopping them, and stop all lateral growths at the first leaf on the lower half of the stem. The " breaks" from these laterals will show female flowers, and come into bloom with those at the top of the plants, and afford a good chance of securing four fruits of equal size to form a crop. Suppress all growths that may appear on the laterals, and those beyond the second leaf from the fruits. Maintain a temperature of from 70° to 75° in the house at night, and 5° more with fire-heat during the day, and from 15° to 20° higher with sun-heat. Ventilate with care, and avoid draughts of cold, cutting wind. Well sprinkle the beds and paths with water on bright days ; when the external conditions aie inimical to plant growth, less air with a moist atmosphere may be maintained. FIGS that were started in the early part of January will now be making fresh growth. As Figs fruit most freely that have a clear stem emerging from the soil, all growth springing from below it should be cut off. Pinch out the points of all strong shoots at the fifth or sixth leaf, and remove weakly ones not required to fill space. Use water at a tem- perature of 6b°, and apply liquid manure, if the plants are carrying good crops. Maintain a mini- mum temperature of 60°, with a maximum of 80°, and syringe the trees twice daily. Water may also be freely used in the house during sunny weather, to obtain humidity. THE KITCHEN GAEDEN". By G. WrTHES, Gardener, Syon Ifoiise, Brentford. SOWING SEEDS. — In a former calendar, I ad- vised the preparation of a frame for the sowing of Brussels Sprouts, Cauliflowers, Cabbages, and such like, when early vegetables were required, or a deficiency of the two last named and Lettuce existed. The young plants will now be above ground, and FEBR0iET 20, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 239 require careful ventilation to prevent damping. Carrots and Potatoa in frames will need simihir treatment to prevent a spindly growth. Uadishes, if sown too thickly, should be thinned. Carrots of the Early Nantes kind may be sown on a warm sheltered border. Cover the seed with a light soil ; some of the siftings from the potting-shed answers well. Radishes may now be sown in a similar position. PEAS — Some of the early wrinkled kinds may now be sown on a warm border. There are none better for this purpose than Veitch's Selected Early, Chelsea Gem, and William the First. Those sown in pots or turves in frames must be fully exposed in fine weather, so as to harden them previous to planting out next month. Those just coming through the ground should have some soil drawn up to them, and then place some Laurel or Spruce twigs on each side of the rows to prevent damage from wind. Ground for the main crops should now be prepared. BROAD BEANS, if sown in boxes, should get free exposure in fine weather, and be kept as dwarf as possible. These will be ready to transplant early in March. Lift them out in clumps, and plant in good soil on a warm border, earthing-up well to shelter from cold winds. Some rows of the Early Longpod section or Beck's Dwarf Gem may now be sown in rows 3 feet apart. Another sowing should be made three weeks later, using some of the Windsor type for succession. FRENCH BEANS.— Reserve a warm south border for some French Beans, for although it is out of the question to sow for some weeks, yet it is necessary to get a piece of ground into condition by frequently forking or stirring the surface. Those who have frame room would find it advantageous to sow Mohawk or Ne Plus Ultra in 48- pots in a light compost. If given proper attention, these will be ready for planting out in April, and, if covered with hand-glasses, will produce Beans some weeks in advance of those sown direct in the open ground. VARIOUS. — The ground for Onions should also be got into eondition by frequently stirring the surface. Early Paris Market or Golden Queen Lettuce should be sown on a warm border ; also Leeks and Spinach, the latter in small quantities at intervals. Shallots and Garlic can now be planted in rows 1 foot apart, making the ground firm before planting, and pressing the bulbs firmly in the soil. Potatos may be planted on a warm border, using Veitch's Early Ashleaf or Sharpe's Victor, if pro- tection can be given afterwards. PLANTS UNDER GLASS. 7?7 R. MiLNER, Gardener, Penrice Gardens, Stvansea. INDIAN AZALEAS. — Plants which were forced early, and of which the (lowers are now faded, should be examined, and if there are anysignsofthrips, either fumigate, or dip the plants in tobacco-water. Then place the plants in a structure where the temperature ranges from 55° to GO^ at night, and a proportionate rise is maintained during the day. Syringe freely twice each day with tepid water, so as to encourage the young growths which commenced to start during the forcing period ; stimulants may also be applied with ffffct at this season. Any plants requiring repot- ting should be allowed to make some growth first, as the roots of the Azalea do not commence to move until the shoots have started well into growth. Any plants that may have become thin should be cut well back, afterwards growing them in a brisk humid temperature, to encourage them to break, syringing freely on fine days. Care must be taken in watering until root-action commences, and the young shoots are plentiful. Plants required for late blooming should be placed forthwith in a house having a north aspect. CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— The earliest batch of cut- tings will now be well-rooted, and if three or four are together in a pot, they should be potted off at once. Four-inch pots should be used, and these must be well drained. A compost of three parts loam, and one each of leaf-mould and sand, with the addition of a little manure from an old Mushroom- bed, will be found suitable for them. After potting, place the young plants in a cool pit or frame, keep- ing them close for a few days, until the roots have taken possession of the fresh soil, dewing them over once each day with the syringe when the outside temperature is favourable. Cuttings may still be put in for furnishing plants for decorative purposes, inserting them in a sandy compost, afterward placing them under hand-lights in a vinery or Peach-house. CALADIUMS.— The first portion of the stock of these plants may now be potted in a compost consisting of equal parts of good fibrous loam and peat, and a good proportion of sharp sand, the drainage of the pots receiving special attention, abundance of water being required when in full leaf- age. Place the tubers just under the soil, not deeper, and sulBciently large pots employed to hold the tubers comfortably, with soil below and around them. For this, the first batch, choose the finest and best tubers. Until leaves commence to form, and root-action makes some progress, water must be sparingly atForded, and the temperature should not fall below 60°, with a proportionate rise in the daytime ; and if the pots containing the tubers can be plunged in a hotbed of Oak leaves, having a heat of 75° to 80°, it will forward the starting of the roots. To ensure sturdy growth, the plants should be grown at a short distance from the roof-glass, and shaded during the warmest part of the day with some light kind of material. ACHIMENES.— The first batch of tubers of these useful plants should now be started in shallow boxes or pans, transplanting them when large enough into baskets, pans, or pots. A good compost for these plants consists of one part loam, sifted finely, two parts leaf-mould, and a liberal quantity of silver- sand. Putcrocks in the bottom, and rough siftingsover them, and then fill to within 1 inch of the rim with compost ; make the surface level, and place the tubers 2 inches apart over it, and cover them to a depth of half-an-inch with soil. If the soil be moist, scarcely any water will be required before the tubers have started, as if syringed gently on bright days, it will usually keep the soil sufficiently damp to induce growth. Bottom-heat ranging from 75° to 80° will be found of use in starting Achimenes, but a very moist atmosphere after top-growth has been made, and much syringing are not favourable to the health of the plants ; the wetting of the leaves causing brown patches to come on them. There may be two or three euccessional batches according to requirements. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By H. A. Burberry, Orchid Grower, Highbury, Birmingham. APHIDES. — These are numerous, and cause a great deal of labour in their extirpation, it being essential for the well-being of the plants that their numbers be kept in check, and as other work is now approaching no time should be lost in taking means to destroy them. The camel-hair brush and a piece of sponge are constantly in request in this direction, and if used by skilful hands there is no doubt they are etFcCtual means of destruction, at the same time to be freed from aphides without other means is well nigh impossible. INSECTICIDES FOR DIPPING. — Tobacco-water made by soaking common twist with quassia chips and softjsoap in proportion, makes a solution which is both safe and trustworthy, and into which plants may be dipped for a few seconds when thrips or aphides are present. When made strong, and it is washed ofi' the plants with clean water, it is safe to use ; or the solution may be made weak, and then it is safe if allowed to dry on the plants, a method which I prefer. But any insecticides whether used weak or strong may cause the young growths to rot, therefore if any of it lodge in the axils of the leaves it must be carefully dried out with a camel-hair brush. The young tender growths of Chysis, Phaius tuberculosus, Colax jugosus, and others with similar tender foliage are very susceptible to injury in this way if care be not taken. FUMIGATION. — This is a great assistance, and it can now be applied without fear of injury to either foliage or flowers, employed either in the form of Campbell's Rolls or McDougall's Sheets. I use them in every house in accordance with directions issued with them, two or three times in succession, as the case may seem to demand. I have not observed any bad result from the use of these, but the plants and the atmosphere should not be over dry when fumigation is performed, but the foliage must not be wet. SYRINGING. — The indiscriminate use of the syringe as a check on the spread of insects is not good practice, either with clear water, or water diluted with an insecticide, the result being often- times the reverse of satisfactory. SCALE. — This pest, which clings so tenaciously to the leaves of Saccolabiums and Aerides, should not be removed with a pointed stick, as it is both tedious and dangerous ; and if scale exists in large numbers, a good plan is to make a lather with yellow soap, and paint the leaves with it, letting it remain on them about five minutes, afterwards washing it olF with a sponge and clean water. If the scale should still cling to the growths, a little rubbing will remove it. A species of scale which infests Cattleyas and Lajlias, is destroyed in the same manner, taking care, however, to place a piece of sponge round the base of the pseudobulbs to prevent the lather getting down to the roots. COCKROACHES.— The best remedy I have yet found for these depredators is the well known " Chase's Beetle Poison," which should be used at regular intervals, in places where they are most likely to harbour. WOODLICE. — These should be sought after, and some of the various traps distributed about the houses. The new roots of Orchids will soon be pushing forth, and it is these that woodlice destroy. THE FLOWER GARDEN. Bi/ H. W. Ward, Gardener, iMvjfard Castle, Salisbury. SEEDLING PANSIES. — There are numerous varieties of this old-fashioned and still popular flower now in cultivation. The Pansy is effective in whatever manner planted, and particularly so when planted in mixed beds of flowering and foliage plants of varying height, forming a nice contrast to other mixed beds having a groundwork of the blue or yellow Viola, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum, &c. The Pansy grows well in rich soil, inclining to be light and sandy ; but for choice varieties which the gardener is desirous to grow thoroughly well, a border having either an east or west aspect should be selected, and soil made suitable for the needs of the plants if not naturally tit, excavating it, and replacing it with rich well- manured soil to a depth of 1^ foot. Before setting out the plants, a dressing of soot or wood-ashes should be forked into it, which will save the roots from the attacks of the grub, wire-worm, &c. Allow a space of 12 inches from plant to plant for weak growers, and 3 inches more for robust ones. Where a stock of summer-struck plants does not exist, seeds of the desired varieties may be sown instead, doing this without delay in pans or shallow boxes nearly filled with sifted light sandy mould. Cover lightly, water gently, and place in a hotbed frame. 'The young plants will soon come up, and should be pricked into well-drained boxes or pans, at a distance of 3 inches apart, returning them to the warm bed, watering, and shading them when neces- sary. When the roots have taken to the soil, shade them no longer, and gradually harden them off by planting-out time. I may remark, that for bedding purposes the fancy Pansies are to be preferred to the show section. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. B'y G. Woodward, Gardener, Barham. Court, Maidstone. TOP-DRESSING WALL FRUIT TREES.— This is a very necessary operation, especially in the case of Peaches and Nectarines, also trees that are showing signs of sluggish root-action. We grow many Peaches and Nectarines upon south-west and east walls with excellent results, which maybe attributed to top-dressing. The most important point to bear in mind in top-dressing fruit trees is, to bring the new soil in contact with the roots ; not just a few roots that are usually found near the surface, but those which have been driven much deeper than is good for the trees. The method I practice is to remove the soil until a nice number of roots are found. Tlie mixture should then be worked underneath and about the roots, bringing the latter up as near the surface as is reasonable ; make the soil quite firm in all crevices. Two or three inches only of the new soil should be placed on the top, and do not fill up the border to its usual height. A great bulk of soil placed over the roots is detri- mental to the trees, and by no means conducive to good-flavoured and highly-coloured fruit. Where good loam can be obtained, this should form the principal ingredient for top-dressing ; but if it is of a very clayey nature, plenty of burnt earth and mortar-rubble should be added. A good compost for Peaches is, four parts of turf and one part of rubble, adding more or less according to the tenacity of the loam. If available, a few half-inch hones, or bone-meal, can be advantageously added, but on no account apply animal manure ; this can be more usefully employed as a mulching later in the season. For Apples and Pears, a little thoroughly decayed manure, well mixed with the above ma- terials, can be used. The contents of an old Mushroom-bed make an excellent stimulant for these trees. 240 THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaky 20, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICES. Letters for Publication. — AH communications intended for publieation, as well as specimens and plants for naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling- ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica- tions should be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. Plants, &c., to be Named. — Correspondents sending plants or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than six should be ssnt at one time. Illustrations.— PAoio^ra^As or drawings, suitable for repro- duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, Sjc, are particularly solicited. Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor, but to the Publisher, at the above address. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK, MEETING Feb, 27— Koyal Botanic. ( Hardy Perenniala, Phlox, Carna- Feb, 22-j tions, Home-grown Lilies, &c.,at I Protheroe & Morris' Rooms. {Nursery Stock Sale at the Nur- series, Ashfjate Road, Chester- field, by Protheroe & Morris (three days). Important Clearance Sale of Nur- sery Stock, at the Gasfield and Common Nurseries. Richmond, by ■ Protheroe & Morris (two days), r Greenhouse Ferns, Palms, Azaleas, Roses, Paneratiums, Aspidistras. &c., at Protheroe & Morris' WEDNESDAY, Feb. 24/j,^ff°^^; ^^^.^ ^^^ jjariet Gar- den. Paddock Wood, at the Mart. London, by Protheroe & Morris. [Lilium longiflorum. Tree Paeonies, Seedling Gladioli. Pea>-1 Tube- roses, &c., at Protheroe & Morris' Booms. Clearance Sale o£ Stove and Green- house Plant-3, at Downshire House, Roehampton Lane, S.W., by Protheroe & Morris. FBIBAY, F OORRKOTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENS0. INS WEEK. DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FOBTY-THEEK YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-40°. Few pests are more destructive Wire-worms. than the grubs usually known aa wire-worms. As is the case gene- rally with popular names, different things are included under the same name, but the name should be applied solely to the true wire-worms which are the larvse or grubs of the click beetles. Most of our readers know too well the appearance of the long, slender, stiff, wiry grubs, but com- paratively few associate them with the small jumping beetles which represent the perfect stage of the insect. Farmers dress their land with salt, lime, particularly gas-lime, and roll the land well, so as to check the progress of the insect, and many grow Mustard or Rape as a cleaning crop. It must be admitted, however, that the measures heretofore adopted, whether of preven- tion or of destruction, are by no means wholly satisfactory. When, therefore, we took in hand the thirty-third Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Cornell University at Ithaca (New York), and saw that it was devoted to the consideration of the best method of preventing the ravages of wire-worms, our hopes were raised. We had not read far however, before we came to this ominous passage: — "We have failed to discover a single satisfactory method of protecting seed, or of destroying immature wire- worms in the soil." In spite of this want of success, the experimenters, John Henry Comstock and Mark Vernon Slinqbbland, the entomologists of the station, have done well to publish their results, which show the futility of certain plans frequently recommended, and may tend to save cultivators from continuing practices that involve consider- able labour and expense, and that produce no beneficial results. AVe have not space to point out in detail the methods employed by the experimenters, but with a view to show how thorough were their investigations, we cite the following details : — " In conducting onr experiments, both defensiTe and offensiye measures were undertaken. Thus we tried to protect seed by coating it with poisons, and by treating it with various substances that we hoped would render it distasteful to the insects ; and we tried to destroy the insects in each of the three stages of their existence, larva, pupa, and] adult. Experi- ments in the destruction of the e^gs were not under- taken for lack of opportunity. The following table indicates the scope of our experiments, and the order in which they are discussed : — " A. Protection of Seed. " 1. By a coating of Paris Green and flour ; 2. By a coating of tar; 3. By soaking in a salt solution; 4. By soaking in a copperas solution ; 5. By soaking in a chloride of lime and copperas solution ; 6. By soaking in kerosene oil ; 7. By soaking in turpentine ; 8. By soaking in a strychnine solution. "B. Destruction of Larvae (Wire-worms). "1. By starvation ; (a), clean fallow ; (b), Growth of supposed immune crops, such as Buckwheat, Mustard, Rape. "2. By the use of Insecticides. " (a) Substances that act merely as insecticides, kerosene oil, pure and as an emulsion ; crude petro- leum, pure and as an emulsion, poisoned dough, bisulphide of carbon. " (b) Substances that act also as Fertilisers. " Salt, kainit, muriate of potash, lime, chloride of lime, gas-lime. "0. Destruction of pupas and adults (click- beetles). " 1. By fall ploughing ; 2. By trapping." Full deuils are given as to these several plans, some of which, such as the use of carbon bisul- phide, are effectual, but too costly to be worth carrying out in practice. Salt neither drives the wireworms deeper nor causes them to migrate any appreciable distance. Gas-lime is only partially effective, and its effects are very transient. Autumn ploughing and allowing the ground to lie bare for some months his the effect of destroying the beetles in the soil, and thus preventing their maturing and depositing eggs the following season. If the ground be thoroughly tilled, and pulverised after ploughing for some weeks, a winter crop may be sown, and by this method of short rotation of crops the land may be gradually rid of the pests. This, then, is the method that is recommended by the reporters, and foi agricultural purposes it is no doubt excellent. In the garden and in the newly-formed pleasure-grounds the method is not so applicable. Under these circumstances the use of poison is recommended. Small handfuls of freshly-cut clover were dipped in Paris Green water, of what strength it is not stated, and the poisoned herbs placed under boards in various parts of the field. This plan obviously needs to be carried out with much circumspection, to prevent injurious or fatal consequences to other creatures than wire-worms. anticipated from a first experiment. Given a lecturer who knows his business, and the exact requirements of his auditory and we believe that the balance of good will largely preponderate, and that the few objectors will hereafter have oause to smile at their own fears. True, the lecturer himself has, in some cases, to be trained and should be sufficiently in touch with the workmen to know not only what they want, but what they ought to want. From Cambridgeshire, to cite only one out of many instances that have come to our know- ledge, we hear that the attendance on Mr. Fish's lectures has been as follows : Feb. 1, Thriplow, 60; 2, Melbourne, 80; 3, Haslii.gfield, 100; 4, Harston, 70 ; 5, Barrington, 80. Second week : Feb. 8, Thriplow, 100 ; 9, Melbourne, 200 ; 10, Haslingfield, 140 ; 11, Harston, 91 ; 12, Barring- ton, 160. Illustrations of pruning will be given in an orchard at Mildrith on Tuesday next at 3 p.m., to which all interested are invited. At these meetings parsons, squires, ministers, fruit-growers, land-owners, and mechanics attend, and deep interest is taken in the proceedings, especially in the practical demonstrations. Hospitality and kindness meet the lecturer on all sides. It is impossible to believe that such practical demonstrations in the rural districts, conveying useful knowledge usefully taught, can fail to do good and set cultivators thinking. As we have advocated the course now being followed for years past, we are naturally highly interested in its success, and we should be greatly obliged if the several lecturers, in connection with the County Councils, would communicate to us their names, the districts in which they are at work, and a general indication of the method pursued by them. The future publication of such details would lead to interesting comparisons, show what to do and what to avoid in future. The very making public the list of those who have undertaken the work would do much to silence objectors, and to show that knowledge and intelligence must not only be the best possible aids to practice, but really the principal means of turning that prac- tice to account. In spite of adverse opinions in ^Te'h^°^;d° unexpected quarters, we are highly Horticulture, pleased to be able to record that so far they have met with a measure of success greater than might have been Kew. — As we have already mentioned, the year 1891 was the jubilee of re- organised Kew. The occasion has been seized to issue in the Kew Bulletin an historical account of Kew as it existed prior to 1841. We shall take an early oppoitunity of making further comment on this interesting document, of which we can at the moment only make passing mention. Hooker's " Icones Plantarum."— The plants figured in part iv., January, 1892, are exclusively Indian Orchids, and chiefly of botanical interest. Fhreatia nana, a minute flowered species, has regular six-parted flowers, and an erect column, with a terminal anther — a morphological curiosity, or perhaps a peloriate form. Ipsea Wrayana is a handsome Malayan species, which should be looked after. Spathoglottis Wrayi, t. 2086, is another Malayan species, which our collectors should be on the look-out for. Ceratostylis malaccensis, t. 2096, is most remarkable in its resemblance to a Rush Juncus, not only in its scapes, but the clusters of minute flowers. " The Botanical Magazine."— The plants figured in the February number are : — Primula imperialis, tab. 7217. — This is a native of Java, with the general aspect of P. japonica, but the leaves are more markedly crinkled, and the whorled flowers are smaller and of a yellow colour. It is a [The Gardeners' Chronicle, February 20, 1592. Fig. 34. ctpkifedium chambeelainiandm, fhom freshly- opened flowebs. NATUEii- size. COLOURS ; WHITE, KOSB, AND PDBPLE. (sEE P. 234.) 242 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febhuaet 20, 1892. native of the mountains of Java, at an elevation of from 8,000 to 9,000 feet, and may be serviceable for hybridising purposes. Hydnophytiim Forbesi, t. 7218, is one of those curious plants whose tuberous root-stocks aflford a home for ants. The plant does not seem to be injured by the ants, which repay their obligations by keeping off undesirable visitors. The plant in ques- tion is cultivated in the Royal Gardens, Kew, where it flowered in 1889 and again in 1891. Begonia glaiicophylla, t. 7219. — A plant of un- known origin — possibly a garden hybrid. In any case, a very beautiful form, with spotted stem, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and pendulous short- jointed clusters of pink flowers. Grown as a basket plant it is very handsome. Kew. Vicia narhoneiisis, tab. 7220. — The chief interest attaching to this species is that it has been supposed to be the origin of the common field Bean ( Vicia Faba). Judging from the figure here given, those who indulged in that supposition must have had an extraordinarily vivid imagination, for it is scarcely possible to have imagined two plants of the same genus more different in appearance. Neo-Benthamia gracilis, t. 7221. — A coloured figure of the very singular terrestrial Orchid, de- scribed and figured by Mr. Rolfe in our columns in 1891, vol. X., p. 272. It is a native of Zanzibar. Forestry Lectures: University of Edin- burgh,—The Council of the Royal Scottish Arbo- ricultural Society announce to the members and others interested, that the course of lectures on "Forestry "is about to be resumed in the University b) Colonel Bailet, R.E., a distinguished forest oflicer. The Council urge landowners, foresters, and all interested in forest education to take advantage of these lectures, which began on the 10th inst. Landowners would do well to send one or more foresters to attend the course, and they would thus derive immediate benefit by the employment of men instructed both in the art and science of forestry. The Council point out the excellent opportunity which these lectures provide to intelligent youths for acquiring a thorough scientific knowledge of their profession. To enable them to take advan- tage of the lectures, the Council have arranged that young men who desire employment while attending the course can obtain it in the nurseries, or else- where, near Edinburgh, on applying by letter to W. J. Moffat, Esq., Secretary and Treasurer, 5, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Ghent Horticultural Meeting.— Certifi- cates of merit were awarded at the last meeting for the following plants : — Ist, Odontoglossum pulcher- rimum X, anew hybrid of the Alexandra type, shown for the first time ; the form is beautifully rounded, the colour white, the edges slightly yellowish, and the entire flower evenly spotted with brown. 2nd, Odon- toglossum Holfordianum leopterum, a rare variety with large flowers, the ground golden yellow with large brown spots. 3rd, Masdevallia igaea perfecta, an entirely new variety, imported from Columbia and flowering for the first time ; it has never before been shown. The flower is exceedingly beautiful and very large, in colour purplish flushed with dark blue ; this is one of the most beautiful forms of igoea. 4th, Masdevallia ignea aurora, another novelty from Columbia, and flowering for the first time ; the habit is very distinctive, the colour flame- orange. i5th, Amaryllis flammea X,a new hybrid remarkable in habit and form, deep red with very fine wavy lines of white. These five fine novelties were from M. Ch. Vuvlsteke, of Loochristy. 6th, a species of Odontoglossum from M. Jules Hye ; a magnificent flower, the ground pink, the sepals and petals fringed, bordered with white, the mid-rib whitish, each sepal and petal having a large brownish-red spot surrounded and underlined with smaller spots of the same shade; the lip has a golden-yellow ground, with tiny spots, the edge white, very finely fringed— the flower is robust. 7th, Odontoglossum Pescatorei album, from the same Orchidist, the flowers very fine, pure white, numerous and very fresh. 8th, Odontoglossum sul- phureum, also from M. J. Hye, flowers sulphur- yellow and very distinctive, the several parts of the flower have a small circular spot of browniah-red, which is repeated on the lip. 9th, Bteris Wallich- ianum, from MM. Doeiez Feeres, of Wondelghem, a plant interesting among the many novelties recently introduced. Certificates of Merit were awarded for: — Ist, Adiantum venustum, to M. Spae, Van- dermeulen, a very pretty species in vigorous health ; 2nd, Nephthytis picturata, from the Congo, to M. L. Desmet Duvivieh, a dwarf plant, with fine leaves of unusual size ; 3rd, to MM. E. Veevaet et Cie , for Cattleya Masereelii, a white-flowered variety. Honourable Mention was awarded for : — Ist, Cat- tleya Trianoe, to MM. Veevaet et Cie., the lip very dark in colour ; 2Gd, Cattleya Triana, to the same exhibitors, the lip fringed — very pretty ; 3rd, Miltonia vexillaria, to M. Alf. van Imshoot, flowers large and dark ; 4th, Microlepia hirta cris- tata, to MM. Doeiez Feeees ; 5th, Coalogyne Lemoniana ? delicata, to M. J. Hye. Acreage of Fruit in Great Britain.— Prominent attention has lately been called to the extending cultivation of fruit in different forms in Great Britain. A relatively large advance is now reported in the Agricultural Eeturns of Great Britain for 1891. The area under small [fruits now ex- ceeds that used for Hops, 58,700 acres being returned, compared with 46,200 acres in 1890, and 36,700 acres in 1888, the year when this form of cultivation was first separately recorded. By the introduc- tion of a newly-arranged table this particular area has been more closely analysed than has hitherto been possible, and it will be seen that on 23,416 acres small fruit is grown in plots already returned as orchards — that is doubtless under the larger fruit trees; while 22,510 acres in market gardens, aad 12,778 acres of ordinary farm land are now returned as carrying Gooseberries, Strawberries, Currants, and other small fruit. The small fruit area has increased in every county of England and Wales, and in some counties by a remarkable per- centage, although nearly a third of the English small fruit area is still to be found iu Kent. The changes are not so uniform in Scotland, although there also a larger fruit acreage is reported. The ordinary orchard surface in Great Britain is likewise greater, covering, in rouud numbers, 210,000 acres. The area, ten years back, was given as under 185,000 acres. A still larger advance appears in the returns of land used by market gardeners for the growth of vegetables, and other garden produce. These were reported as covering 46,604 acres in 1881, while the figures for 1891 make the market garden area 81,368 acres. TooPE's Fog-eliviinatinq Plant-house.— As suggested in our issue for November 28, p. 650, when making mention and giving a small illustration of Mr. Toope's invention for mitigating, if not alto- gether eliminating, the injurious effects of London fog on plants, we have made two visits, and on both occasions have had our previously-formed favourable opinion verified. Situated in the corner of his factory-yard, in one of the foggiest districts in London, viz.. Stepney Green, Mr. Toope has erected his experimental house in two divisions. Heated on his own plan, fitted with his chemically-charged air-filters, his charcoal-filters for the water used, and a new and perfect plan of ventilation, it must be said that the plants in the houses, which, it will readily be supposed, could not exist under ordinary circumstances, are in the best health, and pro- gressing well, although the experimenter has fairly enough only begun with small, and, in many cases, weak specimens. Orchids being the plants chiefly grown. The evidence of the production and duration of the flowers is a great point; and both in November and December a good show for so small a collection was found. Last week we found some Cattleya TrianiB in bloom, C. citrina, showing flower strongly ; several Dendrobium Wardianum, a fine D. crassi- node, CcElogyne flaccida, Zygopetalum Mackayii, Odontoglossum Rossi majus, with seven blooms ; a fine 0. maculatum, which, to our certain knowledge, has been in bloom since the middle of December, and in one corner was a small case in which were plants of AuEectochilus petola and Goodyera dis- color, besides others. If regarded only as a system of perfect ventilation, the invention is a good one, and deserves a trial by those who try to grow plants in large cities and smoky manufacturing districts. Shrewsbury Horticultural Society.— At the annual meeting on the 11th inst., the Mayor presiding, a bilance-sheet was produced, showing the income of the Society for the past year to have been £3334 10s., as compared with £2963 iu 1890— the highest amount ever reached by the Society in one year. The subscriptions for the year amounted to £428 7s., and the receipts at the exhibition in August last were £2796. The amount of prize- money was £428 7s. dd. ; amusements and fireworks cost £421 ; bands, £253 ; and the profits on the year's exhibition was £970. A sum of £500 has been added to the invested capital, which now amounts to £3500. Since the Society started, the annual balances have been expended in the improve- ment of the public grounds in the Quarry, the Free Library, and some money has been given to the charitable institutions of the town, last year £753 being so expended. The balance in the bankers' hands amounts to £747. Birmingham Gardeners' Association.- At the last meeting, aa admirable paper on " The Gloxinia, 1739 to 1892," was read by Mr. J. Maetin (Messrs. Sutton & Sons), in which the history of its introduction and improvements were sketched, and instructions given as to culture. Anyone who has visited Messrs. Sutton & Sons' nurseries when the Gloxinias are in flower, will know full well that Mr. Maetin is an excellent cultivator and cross- breeder of them. On the following evening, the second annual social meeting of members and their wives took place at one of the largest hotels, and about 140 persons were present, Mr. W. B. Latham, of the Butanical Gardens, presiding. The Weather in the Midlands. — Mr. J. W. WooDFOED, Atherstone, says that " On February 15, it was snowing hard all day, with gale from north-east, thermometer 26° ; altogether, the most winterly day we have had." A Venerable Camellia.— Probably there is no exotic tree or shrub in West Cornwall with a more interesting pedigree than the Camellia at Penalvern, Penzance, writes the Western Morning News ; and, like so many other things with a glorious past, its future is an unknown quantity, except in the rapidity of its decay. It is but a wreck of its former self, and the merest imitation of the blizzard of last March will completely settle it. Half-a- century ago there were scarcely any Camellia trees in West Cornwall, and for a very long period, up to last year, the one in question maintained its reputa- tion as being the largest in the county. When in full bloom, its magnificence could not have been excelled by any single specimen in its native country, Japan. It reached an altitude of nearly 20 feet, and possessed a circumference of nearly three times its height. It was, at its prime, so densely covered with flowers that to photograph it was impossible. The young tree was brought about half-a-century ago by the late Mr. T. S. Bolitho from the gardens of his father-in-law, in North Cornwall, and the vigour with which it grew and thrived iu the genial locality of Penzance was little short of marvellous. " Natural Science." — Messrs. Macmillan & Co. announce the publication of a new monthly scientific review — Natural Science — devoted more especially to the interests of biology and geology. The first part of Natural Science will be published on March 1, 1892. Brussels Botanic Garden.— a member of the Belgian Parliament has denounced as excessive the sum expended on the Botanic Garden, which sum we believe is ridiculously small. He pro- Febbuaey 20, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 243 posed that the plants ia the garden should be utilised for public fetes! Why, the Honourable Member asked, should not the State keep such ornamental plants as it requires in its own garden? The Minister of Agriculture judiciously observed that the garden must preserve its scien- tific character, and furthermore, that it actually grows as many as 40,000 plants, which are used in the scjuares of Brussels. We can but regret the attacks which are frequently brought against scien- tifio institutions by worthy people who do not uniler- stauj what they are talking about. The 1 HIRTEENTH GHENT QUINQUENNIAL.— The programme of the floral /f/e to be held in April, 1893, by the Soci^to Royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique of Ghent will be published in March, but we can now mention a few of the new arrange- ments which have been made. The section devoted to flowering Orchids will include many important competitions, but in each the exact number of speci- mens to be sent will be mentioned, with one excep- tion— " The largest collection of Orchids of difTerent species, each species to be represented by one example only." There will be no fewer than twenty-five classes open for well-grown and bloomed specimens. In addition to the general classes open for Orchids, there will be twenty-five special classes, to which important prizes will be awarded. This will hi a really monstrous exhibition of Orchids. A series of special competitions, with prizes for the finest flowering plant of each of the following genera will be arranged : — AUamanda, Abutilon, Azalea indica, Andromeda, Boronia, Camellia, Choisya, Chorozema, Citrus sinensis in fruit, Clerodendron, Cliveia, Coch- liostema, Correa, Cytisus, Daphne, Diosma, Epacris, Erica, Eriostemum, Euphorbia, Genethyllis, Gre- villea, Hebeclinium, Lapageria,' Lasiandra, Libonia, Modinella magnifica, Metrosideros, Mimosa, Mi- traria, Pimelia, Polygala, Rhododendron, Rose, Sparmannia africaaa, Stephanotis, Strelitzia, Wis- taria, &c. Important awards will be given in each of these classes, and a special hall will be arranged for them. The 25th section will be of very great importance ; it is reserved for such exhibits as tend to further instruction in botany. It comprehends classes for collections of plants of different types ; of Orchids preserved in fluid ; many classes for speci- mens of certain species of plants grown under certain prearranged conditions — without manure, or with chemical manure, in various soils, &c. ; specimens of plants obtained by self-fertilisation, the hybrids to be accompanied by the species or varieties from which they have been raised. Microscopic preparations showing the development of the seed and the embryo of a phanerogamic plant, the various stages of deve- lopment, the various methods of reproduction, &c., of a thallophytic plant. A collection of fifty speci- mens, giving a complete representation of a plant from the Congo, important from a commercial stand- point. In other ways, also, this thirteenth quinquen- nial exhibition will certainly not be inferior in interest to those which have preceded it. SeneciO SAGITTIFOLIUS.— M. Andbe gives, in a recent number of the Riinie Hortkole, an account, with illustrations, of a noble Senecio that he met with in Uruguay. The radical leaves are in tufts, each about a yard long, and often provided on the upper surface with a central crest along the midrib, such as is met with on the under-surface of the leaves in Xanthosoma. From the central tuft there rises a stout stalk, 6 to 7 feet high, with lanceolate leaves, covered with white down on the under- surface. The summit of the stalk bears a large, loose corymb of numerous white Aster-like flower- heads. The plant, which will be very ornamental, has been introduced into Touraine by M. Andre, and it is to be hoped it will resist the climate of Paris if slightly protected in winter. Stock-taking : January.— The most remark- able feature in the Board of Trade returns for the past month is the great increase in the amount of imports from foreign countries and British colonies and possessions; this increase amounts to no less a sum than £4,744,162, and this is spread over nearly every section into which the elaborate returns are divided. Evidently British merchants aud manu- facturers, having cheap labour, elaborate machinery, a great supply of raw material at a reasonable price, are prepared to fight all foreign tariffs with a pluck which is simply indomitable, worthy of all praise and imitation. Surely this is the way in which to open the year s campaign, unfavourable as the balance may have been for " the year that's awa'." The following is our usual excerpt from the " Summary " of imports for January : — IJIPORTS. 1891. 1893. Difference. Total value for mouth £. £33,711,082 £;iS,4»o,244 £. 4-4,744,163 }II.— (A.) Articles of food and drink — duty free 9,109,912 11,563,380 4-3,153,463 (B.) — do., dutiable 1,929,831 2,U06,815 4-76,984 }VI.— Raw materials for textile manufac- tures (including Flax. Hemp, and Jute) 10,413,376 11,887,376 4-1,444,000 J VII.— Raw materials forsundry industries and manufactures (including wood and timber, hewn, sawn, split, dressed ; vege- table materials, for paper-making, &c.) 2,378,863 2,423,011 4-44,181 JIX. — Miscellaneous articles (including Clover, Grass, Flax, Rape, Linseed) l,121.2d9 1,411,180 4-319,911 (B.)— Parcel Post ... 63,209 54,430 —8,779 How does all this compare with what we read of in the French and Spanish journals respecting the tariff recently formulated there ! One is not sur- prised to find how very rapidly prices to the consumer are going up — nor need surprise be felt if statesmen and capitalists in the "protected" States find a rude awakening from their dream of so-called protection to native industry. That, how- ever, is their business — we can only appease the spirit evinced by our capitalists and statesmen, and cheerfully await the results. We ought not to forget making mention of the deficit on the export side, which amounts to the sum of £687,611 — a much lower figure than had been anticipated — compared with previous deficits. We come now to the imports of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, &c. It may be remarked that in all preceding Returns there have been two very unsatisfactory items — " Fruits, raw, unenumerated," and " Vegetables, raw, unenumerated." It appeared to us that these unsatisfactory records might be amended, and we communicated with the President of the Board of Trade on the subject, drew his attention to the fact that English growers would be benefited by " enumeration." The President promised attention. It will be seen by the annexed table of imports during the past month that the list of unenumerated articles has been reduced in the matter of fruits— vegetables still remain to.be dealt with. The figures extracted are as follows : — Imports. 1891. 1892. Difference. Fruits :— Apples, raw bush. 117,383 326.826 4-209,444 Plums 3 .4-3 Pears >. 3,742 4-3,743 Grapes . 334 4-334 Unenumerated, value £15.439 £.6,995 4-£1.565 Onions bush. 222,672 371,923 4-149,263 Potatos cwt. 53,685 66,268 4-12,383 Vegetables, unenume- rated, raw, ... value £30,379 £53,617 4- £25,238 Tasmanian Apples. — The lovers of Tas- manian Apples will be glad to learn that the crop to be shipped is of excellent promise — good and full ; so says Sir E. Braddon, the Agent- General. More than this, he says that freight for 240,000 bushels has been taken up by the Orient and P. and O. companies' steamers. The vessels will make twelve calls— once a week for three months; and should the market here be a fair one, more than the number of bushels above mentioned will be sent over to the mother country. The first shipment will soon be on the sea — six weeks is the duration of the voyage. Reminded of the very ordinary quality of much of the supply last year. Sir E. Biuddon stated that the Colonial Fruit-Growers' Association had been cautioned as to the result, and he believed they would show that they had not misread the lesson. The reader will have noticed that the amount promised exceeds last year's total by 100,000 bushels. Respecting the supposed disappearance of the best English Apples from the market — supposing such to be the fact — they must be stored away at home, for no refrigeratory company has been approached on the subject, so far as we can learn. The post- ofiice authorities cannot help us in the matter of sale by sample ; it would appear useless to try rail- way companies for information ; and inquiries made among growers here and there, again appear to be some diffidence in trying an independent action in provincial towns. To largely preserve fruit in the face of expected imports would not appear to be very sound policy, and we believe that growers as a rule are quite capable of weighing the chances. Possibly, then, there has been some misunderstand- ing about the disappearance of good English Apples from the London markets and fruiterers' shops. The Carnation.— a third edition of Mr. Dodwell's handy little treatise on the Carnation has been published by Mr. B. Wynne at the office of the Gardening World, Clement's Inn, Strand. We commend it to the notice of Carnation growers for the excellence of its practical hints, but we may be excused for expressing a far less high opinion of the value of Mr. Jeaxs' so-called philosophy of florists' flowers than does Mr. Dodwell. Mr. Jeaks' dicta are irreproachable so far as they go. To pieces of coloured cardboard cut to regulation pattern or any similar artificial production they would be excellent, but their special application to flowers considered as living beings endowed with hereditary " properties," continually subjected to many varied conditions aud subserving various purposes, seems to have been almost entirely ignored by the essayist. The difference of habit induced by mode of propagation, whether by means of " piping " or by layers, is an interesting illustration of a phenomenon well-known in other plants, but the reasons for which are entirely almost unknown. The descriptive list will be valuable for reference, and readers will admire the honest enthusiasm of Mr. Dodwell's descriptions, and will reciprocate the kindly feeling which induces him to be tolerant even towards admirers of selfa and yellow grounds. May he be equally tolerant towards those who abhor the idea of " rule and compass, line and plummet " as applied to flowers, even by so thoughtful a mason as the late Rev. Geoeoe Jeans. Preservation of Potatos.— The difficulty of keeping Irish Potatos in edible condition in late spring is well known to housekeepers, farmers, and merchants, says Science. Professor Schhibaux, of the National College of Agriculture of France, has recently de- vised a very simple, cheap, and successful method by which he has been able to preserve Potatos in edible condition for over a year and a half. This process has been adopted by the French Government for pre- serving Potatos for the army. The French Minister of Agriculture publishes the details of the process in the oflicial Bulletin dii Mmisterc de I'Agricaltitre for March, 1891. The following is a translation of the essential part of the scheme. The method of pre- servation consists in plunging the tubers, before storing them away, for ten hours into a 2 per cent, solution of commercial sulphuric acid in water, two parts of acid to 100 parts of water. The acid pene- trates the eyes to the depth of about one-fortieth of an inch, which serves to destroy their sprouting power; it does not have any appreciable effect upon the skin of the Potatos. After remaining in the liquid ten hours, the tubers must be thoroughly dried before 244 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaet 20, 1892. storing away. The same liquid may be used any number of times with equally good results. A barrel or tank of any kind will do for the treatment. The acid is BO dilute that it does not aflFect the wood. Chemical analysis shows that Potatos treated by this process are as nutritious and healthful after eighteen months as when freshly dug ; but they are of course worthless for planting. Attention is called to this method by Gerald McCaethy, N. C. Experiment Station, Raleigh. The Horticultural Club.— The annual dianer of the Club took place on Tuesday, the 9th instant, at their rooms, Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, Westminster, and was, without doubt, the most successful one it has ever held. The chair was occupied (in the absence of Sir John Llewelyn, Bart., the Chairman), by Haeey J. Veitch, Vice- chairman, who was supported by nearly forty mem- bers and their friends. Daring the evening a selec- tion of music, both vocal and instrumental, was given, under the direction of Mr. Geoeqe Bdnyaed, and several good recitations were given by Mr. C. T. Drueey and others. The Chairman, after the usual loyal toasts, proposed " The Prosperity of the Club," and spoke in strong terms of the excellent work that had been done in bringing together those interested in horticulture, both amateur and professional, thus ably filling an existing void, and he wished it every success. This was responded to by the Hon. Secre- tary, who said they had reason to be satisfied with their position ; they had this year been able to add to their small funded property, and had also been able to receive among them several of those gentle- men who had come to London to be present at the Royal Horticultural Society's meetings, and in many ways to advance the interests of horticulture. Mr. T. W. GiEDLESTONE proposed " The Royal Horticul- tural Society," which was responded to by Mr. H. J. Peahson. The toast of " The Chairman," was given in sympathetic terms by the Rev. W. Wiles, whose remarks elicited warm approval from the guests. Some of the friends contributed some excellent dishes of Apples and Pears towards the dessert. Mansion House Association on Railway AND Canal Traffic (for the United King- dom).— A general meeting of this Association, under the presidency of Mr. David Howard, was held on the 15th inst., at the Cannon Street Hotel, and was well attended. Sir James Whitehead, Bt., was unani- mously elected President of the Association, now re-constituted as a permanent organisation, and several Vice-Presidents were elected. The Council for the ensuing yearwere appointed, and it wasdecided to register the Association as a corporate body. Re- solutions authorising the Council to petition to be heard in committee against the Railway Rates Pro- visional Order Bills recently introduced into Par- liament, and expressing regret at the repetition in these Bills of the provisions unacceptable to traders which were authorised by the Railway Rates Acts of last Session, were adopted. The Council were also empowered to take action on behalf of the Asso- ciation with regard to the revised schedules of rates and tolls, &c., deposited by Canal Companies with the Board of Trade, in accordance with the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888. With respect to the Bill for the transfer of the Hull Docks to the North- Eastern Railway, and other similar Bills, the Council were directed to petition Parliament in opposition to any further acquisition, except under special restrictions, of docks and harbours by railway companies ; and they were further directed to petition Parliament against the Medway Navigation Bill, by which the Navigation Company seek power to deal in merchandise which they convey as carriers, it being the opinion of the meeting that the conferring of power to trade in this way would be contrary to public policy. The office of the Association is at Eastcheap Buildings. Diseases of Plants.— The following is the Syllabus of three lectures on " The Diseases of the Reproductive Organs of Plants caased_,by Parasitic Fungi," to be delivered in the theatre of the Royal College of Surgeons on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, February 22, 24, and 26, at 4 o'clock each day, by Professor Chaeles Bagge Ploweight, M.D., M.R.C.S. Lecture I.— Monday, February 22. Reproductive Parasitism. Introductory remarks. Reproductive Parasites ; their apparent tendency to exterminate their hosts ; total destruction of seeds exceptional. Indirect effects of Reproductive Parasites on their hosts : favour expeditious fertilization, rapid germi- nation, segregation of hosts, increased root-action, number of blossoms, protection of hosts. Effects on the Floral Organs:— (a) Indirect: (1) Abortion, (2) Starvation, (3) Strangulation. (6) Direct: (1) Destruction of Floral organs, (2) Disease of the Anthers, (3) of the Ovaries, (4) of the Fruit. Con- cluding remarks. Lecture II. — Wednesday, February 24. The Uatilagineie as Reproductive Parasites, with special reference to the CEconomic species. Antiquity of their recognition. Frequency of their reproductive parasitism. Organs affected. Bunt of Wheat : ap- pearance, bunted flour and bread, structure of spores, entrance into host. The Smut of Cereals, not one species. Oak-smut : appearance, germination of spores, infection of host, preventive measures. Wheat-smut : morphology and physiology. The two Barley-smuts. The smut of Maize, infection of its host. The Anther-smut, its mode of attack. Smut of Figs and Dates. Concluding remarks. Lecture III. —Friday, February 26. On Ergot. Tulasne's researches. Claviceps purpurea, mor- phology and physiology. Varieties of Ergot : Rye, Wheat, Diss, Bromus secalinus, Elymus virginicus. Ergotism, gangrenous and convulsive. Fatal case of Ergot-poisoning. Gangrene of the lung. Cataract, cedema of the skin, changes in the spinal cord. Effects of Ergot on animals : dogs, pigs, cows, horses, birds. Historical notice of Epidemic Ergotism : the Athenian Plague, Ignis sacer, Ignis S. Antonii. Thucydides, Flodart v. Reims, Dumont, Thalius, Verillart. Geographical distribution. The Russian Ergot Commission, 1864. Robert's researches. Ergo- tinic acid, properties and action. Sphacelinic acid, properties, action on fowls, pigs, rabbits. Cornutin, properties, effect on animals, action on the uterus. Concluding remarks. The Midland Carnation and Picotee Society has issued its schedule for the coming season, in which they say that " it is the ambition and intention of the Committee to make this the largest and most representative annual exhibition of Carnations and Picotees in the kingdom, and should there he a good surplus, to liberally support the Gardeners' Orphan and Benevolent Institutions." The exhibition will be held at the Botanical Gardens, Edgbaaton, on Saturday, August 6. Any further particulars may be had from Mr. William Dean, the honorary secretary ; Mr. Robeet Syden- ham, Treasurer and Chairman of Committee, Tenby Street, Birmingham ; or any other member of the Committee. Mr. Barr. — This enterprising Daffodil-hunter is once more about to proceed to Gibraltar, Southern Spain, and Portugal, back through Northern Spain to France, the Pyrenees, the Maritime Alps, and perhaps Italy. Book Notice. Elements of Agriculture, a text-book pre- pared under the authority of the Royal Agri- cultural Society of England. By William Fream, LL.D. (John Murray.) In fewer than 500 pages, the Editor has contrived to compile an excellent elementary work, much of which is of use to the horticulturist, as well as to the class for whom it was specially compiled. The general scheme of the work was settled by a sub- committee of the Society, whilst suggestions have been made, and revision of the proof-sheets have been accomplished by such authorities as Sir John Lawe^ Sir John Thorold, Sir Jacob Wilson, Messrs. Ash- worth, Bell, Bowen-Jones, Pole-Gell, D. Pidgeon, Clare Sewell Read, Dr. Voelcker and Miss Ormerod The first part is devoted to the consideration of the soil, and the operations connected therewith. The second part comprises a general history of the plant as a living creature, with special references to the agricultural side of the question. In the third part, farm animals are dealt with in a similar manner. In turning over the pages we have been struck with the skill of the editor, who, while he has kept bis book within very moderate compass, seems not to have omitted anything of importance. The informa- tion is given clearly and popularly, using the latter word in a favourable sense. Those who have en- deavoured to condense scientific knowledge, and pre- sent it in a form suitable for general reading, will be surprised at the skill with which Dr. Fream has accom- plished his task. His statements are not long-winded and prolix ; on the contrary, they are clear and intel- ligible, though sometimes dealing with highly tech- nical matters. A few slips must be expected in such a work, one such at p. 97 requires attention — a cross between two plants of the same species does not produce a hybrid ; and fig. 26 can scarcely repre- sent an Onion bulb. It would, however, be invidious to dwell on such minutiae, where the work, as a whole is so well done. The AMATEUR'S Garden. THE VEGETABLE QUARTERS. Wintee having now left us, definitely we hope, at least, as regards his hardest frosts and heaviest snowfalls, although some of our west-country readers who have bitter memories of the snowfall of last March may have their doubts. [Justified, we fear, since this was written. Ed.] Probably much of the outdoor operations of digging, turning gravel, planting and transplanting shrubs and trees have already received a certain amount of attention, but in case the time has hitherto been too short for everything in that way to be wiped off the memory, the present time should be made the most of, the man, boy, or the proprietor himself setting into the various jobs with goodwill. And here it may be said that a little digging is especially beneficial to those who lead sedentary and studious lives, strengthening the nerves andinducingsound sleep; buttheymustnot, at first certainly, greatly fatigue or overheat them- selves by digging too fast or for too long periods. We say, at first, advisably, and have the stout gentle- man in our eye, as one who is especially apt to overdo the exercise of digging with the idea that the more hard work the less fat ; those to whom it is not a new thing will need no caution from us. Here, a hint as to digging in general. Unless the digger possesses a No. 1 spade, which from the nature of things he would eschew, on account of its prodigious size, the digging should be of the kind called " bastard trenching," the word " bastard " in this connection meaning probably, a poor kind of trenching, but which really is a thorough kind of simple digging. All that it is necessary to do is to line out the ground to be dug into strips 2 feet in width, and as wide as the piece is, the spade being held nearly upright, and thrust into the earth with the foot to the depth of 6 inches, and these spade-thrusta should be made close to each other. Wheeling soil long distances is a wasteful operation, but it may sometimes be necessary in carrying out a big job. It is sufficient if the ground to be dug be divided into half by stretching the line down the middle, and nicking out a small trench to indicate the line of division, then all that is necessary for the digger to do is to throw out the soil of his first trench on to the top of what will really be the last trench of the opposite half. Before this is done, the surface- soil of these first breadths should be shovelled clear of all the weeds and rubbish that may happen to lay on them. Having thrown out this soil in a ridge- Uke heap, proceed (o gbpyel the top soil of the next Febeuabt 20, 1892.] THE GARDENEBB' CHRONICLE. 245 breadth into the hole thus left, and distribute it evenly at the bottom ; and having executed this, the now cleaned soil should be thrown in on the top of the shovellings, breaking it up and commingling it, which in stiff soils is best performed with a stei-l five-tined fork — in a light one the spade is the better implement to use, and so on till the end of the piece is reached, and the last trench thrown out. Into thi« trench will be thrown the shovellings and soil from number one trench on the opposite half of the piece of ground. It is now too late for the real trenching of the land for early crops, but it is in the above manner that two, and in very good land which has been long under the spade, sometimes three spits are turned over, and capital work it is on frosty days, for those whose backs are strong, and who do not lack muscle. When the soil has settled somewhat, and been dried by sun and wind, it may be forked over, 4 or 5 inches deep, after previously receiving a dressing of soot, lime, burnt earth, sand, and fine coal ashes, if it be heavy, and guano, assuming, of course, that it stands in need of such aids, and has not had a quantity of rich manure turned into the trenches when dug. Just at present there is nothing more to do on such ground ; but on ground which was dug in the autumn, a few rows of Broad Beans, and some early kind of unwrinkled Pea, Early Gem, Sangsters, or William I., may be sown. The first- named Pea may be sown 3 feet apart, and the others 5 feet, that is, if the Peas are grown altogether. The better way, however, is to have a row here and another there, 20 to 25 feet apart, and run- ning north and south, so that the sunshine on both Bides of the row and the sparrow do not make it their special preserve. By and by other crops may be put between, say Potatos, French Beans, Cauliflowers, salading, and indeed, any low-growing vegetable. It is yet too early for other sowings out-of-doors. {To be continued.) AMERICAN BLIGHT. It may be of service to our fruit cultivators to read the following questions put by an American fruit-grower to the Government Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture (Professor Riley), and the replies as given in a recent number of Insect Life : — The WooLLt Root-louse of the Apple. 1. If new trees will cost 4.50 to 6 dols. per 100, would it not be best to get new trees rather than try to cure the disease by hot water and kerosene emulsion ? 2. As the ravages of this insect are apparent on all my trees, will it be wise or safe to try a cure and let them stand ? 3. Have you any data to show that diseased trees attacked by this louse have been cured and made healthy, strong, and fruitful trees ? Would not a doubt still exist, even if a remedy had been administered, that the tree might never amount to anything ? 4. Should I be safe in planting new trees in the same old hole when these had died and been pulled up? Would the disease probably be left in the ground on the removal of the diseased tree ? 5. Had I better pull these up, take them to some convenient and safe place, burn them, and have a man spade or shovel out the place of setting, and would there then be any danger in replanting? 6. Older fruit-raisers claim that I had better remove the trees, plough up the entire ground and let it be exposed to the action of winter weather ; and some even go to the extent of saying that I run risk in planting any sooner than another year. What is your opinion ? 7. Some say my ground gave the disease to the trees. If it were in the ground, would the disease be all alike ? There is no difference in any part of the orchard, and there was never an Apple tree near it before. It had been forest or bush land previously, all new, and my opinion was and is, that these trees were diseased and affected before I got them. What is yours ? 8. If I take up these trees and burn them, how had I better prepare the ground for the new ones ? Can I put on lime or ashes in the same place, and how long before should I be safe in planting ? 9. Does this louse attack other trees besides the Apple ? 11. Is there danger of leaving the disease in other roots in the ground, such as sprouts of Oak, and returning to new trees set out afterward ? 12. I have often seen this white, cloudy appearance on the roots, near the top of the ground, and in and around the young tree'stock or trunk, 1 to 3 inches above the ground. Does this convey disease or infection to other trees near by ? 13. Suppose a tree, infected, stands 20 feet from one that is entirely free, or, suppose an infected tree stands 20 feet in an orchard from any surrounding tree or trees, is there any way, by wind, air, fog, dampness, or migration, that these other trees could become diseased or infected ? 14. Are ashes (unleached) or lime the best to use in the holes of the displaced trees ? Jamea W, Simpson, Arkansas, Fig. 35. — AMERICAN BLIGHT. (Showing the immature and the -winged ing'ct as w-ell 83 the e^ga deposited on the bud.) Reply. 1. New trees, costing from 4.50 to 6 dols. per 100, would probably cost less than the application of the remedy suggested, but the labour of taking up the old trees and planting the new ones is at least an offset to the labour of applying the insecticides; and you will find, after all, that the remedy is cheaper. 2. The remedy suggested, if thoroughly applied, will be safe and sure, and it will not be dangerous to let the infested trees stand after they have been treated. 3. Whether the trees will, after treatment, become as strong, healthy, and fruitful as they would if they had not been attacked, is a question which can only be decided by ocular examination of their present condition. The extent to which they have been injured already can hardly be determined at this distance. 4. If new trees were planted immediately in the old holes, the probabilities are that some lice will have been left in some of the holes, and that the new trees will become infested. ' 5. This plan will answer if the old earth is removed, and new earth taken from a distance of several feet from the infested trees is filled in. 6. The plan proposed by your neighbours will be effectual, but that suggested in the answer to No. 5 will answer equally well. 7. Your ground did not give the disease to the young trees, as the insect occurs only on the Apple and some few allied trees, such as the wild Haw and other species of Crattegus. 8. Either ashes or lime placed abundantly in the holes will destroy the few lice which will be left. I should say that a month of this treatment would Bufiice. 9. This question is answered under No. 7. 11. No. Only of those mentioned in No. 7. 12. The insect is spread by the occasional appear- ance of a winged generation of lice, which fly for some distance. These usually, if not invariably, develop above-ground on the trunk of the tree or the larger branches. 13. Answered under No. 12. 14. Either will do. I have no idea as to their relative merits in snch a case. On the whole, I would certainly recommend you, if your orchard is as badly infested as 1 infer from your account, not to plant new trees in the same orchard after rooting up and destroying those now in the ground without first grafting upon some resistant variety. This may take a little longer to renew your orchard, but will in the end be the most Batislactory course. The experience in New Zealand and Australia shows very fully that the Northern Spy and Winter Majetin are practically proof against the insect, and by grafting upon these, and taking care that the new stock does not sucker below- ground, you will in my judgment, most successfully contend against the insect ; for, however thoroughly you may now free your orchard, there is nothing to prevent continual introduction in the winged form from other orchards in your neighbourhood, even if miles away. 1 do not, of course, know whether the two varieties which 1 have indicated will succeed in your locality ; but the probabilities are that they will do very well as stocks, even if they should not be desirable to grow for their fruit. I shall be glad to learn the course pursued by you, and its success. Scotland. EDINBURGH BOTANICAL SOCIETY. The meeting adjourned from the 14th ult., was held on the 28th, Dr. Cleghorn, vice-president, in the chair. Mr. Malcolm Dunn exhibited cones of Cedrus libani from Lebanon, and gave an account of the trees from which they were taken last year. Mr. Dunn enumerated a number of the finest examples now growing in Britain. Dr. Aitchison remarked on Cedars he had seen in India, in confirmation of the belief that the Cedar of Lebanon, the Deodar, and the Mount Atlas Cedar are varieties of one species. Dr. Paterson, Bridge of Allan, sent flowers of Vanda Gowerii. Mr. Rutherford Hill exhibited fruit of Poinciana regia and dried specimens of Andrographis paniculata. A paper was communicated by Mr. G. F. Scott Elliot, M.A., B.Sc, on " Notes on Fertilisation, chiefly of British Cruciferos." The twenty-one cruciferous plants tabulated included Barbarea vulgaris, Nastur- tium officinale, N. palustre, Arabis hirsuta, A. Thaliaua, Cardamine pratensis, C. amara, C. flexuosa, &c. After careful observations as to the kinds of insect visitors and the frequency of their visits, the author concluded that it seems inevitable that in fertilisation insect visits are chiefly relied upon in every case, and that self-fertilisation is only of occasional and additional assistance. Mr. Gustav Mann made observations in support of his view that the embryo sac does not correspond to the macrospore. The plant studied was Myosurus minimus. The early development was given, and the conclusion come to that the embryo sac is a sporocyte and not a spore. Reference was made to Guignard's discovery, that the primary nucleus of the embryo sac corresponds to the nucleus of the pollen mother cell ; and Dodel'a discovery that the synergidce maybe fertilised and develop into 246 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [PEBETJAItS 20, 1892. embryos, giving tlius three embryos in an ovule. The author traced minutely the stages in the conjuga- tion of the two primordial cells of the embryo sac. The Edinburgh Botanic Garden. Mr. Lindsay's report on " Temperature and Vege- tation " at the Royal Botanic Garden during De- cember was as follows : — " This month was for the most part mild and open, with a very heavy rainfall. The thermometer was at or below the freezing point on eighteen mornings, the total amount of frost registered being 83°, as against 121° for the corre- sponding month of 1890. The lowest readings oc- curred on the loth, 24° ; 16th, 26° ; 17th, 23° ; 18th, 24° ; 22nd, 23°. The lowest day temperature was 34° on the 11th, and the highest 57° on the 2nd. Eain fell on twelve days, and slight showers of snow on two days. On the rocii garden the following plants came into flower during the month : — Helle- borus niger major, H. purpurascens var., and Primula inflata. The total number of alpine and dwarf- growing herbaceous plants which have flowered on the rock garden during the year 1891 amounts to 1216, being 137 less than during 1890. The ded- ciency occurred chiefly during the month of May. The number of species which came into flower each month was as follows : — January, 6 ; February, 39 ; March, 40 : April, 119 ; May, 260 ; June, 359 ; July, 252 ; August, 84 ; September, 41 ; October, 13 ; November, 0 ; December, 3. Glasgow Botanic Garden. Mr. Bullen Rent the following report from the Botanic Garden, Glasgow : — The weattier throughout December was exceedingly mild, but mostly very wet and stormy. The highest day reading on a shaded thermometer at 3 feet from the ground was 53° on the 3rd. The lowest was 34° on the 13th, when a light fall of snow was experienced. The night readings were correspondingly high for the month. The lowest reading was 25", or 7° of frost, and the total of the readings for the nine nights on which frost was registered was only 31°, but on five or six other nights the mercury was either at or very near the freezing point. Within a mile of the city the temperature was from 3° to 6° lower. The sudden change of wind and weather, frequent rains, and thick fogs were a great impediment to out-door work. Home Correspondence. TECHNICAL EDUCATION.— "W,," p. 116, in your issue for .Ian. 23, very wisely asks, " Where are we now?" This question goes to the root of the matter. Some elaborate letters have appeared, which, if measured by the foot or yard, must be very valuable. For myself I have endeavoured to read up to date, but I confess, in wading through them, I came to the conclusion that, after the self- laudation of the writers, the question remains very much "as you were." I would ask our learned technical lecturers to point out how many good gardeners or farmers have been turned out by the colleges, schools, and lecture-rooms which have been in existence for years. [Where? Ed.] This will be an answer to " W.'s " question, and now, as an " Old Dolt," I am bold to say I think the letter of Mr. Thiselton Dyer is nearer the mark than all the rest put together. N, C. [We have a large number of letters on this subject, but after publishing those now in type we shall close the correspondence. Ed.] MISTLETO ON FRUIT AND OTHER TREES.— The recent statement in these pages that Mistleto does no harm, but may be rather beneficial to the trees on which it grows, will cause some surprise amongst the readers of this paper. The truth of the statement can be vouched for by persons who have resided in parts where Mistleto abounds ; and who may have re- marked on the general healthiness of Apple, Maple, Poplar, and Lime trees, on which it is commonly found growing. The writer has seen Maples which were so overrun with Mistleto that they looked in the winter almost as green as in the summer, and yet these trees were perfectly healthy. Possibly, the Mistleto would in time, if it had been left alone, have so crowded the shoots of the Maples as to have caused their gradual extinction, and the trees themselves would in course of time have become unhealthy, and perished before their time. But more from a wish to provide the numerous roe deer in the neighbouring forest with easily- available food in the winter, than for other seasons, much of the accessible Mistleto on trees on which it abounded most, was hacked off the branches, and strewn around the trees, or stuck into bushes and crotches of trees, so that the animals might readily reach it. In no case where this was done did any harm accrue to the trees, not did the removal of the parasitic growth appear in any way to promote finer growth than hitherto. When Mistleto is found growing in great quantity on un- healthy trees, it will mostly be found that unhealthi- ness is due to old age, starvation at the roots, or a waterlogged, or, at least, an undrained soil. It may be that Nature intends the Mistleto plant to be one of the means of bringing about, in company with moss, lichens, canker, and insect attacks, the death of unhealthy subjects, and thus make space for the development of young and vigorous trees to per- petuate the species, or, at any rate, bring about the speedy death of those least fitted to maintain their existence in a particular locality. It seems, there- fore, that the presence of Mistleto on a tree, like that of lichen, &c., shows that the conditions are favourable to its growth, and that it rests with man to let it develop greatly and injure the host-plant, or keep it within moderate bounds, or clear it oS'in the same thorough manner as the other parasitic vegetation is served. Miihrer. PINUS LARICIO.— Tour correspondent, " S.," at p. 174 of the Gardeners' Chronicle, for Feb. 6, is full of the praises of the Corsican Pine ; but I must diifer from him. I really cannot see one thing about this tree to recommend it, the Scots Pine being in every way its superior, in grace as a specimen standing alone, the quality of the wood, and unquestionably as a shelter tree. I might add, it ia less fastidious as to soil. The timber of P. laricio is coarse-grained to a high degree, and the tree has but few roots, and is therefore very liable to be blown down by high winds. Its fast-growing qualities are spoken of, but the Douglas Fir will beat it in that direc- tion, and the timber is twice as valuable. Again, it was said that rabbits would not touch it; but this is not true, for I have seen them frequently barked. Generally speaking, where this Pine will grow, there the Larch will also prosper, and there is no comparison in the quality of the timber; and if it is true that foreign seed produces healthier trees, then let us go in for that, and not discard the Larch, seeing, as I do sometimes here, trees carried out of the wood 110 feet high, without spot or blemish. It becomes landed proprietors to think twice before they give up planting the Larch. Your correspondent, J. Garbett (p. 182), is quite right in his description of the timber — certain soils producing different quality. I have myself specimens of the true High- land Pine (Finns sylvestris), the timber from a damp bopgy place, white, soft, and light; and another specimen of the same kind of tree from the mountain's brow, full of turps, and twice as heavy, and, therefore, twice as lasting. I have not a word to say against the Austrian Pine. It is a lovely tree, and the very best of shelter ; but I would not plant one for timber while I could get the true Highland Pine, and on this I lay stress, because the spurious variety from Germany, the seed of which can be bought for half the money, is in every way an inferior kind. J. Bust, Fridge Castle. STANDS FOR JAPANESE CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— In reply to " E, M." (p. 182). I advised the altering of the size of these to 24 by 32 inches, in order that the change when it is made may be of some lasting benefit : for considering the advance in size of Chrysanthemum blooms during the last few years, I am convinced that this size is not too great. " E. M." writes as if we had attained to the limits of size ; but even if that were true, I have seen many stands of flowers during the last season which would have looked very much better on enlarged stands, for each flower was overlapping its neighbours, and the full beauty of the Japanese blooms is hidden when they are crowded together. Moreover, such a stand has not a fair chance in the contest with others where flowers are smaller, and they stand clear of each other. The mountains which " E. M." hurls at me are all molehills. The increased size of a box to hold forty-eight blooms would be 6.} inches by Si inches, and 5 inches deeper. This would not make much difference on the floor of a cart or a railway van ; the distance to be travelled makes no difference whatever in this matter, even if it were double what " E. M." suggests, but surely very few places are 12 miles from a rail- way station. And as to the increased length of table required, how much extra space would be required to take " E. M.'s " example ? If staged on both sides of a table, as is usual in the large classes, the tables would have to be 12 feet longer and 12 inches wider than the older stands required that they should be. I have seen some crowded Chrysanthemum shows, and venture to say that this increased size of table might easily have been accommodated. The green boards seem to have frightened "E M." the most ; well, he must grow his flowers large enough to cover the greater part of them. A small piece of green around a flower of whatever colour enhances rather than detracts from its appearance generally. W, H, Divers, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford. FUEL AND STOKING. — I quite agree with your correspondents as to the cleanliness, durability, and reliability of anthracite. I have used it five years, and should have continued to do so, except for the sudden and heavy rise in the price towards the close of last year. I have four boilers ; one driving between 3000 and 4000 feet, two others about 750 feet each, and one small Loughborough, with 100 feet, all 4-inch pipes. I do the banking-up and most of the stoking myself. In my large boiler I used to consume during winter li ton of anthracite per week, and in the two small boilers, 1 cwt. per day ; the anthracite cost me 27s. 6d. per ton delivered to the stoke-hole. Last December I determined to try coke.twith the result that my big boiler consumes 2k chaldrons, or about IJ- ton per week at a cost of 'Ms. per ton, and the other two boilers 3 bushels a day each, or a little over half a chaldron per week. My anthracite cost me just over £3 a week, and the coke £2 4s., or a saving of at least 16s. per week. In addition, I have from 4° to 8° more heat in my houses than with the coal, and paradoxical as it may seem, I get more heat from wet or exposed coke than from new, dry coke. Coke and anthracite will not do together, for the coke consumes the anthracite at a terrible rate. There is no mistake about these figures, for they are the result of actual experience, the fuel being mea- sured and weighed, the duration of each, and the temperatures being carefully noted. The great drawback in coke is, it will not last, and I have to turn out at 3 a.m. to renew the fires. My flues were swept twice a year with anthracite, but with coke they must be cleaned every three months. I find but little difference in the amount of sulphur in ccke and anthracite. The latter, of course, is perfectly smoke- less, the former not so, but I fail to find enough blacks or soot to damage the roof of any house, and my highest stack is only 12 feet from the ground. I clinker out once a day about 2 p.m., the same with the coke as with the anthracite. After all is said and done, more than half depends upon the form of the boiler ; many of these are simply fuel wasters, and require more draught, more cleaning, a higher chimney, and much more fuel than other classes of boiler. A plain saddle with check end, or terminal end with flues through sides, and a good quantity of cross tubes, is the most economical, and will burn anything. My large boiler is of the latter type, 7 feet long, with eleven upright and three cross tubes ; size of fire-box, 3 feet 6 inches by 3 feet, with direct heating surface of 9 square feet to every foot of grate, which is important as regards economy. I consider all fined boilers as bad in principle, ex- pensive, and troublesome ; they require more draught, more fuel, and more cleaning — in fact, the latter should be done at least twice a week, or the iron will not take up the heat as it passes to the shaft, if. C, Wbrstead, Norwich. OUR APPLE CROP. — I think the reason that only American and Australian Apples are at present to be seen in shops is, that all the best home-grown fruit was sold last autumn. In my case, I com- menced selling White Transparent early in August, following with EcklinviUe Seedling, Lord SufBeld, &c., the demand being so good that by Christmas I had sold all out — early, mid-season, and late — at prices much higher than those realised by American Apples. Our salesman informed me that he would be glad of 100 tons of such fruit per week. The demand for good home-grown Apples, honestly packed, and carefully graded, is enormous, and there are so signs of the supply equalling the demand, as witness by the quick consumption of the produce of our orchards last year. Apple-growing for profit is much the same as any other business, being remune- rative or otherwise, according to the attention bestowed upon it. If fruit trees are planted on suitable soil, and receive careful attention, the fruit Febeoaet 20, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 247 marketed in a sensible manner, there will be no cause to cry out for I'rotection ; in fact, the foreign imports may possibly do good by causing us to be jOn our metal, and thus grow finer fruit and more of t than otherwise would be the case. S. T. Wriff/it, Glcivsloit Court Gardens, Boss, THE HARDINESS OF HERBACEOUS CALCEO- LARIAS.— The herbaceous Calceolarias are generally regarded as being very tender, and till a short time ago I shared the general opinion ; but to ray surprise, some surplus plants that we had left over, stood out during the first part of the late severe weather under a small portable frame, in which they had been pricked out in line rich soil laid on the hard ground, and they had no other covering whatever. As we required the frame to put over some Christmas Roses, it was taken off the Calceolarias, and they have since been subjected to all the snow and frost, and now that the snow has melted from them, I find that they still look fresh and uninjured. This proves that they are quite as hardy, or even more so, than is the ordinary shrubby or bedding kind ; but most of us know that to grow them well, they require a temperature ranging between 40° and 50°, with the atmosphere moist and genial, under which con- ditions they thrive, and, if kept free from aphides — their great enemy — they make fine healthy plants, tT. S, PRUNING DENDROBIUMS.— I read with much interest Mr. Burberry's remarks on Dendrobiums in the " Week's Work " of the Gardeners' Chronicle for February 6, p. 175. Doubtless he has had great experience in the management of this genus of Orchids ; but does he mean to tell us that only those stems that have become unsightly through old age should be cat away ? Having to-day packed a large box of flowers with the growths attached, I would here ask him what he calls " unsightly growths." With us all growths .ire considered unsightly on some species when they have done flowering. At the present time we have plants carrying upwards of a thousand racemes of flowers each, with not an old growth on them. In fact, no growths are move than two years old. I wonder what Mr. Burberry would say to a plant of D. nobile 7 feet across, with no growths on it except those made last year, some of which are between 3 and 4 feet long, and carrying from fifteen to twenty racemes each ? 1 should like to hear what he has to say to this. B. P. FUEL : ANTHRACITE COAL— If every gardener follows the methods of dealing with the above, which have been described in the Gardeners' Chronicle, no difficulty would be found in getting it to burn. It is in use at this garden, and we are sorry when we are obliged to fall back on coke, which we have at times to do. Our houses are heated with two of Weeks' tubular boilers, but it is only on very rare occasions that we have to use both ; and all through the severe winter of 1890-91, the fires were seen to every night at 10 o'clock, and we found the tempera- ture at the right point at 6 a.m. We labour under the disadvantage of having to burn the house- refuse. S. S. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS FLOWERING.— I should say that it is certainly a very rare occurrence for the above plant to flower at such an age, and, indeed, at all in this country, as '■ C. II. H." mentions in p. 180. Here, two years ago, fine specimens, 50 feet high and upwards, and nine years old, from seeds, flowered freely, and formed their peculiar seed- ca;Bules, but the seeds they contained were imper- fect, and not fully developed. Since then, unfor- tunately, the last winter (1890-91) has seriously crippled the plants, and I fear this will finish some, if not all of them. John Roberts, Tan-y-bwlch, North Wales. NEW GRAPE, IVIARCHIONESS OF DOWNSHIRE.— I was recently favoured with some fruit of this new Grape, a seedling raised by Mr. Bradshaw, gardener to the Marchioness of Downshire. It is a cross between White Gros Colmar and Madresfield Court, the first-named being the seed-parent, and it is a promising kind, with Muscat flavour. The berries sent were as large as those of a well-grown Muscat of Alexandria, of a beautiful amber colour, and with rather a thick skin. I should think this Grape will find favour with those who require late-keeping kinds, as the bunch sent had been cut on September 7, and pUced in water, having thus kept in good con- dition for more than five months. The Vine being in his earliest house, the raiser was obliged to cut the Grapes at that period mentioned, bat they have certainly kept well. He also informs me he has now got it planted in a late house, so will be able to test its late-keeping properties better next season. I saw this Grape in line condition at the late International Show at Edinburgh where it was much admired by noted growers, and thought to be a valuable late variety of good flavour. It has also been shown atCliiswick on one occasion, but not in time to get any of the com- mittee to test its merits witli other kinds. Next year, Mr. Bradshaw hopes to get it in quantity, and then send it at dillerent dates to show its keeping qualities. When I saw it last year it promised to produce bunches equally as large as those of Muscat of Alexandria, and as free-bearing as one of its parents — the well-known Madresfield Court Muscat. G. Wythcs. IRISH POTATOS.— It is nearly fifty years since, when in my first situation with John Manifold, Esq., BathkoUidar, Dunoon, N.B., we had 5 hogs- heads of seed Potatos from Ballymote, Ireland. The varieties were distinctly diflerent in their appearance. Their names were— English Flats, Black Benifits, Cherry Reds, and the Apple Potato ; and they were all first-class eating sorts, and, being my own cook at the time, I boiled them in their jackets, and up to the present day I think there is no better way of cooking Potatos. Although it is nearly half a century ago, these Irish varieties are quite fresh in my recollection, being real " Murphys." These required careful attention in cooking, and when ready, they laughed all over. The first-named was a red-skinned llattiah variety, very mealy, and when well cooked, seemed always to part into a half from its dryness. The Black Benifits were a large round sort, the outside being the colour of a Black Hamburgh Grape, with a very pale inside, and quite as mealy as the others, although it required more watching in the boiling, or it at once melted into a pulp. The Cherry Red was a more evenly round Potato, and good eating, nearly resembling the smooth Scotch Reds of those days. The Apple Potato was a late one, and the outside was striped or flecked, with deep pink eyes, but I remember little about the quality of this variety, only it had to all appearance quite as strong a constitution as the others. They were all grown on newly-cleared land from the natural Oak copse, the ground being thoroughly drained and trenched, likewise well limed ; the manure employed when planting the crop was Peruvian guano, mixed with wood ashes saved from the burning of the scrub. Some of your other cor- respondents will be glad to learn if any of the above varieties are still to the fore. I would willingly send almost any distance for " English Flats," if they can be got, as I have never tasted a better flavoured tuber. I may state, that just before the surprise of the Potato disease had developed into a murrain, I had left BathkoUidar. J. Miller, llax-lcij Lodi/e. (Mr. Baylor Ilartland in a note received frcm him recently, blames us for cooking the (Quarries to test their qualities, and telling us that we ought to have planted them instead. He states that it is an early .June Potato (in Ireland ?), but keeps plump and excellent up to the present time of the year, and probably much longer. For good and long keeping, there were none better than Quarries, Black Mignon, and Red Apple. Ed.] RHODODENDRON.— I have to-day (February 16) cut several trusses of Rhododendron growing in the flower garden on the banks of an artificial lake. Some of the other trusses have more fully expanded flowers than the one enclosed. [The flower sent by our correspondent was one of K. Nobleanum. En.] This is rather remarkable, seeing that we have had a total of 205° of frost since the commencement of the winter. On Sunday morning the thermometer stood at 27° Fahr., and this morning at 20°, with a strong north-easterly wind. A. Bullen, Gardener, Wakehurst Place, Hay- ward's Heath. GARDENERS AND THEIR EMPLOYERS.— Referring to " Vagabond's " criticism of my remarks, p. 147, concerning the best men not being in the best places. I am willing to admit that "employers are not fools or too indulgent," especially where it is a question of profit and loss— that is, where produce IS grown to pay garden expenses— as imperfections are more obvious in a gardener when he is placed under such conditions than when he grows for home consumption only. But who will be bold enough to deny that many gardeners retain their situations through the indulgence of their employers, and not through their capacity. Personally, I knew a man who remained in an excellent place many years until the death of his employer. He was known by the latter to be unqualified for the post he was filling, and yet he was not discharged. This gentleman and his family were imbued with a missionary spirit, and thoroughly appreciated the same spirit in others. It so happened that their gardener was full of it, even to overflowing. He was constant in his attendance at all religious assemblies. He lifted up his voice in the choir, having a melodious bass voice ; he also displayed his' vocal abilities at the village concerts, was strong in the advocacy of total abstinence, and discoursed most eloquently on many subjects, and thus found favour in the eyes of his employers, and it is not wonderful that they spoke of him as such an earnest superior man, &c., and winked the other eye at garden deflciencies. May I ask you if a gentleman 18 always a fair judge of the merits of his gardener, when the majority of them know nothing about gardening, and could not contradict any excuse a gardener might make concerning failures, which were probably due to his negligence or ignorance ? Referring to your remarks on gentlemen leaving the selection of their gardeners to nurserymen, I maintain that they might do worse ; but I did not intend to convey the meaning that they should so do to the exclusion of all other means, and certainly not to banish applications to gardeners in responsible positions, or to curators of botanic gardens. I have more faith in our nurserymen than to believe that they would give the preference to those who had been good customers only, unless these customers were good practical gardeners, and fitted to fill the vacant place. W. E. G. Mr. MoNTGOiviERY Henderson, formerly gardener at Cole Orton Hall, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicester, died, at Ashby, on Sunday, February 14. Mr. Henderson was a Scotchman, having been born at the village of Swanston, near Edinburgh, in 1808. At the age of fourteen years he began his gardening career in one of the market gardens of that city, where he was initiated into the laborious part of the business. Subsequently, he spent two years at Messrs. James Dickson & Sons' nursery at Inver- leith ; and then he went to Salton Hall, and after- wards to Melville Castle, where he remained but a 248 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [FEBfiuAET 20, 1892. short time. In the autnmn of 1832, he was sent, by a former master, Mr. Dod, who was then gardener at Cliefden, in Buckinghamshire, to be gardener to Captain Foster, at Warmwell House, Dorchester. Leaving that place in 1831, he served as foreman under Mr. Niel Wilson, at Gopsall Hall, Leicester- shire. In 1838, having left Gopsall, he obtained employment in the nursery of Mr. Joseph Knight, of Chelsea, whence he was sent to be gardener to Sir George H. Beaumont, Cole Orton Hall. Mr. Henderson was famous as a Grape grower, and at p. 719 of the Gardeners' Chronicle for December 5, 1874, is to be found, besides an account of his life, of which the above is mainly an extract, a description of the methods he adopted with the Vines at Cole Orton. The deceased had lived retired at Ashby for the past ten years. Law Notes. LADY GARDENERS. A CASE, which created great interest in Derbyshire amongst gardeners, occupied the attention of the County Court at Derby for upwards of four hours on Tuesday. It was an action brought by Miss Elizabeth Paterson Campbell against the Misses Grace and Elizabeth Harriman to recover £30 for breach of a contract to instruct the plaintiff in all matters appertaining to an industry carried on at The Grange Gardens, Sawley, called " The Ladies' Fruit and Salad Garden Association," and to provide employment and a home, with sufficient food and drink. Mr. Noble, on behalf of the Plaintiff, said the action was founded on a verbal agreement made between the parties on the 17th of April, 1889. That agreement was in efiVctthat the plaintiff should go to a piece of land owned by the defendants at Sawley for a period of twelve months, and that she should be instructed there in gardening, and in return should give her services, and also be supplied with board and lodging. There was a very voluminous corre- spondence. He proceeded to read extracts from letters which made it appear that the plaintiffs formerly resided at Harrow. They had written for the Strand and other magazines, with the object of drawing the attention of ladies to a scheme which they desired to float. That scheme was that the piece of land mentioned at Sawley should be changed from turf or grass land to garden land, and that the ladies joining in cultivating it should join in the receipts from the produce. Eventually, on February 25, the parties met, and three courses were suggested to carry out the scheme of the Misses Harriman, which were — (1) that the defendant should give six ladies a ninety-nine years' lease of the ground, and that these should contribute £100 each, and that the house and grounds should at once become their own and that it should at some future time be converted into a company ; (2) that the Misses Harriman should take the entire risk, and maintain the ladies, teaching them gardening, for the payment of a fixed sum ; and (3; that Miss Campbell might board for thirteen weeks at a guinea per week, giving such services as she felt inclined to do. Miss Campbell made an agreement on the second of the courses proposed, paying £20 for the course of instruction. Mr. Noble went through the correspondence, which was of an interesting, if somewhat amusing, nature. It chiefly related to instructions sent by Miss Harri- man to her " dear lady gardeners " regarding the growing of Potatos, Radishes, Tomatos, &c., the time when they ought to be got ready for market, &c. One letter caused some merriment in Court, which was in reply to a letter to the Lady Gardeners at Sawley, from Miss Harriman, tel- ling them that they must not expect men of spotless character to dig for Potatos. In consequence of some delay in some hampers of Potatos being sent to market, and a loss of £80 on a crop of Radishes, being pulled too late, the relations between the industrious Miss Harriman and the Lady Gardeners became strained, and Miss Harriman was not residing at Sawley, but wrote her instructions ; she went about the country selling the produce. Miss Campbell wrote a letter owing to a wrong inference she had drawn from a letter of Miss Harriman that she was not going to work from 4 o'clock in the morning with men of questionable character, when 4 o'clock in the afternoon was meant. The matter eventually reached a climax, and the defendant stopped the provisions being sent to the house, and showed the lady gardener out. Mr. Noble contended that the whole of the mischief and the misunderstanding had arisen through the absence of the defendants, which was contrary to the terms of agreement. They left all the responsibility on the lady gardeners and pupils. There was no personal supervision, and the dismissal was unjust. The Judge suggested that the case might be settled between the parties. It would be much better for both. Mr. Noble concurred, and Mr. Hextall also. He, how- ever, would like it to be stated that there was not the slightest imputation of incompetency against the defendants. Hemoreoverentirelyabsolved theMisses Harriman from all blame. They had acted with the highest and most bond fide motives. A consultation was held in the Judge's room, all imputations being withdrawn on both sides. The Weather. [By the term " accamulated temperature" is meant the aggregate amount, as well aa the daration, of dej^reea of temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period named; and this combined result is expressed in Day- degrees — a "Day-degree" sigoifying 1° continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] Bright is II Accumulated. i^ U sS S PS !■! 6 1 A 3 Is 1? Is I B. 1 "5 ■« ^ a =;.; 3 - 1° Is 1 In 11 2 a 5i! 1 i a" Diy- Day- Day- Day- I0th9 deg. deg. deg. deg. Inch. Ids. 0 4 + 20 10 + 3 + 41 5 — 36 8-4 10 12 1 6 + 29 11 ■(- 9 + 31 4 — 23 2-8 31 22 2 4 + 27 13 + 14 + 2,-i 2 — 20 1-6 43 23 3 4 + 25 15 +- 4 + 31 1 — 23 1-4 19 22 4 4 + 23 11 + 9 -1- 29 3 — 23 1-9 22 32 6 3 -1- 22 7 + 3 + 11 3 — 20 l-o 13 20 6 5 + 25 4 + 2 + 22 7 — 31 6-6 19 19 7 4 + 17 3 - t + 14 2 — 27 4-3 24 19 8 3 -1- 25 5 — 13 + 30 6 - 27 3-4 21 24 9 5 + 27 0 - 17 + 18 2 — 31 4-2 9 16 10 3 + 32 0 — 19 + £9 7 — 26 39 8 19 • 3 + 34 0 - 1 + 1 6 — 31 30 6 15 The districts indicated by number in the i^rst column are the following : — Principal Wheat-producing Districts— 0, Scotland. N. ; 1, Scotland. E.; 2, England, N.E. ; 3, England, E. ; 4, Midland Counties; 5, England, S. Princiaal Grazing, SfC, Districts— 6. Scotland, W. ; 7, England, N.W. ; 8, England, S.W. ; 9, Ireland, N. ; 10, Ireland, S. : » Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending February 13, is furnished from the Meteorological Office : — " The weather was unsettled, with slight rain, during the earlier part of the period, but subse- quently it became dry in nearly all parts of the kingdom. Much cloud, however, was experienced except in the north-east of Great Britain, and slight falls of rain continued in the extreme north-western districts. " The temperature was considerably above the mean, the excess ranging from 3° in 'England, S. and S.W ,' ' Ireland, S.,' and the ' Channel Islands,' to 6° in ' Scotland, W.,' and 'Ireland, N.,' and to 6° in Scotland, E.' The highest of the maxima were recorded, as a rule, either on the 7th or 11th, and varied from 57° in ' Scotland, E.,' and the ' Mid- land Counties,' to 52° in ' Scotland, N.,' and 51° in the ' Channel Islands.' The lowest of the minima were registered either on the 12ch or ISth, and ranged from 27° in 'England, E.,' and the ' Midland Counties,' and from between 29° and 33° in most other districts to 38° in 'Ireland, N.,' and 41° in the ' Channel Islands.' At the end of the week the temperature was decreasing very quickly. " The rainfall was less thanthemean in all districts, but the deficiency in ' Ireland, N.' was slight when compared with other districts. "The bright sunshine exceeded the mean in 'Eng- land, N.E.,' but showed a deficit in nearly all other dis- tricts. The percentage of possible duration ranged from 42 in' England, N.E.' and 31 in ' Scotland, E.' to 10 in ' Scotland; N.,' 8 or 9 over Ireland, and to only 6 in the ' Channel Islands.' " Markets. CO VENT GARDEN, February 18. Business remains steady. JaTties Webber, Wholesale Apple Market. Cut Flowers.— Avehase Wholesale Prices. s. d. s. d. Acacia or Mimosa, French, per bunch 15-20 Arums, per doz. bl.,.. 4 0-60 Azalea, p. doz. sprays 0 9-10 Camellias, white, doz. 2 0-30 — red, per. doz. ... 10-16 Carnations, 12 blms. 2 0-30 Chrysanthemums, 12 blooms ... 1 0 6 0 ■— 12 bunches ... 5 0-21 0 Eucharis, per dozen 4 0-60 Qirdsnia, per dozen 4 0-90 Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09 Lilac white (French) per bunch 5 0-60 Lilium Harriaii, doz. 6 0-lU 0 Lilyof the Valley, per doz. sprays ... 0 9-16 Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 4 0-90 Marguerites, per doz. bunches 3 0-40 Mignonette, per doz. bunches 16-02 Orcb Plants is Pots. s. d I. d. reissus, paper- rhite, Fr., p. bun. 2 6-40 Orchids :— Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 C-12 0 Odontoglossum cri3pum,12blm3. 3 0-60 Pelargoniums, scar- let, per 12 bun. 9 0-12 0 12 sprays ... 10-16 Poinsettia, 12 blooms 4 0-90 Primula,sing.,12bun. 4 0-60 "■.Oman Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 9-10 Roses, Tea. per dozen 10-30 — coloured, dozen 2 0-40 — yellow (Mare- chals).perdoz. 8 0-12 0 — red, perdozen... 16-20 Tubero es, 12 blms. 10-16 Tulips, p doz. blms. 1 I'- 2 0 Violets, Parme, per bunch 3 0-40 Czar, per bunch 16-20 English. 12bun. 16-20 D-BLOOM in variety. -Average Wholesale Prioes. s. d, s. d. s. d. s. d. Adiantums, per doz. 4 0-12 0 Ficus elastica, each 16-76 Arum, perdozen ...12 0-18 0 HyacinthsDutch doz. 6 0-99 Aspidistra, per doz. 18 0-63 0 Lilyof the Valley, pot 2 0-30 Azalea, per doz. ...36 0-60 0 Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 6 Begonias, per doz. ... 4 0-60 Primula sinensis, doz. 40-60 Cyclamens, per doz. 13 0-18 0 Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0 Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0 — specimens, eachlO 6-84 0 DracsBuas, each ... 10-60 Pelargoniums, Scar- Epiphyllums, p. doz. let, per doz. ...60-90 pots 9 0-18 0 Poinsettias, per doz. 12 0-18 0 Erica hyemalia, per Soman Hyacinth, p. dozen 12 0-18 0 doz. pots 9 0-12 0 Krica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 Solanums, per dozen 9 0-12 0 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90 Tulips, per doz. pots 80-90 Ferns, per 100 ... 8 0-15 0 Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices. s. d. a. d.\ s.d J. d. Apples, Canadian and I Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 40 0-... Nova Scotian, per Lemons, per case ...10 0-16 0 birrel 10 0-25 0 Pine-apples. St. Mi- Apples, J-sieve ... 10-40 chael, each ... 20-60 Grapes 19-36 Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices. s. d. s. d. I s.d s. d. Artichokes Globe, | Lettuces, per doz. ... 16-20 each 0 4-06, Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ... Beans, French, lb ... 16-20 Mustard and Cress, Beet, red, per dozen 2 0-30, punnet 0 4- ... Cirrots, per bunch... 0 4-06 Parsley, per bunch... 03-08 Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3- 0 6 I Seakale. p. basket ... 2 0-30 Celery, per bundle ... 1 0- 3 0 i Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ... Cucumbers, each ... 0 6-09 Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ... Endive, per dozen ... 2 0-30 Tomatos, per lb. ... 06-10 Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9- 1 0 Turnips, per bunch... 0 4-06 Potatos. Best floury samples, keeping colour, are still sought after, but only small lots are to hand. These realise 90s. to 100s. per ton. Ordinary samples sell from 80s. to 90s., and Blacklands flora h^s. to 60s.; Bruce, Abundance, and Main Crop, find favour with best buyers. J. B. Thomas. FBT7ITS AND VEGETABLES, Spitalfields. fe&. 16.— Quotations:— Seakale. 1.?. tola. 6rf. perpuuoet; Savoys, 2s. to 4s. ; Cauliflowers, 8s. to 125. per tally; Greens, Is. Qd. to 2s. Sd.; Turnips, Is. Qd. to 2s.; Carrots. 1*. 6d. to 2s. Qd.; Parsley, Is. Qd. to 2s. Gd. per dozen bunches; Spinach. Is. to Is. 6d. per bushel; Turnip-tops, 2s. to 3s. ; Sprouting Broccoli, 1*. 6rf. to 2s. per sack ; Parsnips, Ad. to 8d. per score ; Endive, Is. to Is. 6a!. ; Cabbage Lettuces, 3d. to 9d. ; Leeks, Is. Qd. to 2s. Qd. ; Beetroots, 3d. to 4d. per dozen; Mustard and Crtss, Is. Qd. to 2s. perdozen baskets; English Onions, Cs. Qd. to 7s. per cwt. ; Bordeaux do., 3s. 9d. to 4s. Qd. ; Spanish do., 6*. Qd. t^j 7s. per case; Belgian Febboaey 20, 1892.] THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE. 249 do., 4s. 9d. to OS. 3d. ; Dutch do., 4*. 9i. to 55. 3(f. per bag of 110 lb. ; Celery, Ad. to Is. ; Horse-radish, It. to Is. Id. per bundle ; English Apples, 2*. Qd. to 55. per bushel ; American do., S.^i. to 175. 6d. per barrel; Foreign Tomatoa, Is. to U. 9d. per box. Borough. Feb. 16.— Quotations ;— Savoys, 2s. 6(i. to 35.; Broccoli, 75. to IO5. per tally; Spinach. I5. 6d. to 25. 6d. per bushel; Brussels Sprouts, l5. to Is. Bd. per halt- sieve ; Greens, l5. 6rf. to 25. ; Turnips, l5. 6d. to Is. 9(i. ; Carrots, I5. 3d. to l5. 9d per dozen bunches ; English Onions, 65. to 7s. 6d. per cwt. ; Apples, 2s. 6d. to 6s. per bushel ; Canadian do., lis. to 215 , and Newtown Pippins, 15s. to 20s. per barrel. Stra-tforo: Feb. 17. — There ha^ be^n an excellent supply of all kinds of produce at this market during the past week and a brisk trade was done at the undermentioned quota- tions:— Savoys, 25. 6d. to 5s. per tally; Greens, Is. to Is. 9d, per sieve ; do., 2s. to 3s. per dozen bunches; Cauliflowers, 9d. t) Is. 6d. per dozen; do.. Ss. to 7s. per tally; Turnips, 30s. to 45s. per ton ; Carrots, household, 30s. to 45s. do., cattle-feeding, 10s. to 28s. do.; Parsnips, 6d. to Is. per score; Mangels. 16s. to 18s. per ton ; Swedes, 155. to 225. 6d, do.; Onions, English, lOOs. to 120s. do.; do., Dutch, 3s. 9d, to 4s. 9d. per bag ; do., Bordeaux, 3s. to 5s. per case ; Apple Euglish, 2s. 6d. to 6s. per bushel; do., American. 13s. to 21 per barrel ; Horseradish. Is. to Is. 6d. per bundle ; Celery, 9d. to Is. 6d. per roll; Brussels Sprouts, Is. to Is. 6d. per half sieve; do., 2s. to 2s. 6d. per s'eve ; Turnips, 2s. to 3s. per dozen bunches; Carrots. Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. do. Notices to Correspondents. Alteenanthera Cuttings : C. J. The trade do not sell cuttings as a rule. Why not advertise your wants ? Amaryllis : L. M. The red spots on the scales are accompanied by a minute yeast-fungus, often figured in these columns. Generally the bulb-mite ia also present, but we do not see them in your bulb. Calla Spoetikg : Vagabond. Every year specimens are sent to us which exhibit various deviations from the normal flower, and we may pretty safely infer that in most instances the departure may be traced to extraordinary vigour in the plants, caused by the manures now so commonly afforded to the plants. We have to-day received from a correspondent at Stony Stratford some Calla spatbes, in which the tip of the spathe in one instance is green streaked with white. At one time probably the spathe of Calla cethiopica was always green, like the foliage. Caenation : E. H. A. (Next week.) Dendeobium Hillii : G. S. It is a free flowering variety ; still ninety flowers on one growth is rare. Earth- woEMs in Palm- tubs: L. D. Clear lime- water employed, when water is needed by the plants, will bring the worms to the surface soon after applying it. The worms should be at once collected. Strong tea will do the same thing. And there is a kind of soap sold which attracts worms in a remarkable manner, and of which they are very fond. It is broken into small pieces, and strewn on the surface of the soil. Names of Plants: H. P. Boronia megastigma, belonging to the natural order Kutaceie, a native of south-west Australia. The plant requires greenhouse treatment, a little warmer indeed when making its growth ; and whilst quite young the same kind of soil as Ericas are found to do best in, although when it grows into half-specimen size, a little good loam, finely sifted, and in the proportion of one- eighth of the whole may be added to the peat. Failing good loam, charred earth may be used. In the summer months the plant may stand out-of-doors, plunged in a bed of gravel or coal-ashes, or be kept in a cold frame with the lights off, except during heavy rains ; in fact, young plants are best in frames. Propaga- tion by means of seeds or cuttings. The latter want much care. They may be struck in pots of sandy-peat, surfaced with the cleanest silver-sand, and should be made either of the half-ripened or the young shoots. Bottom-heat is not needfd, but the cutting-pots should be stood in the shade of the front wall of the greenhouse-pit, and the soil kept moist by pouring water round the edge of the pot between the rim and the bell-glass, which the cuttings must be covered with. The bell-glass must be wiped out every morning, and the cuttings aired for five or ten minutes. — C. W.D. Bignonia venusta. — W. Clihran. Begonia Digs- welliana. — M. C. 1, Arbutus Unedo; 2, A Unedo ; 3. A. Andrachne ; 4, A. Unedo ; 1, 2. and 4, are different varieties of A. Unedo, a species which varies a good deal, — J. M. B. 1, Doryop- teris palmata ; 2, Pteria serrulata ; 3, Selaginella involvens ; 4, Adiantum Pacotii ; 5, A. concin- num latum; 6, A. tenerum. — T, H. 1, Asple- nium bulbiferum ; 2, Davallia canariensis ; 3, next week. — E. M. Echeveria retusa. Salvia splen- dens, Nephrolepis pectinata, Pteris cretica albo- lineata ; put numbers next time. Naming New Species of Orchids : J. C. Mr. Rolfe, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, obliges us by naming the greater number of these, and is considered as the referee in such matters. As to varieties of garden origin, there are several experts competent to deal with them. Objectionable Building : S. W. The best thing that occurs to us is a trellis, strongly fixed by means of standards securely fastened to the /ace of the wall, which might be covered with rapid- growing Creepers, as Glycine sinensis, Virginian Creeper, Clematis Vitalba, Bignonia radicans, or the stronger-growing Ivies. Failing these, you could plant pyramidal Elm, Poplar, Oak, or Acacia, or rapid-growing Conifers or Red Cedar. Rotten Banana Root : T. S. The appearance of the piece to root sent, point to a water-logged border, and the consequent souring of the soil. It would be advisable to throw out the whole of the old soil, and re-arrange the drainage, filling the bed anew with fibrous loam, to which sand and charcoal may be added. Manure is best left out, and top-dressings and liquid manure afforded when aids to growth are actually needed. Seedling Gloxinias still Green : A. C. Grow them on, shifting them into slightly larger pots when the roots approach the sides of the pots they are now in. They should bloom after receiving one shift. Grow them in a temperature of 58° to G0° at night, with 10° to 15° rise, according to the state of the weather. Do not wet the foliage, but maintain a moist atmosphere in the pit. Keep them not far from the roof so as to promote stocki- ness, and do not crowd them together. Showing Plants at the Royal Hoeticultural Society Meetings : G. S. No fee ; but persons showing anything at the meetings usually make themselves in advance fellows of the Society. Write to the Secretary, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster. Vines: A. C. Last autumn was not favourable for the ripening of the canes, and unless greater atten- tion than usual was given to them, hard cutting back will be necessary. From great exuberance of growth, your Vines failed to show any bunches. Do not apply any more manure for a season or two ; keep the surface of the border friable and loose, so as to permit the entrance of sun-heat ; see that the outlets of the border drains are not stopped. Employ no mulching, unless the soil is very light, and then only a sprinkling of horse- droppings ; keep the laterals 1 foot apart on opposite sides nt the rods, which will give ample space for old Vines. Preserve the first foliage that appears in good health to the last. If the Vines are grown on the one or two rod system, let each lateral grow to four or five joints, and pinch out side-shoots from these, and stop the leaders of laterals at one joint each time a new one grows. Give each lateral shoot its own proper space, and have no crowding. Follow the ordinary treat- ment of the Vine under glass, and you may expect good crops. WooDLica IN THE Oechid-house : G. K. H. You can trap these marauders by the same methods that are pursued by Dahlia cultivators to entrap earwigs, i.e., by lightly stuffing some hay into 60-sized pots, and laying these about on their sides amongst the plants. The woodlice avoid the light, and during the day they will retreat into these nice snug pots of hay, and all that you have to do is to go round some time during the fore- noon, and empty the insects into a pailful of scalding water. Follow this method for several weeks, and you will have caught the most of them. Toads like woodlice, but then some persons do not like toads, at least not in the Orchid-house ; and so the pots are, perhaps, the better of the two. CoM.MUNICATIONS Kkceived — D.. Fevision der Arten j'on Trollius, by Dr. Ruth, shortly.— W. A. C— G. C. M.— J. O'B. —W. B. (next week) — D.— W. A. C— Pteris.— Thos. Wood- ford.—W. J. W.— Botanist. -Hogg & Wood.— J. J. W.— A. D.— K. A. K.— A. E.— H. E.-Vagabond.— T. H.— W. D. -C. H. B.— H. W. W.-A. P.— Expert.— E. J.— P. K.— E. M.— J. B.— J. M. B.— E. C— G. Southcott (next week). — F. C. (next week).— J.. D.— G. H. E.— H.— W. Corry. Photographs Received.— J. B. (with thanks). I HILL & SMITH, BBIEBIiET HILL, STAFFORDSHIRE, And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON. E.C NEW PATTERN TREE GUARD, "l%e Porcupine.''^ Tbe maximum of utility and the minimum of cost. Constructed of Strong Iron Up- rights and Galvanised Barbed Steel W ire. Price 10s. 6(1. \.A.mL-. TESTIMONIAL. The Whittern. Herefordshire. "Dec. 28, 1887. Dear Sirs,- I have now had an opportunity of trying your PORCITPINE Tbeb Guards, and they seem quite to answer my pur- pose, so you may send me 60 more as before. I en- close cheque for your account. Yours truly, RICHD. GREEN. Messrs. Hill & Smith. 'PHOS. W. ROBINSON, A. Dennis Park Ironworks, Stourbridge. EXPANSION TOINT HOT-WATKR PIPES. SOCKET HuT-WATER PIPES. Ilbistrated revised Price List on application, free. CONWAY G. WiRNE. Limited. CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories, Orchid-houses, Vinerieg, Greeohouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materialsand Workmanship guaranteed, at Mode- rate Prices. Inteodiog Purchasers waited upon by Hppo'ntment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPARATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Framet and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of Garden Requieitea. Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses, Tool-bousea, Pigeon Cotes, Do|j Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illu-strated CATALOGUE, post-free, for si i stamps. PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS. NORWICH. CARSON'S PAINT Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Qantry, and Clergy, for all kinds of OUTDOOK WOBE, OONSESVATOBTES, Oreenhouees, Frames, &c. 1 Cwt., and Oil Mlztore, Free to all Statlona. Liquid Non-Poisonoua Painte for Inside of ConserratOTiee, 8u, Priees. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free. Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. 16. VICTORIA STREET. WKSTMINSTBB, ilW. ; and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN,— £l»sn>un( for Cash, 250 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febbitaet 20, 1892. CHEERFUL WINTER EVENINGS. CAMPBELL'S BROAD REED MELODEOHS (Patent). GRAND NEW MODELS. MELODEONS lyiELODEONS MELODEONS MEIODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODIONS NO HOME SHOULD BE WITHOUT ONE. CAMPBELL'S world-famed MELODEONS have Organ and CeleatialToneandChanning Bell Accompaniments. TheSolemn Psalm, the Soul-stirring Hymn, the Cheerful Song, and the Merry Dance can all be played on these charming Instruments. No knowledge of Music is required by the player. (y GOOD NEWS! ^ CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle. OCR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "GEM" MELODEON. 6s. 6af. 6s. 6rf. With Two Sets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial Tone, sent carefully packed and carriage paid to any address in Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P. 0.0. for 6s. 6rf. Selling in thousands. CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle. OUR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "MINIATURE" MELODEON. lOs. WORTH DOUBLE. 10s. With Two Sets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial Tone, and the Charming Bell Accom.paniments, sent carefully packed and carriage paid to any address in Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P.O.O. for 10s. ._ ' NO DECEPTION HERE. lOU.OOO TEsTI.MONIALS. .J;l Important Testimonial from Professor Brown, the Champion Melodeon Placer of Great Britain, Ireland, and Wales:— •* Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the finest instruments that have ever come under my touch, and only require a trial to advertise t'lemselves." Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the only genuine Melodeons in the market. Beware of worthless imitations. N.B.— All lovers of music should at once send for our New Illustrated Privilege Price List for Season 1891-2, now ready. 100, 000 of those valuable lists sent out yearly. Seud U. stamp to CAMPBELL & CO., ''"''''maS™^'" 116, TRONGATE, GLASGOW. Established 50 Years. &AV^ YOUR FSUIT CHOP THE CHEAPEST MADE AXD THOROUGHLY STKONG. i feet wide. Is. lOct per foot run. 3 feet wide. 2s. 6rf. per foot run. Carrinae paid for On/ert oi'er £5. PRICE LISTS of Wall-tree Protectors. Glasshouses, Heating Apparatus, Sec, free. W. RICHARDSON & CO., Horticultural Builders axd Hot-water Engineers. DARLINGTON. BARB_WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WARRINGTON. GROMPTON & FAWKES, HOKTICULTUBAL BUtLDEBS, CHELMSFORD. BOOK of Photo-Lithographed Sketches of Winter Gardens. Ranges of Hothouses, Vineries, Architectu- ral Conservatories, &c., of various I s ^ns and Sizes, recently con- ru ted erected, fitted, and heated on. plete by us in different parts of tie ountry ; with particularsof the most successful Hotwater Heating Apparatus of the century. Potit-free on application. MESSENGER & CO.'S Kew CATAIiOGTTE of Greenhouses and Heating Apparatus, Just issued, will be found the most complete, practical, and reliable guide to all about to build, alter, or heat Greenhouses. Illustrations of every de.scription of Glasshouse, from the largest range of Winter Gardens to the simplest forms of Portable Greenhouses, Plant Protectors, and Garden Frames ; also of all the best kind of Boilers, Hot^water Pipes, and all appliances for heating. This Catalogue, possessing hundreds of illustrations of all the latest improvements in greenhouse building and heating, is on a scale never before attempted. It should be in tJie hands of every one interested in gardening, as it contains m.any practical hinta on the subjects of which it treats, the result of many years' experience. Prlc©, 28. pOSt-free. A large number of the illustrations are taken from greenhouses erected by us in various parts of the country ; an inspection ol this Catalogue shows, therefore, buildings the efficiency of which has been well tested by actual use. The advanta^s possessed by us enable us to carry out work with the utmost promptness, and in the very best style, at prices which defy competition. Surveys made, and gentlemen waited on in any part of the country. Plans and Estimates free on application. MESSENGER & COMPANY, LOUGHBOROUGH. London Office :— 163, Palinerston Buildings. Old Broad Street, E.C. R. HALLIDAY & CO., HOTHOXTSE BX7ILDEBS and HOT-WATER ENGINEEBS, ROYAL HORTICULTURAL WORKS, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER. vineries, Stovea, Greenhouses, Peach Houses, Forcing Houses, &c., oonstxncted on our improved plan, are the perfection of growing houses, and for practical utility, economy, and durability cannot be equaUed. We only do one class of work, and that the ¥EBT best. .. ...^ x ^^ ■ .. a i . Conservatories and Winter Gardens designed architecturally correct without the assistance of any one out of oni ftna, f rom the smallest to the largest. Hot- water Heating Apparatus, with really peUable Boilers, erected, and success guaranteed in aU oases. Melon Frames, Sashes, Hotbed Boxes, &o., always ic stock. , . ^ . PlarWt Estimates and Catalogues free. Customers waited on m any part of the Kingdom* Our Maxdm is and always has been — UODERATB CHARGES. FIRST-CIASS WQRg, 7SS SS87 SSATSBIALS. Fkbhuaht 20, 1892.] TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 251 ^W' 14xia I WKrti;) 20X15 ^ix^^tAf 20x14 24x18 21-OZ. and 18-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet and JOO feet super. English Glass, cut to buyers* sizes, at lowest prices, lieiiuflred free and sound in the country, in quantity. "BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY." GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Leap, Glas.s. Oil. and Colour Merchants. 34, St. John Street, West Smlthfleld, London, B.C. stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle. PIT LIGHTS. Beat quality and worimanahip, 2 iuches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft., iron bar across and very stroDg, 4s. each; free on rail io London. Cash or reference with order. CUCUMBER HOUSES. Timber sufficient to build 100 ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door. &c. Put on rail in liOndon. Low price. Send for detailed BpeclficatioD, to W. DUNCAN TUCKER, HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM. THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL. THE BEST FENCE NAIL INVENTED. This Nail renders any wooden fence perfectly unclimbable. It i3 a complete protection against trespassers and cats. In useatHurstParkand HuURacecourses, Lord's Cricket-ground, and hundreds of other places. A— Hammek Head. B~Chisel Edge. Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron:— 1|, 2, 2i, 3, 4, 5. andti-in..7-lb. Bag9,3s.6rf.; percwt.. 55s. Ij-in. Steel Nails, for thin palings. Is. per gross. MACHINE-CUT NAILS, for dowelling joinery, wood block flooring, &c., J, 1, & l^in., 9d. per gross. Sample boxes, assorted sizes, 6d. ; by post, 8d. DURRANS' PATENT NAJL SYNDICATE, Limited, 43 & 44, UppKR BAKE& Street. London. N.W. FREE GRANTS of LAND in MAN1T015A and other PARTS of CANADA.— The reports (illustrated) of the twelve British Tenant- Farmers who visited Canada iu 1890, and other pamphlets issued under the authority of the Imperial and Dominion Governments, containing maps and full information as to land regulations, bonuses granted to settlers, openings for capital, demand for labour, ratea of wage3, cost of living, and all other particulars, may be had post-free, on applying to the High Commissioner for Canada (Mr. J. G. COLMER, C.M.G., Secretary), 17, Victoria Street, London, S.W. : or, to Mr. JOHN DYKE, Canadian Government Agent, 15, Water Street, Liverpool. TO GARDENERS. — FOR SALE, good TOBACCO PAPER and CLOTH, price: 28 lb. at 8d., 56 lb. at 7d., and 112 lb. at Gd. per lb. Apply to — W. H. AND J. WOOD, Tobacco Manufacturers, Preston. "I herewith enclose Postal Order for Tobacco Paper re- ceived with thanks, and wish to aay I am much pleased with it; it is the best Tobacco Paper I can get anywhere. I have paid Is.ed per lb. for not near so good Stuff.— Yours faithfully, G. H. SMITH, The Gardens, Kent, Feb. 10. 1892. " SANKEYi^fanious Garden Pom ¥ B u \wd I Po tte r ie5>' :N Q tti ng ha m . -i^ Messrs. Dicksons, Limited, Chester, write :— ■■ The Flower Pots you have 60 largely supplied us with are light, stronff and well made, and iu every respect highly satisfactory." Mesers Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write :— " We beg to say that Pots,' they are nncII made, light, yet strong, and we like them better than any other w Mr. William Bull, 536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes :— " For nearly thirty years I have been using your Garden Pots,' and sliU find them the best and cheapest." Largest Manufacturers in the World. No Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £\0 Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free. RICHARDS'noted ORCHID and other SELECTED PEATS (§^*n^S?Sin^il), SOILS, MANURES, and every description of GARDEN SUNDRIES. G. H. RICHARDS, The Horticultural Stores, 1, Belvedere Crescent, Lambeth. London, S.E. Write for Samples and Price List. Post-free. Chief Peat Depot : Ringwood, Hants. EPPS'S«.--PEAT, For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS, Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton, or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse. Crystal, and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL. C.N. FIBRE REFUSF., fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC- TICIDES, andallotberGarden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter. The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD. HAHT8. ORCHID PEAT. PREPARED, ready for use, all fibre. 10s. per sack ; 6 for 47?. 6d. SELECTED, in blocks, very fibrous. 8s. per sack ; 6 for 37s. 6d. SECOND QUALITY, 5s. per sack ; 6 for a2s. ed. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas. Rhododendrons, and Ferns. 45. per sack, 5 for 18s. ; and 3s. per sack, 5 for 12s. Gd. PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM. each 2s. ei. per sack: 5 for 10s. PREPARED POTTING COMPOST, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s. Ail sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sanrple Sack. Special terms to the Trade. For Price List apply to THE FORESTER, Joyden Wood, near Bexley, Kent. GARDEN REQUISITES. COCOA-miT FIBRE REFUSE, id. per bushel; 100 for 2.5s. ; truck (loose, about 2 torn), 40s. ; 4-bushel bags, id. each. LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PBAT, 6«. ed. per sack j 5 sacks, 25s. ; sacks, 4rf. each. BLACK FIBROUS FEAT, Si. per sack, S saoks, 32l. ; sacks, id. each. COARSE SILVER SAITD, Is. 9(f . per bushel ; 15s. per half ton ; 2Gs. per ton, in 2-bushel bags. id. each. YELLOW FLBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF- MOULD. Is. per bushel. SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. 6d. per sack. MANirRES, QABDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBAOCO CLOTH. RUSSIA MATS, Sec. Write for Price LIST.— H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury Lane (lately called 17A. Coal Yard). W.C. GARDEN REQUISITES, as supplied to the Royal Gardens. — COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE. Is. 3d. per sack, 10 for 12s., 20 for 20s., 30 tor 28s.. sacks free ; 2-ton truck. 30s., free on rail near works. Fine ORCHID PEAT, 8s. 6d. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS do., 5s. per sack. 5 for 22s. 6^. BLACK do., 4s. 6d. per sack,.5 for 20s. FIBROUS LOAM, LEAF-MOULD, and PEAT-MOULD, each 3s. per sack. Coarse SILVER-SAND. Is. M. per bushel, 14s. i ton. 25s. per ton. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. SPHAGNUM, Ts. 6d. per sack ; all sacks and bags, 2d. each. RUSSIA MATS. 10s. M. to 19s. per dozen. RAFFIA, VIRGIN CORK. STAKES, &c. BONES. J-inch, lis. per cwt. Pure BONE- DUST, lis. 6d. TOBACCO-PAPER, Specialite, lOd. per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 26s. Price List, free. W. HERBERT and CO., Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwark Street, London. S.E. eOULTON & PAUL, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, NORWICH. WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES, GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. AND BOILERS GREENHOUSES IN ALL STYLES. GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. £5 14 4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. 8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. All Frames made of Selected Red Deal, painted three times and Lights glazed with 21 -oz. sheet glass. Carriage paid on all Orders of 40s. value. Of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates. VALVES, PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stock Estimates on Application THREE-QUARTER SPAN GARDEN FRAME. £3 14 No. 75. MELON AND CUCUMBER FRAME. Cash Psioes. Cabbiaoe Paid. 12 ft. by 6 ft. ... £4 3 0 16 ft. by 6 ft. ... 5 6 U CUCUMBER-FRAME LIGHTS. 6feet by 4 feet, painted and glazed 14s. Od. each. 6 feet by 4 feet, unpainted and unglazed ... 5s. 6d. ,, Catalogue of all our Manufactures, post-free on application. 252 THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE, [Febeuaby 20, 1892. MANURE (PEAT MOSS).— About 120 tons weekly. TENDERS WANTED for the whole or a portion of the above, put on G. E. Eailway. — Address G. E., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St„ Strand, W.C. INNES' FEKTILITAS. — THE VINE and PLANT FOOD.— Of all Nursery and Seedsmen, or direct. 15j. per ewt., carriage paid to all Stations. References and testimonials of the Sole Makers — W. INNES ANJ> CO.. Sunny Hill Vin«ry, Littleover, Derby. NATIVE GUANO.— Best and Cheapest Manure for Garden Use. Price£310s.perton,inbag8. Lots under 10 cwt., 45. per cwt. ; 1 cwt.. Sample bag, sent Carriage Paid to any Station in England, on receipt of P. O. for 5s. Extracts from 16th Annual Collection of Reports:— NATIVE GUANO. FOR POTATOS. VEGETABLES, &c. H. Brinkworth, Potato Grower, Beading, used for Potatos, Onions, and Carrots, results:-" Very good ; never had better crops." .1. Butler. Sittingbourne : — " Used for Potato, Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO. FOR FRUIT, ROSES, TOMATOS. &c. J. Peed & Sons, Streatbam, used for Fruit Trees and Rosep, results: — "Very satisfactory; we use no other Guano now; consider yours preferable to Peruvian." J. Finch, Orrell Gardens :— " Used for Vegetables, Tomatos, Grapes, Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most excellent for Potatos, and many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market." Orders to the Native GuanO Co., Ltd., 29. New Bridge Street, Blackfriars. London, where Pamphlet of Testimonials, &c., may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. HORTICULTURAL SUPPLY CO.— RELIANCE FERTILISER for Fruit, Flowers, Vege- tables, Lawns, &c. Scentless, and cleanly to use. A highly concentrated and entire Plant Food, carefully compounded. Prices. Tins, or Terms: Cash with order. 21b. 71b. U 28 .W 112 AU free on Kail, Bags in- Parcels, lb. lb. lb. lb. cluded. post-free. 1 s. d. s.d. S.d.LT. Others, who Fumigate Houses TO KILL '*FLY,» OR **THB.IP." You will shortly be ordering your Spring Supply of Fumigatiog Material. Why lay in a heavy stockof tobacco paper, uncertaiu in quality, often disappoiKting, and very unpleasant to use, when you can have a Safe, Reliable article, and one that is pleasant to use ? On which you can thoroughly depend. The manufacture is mproved THE FIRST OF ITS CLASS, AND STILL I M f^ H ordered without Twp oNTv IM /'Bfe ^"y ''^^ °* ""* lUt UrtliX LJ j! '» disnppointments ONE ^fca^a often attending fumiga- PBICES :- ""B materials. For houses with ( 1000 cubic ft., No. .3 Roll, 1/- each (. Post a capaciti/ of 1 2000 4 „ 1/9 ,, S Fret. The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up required quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. — The safest and most effective Liquid lusecticide for dipping or syringing. Prices, post free :— Pints, Is. lOd. ; quarts, 3s. 3d. ; half gallons. Ss. 9d. CLIBRAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.-A truly valuable remedy, has saved thousands of bulbs. Prices, post-free :— Half-pints, Is. »d. ; pints, 2s. 9d. ; quarts, 4s. 9d. ; half-gallons, 8s. Or from your Seedsman. CLIBRAN'S n°u^r"s?^Je\ ALTRINCHAM ; 10 & 12 Market Stbeet, Manchester; And Principality Nurseries, Deganwy, Llandudno. RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY, FOR ACCIDENTS OF ALL KINDS. 64, COENHILL, LONDON. W. D. MASSY, I ^ AGENTS WANTED for the SALE of NATIVE GUANO. The Best and Cheapest Manure for all Farm and Garden Crops. — The NATIVE GUANO COMPANY, LIMITED, 29, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London, E.G. WANTED, good AGENTS, to introduce the "STOTT" HORTICULTUKAL SPECIALTIES. Liberal Terms. Address — THE "STOTT" FERTILIZER and INSECTICIDE DIS- TRIBUTOR CO., Ltd., Barton House, Deansgate, Manchester. CIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 85. ; three for O 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; sii for Is. id. Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order, and in ^bout ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies, with OUpinal.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London. A R D E N REQUISITE S.— Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Rafha, Mats, Bamboo Canes. Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of — WATSON AND SCULL, 90, Lower Thames Street, London, E.C, ISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859 for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other blight, 3 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to supersede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. Qd, GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on wet ground. Boxes, Bd. and Is., from the Trade. Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE OOMPANT (Limited^). London. iavi-jiioiT'ikta BENTLEY'S-BENTLEY'S WEED DESTROYER Has paved the way for many imitators, but maintains its position of superiority, and acknowledges no equal. Has the largest sale, and the confidence of the leading gardeners. 3 gallons, 5s. 6d, ; 6 gallons, 10s. ; 13 gallons, 19^. ; 18 gallons, 27s. 6d. ; 40 gallons, 505. Carriage paid. Sole Inventor— JOSEPH BENTLEY, CHEMICAL WORKS, BABROW-ON-HTJMBEB, HTJXL. THE "STOH" SPECIALTIES For Destruction of Insect Pests. Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers. KILLMBIGHT, 2-oz. Sample posted free on application. Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, ManclieBter O"' RCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of WALKER AKP CO., Farnborough, Hants. PONKEYPOTTERIES,RUABOM.: FARMS, ESTATES, RESIDENCES. Any one desirous of Renting a Farm or Residence, or Purchasing an Estate, can have copies of the MIDLAND COUNTIES HERALD SUPPLIED FREE FOR SIX WEEKS, on stating the purpose for which the paper is required, forwarding Name and Address, and six halfpenny stamps for postage, addressed, " Mid- land Counties Herald Gifice, Birmingham." The Midland Counties Herald always contains large numbers of advertisements relating to Farms, Estates, and Residences for Sale and to be Let. ~- Belgian. BULLETIN d'ARBORICULTURE, de FLORICULTURE, et de CULTUKE MABAI- CH^^RE. A monthly horticultural work, with superb Coloured Plates and Illustrations. Published since 1865, by F. BuBTB- NIOH, F. PaTSAERT, E. Eodioas, and H. J. TAN HtnjiE, Professors at the Horticultural School of the Belgian Govern- ment at Ghent. Post-paid, 10s. per annum. H, ?. VAJWPtliE, Botanical Gi*rden», Ghent, Belgium. Fbbruabt 20, 1893.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 253 OAKDENINO APPOINTMENTS. Mr. H. R. Brow.v, as Head Gardener to A. li. Wki.ciI Thornton, Eb.|., lieautopairc Park, Basingstoke, Hants. Mr. F. t'ETTV B.1 Head Gardener to Lord Dumkaven, Adare Manor, co. Limerick. Mr. W. Owen, formerly Head Gardener to Mra. Melville, Ford Manor, Lingfieid, as Head Gardener to Sir WiLLIA.M Eden, Bart.. Windleston Hall, Ferry Hill, Durham. Mr. Charles Jefferie3, until recentlv the foreman at Woodlands Castle Gardens, Clonsilla, cb. Dublin, as liailitf and Gardener to the Hon. Mrs. LascelLes, Norley, Frod- shara, Chtshire. PARTNERSHIP. -An experienced Gardener with Capital wishes to join a good paying Nursery as WORKING PARTNER. Midland Counties preferred.— J. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C. lyrR. B. HOPE, Middleton Park Gardens, -'^ -*- Bicester, begs to THANK the numerous APPLICANTS (192), to his Advertisement in last week's Gardeners' Chronicle, and to say HE IS SUITED. TNSTRUCTOR in HORTICULTURE.— The JL Technical Instruction Committee of the St.iffordsbire County Council REQUIRE, during March and April, an ex- perienced G4RDENER to give practical instruction to cottage- gardeners and to lecture occasionally. Apply, stating terms per week, exclusive of railway fares, to the Director of Technical Instruction, County Offices, Stafford. ANTED, a HEAD WORKING all-round GARDENER, without family. Wife good DAIRY and POULTRY WOMAN, for a Nobleman's Country Place, expe- rienced good servants, and well acquainted with their duties, orderly, and methodical.— Apply by letter, with full par- ticulars, age, references, and combined wages required, to L. B., St. George's Club, Hanover Square, London, W. ANTED, a HEAD GARDENER, for Abbotsbury, near Weymouth, where Sub tropical Gar- dening has been practised for many years past. Required a good Propagator. Good wages given, with cottage and garden.- Write full particulars to J. E., Melbury Gardens, Dorchester. WANTED, a good practical and trustworthy FORE.VIAN, chiefly fjr Fruit and Plant-houses. Wages 18^. per week, bothy and vegetables. — Apply, stating »ge and experience, to W. WE.N'MlN, Hickleton Gardens, Doncastex. W' ANTED, IMMEJ)IATELY, an UNDER GARDENER, to attend to the Flues.- Live in the house. Has House-work till about 10 o'clock A m.— Mrs. EVERARD, Fulney House, Spalding. WANTED, a young MAN, for the Nursery, Inside and Out. Must be able to Bud, Graft, and Grow Vines, Tomatos, Cucumbers, and Plants for JIarket. State age, and wages expected. Also a strong LAD. to deliver goods, with knowledge of Garden work.— MANAGER, Cemetery Nurseries, Aldrington, West Brighton. WANTED, a young MAN who understands Growing for Market. Wages, 18s. per week. Re- ference as to ability required. — Apply, LEWIS and WILLIAMS, Ember Nursery, Thames Ditton, Surrey. W' ANTED, a young MA N, about 2.5.— Must thoroughly understand the working of a Horse Lawn- mower, and csn use Scythe, and make himself generally useful in the Gardens. Also a JOURNEYMAN for the Houses (not under 23), well up to his work ; Plants, Chrysanthemums, Tomatos, &c. Good character in every respect. — Apply, G. HARDING, Maindiff Court Gardens, Abergavenny. Seed Trade. WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, TWO or THREE smart ASSISTANTS, for the Counter and Order Departmeut. Permanencies, and good wages given tu men used to a pushing trade.— Apply by letter to AR.VIITAGE BROTHERS, Seed Merchants, Nottingham. ANTED, TWO young MEN, for the Houses, quick at Watering, Tying &c.— Permanent place. Wages 18s. — Apply, by letter only, to W. CLEMhNTS, Nurseryman, Church End, Finchley, WANTED, a STOKER, for Greenhouses.— Must thoroughly understand his work. Good references indispensable. — Apply, stating wages, to 35, Queen St., Cardiff. WANTED, a young MAN, as SECOND, in the Gl.ass Department. Wages 18s. to 22s., according to qualifications.— Apply, stating age, experience, and lowest wages, to STORBIE and STORRIE, Florists, Dundee, N.8. ANTED, a GROWER for Market.— General Nursery Work, including Tomatos.- WAL- SHAW AND SON, Scarborough. WANTED, a good practical SINGLE- HANDED GARDENER. State age, wages required, and full prirticulars.— HUKST AND SON, Burbage Nurseries, near Hinckley. ANTED, a strong willing YOUNG MAN, to Work in Garden and assist Cowman. Gentleman's place n='ar London. Rooms, fire, lights, milk and vegetables found ; wages l.^s. a week. Copies only of testimonials. — Address, H. D., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London. ANTED, a good GAllDENER, with thorough Knowledge of Vegetable and Flower Garden. — No Glass. Garden is about 3 acres. Assistance given. Slate wa?es and age, and tend copies of testimonials. — A. Q., Strett & Co., 30, CorchiU, E.C. WANTED, as GARDENER, a thoroughly experienced steady man (abstainer).— Must understand Vines, Conservatory, Lawns, and be willing to be generally useful. State age, references, and wages. Board and lodging provided.— Miss WHIT.MORE, Burgess Hill, Sussex. ANTED,^^ HEAD WORKING GAR- DENER. two others kept.— Must be well up in iirchids and all kinds of Stove Plants, Vines, Peaches, Cucumbers, Tomatos, and Melons, and Flower and Kitchen Garden. An abstainer preferred. Character must bear strictest investiga- tion.— Apply, first by letter, stating age and wages, and family, to E. JEX, Dukeries, Springfield, Chelmsford, Kssex. WANTED, a young, energetic, competent WORKING GARDENER, who really understands his business, and can manage Vines, Greenhouse, and ordinary Herbaceous and Florists' Flowers. Advertiser an enthusiastic Gardei er, so noduCfer tolerated.— Rev. H. EVERETT, Rectory, Dorchester, Dorset. ANTED, a good all-round WORKING FOREMAN and GROWER. Cut Flowers a specialty tor Wreath and other Florists' work. Also a PROPAGATOR. State age, if married, also wages and experience.— W. TROUGHTON, Nurseryman, Preston. WANTED, a PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Plants and Cut Flowers, in quantity. Must have good experience of the general Market require- ments —State age, wages, and references, to W. BALCHIN AND SONS, 87, Western Road, Brighton. ANTED, a PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Grapes, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Plants, Cut Flowers. &c. State experience, references, and wages to J. FERGUSO.V, Whitegate Lane Nursery, Blackpool. WANTED, a good general VVOKKIiNG GARDENER. Abstainer and Churchman. Married, without family. Wife desired who would take lodger.— Address A. B., Mr. Clark. High Street, Dorking. W 'ANTED, a thoroughly practical MAN, for Growing Cucumbers and Tomatos for Market, and to assist in Fruit and Vegetable Gardens. Abstainer pre- ferred.—State age, wages, references, and if married, to JAMES POSCON, jun., Market Gardener, Castle Doniogton. WANTED, a PROPAGATOR, well up in Rhododendrons, Clematis, Roses. Conifers, &c. Good character indispensable.— F. STREET, Heatherside Nurseries, Camberley, Surrey. WANTED, a thoroughly reliable married MAN of about 30, as MANAGER ia a Shop. Must have a fair knowledge of the Seed Trade, and a thorough knowledge of the Cut Flower and Plant Trade. Character and abilily must bear the strictest investigation.- MARSHALL BROS. AND CO., Barnham Junction, Bognor. WANTED, as STOKER, a good, steady man as above in a Nursery. Constant place. Married man preferred.— Apply to ARTHUR MATTHEWS, Nurseries, Wal- tham Cross. WANTED, a well-educated Youth, as an APPRENTICE to the Nursery and Seed Trade. Small premium required. Also an ASSISTANT for the Shop, with a knowledge of Trees and Plants —Apply, stating age, wages required, and experience to JAMES WRIGHT, Nurseryman and Seedsman, Leicester. w WANTED, at ONCE, MARRIED COUPLE. -Ages about 30, without family, to live in Lodge. Man for Pleasure Ground work ; wife attendance to gate, and assist in house when required. Wages. 16s. per week. State the full particulars to HEAD GARDENER, Tillingbourne Dorking. ANTED, a young MAN, used to Potting and General Market Work, Cut Flowers &c vriiges, 18s.— ROBT. GRAHAM, The Nurseries, Newmarket. WANT PLACES. TO GARDENERS, AND OTHERS SEEKING SITUATIONS. The Pressure upon our space at this season of the year is so great, we are compelled to state that advertisements received after 6 p.m. on Wednesday will, in all probability, be held over to the ne.rt week. Advertisers are cautioned against having letters addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all Letters so addressed are opened by the authorities and returned to the sender. BS. "WILLIAMS AND SON beg to intimate • that they have at present in their Nursery and upon their Register some excellent Men, competent either to fill the situation of HEAD GARDENER, BAILIFF, FOREMAN or JOURNEYMAN. Ladies and Gentlemen requiring any of the above will please send full particulars, when the best selections for the different capacities will be made. — Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper UoUoway, N. 'THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL A COMPANY (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nurseries, Garston, near Liverpool, wish to recommend to any Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com- petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindsay, who was Head Gardener for the last twelve years to the late Sir Tbomas Edwards Moss, Bart., of Olterspool, near Liverpool. — Full particularB oa application to the Company. To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agent STEWARDS. BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS. JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN, several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter. Enquiries should be made to U.i? and 238, High Holborn, W.O. Head Gardeners. JOHN LAING AND SONS can at present recommend with every confidence several energetic and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character. Ladiesand Gentlemen in wantof GARDENERS and BAILIFFS, and HEAD GARDENERS for firstrrate Establishments or Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, London, S.E. SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDBNEB3. Gardeners, Farm-BaUlffs, Foresters, &c. "PJICKSONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester JU' (Limited) . me always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address-" DICKSONS, CHESTER." ICH ARD SMITH and CO. beg to announce that they are constantly receiving applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman witk particulars, &c.— St. John's Nurseries. Worcester. A S BUYER for the TRAlDE~(Cut Flowers). — -iTi-^Advertiser, having had long experience in the above, DESIRES a few more CO.VIMISSIONS daily from lady florists and others unable to attend Covent Garden Market. Good references.— Apply for particulars to L, WIGGINS, Floral Depat, High Road, Clapton, N.E. ARDENER ( Head), in a large establish- ment ; age 44, widower, two children, youngest 9 years. — E. S. Wiles, who has had charge of the Bdgcote Gardens for the last thirteen years, will be disengaged on March 25, and is open to re-engage to any Lady or Gentleman re- quiring a good all-round Gardener. Excellent characters from present and previous employers.- E. S. WILES, Edgcote, Banbury, Oxon. G J. ARDENER (Head), to any Lady or Gen- * tieman re;iuiring a thorough practical man in every branch of the profession. In and Out, Landscape, &c.— Age 44, married, one child; over twenty years Head, in good estab- lishments, seven and a half last place. Highest character from each employer. Would Manage Home Farm, if required.— WM. LEWIS, Hollingbourne, Maidstone. G^RITeIn E IMHbad); age S3.— J. E. McCleave, eight years Heal liardener to R. Heywood Jones, Esq., Badsworth Hall, Poiiiefract. is open to a re-cn- gagement i n a good establishment. Nineteen years' experience in all branches. Testimonials of thehighest order.— Catsclough, Winsford, Chesh-.re. GARDENER (Head).— Age 34. Thorough practical experience in all parts of garden work. First- class testimonials.— GARDENER, Mr. Joseph Handley Upper Hackney, near Matlock, Derbyshire. GARDENER (Head).— Age 50, married, no family ; practical Grape Grower, and all kinds of Fruit Growing. Kitchen and Flower Gardening, Pleasure-Grounds. &c.— SMITH, Gardener, Roydon, Essex. GARDENER"(IIead) ;■ age 33, married, two children.— A Gentleman wishes to recommend his Head Gardener as above, l^nderstands the routine of a good estab- lishment. Excellent personal character. Good reasons for leaving.— E. PAINE, Mr. Somers, Chemist, Mortlake, S.W. ARDENER (Head), where two are kept: age 27.— J. Ander.son, Gardener, Charman Dean, Broadwater, Worthing, wishes to recommend his FOREMAN* James Skinner, to any Lady or Gentleman, requiring a good practical man ; twelve years' experience. GARDENER (Head) ; age 35.-R. Bullen, Esq , Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasgow Scotland, would be pleased to recommend his Foreman' W. Davies, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a thorough practical Gardener. Has had twenty-one years' experience m some of the largest and best establishments in England and Scotland ; is thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a first-class establishment. He has been employed as Fore- man at Blenheim Palace Gardens, Burghley Park, and other noted Gardens.- Apply as above, or to W. DAVIES, Shobdon Post Office, Herefordshire. GA RDENER (Head).— Mr. Ward, Gardener to the Right Hon. Lady Emily Foley, Stoke Edith Gardens, Hereford, would be pleased to recommend his Fore- man, John Wild, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a first-class practical man. He has had fourteen years' experience in all branches of the profession, has live 1 in first-class establishments, and can be well recommended by previous employer. i**^ —Any one giving Advertiser information c*m>'J, leading to a situation as HEAD GARDENER, where three or four are kept, will receive the above sum. Good experience in all branches. Highest references. Last place Head of four. Age 30, single.— F., Mrs. Parsons, Pampisford Cambs. ARDENER (Head), where three or four are kept.— Age 30, single ; sixteen years' experience in all branches. Good references.— A. G., Basing Park Gardens Alton, Hants. ' GARDENER (Head),— Age 42 ; married, no family. Lite eiperieme in all branches. I'ourteen years as Head. Land and Stock if desired.— F. W. 37 Bridea Street, Witney, OiOD. i." og" 254 THE GA RDENER S' GEU ON I CLE. [Februaet 20, 1892. GARDENER (Head), where three or more are kept.— Age 45, married, no family. Thoroughly experienced with Vines, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Garden, and all kinds of Fruit. Five years in last situation ; fourteen previous.— C. R. SAYER, Eramley, Guildford. GARDENER (Head).— Jas. Brown, Gar- dener to R. Brooman White, Esq., Arddarroch, Gareloch- head, N.P.. will be pleased to recommend his Foreman as above. Fifteen years' experience in all branches, including Orchids. Two and a half years in above Gardens, previously as Foreman at Coolhurst, Horsham ; Sunderland Hall, Selkirk, and other well-known places. A thoroughly efficient, reliable man. — For further particulars apply as above. r\ ARDENER (Head).— Age 34; married, no vTT family. Has a thorough practical knowledge in the Cultivation of all varieties o£ Plants, Fruit, and Vegetables, together with the requirements and Management of a well-kept Establishment. Five years' good character a^ Head Gar- dener, and is strongly recommended by Mr. J. Willard, Head Gardener, Holly Lodge, Highgate, N., where he was pre- viously employed, and who will answer any enquiries. Please reply as above. /GARDENER (Head).- Age 44, married ; no \Ia family; thoroughly experienced in Nobleman's and Gentlemen's Gardens, Fifteen years in last situation. Highly recommended.— S, L., Shipborne, Tonbridge, Kent. GARDENER (Head), where three or four are kept. — Age 30, married, two in family. Abstainer. Well up in Stove and Greenhouse Plant-s, Peaches, Vines, Cucumbers, and Melons, also Early and Late Forcing. Four and a half years' character from present situation. — WM. JONES, The Gardens, Maiden Newton, Dorset. r^ ARDENER (Head where two or three are v!X kept, or good SiNaLE-HANDED )— Age 25, married. Ten years' experience in large establishments. Good refer- ences. Abstainer.— G. M., 13, Clifton Terrace, Ashville Road, Leytonstone, Essex. GARDENER (Head), in good establishment. — Married, no family. Abstainer. Life experience in Early and Late Forcing all kinds of Fruits, Flowers. Vege- tables, Mushrooms, also Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Pleasure Grounds, Eight years' character from present employer and sixteen years' previous references. — J. D., Normmsfield Lodge, Hampton Wick, Middlesex. GARDENER (Head).— Mr. Clarke, Head Gardener to the Earl of Lonsdale, Lowther Castle, Penrith, can with every confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thorough practical man, experienced in all branches. GARDENER (Head Working).— A young Man (married when suited), of good experience, desires to engage with auy Lady or Gentleman re'iuiring a good all- round Gardener. References on application.— S S. DaVISON, The Gardens. Dissingtou Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. ARDENER (Head Working).— Abstainer. Excellent references to large establishments as Fore- man. Three years in present situation. Leaving for no fault. — E. E., Casino House, Heme Hill, Surrey. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or more are kept.— Age 35, married, one child; life experience in all branches, Land and Stock. Good character. —GARDENER, East Ashling. Chichester, Sussex. GARDENER (Head Working, or good SiNGLE-HANiiED).— Age 30, married ; life experience. Excellent character and testimonials.— GARDENER, Glad- man's Villa, Bath Road, near Hounslow. GARDENER (Head Working) .— F. Cornish, The Gardens, Jpldwynds, near Dorking, wishes to recommend hisForeman, James Pullen. Thoroughly practical in all branches, including Orchids, Hardy Alpines, and Herbaceous Plants. Excellent character, ARDENER (Head Working), where three or more are kept. — Age 27, married when suited. Three years in similar position. Well experienced in all kinds of Fruit Forcing, Stove and Greenhouse plants, Flower and Kitchen garden. Good testimonials from large establish- ments.—W. DA VIES. Camp Lane, King's Norton, Birmirgham. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 28 j twelve years' experience in good establishments. Present place as Foreman. Character will bear investigation. — F. CHAMBERLAIN, Marbury Hall Gardens, Northwioh. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32, married.— Messrs. Wills & Segar, The Royal Exotic Nursery, South Kensington, S.W., can recommend with every confidence C. Taylor, to any Lady, Nobleman, or Gentleman requiring the services of a thoroughly experienced man, where a large demand of fruit, flowers, and vegetables are required, including House and Table decorations. ARDENER^ 7He7d Working, or good SiNtiLE-HANDED). -Thoroughly experienced in all branches. Wife good Laundress. Good character and testi- monials.—GARDENER, 2h, Riiigslade Road, Wood Green, N. GARDENER (Head Working).- Age 29; has a thorough knowledge of the profession in all ita branches, including Early and Late Forcing. Abstainer. Ex- cellent testimonials and character.- B. G., The Gardens, Coles Park, Buntingford, Herts. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32, two children ; thoroughly experienced in the cultivation of Plants. Grapes, Peaches. Melons, Vegetables, &c. Excel- lent testimonials for trustworUiiness, ability, &c.— FIELD, 9, West Grove Villas, Walton-on-Thames. GARDENER (Head Working), where Surplus produce is Disposed of. — Age 40, three children, youngest 10. Brought up to the profetsion. Thoroughly experienced in Growing Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, Inside and Out. Five years' character from present employer. — T. E., Redlands Gardens, Emsworth, Hants. p ARDEiS^ER (Head Working).— Age 28 ; Vj fourteen years' experience. Two -years Foreman in present situation. Good references from present and previous employers.— J. SIMPSON, Marton Hall, Marton. R.S.O., Yorks. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 40, married, two boys (9 years and 7); thoroughly under- stands all branches ; Land and Stock, if required. Good character and references. — W. T., Stationer, Market Street, Mayfair, W. ARDENER (Head Working).— Trust- worthy and thoroughly practical in all departments, including decorating and laying out ; single; abstainer; high tesrimoniuls; home counties preferred. — J. H.. 60, Gordon Place, Kensington, W, ARDENER (Head Wobking), where another or more are kept. — Age S9, married, no family ; twelve years' experience in Vines, Flowers, Fruit, Flower and Kitchen Gardening. Excellent characters,— J. WHIIING, 21, Guildford Street, Hereto- d. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30, married; thoroughly experienced in the cultivation of Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Forcing, Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardens, and the requirements of a good establish- ment. Sixteen years' practical experience. Excellent testi- monials. Death cause of leaving.— A. CORDING, Shales, Bitterne, Southampton. ARDENEli (Head, or otherwise),— Age 43 ; married, no family. Experienced in Orchids, Stove, and Greenhouse. References.— J. J., Westley, N' wmarket. GARDENER (Head or good Single- handed). — Age 26. Single ; ten'years' experience inside and out. Orchids, Fruit, &c. Abstainer. Good characters. — D., Mr. Bridges, Carville Hall Gardens, Brentford. GARDENER (Single-handed, or with help). — Middle age, 1 girl (age 13) ; good cbara;ter. Seven- teen years' previous as Head. Would not object to charge of Cows or Stock.— \V. GREEN, 51, Woodscoce Place, West Norwood, Surrey. GARDENER (Single-handed), or where one is kept. — Age 2S, single; good character. — C. ELMS, 70. South VVallington, Fareham, Hants. ARDENER (Single - Handed) or where help is given; single; ten years' practical experience inside and out. First class testimonials from last and previous places; abitaioer. — H. A., The Lodge, Boyle Farm, Thames Ditton. Surrey. GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 2-5, Single. Ten years' experience. Good references. — JOSEPH TRUNDELL, Distillery House Gardens, Wandsworth, Surrey. GARDENER (good Single-handed). — Age 24, single ; eight years' experience in all branches. Good references.— H. GLADDEN, Scio House, Putney Heath, London, S.W. GARDENER (good Single-handed). — Age 25; married, no family. A Lady wishes to h'ghly recommend the above. Ten years' experience. — GABDE^ER, The Grove, Hertford. G" ' ARDENER (SiNGLE-HAND'EDy.— Age" ■22 ; life experience in all branches; well recommended by present and previous employers. — A. S., 17, Nightingale Lane, Baiham. S.W. GARDENER (Single-handed, or Second). Age 24, single; abstainer. Understands Growing under Glass. Inside and Out. Good reference and experience. — W. HAYES, 4. Ingleton Street, Brixton. S.W. GARDENER.^- Age 45, married ; good all round. Nineteen years' experience as Head. Good references. — W. P., The Gardens, Freuchay Paik, near Bristol. ARDENER (Second), Inside, or Inside and Out. where four or five are kept; age 25.— F. Hamblin, Gardener, Harewoods, Blet'-hingley, Surrey, will be pleased to recommend J. TREADWELL as above, who has been with him three years. GARDENER (Second), under a good working Gardener, where three or more are kept. Age2J. — A. HEWITT. The Gardens, Woolton House, Woodhay, near Newbury, Hants. GARDENER (Second) ; age 23 ; ten years' experience in early and late forcing, and Greenhouse Work in general ; good characters ; disengaged February 26. — H. NAPIER, The Gardens, Babworth Hall. Retford. GARDENER (Second), where four or five are kept. — Age 22. Seven years' experience. In&ide and Out. Good character,— F. UPTON, 28, Prospect Road, Child's Hill. N.W. GARDENER (good Second) ; age 25, single. — C. WiNGROVE. The Gardens, Firfield. Addlestane, Surrey, can thornughly recommend a good all-round man as above. Well up in Plants, Forcing Grapes, Fruits, &c. Seven and two and a half years' references. GARDENER (Second), where three or four are kept. — Age 24, single ; experienced Inside and Out. Good reference. — W. "TURNER, Burntwood Lane, Upper Caterham, Surrey, GARDENER (Second), in a good private establishment, where several are kept. — Age 27 ; life experience. Good references. Abstainer, Bothy preferred. — G. BLAKE, The Gardens. Boreham House, Chelmsford. GARDENER (good Second or Single- handed, where help is given). Experienced inside and out. Age 31, married, one child, age -4. Highest reference. — GARDENER, Upton Grove. Siouah. Backs. /TJ^ARDENER (Second), under a good *-^ Gardener. — Age 25; two years' good character from present situation.— R. GRIFFIN, The Gardens, Oaklands, Cosham, Hants, ARDENER (UNDER).--Age 24; Kitchen Garden and Lawn, and Assist in Houses, if required. Good character from present situation.- H. B., 4, Watts' Laue, Teddington. GARDENER (Under), Inside, or Inside and Out. — Age 21; eight years' experience. Good character. — H. MILES, Singleton. Chichester. ARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.— Richard Sharpe, Low Hill Gardens, Bushbury, Wol- verhampton, thoroughly recommends Harry Groves, who has lived under him. as a strong active young man. GARDENER (Under), or Third or Fourth in a good place.— Age 18; good knowledge of Inside and Outdoor work, with excellent character.-S. P., Hascombe, Godalming, Surrey. r2}.ARDENER (Undee), Inside and Out.— \^ Age 23; four years' good character from present situa- tion.—H. BARTON, 19, Queen Street, Crook's Place, Norwich. ARDENER (Undeb).— Three and three- quarters years' good character.— F. TURNER, Murstead, near Gravesend, Kent. GARDENER (Under), where two or three are kept.— Age 17 ; good character.— A. W., GieenHiU, Down, Farnborough, R.S.O., Kent. GARDENER (Under, or Sinole-handed). — Married. No fumiiy ; no objection one or two cows. Six years' character.— HAWKINS, Ro-xwell, nr. Chelmsford, Essex. (Disengaged now.) AKDBNER, inside or Oat. — Age 20. Seven years' previous knowledge of Ijoth. Two years' good character.— C. CARDAR, Water Laue, Purfleet, Essex. GARDENER (Kitchen).— Age 42; Single. Well understands Cows and Poultry ; steady, hot est, . and sober. 14 years' good reference. — A. £., Stroud Cottage, School Lane, Sunbury, Middlesex. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR (Assistant), Inside.— Age 21 ; good practical experience in Koses, Rhodcd-ndrong, Clematis and Coniferoe. J?'irst class references.— J. WATERS, Hollamby's Nurserie-i, Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells. To Nurserymen. PROPACIATOR or UKOWER.— Age 2:^. Well up in Stove and Greenhouse plants. Ferns, and Soft-wooded stuff, and Cut Flowers for Market. Eight years in leading Establishments, First-class references, — L. W. P., Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41. Wellington St.. Strand. W.C. To Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists. AlANAGER or FOREMAN.— Sixteen years' XtX practical experience in Growing Cucumbers, Tomatos, Grape Vines and Fruit under Glass; Fine-foliaged. Hard and Soft-wooded Plants, Cut Flowers for Market, and General Nursery Stock.— W. FERNIE, Strathallan, Auchterarder, Perthshire. ANAGER (Working).— Age 40, married"; life experience in Growing large quantities of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables for Sale. Thoroughly versed in Manajtement of Business. Five years in present position as Manager.— T. WILES, Redland's Nursery, Emsworth, Hants. A N A Ct E R, R R O P A U A T O R and GROWER of Roses. Clematis, Rhododendrons, Conifers, Hard and Softwooded stuff. Flowering and Bedding Plants, also Cut Flowers and the General stuff of first-class nursery. —0. MILLER, Heatherside Nurseries, Camberley, Surrey. ROPAGATOR (Soft--woodbd), and FERN GROWER, also Stove and other Market Stuff. Age 24. Nine years" experience ; good character. — F. S., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR.— Age 23; nine years' expe- rience in stove and soft-wooded stuff for market. Good references.— W. E., 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. ROPAGATOR and GROWER in a Market Nursery. — Age 25. Ten years' practical experience. Good references. — X., Mr. H. Day, High Street, Haslemere. FOREMAN. — Age 25 ; thirteen years in good Establishments. Good experience in Orchids, Stove au-i Greenhouse Plants ; also Fruita. Abstainer. — W. D.,3, Hurst- hamore Terrace, Bexley, Kent. FOREMAN (Inside, or General).— Age 28 ; thirteen years' experience. Good Grower of Plants, Fruits, and OrcMds; House and Table Decorations. Two years Foreman in Nobleman's place. Abstainer. — FOREMAN, 28, Cadogan Street, Cadogan Square, Chelsea, S.W. To Nurserymen, FOREMAN, of Parcel Post Department, or charge of Nursery. — Age 27. single. Well up in various branches.— T. R., Mr. S.Rogers, Nurseryman, Whittlesea, near Peterboro, Febeuaey 20, 1892.] TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 255 To Florists. FOREMAN and I'UOl'AGATOR.— Age 30, married. London and Provincial experience. Good references.— Y. Z,, 161, London Road. East Grinstead. Sussex. OREMAN, or JOURNEYMAN (First), in a good establishment.— A ge 24 ; eight years' practii'al experience. Good character from present and previous em- ployers.—A. G.. Dunkirk, Faversham, Kent. OREMAN, or PROPAGATOR and GUOWEB.— Age 26; twelve years' experience in all branches. Wreaths, Bouquets. &c. Book-keeping, Good — G. P., 2!, Kingsbury Road, Brighton. To Florists. f ''OREMAN, in a good retail nursery. — Prac- tical and experienced ; six years' character. — H., Spring Cottage. Wickham Bishops, Withara, Essex. FOREMAN (Inside, or General in good establishment), age 27.— Mr, GRAY can. with every con- dence, recommend his Foreman, W. Daffurn, .13 above. Twelve years good practical experience. — Bodorgan Gardens, B.S.O., Anglesey, N. Wales. FOREMAN, age 2.5, good Plant and Fruit Grower, aLo Decorator. Ten years' first-class experi- ence. Good character and testimonials.— YOUDfiN, Writtle, Chelmsford. FOREMAN, in a good establishment. — Age 27 ; twelve years' experience in all branches. Nearly two years in present place as Foreman. Good references from pre- sent and previous employers.— C. W., The Gardens, Brook- lands, Weybridge, Surrey. T?OREMAN, or GROWER.— Age 27; ten J- years' experience in Tomato3, Plants, Forcing, Wreaths, &c. Good references.— A. Gr., 3, Addison Terrace, Chiswick Road, Chiswick. W. FOREMAN, iathe Houses.— Age 26; seven years' experience ; four years in present place as Second. Good character.— C. CLAKKE, BarreU's Park, Heuley-iu- Arden, FOREMAN, in the Houses, in a good Estab- tablishment, age 25; two years as Foreman at Catton Park. Can be well recommended,— T. NOTLEY, Stoke Holy Cross. Norwich. FOREMAN (Landscape). — Alfd. Wilsheb, Superintendent, Whitworth Park, Manchester, can with confidence recommend his Foreman, John Reece, age 30, as a thoroughly Practical and Reliable Man ; leaving through com- pletion of work.— J. REECE, Whitworth Park. Mancliester. FOREMAN, in the Houses, or Inside and Out. — Age 26. Thirteen years' experience i>\ largi Gardens. Excellent testimonials. Bothy preferred. — A. NICHOLSON. 3, SudleyRoad. Aigburth, Liverpool. FOREMAN. — Age 26; eleven years' experi- ence in all branches. Good references.— W. DODWELL, Babraham Hall, Cambridpe. FOREMAN (Inside, or General).— J. Batlev will bi pleased to recommend James Mar- wood as above. Eleven years' experience. Three years' in present place. — The Gardens, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley. OREMAN, or PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Accustomed to Soft-wooded Stuff, Palms, Ferns, Cucumbers, Tomatos, and Cut Flowers, Gardenias, Eucharis. &c. Seven years' Foreman in good Marltet Nursery. Southern Counties preferred— A. FLOYD, 5a, Mallet Road, Hither Green. Lewishani. S.E. To Nurserymen and Market Growers. FOREMAN or MANAGER.— Age 30, mar- ried ; thoroughly practical ; well up in all branches of the profession. Excellent character fiom present and jtrevious employer.- H0RTUS.61. Cojjer Cope Road. Beckenham, Kent. FOREMAN. -Age 23; well up in Fruit, Stove and Greenhouse work. Two years' good references as Foreman.— C, Mrs. Gould. Fernhill Heath, Worcester. FOREMAN.— Age 24. Mr. Dilly, Gardener, Endcli£fe Hall. Sheffield, will be pleased to recommend R, Mason as above. Nine years' experience in good establi&h- roents. Rothy preferred. FOREMAN. — Age 35 ; married ; thoroughly experienced in growing large quantities of Grapes, To- matos. Melons, Cucumbers, Strawberries, Beans, Arums, Chrysanthemums, ike. Seven years' excellent character as Foreman in a large market place.— E. C, 32, Market Street, Worthing, Sussex. FOREMAN, in the Houses.— Age 28; two years in present place as First Journeyman and De- ciratOT. Abstainer.— Mr. Metoalfe, Swinton Park Gardens, M-isham, Yorkshire, will have great pleasure in recommending Geo. Beech, a most respectable, painstaking, and industrious young man. Six veurs in previous sittiafeion. OURNKYMAN, Outside, or Inside and Out. — Age 21 ; over four years' experience. Good character. Total abstainer.— .T.. .■)8. North Cross Road. East Duhvich, S.E. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, under a Foreman, or Inside and Out. — Age 20; six years' expe- rience. Well recommended.— G. DOWNES, The Gardens, Burkham House, Alton, Hants. OURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20; seven years' experience. Inside. Good character. Bothy preferred.— F. CHALKT.F.Y, The Gardens, Wool Hall Park, Hertford, JOURNEYMAN (First or Second), in the Houses.— Age 22. Eight years' experience. Cau be well recommended.— W.B., 9, Hampton Street, Walworth Road, S.E. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Age U) ; seven years' experience; good character. — H. WAKREN, ■•) Plaotation Cottage. Hextable, Kent. J" 13URNEYMAN (SEl:oNDyiiis]de^or Out, in a good establishment. — Age 19: four years experience. Can be well recommended.— A. HINCHLIFFE, The Gardens, St. Vincent's, Grantham. J^OTRNEYMAN, or IMPROVER, in good Establishment, — Age 19; five and a half years in present situation. Can have good character from present Gardener. —J. SHEPPARD, Sotterley, Wangford, Suffolk. JOURNEYMAN (Inside, under a Foreman) ; age 20.— J. Trigger, Milton Gardens. Peterborough, can highly recommend John Samworlli, who has been under him four years. Bothy preferred. JOURNEYMAN (Second), in the Houses, t) under a good Foreman; age 19.— T. Amon, Head Gar- dener, Roeheath, Chailey, Lewes, can thoroughly recommend J. Parker to any Gardener requiring a steady willing young Jl3URNEYMAN~(FiEST or Second), unde^a Foreman, in good Gardens. — H. Gilliam, Gardener, North Cray Place, Foot's Cray, Kent, can highly recommend E. Morris (age 22), to any Gardener wanting a willing hand. JOURNEYMAN (FiRST),"^dera~Foreman.— Age 24; twelve years' experience Inside and Out with Fruit and Flowers.— F. SPILLARD, Eartham, Chichester, Sussex. JOURNEYMAN (Inside and Out).— Il^d gardener wishes to recommend a young man as above. Exceilentcharacter.- G. WOOLYAR.PalaceGardens.Beaulieu, Southampton. JOURNEYMAN (Second).— Age 22.— Mr. F. C. Je:' Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by « uii«ic iiLARTiH, at the Office. 41. WeUington Street. Pansh of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.-SiTUBDAT, Febrtiary £0, 1892. Agent lor Manchester-JomT HEywooiT. No. 270.— Vol. XI.{s^/J,«^^} SATUEDAT, FEBRUARY 27, 1892. Price 3d. Post-free, S^d. CONTENTS. Acreage of nursery ground:] Amateur's garden, the ... Pot-herb 1 and flavour- ings Apple crop Book3 Pflanzen Biologische SchilderuDgen The Book of Choce Ferns The Formal Garden in England Calceolarias, hardiness of herbaceous Celery, Tarieties of Ceylon Chrysanthemums, f o-eijb- ins KOSKS, including many of the leading aorta from one of the best known English growers ; 250 Standard Pyramid, and Dwarf-trained FRUIT TREES; 600 CONIu'EES, EVERGREENS, and LAURELS : a 'a^ge collection of BORDER PLANTS. LILIUMS, SPIKiEA, TUBEROSES. GLADIOLI, &c., &c. MB. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street^ Covent Garden. W.C. on WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY NEXT, March 2 and .=., at half-past 12 o'clock precisely. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Monday Next.-Hardy Plants and Bulbs. MESSRS. PROTHEROB and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms. 67 and «8. Cbeap- Bide, London, E.C., on MONDAY NEXT, February 29 at hal- mst U o'clock, many thousands of HARDY PERENNIALS, all being true to name; GLADIOLUS. Pearl TUBEROSES. NAR- CISSUS, a Collection of CARNATIONS, including a number of Continental varieties: HOLLYHOCKS, PYKETHRUMS. PHLOXES P.EONIES, BEGONIAS. CYPRIPEDIUMSPECTA- BILE. Imported LILIES, a fine Colleciion of Home-grown LILIES. BESSERAELEGANS.TROPJEOLUM TUBEROSUM. Choice Hardy BULBS. CACTUS, Pompon and Smgle DAHLIAS, Hardy ANEMONES, and a quantity of beautilul Hardy CLIMBERS, &c. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. ' TUESDAY NEXT. By order of Messrs. F. HOR'MAN & Co., Five Thousand OD ONTO GL OSS UM CRISP UM, ASD ITS Varieties. Collected by Mr. JOHN CARDER. (late partner in the Firm of Shuttleworth. Carder & Co.) MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Booms. 67 and 68. Cheapside. London. E.C., on TUESDAY NEXT, March 1, at half-past 12 o'clock, 5000 ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM. Mr. Caeder is a well-known Collector of this plant, and his name his been associated with the finest forms ever imported. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Wednesday Next.-Palms, Koscs, Ferns, &c. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORKIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Booms. 67 and 68, Ch»apside. London, B.C., on WEDNESDAY NEXT, March 2 at half-past 11 o'clock, 200 AZALEAS. GREEN- HOUSE FERNS, TEA ROSES in pots. PANCRATIUM ZEY- LANICUM, 48 AGAPANTHUS UMBELLATUS. choice GLOXINIAS, 600 Single BEGONIAS, Fearl TUBEROSES, 100 lots of LILIUMS in variety. GLADIOLI. CARNATIONS. DAFFODILS, HERACEOUS PHLOX, 26u Standard. Halt- standard, and Dwarf ROSES; a quantity of BOUQUET- WIRE, &c. , , On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. to show dried flower- t-er 30 {lowers. Another remark- :-seati 1 half I Friday, Next. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will include in their SALE on FRIDAY NEXT, March -l, Ihe following VALUABLE ORCHIDS. CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE MONTANUM. Splendid t'iece. full of life and vigour; and all collected in the region from whence came C. I. bauderte and many of the other notable forms. CYPRIPEDIUM GOLDEN YELLOW. A few plants of a simply magnificent golden-yellow and white Cvpripedium insigne. The plants are in fine order. CATTLEYA VICTORIA REGINA, The Queen Cattleya. A distinguished and splendid New Cattleya. A superb novelty, of the greatest merit. Free Gkowing, Free and Abundant Flcwerixg. The flowers are, individually. 5 inches across, and as many as ei^ht and nine are borne on a sp-ke. Sepals and petals are of a'^deep ro^y-red. glowing and glistening, blotched crimson and purple. The lip is crimson, with a white tube. CATTLEYA SPECIES. See Dried Flowers. CYPRIPEDIUM SPECIES. This may turn out to be simply a variety of Cypripedium Walli>ii but it comes from quite a different country. The exiraordinary flowers have petals nearly 2 feet long, and are pure satiny-white, excepting the lip, which is rose; in C. Walliaii it is white. DENDROBIUM DALHOUSEANUM, -In most wonderful masses, and grand order. DENDROBIUM NOBtLE. From a remote und unexplored district in the Shan Hills, DENDROBIUM SPECIES, from Looshai, Dwarf and tree- growing and free-flowering ; deep purple flowers. VANDA CCERULEA. Hill variety, a fite ImjMrtation, just received. COLLOGYNE OCELLATA MAXIMA, a fine Importation. Also a very fine lot of L.ELIA ELEGANS. among which will doubtless be found such varieties ai Turnerii, prasiata, &c , and a fine lot of L.ELIA PURPURATA, An Orchid Species from Looshai, also a grand lot of the lovely BUELINGTONIA PUBESCENS. EPIDENDEUM GODSEFFIANUM. CATASETUM3, &c. On view morning of sale, and Catalogues had. FRIDAY NEXT, MARCH 4. NEW ORCHIDS. GREAT SALE. NO RESERVE. EXTRAORDINARY NEW LADY'S SLIPPER. CYPRIPEDIUM CHAMBERLAINIANUM (Sander). grand new species. eveby plant becbived will be offered without any behkrve. A magnificent and beautiful new Cypripedium. which we have the privilege to offer; it is dedicated, by permission, to the Right Hon. J. Chamberlain. MP. An a'itogether unique and abMlutely new departure in every way from all known Cypripediums. In inflorescence, in habit, and in leaf, a perfectly marvellous novelty. Its leaves are in =ome instances 4 inches across ample, undulated, and oltea beautifully tesselated on the upper surface, reminding one slightly of Cypripedium Morganas. but much larger and hner. It is altogether a noble plant. This extraordinary Cypripedium produ".e3 flower-spikes up to 2 feet high, bearing all along it) stem its whUe, yellow, and purple blossoms, and w spikes \shich have produced able feature is, that the Hon inch from each other. . The upper part of the flower is yellow, with about sir rosy- purple line", divided by the midrib emerging from a profusion of rosy purple spots : these at the lower part are mu h denser than at the upper half of the dorsal tepal ; the whole is beau- tifully reticulated, and charmingly tr»nsparent towards the margins, densely covered on the outer surface with white hairs ; the upper half o! the dorsal sepal is clear and pure, without any spots or lines ; the lower dorsal sepal is similar in its markings only not so dense, and about half the size of the upper dorsal sepal, which, extraordinary enough, is as broad as It is long, being about 2 inches in diameter. The two petals are spreading, curled and twisted at the ends like a corkscrew, and spotted in the way of Cypripedium superbiens, the margins are charmingly undulated and bear a profusion of white hairs. They are spotted on both surfaces with blackish purple and chocolate spots and blotches, some purple lines also run along fiem ; they are of a lovely shining white and creamy yellow colour highly on ate, each ot them over two inches long, the slipper, shoe or pouch, sometimes called thelabellum. is also exceptionally beautiful, it is rose and white more inflated than Cypiipedium cardinale. and double its size, reminding one of a beautifully .-potted birds etg so exquisite is the fine blackish purple spotting over tw-o- thir'ds of its lower part ; the upper part and side-lobes are of a shining porcelain white colour, this combined with the purplish black spotting lends it a hue and charm perfectly ""we have been asked by several gentlemen to sell the whole importation of this altogether extraordinary and cl ar aing new Cypripedium without reserve, and we will do so. Abundant dried material will be on view. MAGNIFICENT NEW CYPRIPEDIUM. (CYPRIPEDIUM KIMBALLIANU.M, SANDER.) QUITE NEW SPECIES. This grand new species is now offered for the first time, and no plants have ever been sold of it. It is a grand grower and a grand novelty. Nothing similar to it or in any way like, has ever been imported up to now. It is a stately species, its flowers are said by the natives to be of enormous size, and the colours are desiribeil as crimson, purple and white. In this description we believe. It has been a terrible dirticulty to get plants home alive, and after all our trouble and expense got a few plant? Friday Next. MESSRS. PROTHEROB and MORRIS will include in their SALE on FRIDAY NEXT. M«ch 4. at half-past 12 o'clock, PUNTS and BULBS from a cool part of the Capeof Good Hope, consisting of NEW HiEMANTHUS, DISAS, SATYBIUMS, GLADIOLUS, EUCOMIS, ALOES, various scarlet and crimson in variety, grand for conservatory decoration; various ORCHIDS and other novelties mixed, collected in the mount-ainous parts of Natal and other parts where nothing has ever been gathered and sent from pre- ^'Al%^'a beautiful ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPtTM LILA- CINUM, now in full flower, with fine bulbs, ORCHIDS in FLOWER, &e. On view morning of Sale, and Catalog 3 had. M^ Feltham, Middlesex. Absolutely -without Reserve. TWO DAYS SALE of splendidly-grown NURSERY STOCK, by order of Messrs. C. Lee i Son. ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Lee's Nurser , Feltham, Middlesex. 10 minutes walk from the Fellham Station, on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY NEXT. March 1 & 2, at 12 o'clock precisely. 600 splendid Specimen Golden YEWS, from 2 to 4 feet; Standard Variegited HOLLIES, thousands cf beautifully-shaped Spicimen CONIFERS and EVER- GREENS, all recently transplanted. 2J to 8 feet ; 1500 Engli.sh YEWS. 1 to 4 feet; IfOO THUIA LOBBII, 2 to 7 f. ct ; 1600 LAURELS, 1600 CUPRESSUS. '.J to 10 feet; 400 AUCUBAS, 2 to 4 feet; .600 CUPRSSSUS ERECT A VIRIDIS, 2i to 6 feet ; 600 named RHODODENDRONS, 800 LIMES, 6 to 8 feet; POP- LARS, PRIVET, Flowerirg Shrubs, and other Stock. May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the Premises, at the Koyal Vineyard Nurseries. 2. Hammer- smith Road. W. ; and of the luctioneers, 67 and eS, Cheapside, London. E.G. Those offered are in grand conditi that it will be absolutely impossible for us ever again to offer it, and that this will be the only time it will be on sale. An imported plant hid leaves on it fully 2 feet long ; the leives are most beautiful, of elegant shape and heavily mottled and blotched. CYPRIPEDIU.VI SPECIES. This may turn out to be simply a variety of Cypripedium Wallisi. but it comes from quite a different country. The extraordinary flowers have petals nearly 2 feet long, and are pure satiny white, excepting the lip, which is rose. In WalliM it is white. It is one of the most stately of Cypnpe- diums we hive introduced. In fact it is quite a sensational plant. The consignment is in a fine condition. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with instructions from Mr. F. Smder to SELL the above VALUABLE ORCHIDS by AUCTION at their Central Sale Rooms. 67 and 68. Cheapside. London, E.C., on FRIDAY NEXT, March 4, at half-past 12 o'clock. On view morning of Sale and Catalogues had. Tnursday Next. 3104 LILIU5I AURATUM, including 2.62 extra fine bulbs. i760 LILIUM SPECIOSUM RUBRUM. 2;f7« „ MELPOMONE. 2S0 „ AURATUM MACRANTHUM. 160 „ ,. PICTUM. 80 „ JAPONIGUM ODORUM COLCHEiTERII. Being the contents of 150 cases just r. ceived from Japan in splendid condition. ICO LILIUM AURATUM KUBRO VITTATUM ; 200 PLATY- PHYLLUMS. enormous bulbs; 100 LILIU.M JAPONl- CUM ODORUM COLCHESTERII, 1100 L. LANCI- FOLIUM ALBUM KRAETERI, 2000 L. LONGI- FLORUM. 600 L. KRAMEBI, 100 L. LEITCHLINII. red ; aoo BATEMANNI. fine bulbs ; .600 L. CONCOLOR, TREE P,T50NIES, VALLOTAS, 100 lots of choice SEEDLING GLADIOLI, BEGONIAS, &c. ; HERBACEOUS PLANTS in variety, English-grown LILIES, DAFFODILS, hardy BORDER BULBS, AZALEAS from Belgium, PEARL TUBEROSES, &c. ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL the above by AUCIION. at their Central Sale Rooms. 67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.C., on THURSDAY NEXT, March 3, at half-past 11 o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Cheshunt.— Expiration of Lease.— Final Portion. ABSOLUTE CLEARANCE SALE of unusually well-grcwn NURSERY STOCK, growing on this branch Nursery, by order ot Messrs. PAUL and SON. MESSRS. PRO IHtiROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, the Churchfield Nursery, Cheshunt. I mile from Cheihunt Station, on THURS- DAY NHXT, March 3. at 12 o'Clock. without reserve, 3000 AUCUBAS, U to 6 feet; 600 Green BOX. 6 to 7 feet; 1.600 PRIVET, 1500 LIMES. 2*0 HORSE CHESTNUTS, POPLARS, and other STANDARD TREES. 1000 Persian. White, and other LILtCS. in choice variety; thousands of RISPBERKIES, CURRANTS, and GOOSEBERRIES, a great variety ot Flower- ing and Deciduous SHRUBS, specimen CEDBUS DEODAEA, and other Stock. May be viewed. Catalogues obtiined on the Premises; at the Old Nurseries. Cheshunt; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. Havant, Expiration of Lease. The THIRD and FI.VAL PORTION ot the well-grown NURSERY STOCK on the Leasehold Land, and the FIRST PORTIO.S on the Freehold land, by order of Messrs. EwiNG & Co.. who are relinquishing the business. ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, on the premises, the Sea View Nurseries, Havant, on THURSDAY NEXT, March 3. without reserve, 6000 Border SHRUBS, in great variety ; 6000 Ornamen- tal TREES, a large portion of whxh are fit for Avenue or Park plantiu^for immediate (ff.ict; 3000 FRUtT TREES, consist- ing of Pears. Apples. Plums. Cherries. &c, ; .6000 Floweiing S HRUBS and Hardy CLIMBERS, a large quantity of Standa>d, Dwarf, and Pot ROSES; several thousands of FOREST TREES, and a quantity of small Stock for growing on. May be viewed. Citilogues had on the Premises, and ot the Auctioneers. 67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.C. N.B.— The FREEHOLD NURSERY and GOODWILL of the BUSINESS are for Disposal. Particulars of the Auctioneers. M^ THOMAS B. JAMES (many years with Protheroe & Morris) holds WEEKLY' SALES at his Rooms. 12. Bull Ring. Birmingham, of BULBS, PLANTS, NURSERY STOCK, &c.. every WEDNESDAY and FRIDAY, at 4.30 P.M. Sales of choice Cut Flowirs Fresh Entries invited. Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found . Matlock Bank Nurseries. MESSRS. ELSE and SON are instructed to SELL by AUCTION (Without Reserve), on TUESDAY, March 1, and following day (if necessary), on the above grounds, an assortment of NURSERY STOCK, including upwards of lOO.COO Transplai ted Rhododendrons, in sizes up to 2 feet. Also Special Lots of Cupressus, Retibosporas, &c., in sorts ; Irish and Golden Yews, Privets, &c., of which Catalcgue of particulars may be had free on application to— Messrs. ELSE AND SON. Auctioneers, &c., Matlock, Derbyshire. M^^ Preliminary Advertisement. PUBLIC SALE. — IMPORTANT to HOB'nCULTURISTS. LANDED PROPRIETORS. LAND- SCAPE GARDENERS, NURSERYMEN, &c. The LARGER PORTION ot the Magnificeat and well-known Collection of GOLDEN YEWS, ENGLISH YEWS, ■Varieties of HOLLIES, ABAUCARIAS, and CONIFEB/E, at present growing in the Ornamental Policy of Gowanbank, one mile south from Avonbiidge, near Falkirk, N.B., and nlantedby the late Sir James GoWAN'.9, at very great expense, will be expised for SALE by Public ROUP in MARCH, lf92. Messrs. R. B. LAIRD & SONS. Flutists to the (^ueen, Edin- burgh, say : — " Such a number of fine specimens are seldom met with in a private establishment. . . . We are confident, from the nature of the soil, purchasers may rely on all lifting with good balls, and have been frequently transplanted." Particulars in future advertisements. R CHARLES S. NEILSON, Auctioneer, Falkirk. M WANTED, to RENT, GLASSHOUSES, with House Repair, if low rent. VINERIES and Cottage. Would GABDENEB, 273, Shakespere Koed, Heme Hill, S.E, February 27, 1892.J THE GABDENERS' CIIBONICLE. 259 If you wish to en- sure success and secure a constant supply of good and reliable Vegetables at your table all the year round, despatch your Order at once to us, when your wishes will receive the most prompt and careful attention. Our Stocks of Vegetable Seeds are the best and finest that the world pro- duces, as the numerous testimonials we are constantly receiving demonstrate. We make up Collections to meet the requirements of the Cottage, the Villa, the Rectory, the Mansion, and the Palace, at the following prices : — 5s., 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d., Us. 6d., 21s., 31s. Cd., 42s., eSs., 105s. each, and opwards. Or, you can make your own selection from our Catalogue if preferable. I^r Cust.mtrs idll pleads note that all our If you are a lover of Flowers, and anxious to have your Garden gay with blossom, we can supply your wants with beautiful and charming varieties, suitabb^ lor the Open (i round, the Green- house, or the Con- servatory, that will gratify your taste, and prove a source of infinite pleasure to you, made up in Collections, as follows : Is. 6d., 3s., 5s., 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d., 15s., 21s., 31s. 6d., and 42s. each. Or, you can make your own Selection from the Varieties enumerated in our Catalogue. Our Flower Seeds have a world-wide reputa- tion ; they are largely grown on the Continents of Europe and America, and in the Colonies. We are constantly receiving numerous unso- licited testimonials for them. Choice Strains of Flo-isfa' Flowert: bear oar Registered Trade Mark, loithout which note are genuine. WORLD-RENOWNED B. S. WILLIAMS & SON, VICTORIA & PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N. WAIsTED, to KENT, near a good Town, 400 to 8(JU feet run of good GLASS, ami ab)ut an acre of LAND. Particulars to M. J. PRANrlNGHi..M, Brough, East York. F' "011 SALE, Small NURSERY in Hull, first-class connection. Aboat 5000 feet of Glass. Owner retiriDB; greater portion of ihe Purchase Money can remain on Mortgage, if required. Parti'julars on applioatioa to— MK. £LJ, Lmgport, Somerset. Many Acres of Lines of the Valley I TJANNOCII, Largest (irower of LILIES • OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-oId flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year-old Crowns for planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices and terms on application. T. J ANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk. CINERARIA, DIXON'S SUPERB GIANT. The Choicest Strain in the Country. In Sealed Packets, l.s.6(f., 2s.6rf.. and 5s. each. Price to the Trade on Application. For full Description and Illustration, see Gardeners^ Chronicle, January 2, 1893. E. P. DIXON & SONS, HULL. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BIDDLES & Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. We invite those about to purchase garden seeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 300J Varieties catalogued. 5UU Illustrations. 82 ACKES of BHODODENDBONS, AND 170 Acres of Other Nursery Stock. PerlOO;perlOOO. BHODODENDROXPonticum, 9 tol2iDch ...12s.... fOj. II „ „ 12 to 18 18s. ... 140s. 1. „ „ 18 to 24 „ ... 25s. ... 220s. „ Catawbiensa H) brias, 9 to 12 ,, ... 12s. ... 100s. 1. „ „ 12 to 18 „ ... ISi. ... 160s. I. ,. ,. 18 to 24 ., ... 28s. ...240s. lor other NURSERY STOCK, see CATALOBUES, free. Rhododendrons make grand cover for Game : Hares and Rabbits will not eat them ; they will grow well under trees, where many other trees perish. Smaller or larger sizes can be supplied if required. JAMES SMITH & SONS, DARLEY DALE NURSERIES, near MATLOTK. POPULAR CELERIES. Each HARRISON'S EARLY ROSE, easily blanches, fine for exhibition 1 HARRISON'S LEICESTER RED, I "•, , solid, the best late, very hardy V per packet PENGELLY WHITE, a quick for stamps. grower / Nothing is more disappointing than a soft, stringy Celery. The above will not disappoint you. ILLUSTRATED LIST of LEICESTER SEEDS, free. HARRISON & SONS. Seed Growers, LEICESTER. ANTHONY WATERER invites an inspection from intending Planters to the following well-grown TREES, having stout, clean stems, with handsomt?ly-furnished, well-balanced heads, and from frequently transplanting are splendidly rooted, the girth of ihe stem is taken at 4 feet from the ground. ACACIA BESSONIANA, 10 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 4 inches. ACER DASYCARPUM, 14 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. „ WIEEII LACINIATUM, 10 to 14 feet, girth 3 to5 inch. NEGUNDO VARIEGATA, Standards, 8 to 10 feet. REITENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. SCHWEDLERII. 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. WORLEYII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 9 inches. BIRCH, Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. CKRASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches. CHESTNUTS. Horse, 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches. „ ,, Double White, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches. „ ,, Scarlet, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 10 inches. ,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. ELMS. English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. ,. Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches. LI.MES, 12, 16, and 20 feet, girth 3 to 10 inches. „ EUCHLOEA or DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches. „ Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6 inches. LIQUIDAMBAE, 6 to 10 feet. MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet. OAK, English, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. ,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. PLANES (Engli.-.h-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches. POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches. SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches. ,, Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches. THORNS. Double Pink. 8 to 10 feet. „ „ Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet. „ ,, White, 8 to 10 feet. TULIP TREES, S to 10 feet. WALNUT. Common, 10 to 12 feet. WEEPING TREES. BEECH, Weeping, Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet. ,, Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet. BIRCH, Young's Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 8 to 14 feet. ,, Cut-leaved Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet. ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet. LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet. POPLAR, Weeping. Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet. Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey. CLEARANCE SALE of PALMS, DRACJE.VAS, &c. Strong Small Palm?, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFOKTHIA ELEGANS, LATANIA BORBONICA, ARECA SAPIDA, CORYPHA AUSTRALIS, KENTIA BELMORIANA. K. FOSTERIANA, and DRAC.BSA INDIVISA, sample 2 of each, 14 plants in all, 5s. ; 1 of each, 7 in all, 3s. Package Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. •LATANIA BORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averaging 10 fine leaves. 15s. each. »OHAM.SROPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves. 30s. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves, 21s. each. » DRACENA OANIFOLIA, 5 to 6 feet high, 2ls. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, 16s. each. * PHCENIX TENUIS, 3 feet high, OS. each. * Ditto ditto 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. » DRAC.i:^^A INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 6s. each, * Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, ISs. per dozen. * Ditto CONGESTA, 2 feet high. 18s. per dozen. •SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS. in eO's, fitfor48's, strong, 6J. doz, Price per 100 on application. Those marked * are Packed Free, but not Carriage Paid. W. OWEN, 106. Stamford Hill, N. PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. ^Standard^, Pyramids, and Wall- trained). Apples, Pears, Cherries. Peaches. Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- xirons ; 2000 Maiden. Standard, and Dwarf Roses ; 40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years old; and forty kinds of Goose- berries. 6000 Raspberries. In small or large quantities, l^urchaser's selection. Price half their value. See Catalogues, Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GERTRUDE JONES, 'Churc^field, Cradley, near Malvern. SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousancs toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUl , The London Nursery, 4, Maida Yale, ItOndon, W. ARLY OFFENHAM CABBAGE PLANTS for SALE. True Stock. .Apply to- J. H. BROWN, Swineshead, Boston. E PURITY PRIMULA, first-class seed, £3 3s. per ounce. POPE AND SOSS, King's Norton, Birmingham. Hardy Fruits lor the Midlands. PROFITABLE FRUIT GROWING: What to Plant, and How to Plant. New Edition up to date, now ready, price id.—k. H. PEARSON, Chilwell, Notts. AXTON'S SEEDS and STRAWBERRIES. — Best novelties and best standard sorts. 100 Certifi- cates. Send for Descriptive Priced Lists. T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford. 10 C\i\(\ EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well- -Lw^ V/V/V/ grown, 18 inches to 30 inches, 6s. to 15s. per dozen. Less by the 1000. Cash with Order. J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton. APAGERIA ALBA.— Healthy, well-rooted Plants, in pots, single shoots, 5 to 6 feet long, 7s. id. each; stronger plants, 10s. id. each. THOS. CRIPPS ANDSON.Tunbridge Wells Nurseries, Kent. FRUIT TREES. — APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, per 100 or 1000. Descriptive CATALOGUES, post free, on application. FLETCHER BROS., Ottershaw Nurseries. Chertsey, Surrey. Standard Cherries. CHARLES TURNER has still a large Stock of the above, with straight stems and good heads, of all leading kinds. The Royal Nurseries, Slough. Sharpe's Victor Potatos. WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Gkowehs • and Merchants, Boston, offer a few tons of this excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample. Price, per cwt. or ton. on application. R GILBERT, High Park, Stamford, is now • offering the best of all RHUBARBS. " True Cham- pagne," 4s. per dozen; also. King of the BRUSSELS SeROUTS, " Univeral Savoy," "Late Victoria BROC- COLI," and " CHOU DE BURGHLEY," at Is. per packet. RCHIDS A SPECIALTY.— Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well- establishe y Kurserymen & Seed&men CiS/y^y/y j^7ry'y1^^\ to H.M. the Queen, and *-^ t^ c t^ C^ U C f^fl'J' His Eoyal Highness the .,«- . Prince of Wales. 400 ACIOS. GARDEN SEEDS CAKKIAGE PAID. CATALOGtTES FEEE. LITTLE &BALLANTYNE c A R iL, I s I. e: . ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY. Many new, choice, and rare species and varieties always in stock. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. One of the Onest collections of these plaats known. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. A grand collection, approved novelties, write for our new Descriptive CATALOGUES, NOW READY, and Post-free on application to PITCHER & MANDA, The United States Nurseries. HEXTABLE, SWANtEY, KENT. WM. PAUL AND SON respectfully invite inspection of the following TREES and SHRUBS, now on Sale. Prices (on application) very reasonable, and quality unexceptionable as to roots, tops, and stems ; — BEECH, purple, best variety BIRCH, Siher and others ELMS, four aorta LABURNUMS LIMES MOUNTAIN ASH NORWAY MAPLES PLAINS POPLARS, six sorts SYCAMORE THORNS, Paul's Double Scarlet (The finest Trees in the Trade.) FLOWERING SHRUBS, various ... 4 to 6 feet, 12 to 18 feet. 12 feet. 12 to Hfeet. 12 to 18 feet. 9 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 12 to 16 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 14 feet. ARBORVITyE, AUCUBAS BOX, of sorts CEDRUS ATLANTICA DEODARA CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ... HOLLY, Variegated ,, Green, named sorts ... FIR, Scotch Austrian LAURELS OSMANTHUa PICEA PINSAPO RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, loam Hybrids ,, Named sorts YEWS, Common, and others ... cf£ 6 feet. 3 to 41 feet. 3 to 6 feet. 5 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 6 to 7 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 9 feet. 3 to 8 feet. 3 to 7 feet. 2 to 4 feet. 6 to 8 feet. APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, Pvram 2 to 4 feet. 2 to 4 feet. ... 2 to 4 feet. ... 3 to 7 feet. PLUMS, Standard and ASPARAGUS for Forcing. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance. 4 minutes' walk from Waltham Cross Station; West Entrance, 3 minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station, Great Eastern Railway. FORBES' CATALOGUE FOR 1892, Is the lar^^est, best, and most comprehensive ever issued on FLORISTS' FLOWERS and HERBACEOUS PLANTS. It contains full and accurate descriptions of all the best Antirrhinums. Begonias. Carnations, Dahlias. Delphiniums, Fuchsias, P;f;onies. Pansies, Violas, Pelargoniums. Pentste- mons. Petunias, Phloxes, Pinks, Potentillas, Primulas, Pyre- thrums, Verbenas, Herbaceous Plants. &c.; also of my true and reliable strain of EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS, which, by the force of iheir merit, are now justly celebrated all the world over. In 5 distinct sorts, crimson purple, scarlet, white, and Wallflower-leaved white, each sort. Is., 2s. ^d,, and ha. per packet. It is an indispensable Reference- Book on all sections of Florists' Flowers, and should be carefully perused by all buyers of flowers. Free on application. JOHN FORBES, Nurseryman, Hawick, Scotland. SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, 3d. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NURSERIES, SAWBRIDGEWORTH. HERTS. LAXTON'S STRAWBERRIES. SCARLET QUEEN, a new, bright-coloured, high quality large, early seedling, from Noble, and with WHITE KNIGHT, a distinct, and richly-flavoured, new main sort, Certificated at the Fruit Conference, 189L COMPETITOR, CARDINAL, LATEST OF ALL, JOHN RUS- KIN, KOBLE, and all best new standard sorts can now be supplied in good runners, true to name, LfSTS FBEK. T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, BEDFOBD. SEEDS! SEEDS!! SEEDS!!! T7EGETARLB and FLOWER SEEDS saved V from CHOICE SELECTED STOCKS. Everyone with a garden and every market gardener should send for a Catalogue before purcha^ng elsewhere. Special Low Quotations to large B. L. COLEMAN, Seed Merchant and Grower, SANDWICH, KENT. GEORGE JAGKMAN & SON, WOKING NURSERY, SURREY, Invite I.nsi'Ection of the Followlno Weix-gkowh Stuff :— FRUIT TREES.— A fine stock of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsons, in Standard, Pyramid, and Dwarf- trained trees; also Dwarf-trained Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. ROSES.~A larpe Collection of Dwarf and standard Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Koses. in all the lead- ing varieties ; also Tea Koses, in pot'*, for forcing. RHODODENDRONS.— Choice named varieties set with flower-buds; also Hybrid Seedlings and Ponticums. CONIFERS.— Fine stuff, in various Sorts, for Lawn and Shrubbery planting. SHRUBS. — Ornamental and Flowering, adapted for Belts, Shrubberies, Screens, &c. CLIMBERS.- Including their celebrated Cle- matis, suitable for Walls, Trellis- work, Rockwork, &c. ORNAMENTAL TREES. — For Parks, Avenues, Streets, and Private Gardens. FOREST TREES.— In large quantities, for Coverts, Woods, &c. CATALOGCES FREE ON APPLICATION. LANDSCAPE GARDENING. — A leading Feature. Plans designed, and Ad^ce given as to Laying- out, Planting, or Renovating Parks, Cemeteries, Recrea- tion GrnundH and Private Gardens. PLANTING SEASON. '' HARDILV-CROWN FoREsrr, muiTj A ALL OTHEI TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 ACRES: YBKT BXTEI8IYK BTOGK. iDipMtlon InvlUd- Priced Catalogues Oratla & Post Fpaa. X^lOivoONS NURSERIES For PLEASURE and PROFIT. FRUIT. See CATALOGUE for Sim ROSES. Nothing SO Profitable and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. od kinds of Ties Hundreds of Thousands. BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Fret 8s. per dozen, 603. per 100. for Cash mt/i Order. ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen. ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES. 4 ACRES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from I5s. per dozen. N.B.— Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. SEEDS & BULBSl'^'^'i^riARl"''"' DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. ROSES. STANDARDS, from 21s. per dozen. DWARFS, from 6«. per dozen. CATALOGUES, post-free. FRANK CANT, BRAISWICK NURSERY. COLCHESTER. 262 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaet 27, 1892. THE BEST ^°*'"-" FLESH CARTERS' BLENHEIM ORANGE. " I have grown some hundreds of Melons in my time, but have ne^er had a better than Carters' Blen- heim Oran(je." — R. INGLEBY, Esq., Slough. "Carters' Blenheim Orange is distinct in fld\ our and appear- ance and superior in quality to any Melon DOW before the pub- lic '—Mr. J. MUIR, Margam. Sealed Packets 1/6, 2/3, and 3/6, post-free. 237 238 CARTERS' (_Ito!/al Seedimen bi/ Sealed Warrant), HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON CHRYSATsTHEMUMS, PELARGONIUMS, DiHLTAS, BEGONIAS, CANNAS, &c, — Our CATA- LOGUES will be sent fiee on application. 15 First Prizes (10 this year). 5 Gold Medals. RErP AND RORNEMANN. Sydenham. London, S.E. FERNS. — Pteris tremula and Pteris cretica cristata, two best marliet Ft- rns, good s uff in lirge thumbs, quite read V, for 48- pots, 12s. per 100 Packing free for cash with order.— GOWERS AND EMBERSON, Comely Bank Nursery, Walthamstow, E. he' old brown QUARRY EARLY POTATO. The Oldest Existing Sort in Ireland. In existence here for 150 years; certainly, when I was a child, prior to the famine period. There was no other fort grown for harvest purposes when men worked with a sickle. I am enabled to offer it for redistribution — it never having made its way to England— from a stock p^eser^■ed for years on peat land, resting on limestone, in a remote part of county Cork. There must be something in the soil that preserved it for years. It is a first-class early June variety, of great sub- stance. 7-lb. bag and postage for 25. 9dA WM. BAYLOR HaRTLaND, E.R.H.S., Old Established Seed Warehouse, Cork, Ireland. L'HORTICTJLTttBE INTEBNATIONALE (Orcbld Emporium), Leopold Far2, Brussels. THE GRiNUEST CHOICE of ORCBIDS in EUROPE. THE DIRECTORS, Messes. LINDEN, cordially invite Amateurs and Nurserymen lo visit their Establishment. They will find atL'HorticulturelnternntioDale the Finest, Healthitst, and Largest Stock of New. Rare, or Popular Orchids in Cultivation. Grand Importations every week. LISTS and CATALOGUES ou application. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. See our New DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for all Novelties of the present Season, and all the best varieties in cultivation, post-free, on application to FITCHEB & HAND A, The United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT. "r)AHLIAS.— Pot Roots to include Double, J-^ Single, Pompon, and Cactus, best named varieties, 2.!. ad per dozen; IBs. per 100, my ^election only, cash with ordor.-S. HOWARD, Cambridge Nursery, WaUhamstow. ANTED, MAIDENHAIR FERN, ROSES, OROHIUS, CARNATIONS. ULIUM HAREISII, and other CHOICE FLOWERS, to SELL on COM.VIISSION. Boxes and labels supplied. Established 1870. Telephone No. 293a. K. END. Wholesale Florist. 28, WellinEton Street, Covent Garden, W.C.. and Crystal Palace, Sjdenh im. PAUL & SON'S CANNAS AND AMARYLLIS. PAUL & SON'S AMARYLLIS, Special Exhibition of these in Flower from now (Feb.), ending May. PLANTS .shoioing Floicer-buds can be now Supplied at the foUoicing Prices : — Nice Coloured Seedlings, at 40s. per dozen ; Specially Selected do., 60s. per dozen ; Numbered Seedlings, with description, ]60s. per dozen. These an be Named by Purchafers. Seed saved from the best varieties, 2s. 6d. per Packet. CANNAS. New Dwarf Gladiolus-Flowered. Splendid for Winter Flowering. Three best New Varieties of 1891, 5s. each, including ALPHONSE DOUVIER, Award of Merit, Royal Horticultural Society, January, 1S92. New Varieties of 1890— MADAME CROZY, 5s. each, First-class Certificate, R.H.S. And 8 best other varieties, at SOs. per dozen. THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT. HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!! THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY Undertake the complete erection of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. Have the largest stock of BOILERS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspection of same. BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY- END, Etc.; VENTILATING GEAR and VALVES. In the event of a Pipe reqairing to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby ; without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, \s. PRICE LIST FREE. UPPER GROUND STREET. BLACKFRIARS, Telegraphic Address-" HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763. may be effected in the coarse of a few xnlnutOB, LONDON S.E. BQULTON & PAUL, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, NORWICH. WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY, No. 60. PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER. NEW SPAN-ROOF GARDEN FRAME. Cash Pkices. Carriage Paid. t Jf • K^ f L'- - *^ " 0 I 12 ft. by 6 ft. ... £5 14 0 8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 0 he ft. by 6 ft. ... 7 4 0 All Frames made of Selecte.i Eed Deal, painted three times, and Lights glazed with 21-oz. sheet glass. Carriage paid on all Orders of 40s. value. AND GREEN BOILERS Of all makes and sizes supplied at the cheapest rates. VALVES. PIPES, and FITTINGS always In Stock. Estimates on Application HOUSES IN ALL STYLES. GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. No. 74. THREE-QUARTER SPAN GARDEN FRAME. Cash Pkioes Cabiuage Pais 4 ft by 6 ft £2 14 8 ft by 6 ft 4 6 ~ No. 75. MELON AND CUCUMBER FRAME. 1 Cash Prices. Carriage Paid I 12 ft. by e ft. ... £4 3 0 I 16 ft. by 6 ft. ... 6 6 0 CUCUMBER FRAME LIGHTS. ) feet bv 4 feet painted and glazed I4s. Orf. each. i feet by 4 feet unpainted and unglrized ... 55.6c;. Catalogue of all our Manufactures, post-free on application. Febbuakt 27, 1892.] THE GA RDENER S' CHR ONI GL E. 263 BEGONIAS A SPECIALTY. — Awarded Four Gold Medals, and Gold Cup, and all First Prizes. Seed saved from Prize plants. Our Begonia Seed and Bulbs eclipse all previous years. Choicest mixed, single or double varieties, l5., 2s. (5rf. , and 5s. per packet. Collections (Seed) — single, 12 named varieties, separate, 5s. 6rf. ; 6 ditto, 3.^. Tubers, named singles, from 12s. to 42s. per do/.en ; unnamed setdlings, 12s. to 21s. per dozen ; bedding, choicest. 4.?. ,5s.. 6s., and 9s. per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 42s. per doz. ; unnamed, choicest, 18s. to 30s. per dozen ; choicest mixed, fur bedding, 9s. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis. •JOHN LAING AND SONS, Begonia Growers, &c.. Forest Hill, London. For Exhibition! BROAD BEAN, BIDDLES' MONSTER LO.VG POD. — Extra long, line quality. Per quart. Is. id. CARKOT, BIDDLES' SCARLET PRIZETAKER, Interme- diate, the finest exhibition Carrot grown. Per oz.. Is. O.N'ION, BIDDLES' GIANT SPRING.— Too well known as a prize-winner to need further recommendation. Per oz , Is. BIDDLES AND CO.. The Penny Packet Seed Co , Loughborough, Leii'estershire. WILLIAM BARRON and SON offer the following well-grown and finely-rooted, which Ihey offer at very low prices ; — ABIES, in varietv, 3 to 6 feet. CEDRU.'! ATLANTICA and DEODARA, 2 to 7 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, in great variety, 2 to 8 feet, .. NUTKAENSIS, in variety, 2 to 8 feet. PICEA NOBILIS, very fine, ]! to 2^ feet, 65s, per 100, ,. in variety. 2 to 10 feet. PINUS AUSTRIACA. over 100,000, 1 to 8 feet, .. Forest-tree sizes, very cheap, grand specimens, 6 to 8 feet. PINUS. in variety, 1 to 8 feet. RETIN0SP0R4S. in variety, 1 to 8 feet. THUYA OCCIDENTALIS, for hedges, 6 to 6 feet, £5 per 100. ,, in variety, 2 to 8 feet. YEWS, Common, many thousands. IJ to 3^ feet. „ Golden, grand specimens, up to 8 leet. HOLLIES, io great quantity and variety, 1 to 10 feet. .. Golden Queen Specimens. 4 to 7 feet, very fine. AUCUBA, green and variegated, ]^ to 2J feet. AVENUE TREES. ACER SCHWEDLEERII(scarlet^leaved Maple), 10 to 14 feet. KORWAY MAPLE, 10 to 14 feet. SYCAMORE, from 13 to 14 feet. HORSE CHESTNUTS, very stout, 10 to 12 feet. POPLARS, in variety, 10 to 14 feet. PURPLE BEECH, from 10 to 12 feet. OAKS, Scarlet and other varieties, 10 to 12 feet. KLMS. fine variety. 10 to 14 feet. THORNS, Scarlet, Pink, and White, fine standards. LARCH, very fine, from 2 to 3 feet. THORN (Quick), strong. Lis. per 1000. ,, verv strong, 20s. to 25s. per 1000. FRUIT TREES, all kinds. APPLES and PLUMS especially fine. A visit from intending planters is respectfully invited. Elvastou Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby, only three minutes walk from Borrowash Station, Nottingham and Derby, Midland A GOOD INVESTMENT. Last season I sowed a small quantity of Chrysanthemum seed, from which I obtained twenty varieties that I would not eell for one hundred pounds. I have again obtained seed from the same source, and have a small quantity to spare at \s. Gd. and 2.*!. 6rf. per packet. I shall be pleased to purchase at a fair price any good varieties raised from this seed.— H. J. JONES. Rypcrcift Nursery, Lew sham. The best book on the Chrysanthemum is Chrysanthemums ^ and How io Grow Them. Now ready, podt-free. 9 stamps, of H. J. JONES. Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham, S.E. NOW READY. SHARPE'S TRADE CATALOGUE OF GARDEN and FARM SEEDS for 1892, Post-free on application to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., Seed Farmers and Merchants, SLEAPOBD. W^^mBaiW^MeeL- CANNELL'8 CINERARIAS. Nearly all the greatest critics say CANNELL'S CINERARIAS are certainly very much the finest they have ever seen, or ever expect to see. 200 ACRES. Send for a CATALOGUE. " FoRGBT-ME-NoT," Trade Mark. SWANLEY,: KENT. A SAMPLE OF Unsolicited Testimonials We are Cunsiantly Heceivitir/. " January i, 18!t2. *' I should like to sav I have not found any Manure like your LE FRUITIER for Grapes, especially for Groa Colmar. My Vims carried a fine crop with both large bunches and berries, and well- coloured, ior such a season as 1891. '■ J. EGGLETON, Eagle House Gaidens, " Downham ilarket." " February 15, 1892. " I should very much like to try your Manure — LE FRUITIER — having seen some extraordinary results from its use. " S. T. WRIGHT, Glewston Court " Gardens, IJoss, Hereford," W. WOOD &SON, F,R.H.8.ni^"), WOOD GREEN, LONDON, N. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. This manure is chemically distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring and ripening of Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, &c., beyond any other Manure. kj^jj Crawley. Sussex. Sept. 14. 1891. " The effect of this mauure is most noticeable iu the (ievelop- ment, ripening, and colouring of the fruit. In consequence of the wet and sunless weather, I could not get my Tomatos growing in an unheated and rather damp house to ripen ; but within //tree rfrtys of applying jourMinure tliey began to colour, and I have been gathering splendid fruit almost dailv since." (Signed), B. C. RAVENSCROFT. Prices in Sacks, at Works, 10s. per cwt. ; £2 per \ ton ; £.3 I5s. per J ton ; £7 per ton. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO., THE CHEMICAL WORKS, HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, HERTS. TNNES' FERTILITAS. — THE VINE ^ A PLANT FOOD. -Of all Nursery and Seedsmen, or direct. lo». per cwt.. carriage paid to all Stations. References and testimonials of the Sole Makers — W. INNES AND CO., Sunny Hill Vinery, Littleover, Derby. ATIVE GUANO.— BF..ST and Cheapest Manure for Qakdem Use. Price £3 10s. per ton. in bags. Lots under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt.; 1 cwt.. Sample bag, sent Carriage Paid toany Station in England, on receipt of P. O.for 5s. Extracts from 16th Annual Colltction of lleports: — NATIVE GUANO, FOR POTATOS, VEGETABLES, &c. H. Brinkworth, Potato Grower, Reading, used for Potatos, Onions, and Carrots, results :— " Very good ; never had better crops." J- BuTLEB. Sittingbourne: — " ir.'.ed for Potato, Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO. FOR FRUIT. ROSES, TOMATOS. &c. J. Peed & Soxs, Streatham, used for Fruit Trees and Roses, r«euUs; — "Very satisfactory; we use no other Guano now; consider yours preferable to Peruvian." ,1. FiNcn, Oriell Gardens:— *' Used for Vegetables, Tomatos, Grapes. Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most excellent for Potatos. and many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market " Orders to the Native GUanO Co., Ltd., a9. New Bridge Street, Blaektriars, London, where Pamphlet of Testimonials, &c., m,ay be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. THE "CLIMAX" INSECTICIDE. The Cheapest and Best of all Insecticides. As a Wash for Plants for destroying all kinds of Insects and Parasites, which infest the foliage and roots, such aa Green and Black Fly, Mealy Bug. Scale and Thrip, Red Spider, American Blight, Woolly Aphis, Caterpillar, Wood Lice. &c. Price in tins-J-Pint, Is. ; 1 Pint, Is. 9d.; 1 Quart, 3.1. ; J-Gallon. 5s.; I Gallon. 9s.; 5 and 10-QaUon Drums, 85. per Gallon. Carriage Paid. Testimonials and Particulars sent free on application. Prepared Solely by THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LTD., liTJTON STREET, LIVERPOOL, IHV! TOR TRADE MARK. ■4i LONDON^ TRADE MARK, THESE WELL-KNOWN MANURES ARE USED BY THE Leading Growers, Royal Botanic Society, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Parks, London County Council, Throughout the United Kingdom, And in Eveiy Quarter of the Globe. Sold by SEEDSMEN, FLOBISTS, and NURSERYMEN, m 6d. and Ig. Packets, and SEALED BAGS:— 7 1b. 14 1b. 281b. 58 1b. 113 lb. 2s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. SOs. Or direct from the Works in Is. Packets, postjree, or Jla/js of either si:e. Carriage Paid (as sample), in the Un ted King- dom, for Cash with order as above. The respective Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Bag, and also impressed on the Lead Seal attached to the mouth of each Bag. The only Guarantee of Genuineness. PRICES OF CRUSHED BONES JN VARIOUS SIZES ON APPLICATION. CLAY & SON, Manufacturers and Bone Crushers, TEMPLE MILL LANE, STKATFORD, LONDON, E. IMPORTANT TO GARDENERS, AMATEURS, AND OTHKK-S, who FUMIGATE HOUt^tS TO KILL ''FLY," OR "THRIP." You will shortly be ordering your Sprir.g Supply of Fumigating Material. Why lay in a heavy stock of tobacco paper, uncertain in quality, often disappointing, and very unpleasant to nse, when you can have a SAFE, RELIABLE article, and one that is pleasant to use ? THE FIRST OF ITS CLASS, AND STILL THE ONLY ONE vhich you can thoroughly depend. The manufacture is much improved. fred without risk of the ppoinlments ttending fumiga- PBICES — ''"B materials. For houses icith ( 1000 cubic ft , No 3 Roll, 1/- each I Post a capnciti/ of } 2mO 4 ,, 1/9 „ (Free. The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up required quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. — The safest and most effective Liquid Insecticide for dipping or syringing. PrICI-:s, post free ; — Pints, l5. lOrf. ; quarts, 3s. 3d.; half g.allons. 6s. 9d. CLIBKANS EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.-A truly valuable' nnifily. has s.ived thousands of bulbs. PIUCKS, iiu>tfne.— Halt-pints. Is. 9rf.; pints, 2s. M. ; (luarts, 4s. M. ; half-gallons, 8s. Ob DL'R SEEI'S.MAN CUBRAN'S ^'^Slk ALTRINCHAM 10 & 12 Markkt Street, Manchester; And Priucipality Nurseries, Deganwy. Llaodudno. THE "STOH" SPECIALTIES For Destruction of Insect Pests, Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers. KILLMRIGHT, 2-oz. Sample po^ltnl freo ou application. Teatimonials ami Price LISTS on application. Retail from Ironmongers anil Seedirmen. Wholesale and Eetail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd.. Barton House. MancheBter 264 TEE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. [FEBB0AEY 27, 1892. LOOK TO YOUR BOILERS, And replace INEFFICIENT and DEFECTIVE ONES ly "WEEKS'S PATENT DUPLEX UPRIGHT TUBULAR, THE CHAMPION BOILER OF THE AGE. It is unparalleled for RQWER, ECONOMY, ««^ DURABILITY, the WATER 'BARS o,lone being equal to many Boilers. A TEN YEARS' QUkRkWVKK given with all Duplex Boilers (^subject to printed conditions) when fixed ly the Patentees. rULL PARTICULARS AND PRICES ON APPLICATION TO J. V^EEKS & CO., Horticultural Builders, Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers and Patentees, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W. GAME COVERTS. AEEOR-VITiE, American, Ji to 3 Do- do. 3 to 4 CUPEESSUS LAWSONIANA, 2 to 2^ Do. do. 2J to 3 Do. do. 3 to 4 2 to3 IJ to2 2 to 2* )J to 2 li to2 2 to2i MAHONIA AQUIFOLIA, VEWS, English The above are all bushy i JNO. JEFFEBIES feet, 28s, feet, 3.5s. feet, 30s feet, 60s, feet, 75s, feet, 20s, feet, 40s, feet, BOs feet, 20s. feet, 35s. feet. 60s. ill rooted. per 100. per lO.J. per 1' 0. per 10 ). per 1110. per 100. per 100. per 100. per 100. per 100. per 100. SON, KOYAL NURSERIES, CIRENCESTER. VEITCHS NEW CARROTS, 'MATCHLESS' & 'MODEL' THE BEST FOR EXHIBITION, TABLE USE, and PROFIT. VEITCH'S MATCHLESS SCARLET CARROT. A splendid strain of the Intermediate type, but heavier cropping, earlier, and far superior in quality and shape to the old variety. The roots are of medium size, symmetri- cal form, and handsome appearance, with skiu of a glow- ing scarlet colour. Per ounce, Is. 3d. VEITCH'S SCARLET MODEL CARROT. The finest and most perfect type of the Stump-rooted class. It is of vigorous growth and remarkably early, regular and symmetrical in shape, and of a brignt plo^y scarlet colour. Splendid quality. Per Ounce, is. Sd. For full descriptions of the above and other Choice Novelties, see SEED CATALOGVE for \»'ii, forwarded Post-free on application. JAMES VEITCH& SONS ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W. AMERICAN SPECIALTIES. CHRYSANTHEMUM SEED, rt^est SHORTHILL NURSERIES (U.S.A.). Price, 3s. Qd. per Packet ; 5 Packets for los. £35 offered in three Special Prizes at the Royal Aquarium Show for the three best new varieties raised from this Seed. For particulars, write for our liEW DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, Now ready. Post-free on application to— PITCHER & MANDA, The United States NunsEiiiF.s, HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT. ;'S?^S>^S;<3>^S>^S>JS>^Si'S>iS © « by BaU Ot ^Tj^ ^^ ^^^ Parcel! ^^^mir Jl^ SEKD Post. ^^^ ^^^ POTATOS, j^^ Garden Tools, yr Sundries, dc, &c. Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. US POST FREE ON APPLICATION. DlGi[80iiScr.,ciie8te[. (Limited? _J TRADE OFFER OF PALMS. COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at20s.perl00. ,, ,, in eO's at56s.perl00. KENTIA FoaterianaandBelmoreana,' " SEAFORTHLA Elegans, in ( thumbs, at 20s. per 100. 60's, ateOs. perlOO. 48'b, at24s. perdoz. 32's, atJSs.perdoz. ... at32s. periOO. at £5 per 100. i UV CHOICtVARIED&.BEAUTIFUL' OtLECSriON. OF FERNS liff^rentfrbifiihasBcnrnmaniy seen ' -iTiuvcan hhtain such fi'Dm W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus pi; n 48's audeo's; Pandanus Veitchii, Dracaena Lindenii, aud J'icuselastica.— W. ICETON. Putney. S.W. ORCHIDS. CLEAN, HEALTHY PLANTS at LOW PRICES Always worth a visit ot inspection. Kindly send for Catalogue. JAMES CYPH ER, EXOTIC NURSERIES, gHELTENSAM, PRESIDENT MELON. 2s. 6d. per packet, post-free. The result of a cross between Hero of Lockinge and Hendre Seedling. The fruit, which is oval in shape aud large in size, is of a brilliant yellow colour, and handsomely netted. The flesh is white, iirm, and luscious. 'WEBB&SONSWORDSL^STOURBRIDCE' FebruAst 27, 1891] THE GAliDENER8' C BR ONI CLE. 265 March 4th next. NEW ORCHIDS. GEEA.T SALE.— NO RESERVE. Extraordinary New Lady's Slipper, Gypripedium Ghamberlainianum (SANDER). GRAND NEW SPECIES. EVERY PLANT RECEIVED WILL BE OITERED WITHOUT ANY RESERVE. A magnificent and beautiful new Gypripedium which we have the privilege to otFer. It ia dedicated by permission to the Right Hod. Joseph Cham- berlain, M.P. An altogether unique and absolute new departure in every way from all known Cypripediuma, in inflorescence, in habit, and in leaf, a perfectly marvellous novelty. Its leaves in some instances are 4 inches across, ample, undulated, and often beautifully tesselated on the upper surface, re- minding one slightly of C. Morgans, but much larger and finer; it is altogether a noble plant. This extraordinary Gypripedium produces flower spikes up to 2 feet high, bearing all along its stem its white, yellow, and purple blossoms, and we are able to show dried flower spikes which have pro- duced over thirty flowers. Another remarkable feature is, that the flower seats are not more than half an inch from each other. The upper part of the flower ia yellow with about six rosy-purple lines, divided by the midrib, emerging from a profusion of rosy-purple spots ; those at the lower part are much denser than at the upper half of the dorsal sepal ; the whole is beau- tifully reticulated and charmingly transparent towards the margins, densely covered on the outer surface with white hairs. The upper half of the dorsal sepal is clear and pure, without any spots or lines ; the lower dorsal sepal is similar in its markings, only not so dense, and about half the size of the upper dorsal sepal, which extraordinarily enough is as broad as it is long, being about 2 inches in diameter. The two petals are spreading, curled and twisted at the ends like a corkscrew, and spotted in the way of C. superbiens ; the margins are charmingly undulated, and bear a profusion of white hairs. They are spotted on both surfaces with blackish-purple and chocolate spots and blotches ; some purple lines also run along them. They are of a lovely shining white and creamy-yellow colour, highly ornate, each of them over 2 inches long. The slipper, shoe, or pouch, sometimes called the labellum, is also ex- ceptionally beautiful ; it is rose and white, more inflated than G. cardinale, and double its size, re- minding one of a beautifully-spotted bird's egg, so exquisite is the fine blackish-purple spotting over two-thirds of its lower part. The upper part and side-lobes are of a shining porcelain white colour ; this combined with the purplish-black spotting lends it a hue and charm perfectly unique. We have been asked by several Gentltmen to Sell the whole Importation of this altogether extra- ordinary and charming new Gypripedium, without reserve, and we will do so. Gypripediums are most difficult to introduce, and without the right moment is caught, all arrive dead GYPRIPEDIUM GHAMBERLAINIANUM has come home in altogether exceptional order and condition, and the Sale will contain the whole Importation of about 700 Plants. Abundant dried material will be on view. March 4th next. NEW ORCHIDS. NO RESERVE. GATTLEYA VICTORIA REGINA (SANDER), A distinguished and excellent new Gattleya. From one of my oldest exploring collectors, and a superb novelty of greatest merit in every way. Free growing, free and abundant flowering. The flowers are, individually, 5 inches across, and as many as eight or nine are borne on a spike. The flower is very compact, and of great substance. The sepals and petals are of a deep rosy-red, glowing and glistening, blotched crimson and purple, the margin lighter, and undulate. The lip is crimson, with a white tube. The importation is in magnificent condition. OATTLEYA SPECIES. A beautiful Cattleya. See dried flowers on view day of sale. GYPRIPEDIUM (GOLDEN YELLOW). When the beautiful Gypripedium inaigne Sandera; flowered, a few years ago, we instructed our collector to search for it, and are pleased to be able to offer now a few plants of a simply magnificent golden- yellow and white C. insigne. The plants are in fine order. MAGNIFICENT NEW GYPRIPEDIUM. GYPRIPEDIUM KIMBALLIANUM (SANDER), auiTE NEW SPECIES. This grand new species is now offered for the first time, and no plants of it have ever been sold. It is a grand grower, and a grand novelty. Nothing similar to it, or in any way like it, has ever been imported up to now. It is a stately species. Its flowers are said by the natives to be of enormous size, and the colours are described as crimson, purple, and white in this description, we believe. It has been a terrible difficulty to get plants home alive ; and after all our trouble and expense, we only got a few plants. Those ofl'ered are in grand con- dition, and we believe that it will be absolutely impossible for us to ever again offer it, and that this will be the only time it will be on sale. An im- ported plant had leaves on it fully 2 feet long. The leaves are most beautiful, of elegant shape, and heavily mottled and blotched. GYPRIPEDIUM SPECIES. This may turn out to be aimply a variety of Gypri- pedium Wallisii, but it comes from quite a different country, the extraordinary flowers have petals nearly 2 feet long and are pure satiny white, excepting the lip— which is rose. In Wallisii it is white. It is one of the moat stately of Gypripediums we have intro- duced. In fact, it is quite a sensational plant. The consignment is in fine condition. Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS Have received Instructions from Mr. P. SANDER to SELL, at their Great Rooms, 67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.G., A Gracd Lot of the above New Gypripediums, &o., On FRIDAY, MARCH 4. THE SATURBAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1892. WINTER RAMBLES ROUND Cannes. 'T'HE towns of the Western Riviera are -*- backed by hills of various heights; those behind the Hotel Metropole, which is a mile or more away to the east of Cannes, rise to about 320 feet. A glance at a map of the world will show that, starting from the west end of the Pyrenees, the great mountain chain continues more or less continuously, till it sinks and disap- pears in the island of Formosa, off China. The Pyrenees are linked to the Maritime Alps by the Esterel Mountains, and these hills, which form the link to the higher mountains of Switzerland. The Est(Srel on the west, and the snow-capped Maritime Alps on the east, bound the view on either side. That these hills must have been much higher formerly, is clear, from the enor- mous amount of denudation they have under- gone, as the most abundant rock or " gneiss " ia exposed all round Cannes. It is a buff-coloured, easily disintegrated, and aqueo-igneous rook, which forms a poor, hungry soil for the Pines, Heaths, &c., which clothe the entire slope, except where it has been cleared for villas and their gardens, hotels and their grounds, and the winding zigzag roads through and over the hills. Geologically, it is difficult to say what the gneiss, a sort of streaky granite, represents. The strata immediately upon it, when present, are "triassic," with little patches (outliers) of lias, the oolitic or Jurassic limestone) being on the high ground to the east, so that the gneiss may represent anything below the trias. The famous Vallauris pottery manufactory is close by, the clay being supplied by some of the triassic beds, and are of various colours — blue, red, black, and grey. These beds overlook the little bay (in which about ten of the French ironclads are now reposing), known as Golfe-Juan. The railway runs along the coast, and about opposite the middle of the bay is the station, and in front of it is a column marking the spot where Napoleon I. bivouacked after his arrival from Elba on March 1, 1815, Corsica being within sight if the atmosphere be favourable. The slopes of these hills carry a poor vegeta- tion, known as the Mauvarre Pine Forest, sup- plemented by Gum trees (Eucalypts), which flourish well. The following form the main bulk of the trees and shrubs. First is Pinus Pinaster, familiar to residents of Bournemouth, which furnishes an abundance of cones for lighting the wood fires, as coal is a thing un- known here. The boughs support innumerable bags made of web full of tawny caterpillars, which do great harm in destroying the foliage. Of other trees there are the Cork Oak, the evergreen Oak, and the common Oak. Of the large Cork trees, the bark has been stripped from 266 THE GAUDENEBS' CBRONICLE. [Pebsuaey £7, 1892. the trunks, whether artificially or not I could not tell, but a new growth has taken its place. This, like the Querous Ilex, is evergreen. Nothing else can be really called a tree. Of bushes, there are fine specimens of Juniperus oxyoedrus, abounding with large green berries ; smaller bushes of Pistaoia Lentisous, Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis), Myrtle (Myrtus communis), Phyllirea angnstifolia, two species of Cistus, the commonest shrub being the shiny yellow-flowered Caly- cotome spinosa, resembling a Genista (of which there is a male species, G. humifusa), only the calyx splits in half, the top being pushed off like a cap by the corolla, hence its generic name. Lavandula sttechas, just pushing forth its quadri- lateral spikes, and occasionally Smilax aspera scrambles about. Of the Heath family there is the Strawberry tree, Arbutus unedo, Erica scoparia, and E. arborea, now covered with minute pinky-white bells. This is the bruyere of the French, the wood of which is made into '•' briar " pipes, this name being, of course, a corruption from hruyire, and has nothing to do with briars proper. Two other British species, E. vagans, the Cornish Heath, and E. mediterranea, are recorded as growing in the south of France, but I have not seen them. Now, it is interesting to remember that these last are found in Mayo and Galway, while Arbutus occurs in Killarney, Muckross, and Bantry, These plants represent the time when Ireland and Spain were united. Two other members of this Spinish-lrish flora which occur in the west and south-west of Ireland, viz., the two Saxifragas, S. umbrosa, London Pride, and S. Geum, found on the mountains of Kerry and Cork, are also found on the Pyrenees, but do not extend further east. Another glance at the map will show that the west coast of Ireland is on the same meridian as that of Spain ; and, apart from geological evidences, the old legends of Ireland record that, " once upon a time," only a river separated Spain from Ireland. This was probably quite true, as an elevation of 600 feet would cause the British Isles to be united with the Continent. When such was the case, the Spanish mountains would be united by land with those of the west of Ireland, while a common flora spread over them both. Thus it is we can account for our own Strawberry tree and Heaths being found near Cannes. Of weeds of cultivation the following ubiqui- tous plants abound :^Shepherd'3 Purse, Carda- minehirsuta. Geranium molle, Chickweed, Oxalis corniculata. Fumitory (F. parviflora), Ground- sell, Sowthistle, Lamium amplexioaule (cleisto- ganious form), Veronica agrestis. Euphorbia peplus, and Poa annua. Now this list is precisely the same as may be drawn up from the gardens at Cairo, and some of these, such as Shepherd's Purse, Cardamine hirsuta, Poa annua, and a Dock are the very ones Sir J. D. Hooker unex- pectedly met with in the highlands of Sikkim. We now " know the reason why." They are all self or wind-fertilised. Not being dependent on insect aid, they are cosmopolitan in their range, and have long since proved themselves the '■ best fitted to survive." In addition are the following English friends, which still put in an appearance in winter : — - Parietaria officinalis, Rubia peregrina. Honey- suckle, which is evergreen, as also in Malta; " Cotyledon umbilicus, Plantago media, Rubus fruticosus, and Primroses. There are doubtless plenty more, but they are at present invisible. Of natives may be added Veronica cymbalaria, with white flowers; V. didyma, Calendula arvensis, common in Malta, but replaced in Egypt by C. regyptiaoa, apparently a variety, if it differ at all ; occasional tufts of honey-scented Alyssum maritimum, a plant common all over the rocks of Malta, and grown as a garden plant in Cairo. Now for gardens. Australian Acacias, almost all phyllode-bearing, excepting A. dealbata, with bipinnate leaves, which is always called Mimosa, are innumerable ; several species of Gum trees, a few Hakeas, and a Banksia, with four large spikes of flowers upon it ; all the preceding being now in bloom. Agaves and Aloes ad lib., the latter lately described by Mr. Baker in the January number of the Ke2U Bulletin. Several Agaves have flowered, their tall candelabra-like inflorescences still standing; Dracfenas with branching heads ; Palms of many species ; Dates ripen, but produce a poor fruit ; Opuntias of two or three species ; large bushes of Abutilons, 15 feet high ; also of Polygala chamtebuxus ; a bushy Senecio, S. angnstifolia ; Castor-oil plants, and, of course, Orange trees in abundance, chiefly grown for their flowers, as the fruit is not first- rate. A species of Mesembryanthemum with triquetrous leaves is in every garden, crawls over every wall and rock, and creeps along the road- sides. With regard to the florist's gardens, which abound, one is somewhat disappointed, as they contain — at this season, at all events — nothing but Roses, mostly Toa, with a few common climbing red ones ; Marguerites, yellow and white; Carnations to any extent; Narcissus tazetta and vars. ; white Stocks — these latter are all grown in long be.ls, with a framework round them to support matting, which is laid over them to avoid the ill-effects of radiation. Some florists adopt the barbarous practice of dyeing their white Carnations of a greenish-blue colour ! Violets bear enormous flowers. Such, with Mignonette, and sprays of " Mimosa," constitute the contents of the baskets sent over in quantities to England. Georye Hcnslow. Lycaste Skinneri vae. Mrs. P. L. Ames, new var. Considering the great variability of Lycaste Skin- neri, and the thousands of it which have been imported, it is surprising how few may honestly be selected as good and distinct ; but on that question, in relation to the one now recorded, and to the accompanying record, we are relieved of all diffiulty. The sepals are white, tinted with salmon colour; the petals salmon-colour, with an orange tint at the base ; the lip at the base, and on the callus and side- lobes, Indian-yellow, and its front lobe is creamy- white, freckled with yellow — extraordinary colours for L. Skinneri. The flower is also large and well- shaped. It flowered with Messrs. F. Sander & Co. at St. Albans. New or Noteworthy Plants. DESDROBIUM OBRIENIANUM.^ Hbre we have a very peculiar new D>?ndrobe. The general view of it promises not very much, but the plant when in flower is quite unlike any other species known as yet. The raany-flowering drooping racemes of yellowiali-green^flowers are, in spite of the moderate colours, very nice ; and as contrasts are always pleasant, even the contrast with the rose or purplish, or yellow-flowering Dendrobes, gives a good effect. The lateral sepals are produced into a long, so-called spur, which in its middle makes suddenly a very obtuse angle like a knee. The plant was gathered by Mr. F. Sander's most suc- cessful collector, Mr. Micholicz, in the Philippine Islands, and flowered in the autumn of last year at St. Albans. * Dendrobiii 111 0'7_>Vie/iian((»i.— Sepalo dorsali ovato-obloogo obtu=o, lateralibud multotiea lon^ioribua obliquis parte supcriore libera dorsali aubaequilongis triangulis obtusis, deinde in pseudocalcar tubiforme longiesimum iofra subam- pliatum genuflexum demura acutatum product! ; petalis lateralibu3 sepalis fere aequilODgts oblongis obtusis; labello e pede longissimo fere lineari sensim dilalato, oblongo lanceolate lategro margioe eerrulatj di^co lineia 3 elevatuHs apicem fere Usque dccurreotibu-i instructo ; gynrstemio brevissimo crasso ; anthera obtuaa plana antice rectaogulariter abscissa margine sub-barbata, androcliulo utriaque dente recurvo instructo. Ridicea erebri crassiusculi albi. Bulbi caulescentes 15—20 pall, longi, 1 cm. v. pluadtametro, vetusti cinerei. Folia oblongo lanceolata acuminata papyracei (10—12 cm.), 4—5 poll, longi, ^—1 poll. lata. Bacemi penduli ad 8 poll. (20 cm ) longi, vel paulum longiore3, 20 flori. Bractete minutissimse triangulffi acutre. Pedicelli et ovaria 1 poll. (2 5 cm.) longa, sepala o lin. (1 cm.) longa ; lateralium partiLio superior libera vix 5 lin. (1 cm.) longa, partitio inferior producta 10 lij, (2 cm.) longa ; petala sepalis paulum breviora, labellum fere 10 lin. loogum, partitio antice propria 5 lin. longa. Totus ll03 viridi luteu- sepala petalaque infra alhi^A.—KriinzHn, CEOSSES AND CROSSING OF PLANTS. (Continued from p. 236.) New CnARAOTERs Fitted to New Conditions. Almost every farmer and gardener at the present day feels that an occasional change of seed results in better crops. Much of the rapid improvement in fruits and vegetables in recent years is due to the practice of buying plants and seeds so largely of dealers, by means of which the stock is often changed. Even a slight change, as between farms or neighbouring villages, sometimes produces more vigorous plants, and often more fruitful ones. In the cross, a new combination of characters or a new power fits it to live better than its parents in the conditions under which they lived. In the case of change of stock we find just the reverse, which, how- ever, amounts to the same thing, that the new characters or powers fit the plant to live better in conditions new to it than plants which have long lived in those conditions. In either case, the good comes from the fitting together of new characters or powers, and new environments. Crossing within thevariety, and change of stock within ordinary bounds, are therefore beneficial, and the results in the two cases seem to flow from essentially the same causes, and crossing and change of stock combined give much better results than either one alone. These processes are much more important than any mere groping after new varieties, not only because they are surer, but because they are universal and a necessary means of maintaining and improving both wild and cultivated pltnls. Upon this point Darwin expressed himself as follows ; " It is a common practice with horti- culturists to obtain seeds from another place having a very different soil, so as to avoid raising plants for a long succession of generations under the same conditions ; but with all the species which freely intercross by the aid of insects or the wind, it would be an incomparably better plan to obtain seeds of the required variety which had been raised for some generations under as different conditions as possible, and sow them in alternate rows with seeds matured in the old garden. The two stocks would then intercross with a thorough blending of their whole organizations, and with no loss of purity to the variety ; and this would yield far more favourable results than a mere change of seeds." PiiODCciNO New Plants. The second result of crossing, the summary pro- duction of new varieties, is the subject which is almost universally associated with crossing in the popular mind, and even among horticulturists them- selves. It is the commonest notion that the desirable characters of given parents can be definitely com- bined in a pronounced cross or hybrid. There are two or three philosophical reasons which somewhat oppose this doctrine, and which we will do well to consider at the outset. In the first place. Nature is opposed to hybrids, for spfciss have been bred away from each other in the ability to cross. If, there- fore, there is no advantage for Nature to hybriJise, we may suppose that there would be none for man ; and there would be no advantage for man did he not place the plant under conditions different from Nature Febedam 27, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 267 or desire a different set of characters. We can over- come the refusal to cross in many cases by bringing the plant under cultivation where new conditions overpower its former antipathies. Yet it is doubtful if such a plant will ever acquire a complete willing- ness to cross. In like manner, we can overcome in a measure the comparative seedlessnesa of hybrids, but it is very doubtful if we can ever make such hybrids completely fruitful. It would appear, therefore, that with plants in which fruits or seeds are the parts sought, no good can be expected, as a rule, from hybridisation, and this seems to be affirmed by facts. It is evident that species which have been bred away from each other in a given locality, will other regions much like each other. Now it follows that if representative species are less opposed than others, they are more likely to hybridise with good results ; and this fact is well illustrated in the Kieffer and allied Pears, which are hybrids between repre- sentative species of Europe and Japan, We will also recall that the hybrid Grapes which have so far proved most valuable are those obtained by Rogers between the American Vitis labrusca and the European Wine Grape, and that the attempts of Haskell and others to hybridise associated species of native Grap-s have given, at best, only indifferent results, CTo be continued.) Fig, 37. — CYMBIDIUM GBANDIFLOnnM: colour OREEKISn, lip kick CBIMSOS: ILOWEB liEU. .s:ZE, liACelME BEDUCED TWO-THIKDS, have more opposed qualities than similar species which have arisen quite independently in places remote from each other. In the one case, the species have struggled with each other until each has attained to a degree of divergence which allows it to persist; while in the other case, there has been no struggle between the species, but similar conditions have brought about similar results. These similar species, which appear independently of each other in different places, are called representative species. Islands remote from each other, but similarly situated with reference to climate, very often contain such species, and the same may be said of POTATO SCAB. It is a well-known fact that the theories and explanations which have been advanced to account for certain diseased conditions of the surface of Potato tubers, generally known as " scab," are nearly as numerous as the experimenters who have studied the disease, but until quite recently no satisfactory demonstration of what the active agent really is which gives rise to the condition has been advanced, although the subject has occupied scientific investi- gators from time to time for upwards of half a century. Dr. Koland Thaxter, Mycologist of the Connec- ticut Agricultural Station, says, " There is no longer room for doubt that the cause of the disease is a bacterioid fungus, and that, whenever he has ex- amined the disease out-of- doors, it has invariably been found to be visibly accompanied by the growth of an undetermined fungus, at least in its earlier stages ; and that this fungus, when cultivated in an absolutely pure condition on nutrient substances, and thence transferred to growing Potato tubers, with the necessary precautions, reproduces in them the disease called scab, from which it was originally obtained, the observations and experiments so far being convincing to the author that the two are directly associated as cause and effect. Among the many causes of an inorganic nature which have been said to produce the disease, may be mentioned : — ■ Excessive moisture in the soil, supposed to affect the lenticels, which constitute the small rough dots scattered over the surface of normal tubers, producing an abnormal growth of corky tissue at such points, which may extend to the adjacent super- ficial tissue, and be associated with more or leai decay. Mechanical irritation, induced through foreign substances in the soil, which may act as a direct irritant to the surface of the tubers ; the " scab " being the result of an attempt to repair the injury through an abnormal corky growth at such points, also accompanied or followed by decay. Chemical action, due to the presence of certain substances in the soil, such as lime, or oxide of iron, which, through an irritant action, might lead to similar results. Manuring, especially by stable-dung, which has been definitely observed to influence the prevalence of the disease ; a fact which has been explained on the supposition that it may furnish conditions favour- able for the action of one or more of the supposed causes already enumerated. Turning to the theoiies which connect the " scab " with the action of some organism, vegetable or animal, the "insect" theory is one very commonly entertained, especially by horticulturists, "insects" including earth-worms ; This idea is based upon the fact that scab spots form an attractive feeding- ground for a variety of instcts, especially wire- worms, millepedes, and mites, the common occur- rence of which, especially in the deeper scab spots, has led to the belief that the two were directly associated. That this is not the case has been shown by careful observation, the only connection between the two resting on the fact that the injury already existing from a quite different cause is often extended by them very considerably. The simple fact that scab occurs very commonly on light dry land, entirely free from extraneous material which could produce external irritation, and regardless of lime or other chemical substances in the soil ; also that farm-yard manure, not in- frequently, at least, yields a clean crop, is sufficient to show clearly that none of these supposed causes is in itself sufficient to account for the phenomenon. The best that can be said of them is, that in some cases they may involve conditions favouring the prevalence of the disease ; but the question of its cause they leave untouched. J. J. Willis, Uarpcnden, CYMBIDIUM GRANDIFLORUM.* This very striking species, better known as C. Ilookerianum, excited much attention at the last meeting of the Koyal Horticultural Society, when * Ci/mbidium grandi/lorum, Griffith, JVbS., iii., 3i3; /c. Plant. Asiat., t. 321.— Leaves 8 to 2-4 by 4 to 1 inch ; scape very robust, decurved, sheaths lax; raceme six to twelve flowered; flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter; sepals and petals oblong lauceolate acute, green; lip yellowit-h, pubescent, and ciliate; mid-lobe larj^e, suborbicular, waved, and creuate, notched or speckled with red. C. Ilojkerianum, Rchb. f., in Gard. C/tro?i., ISlJii, p. 7; Uutemau, in Bot. Mac;., t. 5574. Eastern Himalaya, East Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan— alt. £000 tO; 7500 feet. - J. D. Hooker in Flora, British indii. Vol, 5. 268 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Fesedabt 27, 1892. it was shown by Mr. Boss. It was described by Professor Reichenbaoh in our columns in 1866, p. 7, but, as will be seen from the appended note, had been previously registered by Griffith, The flowers are greenish, but the lip is of a rich crimson, and crennlate at the margin, as shown in the illustration. CEYLON. (.Concluded from p. 234.) Peeadeniya. — The gardens are four miles from Kandy, and about eighty from Colombo. The rail- road passes through lowlands and Rice-fields, past native villages surrounded by Plantains and Cocoa- outs, and through occasional jungles, until it reaches higher ground. The scenery changes rapidly, forests now and then appearing in the foreground, with occasional views of distant castellated mountains. As the mountains rise out of the terraced Rice- fields and from the shrubs of the jungles, the eye catches on every hand glimpses of groups of bent Cocoa-nut Palms and straight Arecas. It is difficult to realise that these Palms mean, perhaps without exception, human habitations at their feet. Through these scenes of enchanting beauty the railroad has made its way, demanding here and there very skilful engineering. The track is lined with Lantana, which is slowly giving way before the encroachments of a still stronger invader, a Composite from Mexico.* Mimosa pndica is also widely spread as a strong weed. The drive from Kandy to the great garden is through a well-shaded street, lined with native houses. These are gathered at short intervals into villages. My first visits to this garden were made, as were those in every other instance save one on the whole tour, without reporting to the Director. In this way a student can take things very leisurely, and look up matters of detail which it is not right or courteous to trouble the chiefs with ; later, all special points of interest which have escaped notice are likely to be brought out by a walk with the Director. The establishment at Peradeniya consists — (1) of 150 acres of garden proper and of arboretum ; (2) of a mnsenm and herbarium, with library attached. The Director, Dr. Henry Trimen, widely known as an author and editor, controls not only these, but the branch gardens as well, making his head-quarters at Peradeniya. Once for all, it may be said, that botanists are made welcome in every way, finding every facility for carrying on systematic work. The climate is healthful, provided one takrs ordinary and reason- able precautions against exposure to the direct rays of the sun in the hottest part of the day. It is impossible to describe the wealth of material placed at the service of every visitor to the two great gardens of the equatorial belt, that under present review, and the one at Buitenzorg to be considered in a subsequent note. It is equally impossible to institute a comparison between the two. In both these vast establishments the student finds magnificent specimens of all, or very nearly all, the useful plants belonging to hot moist climates. Many years ago the writer had the privilege of seeing tropical plants at the isthmus of Panama ; but even the delightful impressions received on that occasion, which had perhaps become deepened with the lapse of time, were forgotten in the presence of the abound- ing luxuriance of these Palms, Bamboos, glossy- leaved evergreens, and tangled climbers. At Peradeniya, the most characteristic plants are 80 placed as to be seen to good advantage. This was frequently observed when in search for points of view for photographing individual specimens. Moreover, the system of labelling is about perfect ; Dr. Trimen makes use of a large stafi formed out of baked clay, shaped so as to give an inclined surface, on which the name is plainly painted. These brick-red labels with their painted disk are not nnatt'active ; at any rate, they do not detract from the general effect of the broad lawns bordered by gigantic trees. " The "Calitornian Daisy," really a perennial Sunflower, is referred to. The most remarkable single tree in the garden is the Seychelles Palm or double Cocoa-nut, now almost fifty years old. The giant and other Bamboos, the grove of India-rubber trees near the main entrance, and the avenue of Oreodoxa, are only a few examples of the finer groups of single species. The most imposing group of diflFerent species is that of the Palms not far from the gate. The classified arbore- tum is rich in fine specimens, the principal orders being represented on a generous scale. The nurseries, kitchen garden, rockery for succu- lents, ferneries, and clusters of economic plants are on a scale commensurate with the arboretum. As might be expected, the Orchids are by no means so fine as the collections one sees in large private establishments in England and on the Continent ; it is not possible to command the conditions of growth for all the finer species with the same degree of certainty as in colder regions, where a stove means something. At the time of my visit, Amherstia nobilis and the great Crape Myrtle were in full flower, and a large Talipot Palm in bloom was one of the most con- spicuous objects. I was a little too early in Ceylon for some of the tropical fruits, and too late for a few others, but fortunately was able to remedy this lack further on in Queensland and Java. Among the finest of the photographic views of the gardens in Peradeniya are the following : — (1) the main entrance, with the long lines of Assam-rubber trees, and the cluster of difli"erent Palms ; (2) the avenue of royal Palms ; (3) the different Bamboos at the ponds ; (4) the distant view of the Satinwood bridge. The view from the Herbarium is also one of great beauty. Visitors to the gardens are greatly assisted by the intelligent native servants detailed to act as guides. They have a fair knowledge of the whereabouts of almost all the important plants, and seldom go wrong with regard to names. It should be stated also that the natives employed in widely diff"erent stations in the establishment prove, according to the Director and the Superintendent, generally efficient. The Herbarium is rich in certain directions, and can be consulted by students under proper restric- tions. The Museum is as yet small. It remains to be said that plants and seeds are for sale at the garden, at moderate prices. A Wardian case, packed with forty assorted plants, is shipped for 40 rupees, say, from 16 to 20 dols. The influence for good which has been exerted in Ceylon by the garden and its branches is incalculable. The establishment has proved a centre of scientific activity and high economic value. G, L. Goodale. The AMATEUR'S Garden. POT-HERBS AND FLAVOURINGS. (Continued from p. 2-lo.) The amateur should always look well after his pot-herbs, and above all select a nice, deep, well- drained sunny spot for the Parsley bed. Gardeners with acres of land may sow Parsley by the hundreds of yards by the side of the walks, and admire its beautiful green appearance in summer, but they are often in difficulties with the cook about the Parsley supply in midwinter ; therefore, we advise our readers to grow theirs in beds of such a width that they can cover them in winter with frames, which should be banked up with soil to keep out frost ; and then with a few armfuls of litter all can be made quite safe, and you may perchance have some to spare for the " professional " in his time of scarcity. The other pot-herbs, as Borage, which usually looks after itself, turning up everywhere after it has once come into the garden, and which if there are bees, no good apiarian, or anyone else, thinks of destroying. Spearmint, of which it may be said, that once planted, always present, and at times unpleasantly so ; gene- rally, it will be sufficient to give it a top-dressing of rotted manure, or rich, or even merely fresh soil, after carefully forking up all roots that have strayed beyond the allotted space, and burning them. Sage will be much browned by the winter's wind, and hard weather, and had better be cut hard back ; slips may be put in of side-shoots. Sweet Marjoram, any of the Thymes, and Tarragon, may be cut over like Sage ; or if more plants be wanted, they may be taken up, divided, and replanted. Chives may be similarly treated as regards division of the roots ; these are useful flavouring materials at all seasons, and more especially for salads, when they can be had young and tender, as when slightly forced say in a hothouse, or even the kitchen window. Potato-Onions should be much in request this season, owing to the bad Onion seed harvest of 1891. In northern England, these useful bulbs were, and may still be, much grown. There are several varieties, some round, others pear-shaped, some strong, others mild-flavoured. They are propagated by separation of the sections of the bulbs in March, as are Shallots. These latter should soon be got into the soil, or rather, laid on it, in shallow drills, made with a small hoe, and kept in position, after giving them a squeeze into the soil, by filling the drill with fine coal ashes. If the amateur have a warm pit or a hothouse, he may sow some Sweet Basil and Pot Marjoram ; a panful each of an early Cabbage, another of an early Cauliflower, one or two of Lettuces of both kinds, and one or two of Onions if he wants very big bulbs ; and supposing that Celery and Leeks are required in August and September, a small pinch of seed of each may be sown. Choose light soil, shallow pans or boxes well drained for these seeds, and as soon as germination has taken place, put them within 6 inches of the roof-glass, and never let the soil get very dry. Even a sheet of tissue paper laid over them would be permissible when the sun is very hot about midday. Pricking- out must be done when the plants touch each other. Fruits. The Gooseberry bushes, where left unpruned for fear the tomtits would steal the leading buds, and the red, white, and black Currants, shonld be pruned. The first-named should have the heads kept hollow- basin-shaped ; but as Gooseberries differ much in habit, that must be studied. Do not cut back the leading shoots of last year's growth, unless they already touch the soil, and the side shoots which are removed should have only half an inch left at the base. Old spurs which have grown very long may be removed ; they will not be missed, and, moreover, the younger ones and the young shoots carry the finest fruits. If the saw-fly caterpillar was trouble- some last year, scrape away the soil under the bushes, and bury it deeply somewhere else, putting some clean soil from the vegetable quarter in its place. Red and white Currants may be treated like the Gooseberry. Black Currants should have their shoots thinned, as well as someof the oldest branches; but do not cut back the annual shoots, like the Gooseberry. Strawberry beds should be cleared of decaying leaves, and young plantations should be well trodden, especially close up to the plants. The frost will have thrown them almost out of the soil, and the plant hates a loose soil. Having hoed the land, and raked off the rubbish on beds of more than one year old, apply some kind of mulch leaf-mould, or decayed stable dung, and let it lay ; by and by, it will be covered with litter. Strawberry plants may be bought, and planted, but no fruit can be expected before 1893. The pruning and nailing of wall fruits should now be finished, for the manipulation of which we would refer our readers to some recent calendarial articles in the Gardeners' Chronicle, which are quite applic- able in their case. NEW GUINEA. In connection with the remarkable Cypripedium figured in our last issue — an earnest of what may be expected in future from that vast region — we print Febeuaby 27, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 269 the following communication which has just reached U8 from Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller: — "The latest expeditions of Sir William Macgregor have again afforded material for augmenting our knowledge of the native vegetation of British New Guinea, not only in reference to further systematic records of the flora, but also as regards prospects Islands, to institute the needful methodic observa- tions in the Papuan forests, guided by special pre- vious experiences. As another instance of trying to turn soon to practical account the scientific infor- mation gained, might be mentioned the rubber industry. It seems quite within reach of possi- bility to find also among the numerous species of Fig. 38. — eubus PH(EmcoLAsius. (see p. 282.) for new utilitarian resources. We learn from the collections gathered that several Sapotaceous trees exist in British New Guinea, and therefore the ques- tion arises whether special searches for new kinds of Gutta-percha trees could be instituted, all of them belonging to the Sapotacea;. This might, perhaps, best be accomplished if the services of some one of the many experts were secured who are engaged in tapping and preparing the sap of the various Gutta- percha trees in the Malay Peninsula, or the Suada Papuan Fig trees one or more to provide rubber, but it may need an accustomed Caoutchouc gatherer from Assam or some other Indian locality to enter on the search and tests in New Guinea, the sap of the partionlar Fig trees needing carefully correct treatment for converting it into the mercantile and industrial product. The number of kinds of grasses indigenous in New Guinea proves also much greater than anticipated, some of them, such as the Pani- cums, evidently of tender foliage and great nutri- tive value. As gradually so many Urticaceous trees and shrubs have come under notice from the Pos- session, new sources for fibre may also become opened up for large actual industries and commerce. Of the genus Vitis, now thirteen species are known from British New Guinea, with the possible prospects of some showing cultural capabilities as Grape vines. A Spondias there is closely akin to the famous S. cytherea. The great variety of timber trees, now already demonstrated to exist, must sooner or later call forth special efforts of timber merchants to closely investigate the wood resources there beyond what is already shipped to our harbours, such as the Red Cedar. The Ebenacece are represented, as we now learn, by several kinds in British New Guinea, and thus, perhaps, superior ebony wood could be added to the exports. Some new resin plants may also become accessible, as from specimens with young fruit secured by Sir William Macgregor, a third species of Papuan Araucaria seems to exist, but in the highlands only, although Kauri Pines have not yet been found. Of special phyto-geographic in- terest is the fact, that to the many alpine plants recorded in a former report, now also a species of the New Zealandian and East Australian genus Quintinia (Q Macgregorii), as well as Coprosma repens, Geranium pilosum, and an Hydrocotyle, with almost Azorella habit, may be added, the two former showing further the extensive alliance of the Papuan highlands flora to that of our most elevated far southern regions. To these Aus- tralian types should further be added a new very till Grevillea frc m lower mountains. The rare IJhc- dodendron Macgregori,^ has, with the new Aristotelia gaulteriacea and Ternstr tenia Britteniana, been described some months ago in Britten's London Journal oj Botany as got at the summit of Mount Yule, where the regetation, particularly as regards the numerous EriceiE, simulates that of the 0»eu Stanley ranges in their higher though not iu their highest parts, a new Begonia from the cool heights being among the novelties from there, so an additional Querous from the middle region. " As might have been expected. Sir William Mac- gregor's collections are likewise particularly rich in GesneriaceiE, Acanthacfiu, Scitaminete, Orchideoe, and Ferns (one Monogramme new) mostly of Sundaic aflinities ; but it is beyond the scope of this brief document to enter into detail on remarks concerning any of these showy plants, although they comprise many hitherto unknown treasures for future horti- culture in any part of the world. Ferd. von Mueller." Nursery Notes ORCHIDS AT MESSRS. B. S. WILLIAMS AND SON. With the ground outside covered with snow (February IG),the bright effect of the well- displayed showy Orchids in bloom in most of the houses at the Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, was all the more marked, and seldom have we seen a better display there, or a more marked appearance of vigour in the specimens of the large house of Vandas, and that devoted to the Lajlias and Cattleyas, or, indeed, the whole stock, than at the present time. The large East Indian-house had a very effective arrangement made up of specimen Dendrobium Wardianum, D. nobile nobilius, and the handsomely- mottled D. n. Backhousianum, together with a pro- fusion of Calanthe Regnierii, C. Stevensii, C. nivalis, a charming pure white C. Sandhurstiana X , one of the richest-coloured of the home hybrids, and large specimens of Cypripedium calurum, C. Sedeni candi- dulum, C. Sallierii X, C. Boxalli atratum, Dendro- bium eudocharis X, D. Jamesianum, D. luteolum, with Coelogvne Massangeana, and a large quantity of other species in bud, and some of the nobile speci- mens, Vanda tricolor and V. suavis, still in bloom. In the large Intermediate-house was a fine display of selected varieties of Cattleya Triana;, Lselia anceps alba, and L. a. Williamsii, some grand masses of the orange-scarlet L. harpophylla, a fine specimen of the 270 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febeuaey 27, 1892. rare Odontogloasum Rosaii albens, a large batch of Coelogyne cristata alba, with a profusion of its large snow-white blossoms ; Cymbidium eburneum, Brassa- vola glauca, which has such a delightful odour, espe- cially at night ; Oncidium Cavendishianum, Cym- bidium Lowianum, with six long spikes in bud ; Ly- caste Youngii, and various Oncidiums and Odonto- glossums. In the next house the Cattleyas and Lffilias, and especially the well-sheathed L. purpuiata, were in splendid condition ; and here the show was made up principally of varieties of Cattleya Perciva- liana, fine varieties of Oncidium splendidnm, Cypri- pediums, Calanthes, &c. ; and here is one of the fineit specimens we have seen of Oncidium sarcodes, with two fine spikes not yet in bloom. In the cool houses in bloom were the pretty scarlet Cochlioda Noezliana, C. vulcanica, C. rosea, some bright scarlet Sophronitis grandiflora, some good Odontoglossum crispum, O. cirrosum, 0. macnlatum, O. Eossii majus, and 0. blandum, Ada aurantiaca, Oncidium Forbesii, Masdevallia Chelsoni x, M. tri- angularis, M. melanopus, and other species of Masdevallia, In the smaller warm bouses we came to, in the first were some showy Phalainopsis Schilleriana, P. Manni, AngriECura hyaloides, A. citratum, A. Sande- rianum, Ornithocephalus grandiSorus, &c., and here the Diacrium bicornutum were freely sending up spikes, and the species of Utricularia were flourishing. In the second in flower were Dendrobium chlorops, D. superbiens, and various other Dendrobes. The next house had a fine collection of Sarracenias, and a good show of varieties of Dendrobium Ains- worthii x and D. Leechianum X, with some brightly- flowered plants of D. Dominianum ; and the Cypri- pedium-house, whose supply of flowers never fails, had a good show of C. Williamsii X, C. Amesi- anum X , C. Morgana; x , C. Lathamianum x , C. lo grande, C. gemmiferum X, C. Meirax, C. politum, C. Dauthierii marmoratum, C. rcticulatum, C. Lafor- cadei x, C. Fytchianum X, C. Ilarrisianum vivi- cans X, &c. Other notable things in the vast and well-grown stock were the splendid Gleichenias, the extensive collection of Nepenthes, a good lot of Ana3Ctochilu3, some plants of the fine blue-flowered Tillandsia Lindeni, houses full of green and coloured Draca;nas and Crotons, and other ornamental plants, some fine fragrant Daphnes, a fine show of Williams' strain of Cyclamen, and a bright display of the ordinary spring flowers. The Week's Work. THE FLOWER aARDEN. J?y H. W. Ward, Girdcner, Longford Ciistle, Salisbury. PLANTS THAT MAY BE RAISED FROM SEED.— A stock of young plants of the Antirrhinum, Delphinium, D.ihlia, Pentstemon, Verbena, single- flowered Petunia, Viola, including Pansies, and Lobelia, may be readily raised from seed sown now in gentle warmth, and pricked off into pans or boxes when large enough, growing them for a short time in an intermediate temperature, and inuring them by degrees to cool-frame treatment. PROPAGATING. — The required number of cuttings of Verbenas, Ageratums, Lobelias, Lantanas, &c.. should now be taken off the stock plants and dibbled into 48's, with one big crock at the bottom, a handful of half- decayed leaves for drainage, and filled with light mould, and a surfacing of sand. Plunge the pots when watered and become dried a little in bottom heat, and shade them from strong snnshine until rooted, which, with a brisk bottom- heat and the frame kept close and well-covered at night, will be in about one week. They should then be potted off, putting two plants in a 60-sized pot, using a compost of sifted soil and leaf mould in the proportion of three parts of the former to one of the latter, with a little sand added, returned to heat, watered, and shaded from sunshine for a few days, afoer which the fhading should be dispensed with, and the young plants be afterwards attended to in the way of stopping, watering, and ventilating, eraduaHy hardening them off by the middle of May next. TUBEROUS-ROOTED BEGONIAS —Tubers should now be put into a warm Peach-house, vinery, or other forcing-house, to start into growth. Where large quantities of Begonia are grown, it would be better to place the tubers a couple of inches asunder, on a layer of light compost, in frames placed on a. gentle hot-bed of leaves. They may then be trans- planted direct to the flower-beds towards the end of May or early in .June. PRICKING OUT SEEDLINGS.— Young plants re- sulting from seed sown as recommended in a previous Calendar, will now be ready for pricking out a couple of inches apart in pans and shallow boxes, and filled with a light compost. Return the seedlings to heat, water to settle the soil, and shade from sunshine for a few days. SOWING SEED.- Seeds of the under-mentioned plants should now be sown ; — Cannabis gigantea, Japanese Maize, Nicotiana atropurpurea grandiflora, N. macrophylla gigantea, Ricinus hybridus, R. Gib- soni, R. glaucus, R. Duchess of Edinburgh, R. Cam- bodgensis, R. sanguineus tricolor, and R. macro- carpus. All the above-mentioned plants are sub- tropical subjects. Seed of Carter's Little Gem (mixed), Antirrhinum and Pentstemon (choice mixed), should also be sown, and the plants being treated as described for other seedlings. GENERAL WORK. — Stir the soil between spring- flowering plants with the Dutch hoe as soon as it gets a little dry. Prune and train climbers where not already done. Roses on south and west walls also prune. Level and prepare ground for sowing lawn-grass seeds towards the middle or end of March. THE APIARY, By ExPEUT. PRESENT MANAGEMENT.— The temptation to overhaul stocks when sunshiny days make their appearance at this early time of year is very great. Such a proceeding, however, cannot be too strongly deprecated, and anything approaching disturbance of any kind should be avoided for another month to come. If it is thought that any stocks are likely to be short of stores, which is the only excuse at present for an examination being made, it can be ascertained by quietly turning up the quilt at the ends of the frames, so that the eye can be quickly run along the tops of the combs. If sealed stores cannot then be seen in any quantity, a cake of candy should be given. Make it by putting three- quarters of a pint of water into a saucepan, and when it boils, gradually stir in 6 lb. of best white loaf sugar. Keep it well stirred to prevent burning until it has boiled for a few minutes. If a drop is let fall on to a cold plate and it sets, it will be done. Take it off the fire, and keep on stirring till it begins to thicken, then pour into cardboard boxes holding about 2 lb. each, or into a soup plate or basin, into which a piece of paper has been previously placed. When cool it can be placed over the feed-hole in the centre of the quilt. So little attention being required outside, it is a good time to go carefully through the various articles of bee furniture in the store-room, and get everything in readiness for the busy time coming. Frames bought in the flat can be nailed together and fitted up with full sheets of bread foundation, there being nothing better for the former purpose than oval wire nails, which can be used without the aid of a bradawl, and with no fear of splitting the wood. A good supply of frames ready for use should always be kept in reserve. Sections are sure to be required in quantity later on, and these can be got ready now by folding them and inserting foundation. The crates can then be filled, but should be kept covered over to prevent the sections getting soiled with dirt or dust. It is necessary to have two section crates in readiness for each hive intended to be worked for comb honey. SKEPS — The writer has a straw skep in his possession from which he hopes to get a good return in comb honey during the next season, in order to demonstrate the possibility of profitably working a hive of this description. For the benefit of those who have a preference for skeps, the following is a description of it. It is a large skep with a flat wooden top let into the straw, through which a cir- cular hole about 9 inches in diameter has been cut. This is covered with queen-excluding zinc. A swarm was put in last year which has attached its combs to the zinc. When the proper time arrives, a flat board with a hole in centre will be placed on the skep, and on this will stand an ordinary crate of twenty-one sections. The reason of the difficulty generally experienced in getting bees to take to sections placed on skeps is owing to their not being closely enough connected with the brood nest, which prevents the bees being able to maintain the necessary temperature for comb building. FRUITS UNDER GLASS By J. EiDDELL, Gardener, Castle Howard, York. MUSAS (BANANAS). — Where an increase of stock of Bananas is desired, those suckers that have been allowed to develop on fruiting plants will root freely if detached and placed in Oak or Beech sawdust, cocoanut fibre refuse, or sandy soil, if afforded a brisk bottom and top heat, kept moist, and shaded from the noonday sun. A sandier soil, however, will be required in potting those that have been rooted in sawdust than will be necessary when any of the other materials are employed for the purpose. Strong plants may at this period have their final shift, and as Musas are gross-feeding plants, some rotted manure and leaf mould in equal parts should form one-half of the compost used, the other half being good friable loam. Muaa Cavendishi may be grown in borders or in tubs of wood or slate, which latter should not have a lest capacity than 8 cubic feet. These should be well-drained, and be sup- plied with at least five outlets for water. Aftertubbing the plants, they should be afforded bottom heat, not exceeding 80°. The soil should not be made very firm, the roots are soft and easily injured, and, moreover, the plants requiring a large supply of moisture ; a soil that is loose more readily supplies it. The night temperature of the house in which these newly-tubbed plants stand should be 70° to 75°, a rise in bright weather of 20° or even more being permitted, and damp down the house frequently, so as to maintain humidity, syringing the plants in the morning and at shutting-up time. Plants showing signs of fruiting, that is, when the third or fourth smaller leaf makes its appearance, should not be syringed overhead until flowering is past. Liquid manure may be employed at every watering to all plants in tubs or large pots after their roots have permeated the soil, and its strength increased with the age of the plants, until the fruits show signs of ripening. THE ORCHARD-HOUSE.— With increase of ann- heat, the occupants of the orchard-house will show some signs of renewed activity, and fresh air must be admitted freely in mild weather, affording the trees an occasional dewing over by means of the syringe. When the roots are allowed the run of a border, the latter should be kept in a moist state. The flower buds of Cherries may be thinned before they expand, and when the blooms are open, they should be artificially fertilised, so as to make sure of a crop. After a sunless summer like that of last year, it may not be desirable to thin the flower buds on Cherries to the same extent as may be done when the wood is well matured ; but where Apples and Pears are crowded with bloom buds, a few may be removed so as to lessen the strain on the vitality of the trees. Plants in perforated pots must be kept fairly moist at the roots, as also the soil in which the pots are plunged, but no manure water should as yet be used. Should green or black fly make its appearance in the house, fumigate it on two consecutive nights, follow- ing the fumigationa with a syringing in the morning, THE ORCHID HOUSES. By H. A. Blirderrv, Orchid Grower, Highbury, Birmingham. THE EAST INDIA-HOUSE.— Plants of Angra;cum citratum succeed best in this house when suspended from the roof in small pans, and the leaves frequently sponged to clear them of red-spider ; and so freely does it flower in this position, that it is advisable to remove some of the spikes to prevent exhaustion, Saccolabium bellinum is a valuable addition to the genus, and deserves a place in every collection ; the flowers are exceedingly pretty. Phaius tuberculosus, now in bloom, is another ve.-y beautiful flower, though it is rather difiicult to manage ; 1 have tried it in various structures, and find that it grows best, with me, in a very shady and moist part of the warmest house, and whilst growing it should be afforded a syringing overhead twice daily. The habit of growth is straggling, and the plant should therefore be grown in rather large baskets, with nothing more than a layer of sphagnum moss placed over the crocks. ORCHIDS IN FLOWER. — The most noteworthy among these are the various varieties of Dendrobium nobile. D. Cassiope (hybrid) is very .attractive and free-growing, promising to become a very useful plant. D. Schneiderianum (h]brid) is very pretty, and retains the sweet odour of its parent, D. aureum. This house is made bright just now with the very Feehcaey 27, 1892.] TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 271 unusual colours of Lxlia flava, L. cinnabarina, and L. harpophylla. Flowering is a very weakening process for Orchids, and this is not surprising wlieu we consider liow helpless we are, even by the most approved artificial means, to imitate conditions prevailing in a state of Nature. Cattleyas, I'halic- nopsin, and Odontoglossums, if not very robust, are plants much exhausted if the flowers are allowed to remain hanging on the plants for too long a time. Mr. Uutram's Orchid-holders are useful little vessels to place the stalks of Orchids in, and they are readily disposed about a plant, so that the flowers appear as if still remaining attached to it. POTTING. — As previously advised, the roots of Orchids should not be often or unduly disturbed, and if the plants are well-potted and in good materials, many of them may remain for two years, and in some cases three, without disturbance; top-dress- ing and the renewal of the supporting sticks being all that is required in the interval. The proper time for re-potting can hardly be disregarded, if it is the rule to do all that is requisite m this direc- tion immediately after the season of flowering. There are a few exceptions, however, and these are the autumn-flowering Oncidiums and Vandas, Odontoglossum grande, and allied varieties. All antumn-flowering Cattleyas excepting C. g'gas, C. aurea, and C. Warneri, are best attended to in spring; Calaathes, Pleiones, and Thunias are also exceptions to the rule. The cool-house Odonto- glossum I prefer to repot in the month of September. When repotting has become neces- sary, it should be thoroughly done, all of the old materials cleaned off the roots, and the latter carefully replaced on sphagnum moss and light fibry peat in clean well-drained pots. The materials should be firmly and carefully packed up to the leading growths, so that the young roots may enter it directly they push forth. If the plant is unsteady, make it steady by the aid of some nfat sticks thrust into the peat, &c. In repotting, care should be taken, as with newly-imported Orchids, to make neat well - shaped masses, all useless material cut away, and the roots well washed. If B plant is ill-shapen, it miy be parted into two, and the growths so placed that they will grow towards the centre of the pot, and form one compact mass, when the plants will grow better, be more self-sup- porting, need fewer sticks, and occupy less space than would be the case if the growths were wide apart. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. By G. WoOUWAKD, Gardener, Barham Court, Maidstone. STRAWBERRIES. — Consequent upon the severe frosts we have been experiencing, it will be very necessary that young plantations should be carefully examined, as some of the plants will be found to be J artially lifted out of the ground. As soon as the ground is dry enough to walk upon, these loosened plants should be made firm again by trampling it evenly and regularly round about them. Sickly- looking plants should be replaced with healthy ones, and vacancies in the lines planted up ; and in the case of old stools, a few spadefuls of the soil should be taken out round each, and replaced with fresh rich soil made very firm. Dead and decaying leaves, for appearance sake, should be cut off', and buried or burned, the hoe lightly used on the beds, and the v/eeds raked off. The beds should then be covered with a layer, an inch or two thick, of stable-dung, working it well beneath the leaves and up to the crowns, this being important in the case of old plants. Upon light and very dry soils, cow-manure is preferable to horse- dung. See that the crown is not covered with manure or earth. MISCELLANEOUS DIRECTIONS.— The fruit-roora should now get attention almost daily, and any fruit that is showing the least sign of decay should be set aside for early use, and what is too far gone, thrown to the fowls. The best Apples at the present time are Cox's Orange and Royal d'Angleterre ; this latter is one of the best late Apples we have (or dessert, it is of delicious flavour, yellowish flesh, firm, ar.d as crisp as if only just gathered from the tree. In appearance, it resembles Newtown Pippin, but is a little more conical, and the skin is greener, and very thick. Specimens of Lord Derby are perfectly sound, and of a bright yellow colour; Belle Dubois 18 here a very large fruit ; Brabant Bellelleur, Lane's Prince Albert, which is a splendid acquisition for late use, growing and cropping well where the Wel- lington fails, and well repaying good cultivation ; Lin- coln Pippin ; Sandringham, a splendid fruit, but a shy bearer here ; lventi«h Fillbasket, Cockle Pippin, Cal- ville llalingre, a high-coloured Apple, which mikes a nice tree, and is a good cropper ; and Mere de Monage, which is best grown as a standard. The Pears in use at the present time are Faster Beurre, which in most places requires a wall ; Olivierde Serres, the best late Pear; Doyenuo d'Aleii(;on, Beurre Hance, and Glout Morceau. So far as my observation goes. Apples and Pears gathered from trees, the branches of which are kept thin so as to allow the sunshine to reach them, produce firm fruits, which, in consequence, keep in good condition to a late period PLANTS UNDER GLASS. Bi/ K. MiLXER. Gardener, Penrice Gardens, Swansea. CONSERVATORY AND GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS. — At this season, these plants should have all surplus shoots thinned out, and those retained must have the necessary amount of tying, so as to keep them in position. As most of these plants have already started into growth, it will be advisable to examine the border in which they are growing, and, if dry, apply sufficient tepid water to thoroughly moisten the soil. In cases where the border has become impoverished, a portion of the surface-soil should be taken off", but not too deep to injure the roots of the plants, afterwards top-dressing with a good compost, according to the requirements of the diff'erent subjects. Should any of the plants be infected with scale, thrips, or mealy-bug, steps should be taken to have them eradicated as far as possible. FERNS. — Although too early to divide or repot any large specimens, there are generally a number of young plants in small pots which have commenced to make fresh growths ere this, and require a shift into a larger size. The pots which they are to occupy should be perfectly clean, and filled to one- third of their depth with drainage. Two parts good fibrous loam, one of leaf mould or peat, and one of sharp sand to ensure porosity, will be found a suitable compost for them. The plants should be examined previous to potting, and if affected with scale, should be thoroughly cleaned, all decayed fronds, &c., being taken off. A suitable structure in which to grow these plants is a low pit, where they can be kept well up to the light, and where the night temperature ranges between 50° and .55'^. Keep them rather close for a few weeks, until the young roots have penetrated to the sides of the pots, when air should be given more freely so as to induce a sturdy growth. IXORAS. — Early spring is the best time to pro- pagate Ixoras. When taking the cuttings, preference should be given to the tops of the stronger shoots, which are thrown from the collar of the plant. Insert the cuttings singly in small pots in a com- post of half peat and sand, or in pure clear sand, then water to settle the compost, and plunge the pots in a bottom-heat of SO^, and where the night temperature of the structure does not fall below 7o°. Young plants, if not already moved, should have a shift into larger sized pots. Plants ia vigorous health, and growing in 6 or 7-inch pots, may be moved into 10 or ll-inch, potting them moderately firm. Keep the plants well up to the light. In favourable weather syringe freely overhead about 2 P.M. Ixora coccinea, I. Colei, I. Williamsii, and I. Pilgrimii are amongst the best varieties. GLORIOSA3. — Bulbs of these which have been wintered in sand should now be potted. A good compost for them is a rich loam two parts, one of leaf- mould, one of decayed manure, and sand in sufficient quantity to keep the whole porous. If strong, plant the bulbs in the pots, in which they are intended to bloom, which may be from 12 to 15 inches in diameter. Otherwise pot them into smaller size, re- potting as the plants gain strength. If possible, grow them under the roof of the stove. GESNERAS. — Roots of these should be brought from their winter quarters. Place themin a stove tem- perature, and moisten the soil, which during the time they have been at rest will have become dry. POINSETTIAS. — The latest plants of this will, ere this, have done flowering, and should be dried off. Store them away in an intermediate-house. If kept in a too low temperature the plants are liable to suffer, and probably die. FORCING PITS, ETC.— Continue to bring in fresh supplies of such plants as Staphylea colchica, Spirica japonica, and Abutilons, Lilac Charles X., Lily of the Valley, Lilium llarrisii, Freesia refracta alba, Indian Azaleas, Deut/.ia gracilis. Tea Roses, Tulips, Hyacinths, &c. Plants of Deutzia gracilis which have done blooming should be placed in an intermediate-house. Apply weak mannre-water occa- sionally, and syringe overhead with tepid water, so as to encourage the plants to complete their growth. The same remarks apply to Staphylea colchica, Lilacs, and similar plants. PROPAGATING FRAME.— Cuttings of Frauciscea calycina, F. c. grandiflora, Eranthemum Andersonii, E. pulchellum, yEschynanthus splendens, and yE. fulgens may now be inserted ; the last-named make most useful plants for growing in hanging baskets. The plants do best in a compost of equal parts of fibrous peat and loam, with sufficient sand to ensure porosity. Also insert cuttings of Justicia speciosa, J. coccinea, Libonia floribunda. Plumbago rosea, Gardenias, 'Vincas, &c. THE KITCHEN GARDEN. i?y G. WvTHES. Gardener, S)On House, Brentford. SOWING CELERY. — It is necessary to sow seed now to obtain early supplies of Celery. Sow very thinly in boxes, and place in gentle heat to germi- nate; much mischief is caused by thick sowing. Dryness at the root or extreme temperatures must be avoided, and when the seedlings appear, give them a place near the glass, with a free circulation of air in mild weather. At this date the boxes can be placed near the front of a house, or in a warm frame. For late supplies, I do not think there is a better plan than sowing the seed in a frame, placed on a warm bed of leaves and litter. If sown thin, the seedlings may be lifted with good balls, and planted directly into the trenches. For early work the white varie- ties are best, and if only two kinds are grown, ■Veitch's Superb White and Sandringham Dwarf White will be found useful. To succeed these. Veitch's Early Rose, Colonel Clarke's Red, and Standard-bearer, are good, and will give a long suc- cession ; the last-named will keep good till May if lifted out of the trenches and heeled in, in a north border. CAULIFLOWERS.— There has been less difficulty in keeping the autumn-sown plants this season, especially where they were were well hardened, but some have not facilities for keeping them, and are therefore obliged to resort to sowing early in the year. For this purpose. Extra Early Forcing or Snowball are much used, the beads being of a con- venient size, and good flavour. If sown thinly in boxes or frames now, good plants will be ready in a few weeks. Take care to water sparingly in dull weather, and avoid cold draughts ; and keep close to the light. CABBAGES.— Should a deficiency in the spring Cabbages be apparent, now is the time to make good the loss, by sowing seeds of some approved early kinds in a box placed in a gentle heat. EUam's Dwarf Early Spring is good for this purpose, and a rapid grower. FRENCH BEANS. — Another sowing of Beans in pots should now be made, or the seed may be sown in a warm bed in a house. This latter is the best plan where there is a good command of heat, and the plants can be kept near the light. Ne Plus Ultra and Syon House are good for this work. When pots are used, 8-inch is a useful size, only filling them three parts full of compost, adding the remainder when the plants are a few inches high. No water should be given if the soil is moist till the seeds have germinated. VEGETABLE MARROWS.— Though seldom grown in frames, I would advise growing a dwarf kind thus when a frame can be spared. Seed should be sown now. I prefer sowing three seeds in a 48-pot, and to plant out at the beginning of April in a good loam on a warm bed— a bed that has been used for raising early seed of any kind answers well. The best Marrow for this purpose is Pen-y-Byd. TOMATO seed should also be sown to get large plants set with fruit, sowing thinly in pans in a warm house. Prick the seedlings off' when in the rough leaf, and replace in the warm bed ; repot as they increase in size, and grow in a cooler house. Cuttings of Roses.— To be successful in striking these in the open air, the cuttings should be examined at short intervals during the winter, and made thoroughly firm in the soil by trampling it after frosts. Cuttings put in, in October or November, with their bases resting on a firm bottom on a snug border, if kept well fastened in the soil, root with much certainty, half-ripened wood taken off with a heel being the best. In this way, by putting in some cuttings annually, a good stock of healthy plants on their own roots may be kejt np. Ji: Markhftm. 272 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Fbbhuaby 27, 1892. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. THURSDAY, FRIDAY, Mab. MEETINGS. Mar. 3— LinueaD. iDuDdee Horticultural ABSociatiou. Wakefield Paxton Society Annual Meeting. SALES. i Hardy Perennials, Pasonies, Phlox, Feb. 29.^ Carnations, &c., at Protheroe & ( Morris' Rooms. Sale of ."iOOO Odontoglossum crispum and other Orchids at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms. Sale of Nursery Stock, at Lee's Nursery, Feltham, by Protheroe & Morris (two days). (Azaleas, Palms, Greenhouse Ferns, Roses, &c., at Protheroe and Morris' Rooms. 1500 Roses. Fruit Trees, Lilinms, &c., at Stevens' Rooms. Lilium auratum and various other Lilies, &c., from Japan at Pro- theroe & Morris's Rooms. Sale oE Nursery Stock at Sea-View Nureeries, Havant, by Protheroe & Morris. Nurtery Stock Sale at the Church Fields Nursery, Cheshunt, by Pro- . theroe & Morris. i Great Sale of new and other Mak, 4 ^ Orchids, at Protheroe & Morris' ( Rooms. 1 Border Plants, Liliunjs, Bulbs, Mab. i< Fruit Trees, &c., at Stevens' ( Booms. THURSDAY, Mab. S { FRIDAY, SATURDAY, OORRKCTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTT-THEEE YEARS. AT CHISWICK.— 40°.8. How enormouB is the task involved ee ing ^^ provisioning a oity was never perhaps, in modern times, better appreciated than in the days when the German legions thundered at the gates of Paris during the Franco-German War. Notwithstanding the lesson then read to municipal authorities all over the world, we question very much if the art of pro- visioning a city has been advanced to any extent. Londoners have certainly learnt but little, though they have expressed the determination to learn a great deal — and to practise what they learn. The London County Council has been established to grapple with the subject of "provisioning," gas, water, markets, &c. All sorts of vested interests are set on end in the way of the new municipal body ; and it is only thus that it learns how vast is the task it has set itself to accomplish. Only with markets have we here to do, and the London County Council are shut out from interfering with the markets, the property of the Corporation of London ; though this is not perhaps an unmixed evil. In the fight before Parliament for power over the provisioning or the feeding of London, way had to be made for the City authorities, and the County Council remains pretty much where it was twelvemonths since — still weak at home ; the vestries being, well, not in favour of the new body, and the work of making all things new in the market line can never be properly accomplished until Bumble has been dethroned. The feeding of London is a mighty concern — even when we take note of fruit, roots, and vegetables only. Five millions of people, to put it roughly, daily appeal to the grower, and he is handicapped in every possible way — very much indeed in the item of market accom- modation. As has been often noted in these pages, the grower suffers at the hands of land- lord, railway company, and weather ; sometimes all three combine to upset his arrangements, though not always does the purchaser in shop or at stall suffer in like proportion. Let us consider for a moment how the work of distribution pro- ceeds from the field or orchard to the stall or household. We take it that there are a million families to be provided with green-stuff, &c. ; and there are five great centres of distribution. Covent Garden being far and away the greatest in every respect — and private property ! There are some 1500 greengrocer's shops, 600 fruit and vegetable vendors, nearly 150 fruit salesmen and merchants, or a total of, say, 3300 shops at which the thrifty housewife daily purchases her sup- plies. In addition to all this, there are some 120 what may be termed " coster " markets, averaging thirty stalls each, adding 3600 to the already enumerated 2300 shops — say, for the sake of even numbers, 6000 vendors in London of vegetables, fruits, and roots. It is a simple matter to reckon how many families each of these vendors cater for, on the average. It may also be readily understood how much friction there is in the great centres of distri- bution — how much unnecessary expenditure of time, labour, and expense in simply placing before the purchaser those provisions which day by day enter into his bill of fare, whether humble or elaborate. Surely, then, the centres of dis- tribution might with advantage be doubled in number, not separating the goods sold, such as this a fruit and that a vegetable market, but all alike, and so relieving any particular market of pressure, and giving all that chance of success they certainly will not otherwise be found to possess. Thus it is said of Farringdon Market that it is only a one-horse affair, for the vendor has to call in at Covent Garden or elsewhere to make up his full tale. And we do not hesitate to express the opinion that the new structure now rising near the great Central Meat Market will never be worthy of the City of London until it expands its borders very much, and flowers and fruits are covered by its ridge -and-furrow roof. But of this more anon. The further a greengrocer has to travel for his wares, the less frequent will be his journeys — the less fresh his goods as the week goes on ; and here the coster enters into successful competi- tion with him — successful, because he has neither rates nor taxes (save his licence) to pay, only the rent of his barrow. True, the coster very often has the weather against him, but he counts the cost here also. The London County Council, through a sub-committee, are looking over the matter of coster's markets, only, we believe, with the idea of improving them ; they will best succeed in doing this when district councils take the place of vestries, &c., and they would do well so to regulate these markets of slow growth as that they will become, not nuisances, but decided acquisitions. A coster's market is a wonderful concern — it contains nearly everything in and out of season, from ginger-beer up to old iron and pickled herrings. Out of 160 barrows counted the other day in one market, only sixty were devoted to vegetables ; and suoh a collec- tion of odds and ends is a wonderful institution in a poor district. It would be a fatal blunder to break up such a concern as this. It is astonish- ing how enterprising the London coster is, and the number of miles he or she travels every day in pursuit of a livelihood. It is said that markets grow up and cannot be forced, according to formal outlines. Some markets are very slow of growth — their rate of progress being almost imperceptible. Take Far- ringdon Market, for instance, to which attention was called in these pages on August 22 last. It was originally the Fleet Market, in Farringdon Street, which was removed to allow of the widening of that thoroughfare, and is once more removed in the hope of bettering its condition all round. But here we may with advantage draw upon thepages of Old and Ntw London, by Walter ThOBNBUBY (CaSSELL, PeTIEB & GILPIN, vol. 2), where we read that in 1829 it was found necessary to widen the thoroughfare from Holborn to Blackfnars Bridge ; so Fleet Market was removed from Farringdon Street, and Farringdon Market in the immediate vicinity, but off the line of the street, was opened in its stead. The site of the com- paratively neglected mart covered an acre and a half of ground, and was built by William Mon- tague, the City architect at a cost of £250,000. But careful building and liberal outlay, says Mr. Thornbuey, seems only thrown away. At a meeting of the Court of Common Council held on June 20, 1874, to consider the advisa- bility of reconstructing the market, it was stated that the receipts during the previous five years had only averaged £225. No wonder, then, that the Court exhibited very little inclination to expend more money on a site which, exceedingly valuable as it would prove for other purposes, seems little suited for that of a market. Many persons, said a writer at the time, are of opinion that it is desirable to maintain the old Farringdon Market; in fact, the Corporation wanted designs for its improvement, and actually awarded prizes for the best. But it was then, as now, quite evident that the Market was in the wrong place, and in most things quite behind the times. The trade done in it was a fairish middle-class one, and rarely rose above the modest Onion and the plebeian Cabbage, and barely respectable Cauliflower, the homely Apple, and other unpretending fruits and vegetables. Pineapples and hothouse Grapes are unknown to its dingy sheds, and as a sorrowing tradesman re- marked, " We never see such things as Pears at bs. a dozen." The building now rising at the corner of Charterhouse Street and Farringdon Road is chiefly remarkable as being quite unlike the concern it is intended to supplant, and will cover an area of about 170 by 170 feet, built principally of glass and iron, with a ridge- and-lurrow roof. But this is not growth or expansion — it is only repetition, whicii can only mean failure. The aspiring Company of Fruiterers might surely step in here, and sug- gest better things to the Corporation, if only an imitation of Covent Garden. There is plenty of vacant ground at hand, and a floor could easily be added at any time — at least, we were so informed. No better illustration of the way in which London is misgoverned could be given than the markets — two are private property, one is carried on by a trust — all are in an unsatisfactory con- dition ; often the tolls are exorbitant. More than 200 provincial markets have of recent years been taken over by an equal number of municipal bodies, to the profit and convenience of all concerned ; only the inhabitants of the greatest city in the world remain out in the cold, the remedy being entirely in the hands of those who support — who are compelled to support — the existing monopolies. Vanoa CCERULEA (see Supplementary Illustra- tion).— This species is of easy culture, and suc- ceeds with a good supply of heat and moisture in its season of growth, i.e., from March to October, when the day temperature may range from 70° to 75°, with a rise of 10° during warm sunshine, provided the house is shaded. In March and April the night temperature may range from 65° to 70°, and after- wards be increased gradually till it reaches 75°. In the winter, 60° to 63° by night, and a little more by day will be sufficient. Much potting material is not required, but plenty of clean crocks on which to stand the plant, and a small quantity of sphagnum moss. The supply of water during growth must be abundant, and in winter the materials about the Supplement to "The Gardeners' Chronicle." February 27th. 1892. Vanda corulea, Grown in Lord Rothschild's Gardep Febeoaky 27, 1892.] TEE GAIiDENERS' CHRONICLE. 273 roots must not be allowed to get dry, although care must be taken that water doea not lodge in the axila of the leaves. The flowers appear in the autumn, and last in perfection for five or six weeks. The plant figured in our Supplement this week was grown by Mr. Hill, Lord Rothschild's gardener at Tring Park, and it had, when it flowered in 1891, seventeen spikes, and more than 200 flowers. At the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society on November 10, 1891, a photograph of this plant was shown in lieu of the plant, and a special vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Hill. It may interest our readers to cite what Sir Joseph Hookeb said of this plant in his fascinating Himalayan Journals. As we have already said, this is a book which should be in every garden library, and the recent publication of a low- priced edition will now enable this to be done at slight cost : — " Near the village of Lernai, Oak woods are passed in which Vanda cojrulea grows in profusion, waving its panicles of azure flowers in the wind. As this beautiful Orchid is at present attracting great attention, from its high price, beauty, and difficulty of culture, I shall point out how totally at variance with its native habits is the cultivation thought necessary for it in England.* We collected seven men's loads of this superb plant for the Royal Gardens at Kew, but owing to unavoidable accidents and difficulties, few specimens reached England alive. A gentleman who sent his gardener with us, to be shown the locality, was more successful. He sent one man's load to England on commission, and though it arrived in a very poor state, it sold for £300, the individual plants fetching prices varying from £3 to £10. Had all arrived alive, they would have cleared £1000. An active collector, with the facilities I possessed, might easily clear from £2000 to £3000 in one season by the sale of Khasia Orchids. The dry grassy hills which it inhabits are elevated 3000 to 4000 feet. The trees are small, gnarled, and very sparingly leafed, so that the Vanda which grows on their limbs is fully exposed to sun, rain, and wind. There is no moss or lichen on the branches with the Vanda, whose roots sprawl over the dry rough bark. The atmosphere is on the whole humid, and ex- tremely so during the rains ; but there is no damp heat, or stagnation of the air, and at the flowering season the temperature ranges between 60° and 80°. There is much sunshine, and both air and bark are dry during the day. In July and August, during the rains, the temperature is a little higher than that given above, but in winter it falls much lower, and hoar frost forms on the ground. Now this winter's cold, summer's heat, and autumn's drought, and, above all, this constant free exposure to fresh air and the winds of heaven, are what, of all things, we avoid exposing our Orchids to in England. It is under these conditions, however, that all the finest Indian Orchids grow, of which we found Dendro- bium Farmer!, D. Dalhousianum, D. Devonianum, &c., with Vanda ccerulea ; whilst the most beautiful species of Coelogjne, Cymbidium, Bulbophyllnm, and Cypripedium inhabit cool climates at elevations above 4000 feet in Khasia, and as high as 6000 to 700O in Sikkim." COVENT Garden Lifeboat.— For more than a quaiter of a century a handsome sum has been contributed yearly to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution by means of concerts and entertainments, supplemented by a few annual subscriptions, for the support of the " Covent Garden " lifeboat, stationed originally at St. Ives, and for the past thirteen years at Caister, one of the moat dangerous parts of the east coast, where it has been instrumental in saving nearly 300 lives, besides rescuing eighteen vessels from destruction. Owing to the interest in the annual entertainments having somewhat flagged, and the profit upon them being quite out of propor- tion to the outlay, the stewards were reluctantly compelled to abandon them, and were consequently unable to make the usual contribution last year. They think it would be a great discredit, in face of the grand work which has been going on for so long, * Himalayan Journals, Sir J. D. Hooker, new editioD, 1891 (Messrs. Ward Lock & Co ), pp. 319, 3J0. if the Fund were allowed to collapse, and therefore earnestly appeal to its supporters and friends to come to the rescue, either by an annual subscription or donation, feeling confident that an appeal made in the interest of such a good and truly national cause will not be made in vain. Mr. J. Webber, of Covent Garden Market, is Hon. Secretary. Metropolitan Public Gardens Associa- tion.—A greenish-coloured map, thickly sprinkled with red spots, is before us. The red spots indicate places in which the Association above-named has carried on its beneficent work. Apart from questions of amenity, the sanitary importance of open spaces in the densely populated parts of London is a matter of urgent importance. London is fairly well off for large parks and wide commons in the suburbs, but the central districts sadly need increased light and air. It is consistent with our way of doing things, that the work of providing and embellishing these minor spaces should be left to a private Society rather than to the Government. In any case good work is done, and the annual report of the Asso- ciation shows it. The undertakings which have been successfully carried through during the past year may be divided roughly into the following groups : — 1. The laying-out of five recreation-grounds. 2. Grants of seats made for the thoroughfares in three districts, and for five open spaces. 3. The tempo- rary opening of two gardens, 4. Drinking fountains erected in two open spaces. 5. The promotion of gymnastic and physical instruction. 6. Successful opposition to two Bills in Parliament. 7. The acquisition for the public use of seven open spaces. 8. Trees placed in boxes on one site, and planted in thoroughfares in eight districts. The Report goes into detail upon these points, and also upon the past work of the Association. In looking over this honour- able record, we are tempted to suggest that more care should be expended upon the management and well- doing of the trees when planted than is now the case, and that a better selection of trees and shrubs for planting in tubs and boxes might be made than we now see. National Carnation and Picotee Society (Southern Section). — The Committee of this Society is appealing for support in their endeavours to popu- larise the cultivation of the Carnation and Picotee. Up to the present time the Society has been crippled for want of funds, and all that the Committee have been hitherto able to do was to oflTer at their annual show a somewhat limited list of prizes. This was last year supplemented by a series of special prizes for border varieties, which attracted considerable attention, and it is hoped that these prizes, which will be continued for some years, will assist in bring- ing the Carnation into more favour as a border plant. It is the intention of the Society to issue shortly a little manual upon the cultivation of the plant, with information upon the subjects of sowing, propaga- tion by layers and cuttings, pot culture, growing in the open border, crossing, seeding, &c., together with lists of the best varieties of Perpetual or " Tree " Carnations, also florist and border varieties. International Fruit Show.— The promoters of this exhibition, which it is intended shall be held at the end of September or early in October next, went in deputation to the Court of Common Council of the City of London on the 18th inst., to petition the Court to grant them, for the space of four weeks, the use of a plot of ground on the Thames Embank- ment, within the precincts of the City. The depu- tation was introduced by Alderman Sir James Whitehead, Bart., the Chairman of the Provisional Committee ; and among those forming it were — Messrs. H. R. Williams, T. B. Haywood, P. Crowley, Geo. Paul, J. Laing, F. Q. Lane, H. Herbst, R. Bal- lantine, Geo. Gordon, L. Castle, J. Assbee, B. Wynne, J. Halse, J. Graham, R. Dean (Secretary, ^iro Urn.), &c. The prayer of the petition was immediately granted by acclamation, and the Provisional Com- mittee will at once proceed to the elaboration of their scheme, make a report in reference to the same, and ask for the appointment of an Execative Committee to carry out the same. Seed Orders. — A large firm of London seeds- men, writing to us of their experience as seedsmen, deplore, together with, as they believe, the whole trade, the withholding of orders for seeds, &c., when periods of winterly weather like that lately expe- rienced occur, with the result that the large staff provided to meet the expected large amount of busi- ness are for the time only partially employed. Then the weather changes, and with the first appearance of sunshine the seedsman is overwhelmed with orders, and the employes are enforced to work very hard, and for a greater number of hours than would be desired either by the employer or the purchaser, and which we feel sure, if it were brought to the notice of the latter, they would desire most carefully to avoid by sending their various orders as early in the year as possible, without paying heed to the weather then prevailing. LiNNEAN Society.— At the evening meeting to be held on Thursday, March 3, at 8 p.m., the following papers will be read: — 1. "Variations in the Internal Anatomy of the Gamaaina," by A. D. Michael, F.L.S. ; 2. " On Vitality of Spores of Ba- cillus," by Allan Swan, F.L.S. St. Andrews.— This, the most ancient of Scottish Universities, is about to confer the honorary degree of LL.D. upon Professor Michael Fostes and Dr. Hugo Mllleh, both well known in the horticul- tural world, and members of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. Dublin. — The tercentennary anniversary of Trinity College, Dublin, will be held from July 5 to July 8. This is the University which has claims on the sympathies of horticulturists by its confer- ment of a honorary degree on a representative horticulturist. Chislehurst Gardeners' Mutual Improve- ment Association.— This Association, which was formed in October last, has members at the present numbering seventy-one. The members meet each Tuesday evening, and papers are read, and discussion invited, on practical gardening ; hitherto there has been no lack of papers, and the aasociation appears likely to meet with success. The Surveyors' Institution. -The next ordinary general meeting will be held on Monday, February 29, when the adjourned discussion on the paper read by Mr. J. W. Geoveb, C.E. (Associate), at the last meeting, entitled "An Explanation of the London Water Question," will be resumed. The chair to be taken at 8 o'clock. Hyacinth Monsieur Krelage.— On January 8 last a Hyacinth was shown at a meeting of the Gartenflora in Berlin by Mr. G. A. Schultz, of Eckhartsberg. It is of a deep rose colour, with large bells, remains for a long time in perfection, and is said to be excellent for early forcing, and that it will certainly displace the old variety. Homer, for this kind of work. The fragrance of the bloom is not strong, but it is distinctly that of the Hyacinth. Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Asso- ciation.— At a meeting of this Association on Wednesday evening, February 17, Mr. Ebuutt, gar- dener to the Rev. A. W. Hajiilton-Gell, at Wins- lade, provided an excellent cultural paper on " The Violet," which, in the absence of the writer through illness, was read by Mr. P. C. M. Veitch, who also presided. The Isles of Scilly Flower-trade.— In order to meet the requirements of the growing flower trade of the islands, the West Cornwall Steamship Company, says the Western Daily Mercury, have been running their new steamer Lyonnesse three times weekly instead of twice weekly, as required at this season of the year by the Post- office contract. " Pflanzen Biologische Schilderungen." — Under this title. Professor Gqebel, of Munich, has published a series of descriptive sketches on the 274 THE GARDENERS' GHRONIGLE. [Febeuaey 27, 1893. natural history of particular plants. The first article is a descriptive account of the " Paramos of Venezuela and their Vegetation." Various adapta- tions of structure to climatal conditions are de- scribed, such as the presence of a dense covering of hair, or a leathery epidermis, or a rolling round of the margin of the leaves, a diminished size of the leaves, contracted growth, and other modifications, which have the effect of diminishing transpiration. A second chapter is devoted to the consideration of insectivorous plants. Numerous illustrations are given. We hope to revert to this interesting treatise on another occasion. Small Holdings. — Should Mr. Chaplin's measure pass into law and a class of small cultivators and yeomen be once more established, the utility of practical demonstrations and lectures will be much enhanced. If the cultivation of small areas is to be commercially successful, it must be by the methods employed by horticulturists rather than by farmers, and the mere routine knowledge possessed by the latter will not suffice to permit the cultivator to make the best of his land, or to meet adverse cir- cumstances, as the recent state of the agricultural industry has clearly demonstrated. AcReAGE OF Nursery Grounds, as Re- turned IN THE Years isgi A^D isoo, in each County of Great Britain, in the Isle of Man, and in the Channel Islands.— We take the followiog details from a recently - published report of the statistical department of the Board of Agriculture : — c unties. Land used by Nur- serymen for Growing Trees, Shrubs, &c. 1891. 1890, E.vaLiXD. Acres. Acres, Bedford 42 31 Berks 113 151 Buckingham,.. Ul 144 Cambridge ... 113 118 Chester 572 683 Cornwall 57 4S Cumberland ... 217 221 Derby 437 427 Devon 36i 334 Dorset 1C9 95 Durham 44 4) Essex 362 410 Gloucester .,, 310 i55 Hants i>01 303 Hereford 144 118 Hertford 4S6 490 Huntingdon ... 52 51 Kent 032 iU Lancashire ... 399 357 Leicestershire 149 146 Lincoln 364 41S Middlesex ... C23 663 'Honmouth ... 32 31 Norfolk 129 129 Northampton 184 176 Northumberlanl 107 103 Notts 339 360 Oxford 62 69 Rutland Salop 121 112 Somerset 361 317 Stafford 216 218 Suffolk 76 91 Surrey 1612 1653 Sussex 578 55t) .Warwick 119 126. - Westmorland n 13 Wilts 119 90 .Worcester ... 312 Zl-i York, Ea.st Kidii g 61 67 „ North Rid "g 172 U8 „ WestEidi ■>« 764 777 i. Total for England 11,253 11,223 Acreage of Nursery Grounds— continued. Counties, Land used by Nur- serymen for Growing Trees, Shrubs, &c. 1891. 1890. W.VLES. Acres, Acres. Brecon 8 9 Cardigan 14 20 Carmarthen 45 33 Carnarvon 35 39 Denbigh 23 i6 Flint 2 Glamorgan 57 56 Merioneth IS 18 Montgomery 21 27 Pembroke 5 1 Radnor 3 3 Total for Wales 230 23 i SOOTLAMD, Aberdeen 130 113 Argyll 4 3 Ayr 97 95 Banff 11 7 Berwick 39 39 Bute 15 13 Caithness ... Clackmannan 1 1 Dumbarton 8 11 Dumfries 157 111 Edinburgh 365 365 Elgin, or Moray 53 55 Fife 36 34 Forfar 78 83 Haddington 2 2 Inverness 37 31 Kincardine 6 3 Kinross ... Kirkcudbright .36 36 Lanark 30 29 Linlithgow 7 Nairn 3 3 Orkney Peebles 6 5 Perth • SS 91 Renfrew 63 65 Ross and Cromarty 2 3 Roxburgh 36 37 Selkirk 3 3 Shetland Stirling 4) 41 Sutherland 1 Wigtown 45 41 Total for Scotland 1,400 1,362 Total for Great Britain 12,883 13,811 BleotMan 3 28 3 21 Guernsey, &c. Foreign Opinion of some New Chrys- anthemums.— The overlanded pure white, hairy- petalled Mrs. Alpheus Hardy brought generally dis- appointment to those who have procured it ; but, on the contrary, everyone is pleased with Louis Ba3hmer, which has fulfilled everyone's expecta- tions, says Mi-iUer's Betdsche Gartner Zcitung. The quilled-petalled varieties, in the way of Gloire Eayonnante, are enriched by the valuable Lilian B. Bird. The colour is lighter than that of Gloire Rayonnante, the blooms attain an extraordinary size, and form an almost complete sphere. It is better for the amateur and the cut-flower trade than for the market grower, owing to the great height to which it grows. The same is true of Volunteer, a magnificent blossom of salmon-iose. Chrysanthemum Superba Flora is, on the contrary, a variety good for every purpose, and especially for cut blooms. The flower is of a regular star shape, of deep rose colour, the habit is vigorous, and the height medium. A beautiful companion variety to C. Ed. Audiguier is Cassar Costa, with the same style of growth, and fresh green luxuriant foliage. The form of the bloom differs from that one in having recurving florets, which shows their broad spoon-shaped form to great advantage. The colour is a shade of purple-brown, with a velvety texture. To grow it well it, like E. Audiguier, requires particular attention, but in spite of that it is a grand variety, of which no one could well have too many. Countess of Lytton is a flower of a tender sulphur-yellow colour and a late flov/erer, otherwise it does not differ from Kalph Brocklebank, a novelty of 1888. Eynsford White is one of the handsomest novelties of 1891, and by most persons it will be preferred to Avalanche, as with equally beautiful, pure white, loosely- formed flowers it is decidedly more floriferous, is of lower stature, and better for pot culture and cut bloom, which cannot be said of Avalanche. Bouquet de Dame and Belle Poitevine are likewise of value ; the first is of the size and form of the good well-known Maiden's Blush, but less tall growing, and better in having a finer habit of growth, and more numerous and better-formed flowers. The Depreciation of Manure by Expo- sure to Wet and Fermentation.— We suppose no sensible gardener needs to be told that every day that his manure-heap is exposed to wet weather he is losing money. But in case he should not attach sufficient significance to this fact, and in case, too, that he should not know that fermentation will rob his pocket, we give the results of some recent expe- riments by RonEETS and Winq, which are to be found in a paper by them in BiccLermanns CentralUatt, 1891, pp. 437, 4o8. Horse stable-manure was ex- posed to the weather in a box which was placed in a manure-heap, and at the end of the year was subject to chemical examination. It was observed that there was an increase in water, a loss of total weight, and a serious decrease in the percentage of matter valuable in cultivation. When horse and cow manures were treated under similar conditions, but the drainage collected, there was found to be a loss of the nitrogen to the extent of 32 per cent., of the phosphoric acid -1 7 per cent., and of the potash 35 per cent. After these results have been duly appreciated, who dare let his manure-heap waste by exposure to the weather and fermentation ! The Wolverhampton Floral Fete.— The schedule of prizes for the next exhibition, July 12, 13, and 14, is now issued, and throughout the prizes are heavy, and should ensure a fair display. The Rose and fruit classes are extended, and good prizes are oSered, and in both classes of the exhibition a large display of exhibits may be expected. The sums of £20, £15, and £10 are offered for sixteen Btove and greenhouse and ornamental plants, and the other plant classes are liberally provided for. In the open classes for Roses prizes, to the amount of nearly £70 are offered ; and for a collection of fruit, open to all, £7 10s., £5, £3, and £1 10s. are offered. There are also liberal prizes for other fruits and for cut flowers. Several classes are reserved for gentlemen gardeners, open to the four immediate counties, for fruits, plants, cut flowers, and vege- tables. The amateurs who do not keep a gardener and reside within 10 miles of Wolverhampton, have several classes with good prizes devoted to them, and cottagers also are libtrally provided for. Birmingham Gardeners' Association.- At a meeting, February 17, Mr. A. Outkam, of th6 Holloway Nurseries, London, re.ad a paper on " The Progress of Horticulture in the United States," and he spoke with the experience of an annual visit for sixteen years past. Allusion was made to the im- mense progress made during that period of time in plant culture, and of the large number of very fine coUtctions of Orchids and other rare plants %vhich are now so general in the States, and of their high-class cultivation. He referred also to the cut flower trade, which is being carried on to an enormous extent, and the produce generally commanding re- munerative prices, fiaij culture is also greatly FEBRUAnv 27, 1892.] THE GABDENER8' CHRONICLE. 275 extended. Asked about the chances for joung gar- deners in the States, Mr. Ohtram replied that there was a good chance for respectable intelligent young gardeners who were prepared to do rough hard work if required, until they could obtain such a situation as they wanted. A very hearty vote of thanks was accorded Jlr. 'JoTBiM for his interesting paper. The Weather.— la most parts of England and Scotland severe frosts prevailed during the week ending February 20, and in some districts snow fell gate degrees of frost for the last three months were as follows : — November, 0,5°, December, 214°, January, 228° or a total of 507°. Loughborough, Leicestershire. ^h^it Tuesday night, the 16th inst., the mercury descended below zero .J°, and at 8 a.m. there were.'iO^ of frost. Such hard frosts have not been known here for more than forty years. Mid-Surhaiii. — As showing the severe character of the weather in this part of Kngland on the night of the 16th, there were 24° of frost, and it snowed con- tinually. On Thursday, February 17, at night, no FlO. 3J. — TBCO.MA CAPBNSIS: llOWKIiS, OIUNOE SCARLET. in considerable quantities. Scotland, contrariwise to the experience of last winter, had very low tem- peratures generally ; and in the Hawick district, on the morning of February 19, our correspondent states that the thermometer fell to zero. Fineshade Ahheg Gardens, Stamford. — The frost has done much damage here. There was on the 15th inst. a terrific snowstorm, with 25° of frost, and high wind blowing from the east. The snow lay to a depth of 13 inches. On the 16th inst. there were 14° of frost at 6 AM. ; on the 17th, from 6 a m. to 8 a m., 10° below z^ro, or 42° of frost, were registered by the thermometer, which stands 4 feet from the ground, facing north-fa%t, on the north siJe of a lake, and another thermometer, standing on the south side at 1 foot from the ground, registered 38° ; on the 19ih, at 10 I' ,M., there were 32°. All Tea Koees on walls facing west have suffered, and I fear, says Mr. Turner, a great many of Ihtm will not rs cover, The aggre- less than 36° of frost, or 6° below zero, were noted ; and on the 19th, 22°. South Dcoon. — Snow fell in great quantities in South Devon on the night of the 18th inst. In places where it had drifted it lay several feet deep, but the average depth was about 1 foot. Numbers of trees have been overthrown. The storm was accompanied with terrific thunder and lightning. Our corre.spondent states that the snow is fast dis- appearing. A few days before the snow fell, 17° of fro.st were noted. In the North.— Oar Aberdeenshire correspondent, writing on Monday afternoon, February 22, says : — " A renewal of the snowstorm occurred on Saturday night, and yesterday forenoon a heavy snow-storm raged, not alone in Aberdeenshire, but apparently over the greater part of the north of Scotland, and the south of Scotland as well. In Aberdeenshire, yesterday's snow-storm was succeeded by rain, and a very decided "fresh." Last week's frost seems to have been phenomenal on Deeside ; at Ballater, on Friday night, the thermometer registered 3° below zero (35° of frost) ; at Braemar the thermometer sank to within half a degree of zero (31.^° of frost), which almost justifies the description applied to the weather as being of " the really rigid Siberian." Serious apprehensions are entertained in the north as to another block on the railway lines, while con- siderable anxiety is felt by flockmasters." Publications Received. — /)«;/c^i» of the Putaniaal Department, Jamaica, Bulletin of Botanic Gaj den, Demerara. — Mercantile Almanack (Sir Joseph Causton & Sons). TECOMA CAPENSIS. This is an old-fashioned climber, hardy in very favoured localities, but elsewhere requiring cool greenhouse treatment. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and has compound pinnate leaves with ovate leaflets, and tufts of orange-scarlet flowers, whose appearance is indicated in Mr. Weather's drawing. The plant does not flower freely, unless the wood is well ripened by bright light and fresh air, Notices of Books. The Book of Choice Ferns for the Gar- den, Conservatory, and Greenhouse. By George Schneider. Parts I. to XI. (L. Upcott Gill & Co., London.) This is a fine work, profusely illustrated with engravings, and faithfully prepared coloured plates, and one in which the author gives evidence of his knowledge of the subject in hand, and of his patience, extending over many years, in preparing so com- plete a work as that which has so far been brought before the public. It is designed to complete the work in twenty-one numbers, of which the first eleven are before us. In the introduction, the author says: — "The work will deal with the great Fern family in its entirety, retaining all that is essential in the original botanical description, but purposely avoiding tech- nical terms whenever expressions sufficiently signi- ficant, but of a more popular nature, and therefore more readily understood by the great mass of readers, for whom this publication is intended, can be used. On account of the popular principle of the work, descriptions of purely botanical species will be care- fully omitted, while every efTort will be made to bring together all the species and varieties which possess particular interest, either as decorative plants or as subjects partaking of characters sufficiently striking to render them of some importance in a well-ordered collection. This statement embodies the essential elements for a popular and much-needed work on Ferns, and well has the author redeemed his promise. The earlier numbers deal with the general question in chapters under separate headings, and in them each subject is fully and clearly treated of. In the com- mencement we have, " Classification for Decorative Purposes," then, chapters on " Tree Ferns," on " Gigantic non-arborescent Ferns," on " Small- growing Ferns," on "Ferns with Coloured or ■Tinted Fronds," on "Variegated and Crested Ferns," on " Gold and Silver Ferns," on " Climb- ing, Trailing, and Drooping Ferns," on "Filmy and Transparent Ferns," and on " Fern Foes, British and Exotic," and on all these subjects the author has much to say that will be new to most people ; and what he has to s.ay on these, as well as other and bi'tter-known subjects, he says clearly and pleasantly. Then commences the enumeration and description of the genera and species, alphabetically arranged, and among which Fern-lovers will find many either described, or described and illustrated, whose 276 THE GA R DENER S' CHE ONI CLE. [Febeuaey 27, 1892. acquaintance they here make for the first time, but which may any day come within their reach, for incorporating in their collections. Adiantum, As- plenium, Cheilanthes, Acrostichum, Dickaonia, and all the other genera, up to Doodia and Drymo- glossum, with which Part 11 finishes, have here been dealt with, and when the whole have been so treated, the work will be a handsome and useful one. Not the least of its attractions are the fine plates of celebrated Fern rookeries in various parts of^ the country, and from which many hints can be obtained by those who wish to furnish back walls or construct rockeries either indoors or in the open garden. The Formal Garden in England. By Eegi- nald Blomfield and F. Inigo Thomas. 1 vol. (Macmillan & Co., 1892.) This book — it is not a very big one — is, as might be expected from Mr. Reginald Blomfield, ably written ; and the illustrations by Mr. F. Inigo Thomas are plentiful, artistically drawn, and numerous. They are very interesting, but the essay is of so partisan a character, as to narrow its usefulness, and the attack on what Mr. Blom- field understands as " landscape gardening," is so heedlessly made, that the old feud between the architect and those who uphold what has been termed by some the " natural system," is unhappily emphasised. Like all partisans, pure and simple, the assertions of Mr. Blomfield are frequently unjust, and often betray, not only error in judgment, but of obscured judgment. We have said advisedly " what Mr. Blomfield understands as landscape gardening," because that is peculiar, to judge from his book. He states that " deception " is a primary object in it ; he supposes that its practice is to endeavour to show love of Nature by trying to produce the eSects of wild nature on a small scale in a garden ; he ignores the fact that " formal gardening " is part of the practice of the landscape gardener ; he speaks of a garden laid out by those whom he makes his opponents, " with a strenuous avoidance of all order, all balance of definite lines," and so on. One fault of the book, however, is superabundant quotation, and we must not imitate it. What sort of landscape gardening Mr. Blomfield appreciates does not clearly appear, as his one-sided attack on the art seems to blind his judgment not a little, and he misrepresents roughly what he does not wish to acknowledge, and lets his partisanship twist his judgment, or obscure his perceptions. He strenuously advocates the formal system, and the supremacy of the architect, failing to see the use made of formal features by an artistic gardener. He waxes eloquent over descriptions of the old gardens, and their associations — the names of flowers pre- served by the past— Gillyflowers, Daff"odils, Colum- bines, Cowslips, Primroses, and all the pretty old plants that our Elizabethan mothers knew, set in their prim square beds, in the formal gardens they then decorated; he would let his associations, his artistic architectural fads end in formulating a law that the garden attached to a house should only be an appendage of the architecture, a walled or edged- in space, with formally treated beds, wherein Nature may expend herself in the beauty of such blossom as is allowed in simplest antique fashion. Does the author seriously maintain that modern needs and modern facts are to be crushed to that theory ? He almost ignores horticulture, the immense develop- ment of our resources by the introduction of foreign plants ; the long acclimatisation of some, and the cultivation that science has given them ; and he would apparently seriously advocate retro- gression to the restricted means of our ancestors, and even the form of their gardens, with their boundary walla— a remainder of their fortified con- dition in turbulent times— their vegetable sculpture, aad the rest of it. R-ally the advocacy, as Mr. Blomfield puts it, is misplaced. A proper estimation and use of the formal style, and particularly a reverent preservation of its old examples, is correct. When we contemplate an avenue of "Immemorial Elms," it is the natural development of the foliage that we admire. It is age and consequent growth of the leafage that compel our admiration, and we should not have felt like sensations if we contemplated the trees newly planted. Nature, not art, is the mistress. When we are delighted with the quaint monuments, vases, sundials, terrace lines, and the like, in some venerable garden, it is the age that has made them grey, and the Lichen seizing on them that give us the ripened associations we enjoy. We might not have admired their features when they were newly placed, or have appreciated in like degree their cumbrous appearance, or the trickiness of the con- cealed squirts, that are now objects of such curiosity, at all events, in their artistic presentment. To estimate such things now is to do so with an advantage due to time and Nature. To propose to return through the years, and to create such things afresh is hardly what will be done, excepting so far as the art spirit of some of the works can be adapted, as it is adapted by worthy landscape gardeners, in the instances of terraces, balustrades, stately steps, and other such features. There are some points in this connection that may be referred to ; clipped Yew trees have not been entirely discarded by the landscape gardener, although he maintains that they must be appropriately placed. What is meant by one brilliant and taking passage, about the banishment by landscape gardeners of the beautiful Apple tree with its delicious blossom and fruit? It is not banished, but is cared for in the orchard, where its fruit can best be cultured, but the beauty of its abundant bloom is used amongst the delicious spring flowering shrubs, the Malus floribunda, the Siberian Crab, M. baccata, Pirus spectabilis, the Chinese Crab, the Double Cherry, and replacing with much advantage the ordinary sorts. As to the orchard, old Lawson (1618) wrote of that division in the old formal garden, " What can your eye desire to see, your eare to heare, your mouth to taste, or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an orchard with abundance and beauty." It is sheer mis-statement to say that the landscape gardener curves his path, &c., because Nature does not make a straight line. The resources of horticulture have BO much developed of late years, that it is only pre- judice to ignore them. We cannot have a waste for six months of the year, relying on the Sunflower, Love-lies-bleeding, &c., and other poetical plants of Shakespeare's time to fill them in the remainder. Such love of the old is amiable for an artistic faddist, but hardly practical in modern conditions. Mr. Blomfield's summary of garden literature is very good, but it does not support his hasty dicta ; it rather emphasises the case against him, and isolates the position he assumes. He indulges in an unjust sneer at Kent in writing "no doubt he had to make his living." As to the artistic question, we may quote oue of Mr. Blomfield's sentences, "In matters of taste, there is no arguing with a man." DISEASE IN CATTLEYAS. I NOTICE the answer given to " W. L." in "Notices to Correspondents," in reference to a disease having shown itself among Cattleyas in various parts of the country, and it is a satisfaction to learn that the matter is to be re-investigated. I hope no delay will occur. It was my opinion at one time that Orchids when attacked by disease had been subjected to some kind of check ; but, however this may be, the disease in question has revealed itself in a most remarkable manner. So far, very few of the Cattleyas or Ljelias at this place have been infected, but the fact of a few else- where having been victims is a sufficient reason for wariness. Had these been confined to a few weakly specimens, purchased from a collection last summer, no notice would be taken ; but within the past year we have had one each of Cattleya Bowringiana and Lxlia elegans, and two plants of Cattleya gigas, all vigorous, and in the pink of condition, suddenly fall victims without any apparent reason, It has just occurred with one of the latter. The facts are these : In a batch of healthy specimens occupying one side of a house in the best possible position that could be found for them during the winter, and judging from their appearance, they were properly placed, one in the centre of the batch appeared to be dying; indeed, so rapid was the progress of the malady, that before anything wrong was noticed, the disease had infected the plant throughout, giving it the appearance of having been frozen, and the pseudobulbs and leaves soon changed from green to yellow and black. Now, why should this particular plant be stricken, and the remainder continue healthy ? Certainly, the gardener is not answerable in such a case, and if the cause cannot be traced to some known species of fungus, it is indeed a matter that stands in need of investigation. The question will naturally arise. Is it communi- cable to other Orchids ? This cannot be answered ofT-hand, and my idea is, that it is not; yet, for safety's sake, I would recommend the isolation of infected specimens, and my idea is based on the fact that if the rhizome is cut through, as in making two or more plants in one pot, one portion only is attacked, while the other remains unafff cted. The other Cattleya gigas mentioned was attacked immediately after it flowered last autumn, but it was noticed in time to save the plant. This was probably due to the fact that it is an extraordinarily fine variety, and as such, was placed in a prominent position in the house, and under observation often during the day. Dark lines and blotches showed themselves on the leaves, which were at once cut with a sharp knife on the dark places, one- eighth of an inch deep, with the result that tlie disease ex- tended no further; and nothing was rubbed into the incisions. In the case of the L^lia elegans, which had become rather severely affected before it was ob- served, the pseudobulbs and leaves were opened at intervals, and slacked lime well rubbed into the incisions, with the result that most of the leaves dropped off, but the disease seemed to be arrested, so far as the pseudobulbs were concerned, the leading ones breaking in due season, and forming two new pseudobulbs, short, but plump, and to all appearance healthy. W. Burberry, Orchid Grower, Highbury, Birmingham. [The diseased portion might be cut out and the wound washed with Condy's fluid or carbolic acid, taking care that the caustic was con- fined to the diaeaaed portion. We should be pleased if some grower would try this plan and report results. Ed.] The Rosery. PRUNING ROSES. Owing to the mild weather of late, Roses had commenced to push into growth. This fact natu- rally brings us to considering when and how to prune these plants. As so much depends upon this operation being done in a proper and more rational manner than is often the case, I feel no apology is needed for these few words. It is of no service to grow Rose plants well if the system of pruning is faulty. As a rule, too many gardeners prune them all alike, and consequently some varieties are disappointing, and they are in- clined to think that the descriptions given to such sorts are exaggerated and misleading. Experience and a little consideration are necessary before one can prune a variety of Roses in the most successful way. It is of no use to grow such kinds as Madame Berard, William Allen Richardson, and Henriette de Beauveau into grand plants of vigorous growth, and then to act so unreasonably as to cut these long shoots back to within a few eyes of where they broke from. These varieties, and those of similarly strong growths, must be grown and pruned on what may be styled the long-rod system. If treated thus, they will flower very profusely, and scarcely any other class of Roses is more satisfactory. The method is to remove the side and weakly growths, and when the crop of flowers is secure these must also be cut away as much as is possible without re- moving an^ of the extra strong breaks from towards FEBBiTAfi-r 27, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 277 their base. These shoots will grow away very rampantly if the plants are generously treated, and will form the flowering wood for the next season. Scotch Roses, Fairy, and China Roses do not require any but very slight pruning, simply removing the dead growth and any superfluous shoots being quite sullicient for these classes. Dwarfer-growing Teas and Noisettes, such as Anna Olivier, Souvenir d'un Ami, and Madame Lambard may be pruned not quite so hard as the medium growers of the Hybrid Per- petuals. More weakly growers of the Teas, such as Princess of Wales, Comtesse de Nadaillac, and others are better if somewhat hardly pruned. These varieties seem unable to support many flowers at once, and, like the weaker-growing Hybrid Perpetuals of the same type as E',ienne Level, Monsieur Noman, and Lady M. Fitzwilliam, are much better when pruned rather severely. Such Hybrid Perpetuals as Mrs. John Laing, Uirich Brunner, Gibrielle Luizet, &c., are, however, best treated similar to the climb- ing Teas and Noisettes. These varieties do not flower freely if hard pruned, and such treat- ment simply results in more strong growths that are often styled blind and useless by the inexperienced amateur. The contrary is the case, for these shoots will flower very freely indeed, if they are left some two-thirds of their length, and pegged down to a horizontal position. Under such treatment, flowers are produced from almost every eye, and the plants will make more vigorous shoots from the base ; these should be pegged down the following spring, and the bulk of the older growth removed. The time for 80 cextimktrbs. moist air, as ia this case, than to heat a large body of water. For heating small greenhouses, such as are gene- rally found in amateurs' gardens, the system under notice appears to be well adapted. When gas is used as fuel, but very little attention is required ; and, moreover, so far as we could see, there appeared to be no danger of back draught — a too common occurrence with gas and oil-heating apparatus. In the case of larger structures, too, the system could be adopted ; it would be merely a matter of in- creasing the size and power of the generator. As we have already said, this system of heating, from a cursory glance, seems to possess a certain advantage over other methods, but at the same time, to give the matter a thorough trial, it would be necessary to fix an apparatus in a plant structure, and there, during an average winter, test its heating powers. Meanwhile, it remains in the hands of Messrs. Fenlon & Sons, Tudor Street, E.G. BASKETS FOR ODONTOGLOS- SUMS. My system of planting Odontoglossums, described formerly in the Gardeners' Chronicle, proves very advantageous, as my plants continue to grow and flower very nicely. Many 0. Alexandras and Pes- catorei produce two shoots from a bulb, and some Alexandrie shoots have side-shoots like Pesca- torei. As I always had great confidence in this system of shallow planting, I tried some years ago to w\ M -1 I"'- •rl ViV '1, |-,:,l V'A \ ] Fia. 40.— .MR. 0. FORSTER'3 OUOSTOGLOSSf M BASKETS. pruning depends vel'y much npon whether your plants are in a warm or cold district, and whether they are sheltered or exposed. No rule can be laid down, but I would caution all against doing this too early. A. P. HEATING BY HOT-AIR. We have had an opportunity to see the hot-air heating apparatus, described and illustrated in the Gardeners' Chronicle for December 26, 1891, in working order, and, to all appearances, it is likely to prove a useful invention. As was shown in the illustration alluded to, the primary portions of the apparatus are a generator, which is provided with air chambers, a small boiler fitted with tubes for generating heat, and pipes of suitable dimensions, according to the heat required. The apparatus we saw consisted of a generator 18 inches or so in height, and 9 inches in diameter, a small boiler containing about a quart of water, and some 30 feet of 3 inch piping, temporarily fixed. The apparatus was heated by one gas burner, which was calculated to consume 8 or 10 feet of gas per hour. About a quarter of an hour after lighting the gas, both top and bottom pipes were quite hot, proving conclusively that the circulation was good ; and, further, that it would be possible to raise the temperature inside a structure, heated by this system, in a very limited time. Not the least important point the inventor claims for this apparatus is economy. It is computed that a very small quantity of fuel is required to generate a suitable heat. As before stated, the fuel may be gas, oil, or, for large apparatus, coke or coal. It is estimated, too, that but little more than a third of the amount of fuel usually consumed in heating by hot-water will be needed by this apparatus. That, of course, remains to be proved ; but mean- while any intelligent reader will see that it ia a much easier matter to charge the pipes with hot make use of it for some unhealthy plants. In order to save room, I had baskets of the following form and dimensions constructed (see fig. 40). In these baskets the plants grew wonderfully, so that some unhealthy plants of O. Pescatorei, with small bulbs, 1^ inch broad, produced this year bulbs 4 and even 5 centimetres broad, deep green, and glossy. The roots, well spread out, are sometimes 40 and 50 centimetres long, white and healthy, although weak manure-water is continually made use of. Olto Forster, Lehenhof. Home Correspondence. LECTURES ON HORTICULTURE.— The exceed- ingly interesting correspondence upon this subject contains much that is encouraging, and at the same time much that is discouraging, to those who are striving to advance the cause of technical education in rural districts. The fact that the movement is receiving the hearty support of so many practical men, whose long experience and solid achievements in the horticultural art give special weight to their opinion, goes far to dissipate the "damper" from Kew. On the other hand, it is disheartening to note the absurd prejudice— I had almost said childish petulance — which still exists in some minds against anjthing that savours, to however slight a degree, of scientific or theoretical teaching. Your correspon- dent, " Under Gardener," appears to be an admirable exponent of the views of this class of persons, although the literary excellence of his letter would lead one to expect better things. He appears to have completely lost sight of the fact that no one more strongly insists upon the absolute necessity of practical ex- perience as a factor in the education of the horticul- turist or agriculturist than the so-called "theoretical man" himself. The creed of the advocate of tech- nical education is not "Theory instead of Practice," but " Practice with, and aided by. Theory." " Under Gardener " and his friends are, doubtless, to be commiserated on account of residing in a district where " free lectures " (which, it ia presumed, they are also " free " to attend or not, according to choice) are given on such out-of-the-way and " far-fetched " subjects as the "Fertilisation of Flowers," or "The Manure (leap." Nevertheless, I would venture to suggest, that it is just within the bounds of possibility that something of utility might be learnt by the " practical man," even from an unfortunate lecturer who, perhaps, posiessed less practical knowledge than his hearers. A chemist may not be able to crock pots with neatness and despatch, or pot up a batch of Ericas in good nursery style, or plough a straight furrow ; yet he may, I think, be able to offer some few crumbs of knowledge connected with his special study which can be applied with advantage to the operations of the garden or the farm. Anyone who has seen the irrational and wasteful treatment of farmyard manure (the rich brown liquid running away by gallons, and the air redolent far and wide with ammonium carbonate) by men of many years experience, will, I am sure, agree with me that a plain talk on the " far-fetched subject " " The Manure Heap " would not be altogether out of place in some districts. A market hand of the writer's acquaintance — the possessor of a quarter of a cen- tury's experience and a budget of testimonials as bulky as Mrs. Becton's Cookery 5oo,t— conceived the brilliant idea of copiously syringing a house of Tomatos in which the disease had appeared, an idea which he carried into execution with results that may be guessed. Would not a little information (if only "semi-scientific") about the Phytophthora have been an advantage here? Actual instances of serious errors in practice resulting from crass ignorance of the scientific principles involved might be multiplied almost indefinitely, but enough has been said, I hope, to show the puerility of those who scornfully reject the teachings of science. The art- student is content to learn the chemistry of the pigments he uses from one who perhaps cannot draw a straight line ; just so, one would imagine that the horticulturist, whose work brings him into continual contact with the complex and marvellous pheno- mena of plant life, would be eager to draw upon the funds of knowledge placed at his disposal by the botanist or the chemist, who had perhaps spent the best years of his life in mastering his science and ap- plying it to the practical art of culture — a course which the manual worker has neither the time, means, nor inclination to pursue. Science with Practice. WATERING COKE.— My experience diiFers greatly from that of others which have appeared in the Gar- deners' Chronicle on the above subject. I have always found damp coke to burn much better than dry, it gets the heat up quicker, and makes a much cleaner fire than dry. When coke comes from the gas- house it is full of moisture, and does not want watering, neither does it when kept outside in damp weather ; but if kept in a shed, or in a dry stokehole, and it gets thoroughly dry, I have always found a pot of water improve its burning in every way. What have the under-gardeners or regular stokers got to say about it ? Practice. WINTER WEATHER.— On February 15 we had 8 inches of snow, which fell between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m., and, when melted it equalled 70 inch of rain ; 04 inch melted as it fell, and the total fall that day equalled •85 inch of rain. The snow was very wet when it fell, and broke down several of our trees and shrubs. Early on the morning of the 17th, the minimum temperature was 0°, and remained at that until 8am.; and again about midnight on the 18th, and early on the morning of the 19th, the minimum tem- perature was 0°. As doubts are sometimes expressed, and rightly so, as to the trustworthiness of ther- mometers, I may add that our instruments were tested a short time ago by an officer of the Meteoro- logical Society, and were found to be correct, W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall Gardejis, Stamford. TREE CARNATION " WINTER CHEER."— This proves to be one of the most satisfactory kinds I have ever met with. 1 first saw it in Messrs. Veitch's at Chelsea, last September, where some plants struck from cuttings the previous February were growing in the beds outside and flowering profuselv. I was BO favourably impressed with it, that l' at once procured some plants, and these were in flower when they arrived here a few days afterwards, and they have continued to flower up to the present time, and •till have a number of buds to open ; the flower is larger than Miss JoliSe, of good form, of a dark scarlet colour ; and the habit of growth all that could be desired. From its sturdiness and com- pactness, it will make a valuable addition to outdoor Carnations also, when it becomes plentiful enough, 278 THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febedaby 27, 1892. even if it has to be protected during the winter, bat judging from its robust habit it seems likely to be hardy enoagh to survive an ordinary winter. W, H, Divers, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford. MUSHROOM CULTURE— It may interest those of your readers, who, while desiring to grow these toothsome esculents, are deterred from the attempt by the prevailing notion that not leas than 1 foot in depth of manure is essential to success, to know that Mr. Reid, the gardener at Woodcote Hall, Newport, Salop, not only succeeds well with, but considers 8 inches of manure and soil combined ample depth, and certainly the appearance of his long beds when I saw them a few days ago well justified his conclusions and practice, for their entire surface was studded over with excellent Mushrooms in all stages of development. I need scarcely say that the house is well-heated. W. B. APPLE CROP. — I must beg leave to differ from your correspondent, Mr. Wright, on p. 216 of last week's Gardeners' Chronicle, as to all the best home-grown fruit being sold last autumn (in this district at least). I know, at the present time, where large quantities of late fruit is being held back by fruit faruie's simply on account of the unremunerative price at present offered by buyers for home-grown fruit — and splendid fruit too, highly coloured. When offering home- grown fruit, the answer you get in tli^ Cardiff, New- port, and Pontypool markets is, " We can buy these American Apples and sell them retail at 2d. per lb. ; we can do without yours, unless you like to take Id,. per lb. for them. Only wait until the Americana are all gone, then we will buy yours at a better price." Moral: Plant early and late-keeping fruit for sale, and let the mid-season Apples be relegated to private gardens. Mr. Wright was lucky in disposing of his produce so easily, and at good prices. I know his district ; also that his fruit is large, of excellent quality and pure colour ; and he is well situated with regard to the Midland and Northern markets ; but he would never get the price he once named for Peasgood's Nonsuch in this district. Un- fortunately, the excessive railway rates prevent people in this district sending fruit northwards. Ilis remarks with respect to Apple-growing being remu- nerative or otherwise, according to the attention bestowed upon it, also as to sorting and packing, is good advice. We all know that care is required in all those matters, but it will not put aside the yearning kindled in the hearts of the email growers and farmers for some kind of protection v/hen they see their fruit set aside in favour of American. What we want is men of the stamp of the late Mr. Grant, the Technical Instructor of the Monmouth- shire county council who preached the consumption of home-grown fruit, and who advised his hearers to plant good sorts; at the same time advising, by all means, to thoroughly drain the land, and not plant on a "pan" of earth, as many have done. I write these remaiks from experience, having been a sort of local adviser on fruit tree planting about here, also a large planter myself for private use and expe- rimental purposes. John Chinnery. WIREWORMS.— I read with interest, at p. 240, your article on the various means tried for the de- struction of the wireworm, and the utter failure of the same. When the nev/ Royal gardens were formed at Frogmore, I think in 1845, there was, if I remember rightly, a good deal of turf-soil used in the formation of the fruit borders, &c., but for some time the wireworm was a sad hindrance to the cultivation of the various crops, v/heu a number of moles were turned into the garden, and the experi- ment was a success, for they cleared off the wire- worm. At that same time a minister in the north of Scotland used to frequently write in the Gardeners' Chronicle, and claim protection for the mole from all interested in the cultivation of the soil, offering at the same time to turn out as many on his glebe as they liked to send him, remarking at the same time that they would not stay after their favourite food was finished. I write all this from memory, but believe it is substantially correct. I have been led into this subject, seeing that just lately we have been visited with a snow-storm, and all around the meadows have been dotted over with fresh mole-hills, standing out quite prominently in the snow in hundreds and thousands ; and who can estimate the good that these little creatures do in destroying wireworm and other noisome things, in making channels to drain the land, and producing a top- dressing for the ground, which it is not a very laborious job to spread about, and which might be done by schoolboys on the Saturday holidays, or by aged and inSrm labourers. I know it is urged that the hills are an impediment to the mowers, but then the hills are principally formed in the spring, when they can be observed. Again, one often sees moles caught in woods, where surely no harm but good is done. Seeing, as I do occasionally, large sums spent on mole-catchers, I always think it is money mis- spent, and that is why intellectual farmers do not object to a certain number of partridges and pheasants about their farms, viz., the destruction of insects. J. Butt, Eridge Castle. [Our country folk err chiefly through ignorance. Some day before long, it will be thought a disgrace in anyone to do what is now countenanced, and those who are acquainted with country life know that no persons need more instruction concerning this overmuch tampering with the balance of Nature than oar gamekeepers and their employers. Ed.] GARDENERS' TRAINING —The sensible observa- tions by "Semper paratus" at p. 212, display the whole matter, root and branch. To preach, how- ever, is one thing, to practice, another, and in practice you may depend upon it that employers will, as heretofore, reserve the right of employing whom they like; consequently, the prepossessing and pleasant-spoken will continue to enjoy a prestige over those less gifted, and the clumsy, and those with a disagreeable manner. Hence, ordinary skill with nice deportment will influence employers beyond mere skill when it is combined with rudeness and vulgarity. But it is of the training I wish to speak. " Semper paratus " says, " There is nothing like a nursery for training." This is, I think, wrong, for nursery-bred gardeners generally prove failures in the management of private gardens, and this arises from their lack of experience as cultivators of vegetables and fruits. Such men may excel, however, as specialists, and many of them rank amongst our men of mark. But intelligent boys who wish to become good all-round gardeners should start as garden boys in some well-appointed private garden, and before they become full-fledged gardeners the sharpest among them will have gained the varied experiences only to be learned in private gardens, and those who have spent the last year or so in high-class nursery gardens will know the most, and be the best qualified as gardeners. This is the good old-fashioned way of training gentlemen's gardeners, and with the careful study of good books there can be no better on?. W. Sapper, Chelsea. [We mmt decline for the present to print any more letters on the above subject. En.] VARIETIES OF CELERY.— Cases have this season come to my knowledge that Celery has kept badly, and that it is diseased in the heart. This is a great vexation to a gaulener who has to keep up with the demand for Celery. I have found that while nearly all varieties may be of good quality in mid-season, there are some which keep in good condition much better than others. Where the late crops have failed, that in some cases may have been that the seed was sown too early. Other instances may be that the crops were earthed-up when in an unfit condition, or it may be the operation was carelessly performed, late Celery requiring more care than what has preceded it, and it should be done in dry weather, and trustworthy varieties planted. For early work, say end of August, as this is as a general rule early enough, and as early as it can be got in anything like good condition. I use Sandringham White and Sutton's Gem. The latter variety I consider is a good type of what early Celery should be, and I have rarely known it to bolt. If the crop be supplied with^water at the right time, there is then little fear of either variety bolting. Suiham Prize and Colonel Clark's Red and Giant White may follow, but if one variety alone be wanted, I should choose Colonel Clark's Red, which is always to be relied on ; and for the latest crop, there is nothing to beat Standard-bearer, which this winter, in spite of the wet autumn and sudden severe frost, is in better condition than any other. It is sweet, crisp, and blanches readily. IV. A. Cooh, Compton Bassett, PEA CRITERION.— I can fully endorse all that Mr. Coombersaid in praise of Criterion Pea. During the hot, dry season of 1887, it proved itself by far the best Pea that I had that year, and since that time I have grown it for my main crop supply. It is an enor- mous cropper, the peas of delicious flavour, and of a nice green colour when cooked. In growth it is rather too tall to become generally grown, but to gar- deners who, like myself, have a good supply of pea- sticks at command, I can recommend it. Autocrat is another fine main-crop variety, of strong, robust habit, growing about 4 feet in height, a heavy cropper, and of excellent flavour. The Peas are of a deep green colour. I am sure Mr. Coomber ought to convert his trio into a quartette by the inclusion of this splendid Pea. J. V. Smith, Arlry Hall Gardens. VIOLAS AND PANSIES.— If these arc struck from cuttings they are apt to be loosened by frost, and then failures are certain to come if they be not made firm in the soil after a spell of frost. For massing, I find Cannell's Blue Belle and Yellow Boy good and useful varieties, which can bs well relied upon during the summer months, and do better on hot light soils than any others that I have hitherto grown. To be successful with Violas in the flower beds, young healthy plants, early and moderately deep planting, and a deeply-worked soil, with plenty of rotted manure, are essential. Some soot incor- porated with the soil, will also have a beneficial effect Jn keeping millepedes away, which in some gardens play great havoc with these plants. H. Markham, Mereworth Castle. SEVERE FROST IN NORFOLK.— A severe frost was experienced at Thornham Hall Gardens on Thursday evening and Friday morning, the 18th and lOoh. On the 18th there were 25° registered at 8 P.M., and from 1.15 to 2 15 am. on the 19th there were 35° or 3° below zero ; and at 6 30 a.m. there were 25° of frost. The 35° reminded one of the terrible frost that was experienced on Christmas morn- ing, 1860, when we had 38h° of frost, or 6J° below zero. Johri Perkins, HARDINESS OF HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— I was glad " J. S." at p. 247, called attention to the above, as I am sure many of these plants are ruined by too much heat. I used to exhibit herbaceous Calceolarias in the South, and from the time of sowing the seed till the finish the plants never had any heat whatever. It is the weak sickly plants that succumb to severe weather. This season our plants have been in an ordinary frame close to the g'as?, and the leaves covered with ice, the only pre- caution taken being to prevent the sun thawing them. When grown thus, it is necessary to sow the seed in good time, so as to get robust plants by winter. I like to get them potted into 48 and 36-aiz9 pots early in November. By the beginning of March they are ready for shifts. When grown in a wa-m dry house it is almost impossible to keep them clean; they also grow spindly. But in cold frames near the light they have thick leathery foliage, and are not troubled with green-fly. When in flower, mildew is their worst enemy ; but this is easily got rid of by ducting over with sulphur. It is also a preventive to dust occasionally with dry wood-ashes over the fl )or. This also gets rid of slugs, these latter being very partial to the tender foliage. When grown in cold frames, the plants require to be watered sparingly through the winter months. G. W. S. FUELS AND STOKING— I would like to say to Mr. H. J. Southgate (p. ISO), that if pulling out tha fire two or three times a week was an essential part in the successful heating with anthracite coal, it would alone constitute a most serious drawback to its use in any heating apparatus, as such an operation could not be performed without materially checking the heat. Mr. Southgate agrees that it is " smoke- less," yet recommends cleaning the flues as often as though he were burning the dirtiest of common coal. It may, however, interest your correspondent to know, that during the whole of last winter I never once drew my fire, nor should I, had the frost con- tinued double the time, while the flues were cleaned once a month. The best system of ensuring clean fire-bars is that recommended by Mr. Stephen Castle, viz., by daily pushing the clear fire towards the back of the boiler ; this not only affords means for thoroughly clearing the bars, but provides material for maintaining the heat till the fresh fuel is well alight, and by making this a part of the daily routine, a boiler may be worked for an indefinite period without any need for " pulling out the fire." I always adopt it, no matter what fuel I am using, and find it the only sure way to keep the fire-box clear. In the case of saddle- boilers having a dead plate at back, an iron hoe should be employed to clear it of ash. .So far as coal for heat-producing is concerned, I never tried any- thing to approach " hard steam," by which I mean that employed usually for traction-engines. During the winter of IS'JO— 91, I ran short of anthracite, and knowing my boilers to be heavily handicapped, had grave doubts of maintaining sufficient heat, so I Febbuaet 27, 1892.] TBSi OAltDENEnS' cnBONTCLE. 279 had recourse to " hard steam," of which I had abundant experience domestically in my kitclien- range. Knowing its fierce nature. I charged my stoker to not more than half- fill the fire-box, and I would give it my personal attention. Iq less than two hours, and with the usual draught when burning anthracite, the water was boiling madly, a thing unthought of at so severe a time. To check the draught at both points was the work of a moment, and by fully opening the valves in a house from which we were only excluding frost from the pipes, things soon rjuieted down. On taking the heat I was surprised to find an increase of 5° to 8° over anthracite in several houses, and while using this coal I was certain of a higher heat by several degrees than with anthracite, and this with the damper all but closed, and the aah-pit door quite so during the night. My only objection to it is the smoke and black consequent upon its use, the flues requiring to be cleaned at least once a week. As a heat-producing coal it eclipses all I have tried, and is very enduring, at the same time requiring very careful management. E. Jenkins. VANDA AMESIANA AND V. KIMBALLIANA.— I send you herewith a photograph I have taken of one of our V. Amesiana. This, with its near neigh- bour, V. Kimballiana, I consider two of the prettiest of recent introductions. Their culture is of the easiest possible nature ; they are quite at home in the Mexican-house, and the same style of potting, I find, suits these as well as the rest of the genus. They grow as freely in a basket on the roof as in a pot or pan on the stage, and flowering, as they do, in the short days, especially where fogs are unknown, as with us. makes them even more valuable. Vou can judge, Mr. Editor, from accompanying photograph, whftt the plant was like at the end of November last; its powerful scent pervaded the whole house. Jas. BrciiL'n, ArdJarroch, Garloch Head. N.B. [The photo- graph is hardly clear enough for reproduction, but it amply bears out our correspondent's remarks. Ed.J CATTLEYA AND I /ELIA DISEASE.— Your corre- spondent, " W. L ," p. 216, I noticed, has been enquiring about a disease among his Cattleyas and Lailias. I can sympathise with him, for the same thing has cost me many an anxious hour, and I am almost as much at a loss to account for it as the first time I saw it. With us it is almost confined to one house ; in one adjoining, where the treatment accorded is in every way similar, it very seldom appears. It is no respecter of varieties, as far as Cattleyas are concerned ; but it has not so far attacked the short bulbed Lselias here of L. anceps and L. autumnalis type. A Cattleya Dowiana resting on the roof is just as liable to an attack as a La;lia purpurata in an active state, and old bulbs appear as vulnerable as new growths. So far, I have found flowers-of-sulphur the best thing for checking its ravages. A fine variety of Lailia elegans had its leading bulb attacked near the top. I at once cut off the bulb near the break, and dusted the wound with sulphur; this had the desired effect, and the plant is breaking strongly again. This is what I have done for it as soon as it appeared, and I would recommend " W. L." to try it ; it will do no harm at any rate. As to whether it is contagious, I cannot say, but I tried cutting the rhizome of a known poor variety of Cattleya with a knife that had been used for cutting a diseased bulb, after- wards rubbing the diseased bulb over the wound ; this has had no effect whatever after twelve months. It has been suggested that it is a fungus. This may be so ; and 1 sincerely hope some of our scientific men will take it in hand, and tell us what we are grappling with. Once we really know the cause of the mischief, things will look more hopeful. Northern. Societies. BOTAL HOatlOtTLTUaAl. Scientific Oommittoe. February 'J. — T>. Morris, Esq., in the chair. Pre- sent; Messrs. Maclachlan, Michael, Wilks, Weiss, Dr. .Scott, Dr. F. Oliver, and Dr. Masters. Excrescence from Stems of Gooseberries. — Mr. Lister reported that there was no slime fungus on the specimens sent ; and Mr. Massee, who also examined the specimens, failed to find traces of fungoid growth. From the presence of one or more maggots in the tumour, Mr. Massee suggested that the out- growths were attributable to insect agency, but on a review of all the circumstances it seemed as if the restriction caused by a shred, and the accumulation of moisture, were the predisposing causes of the growth. Hellcliores.— Mr. Burbidge, in a letter, commented on the circumstance that cut flowers of Ilelleborus niger remain unwithered much longer than those of II. orientalis, a circumstance proijably due to a difference in internal structure. Dr. .Scott under- took to examine and report. Mention was also made by Mr. Burbidge of the circumstance that flowers of II. niger gently forced, last in good condition in water much longer than do flowers of the same variety in the open air. The flowers of II. niger last longer in water if the stalks be slit lengthwise from below upwards. The result is, that the tension being removed the cut segments of the stem curl outwards away from the centre, and that a larger absorbent surface is exposed. Snoiodrops.— Flowers of G. AUani, 6. Elwesi, and G. nivalis var. Imperati, were shown from Mr, Burbidge. Monstrous Flowers.^A. parti-coloured Tulip from Air. Marshall and a curious Cypripedium Dayanum from Mr. O'Brien were shown, and will be reported on by Dr. Masters at the next meeting. Dha grandiflora.— Messrs. Veitch showed a plant with a thick fleshy creeping rootstock, bearing leaf shoots, by means of which the plant could be propagated. The following list comprises the names of the members of the several Committees for the present year. Members of Council are members of all committees. Scientific CoMsiittee, 1892. Cliairman.— Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C S I M.D., C.B., F.R S., The Camp, Sunningdale. Vice- Chairmen.— W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.KS., Royal Gardens, Kew ; Professor M. Foster, Shc. R.S,, Great Shelford, Cambridge; Maxwell T. Masters. M.D., F.R S., Mount Avenue, Ealing. W. Hon. Secniari/.—li^v. Prof. G. Henslow, M.A., F. fj.S., F.G .S., Drayton House. Ealing, W. Baker, J. G., F.R S., Royal Gardens, Kew. Blandford, W. H. F., M.A., F E.S., 48, Wimpo'e S-reet, W. '^ ' Bonavii, Dr. E., 5, Harrington Mansions, South Kensington. Burbidge, F. W., F.L.S , Trinity College Gardens, Dublin. Church, Professor A. H., F.R.S., Shelsley, Richmond. Clarke, Colonel R. Trevor, Vv'elton Plac», Daventry. Darwin, Francis, F.R.S., Wychfield, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge. Dod, R-v. C. Wolley, Edge Hall, Malpa?, Cheshire. Ewes, H. ,J., F.L.S, F.Z.S , Colesborne, Andovers- ford, Gloucestershire. Frankland, E,, F.R.S., The Yews, R-igate Hill, Reigate. Gardiner, W., F.R S., Clare College, Cambridge. Gilbert, J. H., Ph.D., F.R S., Harpenden, Herts. Gadman. F. DuCane, F.R.S , 10, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. Green, Professor J. R,, M.A., 17, Blocmsbury Square, W.C. Lindsay, I! . Botanic Gardens, Elinbargh. Llewelyn, Sir J. T. D., Birt., F.L.S., Penllergare, S.vansea. Lynch, R. Irwin, A.L S., Botanic Gardens, Cam- bridge. McLachlan, R., F.R.S., West View, Clarendon Road, Lewisham, S E. Michael, Albeit D., F.L S., Cadogan Mansions, Sloane Square, S.W. Morris, D , M.A., F.L.S , 11, Kew Gardens Road, Kew. Mu'ler, Hugo, Pn.D , F.R.S., 13, Park Square East, R-gent's Park, N.W. Oliver, F. W., D.Sc, F.L.S., 10, Kew Gardens Road, Kew. Pascoe, F. P.. F.L S , 1, Bnrlington Road, West- bourne Park, W. Plowright, C. B , F.L.S., 7, King Street, King's Lynn. Russell. Dr. W. J., F.R S., 31, Upper Hamilton Terrace, N W. Silvin, 0,bert, F.R S., Iliwksfold, Fernhurst, Hasleraere. Scott, D. 11., Ph.D., F.L S , The Laurels, Bickley, Kent. Svmons, G. ,T., F R.S., 62, Camden Square, N.W. Veitch, H J., F.L.S., Royal Exotic Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. Ward, Professor Marshall, F.R.S, The Laurels Englefleld Green, Staines. Weiss, F. Ernest, B Sc, F.L S., Birchbank, Christ- church Road, Ilampstead. Wilson, Geo. F., F.R.S, Heatherbank, Wevbridge Heath. FnuiT AND Veoetadle Committee, 1892. Cltairman.—FhiUp Crowley, F.L.S., Waddon House, by Croydon. l'ice-Chairmen.~T. Francis Rivers, Sawbridge- worth ; John Lee, 78, Warwick Gardens, Kensing- ton ; R. D. Blackmore, Teddington. &crrfory.— Archibald F. Barron, Royal Horticul- tural Society, Chiswick. Balderson, IL, Corner Hall, Hemel Hempstead. Bates, W., Poulett Lodge Gardens, Twickenham. Bennett, W., Rangemore Park Gardens, Burton- on-Trent. Bunyard, George, The Nurseries, Maidstone. Cheal, J., Crawley, Sussex. Cliffe, G., Shoreham Place Gardens, Sevenoaks. Coleman, W., Eistnor Castle Gardens, Ledbury. Cammings. G. W., The Grange Gardens, Wal- lington. Dean, A., 69. Feltham Road, Kingston. Divers, W. II., Kettou lUU Gardens, Stamford. Dunn, Malcolm, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith, N.B. Fairgrieve, P. W., The Palace Gardens, Dunkeld, N.B. Ford, Sidney, Cowfold, Horsham. Hogg, Dr., LL.D., F.L S., 99, St. George's Road, Pimlico. Hammond, G , Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood. Hudson, J , Gunnersbury House. Acton. Laing. J., Junr., Forest Hill, S.E. Lane, Fred, Berkhamsted. Mclndoe, James, Hutton Hall Gardens, Gais- borough. Miles, G. T., Wycomb Abbey. High Wyccmb. Moss, A., 39. King William Street, E.G. Norman, G., Hatfield House Gardens, Hatfield. Pearson, A. II„ The Nurseries, Chilwell, Notts. Rjynolds, G., The Gardens, Gunnersbury Park, Acton. RjBs, Charles, The Gardens, Welford Park, New- bury. Saltmarsh, T. .L, The Nurseries, Chelmsford. Smith, .lames, Tbe Gardens, Mentmore, L»iglil03 Buzzard. Sutton, A. W., F L S., Reading. Taber, G., Rivenhall, Witham. Essex. Veitch, P. C. M., The Royal Nurseries, Exiter. Warren, W., Worton Gardens, Isleworth. Weir, Harrison, Sevenoaks. Willard,.Iesse. Holly Lodge Gardens, Highgate, N. Woodward, G., Barham Court, Teston, Maidstone. Wright, John, 171, Fleet Street. Wythes, G , Syon House Gardens, Brentford. Floeai. Committee. Chair,nan. — William Marshall, Auchinrailh, Bexley. nce-Chainnen.—B.ev.H. H. D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent ; John Eraser, L?a Bridge Road, Leytonstone, E.; George Paul, The Old Nur- series, Cheshunt. Seerciari/.—ArcWihM F. Barron, Royal Horticul- tural Society, Chiswick, W. Biin, W., The Gardens. Burford Lodge, Dorking. Baines, Thomas, Fern Cottage, Palmer's G,-een. N. Biuse, F.. Portland Road, South Norwood. S E. Bennett-Poe, J. T., 29. Ashley Place, S.W. Bryceson. G., Flora Villa, Plumstead. Canuell, H., Swanley, Kent. Cant, F., Braiswick, Colchester. Davis, N., Lilford Road, Coldharbour Lane, Cam- well, S.E. Dean, R., Ranelagh Road, Ealing, W. Druery. C. T., 2.5, Windsor Road. Forest Gate. Ellis, W. H., Clovelly, Lampton Road, Hounslow. Furze, W., Roselands, Broom Road, Teddingtou. Girdlestone, T. W., Sunningdale, Berks. Goldring. W., 52, Gloucester Road, Kew. Gordon, G., 1, Style Villas, Gunnersbury. Herbst, H.. Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey. Ingram, W., Belvoir Castle Gardens, Grantham. Jeffries, C, Boston House Gardens, Brentford Laing, .J.. Forest Hill, S.E. Leach, W. C, Aldbury Park Gardens, Guildford. Lowe, R. B , Ashridge Gardens, Berkhamsted. Mawley, E., Rosebank, Berkhamsted. May, H. B., Dyson's Lane, Upper Edmonton. 280 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Februa&t 27, 1892. Nicholson, G., Royal Gardens, Kew. Noble, C, Sanningdale Nursery, Bagshot. Owen, R , Castle Hill, Maidenhead. Pearson, C. E., Chilwell, Nottingham. Peerless, G. R., Park Hill House, Clapham. Phippen, G., Victoria Nursery, Reading. Ross, F., Pendell Court Gardens, Bletchingley. Salter, C. J., Woodhatch Gardens, Reigate. Turner, H., Royal Nurseries, Slough, Walker, J., Ham Common, Surrey. Watson, W., Royal Gardens, Kew. Williams, W. H. (Keynes & Co.), Salisbury. Wynne, B., 1, Clement's Inn, Strand, W.C. Obchid Committee, 1892. Chairman.— B.. J. Veitch, F.L S., Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, S.W. Vice- ChairriKn. — Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M P., 57, Princes Gate, S.W. ; J. Douglas, Great Gearies, Ilford; Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R.S., Mount Avenue, Ealinfr, W. Secretary. — James O'Brien, West Street, Harrow- on-the-Hi'll. Ballantine, H., The Dell Gardens, Stainps. Bond, T. W., Elstead House Gardens, Godalming. Burbidge, P. W., Trinity College Botanic Garden, Dublin. Castle, Lewis, Hotham House, Merton. Crawshay, De Barri, Rosefield, Sevenoaks. Cookson, Norman C., Oakwood, Wylam-on-Tyne. Courtauld, Sydney, Booking Place, Braintree. Handley, Rev. E., 19, Royal Crescent, Bath. Haywood, T. B., Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate. Hill, E., Tring Park Gardens, Tring. Kinleside, Rev. R. V. C, Sunbury House, Tun- bridge Wells. Jaques, J., Waddesdon Manor Garden, Aylesbury. Jennings, J., Ascott Garden, Leighton Buzzard. Latham, W. B., Botanic Gardens, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Le Doux, G. R., Lanpton House, East Molesey. Lindsay, R , Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. Low, H., The Nurseries, Clapton, E. Lucas, C. J., Warnham Court, Horsham. Mason, Major, The Firs, Warwick. Moon, E., Cassiobridge, Watford. Moore, F., Blendon Hall Gardens, Bexley. Pilcher, Charles, 81, Ringford Road, Wands- worth, S.W. PoUett, H. M., Fernside, Bickley, Kent. Sander, F., St. Albans. Schroder, ]3aron, The Dell, Staines. Smee, 11. J., Wallington, Surrey. Swan, W., Castle Hill Gardens, Englpfield Green. Tautz, F. G., Dibdin House, Hangar IIill, Filing. White, R. B., Ardarroch, Garelochead, N.B. White, W., Burford Lodge Gardens, Dorking. Williams, H., Vict)ria Nurseries, HoUoway, N. NAECissns Committee, 1892, OAairmaH.— Professor M. Foster, See, R.S., Shel- ford, Cambridge. Vice- Chairmen.— }. G. Baker, F.R.S., Royal Her- barium, Kew; Rev. C. WoUey Dod, Edge Hall, Malpas, Cheshire ; Rev. George H. Engleheart, Appleshaw, Andover ; Rev. W. Wilks, Shirley Vicarage, Croydon. Honorary Secretary,— C. R. Scrase-Dickins, Cool- hurst Park, Horsham. Birr, P., 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Barr, W., 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Bennett-Poii, John T., 29, Ashley Place, S.W. Bourne, Rev. S. E., Dunston Vicarage, Lincoln. Burbidge, F.W., Trinity College Gardens, Dublin. Clarke, Col. R. Trevor, Welton Place, Daventry. Collins, A.. 39. Waterloo Road, S.E. Cowan, C. W., Vallevfield, Penicuick, Midlothian. Darlington, H. R., 207, Piccadilly, W. De Graaff, S. A., Leyden, Holland. Elwes, H. J., F.L S., Colesborne, Andoversford, Gloucestershire. Goldring, W., 52, Gloucester Road, Kew. Grosvenor, Lady Hy., 73, South Audley Street. Hartland, W. B.. Temple Hill, near Cork. Haydon, Rev. G. P., Hatfield Vicarage, Don- caster. Jekyll, Miss G , Munstead, Godalming. Jenkins, E. H., Queen's Road, Hampton Hill, S.W. Krelage, J. H,, Haarlem. Holland. Leichtlin, Max, Baden-Baden. Llewelyn, Sir J. T. D., Bart., F.L.S., Penllergare, Swansea. MacMichael, Rev. C, Walpole Rectory, Wisbech. Marsh, Rev. T. H., Canstou Rectory, Norfolk, Milne-Readhead, R., Holden Clongb, Bolton-by- Bowland, Clitheroe. Moore, F. W., Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin. Nelson, Capt. Charles G., R.N, Holme Lodge, Godalming. Perry, Amos J., Stamford Road, Page Green, Tot- tenham. Vilmorin, Henry, L. De, Quai de la M^gisserie, Paris. Walker, James, Ham Common, Surrey. Ware, Walter T., Inglescombe Nurseries, near Bath. Webster, A. D., F.B.S.E., HoUydale, Keston, Kent. White, Miss, Alexandra College, Dublin. NEWCASTLE AND DISTRICT HORTICULTURAL. At a meeting of the above Society, held in the hall. Library Place, Newcastle, on Thurs- day evening, February 18, Mr. B. Cowan, South Shields, read a paper on " Cottage Gardens and Allotments : how to make the most of them." Mr. Cowan, in the course of his remarks, said that in the Agricultural Returns he found that there were in this country 58,700 acres of small fruits in 1891. In small-fruit cultivation the acreage had risen in Northumberland from 401 in 1890 to 440 in 1891, and in Durham from 263 in 1890 to 337 in 1891. In the five northern counties there were 3120 acres under small fruit in 1890, and 3970 acres in 1891. He would suggest that they should approach the county councils with the object of giving technical instruction in gardening in all districts, and to hold examinations and also grant certificates of merit. Secondly, they should have a committee of inspection or survey to visit any allotments or cottage gardens, and to give the holders advice as to what would grow best. He did not believe in trying to migrate people from the towns to these allotments, as the country people were by far the best adapted to the work. In the third place, growers should have some system of co- operation, whereby the distribution of their produce would be cheapened. In the fourth place, he would at places like Morpeth and Hexham establish jam factories and places for pickling ; these, like the means of distribution, should be on a co-operative principle. Then he thought they should offer prizes for the best treatise on what to grow, and what was considered the most suitable for the climate. In connection with allotments, especially where there were daughters, poultry and pigs would become a very valuable adjunct. Kxtractfrom Newcastle Evening Chronicle. LAW Notes. THE SALE OF " WEED - KILLERS " BY SEEDSMEN. At the Barnstaple (Devon) County Court, recently, an important judgment was given by Judge Paterson in an adjourned case brought by the Pharmaceutical Society of England against Mr. E. J. Butt, seeds- man and florist, of Barnstaple, for selling a certain compound known as " Weed-killer," which contained poison in such quantities that ooly a registered chemist was permitted to sell. Mr. Bremridge repre- sented the Society as plaintiff; Mr. Flux, London, conducted the case on behalf of the Society ; Mr. A. F. Seldon (Barnstaple) defended. In giving judgment, his Honour said :— This was an action brought by the Society under section 15 of the Pharmacy Act, 1868, for selling poison contrary to the enactment. It was proved before him at the pre- vious examination, that the defendant was not a regis- tered pharmaceutical chemist, or a chemist or druggist within the meaning of the Pharmacy Act, but that on Tuesday, October 27 last, he sold in his shop a gallon drum of weed-killer. The drum, which was made of iron, was labelled " poison ; " it was also labelled " weed-killer," with directions for its use and " with care." It was admitted on the part of the de- fendants that the drum contained arsenic in large proportions. The first section of the Pharmacy Act made it unlawful for any person to, inter alia, sell poisons unless such person shall be a pharmaceutical chemist, or a chemist or druggist within the meaning of the Act. The second section declared that the articles named in Schedule A to the Act should be deemed to be poisons within the meaning of the Act, and amongst the articles named in the schedule was "arsenic and its preparations." By the fifteenth section it was enacted that " any person who shall, inter alia, sell or keep an open shop for the retailing, dispensing, or compounding of poisons, not being a duly registered pharmaceutical chemist, or chemist or druggist, shall for every such offence be liable to pay a penalty or sum of five pounds." Mr. Seldon, for the defendant, had contended that the Act applied only to poisons pure and simple, and not to a compound which might contain any of the poisons mentioned in the Act. There was no express decision as to whether the Act did or did not apply to any such compound. Mr. Seldon, in support of his contention that the Act applied only to poisons simple, and not when mixed with other ingredients, referred to a dictum of Lord Justice Lush in the case of Berry v. Henderson. The case itself was not in Section 15, but Section 17, of the Act, which made it an offence to sell any poison unless in a wrapper as there required, or to sell any of the poisons in the first part of Schedule A to any person unknown to the seller unless intro- duced to him by a person he knew. Section 17, however, contained a proviso that " not any of the provisions of that section shall apply to any medicine supplied by a legally qualified apothecary to his patients, nor apply to any article when forming part of the ingredients of any medicine dispensed by a person registered under this Act," if the medicine be labelled and the ingredients entered in the manner there directed. The question in Berry v. Henderson was whether a duly registered pharmaceutical chemist had brought himself within that proviso, and so had become not liable for selling poison contrary to the enacting part of that section. In the course of his judgment. Lord Justice Lush said : — " I observe that the schedule seems to treat all the poisons as sold in their simple state or in some form of pre- paration alone, and it does not appear to contem- plate any of them being mixed up with any other ingredient — it applies to them pure and simple." This was the passage in the judgment which was cited by Mr. Seldon in support of his contention. It was, however, a mere dictum, and unnecessary for the decision in the question in his case. Judgment was given for the plaintiffs for £5 and costs, the costs to be on the higher scale, but plantiffs were not to have costs of the adjournment. His Honour would, however, give the defendant leave to appeal, as the matter was one of general importance. Enquiry. •• He that quatimeth much shall learn macA."— Baoow. Suitable Hedges for Woods and Plantations. — Perhaps some correspondent will kindly answer the following questions regarding the above : — Whether is Whitethorn or Myrobalan the more suitable to plant ? How far from the outside trees should it be planted ? Whether in single or double rows, and the distance apart ? Whether is plashing or cutting down the better practice ? and ao what period of growth should it be performed ? Any information on the subject will doubtless be of service to others besides Inquirer. Markets. CO VEST GARDEN, Fehmary 25. Maeket remains the same, with a good demand for hothouse goods, prices for which are firm. JaTnes Webber, Wholesale Apple Market. Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices. s.d. Apples, Canadian and Nova Scotian, per barrel 10 0-25 0 Apples, ^sieve ... 10-40 Grapes 19-36 Kent Coba, 100 lb. 40 0- ... Lemons, per case ...10 0-1(3 0 Pine-apples. St. Mi- chael, each ... 2 0-60 Februabt 27, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHBONICLE. 281 Cut Floweks.— Average Wholesale Prices. s.d s.d. Narcissus, paper- white, Fr., p. bun. 2 6-40 Orchids :— Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 C-12 0 Odontoglossum erispum,12blm9. 3 0-60 Pelargoniums, scar- let. perlSbun. 6 0-90 — 12 sprays ... 10-16 Poinsettia, 12 blooms 4 0-90 Primula. sing., 12bun. 4 0-60 Roman Hyacinths, 12 sprays 0 9-10 Roses, Tea. per dozen 10-30 — coloured, dozen 2 0-40 — yellow (Mare- chals).perdoz. 8 0-12 0 — red. perdozen... 4 0-80 Tubero er, 12 blms. 10-20 Tulips, p doz. blms. 10-20 Violets, Parme, per bunch 2 6-30 — Czar, perbunch 16-20 — EDglibh.l2bun. 16-20 Orchid-bloom in variety. Plants is Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices. s. d. s. d. s. d. s d. Adiantums. per doz. 4 0-12 0 Ferns, per 100 ... 8 0-15 0 Arum, p^r dozen ...12 0-18 0 Ficus elastica. each 16-76 Aspidistta, per doz. 18 0-63 0 Genista, perdozen. . 9 0-l.T 0 Azalea, per doz. ...36 0-60 0 HyacintlisUutcli doz. 6 0- 9 0 Begonias, per doz. ... 6 O-li 0 Lily of the Valley, pot 2 0-30 Cyclamens, per doz.l^ 0-18 0 Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0 Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0 Primulasinensis.doz. 4 0-60 Dracaenas, each ... 10-50 Palms, various, each 2 0-2' 0 Epiphyllums, p. doz. — specimens, eachlO 6 84 0 pots 9 0-18 0 Pelargoniums, Scar- Erica hyemalis, per let, per doz. ... 6 0-90 dozen 12 0-18 0 Solanums. per dozen 9 0-12 0 Krica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 Tulips, per doz. pots 6 0-80 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90 Acacia or Mimosa, French, per bunch 16-20 Arum, per doz. bl. ... 3 0-60 Azilea, p. doz. sprays 0 6-10 Camellias.white.doz. 2 0-30 — red, per. doz ... 10-16 Carnations, 12 blms. 2 0-30 C h r y s a nthemums, 12 bunches ... ,"0-6 0 Eucharis, per dozen 4 0-60 Oirdsnia, per dozen 4 0-90 Heliotrope. 12 sprays 0 6-09 Lilic white (French) per buncli 5 0-60 Lilium Harrisii, doz. 6 0-10 0 Lilyof the Valley, per doz. sprays ... 0 6-10 Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 6 0-12 0 Marguerite-t, perdoz. bunches 3 0-40 Mignonette, per doz. bunches 16-20 Vegetables.— Average Retail Prices. Artichokes .d. i .d s.d. B^ans, French, lb . Beet, red. per dize Carrots, per bunch. Cauliflowers, each . Celery, per bundle. . each Globe, Lettuces, per doz. ... 16-20 ,04-06 Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ... .16-20, Mustard and Cress. 12 0-30 punnet 0 4- ... ,04-06 Parsley, per bunch... 03-06 0 3-06 Seakale. p. basket ... 20-30 10-30 Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ... 0 9-1 3 Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ... Endive, per dozen ... 2 0- 3 0 Tomitoi, per lb. ... 0 6-10 Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9-10 Turnips, per bunch... 04-06 POTATOS. A to- e of firnness has been the feature of the week, with a tendency to a slight advance in samples free from frost. Best Magnums, 90s. to I(5s. : Imp»ritor». SL'S. to 9.5s.; Bruce. 95s. tollf.'. : Abundanie, 100s. ; Blackland, 60s. to 70s. These are the nilinr prices. Samples free from froat are scarce. J. li. Thomas. The Weather. [By the term " accumulated temperatu agire -' ■ meant the luratioo, of degrees of ire above or below 4^° Fahr. for the period . ud this combined result is expressed in Day- degr.e-' — a " Diy-degree " signifying 1° continued for twenty-fuur hours, or any other number o£ degrees for ' proportional number of hours.] Temperature. Bright Su.v. 1 M Accumulated. 1 . II 1% 5 S 3 Is i 1*? 5 3 a Hi :5i s 3 . 0'^ H + 5i ^fe ^. ^ X ri% +i ^S z s,-2 1^ S < 1 la 1 « 1 1" z Di. Day Day- Dav- lOths ■leg leg deg. deg. Inch. Ins. ( 9 — 0 92 - 1 f 97 5 — 43 90 30 15 I ^- 0 9i ■1- ! -t- 87 2 -f 23 36 27 23 ! !0 — 0 83 -I- 6 + 8' 6 -t- 36 26 21 23 b 0 — 0 90 — 6 f 89 1 + 23 22 30 23 4 11 — 0 97 — 1 +- 9;i 4 -1- 23 2-9 27 22 .■ 8 — 0 63 - 1 -H 5 1 + 35 2-1 28 21 6 9 — 0 76 — ( -1- 71 7 — >5 70 29 21 ; 9 — 0 76 - 1> -t- 6 1 + 31 50 24 20 8 7 — 0 5i - 2 -1- 6 3 + 33 4-5 25 24 9 7 — 0 55 - 3 + 5 1 — 35 48 27 18 10 8 — 0 4^ - 4 -1- 59 5 -1- 31 .1-2 26 20 * 5 — 6 27 - I' + 20 14 -1- 38 51 36 17, The districts indicated by number in the first column are the following : — Principtl. Wheat-pro Iw.iig Didricts—O, Scot'and. N. ; 1. S,-5tland. E.: 2, England, N.K. ; 3. England, E. ■ 4. Midland Counties; 6, England. S. PrincLoat Grazing, t^c. /Jistricts—6. Scotland. W. ; 7, England. N.W. ; 8, England. S.W. ; 9, Ireland, N. ; 10, Ireland, S. ; * Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending February 20, is furnished from the Meteorological Ufhce : — " The weather daring this period was extremely wintry and unsettled in all parts of our Islands. Heavy falls of sleet or snow, accompanied by strong squally winds, occurred from time to time in nearly all districts ; the amount experienced over our south-western counties on the 18^h being unusually large. "The temperature was much below the mean, the dejcit ranging from 5° in the ' Channel Islands.' and 7° in ' England, S.W.' and ' Ireland, N.,' to 9° or 10° in most other districts, and to 11° in the 'Midland Counties.' The highest of the maxima occurred at most station? on the 14th, and ranged from 51° in ' Ireland, S.,' to 4,5° in ' England, N.E. and E.' Daring the middle part of the week the daily maxima were but little above the freezing point, excepting in the extreme W. and S.W. The abso'ute minima were recorded on somewhat varying dates, between the 17th and '20lh, and were exceed- ingly low. In ' Scotland, E.' (at Braemar on the 19th and 20i,li), and in ' England, N.W.' (at Newton Kigney on the I9(,h), the sheltered thermometer fell to 2° below zero, while in the ' Midland Counties ' (at Loughborough on the 17th, and at Stamford on the I7th and 19ch), it descended to zero. A ther- mometer exposed on the grass at ' Newton Kigney ' registered 11° below z>ro. la the other districts the minima varied from 3° in ' Scotland, N.,' 4° in ' England, N.E.,' and 6° in ' Scotland, W.,' to 18° in ' England, S ,' 21° in ' Ireland, S.,' and to 28° in the ' Channel Islands.' At the close of the week the temperature was recovering. " The rainfall was less than the mean in ' Scot- land, N. and W.,' as well as in ' Ireland, N.,' but more in all other districts. In the ' Channel Islands ' the excess was very large, and rather so in most parts of • England,' and in ' Ireland, S.' " The bright sunshine was more prevalent over the Kingdom generally than it was during the pre- ceding week, and in most districts exceeded the normal. The percentage of the possible duration varied from 30 in ' Scotland, N.' and 'England, E.,' to 21 in 'England, N E.'" Lectures on Technical Horticulture.— .^s we have advocated the cmrss now being foHo'ved for years pa t, u-e are naturalti/ interested in its success, and we should be obliged if the sc Viral lecturers, in conne Hon. icith the Ct one and the same time, but there is no connec- tion between them. CoMMUNICiTIOSS RECEIVED. — M. C. — H. G.— W. Kelly. — W. B., next week.— W. T.— W. C, California, next week.— Hurst & Son.— J. T. N.— R. V. & Sons.- G. H., Cannes.- Ab. D.-E. 0, (next week).— W. Deverell.- VV. C— W. B. H., Ireland.— Gisors.-D. D.— H. B.— E. C.— W, K.— T. Sharman.— Foreman.- J. K.— J. S. T.— W. H. & Son.— S. P. C.-J. D.-E. M.— G. W.— H. M.— T. H.— W. H. D.— E,.S.— T. C— W. B. H.— W. D.-W. Corry.— J. S.— E. J. Lowe.— W. S.— A. H.-H. E. Drawixgs Received.— Rev. G. E. DIED.— On the 22nd inst., at Cairo, Edwin Gbjjndy Weiolet, of Howick House, Preston, and Buty, Lancashire, aged fifty-nine years. Robert Staynee Holfoed, at his residence, Dorchester House, Park Lane, London, on Feb. 22, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. 'Nothing Succeeds like Success.'' (SOLUBLE) INSECTICIDE HUGHES' ITMi The most reliable and best of all Insecticides for destroying Insects and Vermin on Plants and Fruit Trees, also on Animals, and Birds ; and as a Disinfectant & Bleacher in Washing Clothes. Full Directions on the Labels of each Bottle. Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, i/6, 2/6, & 4/6; J^-g.-iUon 7/6, i-galion 12/6, or less in larger quantities. A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on application to the manufacturer, addressed to E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester. Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and Patent Medicine Houses. NEW YORK— A. Roi.ker & Sons. For Green and Black Fly, American Blight. Camellia Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Brown and White Scale, Worms, Wood Lice. &c. ''Oir'l^T^MA" THE UNIVERSAL r^ k\j riEilllrVj INSECTICIDE. SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL. 15, Pbinces Street, Edinburgh, Juli/ 15, 1887.— "Deai Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green Fly immediately. Double this stren-'th, or 2 oz. to a gallon at i20°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few secoods ; while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much severer teat of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing or Bpray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A. MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London, ianuaryt, 1888. "Gentlemen — I have given your Insecti- cide, ' Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others. I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed) B. S. WILLIAMS." Sold by Chemistt. Nurserymen, and florists, in Bottles at Is. Qd.. 2s. 6d., and 3s. 6d.; in Tins (1 and 2 gallons), 10s. 6^. and 20s. each ; in quantities of 5 gallons and upwards, 9s. per gallon, Prepared only by DUNCAN. FLOCEHART & CO., Chemists to the Qneec, Edinburgh. May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London ; and from WILLIAM EDWARDS AND SON, 157, Queen Victoria Street. London. SAVE HALF THE COST. n A QQI n C'Q BEDFORDSHIRB UMiIOIUl 0 <^°^i^3^ ^^"} fii^ Is admitted b; the Q|| i/lD 0 A RI H '-'tzir^ir oILVLn OANU Quality obtainable in the Trade. Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which coutain a practically in- exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus Jare half the ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS. Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price free on Rail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail- way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application tc QEO. GARSIDE. Jnn..F.B.H.S.. Lelghton Buzzard. Beds. ISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859 for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather Erom cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended tc supersede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and IDs. 6d. GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on wet ground. Boxes, &d, and Is., from the Trade. Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY (Limitedl. London. RICHARDS'noted ORCHID and other SELECTED PEATS (g^'n^S??un^l), SOILS, MANURES, and every description of GARDEN SUNDRIES. G. H. RICHARDS, The Horticultural Stores, 1, BelTedere Crescent, Lambeth, Lohdoo, S.E. Write tor Samples and Price List, Post-tree. Chief Peat Depot : Ringwood, Hants. ORCHID PEAT. PKEPAEED, ready for use, all fibre, 10s. per sack ; 6 for 47s. 6d. SELECTED, in blocks, very fibrous, gs. per sack; 5 for 37s. id, SECOND QUALITY, 5s. per sack ; 6 for 22s. 6a!. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT tor Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, 4s. per sack, 5 for 18s. ; and 3s. per sack, 5 for 12s. 6d. PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each 2s. Bd. per sack; 5 f.r 10s. PREPAKED POTTING COMPOST, 4s. per tack ; 5 for 18s. All sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sairple Sack. Special terms to the Trade. For Price List apply to THE FORESTER, joyden Wood, near Bexlej, Kent. EPPS'S'-'-PEAT, For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS, Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton, or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse, Crystal and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE, fresh SPHAGNUM.PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC- TICIDES, and another Garden Requisites. Peat M03S Litter Tne Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD, HANTS. ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Sanaples and Prices of WALKER AND CO.. Farnborough, Hants. BROWN and BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 25s. per Ton, or £.5 per Truck of 4 Tons; Bags, 5s. each 10 Bagi, 4.5s. PEA r, for forming Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant Beds, 2Is. per Ton, or £1 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Bags, 5s. each : 10 Bags, 45s. THOMAS WALKER, Tekels Park, Camberley, Surrey. GARDEN REQUISITES, as sapplied to the Royal Gardens. — COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, Is. Zd, per sack, 10 for 12s., 20 for 20s., 30 tot 28s., sacks free ; 2-ton truck, 30s., free on rail near works. Fine ORCHID PEAT, 8s. id, per eack. BROWN FIBROUS do., 5s. per sack. 5 for 22s. 6iJ. BLACK do , 4s. 6d, per sack, 5 for 20s. FIBROUS LOAM, LEAF-MOULD, and PEAT-MOULD, each 3s. per sack. Coarse SILVER-SAND, Is. 6rf. per bushel, 14s. } ton, 25s. per ton. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. SPHAGNUM, 7s. 6rf. per sack ; all sacks and b3g.=, 2rf. each. RUSSIA MATS, IDs. 6rf. to 19s. per dozen. RAFFIA, VIRGIN CORK, STAKES, &c. BONES, finch, lis. per cwt. Pure BONE- DUST, lis. id, TOBACCO-PAPER, Spe;ialile, lOrf. per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 26s. Price List, free. W. HERBERT AND CO., Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwark Street, London, S.E. BARB_JIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (LIaMITED), WARRINGTON. CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.—Conservatories, Orchid-houses, Vineries, Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materials and Workmanship guaranteed, at Mode- rate Prices. Intending Purchasers waited upon by appointment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPARATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handlights hept in btock. All kinds of Garden Requisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses, Tool-bouses, Pigeon Cotes, Dog Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for six btamps. PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH. The Original and Only MaJccrs of the GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS WITH SOLID ENDS. AUo— SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTgAM, With Special Provision for Cleaning the Inside thoroughly (a Most Important Point). These Boilers, after long experience, have proved themselves the Most Efficient, Lcono- mical, and Lasting Boilers extant. Every otherkind of Boilerp, Sockets, Flanges, and Expansion-Joint Pipes and Fillings, for all kinds of High and Low- Pressure Heating. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE. CARSON'S PAINT Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy, for all kinds of OXTTnOOR WOBE, OONSESVATOKIES, Greenhouses, Frames, &c. 1 Cwt.. and Oil Ulztare, Free to all Stations. Liquid Non-PoiBOnoua Painta for Inside of CouBerratories, &o. Prices, Patterns, and Testimoniala, Post-free. Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. is, victoria street, westminstek, s.w. ; aud MCHELOK'S WALK, DUBLIN,— ZKacoimS fbr Cash. Fbbbuaey 27, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 283 iSANKEYS'fdiiiousGARDENPOTS Messrs. Dlcksons, Limited. Chester, write :— " The Flowir Pots you have so largely supplied us with are light, etroui^ and well made, and in every re>pect highly satisfactory." Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write :— " We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with your ' Garden Pots,' they are well made, light, yet strong, and we like them better than any other we hare ever used." Mr. William Bull, 636, King's Road, Chelsea, London, writes ;— " For nearly thirty years I have been using your Garden Pols,' and still tind them the best and cheapest." Largest Manufacturers in the World, No Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £,\0 Orders. Half Carriage on £6 Orders. Samples Free. THE GARDEN. All who use our Seeds at once pronounce them superior, not only in strain, but plumpness, colour, and germinating powers. Coming off our rich, warm, calcareous soil, they produce nearly double the weight of the ordinary Seeds. The great success that has attended this department (grown and supplied direct from us, the Growers to the Sowers), make us proud of our registered TRADE MARK, "PERFECT SEEDS." Send for our Cata^ogaes. CANNELLS SEEDS HILL & SMITH, BRIEBLEY HILL, ST AFFORDSH IRE, And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C 1^*=^ NEW PATTERN "tree guard, '■'■The RoraijoineJ' The maximum of utility and the mlomium of cost. Constructed of Strong Iron Up- ghts and Galvanised Barbed Steel Price 10s. 6d. TESTIMONIAL. The Whittern. Herefordshire, "Dec. 28, 1887. Dear Sirs,— I have now had an opportunity of trying k-i II I y°'"' PoRCt'PlNE Thee fl^^^htt^- Guards, and they seem quite to answer my pur- pose, so you may send me pO more as before. I en- close cheque for your account. Yours truly, KICHD. GREEN. Messrs. Hill &. Smith. ivjji;i'ij)i:i^ fflum PONKE^P0TTEmES,RUABONi WOOD & SON'S SPECIALITY SHADINGS fo« 1892. EVERY VAKIETY FOR IN AND OUTDOORS. Our Special Favourite for Shading Outdoors, "A. "White," at Is. Id. per yard, 54 in. wide. So much appreciated last season. Semi and Taped, ready for Fi.viiig oyi Rollers, at a slight e.itra charge. WOOD & SOfSTRIZE MANURES. \\ hen I' ruit is finished Stoning, then is the time to apply as a top-dressing our "LE FRUITIER," The Celebrated Vine Manure. "The Perfection of Plant Food." Tins, Is. 3d. ; 7 lb , 2s. 6d. ; 1 Cwt , 19s. LIQUID MANURE POWDER. "THE EXHIBITOR'S FAVOURITE." Tins, Is. 6d. ; 7 lb., 3s. ; 1 Cwt., 253. ^m^ ORCHID BASKETS, ^^^ Cur Own Manufacture, of all rescriptions and Sizes. Send for Illustrated Catalogue, giving Prices. \j\\.\jYi\VJ rtAl (bracken fibre), HARD- WOOD and STOVE PEATS, exceptionally Good this Season. ALL SOUND TURVES. Before you Buy, send for Samples and Prices, and inspect our New Catalogue. SILVER MEDAL and 23 CERTIFICATES of MERIT awarded to I W. WOOD & SON, F.R.H.S. ( Established 1850 Address Orders- Chief Office, WOOD GREEN, LONDON. 284 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Febbuaey 27, 1892. i.^. JAS. BOYD & SONS, PAISLEY. HORTICULTURAL STRUCTURES of every description, in either Wood or Iron, or both combined. Wooden Chapels, Shooting Lodges, Cottages, Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &o. Hot-water Apparatus for warming Churches, Schools, Public Buildings, Mansions, Harness Rooms, Drying Rooms, Hothouses, and Buildings of every Description. Illustrated CiraUari Post-free. THIS GREENHOUSE erected ami heated complete, in any part of the couutry, best materials only, workmanship guaranteed, 25 ft. by 12 ft., £50 ; 30 ft. by 15 ft., £70. Brick- work excepted. Forparticulars, see onrCatalogue. post-free. Superior Portable Frames, large stock ready for nmediiite use, well made, painti'd four coats, glazed wilh 1-07.. glass, carriage paid:— l-light frame, 4 X 6. 36s. tW. ; light frame, 6X8. .Ws. ; Slight frame. 12 X 6. 86«. dd. Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4, £4 7s. 6 Valuable Canvas from your local ^^ Seedsman, send a post-card to — i— % S BENJ. EDGINGTON, % ■^~ (Limited). — ^5 2, DUKE STREET, liondon Bridge, S.E., ^^ ^Yho will reply by return, with Samples and full Particulars. CO "FRIG! DOMO" GANVAS. HEOTING APPARATUS 3Uy D/RECT fROAf^ stourbridge, Fre Telegrams :- "ALPHA' L-LANE ^fS, THE IMPROVED ISION JOINT OT WATER PIPES T Of ^ ^IVATERJO'^ 21, GOLDSMITH STREET, DRUBY LANE. W.C. SIX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for 2j. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; sii tor Is. 4(i. Eight-incb Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for Is. 6rf. : 100 tor 3s. M. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order, and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies, with OriRinal.— FRANCIS and CO., 29, LudgatehiU. London. GARDENING APPOINTMENTS. Mb. W.m. Halliday. for seven years general Foreman to Mr. Eaboxe, Alton Towers, as Head Gardener to the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Dabtmov in, PatshuU House. Wolverhampton. Mr J. TULLETT, for tho past three years Head Gardener to Sir EinVAKD BLACKEl r. Bart.. Matfen Hall, Newcastle- on-T>ne, as Head Gardener at Raby Castle; and Mr. Atkinson, Foreman at Malfen, takes the Head Gardener's post at that place. Mr. Fred. P. Luckhi'RST. for many years Head Gardener, Sedgley Hall. Prestwich, Manchester, has been appointed Manager tO the SOUTB DEYOS Fbuit FAKM Co.MPAHT, Torquay, Febbuaet 27, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CBBONICLE. 285 WANTED, a reliable single MAN, to take charjje (in employer'a absence) of a hmall Niirnprv, 4 acrfs. 4 greenhouses (Yorks), with Jobbing Work. Uoo.l Salesman, as he will be required occasionally to take produce to market. Wages, 21s. Give references, and .state wliat he has been used to — T. J.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wel- lington Street, Strand, W.C. WANTKD, a thoroughly reliable married MAN of about .3>, as JIANAGER in a Market del>ot. Must have some knowledge of the Seed Trade, and a thorough knowledge of the Out Flower and Plant Trade. Character and ability must b;ar the ttrictest investigition. Liberal salary and commis-ion to suitable man.— .MAKSHALL BKUS. AND CO , Barnham. Bognor. WANTED, a HEAD GAKDENEK, who understands all branches, and Packing and Selling Fru't. — Write to Mrs. LEVESON GOWEK, liill Hill, Wokingham, Berks. ANTED, a GARDENEK, sound and practical, to take the entire Management cf a Business where Fruit and Flowers are grown eiclusively for Market. Must ba able to command a few hundred pounds, taking a share of the profits as his own remuneration, wlich would be good according to his ability and energy. This is a sound and liberal offer 10 a good man.— Write W. L., May's Advertising Offices. 163, Piccadilly, London, W. WANTED, a GARDENER ; niarried^^Must understand Glass, and manage pony. Small (jarden ; house found in p;round3. Apply, btating age, wages, &c., to C, Born, 115. London Wall, E.G. W" ANTED, a GARDENER.— Must under- stand cows. Apply, CAPTAIN PAUL, The High- lands, Tadmarton, Banbury. ANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a HEAD WORKING GARDENER, for Ongar. Essex.— Mu-t thoroughly understand the Managementof V niPs. Fruits under Glass, Kitchen and Flower ^Gdrdens, &c. Three men under. Wife as thorough Laundress. Good characters for energy, sobriety, and honesty required. No children. — Mrs. NEWALL, 1, Beach Mansioos, Sonihsea. ANTED, as GARDENER, an all-round man, for three-quarters of an acre, in London.- Must be married, be between 30 and 4.^, a Protestant. Et glish or Scotch, and have thoroughly good long character. — Apply, by letter, stating age, and wages required, to A. B., care of M . Kose, Chemist, 441. Edgwaie Road, W. ANTED, a GARDENER, accustomed to Orchid Growing; also a FERN GROWER. State wages required.— Apply to COLLINS axd COLLINS, Cumber- land Park Nursery, Willesden Junction, W. ANTED IMMEDIATELY, for North- amptonshire, a good SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER, able to look after a Cow. If married, could employ wife as Laundress and Dairymaid. Slate age, wages, and all parti- culars—M., 3, Oxfor.l Road, Birkdale. WANTED, at Lady Day next. — Thoroughly qualified WORKING GARDENER. Wife as Laun- dre.ss and to take charge of Poultry. One mile from Axmin^ter Station, S.W.R. Character to bear Ihe strictest investigation. Church if England.— Apply by letter only, to O. A. SPOT- TI8WO0UE. Eiq.. 3. Cadogan Square, London, S.W. WANTED, a trustworthy young MAN as FORE.MAN for the Houses ; also a young" JOURNEY- MAN for the Houses, to help occasionally in the Pleasure Grounds. W^ages, 18s. and X2s. per week respectively, with bothy and Vegetables.— Apply, OLIVER, Stuffynwood Gardens, Mansfield, Notts. WANTED, a good practical and trustworthy FOREMAN.- Must be well up in the Cultivation of Vines. Peaches, Tomatos. Cucumbers, Plants, Flower*, &c., both for family use and Market. Must be able to take charge of men. Wages 20s , bothy, milk, and vegetab es. — Applv, stating age and experience, to W. BUGGINS, Woodlands Castle Gardens, Clonsilla, Dublin. Ireland. WANT ED, an efficient, industrious, reliable man as FOREMAN WOODMAN, able to undertake prop'^r care and raanag=ment of Hedges, Coppice, repairs of Fences, Gates, &c., ana other details connected with outside work — Address, statirg full particulars as to experience, &c., to G, E., Dicksons' Royal Seed Warehouse, Chester. WANTED, a reliable man, as Outdoor FOREMAN, in a General Nursery.— Apply, slating wagis, references, and full particulars, to V. B.. G-rdtners' Chrcnicle tiffice, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. w WANTED, a MAN, thoroughly up in grow- ing Tomatos, Mushrocnn, Vines, and Plants for Market.— State age, wpg^s, and married or single, to POL- LARD, 63, King Vv illiam .Street E.C. ANTED, several MEN, for Tomatos, Cucumbers, and Grap s. Permanency for good steady men.— H. DICKINSON. Shardlow, near Derby. WANTED, a young MAN accustomed to Fern Growing, and quick at Potting and Watering. — JAMF.^ WAT.TON. Ilornpark and Eltham Road Nurseries, Lee Green, S.E. WANTED, a strong, active young MAN, as Jou'iiejman for Fruit Department.— Apply to ]\Ir. BOR )MAN, Hylands, Chelm-'ord, statin.; age, experience, and r.iferences, as to knowledge of above. ANTED.— Young MAN, for a Market Nur- sery, with some knowledge of Insid^ and Out-'-ide. Permanent. Wages IS.', to begin.— HiRLEi' AND SONS, Befoim Street. Dundee. WANTED, a young ^^AN for Cucumber, and Tomato Growing, and .Soft-wooded Plants. Wages, 17s. per week, lodgings, and vegetables.- MANAGER, Fern Bank Nurseries, Woore, near Newcastl.', Staff. ANTED, a JOURNEYMAN, to take the lead in Pleasure Ground work, and to attend to Con- servalory.-Miist be an experience,! hand with Scythe and Machine. WagesI7.s-. perweekand bothy.— Apply, W.KOWE, Squerryes Court Gardens, Westerham, Kent. WANTED, a young JNIAN to assist Pro- pagitor in a i-mall home nursery. Quick at potting, ty ng, watering, wreaths, &c. Wi-ge-, 20.!.. no bothy; good character indispensable. THOS. MATHESON, Nurseries, Morpeth. WANTED, a smart active young MAN^for the Kitchen Garden. Able to Mow with a Scythe.— Apply, stating age, referenre-. and wages, Mr. »l,ADE, Mongewell Gardens, Wallingford. WANTED, a young Man, quick at Rotting, Watering, &c. Will also be required to help in Propagiting-house. State wages, &o.— CRANE AND CLARKE, Hillsiue Nursery, March, Cambs. ''PHERE IS AN OPENING for a well- X educated young MAN in a well-known HARDY PLANT NURSERY. He must have a knowledge of, and a liking tor. Herbaceous Perennials, be capable and willing to Assist lu the Office. Remuneration in proportion to ability.— ALPINE, Gardeners' C'AronicfeOfHce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. w ANTED, AT ONCE, a strong LAD, used to Potting, Watering, and General Work. —State id references, to G. BLUNDELL, Oak Villa Nursery, Oakleigh Road, Friern, Bd , N. WANTED, an ASSISTANT SHOPMAN, also an INVOICE CLERK. Good wages and per- manent situations to reliable men. A vacancy also for an apprentice— Apply. J. E. RAINES. The Great Eastern Seed Stores, 9, Exchange Street, Norwich. ANTED.— H. CANNELL and SONS are wanting INVOICE CLERK —In first instance, apply in own hand- writing. — Swanley, Kent. ANTED, an ASSISTANT SHOPMAN, or young man as IMPROVER, in the Seed and Florist business. Must have had previous experience. Apply, stating age, wages required, and previous eaiployer, to THOS. BUTCHER, Seed Merchant, Croydon. WANTED, a young GIRL, who has just served her Apprenticeship in the Florist Business, to mske up Wreaths, Bouquets, Sprays, &c.— Send full parti- culars to H. STRINGER, late E. & S. Peters, 212, Western Road, Brighton. WANT PLACES. TO GARDENERS, AND OTHERS SEEKING SITUATIONS. The Pressure upon our space at this season of the year ii so great, we are compellet to state that advertisements received after 6 p.m. on Wednesday will, in all probability, be held over to the ne.vt week. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL COMPANY (John Cowan), Limited, The Vineyard and Nurseries, Garston, near Liverpool, %visli to recommend to any Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com- petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindsay, who wis Held Gardener for the last twelve years to the late Sir Thomas Edwards Moss, Bart., of Otterspool, near Liverpool. — Full particulars on application to the Company. Head Gardeners. JOHN LAING AND SONS can at present recommend with every confidence several energetic and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character. Ladiesand Gentlemen in wantof GARDENERS and BAILIFFS, and HEAD GARDENERS for first rate Establishments or Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, London, S.E. Q A N D E K S, St. Albans, can thoroughly O RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENEKS Gardeners, Farm-Balllffs, Foresters, ftc. DICKSONS, Koyal Nurseries, Chester ( Limited). a.re always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the kighest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, Chester." ICH AKD SMITH and (Jo. beg to announce that they are constantly receiving applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that they will be able to supply any Liidy or Gentleman with particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries. Worcester. '"PIIOMAS liUTCIIER can recommend several J- HEAD and UNDER GARDENERS of lirst-rate character and proved ability. Gentlemen seeking tuch may have parti- culars free.- Applv to THO.MAS BUTCHER, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Croydon, GARDENER (Head), where five or more are kept.— Age 2B; well up in the Management of Vines, Peaches, Stove, &c. Highest references. Abstainer. — GAR- DENER, 8, Beaconsfield Terrace, Catford, Loidm, S.E. GARDENER (IIrad); age 33.-J. E. McClkave, eigl.t years Head uarden.T to R. Heywood Jones, E,q., Badsworth Hall, Ponletract. is open to a re-en- gagem.Mitinagood establishment. Nineteen years' experience inull branches. Testimonials of thehighest order.— Oatsclough, Wtlisford, Cheshire. GARDENER (Head).— Mr. Clarke, Head .Gardener to the Earl of Lonsdale, Lowlher Castle, Penrith, can with every confidence recommend his For^-man to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a. thorough practical man, experienced in all branches. /^ARDENER (Head), where two or three are ,Vv, „''«?'•— '»g« 27. single.— Wii.i.iiM KiRiiY, Bitteswell Hall Garden', Lutterworth, can be liighlv recoiiiinen''ed as a very sober, prac ical man. Understai.ds Grap-s. Cucumbers -Melons, Chry.-anthemums, and the general routine of Ga dening.— Elei ' ■ " i' goo i O ARDENER (Head), where two or three V-* ^ are kept, or Slx«LE handed.- Age 25, married; ten years experience in larg; establishments. (Jood referen-es. Abstainer.- G. M , 13, Clifton Terrace, Ashville Eoad, Leyton- stone, Essex. GARDENER (Head) ; age 34, married, three hs „'=*;";^.«'V-'^^-'*'^'">-"««"-. Esq., wishes to re..,ommend his Head Gardener to any Lady or Gentleuian requiring the services of a thorough practical man, thoroughly conversant with all branches. Leaving through no fault.— W. BEALE, Knowle, Dunster, Somerset. GARDENER (Head), where two or three are kept —Middle-aged ; thoroughly knows his pro- fession Eleven and a half years' good character. Leaving through death of employer.-W. PEPPER, The Gardens Tewiu Water, Welwyn, Herts. ' GARDENER (Head), or FORRMAN,~in Large Establishment.— Expeiienced in all branches of the profession. Excellent characterfrom previous and present employer.— G. HUBBARD. 3. Cumberland Place. Kew. GARDENER (Head), where two or more are kept, or SECO.ND in gool e.tabli.hment.-Age 27 Life experience in all branches ; good referencts,-G. BLAKE Boreham House, Chelmsford. ' GARDENER (Head), in a large establish- ment ; age 44, widower, two children, youngest 9 jears — E. S. Wiles, who has had charge of the Ecgcote Gardens for the last thirteen years, will be di engaged on March 25 and 13 open to re-engage to any Lady or Gentleman re- quiring a good all-round Gardener. Excellent characters from present and previous employers.- E. S. WILES, Edgcote Banbury, Oxon. GARDENER (Head), where one or two are kept.— Age 30. married, no family ; thirteen years' experience in all branches. Good references.- L. G., Wood- croft Lodge, Mottingham, Eltham, Kent. GARDENER (Head), where two are kept; age 27. -J. Anderson, Gardener. Charman Dean Worthing, wi:.hes to recommend his FORE.MAN, Jas. Skinner! to any Lady or Gentleman, requiring a g3od practical man • twelve years' experience. ' GARDENER (Head), where three or more are kept; age 3(, mtrried, two children.— A Gentle- man, breaking up his establishment, wishes to recommend the above. Thoroughly experienced in Stove, Greenhouse. Flower and Kitchen Garden. Twenty years' experience in good Gardens. Good reference from previous employer.— JAMES SHEPHERD, 13. Church Eoad, Bromley, Kent. GARDENER (Head), where five or moTe^aT^ kept; age .38, married, no family.— Thos. Lambert. Burton Constable Gardens. Hull, can recommend a thorougly practical man as above, with long experience in the leading establishments in England and Ireland, Nine years in last place. GARDENER (Head), in good establishment. —Married, no family. Abstainer. Life experience in Early and Late Forcing all kinds of Fruits, Flowers. Vege- tables, Mushrooms, also Kitchen and f lower'Gardens, Pleasure Grounds. Eight years' good character from late employer and sixteen years' references.-J. D., Myrtle Cottage, Wick Road Hampton Wick, Middlesex. ' GARDENER (Head).— Any NobTeman^_ady. or Gentleman, requiring the services of a thoro.igh practical man, would be suited, b- applving to CHAS. FLACK, Head Gardener. Cholmondeley Castle. Maipas. GARDENER (Head), where three oTTour are kept— Age 3). single ; sixteen years' experience in all branches. Good references.- A. G , Basing Park Gardens, Alto , Hants X'w will be paid to any one furnishing the <^f-' Advertiser with information of any gardening hinges that will lead to obtaining an engagement as HEAD GAR- DENER, where six or more are kept. Well versed in every branch of Horticulture. Aae 39, marr.ed. Own cause for leaving. Highly recommended by present and previous em- ployers. — LAWRENCE. Mr. J. Heath, Coxwell Poad, Faringdon, Berks. ARDENER (Head Working), or good Single-handed. — Thoroughly experienced in all branches. Good character and teslimonials. Wife good laundress- GARDENER. Grena Lodge. Richmond, Surrey. GARDENER (Head Working), where one or two are kept, or go3d SI> GLE HANDED.— .4ge 31 ; single. Five years' good ciara'ter. Flowers. Fruit and Kitchen Garden.— G. P., 16, Holly Park Terrace New Southgate, N. 286 TSE GABDENEBS' CIIBONICLE. [Febbtjaby 27, 1892. GARDENER (Hbad Woeking).— Seventeen yeirs and ten months' experience in all branches of the profesyon. Four years and nine months' m present placc.- J. ROGERS, Beechwood, Huddersfield. GARDENER (Head Working).— Abstainer. Eicellent references to large establishments as Fore- man. Three years in present situation. Leaving for no tault. — E. E., Casino House, Heme Hill, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working).— A young Man (married when suited), of f[Ood experience, desires to engage with any Lady or Gentleman rciuiring a good all- round Gardener. References on application.-S S.DAVISON, The Gardens. Dissington Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 28; twelre years' experience in good establishments. Present place as Foreman. ChiracterwUl bear investigation. — F. CHAMBERLAIN, Marbury Hall Gardens, Northwich. ^ ARDENER (Head Working) ; age 32, married.— Messrs. Wills & SEOiH. the Royal Exotic Nursery. South Kensington. S.W., can recommend with every confidence C. Taylor to any Lady. Nobleman, or Gentleman re luiring the services of a thoroughly experiencei n.an, where a large aemaod of Fruit. Flowers, and Vegetables are required, including House and Table Decorations. ARDENER (Head Working).- Trust- worthy and thoroughly practical in all departments, including decorating and laying out ; single; abstainer; high testimonials; home counties preferred.— J. H.. bO, Gordon Place. Kensipgtoi "' GARDENER (Head Working), where two or more are kept.— Age 35. married, three children ; seven years as Head Gardener in last situation.— G. RIDDLE, Netley Abbey, Southamptc GARDENER (Head Working),— Married, no family ; thoroughly practical in Stove Plants. Vines, Peaches Cucumbers, Fiower and Kitchen Garden. Land and Stock.— GARDENER, Toksowa Cottage, Dulwich Common. GARDENER (Head Working). Age 33, married no familv. Life experience in all branches. Wife could manage Dairy'. -GARDENER, F. Capel Cure, Esq., Ing il estone, Essex. G""TrDENER (Head Working).— Age 33, One child ; thoroughly practical with Vines, Peaches. Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Gardening, and Herbaceous Plants. Good testimonials from previous employer as to ability. Industrious. Two years present reference.— GARDENER, FoulisCourt, Fair Oak, Southampton. GARDENER (Head Working).- Scotch, Age under 40, married. Over twenty years' experience. Wishes re-engigement. Excellent abilities and references. Disengaged March 19 —H. GRANT. Hill House Gardens, Heme Hill, S.t;. __^ GARDENER (ILead Working, or Second), in good establishment.- Age i8, married, no family ; not object to lodge. Twelve years' experience in Vines, Flowers Fruit, Flower and Kitchen Gardening. Good refer- ences.—A. H., 8, Moore Park Road, Fulham Road, S.W. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or three are kept.— Married, no family ; fourteen years' experience in Fruits under Glass, Stove and Greenhouse Plants Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Good testimonials.- S A., Lunghurst Nursery, Caterham Valley, Surrey. GARDENER (Head Working); age 30, married, one boy, aged 5; Scotch. — A Lady wibhes to recommend the above. Twenty years' practical experience in nil branches. Abstainer. Four years' excellent character.— M,, Squerryes Lodge, Westerham, Kent. and Flow Work in general. ^ DALLMAN, GARDENER (Head Working).— A (".EN- TLEVIAX having sold his place will be pleased to re- commend his Head Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman in want of a thoroughly experienced man in the cultivation of Grapes. Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Orchids and Chrysanthemums, Flower and Kitchen Gardens.-G. G., Mrs. Rew, East Finchley. London, N. ARDB'iNER (Head Working, or good SiNGLE-HANDEDi.— Twelve years' thorough practical experience in Stove, Vines, Melons, TomatO' ' " Early and Late Forcing, and Kitchen Garde Excellent character from previous employe: The Grove, Dittou Hill, Surbiton. ARDENER ( Head Working).- Age 28. Two years Foreman in present situation. Fourteen years' experience. Good references from present and previous employers.— J. SIMPSON, Marton Hall, Marton R. S. 0., Yorks. GARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).— No family. Wife could assist in House or with Poultry, Both trustworthy. Good characters.— A. M , 2, Grove Road, Chertaey, Surrey. GARDENER (Single-handed), or where help is given.— Age 40, married, no family ; practical in a'l branches. Abstainers, and both can be well recom- mended. — GlRDENER, South Bink, The Avenue, High Barnet, Herts. GARDENER (Singlk-handbd, or Second). — Age 22. Seven years' experience. Inside and Out. Good reference.- A. SNELLING, 26, Stamford Terrace, Stam- ford Hill, London, N. _^ GARDENER (Single-handed, or Eibst), in Kitchen Garden in large establishment.--Excellent character from last place. Eastern counties preferred.— K. FINCHAM, Hockwold, Brandon. Norfolk. _^ GARDENER (Single - Handed), or where help is given.-Age 26, single ; good experience in Flowtr and Kitchen Garden. Three years' and seven months good character from present employer.— A. H. DUtri", Normansfield, Hampton Wick, Middlesex. GARDENER (Single-handed or Second). — Age 2S. single. Eight year's experience Inside and Out; six y^rs' gjod character.— W. MOORE, Church Strict, Fleet, Hants. ^ GARDENER (Single-handed, or good SEcnxD).— Age2.5; eleven years' character. Two years good character from present employer, and four previous.— H. HICKS, 16, Hedgley Street, Lee, Ken^^ ARDENER (Single-handed or otherwise). —Age 26. Understands Kitch»n and Flower Gardens, Stove and Greenhouse. Eight years' good character.— A COLEMAN, Sedgwick Park, near Horsham. G"l ARDENER (Single-handed), or where T helpis siveo.— Age 40, married; fifteen years' in pre- sent situation. Good character.- T. TRIM, Shillinstone, Dorset. ___^ GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise) Good references. Willing to be useful.- J. B., 61. Thome Street. Wandsworth Road, S.W. GARDENER (Working). — Age 35, un- married. Experienced in Vegettibles. Vines and Land- scape Gardening. Seventh day adventist.— DANIELIH. EE^- STEAD, Fremley Green, Surrey. ARDENER (good Second) ; age 25, single. — C. WISGROVE, The Gardens, Firfield, Addlejitone, Surrey, can thoroughly recommend a good all-round man as above. Well up in Plants, Forcing Fruits, Grapes, &c. Seven, also two and a half years' referencea. GARDENER (Second), where four or five are kept.— Age 22; well use i to SI ovc and Greenhouse Work. Good character.— F. UPTON, Grange Cottage, V\ ar- ninglid, Haywards Heath. Susf»' GARDENER (^Second). — Age 23. Ten years' experience ; early and late Forcing, and Green- house work in geofral. Good characters. Disengaged now. H. NAPIER. Overstone Rectory, Northamptou. G^ ARDENER (Second), in the Houses. — A young Man seeks a situation as above. Five years' ;.— FRED. MATTHEWS, The Gardens, Highfield. xper: ivbridge GARDENER (Second), under a good working Gardener, where three or more are kept— Age 21; seven years' experience. Gool references.- H. WILKERSON, Ormond House, Cricklewood. GARDENER (Second), where three or four are kept.— Age 2i; experience in Greenhouses, Flower and Kitchen Garden.— W. BRETT, E. Ashling. Chichester, Sussex. GARDENER (Second or good Single- hashed, or where help is given). Three years' good character from present employer, three previ«i.a — A AKHUKST. Woodside, Sundr ge, Sevenoaks. Kent. GARDENER (Second), in the Houses.— Age 26; can be well recommended from present and previous situations.- F. S., Riseholm. Lincoln. GARDENER (Second).— Age 22 ; over eight years' experience Inside and Out. Excellent characters. F. S., Mrs. Herrod, Highwood Hill. Mill Hill, N.W. GA R D E N E R ; age 31. — A Gentleman recommends his Gardener. Good all-round man; has been with him over seven years. Good previous references ; leaving through no fault.-H. B. HAM.MO>'D, West Cliff Lodge. Eamsgate. GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 28, married when suited ; has had good experience. — WALTER SEARS, Redleaf Gardens, Penshurst, Kent.J GARDENER. — The Advertiser (age 26), single, begs to offer his services to any Lady or Gentle- man requiring a thorough practical man. Experience has been gained in first-class establishments, and can be well rrcommended by last and previous employers.— H, FEATHER- STONE, The Brackens, Bracknell, Berks. GARDENER. — Age 21; Kitchen Garden preferred. Total abstainer. Two years and four months' good character.— J. CURTIS, Chadlington. Charlbury, Oxon. ARDENER (German, familiar with the English language).— Age 24, single. Experienced in growing Cucumbers. Vines, &c , and Plants (general Market Mtuff). Nine years' experience; good character from last emplover. — R. H., 18. Crown Terrace. Richmond. Surrey. GARDENER; married,— Mr. Wadds, Bird- sail. York, win be pleased to recammend a first class Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman requiring one in a large establishment. Good referencea. ARDENER and ORCHID GROWER.— Mr. Hill, Tring Park Gardens, cau confidently recom- mend his Foreman as above. Seventeen years' practical experience in all its branches.— For full particulars, J. PHILCOX, Tring Park Gardens. Herta. GARDENER. — Age 45, married ; good all round. Nineteen years* experience as Head. Good references. — W. P., The Gardens, Frenchay Park, near Bristol, GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.— Age 21 : good character from last situation. — R. Slatteb, 50, Dumbleton, near Evesham, Gloucestershire, ARDENER (Under), in a Gentleman's establishment.- A ge 22; three years' good character. Strong and active. Leaving to improve himself.— HENRY VINCENT, Mapperton. BInndford. GARDENER (Under), Inside or Out.— Age 22, married. Mr. BiGGS, Garnstone, Woobley, Herefordshire, can recommend the above, who has been with him three years. GARDENER (Under), to work Indoors, or Indoors and Out. Well up in all branches. QiO\A character.- C. UNDERWOOD, Down Park, Worth, Sussex. GARDENER (Under), or Third or Fourth, in a good place.— Age 18; good knowledge of Inside and Outdjor Work. Six and a half vears' gJod character. Bothy preferred.— S. P. WINTERS HALL, Bramley, Surrey. GARDENER (Under).— Age 23 ; single ; experienced in Flower and Kitchen Gardeo. Cne year and^eight months' good character from present employe, —J. COBURN, Normansfield. Hampton Wick. GAKDENEK (Under), where three or moie are kept. — Age 21 ; four years' experience. Indoor and Out. Good reference.— H. R., 3, Queen's Road, Winchesle-. GARDENER (Under), Inside or Inside and Out.— Age 21 ; thoroughly under3ta:.ds Kitchen Gar- dening. Eigbt years* excellent character.— S. REDSTONE, High Street, Bovey Tracey, Devon. ARDENER (Under); age 21.— .1. Jeffer- sox. The Gardens, Carltou House, W^orksop, Notts, wiil be pleased to recommend a young man who has served ^^ilh him three years. Inside and Out. GARDENER (Under), Inside, or Inside and Out. — Age 20; six years' experience. Good charaCLe s, — C. P., 30, Trafford Street, Preston, Lanes. GARDENER (Under). — A young man seeks a situation as above. Goo 1 references. Bothy prefer. » d. — S. BAGLIN, Fort Fields, Dursley, Gloucestershire. GARDENER and BAILIFF. — Age 37; thoroughly experienced in both branches. Abstain.*!. Wife could take charge cf Dairy and Poultry.— E. HALL, The Cotage, Long Lodge, Nether Street, Finchlev, N. PRUPAGAXUK and GKuWiiK ot geueral Soft- wooded Stuff.— Advertiser (age 26) seeKs rt-ei - gageraent as above Ten years' refetenc s - H. NOR-\lAN. 3, James' Cottages. Shoulden Bank, Deal, Kent. ROPAGATOR and GROWER,— Age 2.5; ten jear:i' practical experience in all branches. Lond. u andsuburbs preferred. —A. W., 23, Cross Street, Olapham, S.W. PROPAGATOR and GROWER. — Well up Ferns, Dractenas, Ficus, Soft- wooded, and other Market Stuff. Nine years' experience. Good character. — P. H., 247, Neville Road, Upton Park, E^ ORE MAN, PROPAGATOR, and GROWER. — Age 32, married; well up in Tomuio , Grapes, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Strawberries. Ferns, Palm-, and the General Pot and Cut Flower Trade.— FOREMAN, 17, Brayard Road, Peckham, S.S. MANAGER and FOREMAN (Working).— Age 35, married; practical experience in Growirg Grapes, 'lomatos. Cucumbers, Melons, Strawberries, lesrs, Arums, Chrysantbemums, Ferns, &c. Seven years' excell-nt character as Foreman in large market place. — E. C, 32, Market Street, Worthing, Sussex. FOREMAN, in the Houses in good establish- ment.—Age 25. Two years as Foreman at Catton Park ; can be well recommended.— T. NOTLEY, Stoke Holy Croa^ Norwich. Trade. FOREMAN (Working).— Fifteen years prac- tical experience in all branches. Can produce in quantity Pot and Cut Stuff. Cucumbers, Tomatos. &c. Firat-class Floral Work.— X., Gardeners' Chronich Office, tl, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. To Nurserymen. FOREMAN, or PROP auaTOR. — Age 27, ainiile; well up in its various branches.— T. R., Mr. a. Rogers, Nurseryman, Whittlesea, near Peterborough. FOREMAN, in a good establishment.— Good Plant and Fruit Grower. Two years as General Foreman in last situation. Can be highly recommended.- A. C, 152, High Street, Barnet. FOREMAN (Inside or General) — Ten years good experience. Good Plant and Fruit Grower ; al-o Decorator. Good character and testimouials.— S. YOnDE>', Writtle, Chelmsford. FOREMAN (Inside); age 27. -J. Hunter will be pleased to recommend Willi.im Dryden as ab^ve. — Lambton Castle Gardens, Fence Houses. Durham. FOREMAN. — Age 2e ; eleven years' experi- ence. Good Reference.— W.DODWELL, Waddesdon, Aylesbury. ^^^ OREMAN, ia the Houses and HOUSE furnisher.— Age 26 ; eleven years' experience. Good, references.— GARDENER, 3, Steele Boad, Isleworth, W. \-o Febrbart 27, 1892] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 287 FOREMAN, or JOURNFA'MAN (Finsi), in a good estahlishment ; age 2'1.— Mr. IHLly, Gardener, Endclifte Hall. Sheffield, can with confldence lecom'iiend R. Mason as abovo. Nine years* experience. FOREMAN, in a good establishment ; age 26. —Mr. LocKVKR. Head Gardener, Pontypool Park, Pontypool. Mou,. can witli every confidence recommend John Banting as aboTe, who has been with him two and a half years as Foreman. FOREMAN. — .Tames Kino wishes to recom- mend his Foreman, William Farr. to any Gardener re- quiring one well up to his work.-Age27.— THE GARDENS, Beediiigwood. Horsham. FOREMAN (Inside); age 2o.— Eleven years eiperience. Good Grower of Plauts, Fruits, Orchids, also Early and late Forcing and House Decorations ; excellent references.— FOREMAN. S7, Catford Hill, S.E. FOREMAN, in the Hou.'ies, or Inside and Out. — Age 2t5. Thirteen years' experience it larg; Gardens. Excellent testimonials. Bothy preferred. — A. NICHOLSO.V, 3. Sudley Road. Aigburth. Liverpool. FOREMAN, in good establishment.— Age 24 ; eleven years' experience in Fruit and Plant-houses ; also House Dscorations. Good recommendations.— J. GODDARD, Luton Hoo Gardens, Luton, Beds. FOREMAN in the Houses.— Age 2.5. Practical experience in early and late forcing; strong, willing, and active. Will be highly recommended for ability and trustworthiness. Abstrainer.— K. LLOYD, Hyland's Park, Chelmsford, Essex. FOREMAN.— C. PuzEY can with every con- fidence recommend his Foreman (F. Lupton) to any Gardener requiring an energetic and trustworthy man. Good knowledge of Plants and Fruit.— Scampaton Hall, Rilliogton, York. To Nurserymen and others. I^j^OREMAN (General or Departmental). — A practical grower of Fruit Trees, Roses, Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Twenty-five years' experience in large nurseries; accustomed to attend exhibitions; can manage men. Testimonials or references.- C. EVANS, High Street, Waltliam Cross. London, N. To Florists. FOREMAN, and PROPAGATOR.— Age 30, married, London and Provincial experience. First-class references as same.—Y. Z., 154. London Road, East Grinstead, Sussex. FOREMAN (Inside, or GENEiiAL).~Age 27; good Plant and F»uit Grower. Ten years' first-class experience. Good character and testimoDials.— J. D., Lower Eaton. Hereford. OREMAN PROPAGATOR. — Age 26, married. Good experience in Market Nurseries, grow- ing Plants and Cut Flowers for Market, Palms. Ferns, and general Market Stuff, also making up.— A. MORRIS, 6, Cap- worth Street, Leyton. FOREMAN, in the Houses.- Age 26; eight years' experience. Four years' in present place as Second. Good character — C. CLARKE, Barrells Park, Hcnley- in-Arden. JOURNEYMAN, age 19; Inside or Out.— Mr. HaiOH will recommend A. Hinchliffe, threeyearsat Cannon Hall previous to coming here.— The Gardens, St. ^'incent's, Grantham, Lincolnshire. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.— Age 20. Four years and nine months' good character ; abstainer. Also IMPROVER, age 18; five and a-half years' good character. Bolhy preferred.— P. H., Post Office, Chipping Warden, Ejnbury. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, under a Foreman, or Inside and Out.— Age M; six years' expe- rience. Well recommended.— G. D0VVNE3, The Gardens, Burkham House, Alton, Hants. 1 OURNEYMAN, in the Houses, or Inside and fj Out — Age 21. Five years' experience ; good character from present and previous places.— G. HAZELTON, Benacre, Wrentham. Suffolk. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20 ; six fi years' experience. Three years' good character. — GEORGE CAPSTICK, Elstree, Herts. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out ; in a private establishment preferred. — Age 21. Five years' good character.— S. Q. S.MALLRIDGE, 69, West Street, Eist Grinstead. Sussex. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, under a Foreman. — Age 19 ; good references. Two years in present situation, and three previous. Bothy preferred.- G. BENTLEY, The Oaks Gardens, Carshalton, Surrey. JOURNEYMAN (First) in the Houses in a tJ good Establishment.— Age 22. Six years' experience; IwoyearsinOrchids.-F. GILBERT, Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., CUpton Nursery, N.E. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, under a Foreman ; age 20.— .1. Trigger. Milton Gardens, Peterborough, can highly recommend .lohn Samworth, who has been under him four years. Bothy preferred. JOURNEYMAN (First or Second), in the Houses.— Age 22. Eight years' experience. Can be well I commended.— W.B., 9, Hampton Street, Walworth Road, S.E. JOURNEYMAN.— Richard Shabpb wishes t» to recommend .Tohn Rudman, who has lived under him three years, as .Tourn<-yman. He is tall, strong, and hard- working.— Low Hill, Bushbury, Wolverhampton. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out, under a Foreman; age 21. — HEAD GARDENER. Buckden Towers, Hunts, wishes to recommend E. Cook, who has been under him three years. Bothy preferred. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good Establishment.— Age 24; bothy preferred.— W. JONES, The Gardens, Gledhow Hill, Leeds. JOURNEYMAN (Fin.sT) under a Foreman.— Age 24. Twelve years' expcrienc- Inside and Out in a Gentleman's Garden with Fruit and Flowers.- F. SPILLARD, Eartham, Chichester, Sussex. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses; age 21.— Mr. Gibson, Draycot Gardens. Chippenham, Wilts, can with confidence recommend E. Beeton as above. Two years' in present situation, six years' previous. Abstainer. JOURNEYMAN, in a large place; age 24; ten years' experience Inside and Out.— F. W. Rus-SELl, Head Gardener, Woodgreen Park, Chcshunt, wishes to recom- mend a trustworthy, industrious young man. — For full par- ticulars, please apply as above. OURNEYMAN, in the Houses. — Age 21 ; ten yeirs' experience Inside and Out. Bothy preferred. Good character.- E. PARKES.GIencol Gardens.Wells.Somerset, J0URNEYMAN~70utside)^ age^21.— m7. Lambert. Powis Castle Gardens. Welshpool, wishes to recommend R. Roberts as above. Over two years and a half in present situation. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good Establishment.- Age 22; six years' good characters.- J. CROFTS. Renishaw Hall. Chesterfield. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20. Five years' excellent character and experience in Vineries, Stove, and Greenhouse. Bothy preferred.- E. ORPIN, The Gardens. St. Leonard's, West Mailing. Kent. JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses.— tf Age 27 ; two years' good character in last place at Leigh Park. Havant.— G. SPRECKLEY'.Tangley, Worplesdon. Guild- ford. Surrey. JOURNEY'MAN (Second), in a private estab- ment. where three or four are kept.— Age 24; good nowlcdge of Orchids, aud higliest rt^ferences from present nployer.— W. MASON. Breadsall Priory. Derby. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out. — Age 22 five years' experience. Good character. Total abstaine — G. H., Ihe Gardens. Hill House. Heme Hill, S.E. JOURNEYMAN (First or Second).— Age 23; ten years' experience; gool characters, F. HALL, Middle Hill, Wimborne, Dorset. JOURNEYMAN (or Second), in a small tf place.— Age 22; can be well recommended by present and previous employer.— G. FARMER, The Gardens, East- hampstead Park, Wokingham. Berks. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20; seven years' experience, Inside. Good character. Bothy preferred.— F. CHALKLEY, The Gardens, Wood Hall Park. Hertford. JOURNEYMAN (Inside, or Inside and Out).— Eight years' experience. Good recommendations. Bothy preferred. State wages. — F. HTI.MOBE, Ketton, near Stamford. IMPROVER, in a gentleman's garden. Inside or Inside and Out.— Youth, age 18, smart, active, and willing. Two years' excellent character. Vf .W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. JMPROVER (Inside) ; age 19.— A. Gooden, -1- Sbopwyke House, Chichester, would be pleased to recom- mend a willing young man as above. Four years' good character. IMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden, by a respectable youth. Twelve months' good character in " ' ' kept.— A. W.. Green Hill, Down, IMPROVER in the Houses.— Age 19; three years' aud a half experience Inside and Out. Botliy pre- ferred. Good character.— F. SAUNDERS, Worton House Steeple Aston, Oxon. ' IMPROVER (Inside), in a Nursery, or good private establishment.— Mr. J. WiRD.Gardener. Bidding's House, near AUreton, Derbyshire, can recommend a young man as above. Four years' experience, Inside and Out. JMPROVER, in the Houses.- Agela Five -L years' experience, two under glass. Good characters from present and previous places.— J. FAULKNER, The Gardens Wentworth Castle. Barnsley, Yorks. ' IMPROVER, under a good Gardener, Inside and Out.— Ago 16; bothy preferred. Strong, active, willing. Three years' good character.— Apply, CHARLES LAWRENCE. Stone House Farm. Brimpfon, near Reading. JMPROVER (Inside or Inside and Out).— Mr. -1- H. Drover can highly recommend a young man, age 19, as above, who has had four years' exiierience with him. chiefly inside. W. Rowson, 34, West Street, ^'entnor. Isle of Wight JMPROVER, under a good Gardener, Inside -*- and Out.— Age 22; seven years' experience. Strong, active, and willing. Three years' good character. £S Premium given for a suitable place.— W. KEYWOOD, The Lodge. St. Mary Hall, Brighton. 8 . =•■• ARDENER'S HANDY-MAN seeks Work. —Painter, Glaiier ; handy at Repiira. Any dislrict. Job not objected to.— GLAZIER, 10, Secrelan Road, Albany Road, Camberwell. S.E. ''po FRUIT GROWERS.— A young, active J- Man, age 21. ten years' experience, seeks situation. Market Nursery preferred.— B. S., Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ''FO FlUJIT c7r(7vVERS under Glass, or X FRUIT FARMERS.— Two Gardeners, ages 24, are anxious to get situations as above. Ten years' experience in Nursery Work — T. H., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ''pO GARDENERS. — Situation wanted by J- a young Man (age 19). as COWMAN. Fill up time in Garden. Experienced. Good character. — F. ROBERTS. Toksowa Cottage, Dulwich. ''pO GARDENERS. — Mr. Thomson, Gar- X. dener, Easneye. Ware. Herts, would like to recommend a young man (age 2>) for the Housoi, or Inside aud Out as IMPROVER. Fair knowledge of Outside Work. '-po GARDENERS, &o.— A Youth (age 18), J- seeks employment in the Garden. Four years' gool character.- C. W., Ivy Cottage, Great Hadham, Herts. npO GARDENERS.— A young man (age 22) -1- seeks a situation in a Gentleman's Garden. Two and a half ye irs' experience in Outdoor Work. Please state wages. --A. OHEES-VIAN. Wntersfield, Pulborough, Sussex. npO GARDENERS.— GrSiMPS0N,E8^ can X recommend W. Cooper (ago 18), who has been in his gardens five years, as JOURNEYMAN in the Houses. Bothy preferred.— W. COOPER, The Gardens, Wray Park, Reigate Surrey. ' 'yO GARDENERS, &c.— Situation wanted, X by young min, age 19 ; has been used to Growing Cucumbers, Tomatos, Strawberries, &c., for Market. Five years' good character.— Apply, stating wages, &c., to LIME- BEER, Headcorn, Kent. ""po NURSERYMEN.— A young man, age 21, X seeks a situation in a Market or Trade Nursery. Several years experience ; good character. State wag.-s -STEER 26, Martin's Road, Bromley, Kent. '-po NURSERYMEN.— Situation Wanted, in X a Market Nursery. Used to Ferns, Carnations, Palms, , Roses. &c.. and could take charge in " '- "' ' Street, Brighton. nployer's q^O NURSERYMEN.— A strong youth, age X 16 years. .■> feet. 10 inchas. just left School, offers him- self as APPRENTICE. Out or Indoors. Country. Apply •taliogJerms^J. H. G., 123, Hopton Road, Streatham. T^O NURSER YMEN^a^ S EEDSMEN^^A. X German (age 24), with good knowledge of English French, aad Dutch, wants situation in an office — H B Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington SIreet. Strand, W.C. COWMAN, on a Gentleman's place. — Single _ Y'oung Man ; thoroughly understands the Management Good character.— W. E., 10, church PAINTER, GLAZIER, and CARPENTER.— A young married man requires situation as above on an Estate or Nursery. Good references. — B., Mr. R. Walker Cr.inleigh, Surrey. ' ' SHOPMAN.— Age 45. Life experie^ce^ in Seed and Bulb Trade. Good references.— O. P Gar- deners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. QHOPMAN, or SALESMAN.— Age 28; fifl O teen years' experience in Seed, Nursery, Floral. Pulbs and Corn Business. Good references.— G. R.. 4 Ward Pl„c,.* Highfields, Sheffield. QHOPMAN, or MANAGER.— Age 28, mar- O ried; well up in Wreaths, Bou.iuets Plans .ve. ds Sundries. Book-keeping. Sc-.. Excellent references ~ EUCH4.RIS, 6.5. Solon Road, S.W. 'yO FLORISTS.— Situation wanted by a Young X Lady. Knowledge of Flower. Fruit, and Seed Trade — MARY POYNTER, The Nurseries. Taunton. FLORIST. — Situation wanted by a young lady ; first-clasj hand, with a good knowledge of fruit Referenca from present employer.- KIQBY, 31. Finkle Street" Kendal. * HOLLO W^AY'S PILLS.— Cure for Indiges- tion.-indigestion, with torpidity of the liver is ihe curse of thousands, who spend each day with accumulated sufferings, all of which may be avoided by taking HoUoway's Pills according to their accompanying directions. They strengthen and invigorate every organ subservient to digci tion. Their action is purifying, healing, and strengthening They may be safely taken without interfering with ordinary pursuits, or requiring much restriction in diet. They quickl/ remove noise aud giddiness in the head, and dispel low siuriti and nervous fears. These balsamic Pills work the cure with- out debilitating or exhausting the system j on (he conlrary they conserve and support the vital principle by Bubstitutin* pure for impure blood. * 288 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. fPfiERnART 27, ]8D2 GREEN'S PATENT "SILENS MESSOR" AND OTHER LAWN-MOWING, ROLLING AND COLLECTING MACHINES FOR 1892. The Winners of every Highest Prise in all cases of competition, and they are the only Mowers in constant use at all the Royal Gardens and at the Royal Sorticultwal Society's Gardens, South Kensington. Patronised by— HBK MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QITEEN on numerous occasions, HIS EOYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES, THE KING OF THE BELGIANS. The Late EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH. The EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, Aad most o£ the Nobility, Clergy, ani Gentry of the United Kingdom. Eoyal Horticultural Society's Show. South Kensington, London, June 3 to 7, 1881. The "Journal of Horticulture," of June 9, says: — '•MOWING MACHINES.— After a critical examination, the Silver Medal was granted to the old firm of world-wide fame, Messrs. T. Green & Sos, of Leeds and London. As the Machines are kno^vn in all lands where good lawns are cherished, it is quite unnecessary to give any description of them." UDwards of 170,000 of these Machines have heen Sold since they were first Introduced in the year 1856, Andthousandsof unsolicited Testimonials have been received, testifying to their superiority over all others. They have lem submitted to numerous practical tests in Public Competition, and in all cases have carried off the Highest Prize that has been given. The foUowing are their Advantages over aU others:— 1st. simplicity of Construction— every part being easily liible. "nd. They are worked with much greater ease than any other. 3rd. They are the least liable to get out of order. GREEN'S PATENT GRASS EDGE CLIPPER 4th. They m.ike little or no noise in working. 5th. They will cut either short SINGLE-HANDED SILENS MESSOR LAWN MOWER. With Improved Steel Chains and Handles. To cut 6 in., can be worked by («, je ^ a Lady ... J To cut 8 in., do. do. 2 10 0 Tocut 10in.,do. byaatrongyouth 3 10 0 Tocut I2ia.,do. byaman ... 4 10 0 T» cut 14 in., do. do. ... 5 10 0 Size and Price, 7 inches wide, 7 ins. diam., £1 16B. Packing Case. 35. Specially designed to meet a want which has long been felt in cutting the overhang- ing grass on the edges of walks, borders, flower-beds, &c., and do away with the operation of cutting DOUBLE-HANDED LAWN MOWER. I *To cut 'SJ inches, can be worked by two men £8 10 *To cut 24 inches, do. do. ... 9 0 I * If made stronger, suitable for Donkey, 30s. extra. To cut 16 inches, can be worked by one man I £« 10 0 I on even lawn ... f To cut 18 inches, do. man and boy... 7 10 0 To cut 20 inches, do. do. ... 8 0 0 I These Mowers are the " Ne Plus Ultra " and " Acme " of perfection of all Lawn Mowers extant. Prices of Donkey, Pony, nnd Horse Machine", including Patent Self Delivery Box, ' nplete, suitable for attaching to Ordinary Chaise Traces or Gig Harness : ith Cross-stay DONKEY AND PONY MACHINES. To cut 26 inches £14 0 To cut 28 inclies IS 0 To cut 30 inches li 0 Leather Boots for Donkey I 0 Leather Boots for Pony 14 The 26 and 28 inches can easily be worked by a Donkey, the 30 inch the Machine makes little noise in working, the most spirited animal any way damaging the machine. Packing Cases as per List, except when for export. GREEN'S PATENT "MULTUM IN PARVO LAWN MOWER. HOUSE MACHINES. To cut 30 inches £22 0 0 To cut 36 inches 26 0 0 To cut 4i inches 3) 0 0 To cut48 inches 34 0 0 Leather Boots for Horse 19 0 by a Pony, and the larger sizes by a Horse ; and as ployed without fear of it running away, or PRICES, With Grasshox. To cut 6 in. £1 5 0 To cut 7 in. 1 13 0 To cut 8 in. 2 5 0 To cut 10 in. 3 0 0 GREEN'S Patent LAWN TENNIS COURT MARKER. No. 2412. The Best Marker made. Size with 1 wheel for Ordinary Courts, price 143. Do., with 3 wheels, 173. Size for Clubs and Large Grounds, price £1, REDUCED PRICES OF GREEN'S Patent ROLLERS, For Lawns, Drives, Bowling Greens, Cricket Fields, and Gravel Paths, &c. Suitable for Hand or Horse Power. Prices of Kellers in 2 parts. Diam. Length £ s. d. 16in. by 17in 2 5 0 20 in. by 22 in 3 6 0 24 in. by 26 in 4 10 0 30 In. by 32 in 7 10 Special quotations made for Rollers, 3 feet, 3J feet, and 4 feetDiameter, fitted with Shafts for one or two horses. HOT-WATER BOILERS AND OTHERS WITH SHELVES, AND HOLLOW OR ORDINARY CAST- IRON GKATE BARS. VERTICAL SADDLE BOILERS, &c. Delivered Carriage Free at all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Tfte largest stock of Mowers kept by any manufacturer is to be found atjiur London Establishment, SL'SREi' WORKS, liLACKFRIAKS ROAD, where Purchasers can make selcctii [ out of befou ral hundred Machines of Hand, Pony, and Horse Power, and have their Orders supplied the same day as they are received. The above MacMnes are Warranted to give entire Satisfaction, otherwise they may be returned AT ONCE, Free of Cost to the Purchaser, N.B. — Those who have Lawn Mowers which need repairing should send them either through their Ironmonger or Seedsmau to our Leeds'or London Establishment, or direct to us, where they will have prompt attention, as an Elhcient Staff of Workmen is kept at both places. GARDEN SEATS AND CHAIRS, AND HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, WIRE NETTING, &c.. &C. Descriptive Illustrated PRICE LISTS Free on application to THOMAS GREEN & SON, LIMITED, SMITHFIELD IRONWORKS, LEEDS; AND SURREY WORKS, BUCKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON ; or they can also be had of any Ironmonger, Seedsman, Merchant, or Factor in the United Kingdom. Editorial communications should be addressed to the "Editor;" Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Welling^n Stree Covent Garden, London, W.C. Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. BRiBBDBT, Askew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by Abthub Oeobss MAJtTiN, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Coyest Gardes, in the said Consty.— Satcbdax, February Wl, 1802. Agest for Manchester— JoHS Hsxwoos . Established i84i. No. 271.-VoL.XL{s^--} SATUKDAY, MAECH 5, 1892. [Regt. as a Neivspaper. I PR'CE 3*** '' !■ 1- I Pqsi^free, 3id. CONTENTS. American Agriculturist, the Anthracite as fuel Artificial colouripg for real flowers California as a home ... Carpenteria califomica... Cattleya labiata colours sing of , pruning., 'ild flo%^ Chrysanthi of Crosses, and plants ... Cultural aualc Dendrobiu Diagrams Diseases of the reproduc- tive organs of plants... Elaeagnu?, evergreen ... Florists' flowers Carnations and Pico- tees from seel Fruit, &c., from the Cape Fruit Growing in the Midlands Fruit prospects and pro- tecting trees Garden hinge, new, a ... Qardenera' Magazine, - the Gardeners' Orphan Fund Gardenia g as a profes- Gardening notes Gardening paper for Queensland, a Importation of plants, &c.. to Mexico Kew Gardens, the history of MelOD growing, modern New plants Dendrobium barba- tulo-chlorops Lycaste Skinneri Mr. F. N. Ames Nitrogen, loss of, during the decomposition of Nursery notes Dendrobiums at Mr. James Cypher's Nur- sery Orchids and Lilies, at Twickenham Orchids at Messrs. Seeger & Tropp's ... Odontoi^lossum crispum Orchids, an amateur's experience with Pear, Beurre Baltet P6re Potato crops of the world, the Rose shows in 1892, dates Scotland : — Aberdeen University Natural History Museum Botanical Society of Edinburgh Societies : — Kent County Chrysan- themum Linnean Koyal Horticultural ... Shropshire Horti- cultural Boyal Horticultural So- ciety of Aberdeen ... Sparrows and fruit buds Technical education for gardeners Tecoma capensis in Florida Victoria regia Watering coke Wat-^onia iridifolia var. Week's work Flower Garden Fruits under glass Hardy fruit garden ... Kituhen garden Orchid-houses Westonbirt Widely-travelled and use- ful tin can, a Wineberry Cyclamen gio' Maze, Plan of Watsonia iridifolia var. O'Br Westonbirt, Gloucestershire ILLUSTRATIONS. by J, McAra. Glassingal, Dunblane, N.B. 301 ADVERTISERS will greatly assist oar efforts to get to Press earlier, by fortvarding their favours as EARLY IN THE WEEK as possible. Noto Ready^ in Cloth, \\s. 6d.j " The Gardeners Chronicle" Vol. A'., Third SerieSj July to December, 1891. The Publishbb, 41, Wel- lington Street, Strand^ W, C. Vegetable and Agricultural Seeds. HAND F. SHARPES SPECIAL PRICED • LIST of the above-named SEEDS comprises all the flnest varietiesof 1891 growth, and at prices very favourable to purchasers. Those in the Trade who have not yet received a copy can have one on application to Wisbech^ Prize Cob Filbert Trees. MR. COOPER, F.R.H.S.^ of Western Elms, Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), is the Largest Grower of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom. 20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution. Descriptive Price LISTS, &c., on application. FERNS. — Pteris tremula and Pteris cretica cristata,two beat market Ferns, good stuff in large thumbs, quite ready for 48-potB, 12s. per 100. Packing free forcash with order.— GOWERS AND EMBERSON, Comely Bank Nursery, Walthamstow, E. SUTTON'S FLOWERS ARE GROWN FROM SEED. Full descriptions, with numerous illustrations and Price List of upwards of 1.500 varieties. See SUTTON'S "AMATEUR'S GUIDE in HORTICULTURE for 1892." Price Is., post-free; gratia to Customers ordering goods value 20s. QUTTON'S SEEDS GENUINE ONLY O DIRECT FROM SUTTON AND SONS, THE QUEEN'S SEEDSMEN, READING. NEW CHRYSANTHEMUM, Mrs. Robinson King, new Golden- Yellow Incurved sport from Golden Empress. Awarded six First-clas^ Certificates. The true certificated variety. 45. each, 3 for 10s. 6rf. R. OWEN, Chrysanthemum Grower, Maidenhead. Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley I TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES • OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year-old Crowns for planting out. of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices and terms on application. T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Pnnce of Wales), Dersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk. XO ORCHID LOVERS.—" LB JOURNAL -L DES ORCHID^ES." published in French, on the 1st and 15th of each month, 16 pages o£ text, by I.ucien Lindek, and 50 Selected CoUaborateurs, furnishes the best information as to Culture. Subscription, 8s. per annum, post-free, to be sent to the Publisher, LuciEN Linden, 100, Rue Belliard, Brussels. Specimen Number sent Gratis on demand. Now la the Tline to Plant P./EONIES, PYRE THRU MS, DELPHINIUMS, and GAILLARDIAS, the most showy of all Hardy, Easily-^rown Perennial Plants. For Priced Lists, Bee KELWAY'S SEED and PLANT MANUAL for 1892, Is., postrfree (deducted from first order), to those unknown to us. KBLWAY'S GLADIOLI.— Now is the time to plant. Priced Descriptive List, free. KELWAY AND SON, Langport, Somerset. ^ Seeds,— Carriage Paltt.— Seeds. DICKSON AND ROBINSON'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892. Enumerates the Best and Choicest Varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, and SEED POTATOS ; MANURES, INSECTICIDES. HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, and GARDEN REQUISITES. Post>free on application. COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, from 5s. to 84s. COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, from 2s. id. to 8-ls. Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester. ANTED, PINE SUCKERS.— State sorts, size, and price, to J. SELDEN, The Gardens, Coombe Cottage, Kingston-on-Thames. ANTED, 225 IRISH or ENGLISH YEWS, 2 feet 6 inches, well-grown, clean, bushy trees. Those moved recently preferred. What offers ? — Address, with price and particulars, to S., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel- lington Street, Strand, W.C. WANTED, Two Large Dwarf-trained Brown TURKEY FIGS ; also good strong Fruiting Plants in pots, and strong Forcing Seakale. WM. CUTBUSH AND SON, Highgate Nurseries, London, N. WANTED, good plants of BEGONIA REX VARS., ASPARAGUS PLU.MOSUS NANUS, ALPINIA VITTATA, in EXCHANGE for imported ORCHIDS. SANDER AND CO.. St. Albans. ANTED, MAIDENHAIR FERN, ROSES, ORCHIDS, CARNATIONS. LILIUM HARRISII, and other CHOICE FLOWERS, to SELL on COMMISSION. Boies and labels supplied. Established 1870. Telephone No. 2939. R. END, Wholesale Florist, 28, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, Vf.C. and Crystal Palace, Sydenham. WANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS, rooted or not ; Jacoby. J. Gibbons, Vesuvius, and Cal- ceolaria. State price per 100 or 1000 ; or would EXCHANGE for Large PALMS, ANTHURIUMS. or IMANTOPHYLLUMS, GARDENER, 45, Kavenswcod Road, Balham, CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of the FINEST COLLEC- TION in the COUNTRY, including all the newest and best varieties, now ready, gratis and post-free on application. — The Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C. S, WILLIAMS AND SON'S World- • renowned Gold Medal Strains of FLORISTS' FLOWER SEEDS— Begonia, Calceolaria, Cineraria, Cyclamen, Gloxinia, and Primula, per packet, 1.?. t5rf. and 2s. ^d.. Post-free. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N. WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, is open to SELL on COMMISSION, TOMATOS, GRAPES, &c. Good references. MESSRS. SQUELCH and WOOD, Fruit Salesmen, North Row, Covent Garden,: W.C, are open to RECEIVE CONSIGNMENTS of GRAPES, TO.VIATOS, CUCUMBERS, and all kinds of HOT-HOUSE PRODUCE. Our business connections being amongst the best houses in London, we are in a position to secure the highest prices for all choice goods. Account Sales forwarded daily ana cheques weekly, or daily if required. Empties and labels supplied. Reference, London and County Bank, Covent Garden Branch. Trade Offer of Large Palms. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations: DracEenas, Bamboos,& Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application. W. ICETON, Putney. S.W. For EzMbltlon! BROAD BEAN, BIDDLES' MONSTER LONGPOD. — Extra long, fine quality. Per quart, is. M. CARROT, BIDDLES' SCARLET PRIZETAKER, Interme- diate, the finest exhibition Carrot grown. Per oz.. Is. ONION, BIDDLES' GIANT SPRING.— Too well known as a prize-winner to need further recommendation. Per oz.,ls. BIDDLES AND CO., The Penny Packet Seed Co., Loughborough, Leicestershire. fruit Trees a Specialty. APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW- BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits grown in immense quantities. The best of the Old and New Varietieseither to Grow for Market or Private Consumption. Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE and GUIDE, the most complete issued, M. Ordinary LIST free. JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington, Hereford. ARR'S SEEDS, BULBS and PLANTS. VEGETABLE SEEDS.— The best sorts only. Much valu- able information. Catalogue free on application. FLOWER SEEDS.— Upwards of SOOO species and varieties, all decorative kinds. Catalogue free on application. BULBS.— Gladioli, Lilies, Anemones. Ranunculus, Hyacinthus candicans. Tigridias, &c., for Spring Planting. Lists ON APPLICATION. PLANTS.— Michaelmas Daisies, Perennial Sunflowers, Double and Single Pa?onies, Irises, Oriental Hellebores, Carna- tions, &c. Lists free on application. BARR AND SON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, London. OSES I ROSES I ROSES I — Plant now. 100 strong dwarf. H.P. Roses for 25s. ; or £10 per 1000. The finest in the Trade. Send for Sample Dozen. 5s. Cash with Order. CATALOGUES, free on application. C. H. GORRINGE, Roselands Nursery, Eastbourne. J WEEKS AND CO., HOETICDLTDRAL • Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De- partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society, Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex Upright Tubular Boilers. King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. HOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLAN T MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us. Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage paid. London Agent : Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putney. WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B. R 290 THE GABDEXEBS- CHEONICLE. [Mabch 5, 1892. SALES BY AUCTION. Monday Next— Hardy Plants and Bulbs. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL br ArCTIO>'. a; their Rooms. 67 and ■>*, Cheap- side, London, E.G., on MONDAY NEXT. March 7. at half- past 11 o'clock, many thousands oi HAKDY PEBENKIALS.aU being trae to nams;'GLiDIULL'S. Pearl TL'BEROSES. SAB- CISSCS, a Collection of CAENATIOXS. includjne a nnmber of Continental varieties : HOLLYHOCKS. PYiJETHECMS. PHLOXES. P^OSTES.BEaOXIAS. CYPP.IPEDIUMSPECTA- BILE, Imported LILIES, a £ce CollecMon of Home-grown UirES, BESSERA ELEGAXS. TROP-EOLUM TCBEKOSni, Choice Hardv BULBS. CACIIS, Pompon and Single DAHLIAS. Hardv ANEMOSES, and a quantity of beantifnl Hardy CLIMBKR3, &i. I of Sale, and Catalognes had. Wednesday Nest.— Azaleas, Perns, Roses, &c. MEiSRS. PROTHEROE axd MORRIS wiU SELL bv AUCriOX, at their Central Sale Booms. 67 and 6S. Cheapside. London. E.C.. on WEDN"ESDAY KEXT, March 9. at half-past U oTlock, IW AZALEA ECDICA, CAMELLIAS, PALMS, DEACiXAS, FICUS ELASTICA, &c., from Belgium; GEEEXHOrSE FERN'S. TEA ROSES in pots, extra fine: PA>CRATirSI ZBTLAXICriL choice GLOX- INIAS. 500 Single BEGOXIAS. PEARL TUBEROSES. 100 lots of T.TT.TUMS in varietv. GLADIOLI. CARXaTIOXS, DAFFO- DILS, HEBACEOUS PHLOX. 350 Standard. Half-standard, and Dwarf E05ES, CACTUS DAHLIAS. EUSTIC FLOWBB VASES, GARDES SEATS. &c. ' of Sale, and Catalogues had. 'Wednesday Next. SO.OCO COCOS WEDDEUAXA SEEDS. \rESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will X»JL include in their Sale on WEDXTiSDAY XEXT, March 9, ai.COO COCOS WEDDELIAXA SEEDS, just received in splen- did condition. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Friday Next. \fESSRS. PROTHEROE axd MORRIS will i-'X include in their SALE on FBID AT SEXT, March 11, at half-past 12 o'clock, 75 DISA DRAC0X13. A noble species oSered for the first time. A strong grower with broad leaves, 6 inches in length, and strong spikes of large creamy-white and purple flowers, with spur 1 J inches in length and very fragrant. 20 DISA ROSEA, al» ctfered for the first rjme. and D. PURPURASCEXS, D. SPATHULATA, fine ru'Ders of SATYRIUM PRIXCEPS, S. C.AJXDIDUM. BARTHOLESA DISPERIS. &c. Also the new CYPEIPZDIUM HARRISIAXUM EOSEUM. the rare TRI- GOXIDIUM SPATHTXATUM, and other species. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogue had. Friday Next, C.^TTLEY.4l TRIAX-E. MESSRS. PROTHEROE axd MORRIS will SELL by AUCTIOX. at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 end ft3, Cheapside. E.C.. on FRIDAY XEXT, March II, at half-past 12 o'clock, by order of Me^is. Sexger & Tbopp, a specially fine importation, just received, of CATTLEYA TRIAX.E. The plant3 are in sncli supeib condition, that it is almost impossible for any imported plants to sarpass or even equal them. They ccme from the locality whence all the superb varieties of tie past few years have been derived, and from. the variability of the bulbs, leaves, and general appearance of the plants, give promise of equalling the best forms ic culti- vatiou, such as Ostnani. Leeana, Backhouseaca. &c., &c. The ■whole consigoment is profusely furnished with sound green leaves, at once giving the appearance of estab'ished plants. The entire lot will be offered. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. FRIDAY NEXT. By order o! Messrs. Li>-i>Ey, Brussels. GREAT SAXE. KEW and RARE ORCHIDS. ESTRAORDDfABT >"EW 0DON"T0GLOSSrM, in FLO^'EE. ODOXTOGLOSSUM C CELESTE (LCfDEN*). GRA>'D 5EW 5PECIE3. The E> iiKs Stock (aboct 200) wtll be Offeeed. ^= The plants are establijh'^d, and one in Blossom. The flowers are mauve, and most attractive. Also a FiSE litPOETATioy, in perfect order and condition, of CTPBIPEBIUil DfSIGXE YAR. MONTAXUM. The plants have been collected by the same men, in and around the region whence was obtained the exquisite Cypripe- dium insigne Sanderce and olher grand varieties, all in very fine masses. Also some fine Established Plants of M0EMODE3 EOLFEAFTM (new species), AGAXISIA CCERULEA, ODOXTOGLOSSUM COBOXAEIUM, O. TRIPUDIASS, AXGKSCUM SESQUIPEDALE, SAC- COLABIUM CCELESTE, GRAMMATOPHTLLUM SPE- CIES from Madagascar, CORTAXTHES LErCOCOBYS, DEXDBOCHILril FILIFOBME. &c. MESSRS. PROTHEROE axt) MORRIS have received instructions from Messrs. Letde^t to SELL the above at their Central Sale Room?. 67 and 65, Cheap- side, London, E.G., on FRIDAY XEXT, March 11, at half-past nd Catalogues bad. Wednesday and Saturday Next. 2ijjj C'noice-name^ itanaard, Half-Standard, Dwarf and Climb- ing ROSES, from a well-known English grower; 600 FRUIT TREES. .>;<> LAURELS, COXIFEBS. ILXIO choice BSGOX-IAS : a nice collection of PALMS, &c. ; LILIUMS in varietv, a larse quantitr of BOEDER PLAXTS, PEARL ■iUBEROsES. &c., &c. MR. J. C. STEVE^*S -sriU SELL the above bv AUCTIOX, at his Great Rooms, 3-?. Kins Street, Covent Garden. W.C., on WEDXESDAY and SATURDAY XEXT, March 9 and VI. at half-past 12o"Clcck rreciselr. On view morning of Sale, and Catalcgnei had. ' The Cioice Collection of Establisied Orclilds formed Bt a. SILLEM. Es-j. MR. J, C. STEVENS has receired instructions from AUGUSTUS SILLEM, Esq. (who is medically for'Didden to ireqaent the houses "i. to offer for SALE, bv AUC- TIOX, at his Great Rooms, 3S. Kirg Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on WEDXESDAY and THURSDAY', April 6 and 7, at half-past 12 o'Clo^'i precisely each dav. without the least re- serve, his entire COLLECTIOS of ORCHIDS, which will be found in excellent health, and amongst them may be men- tioned : — Phalsenopsis grandiflora 1 Tanda teres ,, amabilis Cattleya labiata ,, Stnartiana ,, Mendelii ,, Sanderiana „ Acklandiie Angnecum sesquipedale ., Dowiana ,, Scctti^na Coflogyne chst ita lemoniana Cypripedium Stonei ., paniurata ,, L^vigdtum Lycaste Skinneri al'Da ,, Lowi Cymbidium eburneum „ Bothschildianum '„ Lowi Aerides Fielding'" ,, Hc-okeri ,, Sanderianum Odontoglcssum Alexandrse Phajus tubercu^osus „ veiiUariom „ Humbloti „ Londe-borooghianum ,, Henryi „ hystrix Tanda Sanderiana Drudrobium Ainsworthi ,, Cathcarti ,, moniliforme ,, Bensoni „ albo sanguineum, &c. On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had. Thursday Next. March lO.-Orchlds. A GEAXI) CoLLEt-TIOX of ORCHIDS, chieflv in Flower; also a quantity of IMPORTED PLAXTS. comprising ODOXTOGLOSSUJI ALEXA^'Dtj: (true Paclio varietv), DEX"DROBrUM WARDIAXUM, D. JAMESIAXUM, CATTLEY.i. MOSSI.S:, and other thing! ; also a Consigo- ment of ECCHARIS CAXDIDA. extra fine Bulbs, by order of Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., and others, THOMAS B. J-iilES iyill SELL the above by AUCTIOX, without Reserve, on THURSDAY X"EXT, March io, at 11.30 i-M., at his Sale Booms, '2, Bull Bing, Birmingham. Commissions carefully executed. Catalogues post-free. Thnrsday Next.— Palms, Azaleas, Ferns, &c. THO-MAS B. .T.\Mfc.S -n-iU include in his SALE on THURSDAY XTST, March 10. a chcice ccn- signment of Plants from Belgium, cmsisting of PALMS in varietv. DP.AC.EXtS, FERNS, AZALEA IXDICA and MOLLIS, SuHXUMS. CYTRUS. CROTOXS. CYCLAMEX. and ether GREEXHOUSE PLANTS; also THIRTY EXTRA FIXE SI-ECIMEX AZALEAS, from a well-known successful Exhibitor. To be soM without reserve. Hon caltural Auction Booms, 12, Bull Bing, Birmingham. Catalogues post-free. THOMAS B. JAMES fmany years 'with Protheroe & Morris) holds WFFgf.T SALES at his Booms. 12. Bull Ring, Birmingham, of BULBS. PLAXTS, XtTRSERY STOCK, ic. every WEDX"ESDAY and FRIDAY, at 4.3i) P.il. Sales of choice Cut Flowers. Fresh Entries invited. Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found. \fESSRS. J. McLACHLA>' axd SOXS, 1»X ArCTIOXEER?. Ciapham. 3.W.. are instructed to SELL PRIVATELY, the smaU but verr choice collection of Cool ORCHIBS, belonging to the late Sir John Lambert. K.C B. The spec ially-conitruc ted HOUSE might aUo be purchased, if Apply, for full particular?, to the Auctioneers, as above. To Noblemen, Gentlemen. Commlttsea of Pnbllc Park^. and others interested in HorticultDre, TO BE SOLD by private treaty, owin» to the ground having been feued for bnildicg purposes. THE ilAGyTFICEST CON'SEEVATOEY OR WCO'ER GARDEN" AT HAYMAEKET, EDI>'BrEGH. Tne s'yle of Building is suitable either for Public or Private Groundj. 7he stmctnre is principally of Iron. The frontage of Main Building is 140 feet, the Dome rising to the height of 40 feet from the floor. The whole interior 15 paved with encaustic tiles, and heated with hot water. There is an orna- mental fountain, large mirrors, &c. The whole is in capital condition and will remove with safety. Offers will be received for the Conservatory as it stands. Photographs and other information can be had frcm the proprietors. Messrs. E. B. LAIRD asd SOXS. Nursery and SeeJsmen. Edinburgh ; or Mr. DAVID MITCHELL, Horti- cultural Valuator. 6, Comely Bank, Edinburgh. A SALE BY AUCTION of the specimen and other Plants in the above will be held at a date yet to be fixed. To Fmit Growers, Nnrserymen, and Others. GOOD ARABLE and MEADOW L.VNT) to be LET or SOLD. COoee to the main road at Ponder's End (9 miles from London). Long leases granted. Rent. £13 per acre per annnm. with option to purchase the Freehold any time daring the first nine years. Several large Market yurseries are established on the Estate, Full particulars of A. and G. GUTVER, Land Agents, Ponder 's End. TO BE LET, on LEASE, near Birmiiigham, a SMALL NTRSEEY, with two Greenhouses and Dwellins-honse. Small Stock, to te takeu at valuation. Apply" to THOMAS B. JAMES. Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer, 12, BuU Ring, Birmingham. ^URSERY, Small, TO LET.— Eight TVell- -^' heated Ho-jses. &c , Osvrer retiring, in Upper Hollo- way, in Centre of a good Residential District, where an energetic man could do an increasing trade. Gcod opening for Sundries. >'o opposition. A most" favourable opportunity for establishing a Branch Business. A Ready Monev Trade done in the season. Rent. £.'t5 per annnm. on agreement ; or Lease for the unexpired term of 18^ years, -svitn Houses and Stcck, at a Valuation. Apply, THOMAS PASK. lO.CuUum Street, London, E.G. To Nurserjmen, Florists, &o. CAPITAL XL'RSERV PREMISES in Turner vy Road, Lee. TO BE LET on LEASE, at a small nominal Premium. The Premises consist of &S Greenbo-jses, DwellinR- house. Stabling, &c., occupying about an acre of Land, and are situate 6 miles from Covent Garden, London. May be viewed upon application to Mr. A. RUSSELL, oSa, Turner Road, Lee, S.E. O BE LET O^T LEASE, a SMALL NCR- SERT, 1 acre of ground, six glass-houses, 150 feet long, well-heated and well-stocked. Apply on premises. J. HCLSE, Belmont Nursery, 5th Cross Eojd, Twickenham. TO LET, a >'URSERY, FLORIST, and SEED BrSIXESS, in ceDtral position ; Ground and Glasshouses in gocd order. Giving up owing to a death. Apply. A. J. DAVIS, Brecon Road Xursery, Abergavenny. 'rO LET.— SMALL >"URSERY, 2 acres ex- -1- cellent land, good house and out-ofEces ; g'assbouses, 40 feet by 12 feet, ai'feet by 12 feet, 19 feet by 8 leet ; plenty of water, coach-hoxise. stable, large rcom over, large shed ; ad- joinirg junction on Crewe, Shre%vsbury, Chester, and Cambrian Railways. Immediate possession ; no stock ; lease. Rent, £45. RICHARD HUGHES. Ash Wood, Whitchurch, Salop. 0 LET, with IMMEDIATE POSSESSION, FLORIST'S BUSISESS, near Bath. Seven Greenhouses, and several Pits ; about 3 Acres of Land. Rent, £45. including gcoi Cottjge. The Glass and Stock may be purchased for about £2Sj, a very low price. An excellent opportunity for starting business. Apply to FOWEI.L and POWELL, Bath. Fifty Nurseries. Market Gardens, Florist and Seed BCSETESSES to be DISPOSED OF. lirESSRS. PROTHEROE a.nt3 MORRIS' XlX HOBTTCULTURAL REGISTER contains full parti- culars of the above, and can be obtai ned, gratis, at 67 and 68. Cheapside. London. E.C. THE TOWER FURXISHLS'G COMPANY (Limited). SUPPLY GOODS OS HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without Beoority. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale HoueeB. Call or write for Prospectus. Address. SECRETABT. 43. Great Tower Street, E.C. PICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form- ing Waterfalls. Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries, Winter Gardens. Alpineries, &c.. as in hundre-is of places about the kingdom. ini;;uding at Aldenham House, ELstree, so faithfully- illustrated iu this journal of November 21. executed by PULHAM A>D SO.V. 50. Fin=bury Square. London. E.G.. and Broiboume, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for iusi)ection on receipt of twelve stamps. A. G. WATSON. FRUIT & FLOWER SALESMAN, ABERDEEN. Sale Days, Tuesday and Friday, at 9 A.M. Consignments solicited of Pot Plants & Cnt Flowers. HRUBS and CONIFER.E. — American Arbor-vitie. SJ feet, 20j. per IM : Berbrris aquifolium, i feet, lis. per lOO; Boi Tree, IJ foot, :2r. per lOO; Coto- neaster microphylla. 2 feet, 12r. per 100; C. Simonsii. 3 feet, 12j. perlOO; Escallonia macrantba. pot, 2 feet, 21r. per 100 j Laurel, Common, IJ foot. 10*. per 100; 2 to 2^ feet, 14*. per 100 : 3 to 3i feet, 2ui. per lOO ; rotundifolia, 2 to 2J feet, 16!. per 10^3 : Portugal Laurel, 2 to 2^ feet, 22*. per lOO; Rhodo- dendron ponticum, 1^ to 2 ffet. 25*. per 100; 2 to 2^ feet, 32*. per 100 ; 3 feet. =0*. per 100. full of buds ; Yews, Eng- lish, 1} to 2 feet. 24*. per 100; 2 to 2» feet, 30*. per ICO; Araucaria imbricata, 3 to S^ feet, 30*. per doz. ; 4 feet, 40*. per doz., Cupressus Lawsonii, 2 to 3 feet, £0*. p«r 100 ; 3to 4 feet, 30*. per ICO; Erects viridis. 2 to 2J feet. 30*. per 100 ; 3 to 3^ feet, 40*. per lOO : Picea Kordmatinia. 2 feet, 60*. per 100 ; 3^ to 3 feet, 12*. ;:er dozen ; Retino>pora plumosa. 2i feet. 30*. per 100; 4 to 4^ feet. 50*. per 100 : Thuia Lobbii. 3 to 4 feet, 30*. per lOO ; 5 feet, 50*. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70*. per 160 ; 7 feet, extra, 80*. per 100 ; Thuiopsis dolabrata. 2 feet, 40*. per 100; 2^ feet to 3 feet, &ne speclmeDS. 24*. per dozen ; 4 to 5 feet, 4*. GARLIES MITCHELL, >"urscrymar. . Stranraer. T AURELS.— CAUCASICUM, LATEFOLIA, JL/ ROTUSDIFOLIA, and COMMOX, fine bushy plants, well-rooted, 2 to 6 feet high. PORTUGAL LAUREt^S. Standards, fine heads. CATALOGUE on application. H. LASE AST) SOX. Xurseries. Berkhamsted, Herts. STANDAPJ) ROSES, I4«. per doz.; Bnsh Roses, 6*. per doz. ; best named Clematis, 14*. per doz. ; Ampelopsis Veitchii, 4*. per doz.; Variegated Ivies. 4*. per doz.; Mrs. Sinkins Pinks, 12*. per lOJ ; Ferns, in pots, 15*,, 21*., and 45*. per 10<1. Catalogue, gratis and pcef-free. H. ENGLISH. Clevedon Xurseries. Clevedon. GOOD HARDY PERENNIALS.— A large quantity of strong flowering clumps of Sunflowtrs in Tariety. Tritoma Uvaria, Pyrethrum uliginosum. Marguerites, and many other good things. 4s. per doz. ; extra large, fe. and 9*. per doz. Per 100 on application. K. 3IAEIES. Florist, Lvtham, Lancaaiur« March 5, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 291 D FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS toOrowThcm.applyto SANDER'S, St. Albans. Thefinest stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Papcraa. ARLY OFFEXHAM CABBAGE PLANTS for SALE. True Stock. Apply to- J. H. BROW X , Swineahead. Boston. ,OUBLE PINK IVY-LEAF GERANIUM, Madame Crou-:se. fine strong cuttings, 5s. per 100. W. H. DIVERS, Ketton H:i:l Gardens. Stamford. AXTON'S SEEDS and STRAWBERRIES. —Best novelties and best standard sorts. lOU Certifi- cates. Send for Descriptive Priced Lists. T. LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford. LOKIOSA SUPEHBA. — 30 good sound Bulbs to dispose of. Would EXCHANGE for CLERO- DENDRONFALLAX. What offers? WILKI.N'SOy. Canniiaro, Wimbledon. truK SALE.— 15 bushels PAINTED LADY 3J RUNNER BEANS ; a few busheU SCARLET RaNNEB BEANS. New, and good quality, 8J. per bushel, either by the sack, bu=hel, or peck.— Apply to. E. BRIDGEMAN, Kelvedon, Esser. SPECIMEN CONIFERS.— To be Sold cheap, to clear the Ground, a few extra-fine well-rooted speci- mens of THUYA At'REA. WELLISGTOMA. CUPRE3SUS, AKAUCARIA, PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c. For particulars, apply to S. WILKrXSON'S Executors, Sleaford, Lines. To the Seed Trade. COOPER, TABEH, and CO., Limited, have posted their new CATALOGUE of AGRICULTURAL SEEDS to all their Customers. U not received, another copy will be forwarded on application. 90, Southwark Street, London, S.E. DWARF ROSES, for Cutting and Forcing, on Seedling Briar, first-class plants, with fibrous rcot^. 1000 La France. 2000 Horace Vernet, 2000 Fisher Holmes, 2000 Louis Van Houtte. 2000 General Jacqueminot, 2000 Prince Camillede Rohan. Offers at 20s. per 100. FREDERICK MULLER, Rose Grower, Pinneberg, nr. Hamburg. RASPBERRY CANES. — BAUMFORTH SEEDLINGS, 40s. per 1000; Semper Fidelis, 30s. per 1000. Sample llO of either sort, 6s. RED CURRANT TREES, 8s. per 100. Cash with Order. Free on Rail. R. H. BATH, Wisbech. -jAAA flowering Bulbs of GALANTHUS IVVU ELWESII, CHIONODOXA LUCILL.E. and C. SARDENSIS, will be sent ou receipt of 10s. Orders are re- quested to be sent not later than the end of April. Catalogues gratis, post paid . FRANZ SCHLOSSEB, Kunst and Handelsgaertner, Smyrna, Asia Minor. EL WAY'S SEED MANUAL -. for 1S93. * Will greatly assist all gardeners, whether amateur or pro- fessional ; up to date in all respects."- Co«r( Journal. Is., post-free (deducted from first order) to those unknown to us. KELWAY AND SON, Langport. ARNATIONS.— Germania, Pride of Pens- hurst, Mrs. Reynolds Hole, and ilrs. Frank Watts, good strong stuff and fresh potted up for flowering, 9s. per dozen ; Mrs. Siukins, 6s. per dozen. L0BELI.4, Emperor William, true from cuttings, strong stuff from store, 2s. 6d. per 100 ; F. V. Raspail cuttings. 2i. 6d. per 100. A. MOURE. Nurseries, Spalding. K PANSIES, VIOLAS, and DAHLIAS.— We do as well 83 any firm in the Kingdom. Ten Gold and Sil%'er Medals last season from leading Societiej. Only standard exhibition varieties kept in stock. Prices from 2s. 6J. per dozen, carriage paid. Send for Catalogue and Competitor's Guide. 160 pages, post free, 3rf. DAHLIA CUTTiyGS supplied very cheap.— DOBBIE and CO., Rothesay. ERNS ! FEKXS ! !— Trade.— Greenhouse and stove, 25 saleable sorts, I2s. per 100; out of pots, 10«. Large Adiantum. cuneatum, Aralias, Cyperus, and Primulas, all in 43'3, 6x. per dor. Palms and Ficus, Is. each. Large Ferns, 10 best sorts, 5*. 6(f. per doz., in 4S's. Cinerarias, Spin3ea3, and Cyclamen, full bloom, 9s. per dozen, in 4S's. Adiantum cuneatum and P. tremula, extra size, in 2^inch pots, 165. and 20s. per 100. Packed free. Cash -with Order. J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro' Junction. S.W. The Best Present for a Gardener. INES and VINE CULTURE. The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on Grapes and their Cultureever published. New Edition. V Price 5s., post-free, 5s. erf. A. F. BARRON. Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick. VINES. — VINES. — VINES. We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application. JOHN PEED iXB SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood Boad, London, S.E. L'HORTICTTLTTJRE INTERNATIONALE (Orchia Emporium), Leopold Park, BmsBels. THE GBdIfDEST CHOICE of OBCHIDS in EVROPE. THE DIRECTORS, Messrs. LINDEN, cordially invite Amateurs and Nurservmen to visit their Establishment. They will find at L'Horticulture Internationale the Finest, Healthi«rt, and Largest Stock of New, Rare, or Popular Orchids in Cultivation. Grand Importations every week. LISTS and CATALOGUES on application. EXHIBITIONS. CRYSTAL PALACE, The ANNUAL SHOW of .SPRING FLOWERS will be held on SATURDAY. MARCH 2«. Schedules are now ready, and may be had on application to Mr. W. G. HEAD, Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal Palace, S.E. Entries close March 19. BATH BULB SHOW, March 16 and 17.— Entries close, FRIDAY, Mar>-h H.— For Prize Schedules. &.C.. apply to B. R. F. PEARSON, ). <, 2, Northumberland Bdgs., Bath. W, JEFFEBY, 1 '"''''• TAUNTON DEANE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL SHOW will be held on THURSDAY, Augu-t U, 1S92. JE.'.'iO in Prizes. Schedules on application to— gQj; SECS., 5. Hammet Street, Taunton. 1VTEW ZONAL PELARGONIUMS (GERA- X 1 NIUMS). LIST ready, fr«f on application. J. K. PEARSON' AN-D SONS, Chilwell Nurseries. Nctts. Buy Direct from the Grower. CUCUMBER SEEDS, Rollisson's Telegraph, 60 for Is. ; 100 for Is. 9d. ; 6s. 6d. per ounce, post-free, 'S. BARRATT, Cucumber Grower. Radcliffe-on-Trent. Notta. CACTUS DAHLIAS, Pot Roots; a few hundreds in one or smaller lots. For sorts and price, apply to H. HARRIS, Writtle Boad, Chelmsford. CARNATIONS.— OLD CRBISON CLOVE, good, in 60-pots. Will EXCHANGE for Autumn or Spring-rooted Cuttings of MLSS JOLIFFE C.iEN.A.TION.— Particulars to FEED. HANSON, Nurseryman, Silver Street. King's Heath, Birmingham. EUCHARIS CANDIDA. SPECIAL OFFER BEFORE POTTING. A grand lot, sound Bulbs, flowering size, jast received from our collector by ss. " Medway," in nnest possible condition. 1003. and 150s. per 100. HUGH LOW & CO., CLAPTON NURSER T, LONDOy. N.E. FRUITING and PLANTING. — The best leading kinds, thoroughly ripened without bottom at. Particulars on application. VINES AND FIGS. CTRONG ICKSONSSISUHESTER ORCHIDS. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL GO. (JOHN COVi'AN), Limited, Rave an immense stock of ORCHIDS, Both Established and Semi-Established, and they are constantly receiving IMPORTATIONS from various parts of the world. INSPECTION IS VERY EARNESTLY INVITED. THE VINEYAKD AND NTJHSERIES, CARSTON. -^"^ LIVERPOOL. TARRAGON.— For Sale about 1400 plants in prime condition, 20s. per 100 ; or open to an offer for the lot.— Apply, W, H. PEET, ■■i9. Paternoster Row, EC. SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. McABTHUB, The London NurseTy, 4, Maida Vale, London, W. Hardy Fruits lor the Midlands. PROFITABLE FRUIT GROWING: T\Tiat to Plant, and How to Plant. New Edition up to date, now ready, price Hd.—A. H. PEARSON, Chilwell, Notts. The Company's Prices are all fixed as low as possible, with the view of inducing liberal Orders. PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Pott-frte on Application to the Company. 10 000 EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, well- -^^^ V/ VV/ grown, 18 inches to .30 inches, 6f. to 15s. per dozen. Less by the 1000. Cash with Order. J. J. CLARK, Goldatone, West Brighton. FRUIT TREES. — APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, per 100 or 1000. Descriptive CATALOGUES, post free, on application. FLETCHER BROS.. Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertiey, Surrey. pASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder, 1-V also Fastolf. strong and well rooted. At los. per 1000. cash with order. Not less than 1000 snppUed. ALBERT BATH. Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent. Shaxpe'B Victor Potatos. WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Ghowbhs • and Mebchanis, Boston, offer a few tons of this excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample. Price, per cwt. or ton. on application. K GILBERT, High Park, Stamford, is now « offering the best of all RHUBARBS. •• True Cham- pagne," 4s. per dozen; also, King of the BRUSSELS SPROLTS. •• Unireral Savov," "Late Victoria BROC- COLI," and " CHOU DE BURGHLEY," at Is. per packet. RCHIDS A SPECIALTY.— Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well- established, healthy, and easily-grown plants. W. L. LEWIS AST) CO., F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Sonthgate, London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road . LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES. — We offer for Cash, good sorts in nice plants, carriage paid, at 3s. per 100 ; 12s. M. per oOO ; 20s. per lOiW. Sample Dozen. 6d. Descriptive LIST free. W. LOVEL A>-D SON, Strawberry Growers, Driffield. AUREUS, Common, 4 to 7 feet, extra, several times transplant^!, splendidly rooted ; L. RO- TUNDIFOLIA, very bushy, transplanted 1890, 2^ to 4 feet; PORTUGAL LAURELS, extra fine. Offered cheap to clear. B. R. DAVIS, Yeovil Nurseries. Somerset. BEGONIAS.— Davis's New, Rare, & Beautiful. The Best BEGONIA CATALOGUE published. Enumerates a magniticent and unsurpassed Collection, with descriptions, illustrations, and much valuable information on this now popular flower ; post-free. The first grower to issue a Begonia Catalogue was B. R. DAVIS, Begonia Grower, Y'eovil Nurseries, Yeovil, Somerset- Seed Potatos. HAND F. SHARPE invite the attention of > the Seed Trade to their fine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS, comprising all the varieties worthy of cultivation. Thev have been grown expressly for Seed, and the samples will be found very fine and well dressed. The prices will compare favourablv with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment. Wisbech. 160,000.-Speclal Offer of Eentias. WICETON has a large quantity of the • above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10*. per 1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000 j in 60'8, well- established, at £-30 per 1000. W. ICETON, Putney. S.W. BIRMINGHAM PRIMULAS, Lady Churchill, The Queen, Marqais of Lome, and all select sorts, 2s. Off. per packet. Mixed, 2s. ^. Usual Trade discount. POPE Ahl) SONS, King's Norton, Birmingham. HRYSANTHEML'MS, PELARGONIUMS, DAHLIAS, BEGONIAS, CANNAS, &c. — Our CATA- LOGUES will be sent free on application. 15 First Prizes (10 this vear). 5 Gold Medals. REID jLXJ BORN"EMANN, Sydenham, London. S.E. HE OLD BROWN QUARRY EARLY POTATO. The Oldest Existing Sort in Ireland. In existence here for 150 years ; certainly, when I was a child, prior to the famine period. There was no other sort grown for harvest puip(Kes when men worked with a sickle. I am enabled to offer it for redistribution— it never having made its way to England— from a stock preserved for years ou peat land, resting on limestone, in a remote part of county Cork. There must be something in the soil that preserved it for years. It is a first-class early June variety, of great sub- stance. 7-lb. bag and postage for 2s. 9i. Wit. BAYLOR HAETLASD, F.E.H.S., Old Established Seed Warehouse, Cork, Ireland. BEGONIAS A SPECIALTY. — Awarded Four Gold Jfedals, and Gold Cup, and all First Prizes. Seed saved from Prize plants. Otir Begonia Seed and Bulbs eclipse all previous years. Choicest mixed, single or double varieties, Is.. 2s. 6d., and ."is. per packet. Collections (Seed) — single, 12 named varieties, separate, 5s. 6d. ; 6 ditto. 3s. Tubers, named singles, from 12s. to 42s. per dozen ; unnamed seedlings, 12s. to 21s. per dozen ; bedding, choicest. 4s.. 5s.. 6s., and 9s. per dozen ; choicest named doubles, from 42s. per dor. ; unnamed, choicest, 18s. to 30s. per dozen ; choicest mixed, for bedding, 9s. and 12s. per dozen. Catalogues gratis. JOHN LAING jjrD SONS, Begonia Growers, *c.. Forest Hill, London. 292 THE GAnDENERB' CBRO^ICLE. [Maech S, 1892. A GOOD INVESTMENT. Last R^rson I sowed a small quantity of Chrysanthemum Boed. from which I obtained twenty varieties that I would not sell for one hundred pounds. I have again obtained seed from the same source, and have a small quantity to spare at Is. 6rf. and 24. Qd. per packet. I shall be pleased to purchase at a fair price any good varieties raised from this seed.— H. J. JONES. Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham. The best book on the Chrysanthemum is Chrysanthemums, and How to Grow Them. Now ready, post-free, 9 stamps, of H. J, JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Lewlsliam, S,E. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. See our New DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE for all Novelties of the present Se i^ t n, and all the best varieties in cultivation, post-free, on applicbtion to PITCHER & MANDA, The United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT. SEEDS! SEEDS!! SEEDS!!! VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS saved from CHOICE SELECTED STOCKS. Everyone with a garden and every market gardener should send for a Catalogue before purchasing elsewhere. Special Low Quotations to large buyers. B. L. COLESIAN', Seed Merchant and Grower, SANDWICH, KENT. niiiiniiiiiiiniliiiliiiiiliifiliiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiieiiinnira ^^ BABPICY-OBOWW Z*OR£:si:<, "SPTtuj.^^ A ALL OTHER TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 ACRES; TBRT BXTBIIIVK STOCK. InapaotloB Invltad- Priced Catalogues Qratls It Post Fra& Xi/IGKSONS NCRSERIES FOREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, \Qs. per 1000 ; Ash, 3-yr., it. 6rf. per 1000 ; IJ to 3 feet, 13j. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet. 20l. per 1000 ; Aah, Mountain, 3 to 4 feet. 24». per 1000 ; Beei-b. 2 to 2} feet. 22j. per ItOO j 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; Chestnut, Horse, 2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spanish C. I^ to 2J feet. 16s. per 1000 ; Elm Wyoh, 2 to 2J feet, 16s. per luOO ; Larch, 12 to 18 inch, 14s. per 1000 ; 1} to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 : a to 2^ feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Spruce Fir, 1 J to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir. 2-yr., 3-yr. tr., 16s. per 1000; t feet, 20s. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. psr 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet. 16s. per 1000 ; Oak. English. IJ feet, 12s. per 1000; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; 21 to 3 feet, 18s. per 1000; Privets, Oval. IJ to 2 feet, 20s. per 1010 ; Privets, Common. )J feet. 12s. per 1000; Sycamores. 1} t3 2 feet, 12s. per lOuO ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; Thorns, 2 feet, 10s. per 1000 ; 2J feet, I2s. per 1000 ; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 17s. per 1000. GAKLIES MITCHELL. Nurseryman, Stranraer. ROSES. STANDARDS, from 2U per dozen. DWARFS, from Qs. per dozen. CA TAL OO UES, post-free. FRANK CANT, BRAiSWICK NURSERY, COLCHESTER. SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, Zd. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NURSERIES, SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS. FORBES' CATALOGUE FOR 1892, Is the largest, best, and most comprehensive ever issued on FLORISTS' FLOWERS and HERBACEOUS PLANTS. It contains full and accurate descriptions of all the best Antirrhinums, Begonias, Carnations, Dahlias, Delphiniums, Fuchsias, Peonies, Pansies, Violas, Pelargoniums, Pentste- mons, Petunias, Phloxes, Pinks, Potentillas. Primulas, Pyre- thrums, Verbenas, Herbaceous Plants. &c.; also of my true and reliable strain of EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS, which, by the force of iheir merit, are now justly celebrated all the world over. In 5 distinct sorts, crimson purple, scarlet, white, and Wallflower-leaved white, each sort, \s., 2s. 6d., and 55. per packet. It is an indispensable Reference-Book on all sectio a of Florists' Flowers, and should be carefully perused by all buyers of liowers. J^ree on application. JOHN FORBES, Nurseryman, Hawick. Scotland. from g well- 3.4. 5. up to 10 feet. ANTHONY WATERER invites intendinpr Planters an inspection of the f^UowiE grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS :— ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to 8 feet. „ DOUGiASII. 6 to la feet. „ ,. GLAUCA, 6 to 8 feet. „ HOOKEBIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet. CEDKUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet. ,. GLAUCA, 3 to 6 feet. ,, LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIEIDIS, 4 to ,, .. LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 6 feet. JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet. ,, ,, ADBEA (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet. PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet. .. GRANDIS, 6 to 8 feet. ,, LASIOCAEPA, 4 to 8 feet. „ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 5 feet. „ PUNGENS, lito4feet. „ „ GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), U to 4 feet. PINU3 AUSTRIACA, 3 to 7 feet. ., LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet. THUIOPSIS BOBKALIS, 4 to 7 feet. .. DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet. TUUIA LOBBII (gieantea), 5 to 9 feet. „ OCCIDENTALlS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4 feet. WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA. .■? to 7 feet. YEWS, Common, 3. 4, 6. and 6 feet. ,, Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in various Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of ▼ size, and quality unequalled. ,, Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet. „ Irish. 5 to 10 feet. ,, .. Golden, 3 to 6 feet. AUCUBA JAPONICA. 2J to 4 feet. BAMBUSA METAKE, tine clumps. 4 to 7 feet. BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet. HOLLIES. Common, from 3 to 10 feet. „ ALTACLERENSE. „ HODGINS or NOBILIS, „ LAURIFOLIA. „ MYRTIFOLIA. „ SCOTICA, ,, Yellow berried, and other sorts ,, Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet. „ Golden Queen, 4, 6, up to 10 feet. „ Silver Queen, 4, S, up to 10 feet. ,, Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems, with heads of 10 to 1& years' growth. ,, New Golden Weeping. BHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet. Knap Hill Nursery. Wekinj. Surrey. WM. PAUL AND SON respectfully invite inspection of the following TREES and SHRUBS, now on Sale. Prices (on application) very reasonable, and quality unexceptionable as to roots, tops, and stems : — BEECH, purple, best variety 12 to 18 feet. common 12 feet. BIRCH, Silver and others 12 to 14 feet. ELMS, four sorts 12 to 18 feet. LABURNUMS 9 to 10 feet. LIMES 8 to 12 feet. MOUNTAIN ASH 12 to 16 feet. NORWAY MAPLES 12 to 18 feet. PLAINS 12 to 18 feet. POPLARS, six sorts 12 to 18 feet. SYCAMORE 12 to 18 feet. THORNS, Paul's Double Scarlet ... 12 to 14 feet. (The finest Trees in the Trade.) FLOWERING SHRUBS, various ... 4 to 5 feet. 6 feet. 3 to 4i feet. 3 to 6 feet. 6 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 6 to 7 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 9 feet. 3 to 8 feet. 3 to 7 feet. 2 to 4 feet. 6 to 8 feet. ARBOR-Vrr.!:, American AUCUBAS BOX, of sorts CEDRUS ATLANTICA DEODAKA CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ... HOLLY, Variegated ,, Green, named sorts ... FIR. Scotch .. Austrian LAURELS OSMANTHUS PICEA PINSAPO RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, loan ,, Hybrids ,, Named sorts... YEWS, Common, and others off 2 to 4 feet. ... 2 to 4 feet. ... 2 to 4 feet. ... 3 to 7 feet, d PLUMS, Standard and APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES Pyramids. APPLES and PEARS, Horizontal-trained CHERRIES and PLUMS, Fan-trained. ASPARAGUS for Forcing. 32 ACRES of RHODODENDRONS, AND 170 Acres of Other Nursery Stock. PerlOO: perlOCO. RHODODENDRON Ponticum.S to 12 inch ...12s.... 90. ,, 13 to 13 IBs. ... 1401. 18 to 24 2,'>«. ... 22fls. „ Catawbiensa Hybrids, 9 to 12 ,, ... 12s. ... 100s. 12 to IS ., ... 18j. ... IBOs. 18 to 24 28t. ... 240s. For other NURSERY STOCK, see C ITALOSUES, free. Rhododendrons make grand cover for Game : H'lres ai d Rabbits will not eat them; they will grow well under tree>. where many other trees perish. Smaller or larger sizes can be supplied if required. JAMES SMITH & SONS, D-iRLEY DALE NURSERIES, near MATL0.1K. PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (Standards, Pyramids, and Wall- trained), Apples, Pears, Cherries. Peaches, Filberts, and Plums; 20,000 noble taU standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on tl.t; Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododei.- drons ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Ro&es ; 40,000 Blat It and Red Currants, four years old ; and forty kinds of Goos*-- berries. 6000 Raspberries. In small or large quant itiet-, Purcha^ier'a selection. Price half their value. Nee Catalogues Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield, Cradley. near Malvern. ^EPtNSflSPECIALITY ! finest Miiosyfosting Collectioi^in the Trade. '"^'* ''^fcifes^a. Varieties Stove.Si'eenhouse, Hardy Exotic s British EVERYONE interested in Ferns SHOULD SEND FOR OUR pactially descriptive. Catalogue free on Application joouK Illustrated Catalogue Ni 1/6 st fl- 75;?S^^^r&::iIjr ft1?R4^N+1 EA D ¥«m^1.1lWll■l.M^.lw■T:^^JK„r:u^«;.!y||^^^^| ROSES. ROSES. 12 acres of Roses, 100,000 magnificent plants to select from. 22 ChoiCB Standards, 2lJ.; 24 Half-Standards. 2Is. ; 12 Standards, I2s. 6d.; 12 Half-Standards. lOi. 6rf. ; 60 Choiie Dwarfs. 50 sorts. 2U. ; 24 choice dwarf Teas and Noisettec, V2s. 6d.; 12 choice climbing. Pj. ; 12 beautiful Teas and Noisettes, 9s.; 6 lovely yellow Roses. 4t. Gd.; 6 Marechiil Niels. 4j. 6d. ; 6 Gloire de Dijons. 4s. ; 6 choice Moss Rosi » 3s. 6(f. ; 6 old Cabbage Roses, 3s. 6d.; 6 Old-fashioned Borer, 3s. ed. ; 8 crimson Monthly Roses, 3s. ; 6 pink Monthly Rose;., 2s. 6d. ; 6 white Monthly Roses, 3s. ; 6 quick-growing Climbing Roses, 2s. Sd. j 12 Sweet Briars, 3». My selection, cash with order. Thousands of Testimonials. Catalogues free. JAMES WALTERS. Rose Grower. Eieter. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (Riddles 8c. Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. Wo InTit« those about to purchase garden seeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 3000 Varieties catalogued, 500 Illustrationg, VEITGH'S EXONIAN PEA, A First EARLY WRINKLED MARROW, Of Finest Flavour, and very productive. A STERLING NOVELTY. ROBERT VEITCH & SON, sSif^N. EXETER. And of the Principal Seed.smen throughout the kingdom. 2/6 per Packet (^pint). Trade Price on Applicaiion. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, 4 minutes' walk from WaltbamCross Station; West Entrance, 3 minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station, Great Eastern Railway. ORCHIDS. CLEAN, HEALTHY PLANTS at LOW PRICES. Always worth a visit of inspection. Kindly send for Catalogue. JAMES CYPHER, EXOTIC NXTRSEBIES, CHELTENHAM. Mabch 5, 1892.] THE GAB DENE li\r CHRONICLE. 293 DANIELS BROS., TOWN CLOSE NUESERIES, NORWICH, BEG to offer the following Plants, Bulbs, &c., wha'U they can highly recommend : — Roses, Hybrid Perpetual. A splendid collecLioD, including .ill tlie choicest sorts. perdoz.— 5. a. Fine Standards to name 18s. and 24 0 Dwarfs or Bushes ls.6d.a.ai 10 6 Tea Scented, in pots, best sorts 15s., 18s.. and 24 0 Clematises. Choice named sort3 ... 18s. and 24 0 Carnations and Piootees. A very choice collection, iuclu.lins all the newest and finest sorts, 6s., 9s., and 13 0 Carnation, " Gennania." Beautiful pure yellow. '1 he be^t, t'lno pluiits ... 3 for 4s.. each Is. 6ii. New Garden Pink, "Her Majesty." Beautiful j.ure white, .leluioiisly scented, :) tor 4s., each Is. dd. Delphiniums. Single and double-flowered, choice named sorty, strong plants 6<. and 9 0 Gaillardlas. Large -flowered hybrids, in beautiful va'iety, to name 9s., 12s , and 13 0 Perennial PWoxes. a splendid collection. Eilab- lished pants to name 4s. 6i , 6s., and 9 0 Pyretlirums, Doubls-flowered. A grand collec- tion, including the newest and choicest sorts. Established plants is. and 9 0 „ Single-flowered, in brilliant variety B 0 PSBOnles, Herbaceous. Double - flowered, choice named sorts 12s., ISs, and 24 0 Hardy Flowering Plants. We have a splendid collection of these, which we offer as follows, includ- ing such fine subjects as Anthemis pallida. Chrysan- themum maximum, Doronicums, Erigeron, Helenium, Ueuchera sanguinea, Senecio pulcher, &c. : — s. d, mo in 100 choice varieties •) /■ 30 0 50 „ 50 „ „ ( established ) 17 6 25 „ i5 „ „ ( plants ") 10 0 12 „ 12 „ „ J (.6 0 Lllium auratum. Fine selected bulbs... 6s., 9s., and 12 0 „ Eubro-Vlttatum. Pure white, with deep crimson bands, splendid ... each 2s. 6rf. Wallicblanum supej bum. immense prlm- r03e->ellow trumpets, mdguificent, ea. 3s. 6d. Lilies. Choice named, from our fine collection — 6s., 9s., 12s., 18s., 21s,, and 30 0 Begonias, Tuberous - rooted. Large briiuantly- coloured flowers of all the most beautiful shades. Good strong flowering tubers in splendid mixture per 100, 30s. 4 6 ,, Double-flowered, very fine mixed ... 9s. and 12 0 Gladiolus Gandavensis. Choice named sorts— 4s. 6c(., 6s., 9s„ and 12 0 ,, In splendid mixture per 100, 20s. 3 0 ,, Kew hardy hybrid. A charming class with large, handsomely-stained or blotched flowers. Very choice mixed per 100, 24s. 3 6 Tubcr.'ses, American Pearl. Fine bulbs— per 100, 17s. M. 2 6 All carriage free with the exception of Tea Hoses and Clem discs, u-hich are sent in pots. SMALL SHRUBS and CONIFER^.— Abies orientalis, 4-yr., 40s. per 1000 ; Cupressus macrocarpa, 1-yr., 30s. per lOUO; C. Lawsoniana, 1 foot, 40s. per 1000; C. erecta viridis. 8 to 9 inch. 30s. per 1000 ; Cutoneaster Sim- monsii, 1 foot, 30s. per 1000; Escallonia macrantha, 9 inch, 8s. per 100; Ivy. Irish. 2-yr., SOs. per 1000; Liliic, purple, 2-jr., SOs. per 1000; Laurestinus, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per 100; Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr.. drilled, 10 inch, 80s. per liOO; Pinua cembra, 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000 ; P. Nordmannia, 2-yr. transplanted, 60x. per 1000; P. nobilis, 2-year trans- planted, 6s. per 100 ; Privets, oval, 9 inch, 8s. per 1000 ; ditto, 10 to 12 inch, 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch, tranpplanted, 40s. per 1000; R. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per 100; Rhododendron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40i. per 1000; 6 to 9 inch, 55s. per 1000; Veronica Traversii. 8 inch, 7s. per 100; V. Pinguifolia. 6 inch, 8s. per 100; Yew, English, ?-yrs., 1-yr. transplanted, 20s. per 1000; Irish Yew, 8 to 9 inch, 8s. per 100. GARLIE3 MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. CLEARANCE SALE of PALMS, DRACiE^fAS, &c. Strong Small Palms, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFOKTHIA ELEGANS, LATANIA BORBONICA, AKECA SAPIDA, CORYPHA AUSTRALIS, KENTIA BELMORIANA. K. FOSTERIANA, and DRAC.E.^A INDIVISA, sample 2 of each, 14 plants in all, 5s. ; 1 of each. 7 in all, 3j. Package Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. • LATANIA BORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averaging 10 fine leaves. 15s. each. •CHAM^ROPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves. SOs. eaeh. " Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves. 21s. each. » DRACENA CiNIFOLIA, 5 to 6 feet high, 21s. each. • Ditto ditto 4 feet high, 15s. each. »PHCENIX TENUIS, 3 feet high, 5s. each. • Ditto ditto 2feet high, 18s. per dozen. • DRACENA INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 5s. each, • Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18s. per do/.en. • Ditto C0NGESTA,2feethigh, 18s. per dozen. » SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS. in 60's, fit for 48'8, strong, 6s. doz. Price per 100 on application. Those marked * are Packed Free, but not Carriage Paid. W. OWEN, 106, Stamford Hill, N. VEITCH'S Superb Strain of GLOXINIA THE FINEST IN CULTIVATION. " Veitch's strain of Gloxinia has long been celebrated for its excellence, and each season new seedline varieties, eclipsing those of older date, are added to it." The Garden, June 6. Seed «aved from the magnificent collection grown at our Chelsea Nursery, embracing all the richest, most brilliant and varied colours. Finest Mixed Colours, per packet, 2s, 6d. BRIGHT SCARLET and CRIMSON, saved from our splendid collection of high- coloured sorts. Per packet, 23. 6d. ^' For full description of the above and otker Choice Novelties, see SEED CATALOGUE for ie/i2, forwarded Gratis and Post-free on application. JAMES VEITCH& SONS ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W. SUTTON'S New Peas For 1892. SUTTON'S EMPRESS OP INDIA. '■The earliest wrinkled Pea I have ever grown, of great value, pods large, and Peas of good quality."— Mr. E. Burden, The Gardens, Wake Green House. Per packet, Is. 6d. and 2s. 6d. SUTTON'S BOUNTIFUL. " Sutton's Bountiful showed undoubted advance in size of pod as an early Pea, and a good typo of what should now be set up as a standard, ss the very small podded whites of the Sanpster's No. 1 type hardly merit recogni- tion. If Sutton's Bountiful, w hich is really a much huf r and better Pea, should prove to be as early as Sangster's No. 1, a great gain will be found." — Gardeners' Chronicle, August!, 1891. Per pint, 2s. 6d. SUTTON'S EXHIBITION. *' A free grower and a grand Pea in every respect. A great bearer of splendid Marrowfat Peas of I he finest flavour."— Mr. W. C. LEiCH, Gardener to His Grace the Duke of Northumberland. Per packet, Is. 6d. and 2s. 6d. SUnON&SONS, THE BEST CUCUMBER GROWN. CARTERS' MODEL. FOR SIZE, FOR FLAVOUR, FOR EXHIBITION. A Customer writes :— '* I cut 900 fruit from 4 plants." Price, in Sealed Packets, , 2/6 and 3/6 each, post-free. Seedsmen by Royal 'Warrants to H.M. the Queen, and H.R.H. the Prince of 'Wales. 237 238 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. VERY FINE STANDARD ORNAMENTAL TREES. ALMOND, fruit-bearing. Is. 6rf. to ?s. 6d. BIRCH, Fern-leaved, weeping (silver baric). 10 to 12 feet, 3s. each, SOs. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3». 6d. each, 36i. per dozen. „ Silver weeping. 7 to 8 feet, Is. 3d. each, 12.*. per dozen ; 8 to 10 feet, Is. ed. each, 15s. per doz'-n ; 10 to 12 (^t, 2s. each, 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 2s, 6d. each, 24s. per dozen. CHERRY, double blossomed. Is. 6d. to 2s. Gd. cich. ELM, English budded, 10 to 12 feet, 3s. each, SOs. per dozen ; \'J to 15 feet. 3s. €d. each, 36s. per dozen. ,, Montana (Wych), 10 to 12 feet. 2s. each, 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 2s. 6d. each, 2is. per do/en. HOLLY (aquifolium. aquifolium weeping, bronze, elegantis- pima stricta. Gold Queen, green in variety, Handsworth silver weeping. Milkmaid weeping, new golden weep- ing, variegated in variety, Waterera'), very fine, lO.t. Gd. to i2s. L.VBURNHM. English, Is. Gd. to 2s. 6:i. each, 15j. to 21s. per dozen. LILAC. Persian, 2s. Gd. each. ,. Siberian, 2s. 6d. each. MAPLE, colchicum rubrum, 10 to 12 feet, 2.'. 6d. each, 2-ls. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. Gd. each, 3*^s. per dozen. Norway, 10 to 12 feet. 2s. each, 18s. per dozen; 12 to 15 feet. 2s. Gd. each, 24s. -per dozen. ,, Schwedlerii, 10 to 12 feet, 2s. 6rf. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. each. 30s. per dozen, virginicum rubrum, 12 to 15 feet, Ss. Gd. each, 36s. p. doz. SVCAMuRE, 8 to 10 feet, Is. Gd. each, 15s. per dozen ; 10 to 12 feet, 2s. Gd. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet. Ss. to 3s. 6^. each. Si^s. to 36s. per dozen ; 15 to 18 feet, 4s. each, 42s. per dozen, purple-leaved, 10 to 12 feet, 2s Gd. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. Gd. eich, 36s. per dozen. PLANE, occidentalia,20feetand more, very fine. 10s.6£i.to21s- PkUNUS PISSARDII (leavcf; richer in colour than Purple Beech, and hang much longer, has pretty pink flowers and nice fruit). 2s. Gd. to 3s. Gd. each, 24s. to 3rjs. p. doz. PYRUS FLORIBUNDA, 2s. to 2s. Gd. each, 18s. to 24s. p. doz. WILLOW. Kilmarnock weeping, 2s. Gd. to 3s. 6*^. each, 2U. to 36s. per dozen. RICHARD SMITH & CO., l^ir^St^A^t WORCESTER. S E E DS -SEEDS- SEEDS Established 1793. a TBE BEST AND THE CHEAPEST. H - Send tor Catalogue. Free to all. ^ " JOHN K. KING, ^^'^-^oVir M W COGGESHALL. ESSEX. SEEDS-SEEDS - SEEDS GAME COVERTS. ?i to .3 feet. 2Ss. per 100. 3 to 4 feet, 35s. per 100. nrPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 2 to2k f'^'^U SOs. jxtV'V. i^' do. 2i to 3 feet, 60s. per 100. 3 to 4 feet, 75s. per 100. 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 100. l*to2 feet, 40s. per 100. 2 to ij feet, bOs. per 100. ARBOR-VIT.E, American, COTON EASTER SIMMONSII HOLLIES, Green, Do. do. MAHONIA AQUIFOLIA YEWS, English 2 feet, S.Ss. per 100. 2' to 2} feet. 60s. per 100. The above are all bushy .and well rooted. JNO. JEFFERIES & SON, ROYAL Nl!RSERIES, CIRENCESTER. 294 THE GARDENERS' GHRONIGLE. [Maech 5, 1892. WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES, AND GREENHOUSES IN ALL STYLES. GARDEN FRAMES in great VABIEXY. No. 60. ^^ PORTABLE PLANT PEESEKVEK. No. 73. NEW SPAN-ROOP GARDEN FRAfflE. ...£5 14 0 4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14 0 1 12 ft. by 6 ft. 8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 0 | 16 ft. by 6 ft. ...7 4 0 All Frames made of Selecte'S>'S>^s?^s>JS>^s>'Si^s?i « !& Select VEOETABUS, Choice FLOWBR, The best qualities at ^^ Moderate Prioei. ^f^^_ Delivered Free ^^ ^^ ^ I'he by Ball or ^T^ ^^^ "Basl Parcels a ^m^^.A^^ SEBD ^°°*' ^^^ ^y^^ POTATOS, Kj^ Garden Tools, yr Sundries, &c., &c. Illastrated Descriptive Catalogae, No. US POST FREE ON APPLICATION. Ill U Grov/ers. itedr .Glestei. a^S^^S>^S^=SxS>ezte6 y By Eoyal Appointment Nursery to H.Jil. the Queen, and His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. ppointment ^c) . /^ r atm^ 100 Acres. GARDEN SEEDS CAKKIAGE PAID. CATALOGXTES FREE. LITTLE &BALLANTYNE C iL R IL. X S ]:< E . WHEELERS' NEW POTATO, "THE ALDERMAN." For Exhibition this Potato is a model of Perfection; the eyes are shallow, the skin rough, and it is of large size, a great cropper, and of the finest possible ijuality, very mealy, of good :olour, and excellent flavour. Being a vigorous grower it ithstands dit Price 6d. per pound ; per peck, 63. "I am specially pleased with 'The Alderman' Potato, and consider it the most valuable introduction since the Magnum Bonum. It is a first-class Potato all round, strong in the haulm, a vigorous grower, tubers large and handsome, and on the table no Potato can surpass it for appearance or flavour. — J. H. Fry." WHEELER & SON, Seed Growers, GLOUCESTER. PIT LIGHTS. Beet quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4ft., iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in London. Cash or reference with order. CUCUMBER HOUSES. Timber sufficient to build 100ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door, &c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed specification, to W. DUNCAN TUCKER, HORTICULTURAL WORKS, TOTTENHAM. HILL & SMITH, BRIERLEY HILL, STAFFORDSHIRE, And 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C NEW PATTERN TREE GUARD, '■'■The Porcupine.^'' The maximum of utility and tbe minimum of cost. Constructed of Strong Iron Up- ghts and Galvanised Barbed Steel Price 10s. ed. TESTIMONIAL. The Whittem. Herefordshire, " Dec. 28, 1887. Dear Siks,— I have now had an opportunity of trying your Porcupine Trek CJUARD3, and they seem quite to answer my pur- pose, so you may send me 50 more as before, I en- close cheque for your account. Yours truly, RICHD. QREBN. Messra. Hill & Smith. BARB WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ox APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited). WARRINGTON. CHEEREXTL WINTER EVENINGS. CAMPBELL'S BROAD REeTmELODEONS (Patent). GRAND NEW MODELS. MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS MELODEONS NO HOME SHOULD BE WITHOUT ONE. CAMPBELL'S world-famed MELODEONS have Organ and Celestial Tone and Charming Bell Accompaniments. The Solemn Psalm, the Soul'stlrring Hymn, the Cheerful Song, and the Merry Dance can all be played on these charming Instruments. No knowledge of Music 13 required by the player, ly GOOD NEWS! .^ CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the Gardeners' Ch'-omcle. OUR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL " GEM" MELODEON. «'■ •J'i. 6i. M. With Two Sets of Broad Keeds, Organ and Celestial Tone, sent carefully packed and carnage paid to any address in Great Britain and Ireland on receipt of P. 0,0. for 6s. M. Selling in thousands. CAMPBELL'S GOLD MEDAL MELODEON. AN UNPARALLELED OFFER. To readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle. OUR GRAND PRIZE MEDAL "MINIATURE" MELODEON. 10«. WORTH DOUBLE. 10». With Two Sets of Broad Reeds, Organ and Celestial Tone, and the Charming Bell Accompaniments, sent carefully packed and carriage paid to any address in Groat Britain and Ireland on receipt of P. 0.0. for 10s. l^ NO DECEPTION HERE. lOU.OOO TESTI.MONIALS. ^ Important Testimonial from Professor Brown, the Champion Slelodeon Player of Great Britain, Ireland, and Wales: — " Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the finest instruments that have ever come under my touch, and only require a trial to advertise themselves." Campbell's Patent Melodeons are the only genuine Melodeons in the market. Beware of worthless imitations. N.B. — All lovers of music should at once send for our New Illustrated Privilege Price List for Season 1891-2, now ready. 100,000 of those valuable lists sent out yearly. Send Id. stamp to CAMPBELL & CO., 116, TRONGATE, GLASGOW. Established 50 Years. BOULTON & PAUL, '"tS." NORWICH. PARK FENCING, DEER FENCING, GARDEN FENCING, TREE GUARDS, UNCLIMABLE HURDLES, and GAME FENCING Of all Muds. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING. Prices on application. Descriptive Catalogue of all our Manufactures, including Iron Buildings for Shooting and Fishing Lodges, Stabling, Huts, Keniipl and Poultry Appliances, Greenhouses, Garden Frame?, &c., free on application. BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH. The Original and Only Makers of the GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS "WITH SOLID ENDS. Also— SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTHAM, With Special Provision for Cleaning the Inside thoroughly (a Most Important Point). These Boilers, after long experience, have proved themselves the Most Efficient, Econo- mical, and Lasting Boilers extant. EveryotherkindofBoilers.Societ 8, Flanges, and Expansion-Joint Pipes and Fittings, for all kiuds of High and Low-pressure Heating. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers, OASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE, STAFFORDSHIRE. 296 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [March 5, 1892. INTERNATIONAL ORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION. LONDON, 1892. TO BE HELD at the EXHIBITION GROUNDS, EARL'S COURT, S.W. Chairman of the Executive Committee— 'SE^'RY EENEST MILNEE, F.L.S., AssocM.Inst.C.E. Secretary— G. A. LOVEDAY, B.A. THE EXHIBITION WILL BE OPENED ON MAY 7 AND WILL REMAIN OPEN UNTIL OCTOBER NEXT. SCHEDULE OF EXHIBITS, For avhich Numerous GOLD, SILVEE, and BRONZE MEDALS and CERTIFICATES will be GRANTED IN THE VARIOUS CLASSES. GROUP A. Plant Houses, Conservatories, Hot Houses, Vineries, Peach Houses, Torcing Houses, Stoves, Fruit Rooms, Frame::?, Pits. Systems of Patent Glazing and Ventilation. Syttems of Heating, including Hot- Water Boilers. GROUP B. Lawn Mowers (Hand and Horse Machines). Garden Rollers. Water Barrows, Syringes, Pumps, Spray Distributors. Garden Tools and Cutlery. Thermometers, Baromelers. Rain and Snow Gauges. GROUP 0. Garden Tents. Garden Seats, Band Stands. Flower Stands and Baskets for Conservatory Decoration. Rustic Summer Houses and Seats. Ice Houses, and artificial methods of maintaining equable temperature. GROUP D. Ornamental Iron Work for Conservatories and Hot Houses. Ornamental Wire Work, Trellises, Arches, Apiaries, Aviaries, Borders. Fences, Gates, Tree Guards. GROUP E. Shadings (various kinds). Paints and Wood-preserving Materials. Labels, Sticks, Bamboo Canes. GROUP "L-continued. Cocoa Fibres, Refuse Manures, and Silver Sand, Kopes, Lines and Twines. Russia Mats, Archangel, Taganrog and Peler&burg. Raffia Fibre. Fumigating Materials and Processes. Insecticides and Weed Killers. Horticultural Glass. GROUP F. Orchid and other Peats. Fuel for general Horticultural Purposes. Fertilizers and Artificial Manures. GROUP G. Ferneries, portable and permanent. Rock Work. GROUP H. Garden Pottery. Statuary, Fountains, Vases, Edgings, &o. Tree-transplanting Machines. Tree Tubs. GROUP K. New or Patent Inventions amongst Garden Requisites. GROUP L. Miscellaneous Decorative Requisites, such as Bouquet- holde: Papers, Tubes, &c. GROUP M. Machinery for Seed Cleaning and Saving. Machinery for Extracting Essential Oils. Perfumes. Fruit Evaporators. Pumps, Methods of Irrigation. GROUP N. Stands exhibiting Models of Produce from Seeds provided by Exhibitor. Collections of Flower and Vegetable Seeds. Collections of Agricultural Seeds. Collections of Grass Seeds. Flower Seeds. Vegetable Seeds. Grass Seeds. Agricultural Seeds. GROUP 0. Designs for the Laying-out of a Typical Estate of 100 AcreJi, bounded by Roads, .5 miles from Town in Midlai.ds, with Ground sloping gradually towards South. Designs for Improvements of Grounds to Private Residences. Photographs of Trees and Shrubs and of Garden Scenes. GROUP P. GROUP Q. Methods of determining the Nature and Fertility of Soils, the Germinating Powers of Seeds, and the use of the Electr.c Light in the Growth of Plants. In addition, there will be Permanent Displays of Groups of Flowering" Plants and of Fruits throughout the Season, arranged for efifect. Special Cash Prizes will be distributed Monthly in Competition. THERE WILL ALSO BE A NUMBER OF FLOWER SHOWS, COMPRISING ALL VARIETIES OF FLOWERS AND PLANTS IN THEIB DIFFEBENT SEASONS. Applications for Space should be Addressed to the Secretary of the International Horticultural Exhibition, Earl's Court, London, S.W., from whom all further particulars may be obtained. Maech 5, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 297 POST-FREE. Per pac' et. Asters, all the best varieties, ni'xed seed, or in s. d. collections from 6d. to 4 0 Auricula, Alpine 1 0 Balaam, Williams' Superb Strain ... Is. 6ii. & 2 t) Begonia liybrida, Williams' Superb Mixed, Is. 6ii. & 2 6 Calceolaria, Williams' Superb Straia Is. id. St, 2 6 Carnation, Choioe Mixed 1 6 Cineraria, Williams' Extra Choice Strain, Is. 6ii. & 2 6 ,, alba 2 tj Cockscomb, Williams' Prize Strain 2 6 Cyclamen persicum, Williams' Superb Is. 6rf, & 2 6 ,, Kiganteum, Mixed 2 li QlOXinla ereota, Williams' Finest Spotted 2 6 „ „ Williams' Superb 2 6 Phlox Drummondi, Mixed, or in Collections 6ii. to 2 6 Primula sinensis. WiUiams'Superb Mixed, Is. ed. & 2 6 ,, ,, six varieties. Mixed Is. 6d. tc 2 6 Stocks, Williams'SnperbLarge-fljwering Ten- distinct colours ,, East Lotbian, in distinct colours ,, ,, ,, in collections of three colours , in collections of five varieties Zinnia elegans. Double. Mixed ., ,, ,, collections of ten varieties 1 0 1 0 ILLUSTRATED SEED CATALOGUE, coiiiprhing everything necessary and requisite for the Garden, Gratis and Post-free ojx application. WSlMuaM^^ScTi}, UPPER JIOLLOWAY.'-^^^ LOA/DON. N. POTATOS, WEBBS' NEW POTATO, RECORD," 53. per peck of 14 lb. ; 17?. per bushel of 56 lb. Now offered for the first time. A white, kidnej-shapi-'d main crop variety, strong in habit of growth, and for cropping, cooking, and keeping qualities it will be found all that can be dpsired. WEBBS' NEW POTATO, " COMPETITOR." 4s. per peck of 14 lb. ; 14s. per bushel of 66 lb. First offered In 1891. This new Potato is a seedling from the well- known White Elephant, to which it is somewhat similar in character, but rather later in season and stronger in habit of growth. It is a prodigious cropper, and a first-rate keeper. The tubers, which are kidney-shaped, are very large, and in i|uality all that can be desired. fEBBlSONS^NORDStEYSTOdRBRibGEi PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, four minutes' walk from Waltham Cress Station G.E.R.): West Entrance, three minutes' vtalk from Theobald's Grove Station (G.E.K). ROSES. The Largest and Finest Stock In the Country. NEW ROSES A SPECIALTY. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS SEEDS & BULBS OF BEST QUALITY. ALSO MUSHROOM SPAWN, GARDEN MATS, MANURES, INSECTI- CIDES, and all other GARDEN REQUISITES. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS FRUIT TREES AND GRAPE VINES. An enornions Stock of Fruiting and Other Trees unsurpassed in quality, being vigorous, clean, and true to name. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS. E\ EUUREEN, DECIDUOUS, and LOMFERS, in endless variety. \.^\ t constantly transplanted. RHODODENDRONS off Loam. IIAKDI CLIMBING PLANTS a specialty. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE F ree by Post. ^aW**'^*/*^ PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS CAMELLIAS The Largest Stock In tbe Country. Plaiit3 well 3et with Bloom-buds. Also, AZALEAS, LAPAGERIAS, and other GREENHOUSE CUMBERS. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. 1^* Prices Uriclly moderate: reduced rates for large quan- tities. Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed by experienced hands for all parts of the world. Gardeners of charaeter and experience recommended. Important: Observe the Christian Name and Address^ . PAUL & SON, WALTHAM CROSS, HERTS. THE SATURDAY, MARCH 5, 1892. THE HISTOEY OF KEW GARDENS. TN the first issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle oi -^ the current year, is an article on the Royal Gardens, Kew, in connection with the jubilee of their existence as a public institution. Appro- priate to the occasion, the Director has compiled what may be termed a reference history of the gardens, the first part of which appears in the Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, for December, 1891, just now to hand. This part brings the history down to 1841, the date of the opening of the gardens to the public ; and the history of the first fifty years of public activity is promised in a future number of the Bulletin. Kew is so widely known, and so many amateur and professional gardeners are, or have been, ojnnected with it, that an epitome of this history will doubtless command almost univeral interest. Therefore, it is proposed to reproduce here, as concisely as possible, the leading facts and traditions concerning the origin and growth of Kew Gardens. The earliest real botanic gardens on the Continent were established during the first half of the sixteenth century ; but it was a century later that the Earl of Danby founded the Oxford garden, the first in this country. This was preceded, however, by physio gardens, notably by Gerarde's physio garden in Holborn in 1567 ; a catalogue of the plants con- tained therein being published in 1599. Kew, too, was early the scene of activity in this direction. William Turner, the father of English botanists, appears to have had a garden at Kew previous to 1551, for in the first edition of his Herbal, in the paragraph on Cicer, he says: " and I have it in my garden at Kew." He was also connected with the noted gardens at Syon House. Kew Gardens as now bounded, are situated partly in Kew parish and partly in Richmond, and, together with the Old Deer Park, lying between them and Richmond Green, have under- gone so many and great alterations, that with- out plans it is impossible to describe them in- telligibly. But the old palace by Richmond Green, of which only the gateway now remains, was a royal residence in Edward the First's time, and the grounds belonging to it extended along the river-side in the direction of Kew. The history of this period is, however, very obscure, and we may pass on to the early part of the eighteenth century. In the Kew Museum there is a map by Jean Rocque, dated 1734, and en- titled " Plan of the House, Gardens, Park, and Hermitage of their Majesties at Richmond ; and of their R.H.H. the Prince of Wales and the Princess Royal at Kew." Roughly speaking, the two residences were one at the northern and the other at southern extremity of the grounds, 298 THE GARDENER8' C tilt Ol^I CLE. [Mahoh S, 1892. estending from Eiohnlond Green to Brentford Ferry ; and the gardens were very elaborately adorned with groves, statues, &c. ; and there was a " forest walk " running from near the present Kew palace to Richmond Green. Queen Caroline, the consort of George II., is believed to have spent large sums on Richmond Gardens. Eocque describes Kew palace as " a compleat Place, very beautifull in its situation, gardens, &o., all laid out at his Highnesse's expence, and affords a delightfull Prospect of ye River and the opposite country." As already indicated, the boundaries of Kew Gardens and Richmond Gardens have varied at different periods, and the whole grounds have undergone the most complete transformations. Formerly, there was a public road across the middle of Kew Green, from east to west, through the gardens, past the present palace to Brentford Ferry. From the Bulletin we learn that " Kew, as it exists to-day, was formed by the fusion of distinct properties or domains, both royal, but with entirely different histories. They cor- responded roughly to the west and east halves of the present gardens. The western [waterside] half was known as Richmond Gardens. The eastern half corresponds in great pirt to the grounds of Kew House, and to this the name of Kew Gardens was originally confined. The two properties were separated by Love Lane, the ancient bridle-road between Richmond and Brent- ford Ferry. The " forest walk," mentioned above and " Love Lane " must have been nearly parallel, or perhaps even the same road. It would fill far too much space here to follow the Director of Kew through his history, which itself is so highly concentrated that every para- graph might be expanded into an article of two or three columns ; therefore we pass on to the period illustrated by Sir William Chambers in his large folio work (1763), entitled Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Persjiective Views of the Gardens and Buildings at Kew, in Surrey, the Seat of Her Royal Highness the Princess Dowager of Wales. Many of the buildings there figured still remain ; but the general configura- tion of the plantations and ornamental waters, and the boundaries, are very different. In 176.5, George III. obtained an Act of Parliament em- powering him to close Love Lane, but this appears not to have been fully accomplished till 1802; and the road from Brentford Ferry, past the front of the present palace, and across the middle of Kew Green, to Mortlake, was not abolished till 1823, when the west end of the Green was added to the Royal property. Kent and " Capability " Brown both had much to do with the transformations effected in the grounds now constituting Kew Gardens and the Old Deer Park ; the former mainly in construc- tion, the latter in destruction. But most of the remaining old buildings were erected from the designs, and under the superintendence of Sir William Chambers, notably the orangery (now museum of timbers), the temple of the sun, under the spreading branches of the noble Cedar of Lebanon, near the main entrance, and the pagoda in the pleasure-grounds. Immediately to the south of the temple of the sun stood a range of hot-houses (also designed and built by Sir W. C'hambers), heated by flues, and having tan beds in the centre. These were lean-to buildings, with gardeners' rooms, potting- sheds, &c,, at the back, and a glass-covered border in front for tender bulbous plants. The large Wistaria, on a circular trellis near the present cool Fern-house, covered a portion of the building behind the glass-houses. This block of buildings was removed in 1861, or 1862, after the completion of the Temperate-house, having stood just a century. During the short period the writer knew these houses, they contained South African and Australian hard-wooded plants. The orangery at the same date was used in winter to house the larger plants from the same regions. Most of these buildings were erected between 1758 and 1761, and they were substantially though quickly built. Even the pagoda, which is a good specimen of brickwork, about 160 feet high, was completed in a year, having been commenced in the autumn of 1760, and com- pleted in the spring of 1761. Notable among the other structures that have disappeared altogether were the mosque, alham- bra, gallery of antiquities, cathedral, aviary, menagerie, Merlin's cave, and the hermitage. The removal of many of these fancies of a somewhat puerile imagination was a great improvement. Towards the end of the reign of George II., and at the beginning of the reign of George III., John Stuart, third Earl of Bute, and publisher of the costly Botanical Tables, of which only twelve copies were printed, was a sort of honorary director of the Ciardens ; and a print of the date 176.5 shows that the houses on the left, from the church to the main entrance on Kew Green, were much the same then as now ; and the Princess Dowager of Wales' residence stood in front, and to the south of the present palace. In 1758, Sir John Hill published the first edition of his Hortus Kewensis, of which a second edition appeared in 1759. This catalogue comprises 3400 species under their Linnean names, and of these nearly 500 were ' hardy trees and shrubs. In the spring of 1762, Kew was greatly enriched by the removal of all the Duke of Argyll's trees and shrubs from his famous garden at Whitton, near Hounslow ; and it is supposed that the noble Turkey Oak^ and the majestic Cedar of Lebanon, near the temple of the sun, are remnants of that fine collection. Sir Joseph Banks succeeded the Earl of Bute as Botanical adviser to theKing; and in 1772 the first of the long roll of botanical collectors for Kew was sent to the Cape of Good Hope. This was Francis Masson, one of the under gar- deners at Kew, and it was he who, under the liberal administration of that period, introduced the numerous Heaths, Pelargoniums, Mesembry- anthemums, and bulbous plants figured in the early volumes of the Botanical Magazine, and other illustrated botanical works of the end of , the last centur}'. In 1773, the afterwards famous ' William Cobbett was employed at Kew, having, at the youthful age of eleven, walked from Farn- ham with only sixpence-halfpenny in his pocket, in order to obtain this coveted position. W, B. H, New or Noteworthy Plants. DENDROBILM BARBATULO-CHLOROPS, nat, hyh. Dehdrobidm barbatulnm and D. chlorops are both natives of the Deccan Peninsula, and are known to grow together iu certain localities in the Concan, if not elsewhere. Though closely allied, they are abundantly distinct in many particulars. D. bar- batulum has white flowers, with an acute mentum, several rose-purple stripes on the side-lobes of the lip, and a tuft of loose yellow hairs on the disc in front of the bidentate crest. D. chlorops has cream- yellow flowers, with far more spreading, or even reflexed segments, a shorter and blunter mentum, the side-lobes of the lip and base of the front-lobe green, a broader crest, and much shorter hairs in front of the same. A form has now appeared in the collection of Major- General E. S. Berkeley, of Spetchley, Bitterne Park, Southampton, which so neatly combines the characters of the two species. that I have no doubt it is a natural hybrid between them. The flower is white, and has the shape of T>. barbatulnm, yet all the segments and mentum are shorter than in that species, and the latter organ more blunt, as in D. chlorops. The side- lobes of the lip are also wholly light green, and the crest broader, as in the same species, bat the tuft of hairs closely resembles D. barbatulum. Briefly, it may be described as D. barbatulum, a little modi- fied in shape, with the crest and side-lobes of the lip of D. chlorops. Good specimens of both the parent species from the same collection enables these characters to be easily traced. Its appearance is very interesting, as D. craasinodi-Wardianum is the only other undoubted natural hybrid known iu the genus. These two species, and the allied D. Fytchianum, Batem., were formerly somewhat confused, but the blunders were afterwards rectified. Unfortunately, at p. 136, Dr. Kranzlin once more confuses them. D. barbatulum, Wight, Icones, t. 910, is D. chlorops, Lindl., not D. Fytcheanum, Batem., which it is not too much to infer Wright never saw, as it is a native of Burma. It is the Burmese representative of the South Indian D. barbatulum, and chiefly differs iu its larger flowers and rose-purple side-lobes of the lip. Wight's figure is unmistakable, if not very artistic, and his type specimen removes the last fragment of doubt. Since the above was written, Major- General Berkeley informs me that he has seen Dendrobium barbatulum and D. chlorops growing together in hundreds, if. A. Bolfe. Lycaste Skinnerii Mr. F. L. Ames. This has noble flowers of the typical form, and it may be likened to an enlarged representation of the best variety of L. S. alba, but with a slight blush hue on the sepals, and with rich crimson feathering up the margins of the petals. The front lobe and outer margins of the side-lobes of the lip are bright ruby-red, and the callus yellow. It flowered with Messrs. Sander. James O'Brien. WESTONBIRT. This, an illustration of which we reproduce (see p. 299), is one of the finest seats in the county of Gloucestershire, and was the country residence of the late R. S. Holford, Esq., whose recent death we announced in our last issue. Mr. Holford took great interest in his garden, which, under the management of Mr. A. Chapman, is kept in excellent order. A full description of the place was published in the Gardeners' Chronicle for July 9, 1881, to which we refer our readers for further particulars. CROSSES AND CROSSING OF PLANTS. (Continued from p. 267.) Hybrids Rare and Unstable. Another theoretical point borne out by practice is, that because of the great differences between parents, pronounced hybrid offspring are unstable. Again, because of the unequal and unknown powers of the parents, we can never predict what characters will appear in the hybrids. This fact was well expressed by Lindley a half century ago, in the phrase, " Hybridising is a game of chance played between man and plants." The characters of hybrids as compared with the characters of simple crosses between stocks of the same variety, are therefore ambiguous, negative, and often prejudicial. The difficulties in the way of successful results through hybridisation are, therefore, the ditSculty of effecting the cross, infertility, instability, variability, and often weakness and monstrosity of the hybrids, and the absolute impossibility of predicting results. The advantage to be derived from a successful hybridi- sation is the securing in combination the most desirable features of both p.arents ; and this advan- tage is often of so great moment that it is worth while to experiment in the face of numerous failures. From theoretical considerations, it is apparent that hybridisation is essentially an empirical subject, and the results are such as fall under the common denomination of chance. And as it does not rest upon any legitimate function in Nature, we can understand that it will always be difficult to codify laws upon it. JfAncH 5, 1802.J THE GABDENEnS' CHRONICLE. 299 Among the various characters of hybrid-offspring, the most prejudicial one is their instability. It is difficult to fix any particular form which we may secure in the first generation of hybrids ; and, there- fore, we find that the great majority of the best hybrids in cullivation are increased by bud-propa- gation, as cuttings, layers, suckers, buds or grafts. In fact, there are few instances of undoubted hybrids which are propagated with practical certainty by means of seeds. This simply means that it is dillicult to fix hybrids so that they will come "true to seed," and makes the subject. In Pears, there is the Kieffer class. In Apples, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Goose- berries, Blackberries, and Dewberries there are no commercial hybrids. The Strawberry is doubtful. Some of the Kaspberries, like Caroline and Shatter, appear to be hybrids between the red and black species. Hybrids have been produced between the Rispberry and Blackberry by two or three persons, but they possess no promise of economical results. Among all the list of garden vegetables — plants which are propagated by seed — I do not know of a single authentic hybrid ; and the same is true of Wheat severely for a chance to live, and even then only the very best can persist, or are even allowed to try, PopoLAR Misconceptions. This list of hybrids is much more meagre than moat catalogues and trade-lists would have us believe, but it is approximately near the truth. It is, of course, equivalent to saying that most of the so-called hybrid fruits and vegetables are myths. There is everywhere a misconception of what a hybrid is, and how It comes to exist; and yet, perhaps because of this indefinite knowledge, there is a wide- FlO. 41.— WESTONBIET, THE EESIDEKCE OF THE LATE B. 8. HOLFOED, ESQ. (sEE P. 298.) apparent the fact that if we desire hybrids we must expect to propagate them by means of buds. Let us now recall how many undoubted hybrids there are, named and known, among our fruits and vegetables. In Grapes there are the most. There are Rogers' hybrids, like Agawam, Lindley, Wilder, Salem, and Barry ; and there is some reason for supposing that Delaware, Catawba, and other varieties are of hybrid origin. And many hybrids have come to notice lately through the work of Munson and others. But it must be remembered that Grapes are naturally exceedingly variable, and the specific limits are not well known, and that hybridisation among them lacks much of that definiteness which ordinarily attaches to — unless the Carman Wheat-Rye Varieties become prominent — Oats, the grasses, and other farm crops. But among ornamental plants there are many ; and it is a significant fact that the most numerous, most marked, and most successful hybrids occur in the plants most carefully cultivated and protected — those, in other words, which are furthest removed from all untoward circumstances and an irdependent position. This is nowhere so well illus- trated as in the case of cultivated Orchids, in which hybridisation has played no end of freaks, and in which, also, every individual plant is nursed and coddled. For such plants the struggle for existence is reduced to its lowest terms ; for it must be borne in mind that even in the garden, plants must fight spread feeling that a hybrid is necessarily good while the presumption is directly the opposite. There is an old yet common notion that there is some peculiar influence exerted by each sex in the parentage of hybrids. It was held by certain early observers, of whom the great LinniEus was one, that the female parent determines the constitution of the hybrid, while the male parent gives the external attributes, as form, size, and colour. The accumu- lated experience of nearly a century and a half appears to contradict this proposition. There are instances, to be sure, in which this old idea is affirmed, but there are others in which it is contra- dicted. The truth appears to be, that the parent of greater strength or virility makes the stronger im- 800 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Mifica 5, 1892. presBion upon the hybrids, whether it is the stami- nate or pistillate parent. And it appears to be equally true that it is usually impossible to deter- mine beforehand which parent is the stronger. The common little Pear-shaped Gourd will impress itself more strongly upon crosses than any of the edible Squashes and Pumpkins with which it will effect a cross, whether it is used as male or female parents. Even the imposing and ubiquitous great field- Pumpkin is overpowered by the little Gourd. Seeds from a large and sleek Pumpkin, which had been fertilised by Gourd pollen, produced Gourds and small hard-shelled globular fruits which were entirely inedible. A more interesting experiment with the handsome green-striped Bergen Fall Squash showed a similar prepotency of the Gourd. Uncertainty follows hybridisation, and uncertainty also attaches to the mere act of pollination. Between some species, which are closely allied, and hare large and strong flowers, four-fifths of the attempts at cross-pollination may be successful, but such a large proportion of successes is not common. Even the most expert operators fail as often as they succeed in promiscuous pollinating. In my own experience, 234 pollinations of Gourds, Pumpkins, and Squashes, mostly between varieties of one species, and inclu- ding some individual pollinations, gave 117 failures and 117 successes. But from all the 117 fruits, for some of them turned out to be seedless, and some were destroyed by insects before they were ripe, or were lost by accidental means, a few more than half of the successful pollinations — if by success we mean the formation and growth of fruit — really secured us seeds, or but one- fourth of the whole number of efforts, and this was considered a successful experi- ment. Referring to a record-book where experiments were made with many species, I find that a total of 312 efforts resulted in 89 successes, 223 failures. And now the sum of it all is this : Encourage in every way crosses within the limits of the variety and in connection with change of stock, expecting increase in vigour and productiveness. Hybridise if you are curious to know what Nature will do about it, but do it carefully, honestly, thoroughly, and do not expect too much. Extend Darwin's famous p oposition to read like this : Nature abhors both perpetual self-fertilisation and hybridisation. Frof.L. H. Bailey, Massachusetts. MODERN MELON GROWING. Not [only has the modern mode of constructing and heating horticultural buildings made Melon- culture an easy matter, compared to what it formerly was, but it has lengthened its season ; and although good fruits are produced in hotbed frames at the present day, the system of heating by hot water is preferred even for the midsummer fruiters, and it is indispensable for very early or very late crops. The form of a Melon-pit or house may be either span- roofed, half-span, or lean-to, the last being, perhaps, the most useful form for early and late crops ; but all Melon-pits should be furnished with side and top ventilators, and adequate heating for both top and bottom, tree leaves being the best of materials for forming the bed over the hot-water pipes. The seed should be sown in fine light soil, which should be moist enough to allow of the germination of the seeds without affording it water, two seeds being placed in a 60-pot, which should be plunged in a hot- bed having a warmth of 75°, a sheet of glass being placed over the pots till the plants appear above the mould ; the weaker plant in each pot should be pulled up in three or four days. The temperature of the frame may range from 60° to 65° at night, and 70° to 75° by day, with the usual rise during sun- shine, air being carefully admitted when it reaches 80° through a bit of muslin in cold weather, and the amount regulated in accordance with the prevailing weather. The glass must be kept clean, so that the light is unobstructed, and when the plants have formed the second true leaf, they should be shifted into 6-inch pots, or, better, planted in the Melon-bed about 2 feet 6 inches asunder. The soil of the bed should be formed in a narrow ridge, and may consist of rough strong loam, mixed with a little leaf-soil, and made quite firm by ramming. Plant when the soil has got warmed throughout, and keep the plants rather high — not sinking the roots deep in the soil, which should be firmly pressed about the roots Finish with a light watering of tepid water. Under proper management, rapid progress will be made, and a moderately moist atmosphere must be main- tained by syringing the plants, and damping dry surfaces in favourable weather, morning and after- noon, while proper attention must be paid to watering the soil. Keep each plant to one stem, which must be secured to the trellis as it lengthens, and stopped (that is, the point removed) when it has reached 4 feet in length, the laterals being also stopped at one joint beyond the fruit when the latter is set, and the superfluous shoots cut off, to prevent crowding. As the female blossoms expand, their fertilisation must be attended to, if possible that of a dozen or BO at one time, and a moderately dry temperature maintained until they are safe, which is determined by their commencing to swell freely. Once the fruit have attained half-size, the plants may be afforded diluted liquid manure. I prefer stable-yard water, or one made from sheep's dung. Top-dressings of a soil like that of the bed should be applied when found necessary, that is, when the roots show on the surface. When the fruit approaches the ripening stage, ventilation should be increased in volume, a warm temperature maintained, with less atmo- spheric moisture. Melons on trellises must have the fruit suspended with strips of rafiia, and it should be gathered immediately cracks are obserred round the stalk. Pot culture of Melons answers well for early crops, but 1 do not practise it, and generally gather good fruit in the last week of April, from beds. Hero of Lockinge, Blenheim Orange, The Countess, and Sutton's Triumph are excellent varieties. Red-spider, which is sometimes troublesome, may be prevented doing much harm by using the syringe freely. Black aphis, however, when allowed to get a footing, is more formidable, but this insect can be eradicated by repeated syringings with strong tobacco-water. Canker, which shows itself near the bottom of the stem, generally arises from a too-free use of manures, or a close moist atmosphere in the pit, together with a low temperature. As a pre- ventive, these evils should be guarded against; also the lateral shoots which spring from the base of the stem should be rubbed oft' when young, thus allowing sun to reach the stem, and a continuous circulation of air admitted by means of the front ventilators, and in such a way that it comes in contact with the hot-water pipes before it reaches the plants. Once a plant is affected with canker, the place should be dressed with quicklime, and then covered with a heap of charcoal-dust. Thomas Coomber. following table showing the acreage, the total pro- duce, and the quantity per acre for each section: — THE POTATO CROP OF THE WORLD. It is quite remarkable, says the American Agricul- turist, that the crop of Potatos should be as uni- versally good in 1891, in the countries of chief production, as it was poor in 1890. The results of a special investigation, conducted with the co-operation of the various agricultural and statistical depart- ments, may be briefly summarised as follows : — United States. More Potatos were grown in 1891 than in any previous year. The returns make the average yield nearly 94 bushels per acre. This indicates a crop of 244,697,000 bushels. The warm weather of Sep- tember dried the soil, and checked the incipient Potato rot, which was threatened after the rains of August, so effectually, that it is scarcely reported. The yield was everywhere good, but the compara- tively small average in the north-west makes the market in that section better than in cities nearer the principal sources of supply. Canada. This Dominion yielded a magnificent crop, the District. Area under Crop. Total Crop. Per Acre. Prince Edward Island ... Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba British Columbia Territories Acres. 43,161 65.492 51,100 i35,o:o 160,218 12,467 9,000 2,000 Bushels. 6,690,420 7,859,040 6,694,100 15,125 003 20,347,686 1,868,550 1,305,000 220,000 Bushels. 155 120 131 121 127 150 145 110 Total 468,431 60,109,796 129 British Isles. Ireland had a little over 753,000 acres under Potatos in 1891 ; England, Wales, and Scotland, had 532,794 acres, a total of 1,285,854 acres. This was a slight increase over the previous year. The total crop exceeded 225,000,000 bushels, which is a full average yield, and much above the harvest of 1890. The crop at one time was seriously threatened with disease, but better and drier weather arrested the rot, and the crop was harvested in good order. It was these reports that gave the impression in America of widespread disaster to the Potato crop in Ireland ; whereas the harvest there yielded more tubers than have been gathered in any year since the famine of 1846. Scotland also had a large out-turn of Potatos, and the English crop, while poor in some sections, was, on the whole, well up to average. Feance. Potatos turned out rather below the average on a slightly increased urea, some 3,621,800 acres. The yield varied widely, from 50 to 238 bushels per acre. The average may, however, be placed at 100 bushels per acre, against 109 bushels in 1889, and 106 bushels the year previous. This gives a total crop for the past season of 362,188,000 bushels. Germany. This is the greatest Potato-producing nation in the world. Her crop of 1889 was five times larger than that of the United States. Prussia alone, in 1891, gave 692,000,000 bushels, against 629,000 000 bushels in 1890, and 758,112,616 bushels as the average for the past ten years. The Potato area of the whole German Empire the past year is placed at 7,217,458 acres, producing an average of 123 bushels per acre, and a total crop of 887,747,334 bushels, Austria. The Potato crop is 50 per cent, greater than that of the United States in average seasons, and the past year was no exception to the rule, as it exceeds last year's crop of 302,204,000 bushels, but did not reach the great product of 1889, which was nearly 332,000,000 bushels. Other Countries. Sweden and Norway received a full average pro- duct of Potatos, and neither country will need to import the tubers. Sweden's crop is between 50,000,000 and 60,000,000 bushels, against only 34,942,000 bushels in 1890, 70,735,470 bushels in 1889, and something over 51,000,000 bushels as the average for the preceding ten years. Along the Baltic Provinces in Russia the crop was so abundant that, in some places, the tubers are used for distilling purposes, the difficulty of transportation to the famine-stricken districts making the move- ment of the crop to those sections quite slow. It may be of interest to mention that, from statis- tics recently collected and published by Dr. J. H. Gilbert of Rothamsted, he found that, of thirteen countries where the Potato is largely grown, their aggregate area under the crop was about 21,000,000 acres, and their aggregate produce about 61,000,000 tons, but not one reached the average produce per acre of Great Britain. Norway, Belgium, and Hol- land, the most nearly approach our yield, and it is of interest to observe that these and Denmark are the countries that most nearly approach the United Kingdom in yield per acre of Wheat and Barley also. J. J. Willis, Harpenden. Mabch 5, 1892.] THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE. 301 A WELL-BLOOMED CYCLAMEN. OoR illustration (fig. 42) ehowa a, Cyclamen excel- lently flowered, and which was taken from a photo- graph kindly sent us by Mr. J. M'Ara, gardener at Glassingal, Dunblane, N.B. THE DISEASES OF THE REPRO- DUCTIVE ORGANS OF PLANTS, CAUSED BY PARASITIC FUNGI. [The following extracts are taken from Professor Plowright's recent lectures at tlie Royal College of Surgeons. The (subject, though somewhat technical, is one of th-* greatebt importance to cultivators cf cereals, flowers, and fruit.] iNTnoDUCTOET Remarks. — Foremost amongst the numerous fungi which attack the floral organs are have become converted into a mass of black dust, so that nothing remains but the rachis ; we further find, too, that all the ears given oti' from the same root are similarly destroyed, so that the total extermina- tion of the Barley plant appears to be only a work of time ; but we know for a fact that, although the fungns has been at work for the last two or three hundred years, yet there is more Barley grown now than there ever was. If we take the case of the Oat plant, which is similarly liable to smut, it appears a little more hopeful for the host-plant, since, although the affected ears are as eft'cclually destroyed, yet we do find, now and again, some of the heads have escaped in part, and are able to produce a small pro- portion of perfect seeds ; indeed, it is not so very rare a circumstance that one is able to find an entire ^ \ Yia. 42. — CiXLAJIEN GBOV.N BY J. m'AEA, GLASSINOAL, DUNBLANE N B, the Uslilaginfte, although the Discomycetes, the Pyrenomycetes, the Peronosporeoe, and several others, each aflbrd their quota. The peculiarity of this site for parasitic attack is in itself remarkable, inasmuch as it is evident that the parasite tends not only to injure the particular individual it has attacked, but also to exteiminate its host-plant altogether. This suicidal tendency is, however, more apparent than real, as there are several collateral circumstances which require to be taken into account ; we shall then see the danger of self - extermination is but a remote contingency as far as the fungus is concerned. In the first place, the total destruction of all the seeds upon a given plant by a reproductive parasite seldom occurs. The well-known smut of our cereals, the old Ustilago carbn, may be taken as an instance. It is true that in looking at an affected Barley plant we find the whole ear destroyed, all the floral organi ear on an affected plant which has escaped the disease entirely. Indirect Effects op the Keprodoctive Parasites ON THEIR Host-Plants. The influence of these reproductive parasites on the economy of Nature must be of necessity very great, acting, as they do, upon the "origin of life " of their host-plants, in limiting the number of embryos by which the stock of the host is main- tained. It is a widely-spread but incorrect notion, that parasitic fungi are more prone to attack debili- tated or sickly plants than healthy ones ; were this the case, the action of parasitic fungi generally, and of the reproductive parasite in particular, would be directly advantageous to their hosts collectively, by weeding out from them the weakly individuals, and so leaving only robust ones to reproduce themselves. That some such process takes place in the economy of Nature through the instrumentality of fungi is not denied, but it is not the case with the truly parasitic species with which we are at the present engaged. Although the reproductive parasities have no special predilection for weakly host-plants, yet they are, by virtue of their parasitic habit, capable of playing an important part in the evolution of their hosts. This may occur in various ways ; to take, for example, a widely-distributed and well-known reproductive para- site, namely, the fungus which produces ergot. Certain grasses are more subject to ergotisation than others ; Rye, for instance, is more frequently attacked than Wheat or Barley. The explanation of the relative escape of these two last-named is, that their florets remain open but for a very short time, and as soon as fertilisation has taken place, the feathery styles are withdrawn between the palese out of harm's way. Now it is evident that any variety of Wheat whose styles remained longer exposed, would coeteria paribus, be more likely to become ergotised than those varieties in which the florets closed quickly. The more rapidly fertilised varieties, by escaping the disease, would be more likely to perpetuate themselves, because they would produce more healthy seed. Those individuals least susceptible to unfavourable conditions of the weather at the time of blooming, such as rain or absence of sunshine, would be the most likely to mature perfect seed. Now it so happens that certain varieties of Wheat are much more liable to ergotisation than others ; for example, the bearded variety, called Rivett's Wheat, is almost always ergotised when it is grown in fields sur- rounded by ditches. The smut fungus just alluded to, like many others, is capable of gaining admission into the tissues of its host only during a very limited period of the plant's life, namely, between the time the seed germinates and before its first green leaf is put forth, so that those individuals which grow most rapidly during this stage of their existence stand by far the best chance of escaping the disease. There are other ways, however, of which these reproductive parasites are capable of influencing the growth of these host- plants other than by their action upon the rapidity of fertilisation or germination, which, after all, may be only an exceptional mode of action confined to a small number of species. Take the very obvious one of their action upon the local distribution of the individuals of a given species. Their general ten- dency is to prevent the segregation of individuals, and to favour the wide distribution of the host-plants in a given district. As a matter of experience, when a botanist desires to find any particular parasitic fungus, he knows that his best chance of finding it is to go where the host-plant grows in the greatest prolusion, and that his chance of meeting with the parasite is much diminished if he has to search for it in a district where the host only occurs in a scattered manner ; although the same number of host plants be examined in both cases. Let us consider the influence which such a re- productive parasite as Tilletia has upon the dis- tribution of its host-plant. In this case the fungus is developed in the interior of the seed, which it totally destroys, so far as its reproductive function is concerned, but the parasite has no further baneful action on the plant. The fungus can only gain admission into the tissues of the host-plant effectively during a very limited portion of its existence, namely, between the time the seed has germinated and emitted the young plant, and the time that the first green leaf appears. Before the seed germinates it cannot enter, and after the first green leaf has appeared the fnngus cannot infect the host- plant. It is necessary that the spores of the fungus should be in close proximity to the seed, because they have no power of locomotion, and it is also essential that they should germinate at the exact time that the seed germinates. Practically, it amounts to this : that the Tilletia spores must be on the seed and germinate with it. Now the seeds of the Wheat-plant are enclosed in the chaff, and are thus protected in great measure ; until the seed matures and falls to the ground it is practically safe. The Tilletia spores too are contained in a capsule formed from the' external 'coverings of the ovule, 302 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 5, 1892. and are not free to be blown about until this capsule ruptures, which does not happen in a state of Nature until after the Wheat seeds are mature. It is, then, only in those cases where both the seed and the bunted grains have fallen to the ground in proximity to one another, that there is a chance of the parasite infecting its host. Of course, ■we are now considering the case of an uncultivated plant, as in the artificial process of threshing the bunts get broken, and the whole of the seed dusted with their spores. Neither do the admirable re- searches of Brefeld, who has shown that bunt spores are capable of growing in the excreta of herbivorous animals, and of reproducing themselves saprophy- tically, materially affect the question, because, how- ever interesting these observations may be, and however important, as giving us a fuller knowledge of the life- history of the fungus, yet we find in this country, as a rule, bunt can be prevented by applying to the seed-corn certain chemical substances (of which the most efficacious is copper-sulphate), which have the power of killing the fungus- spores, but not injuring the Wheat ; whereas, if bunt was spread through the agency of animal excreta, such dressing to the seed would be practically useless. From the above, it is evident that the more scat- tered individual plants are, the better will be their chance of escaping the disease. A very striking instance of this came under notice during the past autumn : In a wood near Doncaster, during an excursion^of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Societies, a species of bunt new to Britain was discovered on Holcus mollis. The host-plant was common all through the wood in scattered patches, but they were all free from disease, excepting one large plot of the grass, extending over many square yards, in which every plant was diseased and incapable of reproducing itself by its seed. The above is only a single instance amongst many which could be quoted as evidence that the reproductive parasites tend to cause segregation of their host-plants, ITo be continued.) The Week's Work. PLANTS UNDER GLASS. Bi/ R. MiLNKR, Gardtmr, Penrice Gardens, Swansea. EUPHORBIA JACQUINI>EFLORA. — When well grown, this plant is one of the best winter flowerers that we have. I sometimes hear complaints of its being a plant difficult to propagate; but if the cut- tings are taken oil', and treated in the following manner, no diilioulty will be found in rooting them. Plants which flowered towards the end of the past year, and have been kept in the stove, will have thrown out a quantity of shoots from the main stems, and when these have attained some -4 or 5 inches in length, they should be taken off with a small portion of the firm wood attached, removing a few of the lower leaves, and placing them on a clean board for about two hours, so as to allow the milky sap to escape before inserting them in the cutting pots, but take precaution to cover the cuttings with hand or bell glasses to prevent them flafrging. The most suitable size pot for them is a 4-inch, and in pre- paring them, place one fair- sized crock at the bottom, and then some smal ler crocks over it, and then a little moss, so as to prevent the compost getting amongst the crocks. Then prepare a compost of sifted loam two parts, leaf soil one part, and one of sharp sand, and well incorporating these. The pots should be filled partly with the prepared compost, and the remaining portion with sharp clear sand. Place from four to rive cuttings in a pot, afterwards shifting them into larger pots as required, without dividing the plants. The cutting pots should be placed in a structure having a night temperature of 75°, with a pro- portionate rise by day, and covered with hand or bell glasses. Keep the sand moist, and take precautions not to let the cuttings flag, and during bright sun- shine the cuttings should be shaded with some light material ; and when rooted, the plants should be ventilated for a few days by lifting the covering of glass before removing it; otherwise the plants will receive a check, which should always be avoided. The plants should be grown in a light position close to the roof-glass, and lowered occasionally as growth proceeds. If it should be desired to have the plants dwarf and bushy, they may have their points pinched out when they have made about 15 inches of growth, but if potted-on, without disturbing the young plants, they have a more graceful appearance when in bloom, than if stopped during growth. When the required number of cuttings have been struck, last year's plants may be shifted into pots one or two sizes larger than those previously occupied, taking care to disturb the roots as little as possible in removing the loose soil from around the ball ; these plants may have the same kind of treatment as that recommended for the young stock. TENDER ANNUALS.— No time should be lost in preparing a hot-bed for raising from seeds the dif- ferent varieties of annuals used in furnishing the conservatory and greenhouse in summer and autumn, and in having the required number of seed-pots and boxes got in readiness. A good kind of compost for the different varieties, consists of two parts rich loam, one each of decayed manure and leaf-mould, with a free addition of silver sand, all of which should be passed through a fine sieve. The seeds should he sown thinly and evenly over the surface of the soil, covering them very lightly with the fine portion of the compost; afterwards placing a sheet of glass over each pot or box, and over the glass a little damp moss to be removed when germination has taken place, and the glass tilted for a few days, before removing that. The hot-bed may have a bed of half- decayed leaf-mould, fine coal-ashes, or cocoa- fibre refuse, in which to plunge the seed-pots. When the seedlings are large enough to be handled, they should be pricked off, or potted into small pots, and grown on in a light position near the glass, taking precautions to shade during bright sunshine. The above remarks apply to Coleus, Petunias, Cycla- mens, Cockscombs, Globe Amaranthus, Balsams, Lisianthus Russellianus (a biennial), Torenias, &c. TEMPERATURES AND SHADING —At the present time, and all through the coming period of change- able weather, great care is required in giving air. When the weather is bright, the ventilators of the stove should be closed at 2 p.m., so as to husband as much sun-heat as possible, and all available sur- faces damped, so as to create humidity ; and Allamandas, Clerodendron Thompsonianum, and Stephanotis floribunda, should be gently syringed with tepid water. The night temperature of the stove may be kept at from G5° to 70°, according to the state of the outside temperature, with a rise of 10° to 15° by day. Examine and make good all defects in glasshouse shadings, and get all the rollers put into good order, so that when bright days do come these shadings will be in readiness. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. B^ G. Woodward, Gardener. Barham Court, Maidstone. PROTECTING THE BLOOM OF WALL FRUIT TREES.— Fruit trees of most kinds, especially Peaches and Nectarines, are now showing signs of being about to recommence growth. If a little examination he made, it will he noticed that the bloom buds are plumping up, telling us that a critical time for the trees is at hand. I would advise that this subject should receive full attention from the gardener, as much will depend on bloom protection being aflx)rded at the right time. One often sees good results ob- tained by the use of very simple and inexpensive contrivances. Fish netting, when doubled and fas- tened at the top of walls, and bv the aid of poles kept away from the blossoms during gusty weather, is a very good protector, and much better than Spruce Fir branches ; but if the latter must be made use of, they should be tied thinly to light hurdles or poles placed in a slanting position from the top of the wall, which will allow of a good circulation of air between the branches and the fruit trees. After several years experimenting with the latter, and other cumber- some methods, I have now adopted the following : If there is a coping on the wall, a wire should be strained from end to end, and at intervals of about 9 feet some staples should be driven into the face of the wall to support it. At 5 feet away from the base of wall, and 15 feet apart, stout poles should be sunk into the earth ; the two end ones having struts to make them more secure. Upon these another wire strained lengthwise of the wall. If the wall be 10 or 12 feet high, these stakes should not stand more than 5 feet out of the ground. The distance between the two wires will give the width of material required. In the case of a lower wall than 10 feet, the material need not be so wide. The netting is bfst fastened to the wires by means of twine and a thin packing-needle. This kind of protection should not be put up until it is ascertained that one or two blooms are expanded. The protection should be very light and airy — what we use is Eddy's of Pottleven, Cornwall, No. 3, recommended for this purpose, some of which we have had in use for the last four years. This material can he kept up for four or five weeks according to the state of the weather, and no harm will he done. The posts are left in from year to year, and to these TomatOB are fastened, RE-QRAFTING TREES.— Trees intended to be re- grafted should he headed back to about 3 or 4 feet, above a point where the main stem becomes forked, a few of the very small branches being left un- touched to draw up the sap until such time as the grafts have got well into growth, when they should be removed. Old worn-out trees cannot be reno- vated by heading back and grafting, and if it be done, it is usually a waste of time and labour, and such trees are better grubbed up to make room for young ones. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By H. W. Ward, Gardener, Longford Castle, Salisbury. TRANSPLANTING BORDER CARNATIONS.— Next week we shall plant out our Carnations from the beds in which they were layered last August, in rows 1 foot apart, and at the same distance from plant to plant in the rows, also in patches of three, set on triangularly at 7 or 8 inches apart in the herbaceous borders. Prior to planting, the ground is dressed with short manure, digging and breaking the soil to a fine tilth ; and it is then trodden over and surface-dressed with soot and wood-ashes, which are scratched in with a rake, and the soil made level. This dressing will save the plants from being attacked at the roots by wire-worm and various kinds of grubs. In planting these rooted layers, lift them with good balls of soil and roots ; and in planting, sink them in the mould as far as the leaves, and make them firm in it. The plants in each suc- ceeding row should be set between the plants in the preceding row. This mode of setting them out, in addition to giving them more space for growth than would be the case if set opposite each other in the rows, looks better ; the plants, if set out with precision, being in a line the whole length of the border, viewed from any standpoint. GLADIOLUS. — The present is a good time for planting the corms of the Gladiolus, which may be done either in beds by themselves, or in irregular patches in the herbaceous borders, letting the corms into holes made with a dibber, about 3 inches deep and 1 foot asunder, if planted in rows, placing a little finely-sifted rich sandy soil under and over each if the soil is stiff. The beet flower-spikes are secured from corms planted in deep sandy loams which are well manured. If the corms are intended to remain in the ground without removal, the holes should be made 2 or 3 inches deeper, which, with a layer of leaf-mould put over them in November, will secure them from frost. Lemoine's hybrids are very efl'ective and hardy varieties of the Gladiolus. HYACINTHUS CANDICANS.— This hardy bulbous plant, when planted after the manner of Gladiolus, will flower freely, and the tall spikes of drooping bell-shaped white flowers be very attractive. It is a very suitable and showy subject, whether planted in mi.xed beds in the flower-garden proper, in rockeries, or herbaceous borders. PROPAGATING VERBENAS, ETC.— Cuttings of Verbenas, Ageratums. Lobelias, Salvia patens, Alternantheras, and Mesembryanthemums should be inserted in 48-sized pots, pans, and shallow boxes, properly drained, and filled with light mould, surfaced with sand. The Verbenas and Ageratums will do best in pots plunged in a hot bed, and shaded from sunshine for a few days. The other things will do very well in boxes placed in any of the forcing houses. FRUITS UNDER GLASS By J. RiDDELL, Gardener, Castle Howard, York. VINES. — All Vines that have been at rest should now be started by according them the same con- ditions as those forced earlier, it being important that the current season's growth, as well as the fruit, should be thoroughly ripe by the beginning of the month of September. The means recommended in a former Calendar to be employed for promoting growth in early forced Vines are equally applica'ole in the case of late ones, and although they will Mabch 6, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 303 respond more readily to them now than earlier in the year, a night temperature of -15° will be quite high enough to start with, except in Muscat vineries, which may be 6= higher at the start. Before watering the borders, however, of these late Vines with warm liquid manure, it is advisable to apply a good dressing of quicklime, and lightly fork it into the surface of the same. This will be highly beneficial in the case of borders that have been liberally supplied in former years with strong manures in solid or liquid form. Young Vines, or those two-years' planted, may have the ends of their canes bent down, and tied to stakes placed in the borders, so that the buds on both sides of the canes shall break evenly and regularly. Clear out any hotbeds that may be in the vineries, and carefully prick up the surface of borders where the Vines are bursting into leaf, and maintain a minimum temperature of 55° to 60°, with humidity in the house in bright weather. Keep the young shoots tied down almost daily of those approaching flowering, and stop any shoots which may have attained the desired length, removing all sub- laterals, or stopping them at the first leaf. At this stage a night temperature of 00°, rising to 65° when they are in full bloom, should be aimed at, and less moisture used about the vinery. Assist shy-setting varieties of Grapes by dis- tributing over the blooms when expanded the pollen from the Black Hamburghs, or other free setters, and cut oflf all bunches of the latter not required. When a good set of all the shy-setting varieties has been secured, cut off the superfluous bunches, endea- vouring at the same time to spread the crop evenly over the Vine, and let the fruit be borne by the stronger laterals, although the bunches on them may not be the largest, weakly shoots often making the best show at first, but lacking the power to perfect it, the bunches remain small. When the berries have become as large as small Peas, thinning may com- mence, and the number to be cut out of each bunch will depend on the varieties and the strength of the Vines, and the number which have set properly. Such Grapes as Duke of Bucoleuch and Madresfield Court Muscat have large berries, compared with the Black Hamburgh; consequently, they require to be more severely thinned, if the set has been good. The minimum temperature at this period and until they are ripe should be 00°, with a maximum of 80° ; but rather than admit a large volume of cold air, allow it to rise somewhat higher, and keep the atmosphere moist. See that the borders do not lack for water, and when they are found to be getting dry, give a dressing of superphosphate and then liquid-manare. THE KITCHEN GARDEN. By G. Wl'THES, Gardener, Sijon House, Brentford. MAirJ CROP ONIONS.— No time should be lost after the land once gets dry enough to work, in sowing the main crop of Onions. Much time will be saved in the preparation of the land if it has been frequently etiired, so as to expose the upper portion to weather influences; it will in that case be in condition early in March, the weather being dry. If a large breadth of Onions be sown, the making of beds may be omitted, and a row may be missed in sowing the land, which will make an alley wide enough for all purposes. This may be every sixth row if a r2-inch in- terval is allowed between the rows. Much will depend on the quality and nature of the soil as to the space to allow, and the position in all cases should be an open one ; in fact. Onions should have one of the best quarters in the garden, and it should have been well dunged and deeply dug, and dressed with lime, soot, and charred rubbish. In ground that is infested with maggot I have used gas lime with advantage, spreading on the ground in the autumn, but I cannot advise its use just previous to sowing the seed ; although soot, guano, and wood ashes may be so used without disadvantage. Where the Onion maggot is usually troublesome, the drills, as they are drawn, should receive a good dressing of wood ashes and soot ; then the seed should be sown and covered with the staple and some burnt earth or wood ashes, finally smoothing the rows with the back of the rake, and treading the soil evenly all over or rolling it. Our soil being of a light nature it is trodden before the sowing takes place, and also made firm afterwards by rolling. It is the only way in which we get bulbs with a small neck. In heavy or clayey soil treading and rolling are not 80 very necessary precautions, but merely firming it with the back of the spade or with a light wooden roller after the drills have been filled in with some lighter material. Much may be done to assist the crop during early summer with dressings of guano, soot, and common salt, one or all put on in showery weather — in fact, a dressing will often check the ravages of the maggot in its early stages. Those who grow Onions for exhibition purposes should grow such varieties as Ailsa Craig, llousham Park, and some others of that type, but these require, in a general way, sowing in heat at an earlier date. For the crop for early use there is none better than Veitch's Main Crop, and for late supplies take Bedfordshire Champion and James Keeping. PARSNIPS. — Few words are necessary with regard to the culture of this root. A piece of ground deeply dug, and which was heavily manured for the previous crop, should be chosen and prepared similarly as for Onions. Fresh manure, especially if it be that of animals, tends to produce forked roots and decay of the crown of the root ; and a dressing of soot or guano is better than animal manure, if the ground has not been specially prepared. Sow the seeds in drills and in patches of four or five seeds at 18 inches apart, treading the ground or raking the drill over, sow as soon as possible some of the Hollow-Crowned or The Student, the former for large roots, the latter for good flavour. CARROTS.— Some seeds of the Early Scarlet Short Horn or the Early Nantes should be sown on a warm border to afford an early supply in great quantity. It is not generally necessary to sow a large quantity of seed, as these are only required for summer use. For sowing the main crop the first half of the month of April will be sufficiently early. TURNIPS. — These may now be sown with every chance of getting good returns, but February sowings often run to seed without bulbing. A heavier soil than that advised for Carrots may be selected for this crop. Our best early Turnip last year was the Early Milan, a quick-growing plant, coming into use ten days to a fortnight before any other. To follow this sowing a fortnight afterwards, Early Whiteatone should be now sown, and Veitch's Ked Globe for a main crop sowing. This last-named is one of the best Turnips grown, and an excellent keeping root. GREEN CROPS — A portion of a warm border should be got ready for the first sowings in the open of Brussels Sprouts, Cabbages, Autumn Giant Cauli- flower, and Savoys, but not sowing much seed at this time, as ground may not be at liberty for planting out these plants till the early Potatos are dug up, and to keep the plants in the seed-beds is to court failure ; where that is the case, sowings had better wait till April. Borecole and Broccoli should be sown not earlier than the first week in April and the middle of May. Lettuces should be sown fort- nightly after the middle of the present month, and if this be done with regularity up to August the supply of heads for use will not fail. I prefer sow- ing in drills after April has come in, and sowing thinly and thinning-out the seedlings to 1 foot apart ; but early in the year and in the autumn seed may be sown broadcast. My best Cabbage Lettuce last season was Perfect Gem ; Superb White Cos, a closely folding variety, was very useful. THE ORCHID HOUSES. Bi/ H. A. Burberry, Orchid Grov.sr, Highbury, Birmingham. THE INTERMEDIATE-HOUSE.— Plants of Cym- bidium eburneum and C. Lowianum will soon be in flower. It may be stated that good yellow loam is the best material in which to grow these species, and the coolest end of the house is the right place for them. Lycaste plana and Odontoglossum cirrosum also do well in the intermediate-house, and these plants are pushing forth their flower-spikes. Odon- toglossum Edwardi, 0. Harryanum, Oncidium ma- cranthum, 0. Leopoldii, and many Lycastes succeed in it at the cooler part ; whilst Vanda suavis, Aiirides Lindleyanum, and A. Fieldingii are at home at the warmer part, and in a spot where light is abundant. The flower-spikes of these plants will be more or less advanced at this period, and must be protected against the depredations of slugs. CATTLEYA-HOUSE. — The method of growing Orchids on blocks of wood has long since been superseded by the employment of pots, pans, and baskets, and rightly so, I think. A block may seem to some persons to be a natural thing for an Orchid to grow upon, but it seldom does well on one for any great length of time, it becoming exhausted, owing, doubtless, to the great fluctuation of dryness and moistness and tem- perature felt by the plant ; and, the root being ex- posed, it suffers more than would be the case if it were in a compost, or standing among crocks, &c., as then the roots are protected from fluctuations. However, there are a few species, notably Cattleya citrina, which seem to require a block ; but even for this Orchid, some growers prefer a small pan, and let the new pseudobulb creep over the rim, and grow downwards ; but be it grown in a pan or on a block, the cultivation of this Orchid is at times difficult, though it grows very freely when first imported. It must be suspended near the roof in a sunny posi- tion. I grow it here in the Mexican-house during summer, in company with those mentioned in a pre- vious calendar, and in the Cattleya-house daring winter, when it makes growth, and requires more heat than at other times. WATERING AND TEMPERATURES. — Much un- certainty is sometimes experienced in respect to watering of Orchids, and plants suffer either by reason of being afforded too much, or of not getting water enough ; but now that the season of active growth is at hand, it will not be easy to err in this direction, if water be aflTordedthe plant when it needs it, just as with any other plant. This may be known by the compost in which the plant is growing look- ing whitish ; although there are a few exceptions, for instance, care must be exercised in the case of Dendrobiums, as moisture applied at the roots in- judiciously, or lodging in the axils of the young breaks, is apt to cause the plants to damp oflF. We are placing our Dendrobiums in one house, and giving them a gentle rise of temperature, and increase of moisture on the paths ; 60° to 70° will suffice at present. All plants that have flowered should be re- potted if necessary, using pots small in proportion to the plants, as Dendrobiums dislike a large mass of material round their roots. The Phalaenopsis are now starting into growth, and must have warmth and moisture ; 08° by night, to 75° by day will snflice. The cool and intermediate houses will require but little more warmth than that recommended in January. ORCHIDS IN FLOWER.— Cattleya Trianas, and and the variety alba, are now attractive, as also are Lycaste Skinneri alba, and Dendrobiums, in great variety. The latter being useful for decorative pur- poses, are indispensable at this season, and they can be brought on in succession. The stems, however, should never be cut ; a more suicidal method can scarcely be imagined. If desired for dinner-table decoration, the flowers may be made to present a natural and graceful appearance by wiring them to small sticks, such as Bamboo-tips. Continental Novelty. violet frau hof gaetendirektor jUlke. This novelty in Violets, the result of crossing Lee's Queen Victoria Violet with V. rossica superba, was brought into commerce in 1890 by H. A. Zeimer, a florist in Bornstedt, near Potsdam. It is said by a correspondent in Mailer's Deatsche Gartner ZeiUmg for January 20, to be the pearl of all hitherto existing varieties of Violets, and to unite the good qualities of both its parents. It is not furnished with runners, and the leaves are of a glittering green colour, which itself must be looked upon as of particular merit. The flower stalk is long, the flowers large, larger than the Russian, the colour light blue, and the fragrance powerful, and in floriferousuess it exceeds all other known Violets. Placed in ihe greenhouse, or in a cold frame in the autumn, it continues to bloom, and if at the end of the month of December or beginning of the new year it can be afforded the warmth of an intermediate house, its season of flowering will be extended into the spring. The time when extra warmth may be afforded the plant must be pretty strictly adhered to, as those plants which are attempted to be forwarded in the flowering at an earlier date seldom unfold their blooms properly. The cultiva- tion of the plant is identical with that commonly pursued with Violets. It is said that this variety will drive out of commerce all others, it possessing every good quality that a florist's variety should have. It is good for forming the once-favourite standard form now so seldom seen in gardens in these islands. 304 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 5, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICES. Iectuees on Technical Horticulture.— ^s we hive advocated the course noic being followed for years pa't, we are naturally interested in its success, and we should be obliged if the several lecturers, in connection tvitk the County Councils, would communicate to us their names, the districts in which they are at work, and a general indication of the method punued by thtm. Letters for Publication.— 4/^ communications intended for publication, as well as specimens and plants for naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling- ton Street, Covent Garden, London. Communica- tions should be WRITTEN ON ONE BIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. Plants, &o., to be Named. — Correspondents sending plants or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time and research for their solution, must 7iot expect to obtain an answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than six should be sent at one time. Local ^Hevts.— Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists. ll.LVSTRJi^'noi^s.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro- duction in these pages, of gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, ^c, are particularly solicited. Newspapers.— Correspojidents sending newspapers should be careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see. Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor, but to the Publisher, at the above address. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. MEETINGS. ( Royal Horticultural Society ; Leo- TUESDAy, Mah. 8-j ture on "Plants for Home Deco- ( ration;" and ali;Comniittees. THURSDAY. Mak. 10 ■! BriRhton and Sussex " New " Hor- t ticultural Society. SATURDAY, Mar. 12— Royal Botanic. SALES. /Hardy Plants and Bulbs, Cypripe- MOKDAY, Mar. 7< ?'"™ spectabile Tropueolum tu- ) oerosum. Cacti, &c , at Protherce (. & Morris' Rooms. /2000 Roses, Fruit Trees, Liliuma, I &c., at Stevens' Eooms. Azaleas, Ferns. Roses, 80.000 Cocos Weddeliana Seeds. &c., at Pro- theroe & Morris' Rooms. Border Plants, Bulbs, Fruit Trees V Liliums. &c., at Stevens Rooms. WEDNESDAY MAR. 9 FRIDAY, (•Disa draconis, D. rosea, and other species ; Satyriums, Cattleya 1^ TrianiB. Odontoglossum Cceleste 1 (Linden), and other new and rare I Orchids, at Protheroe & Morris OORKKOTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTY-THEEK YEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 40° 9 At a recent meeting at Aberdeen a ProTessfon! "^ ^^'^ ^orth of Scotland Horti- cultural Association, Sir Abthub Grant, the chairman of the meeting, made some observations on the question of horticultural education which are of special interest at the present time, when this question is exciting so much attention. We may incidentally mention that we have already received several replies to our request for information as to the names of the lecturers employed by the several county councils, and some of them have favoured us ■with details as to their method of procedure • doubtless, other communications will reach us, and will enable us to give hereafter a general statement on the subject. Meanwhile, the names of the lecturers, so far as we have received them, furnish an ample guarantee that lectures on practical gardening, with appropriate demon- strations, are not going to be the useless things that some 'people fear. Mistakes are sure to be committed in a scheme so suddenly brought into practice, but one potent means of avoiding them is to collect and compare infor- mation in the way we propose to do. We noticed in the Gardening World a paragraph to the effect that there was a proposal to form an association of the lecturers to consider these very points. If suoh an association be founded, we shall be pleased to be of service to it, and to promote the cause so far as we are able. All this time we are keeping Sir Abthdb Gbant waiting, so we will at once step aside, and make room for the orator of the evening. Sir Abthhr, after a few preliminary remarks, said what he wanted to talk about was the advantages of gardening as a profession to young men rather than about any other point. The prospects of a young man as a clerk were poor in comparison to those who stack to the country and to gardening. Gardening demanded qnite as much education to do it properly as many indoor occupations. It at least developed a young fellow physically a great deal more than any indoor occupations, and it demanded quite as much accuracy of observation. It was absolutely necessary that he should do his work truly and thoroughly. They could scamp a good deal in building, and in nearly every trade, but if they tried to scamp gardening, in a very few months they would be convicted— they might be sure their sins would find them out. Gardening demanded moreobservation than almost any science or any occu- pation. It demanded exercis3 of memory, and it was necessary they should have a good deal of the spirit of order in their minds; and, above all things, they must have their heart in their work, if they wanted to get on as gardeners. In fact, as Napoleon said of the art of war— a very different art indeed— the whole thing was just this — being able to do the right thing at the right time, and at the right place. Indi- vidual results would not, he dared to say, be always brilliant. It was not given to many men to become Sir Joseph Paxton, one who started from the very smallest beginning, and won a world-wide fame. Not many young men could hope to do that. There were not many great prizes, except to a very few, but the gardener had at least a pleasant outdoor life— a life which could teach him more almost than any other, and he would, even if he had not much money himself, have daily a share of the greatest and purest pleasures which were purchaseable by money, and that was, actually living among the beautiful sights, and colours, and arrangements of the garden. Touching on the prospects of a gardener, Sir Aethuh gave two instances of the success of young men trained at Monymusk House. One was now employed in India in one of those societies for acclimatising different plants, and trying their scien- tific and mercantile value, and his salary was £250. The other was engaged in China in the same wa}-, and was soon to go to India ; there he was to get £500 per annum. He gave these examples of Scotch boys, born quite close to Aberdeen, growing up, educated, and taking up an outdoor life, and doing as well in that situation as they could possibly hope to have done in many of those indoor employments to which so many young men rushed. He would furthermore say that, besides these two, which were rather good successes in life, a good many had gone from them to America, where there was a great demand for young men who were capable gardeners. They knew that wealth was increasing in America to an enormous extent ; and with wealth comes the desire of pleasure, and, to a certain extent, what they would almost call luxury, and there were more situations vacant for young men as gardeners than there were gardeners to fill them in the Eastern States, and where there was a great opening for men to get salaries ranging from £120 to £150 per annum. He had been asked whether he had any idea to give them as to how they could improve their Society. The only thiag that he could say was to increase the scope of the SMiety, to try and give it a wider range of interest, and he would suggest that they should do more to try to get not only gardeners but also the numberless people who are connected with forestry, directly or indirectly, whether in growing a cutting or owning the great plantations which adorned Aberdeenshire. He himself took an hereditary interest in forestry, because it was a Grant of Monymusk who first began to plant on a large scale in this country at all, and when his ancestors first went to Monymusk there were only four or five trees, the fruit which was grown on them being chiefly Highlanders who had been strung up by the ecruff of the neck. In that valley now there were millions of trees. He would also hope that before long, now that there was talk about uni- versity extension, they would have under that ex- tension all the accessories necessary to the proper study of botany ; and he hoped that the intimacy, if he might so express it, which existed between the chair of botany, which was shown by the presence of Professor Teail, and the Society would ever continue and increase. He saw in Aberdeen a great many societies of a kindred nature, and he might almost say, hundreds of small clubs or societies for garden- ing purposes in the county of Aberdeen. He should like, if it was possible, if they could not combine, that, at all events, they might correspond a great deal more than they did, and, by doing so, they would avoid a great deal of friction, and be able to do what they did a great deal more cheaply, and increase the scope of their powers. Professor Trail was then called upon to speak. The advice given by Sir Aethub to young men to look to gardening for work, instead of crowd- ing the so-called more genteel professions — which he denied were more genteel — was most excellent advice, and if people would only recognise that work well done in any line that was honourable, was honourable to the whole community, it would be the best education, it seemed to him, that could be given. Many were much more capable of hand work than of head work, if they could only recognise it. AVhen one looked at what horticulture, properly understood, meant, they would see that it was very far from being merely hand work, but that it required to be successfully prosecuted, a clear appre- hension, and that meant head work of the best and most honourable kind. There was no study that was more enjoyable in every way. As regards the part that the University could play in assisting the work of the Association, he did not need to say that It would be most willingly done, so far as it was in the power of the University ; and he thought he could speak for others as well as himself. The University should be fully equipped in all that pertained to the study of the natural sciences, and he hoped that the time was not far distant when the study of such practical subjects as arboriculture and horticulture would find a place in their university as well as elsewhere. The imports into this country of from the Cape. ^''"'*^ ^}^^ vegetables from foreign countries, and from our colonies and " possessions," is increasing year by year, and soon there will be no period in the year when fresh fruits and vegetables will be found wanting in our markets. There are heavy supplies from the Canary Islands, from Italy — widely apart localities ; from the Mediterranean shores, Por- tugal, Spain, and now the Cape of Good Hope has shown what may be expected from that quarter of the globe, for an attempt is being made in the early months of this year to import into this country the fruits of the Cape Colony and Natal in a marketable con- dition. The Cape summer, as will be remem- bered, is at its height when winter arrests all growth in this country ; fruit can, therefore, be obtained in abundance from the Cape when most wanted here. Apricots, Peaches, Necta- rines, Grapes, Apples, Pine-apples, and Grana- Mabch 5, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 305 dillas have already arrived in good condition, and other fruits, we are informed, will follow in their train. The cool chambers of the rapid ocean- steamers have rendered this possible, the transit being accomplished in from fifteen to on the way here, and the first cargo may be expected in about four weeks' time. It behoves producers in the various exporting countries to see that they do not overlap each other — to note their most successful products— those making or retard growth in certain cases, will have care- fully to watch the products with which they may have to compete. The latest thing in imports is Tea from Natal, a consignment of which was offered at Mincing Tig. 43. — watsonia isidifolta vab. o'brieni : flowebs ruiiE white; AND NATIVE WILD PLANTS. nineteen days. In the present month, and in April and May, weekly shipments of the above- mentioned fruit?, as well as other kind?, may be expect .-d. As already stated, Tasmanian fruits are now the best^piices on this market, otherwise they may only contribute to the production of a glut, by which the consumer only can benefit. Doubt- less, things will settle themselves comfortably by-and-by ; growers at home, who can forward Lane on Monday. Some 50,000 lb. were put up, but it is stated that the price obtained was not quite satisfactory to the importers. The culti- \ation of Tea is not a new thing in Natal, but it would appear that the local demand has for some J ears swallowed up the amount put upon the market; now, however, that the Coffee crop is threatened, the growing of Tea has received a fillip, one result of which we have just recorded. Doubtless the present market experience will induce greater atten'.ion to plant, growth, and manufacture. Watsonia iridifolia var. O'Brieni.— An attractive border in St. George's Park, Port Eliza- beth, was one which was filled with native or wild Mowers, and backed with the beautiful new white Watsonia (see fig. 43). This plant was raised here, and a few corms were sent to Mr. O'Beien and to Kew. Mr. N. E. Brown described it in the Gardeners' Chronicle for October 3, 1891, and Mr. O'Beien obtained a Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society for blooms exhibited. We Port Elizabethans think, that as Mr. O'Bhien has so many ways open to him to gain immortality, he might have given poor Port Elizabeth the only chance that was open to immortalise herself, and called it the Port Eliza- beth Pearl, the Pride of Algoa Bay, St. George's Beauty, or something similar. It is a superb plant, growing and flowering splendidly. The first flowers to open in this interesting collection of spring flowers (our spring being your autumn) were those of the exquisite Hypoxis stellata, flowers which have only to be seen to be remembered ; then a fine variety of Ornithogalum aureum, Ixias in abundance, the beautifully-marked, rich-hued Sparaxis ; the fragrant and favourite Gladiolus grandis, the lovely Hebea Gladiolus species, with colours varying from rich purple to ivory-white ; the floriferoua and 306 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [MAEca 5, 1892. cream-coloured Gladiolus Milleri, described by Mr. Beown in the Gardeners' Chronicle for October 3, 1891. This year the veldt is covered in places with G. Milleri, of a different colour. Lemon and white- coloured Ornithogalum, Hajmanthus, Veltheimias, Crinume, and Watsonias are included in this charming collection of wild flowers from off the veldt. These instead of wasting their fragrance in the desert air, have gained the appreciation of the visitors to the many parks, and of the tourists, who only make a brief stay here, and could not otherwise see the things of beauty which are scattered here and there in out-of-the-way places, in the kloofs and valleys, on the hills, and in the open veldt of this, at first sight, barren, dusty, and uninteresting district. Royal Horticultural Society.— On Tues- day, March 8, a paper on " Plants for House Decora- tion," by Mr. John Wills, will be read at the Fruit and Floral Meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society, in the Drill Hall, James Street, Victoria Street, Westminster. The Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— The com- mittee met on the 26th ult. for the first time since the annual meeting, and unanimously re-elected Mr. W. Marshall to the office of chairman. The follow- ing gentlemen weie elected local secretaries for the ensuing year, viz. ; — R. Bell, Esq., Tyrone, for Ulster ; Mr. George Cooper, Kirkstall, for Leeds and district ; Mr. F. CoUyer, for Ilkley, Yorks ; Mr. Malcolm Dunn and Mr. Matthew Todd, for Edinburgh ; Mr. Fairgrieve, for Dunkeld ; Mr. Goldsmith, High Trees, for Redhill, Surrey ; Mr. Hussey, Clive House, for Esher, Surrey ; Mr. J. B. Stevenson, for Bournemouth ; Mr. J. Lyne, for Chislehurst, Kent; and Mr. Upjohn, Worsley Hall, for Manchester. The following gentlemen who retire were accorded a hearty vote of thanks for their past services: — Mr. Furze, Mr. Ellicott, Mr. Frankland, Mr. Lumsden, Mr. F. Ross, and Mr. L. Castle. The following special receipts were an- nounced as having been received during the month . — Manchester Gardeners' Improvement Society, £5 . Reading Gardeners' Improvement Society, £2 2s. ; Mr. J. Thomson, Hawkhurst, £1 Is. ; and Mr. M. Dunn, £1 Is. The sum of £1000 was authorised to be invested ; and guardians were appointed for the eleven children who were elected at the annual meeting. LiNNEAN Society.— At the meeting held on Thursday, February 18, Prof. Stewart, President, in the chair, Mr. Stanley Edwards was admitted, and Messrs. C. Chilton, F. A. Skuse, and J. Humphreys were elected Fellows of the Society. The President exhibited specimens of Cystoccclia immaculata, an orthopterous insect from Namaqua- land, in which the female is far more conspicuously coloured than the male, which is unusual, and the stridulating apparatus of the male differ in certain important details from that of other species. A discussion followed on stridulation in insects and the various modes of producing it, in which Messrs. C. Breeze, E. M. Holmes, and B. Daydon .Jackson, took part. A paper by Professor Groom was then read " On Bud Protection in Dicotyledons," and, in his unavoidable absence, the author's views were expounded by Mr. B. Daydon Jackson. Mr. W, T. Thiselton-Dyer, F.R.S., communicated a paper by Herr F. Stephani, entitled "A Revision of Colenso'a New Zealand Ilepaticic." The Shropshire Horticultural Society' — The schedule of the great annual horticultural exhibition at Shrewsbury, in August next, is most comprehensive in the way it gives encouragement to horticulture, both in the number of its classes and in liberal prizes. Good prizes will be awarded to plants in the various classes, especially for groups of stove and greenhouse subjects and groups of Orchids. Fruit will be well premiated ; especially liberal are the prizes for collections, and in the Grape classes. Vegetables are by no means left out. Excellent extra prizes are oifered by some of the leading seed firms. Over 160 prizes are also offered for cottagers' productions. Nearly £600 in cash prizes will be expended, together with certain silver medals. The Dates of Rose Shows in i892.— Mr. Edwaed Mawley, Rosebank, Berkhamsted, Herts, has kindly communicated to us the following list of Rose shows for the coming season : — June 21 (Tuesday).— Westminster (N.R.S). „ 29 (Wednesday).— Brighton (two days), Ips- wich, and Windsor. „ 30 (Thursday).— Canterbury, Eltham, Far- ningham, and Winchester. July 2 (Saturday).— Crystal Palace (N.R.S.). „ 5 (Tuesday). — Gloucester, and Sutton. „ 6 (Wednesday). — Croydon, and Hitchin. „ 7 (Thursday).- Bath, Lee (two days), Nor- wich, and Woodbridge. „ 9 (Saturday). — Reigate. „ 12 (Tuesday). — Hereford, and Wolverhampton (three days). „ 11 (Thursday).— Chester (N.R.S.), and Helens- burgh. „ 21 (Thursday). — Trentham, and Worksop. „ 23 (Saturday).— Bedale. „ 28 (Thursday).— Southwell. „ 30 (Saturday).— Ripley. We shall be glad to receive the dates of other Rose shows for insertion in the next list, which will appear early next mouth. The " Gardeners' Magazine," has issued its two thousandth weekly number, and worthily cele- brates the occasion. The Gardeners' Maga::iiie is the direct lineal descendant of Harrison's Floricul- tiiral Cabinet, a monthly periodical, which first appeared on March 1, 1833. This was carried on till the end of 1859, when the title of the journal was altered to that of the Gardeners' Weekly Maga:ine and Floririiltnral Cabinet, the periods of publication being altered accordingly. In 1861, the late Mr. Shirley Hibbehd became its Editor; but it was not till 1865 that the paper assumed the form'and title it now bears. In 1890, Mr. Hibbehd sacrificed his life to the cause of the Chrysanthemum, and since that time the paper has been edited with great freshness, vigour, and ability by Mr. George Gordon, who had been the associate of Hibbebd for twenty-two years, and to whom we tender our hearty congratu- lations. In an article entitled, " Sixty Years of Horticulture," Mr. Gordon traverses much the same ground that we had occasion to" do last year. Inci- dentally, he remarks that the first Pine-apple was fruited in England in 1719 at Richmond ; but the generally- accepted version is that John Rose was the first to accomplish the feat, at Downey Court, Buckinghamshire, and that he there presented the fruit to CiiAKLE.s II. There is, or was, an oil paint- ing at Keusiogton Palace representing Rose making the act of presentation. Of this picture there was a water-colour copy on a small scale, in the posses- sion of the Royal Horticultural Society. Wo fear that in the removal from Kensington this was lost ; at any rate, we have not heard of its recovery. Cultural Analogies.— In a sermon preached at Sandringham before the Prince and Princess of Wales by Canon Flehino, on the occasion of the death of the Duke of Clarence and Avondale, the preacher had recourse to an analogy. This is so common and so effective a practice, that it would not have attracted attention had it not been for the circumstance that the Canon, with a laudable desire to disclaim originality and to acknowledge the sources of his information, has inserted a slip to the effect that the illustration in question " is not his own, nor docs he know where he has read it." The illustration reads thus: — "It is said that when skilled gardeners would bring a very choice plant to richest flowering, they deprive it of light and moisture. Silent and lonely it stands, dropping one faded leaf after ancther, seeming to go patiently down to death. But when every leaf is dropped, and the plant stands stripped, a new life is working in the bud that lies under (?) every falling leaf [and] from which shall spring forth a richer foliage and a brighter wealth of flowers." What the Canon or his informant can have meant, we are at a loss to conceive. It cannot have been Mushrooms. It is a common practice, it is true, to diminish the amount of water supplied, and to temper the light to which a plant about to flower is exposed, and it is still more common to carry the privation of light and moisture still further after the period of flowering, so as to give the plant a rest. But this does not apply to very choice plants only, and very choice plants are not more silent than others. Can the preacher have had in his mind some distorted account of the production of white Lilac at this season of the year, by forcing the purple one in diffused light or even in darkness, and at high tem- perature ? Contrary to what was at one time sup- posed, neither the diminution of the light nor the increase in the temperature is absolutely necessary, but in whatever manner produced, the phenomenon is striking enough to serve the purpose of a preacher. "The American Agriculturist." — What an epidemic of jubilees and celebrations ! In addition to those before-mentioned, we have on our table the semi-centennial issue of the American Agriculturist, Although chiefly devoted to agricul- ture, it contained, under the editorship of our late friend Dr. Thueber, a good deal of horticulture and cultural botany, besides much matter of general interest. The present number contains the usual retrospect fitting to such occasions, and an account of the wonderful development of pomology in the United States ; together with portraits ot our late friend — an old man eloquent indeed — Marshall Wilder, and of the present respected President of the American Pomological Society, Mr. P. J. Berckjians. Chrysanthemums. — According to Mr. Conder, cited in Garden and Forest, the Japanese cite 269 colour varieties of the Chrysanthemum, of which sixty-three are yellow, eighty-seven white, thirty- two purple, thirty red, thirty-one pale pink, twelve russet, and fourteen of mixed colours. A fancy prevails in the country that in this flower the same tint is never exactly reproduced, and that in this it resembles the endless variety of the human countenance. "The English Flower Garden."— a new edition of this useful book is in the press. Artificial Colouring for Real Flowers. — We have already called attention to some artifi- cially-coloured Carnations which have been sub- mitted to us. When the green Carnations were subjected to chemical examination, it was dis- covered that the tint had been produced by steeping the stems of the freshly-cut flowers in a certain colouring-matter, which, by reason of capillary attraction, ascended the stem, and permeated every little vein in the blossom, when it became oxidised, owing to contact with the atmosphere. The colour lasts for a long time, and is not injurious to the health of any person using it. Here is the story of the discovery of this curious property of absorbing pigment possessed by flowers : — It seems that one day, some women employed in the manufacture of artificial flowers, poured by accident into a pot, wherein stood white " Pinks " and Carnations, a little of the colour that they were using, and in an hour or two they noticed that the flowers had turned a green shade. Mons. Giraud has been following up this discovery, but so far has only been able to obtain green, violet, and pink. Green is produced by a bright green, or " tetrae ; " the others — violet, or by methyl- violet, or Paris-violet; pink by fuchsine, or hydroohlorate of rosaniline. A greenish-blue has also been produced by using " tetrae." The Parisian press hints that the traditional bridal orange- flowers can now be obtained of a delicate violet, suitable for ladies entering for a second time into the holy estate of matrimony. It will be remem- bered that the so-called discovery is by no means Mabch 5, 1892.] THE GA RDENE R S' CHI? ONI CL E. 307 new. Many well remember the banch of "white" Liliea showa some years ago at South Kensington, delicately tinted in various hues. The Loss of Nitrogen durinq the De- composition OF Manures, ano How to Prevent it. — According to Vo.v Krause {Journal ftir Landwirthschaft, xxxviii., p. 1), superphosphate is an excellent preservative for manure, and is preferable to superphosphate-gypsum, owing to the greater amount of soluble phosphates it contains. In a recent paper by J. H. Vooel, which may be consulted in Biedermann's Central-blait, xx., 562 — 56i, the author refutes these views of Von Krause. Small losses of soluble salts cannot be avoided with farmyard manure. The loss of phosphoric acid is, however, slight, but may be considerable if super- phosphate is added to it — so much so, that any beneficial action of the superphosphate is more than cancelled. The very favourable effect of phosphoric acid in preserving manure is due, in the first place, to its power of so changing the fermentation that no free nitrogen, or but very little, is formed. The liberation of nitrogen was shown by Dietsell to be promoted not only by phosphoric acid soluble in water, but also by phos- phoric acid soluble in citrate ; and Vogel has already proposed using a preparation which contains, besides calcium and magnesium sulphates, also a large amount of phosphoric acid soluble in citrate. The loss of free nitrogen when gypsum is used alone is in Vocel's opinion, not nearly so great as the advan- tage which follows from the fixation of the ammonia. Diagrams of Wild Flowers.— The Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge is issuing a series of coloured diagrams illustrative of the structure of various common plants. The figures are accurate and the details correct, but the size is so small that the drawings could not be seen at a distance, and hence are unsuitable for lecture-rooms, though very serviceable for small- class teaching. World's Fair Notes.— The Horticultural Department of the Exposition is planning to have a magnificent Eose-garden, in which will be fully 50,000 plants, besides large groups in special areas. The garden will be of classic design, with temples, arbours, archways, and trellises. The Department of Horticulture of the World's Columbian Exposition desires to obtain fine specimens of various plants, such as Palms, Drac;EnaB, Yuccas, Agaves, Cycads, Bamboos, Tree Ferns, Cacti, and other ornamental genera and species. Only finely-developed specimens are sought, and they must be established in boxes, tubs, or pots, or in such a manner as to insure their growth acd convenience for transportation. The Department wishes to know if such plants will be donated, loaned, or exhibited by the owner, or whether they can be bought, and at what price. Addrtss, John Thorpe, Chief, Bureau of Floriculture ; or, J. M. Samuels, Chief, Department of Horticulture. Importation of Plants, etc , to Mexico. — In the Customs' regulations, which came into force on November 1 last year in the Republic of Mexico, it is stated that the following articles are admitted duty free; — Living plants, garden seeds, agricultural seeds, when these have the special per- mission of the Minister of Finance ; moss and natural flowers. Duty is to be paid as follows :^ Dried fruits, 010 pesos ; fruit preserved in their own juice, in sugar and in spirits, 0 7.5 pesos; fruit in salt water, 0 0(5 pesos ; and fresh fruit, culinary vegetables, and tubers which are not in any other manner charged duty 0 02 pesos per kilogramme. Education. — The enclosed extract from an auction catalogue seems to show that horticultural education is deficient somewhere:—" 11X10 first-class greenhouse and other plants, comprising Orchids of the following varieties: Cattylas, cvmbediums, saccolabecums, loebias, lycaater, masdarallia, vandas, dendrobiums, odontoglossums, oxiogjues, and brassia ; stove and greenhouse plants, viz , camelias, tree palms and tree fern, lemon, azaleas, eucharis, ■tepfaanotis, cactaaea, heliotropes, aurium, lilies. Jerusalem thorna, passion plants, saclements, bago- niums, bagonias, gloxcenias (extra variety), eucaa lilies, imantophyllums, valettaa, epiphylluma, aspa- ragua, allamanda, richardia, plumbago pandamus, potted rose treea, variety of fuschias, geraniums, creepers (gold and silver), maiden hair, and other ferns. CattLEYA L^B\^T^.—TheJournaldes Orchidics contains an account of the reintroduction of this plant as efl'ectcd by the Horticulture Internationale. M. L. Linden's account of the inspection of a paint- ing in the Paris Exhibition of 1889, which induced him eventually to despatch M. Bungerotu to Per- nambuco in search of it, reminds us of the picture of Nepenthes Northiana, which led Messrs. Veitch to institute the similar successful quest for the Queen of the Nepenthes. BuNrjERoxH stated that " no rain had fallen in the district for more than ten years," the sole supply of moisture being furnished by the heavy dews, a statement confirmed by M. Claes, who is, or was, till recently collecting in the same region. A Gardening Paper for Queensland.— The latest addition to local journalism is the organ of the Horticultural Society of Queensland, the first number of which has just reached us. The Queensland Horticulturist, edited by Mr. W. Soutteb, the well-known Curator of the Acclimatisation Gardens, contains sixteen pages, about quarto-demy size, and the first issue includes a number of inte- resting articles on subjects likely to be of interest to amateur gardeners. We have also to acknowledge receipt of the oSicial report of the proceedings at the conference held in Sydney in June last, to discuss the subject of rust in Wheat. The docu- ment contains details of experiments carried out in Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, and Victoria, and is replete with information which might be studied with advantage by Wheat-growers — both those who are already established in the industry, and those who contemplate embarking in it. Primula sinensis.— We have received from Messrs. Veitch &, Sons, Chelsea, a lot of fine blooms of Primula sinensis, which leave nothing to be desired on the score of beauty of colour and sym- metry, some being semi-double. Kent County Chrysanthemum Society.— The members of this Society held their fourth annual dinner at the Bridge House Hotel, London Bridge, on Wednesday evening last. In the un- avoidable absence of the President, Mr. Stevens, the Chairman of the Committee, occupied the Chair, and Mr. T.W. Sanders, Editor of Amateur Gardenin,/, the Vice-chair. About eighty members and friends were present, and during the course of the evening the Chairman, on behalf of the Society, presented Mr. H. A. Neels, the ex-secretaiy, with a silver tea-service, in recrgnition of his past valuable services. After the customary loyal and other toasts, the " Horticultural Press " was proposed and drunk, and Mr. J. Wright and Mr. G. Gordon responded. A capital musical entertainment enlivened the proceedings, and a very pleasant evening waa spent. Mr. H. J. Jones. iiyecroft Nursery, Lewisham, is the hon. secretary. Publications Received. — Eeport on the Agri- cultural Work ill the Botanical Gardens, British Guiana. (C. K. Jardine, Georgetown, Demerara.) Nursery Notes. ORCHIDS AT MESSRS. SEEGER & TROPPS. In the neat little Orchid establishment at 112, Lordship Lane, East Dulwich, there is a very extensive collection of Masdevallias, and many inter- estirt; botanical Orchids, together with representa- tives'of all the showy sppcies of Orchids, and a very valuable series of rare white forms of them, among which we noted the large snow-white Sobralia macrantha Kienastiana, the equally pure L.-elia Perrinii alba, Seeger'g variety, and the fine Cattleja intermedia Parthenia. In bloom were lome Phal«- nopsis Schilleriana, P. denticulata, and P. Stuartiana, Oncidium cheirophorum, with ten spikes ; several good 0. Forbesii, Cypripedium Seegerianum X, C. Laforcadiix, C. calophyllum, C. Harrisianum su- perbum, and many distinct forms of C. iusigue. Also Masdevallia chelsoniX.M. Schroderiana, and other species and varieties of Masdevallia ; Sacco- labium bellinum, Cirrhopetalum chinense, Vanda Amesiana, &c., and in bud several Angrcecum aes- quipedale, which, like the fine batch cf Vanda suavis and tricolor, seem to thrive remarkably well here. Dendrouiums at M«. James Cipher's Nubserv. The Queen's Road Nurseries, Cheltenham, have a name for the excellent culture of Orchids generally, and especially Dendrobiums, on which the growth is marvellous; and among those now in bloom are several of Dendrobium Phalsenopsia Schroderianum, D. bigibbum, D. splendidissimum grandiflorum X, D. Leechianumx, D. Ainsworthii X, all very closely related, but distinct in degree ; D. Cassiope X , D. Jamesianum, D. Findlayanum, several varieties of D. aureum (heterocarpum), many D. nobile, one of the best being D. n, aplendena ; and the neat little D. crepidatum. Orchids and Lilies at Twickenham. Mr. H. A.Tracy, in his Orchid and Lily establish- ment, well maintains its character for healthy stock, supplied at a cheap rate. The Cypripediums have been making a fine show there all through the past winter, and at present a few of the newer hybrids are in bloom. A fine strain of Dendrobium Wardianum also gives some exceptionally good forms ; the Cattleya Trianies have some very richly-coloured varieties ; and Cattleya Percivaliana, Lycaste Skin- neri, varieties of Calogyne cristata and other Ca;logynes, Odontoglossums, and many varieties of Dendrobium nobile are in flower in quantity. The forced Lilies in the large house are coming on well ; and among Orchid sundries may be noted a good sample of Orchid peat, a thing not easy to obtain in these days. Foreign Gorr|8pondence. A METHOD OF UNDERGROUND WATERING OF CROPS, &c. A person I know here (who makes his own gardening implements), has invented a contrivance by which he manages to supply his fruit trees under- ground with a copious supply of liquid-manure, which— 1, Prevents any waste of liquid-manure; 2, obviates the necessity of waiting for rain to moisten the top soil ; 3, which reaches the roots about 3 inches below the surface, filtering among the root-fibres direct ; 4, the surface-ground is kept parched, and weeds cannot thrive ; 5, crops of fruit and vegetables are watered by the same contrivance ; 6, watering can take place during the full blaze of the sun at mid-day without any fear of blistering the crops ; 8, the crops never get soiled, and it is best for plants to be watered when the ground is very hot. It is most expeditious and effectual; delcges of clear water can be supplied underground, and as the parched surface does not imbibe it, I need hardly point out that weeds are most successfully kept under, and the crops, whatever they may be, exceptionally fine and healthy. It is not an expen- sive contrivance, and I am much taken with it. Gisors. [See under "Notices to Correspondents. '] AN AMATEUR'S EXPERIENCES WITH ORCHIDS. Have you a corner to spare for a poor amateur gardener, who has for the last seven years been trying to grow the more common and inexpensive Orchids, looking to the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle week by week for instruction. My first duty is to tender you my thanks for the numerous benefits 1 have received, and am receiving, from you and your correspondents ; but it is when doctors differ that I am perplexed. For instance, Mr. Burberry (and everyone knows that a higher authority could not be found) discourages the use of manure- water, which other growers have held beneficial. I was led to adopt it from consideiing, that under the 308 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 5, 1892. conditions of Nature excrement of birds and dead insects must find lodging on the trees which are the homes of the plants, and these must be constantly washed down the trunks by the tropical rains, and nutrition from them might be absorbed by the spreading roots of the Orchids. Acting on this idea, I have dipped, perhaps once a week in the growing season, the block on which is a nice plant of Cattleya citrina in weak guano-water, with the result that the new bulbs have increased almost to normal size again, whereas previously they had become smaller and smaller as time went on. I shall therefore be very reluctant to abandon this practice. Again, there seem? a dispute among growers in respect of pruning away the old bulbs of Den- drobiums. I have alwajs regarded the old pseudo- bulbs of all Orchids as reservoirs of nourishment on which the rapidJy-growing new bulbs of each year could draw, and have therefore carefully preserved them, never cutting off the bulbs with the flowers, and never pruning oS old bulbs till completely withered. It would be good news if one could really believe that these flowering bulbs could be bodily removed without damage to the plant. List year, the writer on Orchids in " The Week's Work" recommended a period of drought for Odon- toglossum grande, and I acted on it, contrary to my previous practice, which had been to keep this and other Odontoglots moderately moist throughout the year. I still believe, from observation, that the plant on which I tried it suBFered by producing a rather weaker growth than usual when it started. Of course, I know that generalisation from one par- ticular is alwajs fallacious, and that is why the amateur wants safe guidance, as he has not dozens of a species to experiment on. As to the temperature in which special plants are to be grown, we find again most opposite views expressed, the tendency on the whole being towards cooler treatment, but I confess I was startled when a week or two back I found E. vitellinum majus spoken of as the coolest of cool Orchids, ily ex- perience of it in a warm house has not been satisfactory, and I shall now try the treatment recommended. In connection with the same note I may say, I have grown Odontoglosaum Rossi majus in an intermediate temperature, where it has grown and flowered very well, while side by side with it 0. crispum all but perished. May I add to this already long letter one or two luutions which I needed, and suffered from want of? There is an abominable white scale, possibly that known as " stock seed," which infests the pseudo- bulbs of some Cattleyas, getting under the sheaths and 80 escaping detection. It aUo forms a colony in the axils of the leaves, where for a time it gets overlooked, but the efl'ect, if neglected long, is the destruction by decay of the base of the leaf, which falls off, the decay often spreading to the pseudobulb itself. Again, we often see it stated that many Orchids when in bloom may be transferred to the house for decorative purposes. Four years ago, during the Christmas holidays, I transferred two lovely plants in full bloom — an Odontoglosaum grande and a Ljcaste Skinneri — to the drawing room. After a very few days the flowers went ofi' (those of Lycaste Skinneri should have lasted a month or more) in a most disappointing way, and t!ie plants were sent back to the greenhouse. Little did I know the mischief which had been done, but it was only after three seasons' growth that these plants again formed flowers. My readers will probably say gas, but the room has never in my time had a gas-burner in it, but It was gas, nevertheless. An escape of gas was going on into the ceiling of the room below, and slowly filtering through the boards of the room in which the plants were placed. I can, at any rate, imagine no other cause for the calamity, though the quantity was so small that the escape was only suspected at the time, anj was with great diflSculty traced a week afterwards. I must, however, be furnished with electric light throughout before I shall again venture to introduce flowering Orchids into my rooms. L. C, Bii-ghy, Trees and Shrubs. CARPENTERIA CALIFORNICA. This is another evergreen that deserves to be grown more extensively against walls having a south or west aspect in the southern and western counties of England and Ireland than it appears to be at present. It produces Chimonanthus-like foliage, and white flowers with yellow stamens, which are very fragrant. Chancellor Sivayne has a nice plant of this somewhat rare evergreen growing against a south wall, and covering a space of about 5 feet by 4 feet, and which with him it has proved quite hardy. In the herbaceous borders, which contain an exten- sive and choice collection of hardy perennials, there is a good display of the white and purple-flowered Helleborua, both plants and flowers being large and of good substance. Chancellor Swayne is of opinion that these popular and very useful winter-flowering plants do best in the shade, and in a uniformly moist soil. Several rare varieties of the Crocus and Snow- drop (Galanthus) are very telling in effect just now. These latter include G. Elwesii, G. plicatus, G. imperialis, and G. Snowflake; whilst on a shelf in the greenhouse"] are flowering the pretty little Nar- cissus corbularia alba, N. cyclaminius, and Iris caucasica, with its silver-margined foliage and pretty primrose-coloured flowers. H. W. W. EvEEGBEEN ELa:AGNUS. The evergreen Japanese Elseagnua are more appre- ciated at this time of the year than in the summer, when flowering shrubs are generally attractive, but their merits are not so generally recognised as they should be. If planted with discretion, as isolated saecimens on the grass, they present a warm and pleasing appearance all the year round. They are of easy culture, and free-growing, thriving in almost all garden soils, except that which is very damp and heavy. I have seen fine healthy speci- mens with strong shoots, plentifully supplied with foliage, growing in dry, sandy soils. When once ejtablished, they give very little trouble. The only pruning necessary is to cut back the strongest shoots, thereby causing them to grow more evenly. The evergreen Ela;agnu5 are admirably adapted for train- ing against walls, and in such positions are really attractive, particularly when the majority of wall shrubs have lost their leaves. They are perfectly hardy, and can stand drought with impunity. If planted in a southern aspect, the variegation is brought out to a much greater extent, which, in many cases, equals that of Crotons. Those men- tioned below include the most useful kinds. E. glabra is a distinct green-leaved species, and one of the most accommodating shrubs extant. Although it has been known to English gardens some time, it is very scarce. It is of free growth, and flourishes in poor soils, in manj cases where others refuse to grow. It forma a dense bush some o to 6 feet high, plentifully supplied with bright green leaves, 3 to 4 inches long. E. glabra variegata is similar in growth to the species, but the leaves are variegated. It should always be planted where it can get a full share of the sun, and if isolated on the lawn, it is seen to advantage. E. pungens aurca is another useful kind. It is readily recognised from the rest by having rich, golden coloured leaves. It is perhaps the finest ornamental shrub we possess, and being of a hardy nature and easy culture, it commends itself to all lovers of hardy trees and shrubs. There is no subject better suited for lawn specimens than this. If planted in a sunny site, and carefully pruned, its neat golden foliage is very beautiful all through the year. E. macrophylla is a distinct species of great merit, and thoroughly hardy. Its habit of growth ia free, with very handsome leavea, which are bright shining green above, with a silvery whiteness beneath, measuring 4 inches long. E, Simoni is a free and distinct-growing kind, suitable for planting on banks, &c. It has leaves of a light green above, and white on the under surface. Its free habit of growth ought to recommmend it to planters, as it well merits more extended cultiva- tion. There is a variegated form known as E. Simoni tricolor, which is of recent introduction, and not yet very widely distributed, but when it ia better known it will become a general favourite. It ia quite distinct from those hitherto described. The leaves are beautifully marked with a rich sulphur- yellow colour, some having a blotch of yellow in the centre, with a band of green on the outside, whilst others are shaded with soft yellow and pale green ; the under surfaces are covered with rusty- coloured scales. If trained to a south wall, it is very beautiful. Altogether it is a very useful evergreen shrub, and perfectly hardy. E. Frcderici variegata, like the last-named, is very scarce. It is a free grower, and very ornamental. The leaves vary in colour, but are usually of a soft sulphur colour, changing to a milky-white, with a border of green on the outside ; the lower side ia covered with a silvery appearance, which greatly adds to the charms of the plant. Unfortunately, it ia unable to withstand the severity of our winters without protection, but will do against a warm wall ; nevertheless, it is a capital subject for a cool-house, and if grown as a pot-plant, it ia very valuable for decoration. It should be stood in the open air in summer, in a sunny position. The Elseagnua are not difiicult to propagate, for, if pieces of the half-ripened shoots about 3 or 4 inches long are taken o£F in August, with a heel of the old wood attached, and with a sharp knife make a clean cut, they will root in a few weeks. The cuttinga ahould be inserted in light soil, taking care that the base of each is made very firm and the pots plunged in warm cases with a temperature of 60° to 03°. When rooted gradually harden off, and place them in cold frames for the winter ; and in spring they can with safety be planted out in nursery rows, and a watering given occasionally till they have become established. H. FLORISTS' Flowers. CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES FROM SEED. The hybridisation of Carnations and Picoteea and saving the seeds is a simple enough process, but the amateur who intends to take up this work ahould obtain the very best varietiea in cultivation, aa it would not be worth while to begin with inferior varietiea. I have raised many thousands of seedlings, and get most gratification from the work by taking one or two classes or sections only in a season. Say, for instance, the cultivator determines to obtain seedlings from the Scarlet Bizarre : select in this case good healthy plants of, say. Admiral Curzon and Robert Houlgrave. Place a few plants of each variety together in an airy greenhouse, and if the flowers can be induced to open earlier than usual, all the better ; allow every flower and bud to remain, and as the flowers open they may be fertilised both ways. It is not necessaiy to remove the pollen from the seed-bearer, as the flowers are rarely self- fertilised. The two horn-!ike processes in the centre of the flower, and attached to the top of the seed-pod, are the points to which the pollen must be applied; this has to be sought for underneath the petals. The pollen-cases are attached to slender thread-like filaments, and when the pollen is in a state of powder, transfer it with a small brush to the afore- said stigmatic part of the flower. If the pollen has been effective, the petals will begin to droop in about twenty-four hours, and when they are quite dead, pull them out carefully, leaving the stigma in its two divisions, for these stand out fresh and sound long after the petals collapse. About the end of September the seeds ripen, the pods become brownish, and open at the ends. The seeds are usually black, but sometimes a pod of seeds will be entirely cream-coloured, but they vegetate as freely as the others. The pods should be gathered, and a label placed with each, recording its parentage. Lay them out on clean paper in a room to dry, and the seed can be placed in packets of paper until it is time to sow it. I ought to add, that the process of Maech 5, 1892.] TEE GARDENEB8' CHBONIGLE. 309 hybridising siiould go on until the flowers fade ; and it should be performed daily about noon. The pollen will sometimes be found wet and clammy, but in this state it cannot be used. It mast always be taken when in the powder form. Carnation and Picotee seeds can seldom be ob- tained out-of-doors ; the pods mostly rot in the autumn before the seeds ripen. Even under glass a good pod of seeds will decay at the base, and rot before the seeds are ripe. As a preventive of decay, split the calyx down at two or three places ; this process will allow any moisture to escape, and admit air to dry the base of the bulbs. Amateurs must be very watchful over these small details. I crossed pure white flowers, with the merest margin of purple colour on the petals, and obtained many deep purple selfs ; one is now in cultivation under the name of Purple Emperor. I believe it is the best purple Carnation. From crosses of yellow Picotees, I obtained rose of various shades, scarlet, and maroon selfs. Two of them obtained tirst-class certificates under the names of Ruby and King of Scarlets. One grower saved seeds from a yellow self, Pride of Penshurst, and raised some hundreds of seedlings, and obtaintd almost every colour but yellow. He had one yellow variety only, but it was worthless. Sometimes an improvement on both parents is obtained, but we have to wait and watch for this. J. Douglas, CHRTSANTUEMnM GOLDEJf GeM. I received this from Mr. Owen, Maidenhead, last spring as a useful late- flowering yellow variety, and it has fully borne out its character, retaining its flowers in good condition until January 11. It is also one of the best varieties for compactness of growth. My plants, which were in 10 inch pots, were only 16 inches high. If grown in the natural manner without disbudding 1 consider it without a rival for conservatory decoration, and providing flowers for cutting purposes at the end of the season. But it is not likely to please those who only require monster blooms for exhibition purposes. W. H, Livirs, Home Correspondence. TECHNICAL EDUCATION FOR GARDENERS.— Some of the statements which have lately appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle in connection with the above, clearly show that a few of the craft have sadly neglected to avail themselves of the oppor- tunities within the reach of most for acquiring a knowledge of the dilferent departments of science bearing on horticulture, which renders their opinion of little value in such matters. Surely no man is entitled to give judgment on subjects of which he is utterly ignorant. We usually find those men who are most behind the times in scientific knowledge, strongest in their condemnation of its use, and this is due, perhaps, in part to a certain amount of jealousy, for " hoary ". heads usually exhibit great aversion to being taught anything by youths. Bat be this as it may, there is not the least grounds for doubt regarding the advantages accruing from the acquisition of scientific knowledge ; in fact, unless a gardener makes a study of such subjects as [elementary] chemistry, botany, geology, and scientific agriculture, it is impossible for him to discharge his duties economically and well. By chemistry he is enabled to obtain analyses of soils and plants, but the chemist knows nothing concern- ing the cultivation of plants, or the treatment of the soil on and in which they grow ; then what good could result from his labour, unless the gardener is familiar with this science, and is also able to apply his special knowledge ? I remarked an article of the issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle for Jan. 30, which dealt with fuels, in which the writer alluded to the need of vapour to support combustion. Now, I would like to ask, how long a time has elapsed since the time Bunsen made the discovery that red- hot carbon decomposed water vapour passed over it, and the time when a gardener described the advan- tages derived from the presence of water in the ash- pits of garden furnaces ? Had this gardener not made himself acquainted with chemistry, in all likelihood we should still have been in ignorance of the facts. Any science to be of service to Art, must first be made a subject of study by those whose labours are confined to that branch of Ait, then by them prac- tically applied. Had it not been for the costly experiments conducted and carried on by Sir J. B. Lawes and Dr. Gilbert over a long series of years, we should probably be still in need of trustworthy information bearing on the scientific cultivation of soil. The county councils, then, in fostering a knowledge of the sciences more closely connected with agriculture and horticulture are endeavouring to raise the intelligence alike of the farmer and gardener, so as to enable earh to become a more efficient worker in his respective field. Apart from the power which knowledge gives to its possessor, and which may prove an incentive to some to acquire it, there is the question of how young men in gardens should spend their winter evenings. I suppose those railers at science would say, " Sing, play at cards, attend dances, concerts, and other amusements [Each and all well enough in their way, in moderation. Ed] ; for this is the only way that I have seen young men kill time who did not study. During the last eight years, I have taught some of the young men under me at this place, situated in Yorkshire, either chemistry, botany, or scientific agriculture ; and it speaks well for them, and is encouraging to me, to be able to state that all of them have passed the examinations of the Science and Art Department at South Kensington in all the subjects on which they were examined. I may also add that some of these young gardeners are occupying prominent positions as head gardeners in various parts of the United Kingdom, to their own credit and the satisfaction of their respective employers. Let not young men be dismayed by the disparaging remarks of those who are not initiated in scientific knowledge, but let them look around and see which of those who have once been like them, and who have become conspicuous among their fellows, did not atta'n to thtir present eminence through study and application. Let our young men remember, too, that in spite of the carpings of those who regard practice alone as being proficiency, science will con- tinue to advance, and unless the subjects enumerated are numbered among these attainments, they will, in all probability, have to content themselves with a labourer's work at a labourer's wage. B. C. II. [As all sides have now been heard, we can give no more space to the discussion in spite of the piles of corre- spondence before us still unpublished, but we shall have an opportunity of reverting to the subject later on. Ed ]. PRUNING DENDR0BIUM3. — Your correspondent, " B. P.," asks if I mean what I wrote under the above heading. I recommend that only in which I thoroughly believe. I maintain that the old pseudo- bulbs are natural reservoirs, storing up during the rainy season all that which is necessary for the sus- tenance of the plant during the dry or resting season. In Dendrobium nobile we have an easily-grown Orchid, which makes no great demand on the skill of the cultivator, and which grows and flowers without any strict and long period of rest, which is so neces- sary to those I had in view ; hence the old stored-up juices in the old pseudobulbs are sometimes not made use of. The deciduous species of Dendrobium, as D. Wardianum, D. crassinode, and D. Devonianum, I have actually seen denuded of the whole of their pseudobulbs, only the young growths being left to struggle on as best they could. This is a very erroneous method of treatment. I have also noticed instances of species which flower from the old stems or pseudobulbs that have been cut back very hard. It is quite safe to remove old stems which may have failed to become plump during summer or growing season, and this may occur to those named above when three or four years old, or even older. No admirer of Orchids would consider a well-preserved old pseudobulb unsightly, but quite the reverse. The removal of the flowers with portions of the growth is an injurious practice to advocate generally or without limitation, and would lead to the loss of the plants when much indulged in. H. A, Burberry. 8PARROW3 AND FRUIT-BUDS.— The sparrow now and then has someone to say a good word for him, but I regard him as an unmitigated nuisance, and if 1 had my way with him, I would extirpate him altogether, as the evil and mischief he commits far outbalance any good he does, and I much doubt if the latter ever comes in. If he visits a garden, and there are fruit-bushes, you will find him among them taking out the buds, apparently for amusement, as the greater portion is left on the snow or ground, but he takes a portion— just the tender and tasty middle or embryo blossom and fruit, and discards the other, so that, to appease hia voracious appetite, he will soon strip a tree, and spoil the whole crop. Not content with the buds of the bushes, he visits the Peas, and gives his attention to them as soon as they are through the ground, nibbling oiT the leaves or tops as fast as they grow, till he destroys— if not stopped— or cripples the plants. Later on, when one plants out the young spring Lettuce, at them he goes, and instead of nice thriving plants, you look and find skelttons, with only the ribs, as all else has gone into his maw. Meantime, Gooseberry and Currant bushes must be protected, which may be done by syringing them with moderately thick lime-wash, with a little soot and paraffin added thereto. Bitter Aloes dissolved in water, and mixed with the lime-wash, is first- rate, and a little of that, harmful as it is to the bushes, goes a long way. For protecting Peas, nothing is equal to black-cotton strained along just above the rows in three lines, one over the middle, and the others close to the sides ; and if the cotton is kept supported just clear of the Peas, some 3 inches or so from the ground, no sparrow will venture his precious carcass near more than once. J. Sheppard. FRUIT GROWING IN THE MIDLANDS. — I have read with interest the letters on Afiples that have lately appeared in these pages, and much has been written and said on this subject, but I fear that much still remains to be done before we can produce the large quantities of good Apples required to meet our ever increasing consumption. Tne foreigner seems to have pretty much his own way, and foreign fruit seems always to the fore, and it is always in demand, 80 far as my experience goes. In this part persons who have Apples to dispose of do so at the time of gathering, and even sell them on the trees, being led to do so from fear of their not. keeping in the fi'uit room. It seems to me that is where the mistake lies. If about half-a-dozen really good keeping sorts were planted extensively, and stored well when gathered until they were ripe, they would fetch the best prices. My employer, Mr. H. P. Markham, is an enthusiastic fruit grower, and he has planted largely Apples, Pears, Plums, and Damsons. The Apples for the most part are planted on grass, and the plantations are well sheltered, which is, he thinks, a great consideration, especially as the west winds in autumn would otherwise damage a large amount of our biggest and best fruit. Last year we stored many quarters of really good fruit. Our method of storing is in a large spare cellar under the house, fitted in the usual way with shelving, and the cellar is about 6 feet deep from floor to ground-line, and it is lighted and ventilated by means of windows. Into this place the frost never penetrates, and the air is never quite dry, although it is not too damp for the good keeping of the fruit. But with all this lot of fruit we never sell any, Mr. Markham giving all away to his friends what is not required by his own household. The soil not being all that we could wish for fruit trees (for it is shallow and near the rock), we mulch heavily with good rich manure, and supply copious waterings of liquid manure, both now and throughout the summer. All of our trees are kept pruned, but we cannot get such fine fruit from trees that are pruned with the saw alone as from those which are pruned carefully with the knife or sceuteur. Our trees were planted fifteen to twenty years ago. Win. Cory, Sedqcbrooke. OD0NTOGLOS8UM CRISPUM.— Your correspon- dent " C. H. B." in " Amateur's Notes," of Gar- deners' Chronicle for February 13, in giving his ex- periences of establishing imported Odontoglossuros, advises their being laid on mats in a stove, and syringed three or four times a day. This treatment may be successful under his own personal super- vision, but with the treatment recommended, ninety- nine out of every hundred amateurs would find most of them rotted at the end of a month. Now, as importations of these plants are at the present time rather heavy, and this season of the year is best for getting them established, I would advise those who may intend laying in a quantity to get them as soon as possible ; after looking them over carefully, the old roots should be shortened a little, and the plants laid in boxes on a little damp sphagnum, and placed with a sheet of paper over them in a house which is kept at 50° to 55°. Failing the shading of paper, a mat may be laid on the glass. The stage and under and around the boxes should be kept moist ; at the end of a week take them out of the moss, and carefully rearrange them, and at the end of a month with this kind of treatment they will most likely be started into growth. If so, carefully pot them, the few old roots left holding them firmly in the pots with the aid of some wooden pegs. I have twisted a piece of thin copper wire round the base of the oldest bulb, secured to a piece of wiry peat close to the pseudobulbs, which holds them nicely; keep the plants in the same house, moistening two or three times a week after they begin to root, 310 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [MAHca 6, 1S92. and treating them as one would plants which are established. I have been snccessfal with another mode of treatment : A long narrow pit, with a wall on each side of the path, was filled with clinkers from the garden boilers, the same being so arranged that the surface had a sharp slope towards the walls on each side, and on this was placed a layer, 2 inches thick, of peat, moss, and sand mixed together, and on this were planted the Odonto- glossums, about (1 inches apart. 1 put 440 imported pieces out this way last May, and at the present time we have 402 growing plants, many of them showing flower spikes, and have made growth double the size they usually do in pots — in fact, the growths are more like those of two or three years old. With these plants there are about 600 plants which were growing in pots, but as they did not do satisfactorily I turned them out, with the result that they are now rapidly improving. I would advise anyone having a pit to spare, and growing a quantity of this species of Orchid to try my plan, as I am sure he will be pleased with the result. It is only a tithe of the trouble and labour attached to any other method, W. Stevens, Walton Grange, Stone, Staffs. VICTORIA REGIA. — It may interest some of the readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle, as an indication of the peculiarity of the present season, to hear that I had during four days of the past week a very beautiful, though small flower, of my Victoria Regia in full bloom, accompanied by eight perfect leaves about 30 inches in diameter. The flower opened with its usual delightful perfume, filling my tropical- house, but only reached a diameter of 5 inches ; it remained perfectly white for a couple of days, and then gradually assumed its usual crimson as it approached its end. I have never yet had a bloom of the Victoria Regia later than Christmas Day on the old plants, and the new ones rarely flower till May. In my temperate-house the white and red Lapagerias have been in bloom ever since June last — and in August they were luxuriantly abundant ; the plants will not have been without a few open blooms during the entire twelvemonths. The Japanese Loqnat is also now open with its delicious odour, and forms a pleasant variety with the Camellias and other spring flowers in the conservatory, and the Anthuriums, Cannas, Strelitzias, and other flowers in the tropical-house, A. Dixon, Cherkley Court, Leatlierhcad, ANTHRACITE AS FUEL.— No one that I am ac- quainted with, who has given anthracite coal a trial lor horticultural use, even thinks of using aught else afterwards. This coal possesses decided advantages over any other fuel, when we consider the minimum of labour required in stoking, the extra heat given, the cleanliness in its use, and the perfect freedom from smoke. Of course coke gives no smoke, but it does give off a lot of sulphur, which is most dis- agreeable to the stoker. Another point about anthracite is the small amount of cost incurred in carting as compared with coke, and to many this is a great consideration wlien two tons of anthracite are of more value than three tons of coke. It is argued against the employment of anthracite for horticultural use that more difficulty is found in stoking, but that is not so where a man is up to his work. In the first place, it is necessary to ensure a good draught, which is given by a well-set boiler and a fairly-high chimney ; in our case the latter is about 20 feet high from the junction of the flue to the chimney top. The boiler is a plain saddle, 4 feet long, with a waterway back, one of the best forms of boiler, not only for the burn- ing of anthracite, but for giving heat also. This one boiler works 3000 feet of 4-inch piping, the houses consisting of vineries, stoves. Melon, Cucum- ber-houses, &c., and for the year just past our coal-bill is £52 17s. Od., or, in weight of coal, 61 ton 19 cwt. The method adopted here in stoking is to allow the fire to burn down quite low in the afternoon, which gives an opportunity to clean the bars and corners of the flue connected with the end of the boiler and the water-way back. By this means nothing but clear bright fire is on the bars, an entire absence of ashes or clinkers ; a thorough draught is thus ensured. The coal is broken in size rather larger than a cricket-ball ; the fire is gradually built np until at the last time, say, 9 p m., the inside of the furnace is full of fire and fresh fuel. From the time the bars are cleaned in the afternoon, no more poking of the fire is needed until morning, when, if the weather necessitates, it is cleaned, and the draught regulated accordingly, otherwise the fire is checked until afternoon again. The ashes in the pit are removed daily, the ash-pit is kept damp, a bucket or two of water being placed in this every afternoon. If everyone would adopt this plan, they would find anthracite a boon, not only in giving heat, but in a saving of labour in stoking. Where so many fail is in allowing the fire-bars to be coated con- tinually with clinkers, the flues at the end of the boiler to be choked, and the ash-pit filled with ashes. It is a mistake to break the coal finer than as above- named, for if so done, the fire is inclined to burn dull. Anthracite is a decided boon to those who have boilers too small for the amount of pipes to heat. I know an instance where the boiler was too limited to contain a suflicient quantity of coke to enable the fire to last until morning. A change was made to anthracite, with the result that the fire was always alight in the morning, and the pipes were also warm. Such facts as these prove the advantage of one class of fuel over another. Where people fail in the use of anthracite is by bad stoking, and improperly constructed chimney and flues. E. M. PEAR, BEURRE BALTET PERE.— Much has been written and said of late on the best varieties of Pears to plant, but in no statement on the subject have I seen the above Pear mentioned. As a mid- season variety, it is excellent as supplied to me ; and it succeeds as a cordon or pyramid on the Qiince stock, and is a good hardy, free setting, variety. When fully exposed the fruit is streaked with red, and when ripe it is melting, and of good flavour, and by care it can be preserved till Christmas. The above variety was the only one out of twenty pyramids in a fully exposed row, after the late spring frost of 1891, which set and ripened its fruit, which were in some cases nearly 1 lb. in weight. John Chinnery. SWEET PEAS.— It is known that to secure an early supply of bloom, seeds of Sweet Peas should be sown in pots in February, grown on till the middle of the present month, and then transplanted in the pots just as they are, at 10 inches apart, in some well sheltered spot. Forty such pots would supply a large quantity of flowers. Sow the seed of a first-rate strain, even if the seed be sown thinly. Place them in a cold frame, and shield them from frost. White Sweet Pea flowers are much liked. Mrs. Sankey, one of Mr. Eckford's raising, should be grown— a good thing; in fact, I know of no better. When Sweet Peas are raised in pots and transferred to prepared sets in the open, the leaves at first are tender, and liable to be eaten by slugs, which, however, may be kept away by timely dustings of soot ; some protection is also needed for a time, and there is no better plan than placing a few Spruce boughs around the plants, putting neat stakes to them at the same time. To follow these, there should be a sowing made out in the open in well-prepared trenches, sowing the seed somewhat thickly, and when the plants are about 3 inches high, thinning them out. H. Markham, Mereimrih Castle, Maidstone. A WIDELY TRAVELLED AND USEFUL TIN CAN.— Messrs. Miller, plumbers, Haymarket, EJinburgh, have just repaired for me a tin can which I have carried about with me and used during nearly the whole of the extensive and protracted journeyings performed while employed by the India Office in collecting seeds and plants of various species of quinine-yielding trees (Cinchonas) of South America, together with the India-rubber trees of Central America and Brazil for introduction and cultivation in India. The waters of the river Jumbez, and its tributaries in Northern Peru ; of the rivers Catamayo and Gauyaquil, in the Republic of Ecuador ; of the rivers Patia, Das^ua, Cauca, Caqueta, and Magdalena, in the Republic of New Granada ; of the rivers Chagres, and Trinidad, on the isthmus of Panama ; of the Amazon, in Brazil; of the Nile, in Egypt; and of the Cauvery, in India, have all been carried in this can ! When crossing the Cordillera to the westward of Loxa with the collection of Crown bark seeds which formed the original stock from whence have been derived the numerous plantations of this valuable species in India and Ceylon, the seeds were put in the can with the lid firmly tied down during the descent of the slopes in drenching showers of rain, and thus were securely preserved. Nothing short of this expedient would have succeeded, for owing to the high temperature and densely humid atmosphere of the wooded region traversed, every article of clothing and other objects were mildewed or moulded in a single night. Apart from these services, the can has at one time or other — during our lengthened sojourn in those regions — contained all the different descriptions of food and beverages in use among thirteen difierent tribes of South American Indians. Bobert Cross, Victor Park, Corstorphine. CALIFORNIA- AS A HOME —Believing the letter of your correspondent of Amador County, California, to be misleading to the people of this country, I beg to reply to it briefly. He makes out there are splendid advantages, in the way of cheap land, rich soil, no storms, no winter, sure crops, and free schools ; also wonderful returns from Peaches and Apricots. Having lived some time on my own ranch, which is in the best wine county of Cali- fornia, viz , Sonoma, and situated near Santa Rosa, I will give you a few facts : I paid 100 dollars, or £20, per acre for my ranch. The soil is so poor you cannot grow any vegetables, except on a very small patch out of the many hundred acres, where you can pump water enough to irrigate them every day. Having no rain from one December till the next, as your correspondent says, no storms, no winter, and the temperature averaging about 80°, how would you expect to get a green crop under such conditions ? Then, as to the wonderful returns for fruit : I could never get more than about 1 cent per pound for Peaches or Apricots, and from 5 to 7 dollars per ton for Grapes, and I have had to take them 10 or 20 miles as the case may be, and then sometimes to be told at the canneries and wineries, when I got there, that they did not want them, then ; so you may dump them out of your waggon where you like, and that, after working your vine- yards for five years before you can gather a crop, and running the risk meanwhile of being eaten clean out by locust, or have the crops spoiled by other causes. Your correspondent says Grapes will not ripen in San Francisco ; the fact is, there is no place in which to grow them at San Francisco, for it is nearly all sand-hills. Then he states that from 10 to 5 acres is enough land for a man to get a living on. It is absurd. Not one of my neighbours who owned hundreds of acres, with a great part of it in vineyards, bat had to turn out on the roads and otherwise to make a living with their teams. Now for free schools : I admit you do not have to pay a direct school fee, but I think your correspondent should have told your readers how they were supported, and that is, by heavy taxation ; every man over 20 years of age, and until he is 60 years old, has to pay 10s. Gd.. per annum, or what is known there as the Poll Tax; and then everythirg else which he possesses, whether real or personal estate, even to his chickens or goat, or his watch, if he is fortunate enough to have one — in fact, everything that he owns, whether in coin or kind, and if he shonld be fortunate enough to live within a city boundary, is taxed, and he has to pay his estate taxes twice a year — i.e., the city tax and the county tax, which combined may mean 3 dols. in every 100 dols., or 12s. Gd. for every £20 of value he may own, down to his wife's ^brooch or rings, if she have any. Ladies have to pay for themselves where the property is in their own name. I have just received a letter from California, stating there are hundreds of intel- ligent men with abilities who would be glad to give their services for their board. I would advise all your readers to have all the facts before them before making California their home. William Carter, Cheltenham. TECOMA CAPENSIS IN FLORIDA.— Your excel- lent engraving of the flowers of this plant on p. 275 reminds me of its great beauty in Florida, where it has been introduced to some of the flower gardens adjoining the residences of the white people. One plant which I saw had been trained to a pole about 12 feet high, and had grown to the top, forming a column about 3 feet in diameter at the base, and only a trifle less at the top. At the time I saw it (December 23) this was covered, but not too thickly, with bunches of beautiful scarlet flowers, and formed one of the finest sights among flowering shrubs that 1 have ever seen. The corymbs on the plant in question were larger than yonr figure, most of them having from eight to a dozen flowers. It has a peculiar habit in that country of throwing out strong horizontal shoots on the surface of the soil ; these appear to grow very quickly until they get from 1 to 2 yards in length, and quite away from the original plant, when they strike root at the end, and throw strong upright shoots, which form lateral branches, and flower. The horizontal running stem survives after these natural layers become good-sized bushes. Those plants that had grown naturally were not more than 4 feet high, but were growing in almost pure sand. The trained specimen before alluded to was more favourably situated in this respect, being Maech 5, 1892. J THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 311 in a slight valley, with a good proportion of black earth among the sand, and plenty of moisture. In addition to this, the weather at that date was about tlie same as we had in England in June, 18S7, clear and hot, with a dense fog occasionally in the early morning, which, to some extent, counteracted the excesssive drought. Gardenias, Hibiscus sinensis. Cotton-plants, &(;., were growing and flowering in close proximity. A plant of this Tecoma which I brought home has flowered twice in the stove here, but the colour is not nearly so good, and the same may be said of the whole appearance of the plant under pot-culture at present. Probably it would succeed much better if we could plant it out in an intermediate-house, W. H, Liters, Kttlon Hall Gardens, Stamford. FRUIT PROSPECTS, AND PROTECTINQ TREES. — At the time of writing (the end of February), I am glad to say the buds of fruit trees are well backward. Apricots and Peaches, however, are at this season fast swelling their buds, and the first- named showing colour, but as they are late, there are better prospects of having a good crop. What has kept trees back so much is the absence of sun, but in forward seasons a check may be given to the progress of the buds by running down or drawing the blinds for an hour or two during the brightest part of the day, or having fishing-nets fixed, so that they just break the solar rays without much obstructing the light. Some think that fishing-neta are of little or no use aa protectors, but I consider them of great value, especially if put up double, as then the meshes cross, and if we get pelting rains, hail, or snow-storms, the net forms a sufficient obstruction to stop their force, and so prevents damage. Not only will nets do this in the case of storms, but when keen, cutting winds prevail, as they often do during March, the net acts aa a protection to the tree. Helpful as the net is in the way referred to, its value does not end there, as it intercepts radiation, and therefore increasea the warmth by night, and so assists in warding off frosts. Given, then, a narrow glass coping and a double fishing- net made fast to it, and below secured to a rail run along and supported to st.ikes driven into the ground a yard or so from the wall, and one has an excellent shelter for hia fruit trees. In my young d.aye, Spruce Fir branches were thought much of for pro- tecting trees, but they are rarely used now, as the trouble of getting them and putting them on or up securely is great, and they shut out too much of the sunlight from the blossoms. On some of our walls we use an open cloth with the sides bound with strong tape or webbing, and rings sewn on, which run on wires strained just under copings, and near the ground, and the coverings are easily drawn and secured. /. Shcppanl. WINEBERRY.— There is no doubt the " Wine- berry" and Rubus phcenicolasius (see pp. 2G9 and 282) are the same plant. I have heard its hardiness questioned, so I give an experience of a large plant trained on a cut Furze hedge at Oakwood gardens. The severe winter of 18110-91 appeared to cut it very hard, and the bark at the base peeled off; it was as bare as a walking-stick, and I thought its fate was sealed. However, in due time it shuwed itself to be in vigorous health. The beautiful berries were greatly admired by visitors, and had a pleasant taste. We had to net the plant as the birds attacked the fruit, even before it waa ripe. G, F. Wilson, Heather- bxnlc, Weyhridge Heath. WATERING COKE.— I quite agree with "Prac- tice " in his note of last week, as regards stoking with the above. During the past winter we have consumed large quantities of coke, and I have always found that, using it rather damp is preferable to a dry state. Also, on banking up, a much steadier and lasting heat can be secured by using coke when slightly moistened. I may also mention, that keeping the ash-pans constantly filled with water helps in a great measure to keep the fires clear, and less liable to clinker. At least I have invariably found it so in connection with the large upright boilers in use here. T. H. Bolton, Milner Field. NEW GARDEN HINGE.— On p. 119 of the Gar- deners' Chronicle for January 23, 1892, you gave an engraving of a strong and durable hinge. I have certainly found it a very useful hinge for many purposes, and I quite agree with Mr. Piper as to its merits, and also as to the worthleasness of the cast-iron butt hinges. I will not take up space to follow him in his other remarks, but only to tell him that he cannot patent that hinge, or that if he has done so his patent is worthless, for I have used hinges of the same principle for the last eleven years, and they were made and used many years before that. I were making some lately for my- self, and anyone can make them. To be fair to Mr. Piper, I will say when 1 first used them eleven years ago it was to a ventilator for a small shed in the garden of Jlr. William Parkea, of No. 6, Jesamine Cottages, White Horse Koad, Croydon, Surrey, and I have no doubt they could be seen there now, though I have not seen the place for a number of years. T/iof. Cartwright, Gardener, 77, High Street, Fulham. Scotland. BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. February 11. — The Society met on this date at 5, St. Andrew Square. Dr. Christison, President, occupied the chair. Flowering shoots of Acocanthera venenata and Hamamelis japonica from the Royal Botanic Garden, and Chimonanthua fragrana, Garrya elliptica, &c., from Mr. Dunn, Dalkeith Gardens, were exhibited. An obituary notice of Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, an Honorary Fellow of the Society, by Dr. R. H. Gunning, was read by Dr. Cleghorne. Eulo- gistic reference was made to the late emperor's state- manship, erudition, and scientific attainments, and especially to his encouragement of botany. A paper entitled " Supplementary Notes on the Marine Algic of the Orkney Islands," sent by Mr. Geo. W. Traill, contained a list of many species not previously found in these islands, including Calothrix pulvinata, C. scopulorum, Rhodymenia palmata var, tenuissima, Corallina meditcrranea, and Dic.'.yo- siphon suppuroides var. fiagilis. The last-mentioned is now first recorded as a British form. Mr. Arthur Bennett, F.LR., sent "Notes on the Records of Scottish Piants for 1891." The total number of new stations recorded for the year is .320, the largest number, fi9, being from West Inverness, by Mr. Druce. The author recommended careful search in the islands of the Outer and Inner Hebrides as likely to be profitable. Commenting on the paper, doubt was expressed by Professor Balfour and Doctor Craig whether Eriophorum alpinum had ever been gathered on Craig Challiach, Perthshire. Professor Balfour gave an account of the life- history of the Mistleto, illustrated by a large number of lantern illustrations. Mr. W. Etherington Dixon, Associate, read a paper on " Economic Orchida," in which he narrated instancea of very high pricea given for plants, and gave a review of the medicinal and other uses to which certain species were put. lieport on Temperature, ^c., at the Soyal Botanic Garden during January. — The weather was ex- ceedingly cold and frosty, with 'much snow during the early part of the month. Frost was registered every night in succession but one, from the 1st till the 25th, after which the temperature rose rapidly till the end of the month. Such a long continuance of frosty nights is unusual, but at no time was it very severe. The lowest readings were on the 8th, 22°; 10th, 22°; 13th, 21°; l(3th, 22°; and 17th, 22°. Although the lowest reading waa thus only 11° of frost, the collective amount for the month was 136°, as against 12(1° for the corresponding month last year. The lowest day reading was ,'!3°, on the 11th, and the highest 55°, on the 29th of the month. Very few plants came into flower in January. Of the forty selected plants whose dates of flowering are annually recorded to the Society, only one came into flower, viz., Galanthua plicatus, on the 2Gth. At the same date last year, five were in flower, and in January, 1890, aa many as eighteen of the forty had flowered. On the rock garden, the following came into flower :— Galanthus plicatus, Polygala Chama;buxu8 var. purpurea, Geum miniatum, llepatica angulosa, Ilelleborus purpurascens, and Primula variabilis. Mr. Bullen's lieport on Temperature, ^c., at the Botanic Garden, Glasgow. — The temperature waa at or below the freezing" point on seventeen nlghta, during the first three weeka. The last week waa unusually mild, with frequent light rain, and at times stormy ; 10° of frost was registered during the nights of the 9th and 15th respectively. The total night frost was only' 84°, and four times at freezing point. Owing to the unusually high temperature of the last week, the mean for the month ia compara- tively high. Snow fell during the night of the Gth, and owing to the continuous frosts, the ground pre- sented a very wintry appearance till the 17th, when the temperature gradually became higher aa the month came to a close. The readings for the last eight days varied from 40° to 51°, and at night from 40° to 47°. Aderdekn University Natural Hlstohv Museum. The scope of the recent extenaion at Mariachal College, Aberdeen — for which the Government gave £5400— ia evident in the extensive improvement and enlargement of the Natural History Museum. This Museum in its unregenerate condition— for its con- dition hitherto, through no fault of the Curator, Professor AUeyne Nicholson, might fitly be de- scribed in such terms— has long been familiar to those frequenting Aberdeen University Buildings. That the elements of a representative museum of natural history were there seemed certain, but from want of apace, and from other causes, the collection was neither particularly useful nor pleasant to look at. Under the hampering in- fluences of inadequate funds and meagre accom- modation, the Museum has remained till now in an unsatisfactory state, from which no amount of enthu- siasm or scientific skill could rescue it. Even by the aid of that portion of the grant to which the department of natural history was entitled. Professor Nicholson has not been able to do what he wished to do, and yet the Museum has undergone a trans- formation which even to the casual observer bears the impress of the extraordinary painstaking labours of Professor Nicholson and hia assistant, Mr. T. W. Ogilvie. For months past they have been engaged on the laborious process of putting the old material into ship-shape, and arranging the new material, much of which Professor Nicholson has'presented to the University. The Museum in its present condition looks quite different to the somewhat dingy place it used to be. All the old specimens have been cleaned, and every specimen has been re-labelled. The labour involved in the process of labelling alone has been enormous, but in this way the Museum is rendered extremely useful to the students. The moat striking feature of the improvements is the enlarged accommodation. The natural history department now consists of a suite of some half-dozen rooms. With the enlarged accommodation at his disposal. Professor Nicholson has devoted the main hall to zoology. Every incli of space available has been utilised. From floor to ceiling the walla are covered with cases, while along the entire length of the hall lun two paiallel rows of floor cases. The hall looks very handsome, and bears on every hand traces of the Curator's skill and labour. The re-arrangement of the specimens has been carried out on an extensive acale. In the floor cases, there are the elements of the vast subject which Professor Nicholson has to deal with, namely, the protozoa. The development of the protozoa ia carried out in a clear and concise manner. Pro- fessor Nicholson's skilled draughtsmanship being conspicuous everywhere. The galleries are devoted to fishes and reptiles, while the mammalia are located in the ground cases. The geological collection occupies part of the extended wing. It is an ex- tremely interesting collection, and ia largely the production of Professor Nicholson, who has presented numerous rare specimens to it. This room is perhaps half the size and height of the main hall, but here also all the space is already utilised. The walls are lined with cases, and a series of lower cases cover the floor. In some departments the geological col- lection ia unequalled anywhere, and for the student it will prove extremely useful, 312 THE GARDENEliS' CHBONICLE. [MasCh 5, 1892. KOYAL HOKTICDLTUEAL SOCIETY OF ABERDEEN. A meeting of the acting directors of this Society was held in Aberdeen on Wednesday evening, February 24, to consider the arrangements for the forthcoming floral /cd to yellow, being orange-scarlet only whilst in bud, opening generally a clear yellow, but now and again with orange streaks in them, so that I had to discard this colour altogether in selling them. The whites and yellows were very clear in colour, but very abnormal ; about 20 per cent, were semi-double in character, and 5 per cent, as double as a Poppy Anemone. When the last named Mabch 5, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 313 came single, they were as large as the Shirley Poppies in many cases. Another batch, grown 30 miles away, by a nurseryman friend of mine, from Cannell's seed, came exactly similar, so that these changes were undoubtedly due entirely to climate. I hare seen many new plants imported into the old country when at Kew and Tottenham, but I nerer saw such a striliing case. If selected doubles come true when sown again, 1 will send some to England, and have their permanency tested. Plants under cultivation with us, of course, have a more generous clime than yours ; but when not under culti- vation, our summer acts the part of your winter, the droughts killing a great part of the garden plants as well, if they are not well locked after. I have thought several times of sending you an article on Australian gardening, as your past records are very poor in this respect ; but in a new country our time for literary work is very limited. [Please do so. Ed.] F. Elsom, The Nurseries, Canterbury, Melbourne, Enquiry. " He that questioneth much shall learn much." — Bacon. Ratinq of Greenhodses. — This question came before the magistrates at the Hammersmith Vestry Hall, on February 24. Messrs. Collins & Collins disputed the assessment on their nursery, on the ground that under the Public Health Act of 1890. Orchards and Nursery Grounds were exempt from extra rates, other than that charged on the usual cultivated land. The magistrates decided against Messrs. Collins, on the ground that the Act does not apply to London. This seems a great anomaly. Can you or any of the readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle, fay whether any cases have been decided elsewhere in the County of London. E. C. The Weather. [By the term " accumulated temperature" is meant the agfjregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of temperature above or below 42** Fahr. for tbe period named; and this combined result is expressed in Uay- degrees — a "Day-degree" signifying 1° continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] Temperature. Rainfall. Bright Su.v. 1? Accumulated. .a . s 1 i a . Is To 1 n ll'l u J3 1 ■9 id la" is II 6 2 1" j3 ► 11 0.° S.9 Day- I)av- Day- Day- lOths deg. deg. deg. deg. Inch. Ids 0 1 — 3 3i) — i + 105 8 — 45 92 31 17 1 3 — 0 dli — 10 + 99 1 + 33 4-2 12 21 2 2 — 0 32 - e + 8. Oaver 31 30 8 21 3 1 — 6 33 - 13 ■(- 81 1 — 31 25 14 23 4 1 — 6 31 — 10 + 88 1 — 32 33 11 21 5 1 + 13 21 - 12 + n 2 — 28 2-4 23 22 6 1 — 6 27 _ 10 + 72 9 — ?8 71 12 20 5 )avei 10 i6 - i; + 62 3 — 34 5-2 31 21 8 1 + 22 8 - 23 + 45 1 — 38 5-2 36 26 f I + 13 13 - 3S + 41 6 — 38 50 22 18 U 0 aver 24 11 — 3i! + 63 4 + 36 64 26 21 " 1 + 29 0 — 8 + 11 '^ 48 58 30 18 THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending February 27, is furnished from the Meteorological Ollice : — " The weather during this week was much less wintry, and unsettled than during the preceding week, but much wet fog and mist were experienced during the latter part of the time. The rainfall was generally slight, but some rather large amounts were recorded at Scilly and in ' Ireland, S.' "The temperature was a little above the mean in 'England, S. and SW.', as well as in ' Ireland, N.' and the 'Channel Islands,' and just equalled it in ' England, N.W.' and ' Ireland, S.'; in all other dis- tricts, however, it continued below the normal, the deficit ranging from 1° to 'J°. The highest of the maxima were registered in most cases on the 25th, and varied from 55° in tho ' Channel Islands.' and 54° over Ireland and in ' England, S.', to 46° in 'England, E.' The lowest of the minima were recorded on the first day of the period, when the thermometer fell to 11° in ' Scotland, E.' (at Nairn), 19° in ' Scotland, N.', 20° in ' Scotland, W.', and to between 25° and 31° in most other districts, and to 39° in the ' Channel Islands.' " The rainfall exceeded the mean in ' Ireland, S.' and the 'Channel Islands,' as well as in 'Scotland, E.'. and equalled the normal value in 'England, N.i;.' In all other parts of the Kingdom there was a deficit. In ' England, S.', ' Scotland, N. and W.', and ' Ireland, N.', the fall was very slight. " The bright sunshine exceeded the mean in 'England, W.' and in 'Scotland, N.', but was deficient elsewhere. The percentage of the possible amount of duration ranged from 36 in ' England, S.W.', 31 in ' Scotland, N.', and 30 in 'England, N.W.' and the ' Channel Islands,' to 23 in ' England, S.', 11 in the 'Midland Counties,' and 8 in England, N.E.' " Markets. COJ'EXT GABDEN, March 3. [We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub- joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal salesmen, "who revise the list, and wbo are responsible for the quotations. It must be remembered that these quotations do not represent the prices oo any particular day, but only the general averages for the week preceding the date of our report. The prices dei end upon the quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the demand ; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day, but often several times in one day. Ed.1 Market quiet, but prices are well maintained. Large consignments of Tomatos, Potatos, and Beans from the Cana'y Islands and Madeira to hand, at lower values. James Webber, n holesale Apple Market, Cut Floweiu.— Average Wholesale Prices. .d. s.d. Mil Acacia -- French, per bunch 16-20 Arum, perdoz. bl. ... 2 0 alea, p. do/., sprays 0 6 Nar paper- white, Fr., p.'.bnu. 2 6-40 3 0- 4 0 I Narcissus (vRrious), Scilly,doz bunches 2 0-40 Camellias.white.doz. 2 0-30 Orchids :— — red, per. doz Carnations, 12 bl Cinerarias, Daffodils, doubli dozen bun. 3 0-40 - single „ 4 0- Eucharis, per di bun. 9 0-12 0 : Pelargoniums. Cattleya, 12 bims. 6 C-12 0 Odontoglossum spurn, 12blms. 3 0-60 let. per 12 bun. 6 0-90 — 12 sprays ... 0 9-10 Poinsettia, 12 blooms 4 0-90 9 0 I Primroses, doz. bun. 16-30 6 0 I Primula.sing.,12bun. 4 0-60 dozen buo. 2 0-40; Roman Hyacinths. 12 bunches 2 0-40 „ Gardenia, per dozen 4 0-90 Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-091 Koses. Tea. perdozen 10-30 Jonquils', dozen bun. 16-30 — coloured Lilac white (French) I — yellow (Mar per bunch 5 0-60 chals).perdo Lilium Harrisii. doz. 6 0-10 0 — red, perdozen Lilyof theValley.per 1 Snowdrops.'doz. bu doz. sprays Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 6 0- 12 0 Marguerites, per doz. bunches 3 0-40 Mignonette, per doz. bunches 4 0-60 ... 0 6- 1 0 ' Tubero-es, 12 bin 2 0-40 4 0-90 4 0-80 1 0- .3 0 10-20 0 9-16 The districts indicated by number in the first column an the following :— Principal Wheat-producing Districts— 0, Scotland. N. 1, Scotland, E.; 2. England. N.E. ; 3, England, E. 4. Midland Counties; 5, England. S. Princioal Grazing, Sfc, Districts— fi. Scotland, W. ; 7 England, N.W. ; 8. England. S.W. ; 9, Ireland, N. 10, Ireland, S. ; •* Channel Islands. Tulips, p. di Violets, Parme, per bunch 2 0-30 — Czar, per bunch 16-20 — English. 12bun. 16-20 Wallflowers, French, perdozen bunches 2 0-40 Orchid-bloom in variety. Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Adiantums. per doz. 4 0-12 0 Ferns, per 100 ... 8 0-15 0 Arum, perdozen ... 9 0-12 0 Ficus elastica. each 16-76 Aspidistra, perdoz. 18 0-63 0 Genista, perdozen. . 9 0-15 0 Azalea, per doz. ...35 0-60 0 HyacinthsDutch doz. 6 0- 9 0 Begonias, per doz. ... 6 0-12 0 Lilyof the Valley.pot 2 0-30 Cineraria, per doz. 8 0- 10 0 Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0 Cyclamens, per doz. 12 0-18 0 Primulasinensis.doz. 4 0-60 Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0 Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0 Dracaenas, each ... 1 0- 5 0 — specimens. eachlO 6 84 0 Erica hyemalis, per Pelargoniums, Scar- dozen 12 0-18 0 let, per doz. ... 6 0-90 Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 Solanums. per dozen 9 0-12 0 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90 Tulips, per doz. pots 60-80 Fruit.— Average Wbole.sale Prices. s. d. 5. d. ! s. d. s. d. Apples. Canadianand Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 40 0- ... Nova Scotian, per Lemons, per case ... 8 0-14- 0 birrel 10 0-25 0 : Pine-apples. St. Mi- Apples, J-sleve ... 10-40 chael, each ... 20-60 Grapes 19-36 Vegetables. — Average Retail Prices. . d. s. d. .d. 0 3-06 .20-30 , 0 6- ... Artichokes Globe, | Lettuces, per doz. .. each 0 4- 0 6 I Mushrooms, punne Beans, French, lb. ... 16-20 Mustard and Cress Beet. red. per d( zen 2 0-30 punnet Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-06 Parsley, per bunch.. Cauliflowers, each ... 0 .3- 0 6 Seakale, p. basket .. Celery, per bundle... 1 0- 3 0 Shallots, per lb. ., Cucumbers, each ...0 9-13 Spinach, per bushel 3 6-... Endive, perdozen ... 2 0-30 Tomatos. per lb. ... 06-10 Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9-10 Turnips, per bunch... 04-06 P0TAT03. Best simples still maintain their price. Many lots are coming to hand affected by recent severe weather, which sell at a low price. The probable tendency will be upward for lots free from frost. Best. 90s. to 100,!.; Medium. 70.t. to 90!.; Blackland and Inferior Magnums, 60s. to 70s. /. B. Thomas. SEEDS. LoKDOif : Feb. 29. — Messrs. John Shaw Bl Sodb. Seed Mer- chants, of Great Maze Pond, London, S.E., report a greatly improved feeling in the trade, considerable quantities of Clover seeds having changed hands at full prices. American red especially exhibits a substantial advance. 0th' are steady. More doing io Tares. Canary seed is n in London than Liverpool, which is most unufua improved request. Mustard and Rape seed firm duU. Haricots unchanged. varieties Peas in Linseed CORN. Averages. — Official statement of the average prices of British corn, imperial measure, for the week ending February 27, and for the correyponding period last year :— lt:*92 : Wheat. 325. 8rf. : Barley, 275. \H. ; Oats, 205. \d. 1&91 : Wheat, 525. \d. ; Barley, 275. Id.; Oats, ISs. 2d. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. Spitalfjelds, March 1. — Quotations: — Savoys, Is. ^d. to 3s. 6t/. ; Cauliflowers, 5s. to 10s. 6(i. per tally ; Greens, Is. to Is. ^d, ; Turnips, Is. 6rf. to 2s. ' instance I found the Bug and Scale dead and the foliage bright and clean. I found it most effectual for Black Flv on Peach trce=. The 'Climax" Insecticide ought to be better known, it is the onlyone! havefound to kill Bugon tender plants without injury to the foliage.— I am, yours faithfully, W. M.'iCKIE. Prepared Solely by The Boundary Chemical Co., Ltd., LIVERPOOL. RP>*ltONSfOR%r^ ordered DBT IMPORTANT TO GARDENERS, AMATEURS, AND Others, who Fumigate Houses TO KILL ''FLY," OR **THRIP." You will shortly be ordering your Spring Supply of Fumigating Material. Why lay in a heavy stockof tobacco paper, uncertain in quality, often disappointing, and very unpleasant to use, when you can have a Safe, Keliable article, and one that is pleasant to use ? On which you can thoroughly depend. The manufacture is much improved ■ " -an be of the ppointments n attending ?r fumiga- PRICES :— *i"g materials. For houses with ( 1000 cubic ft., No. 3 Roll, 1/- each { Post a capacitj/ of i 2000 „ „ ,. 4 ,. 1/9 ,, S Free. The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up required quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. — The safest and most effective Liquid Insecticide for dipping or syringing. Prices, post free:— Pints, Is. lOrf. ; quarts, 35. 3d.; half gallons, 5.9. 9d. CLIBEAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.-A truly valuable remedy, has saved thousands of bulbs. Prices, post-free:— Half-pints, Is. 9t/.; pints, 2s. 9ii. ; quarts, 4s. 9d. ; half-gallons, 8s. Or from your Seepsman. OUBRAN'S n°u'kTe%ALTRINCHAM; 10 & 12 Market Street. Manchester; And Principality Ni; THE FIRST OF ITS CLASS, AND STILL THE ONLY ONE GISHURST COMPOUND used sinoe 1859 for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to 16 ounces as a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when parallin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to supersede it. Boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. Qd. GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on wet ground. Boxes, %d. and Is., from the Trade. Wholesale from PRIOE'3 PATENT CANDLE COMPANY (Limited), Loodon. HORTICULTURAL SUPPLY CO.— RELIANCE FERTILISER for Fruit, Flowers, Vege- tables, Lawns, &c. Scentless, and cleanly to use. A highly concentrated and entire Plant Food, carefully conapounded. Prices. Tins, or 'l Terms : Cash with order. 2 1b. 71b. 14 1 23 66 I 112 AU free on Rail, Bags in- Parcels, lb. 1 lb. lb. ' lb. cluded. postrfree s. d. s.d. s.d.'s.d. s. d. s. d. Reliance Fertiliser 1 0 1 93 05 6 10 0 18 0 Best Peruvian Ouano 1 0 1 9'3 05 6 10 0 18 6 Nitrate of Soda 1 0 1 fil3 94 9 8 6 15 0 Sulphate of Ammonia 1 0 1 9 3 05 6 10 0 18 6 Bones : Flour or Meal, and 1 half-inch 0 9 1 32 03 6 6 0 10 6 Superphosphate 0 9 10 1929 4 6 7 6 The above, in tins, charged eitra. 7 lb , 3rf., 14 lb., id., 28 lb., M. Carriage paid on 10s. orders of the above MANURES on Carter Paterson's round, or to any railway stations within 200 miles. Directions for Use with every lot. Leaf-mould, Peat^mould. Loam, and Potting Compost, each, 3s. per sack. Is. per bushel. Best Brown Peat, 6s. per sack. Is. Qd. per bushel. Cocoa-nut Fibre, Is. ^d. per sack, h for 6s. Silver Sand (coarse or fine), Is. id. per bushel. Charcoal (nuts or fine), 2s. per bushel. "PLANT FOODS and HOW to APPLY THEM." a Descriptive List, post-free, Id. Price Lists free. The Trade supplied on liberal terms.— HORTICULTURAL SUPPLY CO., Old Shot Tower Wharf. London, S.E. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. This manure is chemically distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring and ripening of Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, &c., beyond any other Manure. jj^i^ Crawley, Sussex, Sept. 14, 1891. ' ' The effect of this manure is most noticeable in the develop- ment, ripening, and colouring of the fruit. In consequence of the wet and sunless weather, I could not get my Tomatos growing in an unheated and rather damp house to ripen ; but within thTee dayi of applying your M inure they began to colour, and I have been gathering splendid fruit almost dailv since." (Signed), B. C. BAVENSCROFT. Prices in Sacks, at Works, 10s. per cwt. ; £2 per J ton ; £3 15s. per i ton ; £7 per ton, THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO., THE CHEMICAL WORKS, HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, HEKXS. lyrATIVE GUANO.— Best and Cheapest L\ Manure for Garden Use. Price £3105. per ton, in bapcs. Lots under 10 cwt., -45. per cwt. ; 1 cwt., Sample bag, sent Carriage Paid to any Stationin England, on receipt of P.O. for 5s. Extracts from 16th Annual Collection of Reports: — NATIVE GUANO, FOR POTATOS, VEGETABLES, &c. H. Bbinkworth, Potato Grower, Reading, used for Potatos, Onions, and Carrots, results :— *' Very good ; never had better crop^." J. Butler. Sittingbourne :— " Used for Potato, Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO, for FRUIT. ROSES, TOMATOS. &.c. J. Peed & Sons. Streatham, used for Fruit Trees and Roses, results:— " Very satisfactory; we use no other Guano now; consider yours preferable to Peruvian." J. Finch, Orrell Gardens :— ' ' Used for Vegetables, Tomatos, Grapes, Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most eicellent for Potatos. and many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market." Orders to the Native Guano Co., Ltd., 29. New Bridge Street, Blackfriars. London, where Pamphlet of Testimonials, &c., may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. BENTLEY'S-BENTLEY'S WEED DESTROYER Has paved the way for many imitators, but maintains its position of superiority, and acknowledges no equal. Has the largest sale, and the confidence of the leading gardeners. 3 gallons, 5^. Qd. ; 6 gallons. lO^. ; 12 gallons. 195. ; 18 gallons, 27s. Qd. ; 40 gallons, 50s. Carriage paid. Sole Iktentor— JOSEPH BENTLEY, CHEMICAI. WORKS, BABROW-ON-HUMBEB, HULL. THE "STOH" SPECIALTIES For Destruction oj Insect Pests. Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers. KILLMBIGHT, 2-0/.. Sample posted free on application. Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, Hancheetor TNNES' FEIITILITAS. — THE VINE and A PLANT FOOD.— Of uU Nursery and Seedsmen, or 15j. per cwt., carriage paid to all Stations. Reference testimonials of the Sole Makers — W. INNES AND CO., Sunny Hill Vinery, Littleover, Derby. and RICHARDS'noted ORCHID and other SELECTED PEATS (rn^S?Stn"dl), SOILS, MANURES, and every description of GARDEN S U N D K I E S . G. H. RICHARDS, The Horticultural Stores, 1, Belvedere Crescent, Lambeth, London, S.E. Write for Samples and Price List, Post-free. Chief Peat Depot : Ringwood, Hants. EPPS'S..''"*PEAT, For OBCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS, Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton, ortruckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD. Coarse, Crystal and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE, fresh SPHAGNUM, PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC- TICIDES, and all other Garden Requisites. Feat MOSS Litter The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD, HAMT8. ORCHID PEAT. PREPARED, ready for use, all fibre, 10s. per sack ; 6 for 47.'. M. SELECTED, in blocks, very fibrous, 8J. per sack ; 5 for 37s. id. SECOND QUALITY, 6s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6d. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, 4s. per sack, 6 for 18s. ; and 3j. per sack, 6 for 12s. 6d. PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each 2s. 6d. per sack ; 6 for 10s. PREPARED POTTING COMPOST, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s. AU sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sample Sack. Special terms to the Trade. For Price List apply to THE FORESTER, joyden Wood, near Bexley, Kent. ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices ol WALKER AXD CO.. Farnborough. Hants. GARDEN REQUISITES. COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, id. per bushel; 100 for 26s. ; truck (loose, about 2 torn), 40s. ; 4-buflhel bags, id. each. LIGHT BROWN FIBROUS PEAT, 5s. ed. per sack ; 6 sacks, 25s. ; sacks, id. each. BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, it. per sack, 8 sacks, 32».; sacks, id. each. OOAKSE SILVER SAND, Is. 9d. per boshel ; IBl. per half ton ; 26s. per ton. in 2-bushel bags. id. each. rELLOW FIBROUS LOAM, PEAT-MOULD, and LEAF- MOULD. Is. per bushel. SPHAGNUM MOSS, 8s. 6d. per sack. MANURES, GARDEN STICKS, VIRGIN CORK, TOBACCO CLOTH, RUSSIA MATS, &c. Write for Price LIST.— H. G. SMYTH, F.R.H.S., 21, Goldsmith's Street, Drury Lane (lately called 17a. Coal Yard). W.C. ARDEN REQUISITES, as supplied to the Royal Gardens. — COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, Is. Sd. per sack, 10 for 12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for £8s., sacks free ; 2-ton truck, 3Us., free on rail near works. Fine ORCHID PEAT, 8s. 6d. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS do., 5s. per sack. 5 for 22s. 6d. BLACK do , 4s. 6d. per sack, 6 for 20s. FIBROUS LOAM, LEAF-MOULD, and PEAT-MOULD, each 3s. per sack. Coarse SILVER-SAND, Is. 6d. per bushel, lis. 1 ton, 25s. per ton. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. SPHAGNUM, 7s. 6d. per sack ; all sacks and bags, 2d. each. RUSSIA MATS, 10s. 6d. to 19s. per dozen. RAFFIA. VIRGIN CORK. STAKES, &c. BONES, }-inch, lis. per cwt. Pure BONE- DUST, lis. 6d. TOBACCO-PAPER. Spesialite, lOd. per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH. Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 2bs. Price List, free. W. HERBERT AND CO., Hop Exchange Warehouses, South wark Street. London, S.E. p A R DEN REQUISITE S.— VX sticks. Labels. Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats. Bamboo Canes. Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of — WATSON AND SCULL. 90, Lower Thames Street, London, E.G. HORTICULTURAL A Large Stock pj ACQ always on Hand. Special quotations for quantities. WHITE LEAD, OILS, AND COLOURS At lowe.tt possible prices. NICHOLLS& CLARKE, 6, HIGH STREET, SHOREDITCH, LONDON, E. 316 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 5, 1893, THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE PUBLISHER'S NOTICES. Gabdenebs' Chronicle Tblbgbams. — The Registered Address for Foreign and Inland Telegrams is " Gardchron, London." ADVERTISEMENTS. Scale of Charges for Advertising. Head Line charged as two. 4 Lines . . £0 .s 0 15 Lines . £0 8 6 6 „ . . 0 3 6 16 „ . 0 9 0 6 „ . . 0 4 0 17 „ . 0 9 6 V » . . 0 4 6 18 „ . 0 10 0 8 „ . . 0 5 0 19 „ . 0 10 t) 9 „ . 0 f) 6 20 „ . 0 11 0 10 „ . . 0 6 0 81 „ . 0 11 6 11 „ . . 0 6 6 22 „ . 0 12 0 12 „ . . 0 7 0 23 „ . 0 12 6 13 „ . 0 7 6 24 „ . 0 13 0 14 „ . . 0 8 0 25 „ . 0 13 6 AND SIIPEWOE FOB EVERY iDDITIOJTAL HUE. If set across two Columns, the lowest charge will be 20*. [f set across three Columns the lowest charfze will be 30». Page, £8; Half Page, £4 10s. j Column. £3. Notice to Advebtisbks. — In many instances Remittances in Payment of Repeat Adver- tisements are received without name, address, or anything beyond the postmark on envelope by which to identify the sender ; this in all cases causes a very great deal of trouble, and frequently the sender cannot be identified at all. Advertisers are requested when Remitting to give their Names and Addresses, and also a Reference to the Advertisements which they wish repeated. Gabdbnbes and othebs Wanting Situations, 26 words, including name and address. Is. 6d., and 6d.for every additional line (about nine wordsj or part of a line. These Advertise- ments must be prepaid. This scale does not apply to announcements of Vacant Situations , which are charged at the ordinary scale. Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 5s. each insertion. Position. — Advertisers are specially requested to note, that under no circumstances what- ever can any particular position be guaranteed for advertisements occupying less space than an entire column. Postal Obdebs. — To Advertisers, Subscribers, and Others. — It is very important in remit- ting by Postal Order that it should be filled in payable at No. 42, DRURY LANE, to A. G. Mabtin, as, unless the number of a Postal Order is known, and it has been made payable at a particular office, and to a par- ticular person, it is impossible to prevent any person into whose hands it may fall from negotiating it. N.B. — The best and safest means of Re- mitting is by POST-OFFICE MONEY ORDER. Advertisements for the current week must reach the Office not later than Thursday noon. All Advertisements should be addressed to the PUBLISHER. FubllsMng Office and Office for Advertisements, 41, Wellington St., Steand, W.C. SUBSCRIPTIONS. All Subscriptions payable in advance. The United Kingdom, 12 months, 15s.; 6 months, 7s. 6d. ; 3 months, 3s. dd. All Foreign Subscriptions, including Postage, 17s. 6d. for 12 months; Post-office Orders to be 7nade payable at the Post-Office, 42, Drury Lane, W.C, to A. G. Mabtin. Subscribers who experience any difficulty in ob- taining their Copies regularly, are particu- larly requested to communicate with the Publisher (in cases of delay in the delivery by post, the cover should be forwarded with complaint). AMERICAN HORTICULTURALINTERESTS ARE BEST EEPRESENTED IN AMERICAN GARDENING, United In ONE. WHICH IHCLUDE8 :— THE AMERICAN GARDEN THE GARDENERS' MONTHLY and HCR- TICULTURIST THE FLORAL CABINET FOPOLAR GARDENING Making the Largest. Best, Oldest, Liveliest, Handsomest Gardening Magazine in America. THE LEADINa AMERICAN JOURNAL FOR HORTICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS. Subscription Price for England and Countries in the Universal Postal Union, fis. Subscriptions must commence from Jan. 1. E. H, LIB BY, Publisher, Times Building, New York, U.S.A. Agents for Great Britain and Ireland :— STEEL AMD JONES, 4, Spring Gardens, Charing Cross, London, S.W., to whom Orders for Advertisements and Subscrip- tions may be sent. A Specimen Copy post-free for lOd. (stamps). Sgrkullumi ^ Bcoitamifit, An ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE, of 52 pages and cover. Exponent of scientific and high farming ; advocate of co-operation in agriculture, in the supply of farm requisites, and the sale of produce ; organ of the Agricultural and Horti- cultural Association, the pioneer society for mutual supply of pure oilcakes, complete manures, reliable seeds, and imple- ments on wholesale terms. Specimen copy free. Subscription, per annum, bs., inclusive of postage. Single copies 6rf. each, through all Newsagents. 3. Agar Street. Strand. London. 'Vr.C. REVUE de I'HORTICULTURE BELGB et BTRANGJiEE (Belgian and Foreign Horticultural Review) — I4thyear. — Amongthe principal Contributors are : — A. Allard, E. Andre, C. Baltet, F. Burvenich, F. Crepin, O. de Kerchove de Denterghem, P. E. de Puydt. A. M. C. Jongkindt Coninck. J. Kickx, T. Moore, C. Naudin, B. Oliveira, H. Ortgies, E. Pynaert, E. Rodigas, O. Thomas, A. van Geert Son, H. J. van Hulle, J. van Volxem, H. J. Veitch, A. We«V mael, and P. Wolkenstein. This illustrated Journal appears on the Ist of every month, in parts of 24 pages, Svo, with twocoloured Plates and numeroua Engravings. Terms of Subscription for the United Kingdom; — One year, 145. payable in advance. Publishing Office : 134, Rue de Bruielles, Ghent, Belgium. Post-office Orders to be made payable to M. E. PTNAEET, Ghent. SEED PANS. — Second-hand Lard Tins ; 18 inches by 14 inches, and 4 inches deep, 3$. 6rf. per dozen. On rail.Calnc Station. CHAS. & THOS. HARRIS & CO.. Limited. Calnc, Wilts. HORTICULTURAL SHADINGS and NETTINGS. TIFFANY. COTTON WOOLS, and WADDINGS. Supplied Wholesale by— JOSEPH COOKSON, 21, New Cannon Street, Manchester. CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS.— Conservatories, Orchid- houses. Vineries, Greeohouses, Plant and Forcing- hous'S. Best Materials and Workmanship guaranteed, atMode- rate Prices. Intending Purchasers waited upon by appointment. HOT-WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPARATHS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of Garden Requisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses, Tool-bouses, Pigeon Cotes, Pog Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for six stamps. PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH. BECKETT BROS., chelmsford. Thoroughlj Practical and Experienced Horticultural Engii in all branches connected therewtlh. Price LIST and Estimates free on application. Z' / .^.^J' ^ ■ 4?/ CONWAY G. WARNE, Limited, Boyai Potteries, Weston-snper-Uare. FAWEES' SLOW-COMBTTSTION HEATING APPARATUS. ifost Efficient and Cheapest in Existencn, Requires no sunk stokehole and no brick Betting. Will laatall night without atten- tion. Will bum house cinders, therefore eosts next to notiiing for fuel. Any one can fix it. A domestic servant canstoke it. Complete Apparatus from £4 123. m/CCESS GUARANTEED. Enormous num- bers in use all over the country Only Slow Com bustion Appara tug of the kind CAUTIOiX Beware of \n efficient incom plete Apparatus, which will not last all night. Fuil particular^ and Prices of every sized Ap paratus, and see numerous Testi monials for the last five seasons, showing enorm ous success, post- free on applica tiOQ. BEST CONSTRUCTED and CHEAPEST Greenhouses, Forcing-houses, Pits, Frames, Plant Protectors, Potting Sheds, Tool-houses, &c. Illustrated Priced Catalogue post-free Jrom CROMPTON & FAWKES, CHELMSFORD. THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL. The best Fence Nail invented. This Nail renders any wooden fence perfectly unclimbable. It is a complete protection against trespassers and cats. Inuse at Hurst Park and Hull Racecourses, Lord's. Cricket-ground, and hundreds of other places. A— Hammer Head. B— Chisel Edge. Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron:— 1^, 2. 2i, 3.4,5, and 6-in.. 7-lb.Bags.3s.6d.: percwt., 55*. IJ-in. Steel Nails, for thin palings. Is. per B I gross. MACHINE-CUT NAILS, for dowelling joinery, wood block flooring, &c., f, 1, & l^in., 9d. per gross. Sample boxes, assorted sizes, 6d. ; by post, 8rf. CAPPING for BRICK WALLS, complete, from 3^d. per foot, in 6 feet lengths. DURRANS* PATENT NAJL SYNDICATE, Limited, 43 & 44. Upper Baker stbeet. London, N.W. FREE GRANTS of LAND in MAN1T0]5A and other PARTS of CANADA.— The reports (illustrated) of the twelve British Tenant- Farmers who visited Canada in 1890, and other pamphlets issued under the authority of the Imperial and Dominion Governments, containing maps and full information as to land regulations, bonuses granted to BCttlers. openings for capital, demand for labour, rates of wage?, cost of living, and all other particulars, may be had post-free, on applying to the High Commissioner for Canada (Mr. J. G. COLMER, C.M.G., Secretary), 17, Victoria Street, London, S.W. ; or, to Mr. JOHN DYKE, Canadian Government Agent, 15, M'"ftt?r street, LiyerpoQl, March S, 1892.] fHE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 317 THREE MILLIONS HAVE BEEX PAID BY THE RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY, ACCIDENTS 0? ALL KINDS. 64, COENHILL, LONJ)ON. W. D. MASSY, I „ A. VIAN, (*<^'- BOILING WATER OR MILK. E P P S ' S GRATEFUL-COMFORTING. COCOA BREAKFAST-SUPPER. ''PHE IMPROVED TREE-PIIUNER, Coppin's X Patent, Awarded CertiHcate of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. Used in the principal Parka and Gur- deudin the United Kingdom and Germany. Lists, &c., free from Pateutees.— GEO. COf PIN and SONS, Addington, Surrey. ' rO HORTICULTUKISTS.— GREENHOUSE A GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck- lingl.am. (J IX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for O 2». Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. id. Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size. 24 for Is. «d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order, and in about ten days you will receive Highly-tinished Copies, with OriRinal.— FRANCIS AND CO.. 29, Ludgatehill, London. GARDENING APPOINTMENTS. Mr. Abthur New.maN, formerly Foreman in the Gardens, Mereworth Castle, as Gardener to Major Warde, Barham Court, Maidstone. Mr. H. Bennett, formerly Gardener at Barrow Point, Pinner, as Head Gardener to J. A. N. Martin, Esq.. West Leigh, Havant. Hants. Mr. Hy. Plumeridge, formerly with Mr. Cnis. Sims, Bovingdon, Hemel Hempstead, as Head Gardener to Roger EyKTM, Esq., Gayton House, Blissworth, North- amptonshire. Mr. A. Kett, for the past five years Head Gardener at Owsden Hall, Newmarket, as Head Gardener at Framingham Manor, Norwich. CATALOGUES RECEIVED. Thomas DaVIES & Co., Wavertree, Liverpool — Garden Seeds, &c. John K. King, Coggeshall, Esse r— Illustrated Garden Manual. W. Cooper, Old Kent Road, S.E.— Illustrated Price Lists of Conservatories, Greenhouses. Manures, Peat, &c. George Bruce Sl Co., Aberleen— Agricultural Seels. V. Lemoine & FIL3, Rue de Montel, Nancy — Plantes Nouvelles. Max. Deegkn, Koestritr— Roses, Gladioli, Dahlias, &c. H. J. JoXES, Hither Green, Lewisham— New and Choics Chrysanthemums. W. Thompson, Tavern Street, Ipswich —Flower Seeds. B. Dean, Ranelagh Rsad, Ealing— Primroses, Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Potatos, &c. Barnes. Norwich— Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Potatos, &c. DlOKSO". Brown, and Tait. Manchester— New Farm Seeds. Hooper & Co., Covent Garden, W.C— Seed Catalogue. William Watt, Cupar anl Perth, N.B.-Farm Seeds. J. W. Wilson. South Cave, East Yorkshire— Seed List. John A. Bruce & Co., Hamilton, Canada— Flower and Vege- table Seeds, Bulbs, &c. W. Sl J. Birkenhead, Sile, Manchester— Ferns and Sela- ginellas. Keio F. Such, Maidenhead, Berkshire— Vegetable and Flower Seeds, &c. JoHM Watson, Withington, Hereford— Seed Potatoi. NoNNE & Hoepker. Ahrensburg, Germany- Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Plants, &.C. E. H. Krelage & Son, Haarlem— Bulbs for Spring Planting. John Peed & Sons, Roupell Park, S.E. — Gloxinias and Dahlias. Hogg & Wood, Cjldstream, N.B.— Grasses and Cljrers for permanent pastures. Henry Brooke, Durham- Vegetable and Flower feeds. Charles Fkazer's Exors., Norwich -New List of Green- house and Poultry Appliances, Agricultural and Horticultural Association, Ltd., Creek Road, Deptford— Manures, Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Appliances, &c. To Nurserymen. PARTNERSHIP REQUIRED by Advertiser, in an Established Eus-iuess. Strictest investigation required. Near London p eferred.- E. C. R., The Pines, Atllebarongh. ANTED, a PARTNEti, in an old estab^ lished Nursery, with £iiOO. The lessee has obtained a new lease for thirty years at a low rental.— Apply to J. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.C. ANTED, a good SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER.— Married ; Kitchen and Flower Garden, with Vinery. Wages, l.Ss.. with lodge. Personal character.— L., Highway House, Alton, Hants. WANTED, at UNCE, a SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER.— Married, no chil.lren. Must understand Glass, &c. ; willing to be useful. — Write, with pirticulars, and state wages, to Mr. POWELL WARNER, Beechcroft, Hopton Road, atreatham, S.W. WANTED, a GARDENER and his WIFE, ages 3.5 to 40, without children, to live in the house in an eastern suburb of London ; man to attend to small garden and greenhouse, and to make hiras'^lf useful ; wife to act as good plain cook ; a hojsemaid kept. Family consists of two ladies. Apply to M., Gardeners' ChronicU Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. ANTED, as GARDENER a good practical MAN, Single-handed, but with help. One well up in Fruit and Flowers. Must understand Grafting and Budding. — Apply by letter, stating age, previous engagements, and salary, including Cottage, to E. PINK, Kingsdown. Seveuoaks. ANTED^ a MAN, about 30, who is thoroughly acquainted with Jobbing Gardening Per- manent—W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 4l, Wellington Street, Str.-md, W.C. WANTED, a thorough practicil Man, as FOREMAN for the Houses, in lirge Private Establish- ment. Must have been Foreman twice previously. Age not under 27. - Address BROWN, Sherfield English, Romsey, Hants. ANTED, as FRUIT FOREMAN, a practical MAN, who has had experience in the growing of all kinds of Outdoor Fruit trees, and is capable of managing a staff of men. A thoroughly competent man is required, to whom a good salary will be given.- VVM. PAUL a.VD SON, Waltham Cross. New South Wales. WANTED, a young MAN as FOREMAN, in a Florist's shop in Sydney,— Must have good know- ledge of Plants, Bulbs, and Seeds, and their value, and a good coirespondent. Character must bear strict investigation. Salary, 45s. per week ; passage not paid. Apply first to M. BANKS AND CO., 2, High Street, Birmingham. ANTED, as FOREMAN, an industrious young MAN, well up in his work- Wages, I8s., and bothy. Apply, with particulars, to J. HILL, Babraham Gardens, Cambridge. WANTED, AT ONCE, a young MAN, under a Foreman. — Used to Potting. Propagating, and general Inside Woik (principally Market Work). — Apply, stating age, wanes required, and experience, toT. K. INGRAM, Parkstoue Nurseries, Dorset. ANTED, TWO or THREE respectable Young MEN, for the General Work of a Market Nursery.— Address letter to W. H. R., care of J. W. Vickers, 6, Nicholas Lane, E.C. WANTED, a strong active youcg MAN as JOURNEYMAN for the Houses. Preference given to an abstainer. Apply, sending copies of testimi nials, stating wages, &c., to W. LAPHAM, Besborough, Cork.' WANTED, a young MAN for the Houses, with experience, not under IP. Wages, 12j., rising to 14s. per week. Bothy and Vegetables.— J. EVANS, Nerquis Hall Gardens, Mold, Flintshire. WANTED, a young MAN for the Houses.— Must be quick at Watering, Potting. Tying, &c. Wage?, 17s. per week to commence with. atate age, re- ference, &c., to JAMEj WINGFIELD, Widmore Nursery, Bromley, Kent. WANTED, an Active MAN, as GARDEN LABOURER; oni that can use .Scythe and Mowing Machine. Age from 25 tu '.iO. Wages, one guinea per week — Apply. C. ING.S, Gul.ler's Hill, North Knl, Himpstead, N.W. : WANTED, SEVERAL young MEN, accus- tomed to working under Glass, iu a M.irket Nursery. State age. and wages required, to E. ROCHFORD, Mill Line Nursery, Chesbunt, Herts. WANTED, a single young MAN, for Growing Cucumbers and Tomatos for Market. Wages, £l per week.— J. POXON, Jan., Market Gardener, Castle Donington, WANTED, a YOUTH, to assist with CoT- ▼ T respondence. Must be ([uick-witted, tidy, and tiust- worthy; a good writer, with a knowledge of Shorthand.— J. B.iCKHOUSE AND SON, The Nurseries, York. WANTED, an IMPROVER. — No bothy. Wages, 18s.— GARDENER, Hailes House, Kingsknowe Station, N.B. WANT PLACES. TO GARDENERS, AND OTHERS SEEKING SITUATIONS. The Pressure upon our space at this season of the year it so great, we are compelled to state that advertisements received after G p.m. on Wednesday will, in all probability, be held over to the ne.rt week. Advertisers are cautioned against having letters addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all Letters so addressed are opened by the authorities and returned to the sender. JOHN LAING AND SONS can at present recommend with every confidence several energetic and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character. LadieaandGentlemenin want of GAKDENERS and BAILIFFS, and HEAD GARDENERS for first-rate Establishments or Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, London, S.E. SANDERS, St. Albans, oan thoroughly RECOMMEND several first-claas HEAD GARDENERS Gardeners, Farm-Balllffs, Foresters, &c. DICKSONS, lioyal Nurseries, Chester ( Limited), a.Te always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, Chester." ICH ARD SMITH and Co! beg to announce that they are constantly receiving applications from Gardeners seeking sitxiations, and that they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with particulars, &c. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester. THOMAS BUTCHER can recommend several HEAD and UNDER GARDENERS of first-rate character and proved ability. Gentlemen seeking -such may have parti- culars free.— Apply to THOMAS BUTCHER, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Croydon. SCOTCH GARDENERS.— I have at present several very superior MEN on my Register, whose cha- racter and ability will bear the strictest investigation. — JOHN DOWNIE, Seedsman, 144, Princes Street, Edinburgh. To Noblemen and Gentlemen requiring Land Agent STEWARDS, BAILIFFS, or GARDENERS. JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN, several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter. Enquiries should be made to 237 and 23S, High Holborn, W.O. HE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL COMPANY (JOHS Cow AN). Limited, The Vineyard and Nurseries, Garston, near Liverpool, wish to recommend to any Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com- petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindsay, who was Head Gardener for the last twelve years to the late Sir Thomas Edwards Moss, Bart., of Otterspool, near Liverpool. —Full particulars on application to the Company. GARDENER (IIkad), where five or more are kept.— Age 26; well up in the Management of Vines. Peaches, Stove, &c. Highest references. Abstainer. — GAR- DENER. 8. Beaconsfield Terrace, Cattord, London, S.E. GARDENER (Head), Scotch.— Age 32, mar- ried, no family ; life experience in all branches.— P. H., Glenblaith Cottage. Pitmuxton. Aberdeen. GARDENER (Head), where one or two are liept.- Age 30. married, no family ; thirteen years' experience in all branches. Good references, — L. G., 'Wood croft Lodge, Mottingham, Eltham, Kent. 818 THE GABDENEBS' C SB ONI CLE, [March 6, 1892. GARDENER (Head), where two are kept ; age 27.— J. Anderson, Gardener, ChaTman Dean, Worthing, wishes to recommend his FOREMAN, Jas. Skinner, to any Lady or Gentleman, requiring a good practical man ; twelve years' experience. GARDENER ( Head).— Age 42 ; married, no family. Life eKperienee iu all brandies. Fourteen years as Head. Land and Stock if desired.— F. W., 37, Bridge Street, Witney, Oiion. GARDENER (Head), where several under are employed.— Advertiser (age 3!), married, one boy) is open to engage with any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a good all-round practical Gardener. Excellent testimonials from each place previously filled.— W. S., High Street, Actovi, W. GARDENER (Head).— Age 39, married, small family; thoroughly experienced in Growing Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, Inside and Out. Twelve years as Head in last situation, where strict economy wag enforced, and all surplus produce sold. Good character from last and present employer.— F. HILL, Oakwood Grange, Eotherham. GARDENER (Head). — Age 30, married. Thoroughly experienced in the cultivation of Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Forcing Fruit, Flower and Kitchen Garden, and the requirements of a good Establishment. Life expe- rience; excellent testimonials. A death cause of leaving. — A. CORDERY, Shales, Bitterne, Southampton. GARDENER (Head), in a large establish- ment; age 44, widower, two children, youngest 9 years. — E. S. Wiles, who has had charge of the Edgcote Gardens for the last thirteen years, will be di-engaged on March 25, and is open to re-engage to any Lady or Gentleman re- quiring a good all-round Gardener. Excellent characters from present and previous employers. — E. S. WILES, Edgcote, Banbury, Oxon. GARDENER (Head), in good establisnment. —Married, no family. Abstainer. Lite experience in Early and Late Forcing all kinds of Fruits, Flowers, Vege- tables, Mushrooms, also Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Pleasure Grounds. Eight years' good character from late employer and sixteen years' references.— J. D., Myrtle Cottage, Wick Road, Hampton Wick, Middlesex. X*i^ will be paid to any one furnishing the c^O Advertiser with information of any gardening ihiuges that will lead to obtaining an engagement as HEAD GAR- DENER, where six or more are kept. Well versed in every branch of Horticulture. Age 39, married. Own cause for leaving. Highly recommended by present and previous em- ployers. — LAWRENCE, Mr. J. Heath, Coxwell Koad, Faringdon, Berks. GARDENER (Head), where three or four are kept.— Age 3J, single ; sixteen years' experience in all branches. Good references.- A. G., Basing Park Gardens, Alton, Hants. GARDENER (Head).— Any Nobleman, Lady, or Gentleman, requiring the services of a good gardener would be suited by applying to CHAS. FLACK, Head Gardener, Cholmondeley Castle, Malpas. i}!^ — Anyone getting Advertiser a situation <3wiJ« as HEAD GiRDE.NKR, where live or six are kept, will receive the above sum. Good experience in all branches. Highest references.— P., 29, Highgate Hill, N. GARDENER (Head Working).— Single ; thoroughly practical in all departments, including Decorating and Laying-out. Abstainer. High testimonials. Home Counties preferred.- J. H., 60, Gordon Place, Ken- singtoo, W. ^ GARDENER (Head Working),— F. Cor- nish, the Gardens, Joldwyuds, near Dorking, wishes to recommend his Foreman, James PuUen ; thoroughly prac- tical iu all branches, including Orchids, Hardy Alpines, and Herbaceous Plants. Excellent character. GARDENER (Head Working),- Age 28; has had thorough experience in Vines, Peaches, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Melons, Cucumbers, and Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Excellent testimonials. Abstainer. — GAR- DENER, 29, Stadium Street, Ashburnham Road, Chelsea, S.W. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33, no family ; life experience in all branches. Wife could manage Dairy. Good references. — GARDENER, F. Oapel Cure, Esq., lugatestone, Essex. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 28, married ; fourteen ye.ira' practical experieuce in all branches. Excellent references as to character and ability. Nine years in present situation, over three years as Head. Leaving through a death.— H. UNDERWOOD, Gardener, Stnpleford, Notts. GARDENER (Head WoRKiNG).~-Age 33, married. Sixteen years* practical experience in the Early and Lite Forcing of Plants, Fruits, and Vegetables. Well recommended from last and previous situations. — L. MATTHEWS, 19, Faulkner Street, Hoole, Cheater. ARDENER (Head Working), where two or three are kept, — Age 29, married, one child; eight and a halt years in present situation. Thorough practical all- round man. Would prefer situation in the country, with a good Cottage. Excellent character from present employer, Wilfred Cripps. Esq., C.B.— W. J. EVANS, The Gardens, Walnut Trees, Cirencester. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 31, married, one child, 3J years; thoroughly experienced. Excellent references.— C. PARKER, Gayton.Blisworth, North Hants. GARDENER (Head Wobking).— Seventeen years and ten months' experience in all branches of the profession. Four years and nine months' in present place. — J. ROGERS, Beechwood, Huddersfield. _^^^^__ GARDENER (Head Working); age 36, married, one boy, aged 5 ; Scotch.— A Lady wishes to recommend the above. Twenty years' practical experience in all branches. Abstainer, Four years' excellent character. — M,, Squerryes Lodge. Westerham, Kent. GARDENER (Head Working), where help is given. — Abstainer. Thirteen years' practical expe- rience both Inside and Out. Excellent references. — E. E., Casino House, Heme Hill, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working). — Under- stands ^'ines. Peaches, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Married, no family. Good references. Disengaged March 25.— MOSS, Harold Court Ni Romfurd, Essex. GARDENER (Head Working).— Mr. A, Waters, Hopwood Hall Gardens, Manchester, will be pleased to give full particulars of a thoroughly efficient man. Twenty years' experience in good establibhments. Character will bear strict investigation. G GARDENER (Head Working, or good T Single-handed). — Thoroughly experienced in all branches. Wife good Laundress. Good character and testi- monials.— GARDENER, Grena Lodge, Richmond, Surrey. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or three are kept. Age 49, married, no family. Thoroughly practical; good Orchid Grower; good long character ; understands stock.— A. B., 5, Shernhall Terrace, Walthamstow. ARDENER (Head Working).— Scotch. Age uoder 40, married. Over twenty years' experience. Wishes re-engagement. Excellent abilities and references. Disengaged March 19.— H. GRANT, Hill House Gardens, Heme Hill, S.E. ARDENER (Head Working).- James Child, upwards of five years Head Gardener to Baily Hawkins, E.sq., wishes to engage with any Gentleman re- quiring a trustworthy practical man.— 2, Roseleigh, Alexandra Road. Epsom. ARDENER (Head, or good Single- HANDED).— Age 26, single. Leaving through a death Over eight years' character from present situation. — H. ELLIOIT, 7, Alexandra Street, Stapleford, Notts. ARDENER (Head, or good Single- HANDED).— Age 28, married. Thoroughly experienced in all branches; excellent character. Leaving through giving up establishment. — ILES, o, Spencer Road, Hornsey, N. GARDENER (Single-handed or otherwise). — Age 24. Abstainer. Understands Flower. Kitchen, and Fruit Gardens, Stove and Greenhouse. Can te highly recommended.— J. V., 43, Trinity Road. East Finchley, N. GARDENER (Single-handed, or good Second). — Age 25; eleven years' experience. Two years' good character from present employer, and four previous. — H. HICKS, 16, Hedgley Street, Lee, Kent. GARDENER (Single-handed, or other- wise).—Age 27 ; thoroughly practical in all branches. Excellent references from previous employers. Disengaged. — W. G., Granville House, Rodney Street, Pentonville. GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise). —Age 27, single. Life experience in all branches of the profession ; would not object to pony and trap. Two years' character from present emijloyer.- G. L., 286, Crystal Palice Road, East Dulwich, S.E. GARDENER (Single-handed), or where help is given. — Age 25, married when suited. Expe- rienced in Fruit, Flowers, Vines, Kitchen Gardeu, &c. Good character.— W. WORSFOLD, Rose Cottage, Haseley, near Warwick. C^ ARDENER (Single-handed), or where X help is given. — Good all-round; married, one child, age 7. W.fe good Plain Cook or Dairy-womau. Eight years' good character from present employer. — H. BALLEN, Gar- dener. Hillside. Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells. GARDENER (Single-handed, or where help is given.)— Age 2b, single ; good experience in Glass and Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Three years and seven mouths' good character from present employer. — A. H. DUFFIN, Normaustield, Hampton Wick. Middlesex, i GARDENER (good Single-handed), near London preferred. — Age 30; life experience in good establishments. Fifteen years' testimonials and character. Please state wages. — GARDENER. Mr. Dale, Stationer, Mitcham. GARDENER (Single-handed, or other- wise).— Age 23 ; good experience in Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Stove and Greenhouse. Eight years' good character. — A. COLEMAN, Sedgwick Park, near Horsham. GARDENER (Single-handed, or where two are kept). — Age 22. Thorough experience, excellent character. Strongly recommended from Acryse Park Gardens. Strong, and Total Abstainer.— F. CROSS, 66, Masbro Road N., West Kensington, London, W. GARDENER (Single-handed, or -with help). — Age 26, single. Twelve years' eipsrience. Inside and Out. Two years and eight months' good character from present employer. Disengaged March 1.— JOSEPH SKELTON, Stoneleigb, Somer's Road, Keigate. G ^ARDENER (Single - handed, or where help is given),— Good character,— J. FISHER, School Green, Shinfield, Reading. GARDENER (good Single-handed, or where help is given).— Age 24; thorough experience in good gardens. Good characters from previous employers. — J. H., East Tytherby, near Stockbridge, Hanta. GARDENER (Single-handed, or good SECOND). Age 22.— Mr. BiGGS wishes to recommend A. Street as above. Good characters from previous situations, - Tile House Gardens, Deoham, Bucks. ARDENER; age 31. — A Gentleman recommends his Gardener. Good all-round man. Has been with him over seven years. Good previous references. Leaving through no fault.- H. B. HAMMOND, Esq., West Cliff Lodge, Ramsgate. GARDENER, where help is given.— Under- stands Glass, Kitchen, and Flower Gardens. Eight years' experience. Excellent references.— G. WALL, Mr. C. Miller. 5, The Parade, Uxbridge Road, Acton, W. ARDENER.— Age 33, married, no family. Experienced in Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Choice Fruits, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Nearly seven years' good character. Disengaged. — BRYANT, 18, Mason's Hill, Bromley. Kent. ARDENER. — The Advertiser (age 26) begs to offer his services to any Lady or Gentle- man requiring a thorough practical man. Experience has been gained in tirst-class establishments, and he can be well recommended by last and previous employers. — H. FEATHER- STONE, The Brackens, Bracknell, Berks. GARDENER (good Second). — Age 24 ; twelve years' experience, Inside and Out in Gentle- men's Gardens. No objection to bothy. —F. SPILLAKD, Eartham, Cliichester, Sussex. GARDENER (Second), where three or four are kept. — Age 24, single ; experienced Inside and Out. Good references. — W. TURNER, Burntwood Lane, Upper Caterham, Surrey. GARDENER (Second), where three or four are kept, or Inside and Out. — Age 22; bothy preferred . Over seven years' good character from present situation. Leaving to improve himself. — F., Albany Koad, Hersham, Surrey. GARDENER (Second), under a good working Gardener, where three or more are kept. — Age 21 ; seven years' experience. Good references. — H. WILKERSON, Ormond House, Cricklewood. GARDENER (Second, or otherwise). Age 25, single.— C. Wingkove. The Gardens, Firfield. Addle- stoue, Surrey, can thoroughly recommend good all-round man as above ; well up both Inside and Out. Seven and two and a half years' references. GARDENER (Kitchen, Under), where others are kept. — Age 25, married ; and make himself generally useful. Seven years' at present situation. — E. G., 7. Fairfax Cottage, Hampton Wick. ? GARDENER ( Under) ; age 21. — J. Jeffer- son, The Gardens, Carlton House, Worksop, Notts, will be pleased to recommend a young man who has served with him three years. Inside and Out. GARDENER (Under), where he can have a good insight under Glass. — Age 22. Good references from last and previous places. Bothy preferred. — E. GEORGE, Tidenham, Chepstow. ARDENER (Undee), Outside.— Age 21. Five years' good character if rem previous situation. — J.PAYNE, The Gardens, Orchardleigh Park, Frome, Somerset. ARDENER (Under).— Age 23 ; ten and a half years' experience. Used to Glass, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. — H. BARTON, 19, Queen Street, Crook Place, Norwich. GARDENER (Under).- Age 20 ; seven years' experience. Houses preferred. Can be well re- commended.— H. EDWARDS, Binton Farm, Seale, Farnham, Surrey. ARDENER (Under, or Third or Fourth in a good place). — Age IS ; good knowledge of Inside and Outdoor work. Six and a half years' excellent character. — S. PLAIN. Winter's Hall, Bramley, Surrey. ARDENER (Under).— Situation wanted, by a young man (age 19). Good character,— H. KEELINa, 1. Station Road. Chadwell Heath. GARDENER (Under). — A young man seeks a situation as above. Good references. Bothy preferred. — S. BAGLIN, Fort Fields, Dursley, Gloucestershire. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR.— Age 23 ; nine years' expe- rience in Stove and Soft-wooded Stuff, Ferns, &c., for Market. Good references.— P. C, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. PROPAGATOR or GROWER (Stove or Soft- wooded). — Age 25. Good references. Ten years' expe- rience. London or suburbs preferred. — H., 6, Ivy Terrace, Baddow Road, Chelmsford, Essex. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Ferns and Soft-wooded Stuff for Market. — Age 23; seven years' experience. Good character. — Please state wages to W". »K., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. Mabch 5, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 319 PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 25' ten years' practiea. experience. TJaed to the General Routine of a Nursery Stuff, Forcing ul Lines, &c.— K., 46, VTirtember); Street. Clapham, S.W. PROPAGATOR or GROWER (Assistant).— Age 24. Nine and a half years' experience with all kinds of Hard and Soft- wooded Plants, the grafting of Roses, Rhodo- dendrons, Clematis, &c.— J. WHEATLEY, 57, Alexandra Road, Walthamstow, Essex. ROPAGATOR and GROWER for Market.— Age:2S ; twelve years' experience in Tomatoa, Cucunibpra, Pidiits, l-'erns. Roses, Bulbs. Forcin?. Wreattis. Uouquets, &c. Good references. — WOOUS, Camperdowii Nurseries, Bronghty Ferry. N.B. OKEMAN PKOPAGATOK— Age 26; nine years' experience iu Growing Soft-wooded Stuff, Fern3, Palms, &o., for Market. Good Salesman. Could Manage small Nursery. — A. U., Ivy Cottage, White Cross Koad, Hereford . ORBMAN, or PROPAGATOR and GROWER.-Age 28, married; life experience in good Nurseries and all branches, Inside and Out. Good Salesman. Well up in Wreaths, liouquets, &c. Good referencss.— W., 2, Morningnide Cottages, Hendon Lane. Finchley. N. FORE MAN or PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Soft wooded Stuff, Palms, Ferns, Tomatos, Cucumbers, and Cut Flowers. Gardenias, Eucharis. Roses. &c. —Married, fc'erea years' Foreman in good Market Nursery. Southern Counties preferred.— .1, FLOYD, bk, Malet Koad, Hither Green. Lewisham. S.E. ANAGER and FOREMAN (Working).— Af^e 35, married; practical experience in Growing Grapes, Tomatc^, Cucumbers, Melons, Strawberries, Beans, Arums, Chrysanthemum?, Ferns. &c. Seven years' excellent character as Foreman in large market place. — E. C, 32, Market Street, Worthing, Sussex. FOREMAN, in a good establishment ; Houses preferred. — Age 26 ; eleven years' experience in all branches. Two years in last situation. Can be well recom- mended^—CRA^JE^_^ . FOREMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Age 22 ; nine years' experience in good all-round work. Two and a half years in preseut situation. Good character. Abstiiner. — W. BOALCH, The Gardens, Creech Grange, Wareham. FOREMAN, in a good establishment. — Age 27 ; well-versed in all branches of the profession. Ten years' experience. Good character and testimonials. — J. DEAN, Lower Eaton, Hereford. FOREMAN. — Age 26 ; eleven years' experi- ence. Go3d References.— W. DODWELL, Waddesdon, Aylesbury. FOREMAN, in the Houses in good establish- ment.—Age 25. Eight years' experience in Fruit and Plant Houses. Can be highlv recommended.— T. NOTLEY, Stoke, Holy Crosj. Norwich. FOREMAN, or charge of small Nursery. — Age 27 ; well up in its various branches. Inside and Out. Good references.— T. ROGERS, High Street, Whittlesea, near Peterboro'. FOREMAN, in good establishment.~-Age 24 ; eleven years' experience in Fruit and Plant-houses; also House Decorations. Good recommeudations.— J. GODDARD, Wondham Lane, Woking, Surrey. FOREMAN, in the Houses, in a good Estab- lishment.—e. Atkins will be pleased to recommend his Foreman to any Gardener requiring a steady, sober, indus- trious, obliging young man.— W. MARTIN, Hargraves Gar- deny, Stansied, Essex. To Murserymeii. FOREMAN (rNDOOR), MANAGER, or TRA- VELLER. — Age 29, single ; fourteen years' experience in all branches. Good references.— J. W.. 41, Pradahawgate, Bolton, Lanes. FOREMAN, in the Houses, or General.— Age 27. Thoroughly experienced Inside and Out. Good references. — J. H., 26, Salisbury Road, Highgate Hill, London, N. FOREMAN (Working), or GROWER, or good General Hand. — J. ORPWOOD, Taneley Park, Hampton, Middlesex. FOREMAN.— R. Honey, The Briery, Sun- derlaud, can with confidence recommend to any Gardener an energetic and thoroughly trustworthy young man as ahove. Abstainer. FOREMAN (Pruit), or KNIFEMAN, in -1- good Establishment. — Single; has a knowledge of Out- door and Nursery Work. Good references. Abstainer.— T. KYTH. 18. Pomona Place, Fulham, S.W. FOREMAN, in a good Establishment ; age 25. —Edwin Beckett, Aldenham House Gardens, Elstree, can with every coulideoce recommend his First Journeyman, H. Nftylor, as above. To Nurserymen. "POREMAN (House), PROPAGATOR, and -1- SALESMAN.— Twenty-five years' practical and successful experience in principal London and Provincial Establishments, wholesale and retail.- H. W. REED, 2, Kirby Villas, Fletcher Koad, Chiswick, W. FORIiMAN, or JOURNEYMAN (Finsi), in a good Establishment.— Age 25; good eiperience in Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, also Fruits. Abstainer. — W. DYER, 3, Hurstboumo Terrace, Bexley, Kent, JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses in a good establishment— Bothy preferred.— B. HEDLEV, The Gardens, Gledhow Wood, Leeds. JOURN E YM A N^r^^yTn the Houses in a good Establishment.— Age 2:J. Two years in present place; good reference; bothy preferred. -T. KIPPING, Ash- ridge Park Gardens, lire;it Berkliampstead, Herts. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.— Age 23; five years' experience. Strong and willing. Two years' good character.— E. WOOD, The Gardens, Butler's Green, Hayward's Heath, Sussex. OURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20 ; six years' experience. Three years' good character. — GEORGE CAPSTICK. Elstree, Herta. JOURNEYMAN (First or Second).— Age 23; ten years' experience ; good characters.— F. HALL, Middle Hill, Wimborne, Dorset. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses; age 20.— Mr. A. WElin. Kelham Hall Gardens, Newark, Notts, wishes to recommend a young man as above. Has been with OURNEYMAN, in the Houses, under a foreman.— Age 23. Three and a half years' good character from present situation. — E. DUNNINGTON, Healaugh, Tadcaster, Yorks. JOURNEYMAN (Second), in a good private establishment.— Age 21 ; over five years' experience, chiefly under Glass. Good references. Total abstainer.— FREDERICK CASTLE, Boreham House Gardens, Chelmsford. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Mr. Mas- TEH90N, Gardener to the Counti'ss of Camperdown, can with confidence recommend a smart, active, intelligent young man, age 2i. Three years in present place. — Weston House Gardens, Shipston-on-Stour. OURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good placj.- Ralph Crosslino, Penarth Nurseries, South Wales, can confidently recommend a young man (age ;0) as above Six years* experience, two here. JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses.- Age 21 ; six years' expeiience. Two years' good character from present employer. Bothy preferred.— W. B,, Meadow Lodge, West Wickham. Kent. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good Establishment.— Age 24; bothy preferred.— W. JONES, The Gardens. Gledhow Hill. Leeds. OURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.— Mr. Haioh, The Gardens, St. Vincent's, Grantham, has pleasure in recommending G. NORRIS ; two years in present situation, four years previous. Abstainer. JOURNEYMAN (Second), in~ the Houses, under a good Foreman.— T. Amen. Head Gardener. Roe- heath, Chailey. Lewes, can thoroughly recommend J. PARKER to any Gardener requiring a steady -willing young man. JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses of a good establishment.— Age 24 ; ten years' experience. Good Lharacter, and can be well recommended. — W. PEAECE, London Road, Ascot, Berks. JOURNEYMAN (Second), where two or three are kept,— Six years' practice in Fruit and Plant Houses. Bothy preferred. For citaracter, apply to Mr DAVIDSON, Iwerne Gardens, Blandford. JOURNEY'MAN, in a good Establishraent.- Age 18. Four years' experience. Good te.stimouialsfroi late employer.— F, TAYLOR, Black' mith Shop. Hampto Bi&hop, near Hereford. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, under a Foreman.— Age 19 ; good references. Two years in present situation, and three previous. Bothy preferred.— G. BENTLEY, The Oaks Gardens, Carshalton, Surrey. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.- Age 22; Dine years' experience. Three and two years' excellent character. Abstainer. Bothy preferred.- W. FOSSEY, Brook Street, Brentwood, Essex. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out, under Foreman, in large Garden.— Age 21, tall, strong; seven years' experience, two in present place, in charge of Houses. Bothy preferred.- F. BULL, Cranmore Hall Gardens, Shepton Mallet. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener, a young man (age 20); six y«ars' experience. Good character. No objection to a bothy.— Mr. E. CAL^'EK, Brockdish, Norfolk. IMPROVER, in the Houses.— Age 10; three years' experience. Inside and Out. Abstainer. — E. BAMrORD, Grange Lodge, New Elthani, Kent. IMPROVER, in the Houses.- Age 22 ; desires a situation under a good Gardener. Three years' good character. Bothy preferred. £b premium given. — W. HEY- WOOD, The Lodge, St. Mary Hall, Brighton. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener.— Age 16 ; strong and willing, not afraid of work. One year's excellent character.- JaCKSON, Claydon Park, Winslow, Bucks. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener, Insid« and Out.— Age 16 ; bothy preferred. Strong, active, willing. Three years' good character.— Apply, CHARLES LAWRENCE, Stone House Farm, Brimpton, near Reading. TMPROVER, under Glass, by a Lad of 18; A nearly two years' experience. No objection to small or large firm.-H., 90, St. Ann's Hill, Wandsworth, S.W. TMPROVER, Inside. — Age~"lo7^7e years' J- experience, two under Glass. Good character from preseut and previous situations.—.!. FAULKNER, Wentworth Castle Gardens. Barnsley, Yorks. TMPROVER, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Mr. -i- H. Drover can highly recommend a young man (age lil), as above, who has had four years' experience with him. chiefly Inside.— W.BOWSON, 34, WestStreet, Ventnor, Isleot Wight. IMPROVER, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Age 18; good character.— F. BOWLING. 39, Farwig Lane, Bromley, Kent. C^ARDEN.— Will any Lady or Gentleman A kindly give a willing boy (age 16*) a start under a Gardener? Hius been eighteen months' Indoors. Good cha- racter.—H. H., Pcndarren, Crickhowell. 'yO HEAD GARDENERS.— A young man, X student at Swanley College, and six months' service in large Nursery, would like a year in a good Private Garden, where things are well done.— R, Selwood, Hornsey Lane, N. npO HEAD GARDENERS.— T. Lockie, Oak- JL ley Court, Windsor, wishes to procure a place for a very respectable Youth (age 19) as young JOURNEYMAN and IMPROVER. Has been with him four years, mostly in the Houses, in charge of fires, &c. Bothy preferred. Clean, steady, and willing. O GARDENERS.— A Youth wishes to learn Gardening under a Head Gardener. Smallpremium if required.— A. J. W., 18, Gloucester Road, South Kensington Loudon, S.W. '^rO GARDENERS, &c.— A young Man seeks JL a situation to look after Herbaceous Borders, Wall Trees, and Pleasure Grounds. Five-and-a-half ye_. G. KING. Mars Hill. Dover Street. Ryde. I. W. character. — ''pO GARDENERS, &o.— Situation wanted, in .1- a Gentleman's garden preferred ; willing to make himself useful. Age 20; good references.- A. D, 7, Queen's Road, Winchester, Hants. TPO FRUIT GROWERS under Glass, or X FRUIT FARMERS.— Two Gardeners, ages 21. are anxious to get situations as above. Ten years' experience in Nursery Work — T. H., Gardeners' Chronicle OtBce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. npO NURSERYMEN. — Situation in a good X Market Nursery wanted, by a young man, age 21 ; seven years' experience. Good character.— W. WINTER, Mill Road, Hampton Hill, Middlesex. 'ro NURSERYMEN.-A young Man (age 21) X seeks a situation in a Market Nursery. Good knowledge of Cut Bloom and Pot Stuff. Good references —P. S , Albert \'illa. Chestnut Road, Tottenham. '1^0 NURSERYMEN.— aTboOIv-KEEPER, X CORRESPONDING CLERK, orSALES.MAN. Thoroughly qualified, having had twenty-five years' eiperience in present situation. Can De well recommended. Disengaged at the end of March.— ALBERT HEAD, Ascot. r-VO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted in X a Market Nursery ; used to Ferns, Carnations, Roses, Bouvardias. Palms, &c., and the general routine of the trade, and could take charge in employer's absence.— S. H., 45, St. James' Street. Brighton. To Nurserymen and Gardeners. HANDY'-MAN seeks employment — Painter, Glazier, Handy at Rtpairs. Carpentering. Hot-water Joints. Any District. Job not objected to. Good character. — G. BAKER, 10, Secretan Road, Camberwell, S.E. PAINTER, GLAZIER, and CARPENTER.— A young married man requires situation as above on an Estate or Nursery. Good references. — B., Mr. R. Walker, Cranleigh, Surrey. SHOPMAN.— Age 25. Life experience in Seed and Bulb Trade. Sliop and Warehouse. Good refer- ences.—O. P.. Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellingt u Street, Strand. W.C. SHOPMAN (Assistant).— Age 22; Paris and London experience. Good references. -L^^ON G.. Car- deners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. FLORISTS. — A young Lady desires re-engage- ment. Well up in all branches. Ten years' experience. Tirst-class references.— FLORIST, 14, Clarendon Koad, West Green, Tottenham, N. O FLORISTS.— Re-engagement wanted by young Lady in a first-class Florist business.- FLORIST, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W. C. HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— Good Digestion. — Holloway's Pills are universally acknowledged to be the safest, speediest, and best corrective for indigestion; loss of appetite, acidity, flatulency, and nausea are a few of the inconveniences which are remedied with ease by these purify- ing Pills. They strike at the root of all abdominal ailments, th<'y excite in the stomach a proper secretion of gastric juice, and regulate the action of the liver, promoting iu that organ a copious supply of pure wholesome bile, so necessary for digestion. These Pills remove all distention and obstruction, and from their harmless composition are peculiarly well adapted for delicate persons and young children; whilst casting out impurities, these excellent Pills Btrengthen the syttem and give muscular tone. 320 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, [March 5, 1892. AWARDED TWENTY PRIZE MEDALS AT INTERI^ATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AT HOME AND ABROAD. KEITHS PATENT BOILERS,the CHALLENGE, VIADUCT, PYTHON , &c., EOR HOT-WATER HEATING, " STAND FIRST," require no building work round them, are entirelywater-jacketing, and heat from 50 feet up to 20,000 feet of 4-inoh pipe respectively. Many thousands are in use all over the world, and the Boilers are unrivalled in power and economy. KEITH'S "PYTHON" BOILER, as illustrated below, has 1000 square feet of effective heating surface, with 17| square feet of fire-grate area; heats about 20,000 feet of 4-inch pipe, and is the Most Powerful and Complete Sectional " Special " Hot-water Heating Boiler in the World. This Engraving " illastratea the most powerful form of Boiler that has yet been made for Hot-water Circnlation." — Extract from Hood, on Warming bi/ Hot- water, New Edition, 1891. KEITH'S BOILERS are almost exclusively used by Her Majesty's Government, at the Home Office, and for the Heating Work of the Prisons throughout the United Kingdom, in preference to all others. KEITH'S Patent RAMS& Self-acting, HYDRAULIC PUMPS, Ealslng Water. KEITH'S PATENT "UNIVERSAL" RADIATORS, Manufactured under thirty James Keith's Patents in Great Britain, United States, and Canada. JAMES KEITH (C.E., Assoc. M.Inst.C.E.), Gas, Hydraulic, Heating, Ventilating, and Consulting Engineer. Established 1823. Contractor to Her Majesty's Government. 57, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.G., ALSO AT EDINBURGH AND ARBROATH. By order of Messrs. LINDEN, BRUSSELS. FRIDAY NEXT. MARCH 11. GREAT SALE.-NEW AND RARE ORCHIDS. EXTRAORDINARY NEW 0D0NT0GL0SSU3I IN FLOWER. ODONTOGLOSSUM CCELESTE (Linden). Grand New Species. The entire Stock (about 200) will be offered. ^^ The PLANTS are ESTABLISHED and ONE in BLOSSOM. The flowers are manve, and most attracti^re Also a fine importation in perfect order and condition of CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE VAR. MONTANUM. The plants have been collected by the same men in and around the region from whence was obtained the exquisite Cypripedium insigne Sanderje, and other grand varieties, all in very fine masses. Also some fine established plants of MOEMODES EOLFEANUM (new species), AGANISIA CCERULEA, ODONTOGLOSSUM COEONAEIUM, 0. TEIPUDIANS, ANGE^CUM SESQUIPEDALE, SACCOLABIUM CCELESTE, GEAMMATOPHYLLUM SPECIES, from Madagascar: COEYANTHES LEUCOCOEYS, DENDEOCHILUM FILIFOEME, &c., &c. Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS We received instructions from Messrs. LINDEN, to SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Eooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.G., the above grand lots, on FEIDAT NEXT, March 11. Editorial communications should be addressed to the "Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher." at the Office, 41, WeUington Stree Covent Garden, London, W.r. .,„, i= °^„™„llr ?^'^'!v''^„^''^"- BRADBUBY. Aqhkw. & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, CSty of London, in the County of Middlesex, and pubUshed h ABTHDB UEOBQK JKUBTIH, at tke Office, «, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's. Covent Garden, in the said Connty.— Satcbbat, March 6, 1892. Agent for Manchester— Jomr Hbtttood. ' No. 272.-yoL.XL{s^--} SATUEDAY, MAECH 12, 1892. [Regt. as a Newspaper. Price 3d. Post-free, 3|rf. CONTENTS. Alkaloid from Chrysau- I Obituary themums, a new ... 33S 1 Orchid rotes and glean- Apple^, too many sorts of 330 i inga ... Artiiicial foloratioa of j Orchid sale, great 329 Potatos in Ireland, last ! century's ; 338 I Potatos, judging ■ i , Pruning Deuilrobiums ... ; ?39 j Rose La Vierzonnaiae ... ; 3i2 I Ro=ery, the ... " ... ; I Work in the Rose- 339 I garden in March ... : 331 I School of Horticulture ; 311 Scotland:— Remarks on vegetables '• flowers, the Bananas v. Plantains as food Bordeaux Mixture ami the Potato lot Camellias Case for the county coun- cil instructor, a Colonial noted Cultural analogies Cultural note Cryptophoranthu Day- 338 "Dictionnaire de Beta- nique" 338 Diseases oE the reproduc- tive organs of plants... 331 Eleeagnus japonica va- riegatus 343 Dmmenanthe penduli- flora 339 Fernery at Nant-y-Glyn 336 Florists' vagaries ... 336 French cut rtowers ... 339 Fruit from South Africa 339 Gardeners' Royal Bene- volent Institution ... 339 Gardening as a profession 343 Grasses of the South- west U.S.A 338 Hedges for woods and plantations 3^11 Hybrids and hybridism in Narcissi 331 International Horticul- tural Exhibition ... 339 Isle of Man, exhibition at 338 Law notes 'Mi Mixtures (or spraying fruit trees 330 New or noteworthy plant 330 Pelexia Travassosii ... 330 Nitrate in soils, the for- mation of 338 Nursery notes 340 Cyclamen at Hanwell 340 Small holding Societies :~ Birmingham Chrysan- themum Devon and Exeter Gar- denera' Association Dutch Horticultural and Botanical Leeds Paxton Liverpool Amateur Gardening Associa- Royal Horticultural ... United Horticultural Benefitand Provident Windor, Eton, and District York Florists Spring growth of trees ... fruit... Tdsi Traveller's '•The Silva of Nbrt America " ... Vegetables Selected Peas ... Sulham Prize Pin Celery Week's work, the Apiary Flower garden... Fruits under glass Hardy Fruit garden . Kitchen garden Orchid houses ... Plants under glass . ILLUSTRATIONS. Emmenanthe penduliflora Ferns at Nant-y-Glyn, Colwyn Bay Hybrid Narcissus Method of tjing trees with straw bands LAURELS.—CAUCASICUM, LATIFOLIA, ROTUNDIFOLIA. and COMMON, fine bushy plants, well-rooted, 2 to 6 feet high. PORTUGAL LAURELS. Standards, fine heads. CATALOGUE on application. H. LANE AND SON. Nurseries, Berl(hamsted, Herts. STANDARD ROSES, 145. per doz. ; .Bush Roses, 6?. per doz. ; best named Clematis, 145. per doz. ; Ampelopsis Veitchii, 4s. per doz.; Variegated Ivies. 45. per doz.; Mrd. Sinkins Pinks, 125. per 100; Ferns, in pots. 155., 24s., and 4.^^. per 100. Catalogue, gratis and post-free. H. ENGLISH. Clevedon Nurseries. Clevedon. PANSIES, VIOLAS, and DAHLIAS.— We do as well as any tirm in the Kingdom. Ten Gold and Silver Medals last season from leading Societies. Only standard exhibition varieties kept in stock. Prices from 2s. Qd. per dozen; carriage paid. Send for Catalogue and Competitor's Guide, 160 pages, post free. 3d. DAHLIA CUTTINGS supplied very cheap.— DOBBIE and CO., Rothesay. TANDISH'S RHODODENDRONS. — Choicest varieties, well-budded plantp, 24s.. 30s.. and 42s. per dozen. Well-rooted and Bushy PONTICUMS, of all sizes. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. RojalNurs?ries, Ascot. OVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES. —We offer for Cash, good sorts in nice plants, carriage paid, at 3s. per 100; 12s. ed. per 500 ; 205. per 1000. Sample Dozen. 6rf. Descriptive LIST free. W. LOVEL AND SON, Strawberry Growers, Driffield, CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of the FINEST COLLEC- TION in the COUNTRY, including all the newest and best varieties, now ready, gratis and porit-free.on application. — The Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 233. High Holborn, London, W.C. Seed PotatOB. HAND F. SIIARPE invite the attention of • the Seed Trade to their tine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS, comprising all the varieties worthy of cultivation. They have been grown expressly lor Seed, and the samples will be found very tine and well dressed. The prices will compare favourably with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment. Wisbech. ^__ BEGONIAS.— Davis's New, Rare, & Beautiful. The Best BEGONIA CATALOGUE published. Enumerates a magniticentand unsurpassed Collection, with descriptions, illustrations, and much valuable information on this now popular flower ; post-free. The first grower to issue a Begonia Catalogue was B. R. DAVIS, Begonia Grower. Yeovil Nurseries, Yeovil. Somerset. WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, is open to SELL on COMMISSION, TOMATOS. GRAPES. &o. Good references. HENRY E. MUNTON, Fruit and Vege- table Commission Salesman. Covent Garden Marhet, W.C. (twenty years' coDnection). Accounts and Cheques daily, or as desired. Empties supplied. Bankers and other references. A trial solicited. MESSRS. SQUELCH and WOOD, Fbuit Salesmen, North Row. Covent Garden, W.C, are open to RECEIVE CONSIGNMENTS of GRAPES, TOMATOS, CUCUMBERS, and all kinds of HOT-HOUSE PRODUCE. Our business connections being amongst the best houses in Loudon, we are in a position to secure the highest prices for all choice goods. Account Sales forwarded daily and cheques weekly, or daily if required. Empties and labels supplied. Reference, Lordon and County Bank. Covent Garden Branch. 150,000.- Special Offer of Eentias. WICETUN has a large quantity of the • above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10*. per 1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in 60's, well- established, at £30 per 1000. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. WANTED, Six Standard PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2i to 3 feet stems. CHEAL NURSERIES, CRAWLEY. ANTED, MAIDENHAIR FERN, ROSES, ORCHIDS, CARNATIONS. LILIUM HARRISII, and other CHOICE FLOWERS, to SELL on COMMISSION. Boxes and labels supplied. Established l»7f>. Telephone No. 2939. R. END. Wholesale Florist. 28, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C, and Crystal Palace, Sxdenham. WANTED, CUTTINGS of Miss Jolliffe and German ia, rooted or not; also OLD PLANTS of Double White Primula.— State price per 100 or 1000, to W. G. MILBORN, Nurseryman, Highgate, N. WANTED BOOKS for GARDENERS' LENDING LIBRARY, New or Secondhand— Apply to JAMES POUND, Hon. Sec , Reading Gardeners' Associa- tion, 61, Donnington Road, Reading. ANTED, GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, Nos. 323 and 339, 1880; also Vol. XIV., July to December, 1880.— Price to Publisher, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. WANTED, CHRYSANTHEMUM CUT- TINGS.—Elaine, Madame Lecroilt. Mons, Astorg, Fulton, and Jardin de.s Plantes. Lowest price per 1000 for cash, to W. E. MARSHALL, Florist, Abbey Wood, Kent. WANTED, CHOICE CUT FLOWERS, to SELL on COMMISSION in Covent Garden Market. Cheques weekly, all consignments. Good references. Communi- cations to S. DENSON and CO., The Nurseries, 22, Maida Vale. ANTED, three to five hundred feet of 4-inch HOT- WATER PIPES, Rubber Joints preferred. Second-hand goods will do. E. SMALL, The Cottage, Hampton Poyle, Kidlington, Oxon. T.H E BEST LAWNS are produced from — SUTT0N'S"gRAS3 seeds, which should now be sown either to Make New Lawns or Improve Old Lawns. See full directions in — UTTON'S LAWN PAMPHLET, Sent post-free by — SUTTON AND SONS, READING. s Fruit Trees a Specialty. APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, STRAW- BERRIES, and all sorts of Small and Hardy Fruits grown in immense quantities. , The best of the Old and New Varieties either to Grow for Market or Private Consumption. Special quotations for quantities. Descriptive CATALOGUE and GUIDE, the most complete issued, Hd. Ordinary LIST free. JOHN WATKINS, Pomona Farm Nurseries, Withington, Hereford. Many Acres of UUea of the Valley I TJANNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES • OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, offers 3-year-old flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-year-old Crowns for planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices and terms on application. T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk. For Exhibition! ROAD BEAN, DIDDLES' MONSTER LONGPOD. —Extra long, fine quality. Per quart, IJ. id. CARROT. BIDDLES' SCARLET PRIZETAKER, Interme- diate, the finest exhibition Carrot grown. Per oz.. Is, B BIDDLES CO., Seeds,— Carriage Paid.- Seeds. DICKSON AND ROBINSON'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892, Enumerates the Best and Choicest Varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, and SEED POTATOS; MANURES, INSECTICIDES, HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, and GARDEN REQUISITES. Postrfree on application. COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, from 5j. to 84J. COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, from is. 6d. to 84». Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester, ARR'S SEEDS, BULBS and PLANTS. VEGETABLE SEEDS.— The best sorts only. Much valu- able information. Catalogue free on application. FLOWER SEEDS.— Upwards of 2000 species and varieties, all decorative kinds. Catalogue free on application. BULBS.— Gladioli, Lilies, Anemones, Ranunculus, Hyacinthua candicans. Tigridias, &c., for Spring Planting. LlST3 ON APPLICATION. PLANTS.— Michaelmas Daisies, Perennial Sunflowers, Double and Single Pfeonies, Irises, Oriental Hellebores, Carna- tions, &c. LIST3 FREE ON APPLICATION. BARR AND SON, 12, King Street, Covent Garden. London. FOWLER'S MEALY BUG DESTROYER, For the eradication of this most troublesome pest. It is easily applied; is instant destruction to both insect and ova, and does not stain or injure the foliage. In Botlles, Is., 2s, 6rf., hs., and IDs. ; half gallon, 21s. ; one gallon, 42s. each. CORRY AND CO., Limited, 13. 15. 16, Finsbury Street. E.C. Sold by all Seedsmen. JVV E E K S AND CO., HORTICULTCKAL • Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De- partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society, Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex Upright Tubular Boilers. King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. HOMSON'S IMPROVEDVINEandPLANT MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us. Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage paid. London Agent : Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road. Putney, WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.F. 322 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [March 12, 1892. SALES BY AUCTION. Wednesday and Saturday Next. 2600 Choice named StanJard, Half-Standard, Dwarf and Climb- ing ROSES, from one of the first English growers and exhibitors, including many new varieties: 600 FRUIT TREES, 600- Ornamental SHRUBS and CONIFERS; a consignment'bf LILIUMS from Japan, comprising a new LILIUM ELEGANS, L. TIQRINUM, L. SPECIOSUM ALBUM KRCETZEBII, L. S. RUBRUM ; an extensive collection of BORDER PLANTS, TUBEROSES, and various BULBS and ROOTS. MK. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C, on \VEDNESD.AY and SATURDAY NEXT, March 16 and 19, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely each dav- , „ , , . :, On view morninas of Sale, and Catalogues had. The Caolce Collection of Established Orchids formed BY A. SILLEM, ESQ. MR. J. C. STEVENS has received instructions from AUGUSTUS SILLEM, Esq. (who is medically forbidden to frequent the houses), to offer for SALE, by AUC- TION, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY', April 6 and 7, at half-past la o'clock precisely each day. without the least re- serve, his entire COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, which will be found iu excellent health, and amongst them may be men- tioned : — Phalfenopsi'^ crandiflora Van da teres „ amabilis Cattleya labiata „ Mendelii ,, Acb]audije Angrtccum te^quipedale „ Dowiaaa „ Scottiuna Cuelogyne eristita Lemouiana Cypripedium Stonei ,, pandurata „ Ltevigatum Lycaste Skionen alba „ Lowi Cymbidium eburneutn . ,, Rothschildianum ,, Lowi „ Hooberi - „ Sanderianum Odontoglossum Alexandraj Phaju3 tuberculosus ,, vexillarium „ Humbloti ,, Londeiborougluanum ,, Henryi ,, hystriK Dendrobiutn Aioswcrthi ,, Cathcarti ,, moDiIi''orme „ albo-sanguineum, &c. On view morniogs of Sa ie, and Catalogues had. Monday Next.-Hardy Plants and Bulbs. IV/rESSUS. PRUTHEROE and MORRIS will ilJL SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 67 aud ii8. Cheap- side, London, E.C., on MONDAY NEXT, March 14, at half- past 1 1 o'clock, many thousands of HA RDY FERE N N I ALS, all being true to name ; GLADIOLUS, Pearl TUBEROSES, NAR- CISSUS, a Collection of CARNATIONS, including a number of Continental varieties; HOLLYHOCKS, PYKETHRUMS. PHLOXES, PiEONIES, BEGONIAS. CYPRIPEDIUMSPECTA- BILE, Imported LILIES, a fine Collection of Home-grown LILIES, BESSERA ELEGANS, TROPiEOLUM TUBEROSUM, Choice Hardy BULBS, CACTUS, Pompon and Single DAHLIAS, Hardy ANEMONES, aud a quantity of beautilul Hardy CLIMBERS, &c. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. ■Wednesday Next. 4000 PHCENIX KUelCOLA SEEDS. l.WU CALAMUS LEWOSPADIX SESDS. 20,000 COCOS WEDDELIANA. MESS US. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will include the above in their SALE on WEDNESDAY NEXT, March 16. On view morning of Sale. and Catalogues had. ■Wednesday Next. 200) LILIUM AURATUM I.SOO „ AURATUM PLATYPLYLLUM 3000 „ LOXGIFLORUM 1400 „ SPECIOSUM KR.ETZERI 230) „ „ RUBRUM 600 ,, CONCOLOR 400 „ KRAMERI 100 „ SPECIOSUM M.ACRANTHUM 250 ,, LEITCHLINII 200 „ TIGRINUM FORTUNII 50 ,. AURATUM WITTEI 100 CYCAS BE\'OLUTA, TEA ROSES in pots, HERBA- CEOUS PLANTS, GREENHOUSE FERNS. PALMS in variety, GLADIOLI, PEARL TUBEROSES, PANCRATIU.M ZEYLANI- CU.VI. 1600 GLADIOLI LE.MOINBI, beautifully blotched with dark spots ; 400 extra choice BEGONIAS, from one of the finest strains in England; 1600 Single Mixed BEGONIAS, 600 Standard and Dwarf ROSES, &c. ME:SRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Roomi, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.G., on WEDNESDAY >EXT, March 16, at half-past 11 o'clock. On view morning of Sile, aud Catalogues had. THE STAND HALL COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS. ABSOLUTELY WITHOUT RESERVE. HIGHLY IMPORTANT SALE Of tbe whole of this Renowned Collection lucludiDg many plants ^natchless in point of rarity, the -whole being unsurpassed for culture and condition. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are fiivoured with instructions from the Executors of the late Thomas Statter. Esq., to SELL by AUCTION, early in May, OQ the Premises, Stand Hall, Whitefield, near Man- chester, the whole of tlie CELEBRATED COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS. A Li-it of the principal plants appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle, February 6, 1892. Ths Catalogues will be prepared in due course, and the Aucf oneera will be pleased to receive early application. THE HOWICK HOUSE COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS. ABSOLUTELY WITHOUT RESERVE. UNUSUALLY IMPOETANT SALE Whole of this Celebrated Collection of Orchids, Formed by the late EDWIIJ GRUNDY WRIGLEY. Esq . the whole being in splendid condition, aud iacluding many Plants of exceptional merit and rarity. MESSRS. mOTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with imtruction.s from the Executors cf the late E. G. Wrigley. Esq.. to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premise'', Howick House. Preston, Lanca-i^hire (about 2 miles from Preston Station), early in APRIL NEXT, without the slightest reserve, the whole of ihs extensive and most impor- tant Collection of Established O.chids. Amongst the principal plants, the following may be specially mentioned :— Angra?cum sesqaipedale Dendrobium Leechianum ,, articulata ,. Mac'arlanei BraasavoIaUigbyana. fine plant ,, uobile nobili Cutasetum liungerothii eldorado WalH^ii Hardyana.F.C.C. Lawrenceaoa (Howick House variety) Cooksonii ,, splendidissimum grandi- florum ,, Venus Epidendrum Fredericii ,, syringothyrsis ; Grammatophyllum EUisii Leelia amanda anceps, enormous speci- 8p''Citcens. one 3 feet i „ „ Sjnderiana,3ft. 6in. and the other 2 feet ti [ through through respectively. „ ,, Schroderiana and many others „ „ WilliMmsii „ Moysiee, grand specimen, ,, autumnalis alba 3 feet 6X3 feet .. lella (Messrs. Vcitch'g .. „ (several) hybrid), with 8 bulbs ,, „ alba, 2 plants ,. Boothiana ,, nobilior „ callistoglos'a, 31 bulbs ,, Reine.kiana, 3 planta, ,, elegan-j albi one a fine specimen. ,, ., prasiata with 7 sheaths „ ,, Schilleriana „ Rex „ „ Turneri „ Sanderiana (several) ,, grandis, fine specimen ,, Schilleriana ., prjeritans „ Schofieldiina It purpurata, 10 immense „ Skinneri, grand Fpe i stccimens m^n, 3 feet through ,, ,, alba magnifica „ „ alba „ .. Kusselliana „ „ oculata ,, superbiens „ specio^vissima mnju^ Lycaste Skinneri alb 1,4 p'ants „ TriaiiiE alba, 3t) bulbs. Masdevallias. in variety extra tine and large Maxi'laria Sanderiana variety Odontoglossum-i (2U0J plants „ TrianiE (several) in variety) .; V lutina ,, Anderw>nianum ,. Wagneri, 60 bulbs ,, asperaum violaceum „ Warneri „ baphicanthum ,, Warocqueana ,, cochlioda NcetzH ma ,. ,, fldmmea ,, erispum. grand f ims Cailogyne cristata alba „ ,, Wrigleyanum maxima ., Kdwardii ,, ., Lenioniana ., Rossii, fine varifly „ .. Trenihum variety „ Ruckerianum ,, Mas-iangf^ana. F.C.C. ,, vexillarium superbam ,. panduniia Lawrenc*anum Cymbidium eburneum „ Wilckeanum „ Lowianum Oncidium macranthum Cypript^ium Ainsworthi Phaius tuberculosus ,. Klliottianum phalcenopsis amabilia ,, euryaudrum ,, aurea grandillora ,, grande ,, casta ,, hirsutissimum ,, gloriosa ,, Lathamianum ,. grandillora ,, Leeanum tuperbum „ Mane ,, Moreaoirt! ,, Sanderiana „ Burfordiense „ Schilleriana ,, (rnanthum superbum ,, ,, vestalis „ Sanderianum Saccolabium beliinum ,, selligerum Sobralia xantholeuca ,, Stouei VandaAmesiana „ vexillarium „ Kimballiana „ Wallisii ,, teres Andersonianum It will be observed that some of the specimens are of enormous size. The whole of the p'ants will be submitted to public competi- tion, and nothing sold privately before the Sale. Catalogues are row in course of preparation, and may be obtainedof Mr. HOUGH, The Gardens, Howick House. Preston ; and of the Aactioneers. Estate Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 6S, Cheapside. Loudon, E.G. Milford Hill, Salisbury. TWO DAYS' UNRESERVED SALE of the well-known COL- LECTION of EXHIBITION STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, formed by Lieutenant-Colonel PEPPER, and wbigli have been lo successfully exhibited at the principal shows. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed by Lieutenant-Colonel Pepper (wl)0 is giving up eil)ibiUng)..taSELL-by AUCTION, on the Premises,- Mil- ford Hill, Salisbury, about the end of April, the -nh'.le of the valuable collection of JEXHIBITION STOVE and GREEN- HOUSE PLANTS, including specimen Crotons, Palms, Cycada, Ferns. Ericas, Ixoras, AUamandas, Clerodendrong, and a small collection of ORCHrDS. Fuller particulars will appear in future advertisements. FRIDAY NEXT. GEEAT UNRESERVED TRADE SALE OF ORCHIDS. Grand Lota of Imported and Established Plants, in Lots to suit the requirements of the Trade. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms. 87 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC, on FRIDAY NEXT, March 18, at half-past 12 o'clock, by order o! Mr. F. Sandek, A Grand Lot of CATTLEYA LABIATA, SwiiNSON's Old Labiata, Without Reserve. A Grand Lot of the now famous CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE MONTANUM. A Grand Lot of DENDRODIUM WARDIANUM. A Grand Lot of DENDROBIUM FORMOSUM GIGANTEUM. A Grand Lot of DENDROBIUM NOBILE, from Upper Burma. VANDA TERES, the Waddesdon variety. CuRYANTHE-! SPECIOSUM. CALANTHE VESTITA FOURNIEEII. AESIDES AFFINE ROSEOM. Some exceptionally fine specimens of the noble DENDROBIUM DALHOUSEANL'.M. A few plants of the new and highly interesting natural hybrid Dendrobium described in last week's Gardeners' ChrOJiicle, DENDROBIUM BARBA I ULO-CHLOROPS, RoLFE. Together with a flue lot of ODONTOGLOSSUMS GRANDE. PESCATOREI, and VEXILLARIUM; CAITLEYAS GIGAS (from the aurea country), and GASKELLIANA ; ANSKLLIA LUTEA, DENDROBIUM INFUNDIBOLUM, LYOASTE SKINSERII &c. Also a line lot of the charming GLORIOSA SUPERBA. Every Plant is offered without Reserve. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. The Royal 'Victoria Nurseries, Holdenhurst Road BOURNEMOUTH. Estate of the late Mr. Enoch White. SALE by AUCTION of the valuable and extensive NURSERY STOCK of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, com- prising many THOUSANDS OF SHRUBS, including varie- ties of Coniferce, named Rhododendrons, Hollits, Cupref-sus, and many others. A very choice assortment of Roses, a large variety of Ferns, Azaleis. Bouvardias, well set with buds; Dracienas, Ericas, Epacris. Genestas, Acacias, and Creepers in great variety ; many thousands of Pelargo- idums and Geraniums, Cyclamen, Carnations, PetuLia, Gloxinia, Cineraria, Calceolarias, Chrysanthemums ; also a valuable collection of Palms, Ferns, and Orchids, and other Exotic Plants, with many others too numerous to mention. Together with the Live aud Dead Stock, and a new Horizontal Tubular Boiler, capable of heaticig 12,000 to 1 1,000 (eet of glass, wh.ch— MESSRS. REBBECK BROS, are favoured will instructions from the executors to SELL by AUCTION, on the premises, the Royal Victoria Nurseries. Holdenhurst Road Springbourne Bournemouth, on TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY, March 16, 16, and 17, at 11 o'clock each day. May be viewed on Saturday. March 12, and Monday, March 14. Catalogues of the Auctioneers, "The Mart," and Gervis Place, Bournemouth. JERSEY.— On March 16, 1892, will be SOLD by PUBLIC AUCTIOV, in consequence of the death of the proprietor, Mr. G. W. Bashford, the valuable VINERIES, JtORLEY HOUSE, and BAGOT MANOR ESTATES, Jersey, comprising 38 acres, with upwards of two miles' lenglh of glass-houses. Two Water Towers (un- limited supply of water), Pumping Machinerv, thousands of choice Pear 'I'rejs. Also Ihe two DWELLING HOUSES, Morley Housf and Bagot Manor, Out Olfices, Fruit-storing Rooms. Stabling. Coach-houses, Gardeners' Cottages. &c. The Fstates are adjicent, and surrounded by high stone walls. Tbe Sale will take place at Bagot Manor, at 11 o'clock in Ihe forenoon. For permission to view and full particulars, at ply t) P. P. GUITON. Esq , Solicitor, Jersey; or ROBT. CORT AND SON, 21, Lower Bland Street, London, S.E. Dulwlch.— Hotbouse and Bedding Plants. Aldemey cow, HILL SIZED BILLIARD - TABLE, GABUtN IMPLEMENTS and EFFECTS. MR. T. G. WHARTON will SELL by AUC- TION on the premises, Hill House, Redpost Hill, Dul- wich, S.E., on THURSDAY, Mirch 17, at two o'clock, the outdoor effects as above, in consequence of the termination (f the Lease. Catalogues of the Auctioneer, 1, Basinghall Street, E.C. Chelmsford. TO GRAPE GROWERS. GARDENERS. AND OTHERS. MR. F. W. TAYLOR has been favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at the Corn Ex- change. Chelmsford, on FRIDAY, March 18. 1892, at i o'clock precisely. All that substantiallv brick built. Freehold Dwelling House, known as 3, St. John's Road. Chelmsford, containing 2 Sitting Rooms, 4 Bedrooms, Kitchen, &c., small Conservatory, and, having in the rear a large Vine-house (46 feet long by ^ feet wide), fitted with Hot-T*ater Pipes for Heating, and contain- ing 18 good bearing Vine*. The property has been let for tlie past 14 years at an average rental of £^9 per annum, but is now in hand, and possession will be given on completion of the purchase. Particulars and conditions of Sale may be obtained of S. BARKER BOOTH, Esq., Solictor, 3, Gray's Inn Square. W.C. ; and of the Auctioneer, 73, High Street, Chelmsford, Essex. THOMAS B. JAMES (many years with Protheroe & Morris) holds WEEKLY SALES at his Rooms. 12, Bull Ring, Birmingham, of BULBS, PLANTS, NURSERY STOCK, &c., every WEDNESDAY and FRIDAY, at 4.30 p.m. Sales of choice Cut Flowers. Fresli Entries invited. Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found. Maech 12, 1892.1 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 323 "L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE" (LIMITED), LEOPOLD PARK, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. ORCHID EMPORIUM. m- THE GRANDEST CHOICE OF ORCHIDS IN EUROPE. ^S AN UNIQUE SPECTACLE IN THE WORLD. BOARD OF DIRECTION OF '' L> HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE'':^ Pkesident — J, DE LANSBERGE, Esq., late Governor-General of the Dutch Possessions in India. Deputy Director — J, LINDEN, Esq., Honorary Consul-General. D1RKCT0H.S— BARON DE BLEICHRODER, H.M. of Great Britain, Consul-General ; Banker in Berlin. COUNT ADRIEN D'OULTREMONT, M.P. for Belgium. EDOUARD OTLET, Esq., Landed Proprietor in Brussels. G. WAROCQUK, Esq., M.P. for Belgium ; President of " L'Ohchideenne." Managing-Director — LUCIEN LINDEN, Esq., President of the Brussels Horticultural Board of Commerce. CoMUissiONEHS — N. FUNCK, Esq., late Manager of the Zoological Gardens in Brussels and Cologne. G. JORIS, Esq., Solicitor in Brussels. " No one can fail to be struck -with the Admirable Cleanliness, Order, and Arrangement whicli " characterise the Plant-Houses of ' L'Horticultdre Internationale.' " — T. Z., in " Gardeners' Chronicle^'''' Ocfoher 24, 1891. " The Nursery is a gigantic drawing-room, for it teems with beautiful objects, which may be inspected " with perfect ease and enjoyment. In my opinion. This Nursery is One of the Yery Best of the many " attractions which the beautiful town of Brussels offers to visitors. ... To those who want to look at all the " best Orchids grown, as only a few can grow them, I wodld Eecommend a Visit to Messrs. Lindens' "Establishment (" L'Horticijlture Internationale"). Altogether, this Nursery is One of the Most " Instructive as well as One of the Most Delightful to be Found in Europe." — " Garden and Forest,'''' May 27, 1891. ^__ m^ IMPORTANT NOTICE. =^ We offer to each Visitor to our Establishment who purchases to the amount of £50, a discount of £5, which will cover the expenses of the journey to Brussels (Our Immense Stock at hand, and continuous largo importations, enable us to make this exceptional reduction). A Visit to our Establishment will prove most interesting and instructive. Amateurs and Orchid-growers will find at " L'Horticulture Internationale " a wonderful and immense stock of Orchids, grown in perfection, and at 50 rer cent, less than elsewhere. ORCHIDS A GRAND SPECIALTY. ORCHIDS, ESTABLISHED AND IMPORTED. ORCHIDS FOR THE TRADE. NEW AND RARE ORCHIDS. ^=' The LAEGEST and BEST STOCK of ORCHIDS in Cultivation. "=^ For CATALOGUES and SPECIAL OFFERS, apply to^^ Messrs. LINDEN, ['Horticulture Internationale, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. 324 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [March 12, 1892. Hewlett Road Nursery. Clieltsnliam. SALE of a PORTION of the well-grown NURSEtti' STOCK. MESSRS. ENGALL, SANDERS and CO. are instructs.; by Mr. Wm. Hopwood to SELL by AUCTION, at his No. 2 Nursery, situate as abore, on THURS- DAY and FRIDAY, March 24 and V5, 1893, at 12 o'clock, a large quantity of NURSERY STOCK, comprising Evergreens and Flowering Shrubs, English Y'ews, extra large oval-leaf Privet, Ivies in Pots, Tree Box, Laurels, Beds of Thuja Lobbii, American Arbor-vitse, strong Spruce Firs. Standard and Ornamental Treej, Dwarf Roses, strong Standard Fruit Trees, including Apple, 1 ear, Dimson. and Plums, Gooseberry and Currant Trees, 2 large Mulberry Trees. &c. Catalogtues will be rea ly one week prior to Sale, on applica- tion to Mr. HOPWOOD, at the Belle Vue Nursery, 68, High Street, or the Auclioneers, No. 1, Promenade, Cheltenham. WANTED, a SMALL NURSERY, six green- homes and 1 acre of land. A Midland Town pre- ferred.—J. W., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. JOBBING and FLORIST BUSINESS for DISPOSAL. Goodwill, Stock, &c., £30. Apply, CULLES, Gresham Roid. Staines. Middlesex. To Noblemen, Gentleman. Committees of Public Park^. and others interested in Horticulture. TO BE SOLD by private treaty, owing to the ground having been feued for building purposes. THE MAGNIFICENT COMSERVATORY OR WINTER GARDE^f AT HAYMARKET, EDINBURGH. The style of Building is suitable either for Public or Private Grounds. The structire is principally of Iron. The frontage of Main Building i< 140 feet, the Dome rising to the height of 40 feet from the floor. The whole interior is paved with encaustic tiles, and heated with hot water. There is an orna- mental fountain, large mirrors, &c. The whole is in capital condition and will remove with safety. Offers will be received for the Conservatory as it stands. Photographs and other information can be had from the proprietors, Messrs. K. B. LAIRD and SONS, Nursery and SeeJsmen. Edinburgh ; or Mr. DAVIl) MITCHELL, Horti- cultural Valuator. 6, Comely Bank, Edinburgh. A SALE BY AUCTION of the specimen and other Plants in the above will be held at a date yet to be tiiced. Hampton-on-Thames, on the Marling Park Estate. la.n'L) for NUKSEKIES ! ! 1 MR. F. G. HUGHES begs to call the atten- tiori oE Nurserymen and Horticulturists about to com- mence in Bu^ineg-t, to the exceptional advantages offered by this Estate. For full particulard apply — Tlie Kstate Office, as above. To Fruit Growers, Narserymen, and Others. GOOD ARABLE and MEADOW LAND to be LET or SOLD. Close to the main road at Ponder's End (9 miles from London). Long leases granted. Rent, £l2 per acre per annum, with option to purchase the Freehold any time during the tirst nine years. Several large Market Nurseries are established on the Estate. Full particulars of A. and G. GUIVER. Land Agente, Ponder's End. TO LET, a NURSERY, FLOKIST, and SEED BUSINESS, in central poaition ; Ground and Glasshouses in good order. Giving up owing to a death. Apply, A. J. DAVIS, Brecon Road Nursery, Abergavenny. To Builders, Florists, and Fruit Growers. THE FREEHOLD, PRIORY NUR8ERY, Acton Lane. Act)n, near to four railway stations, com- prising over 3 acres, having a frontage about SS^ feet (T.the Free, L.and-Tax redeemed), property well-drained. Gas and water laid on. Subjoil rich sand, o£ consiierable value. Htabling for four horses, two Cjach-houses, Potting and Pack- ing sheds, 23 well-built Greenhouses, 45.000 feet of Glass and Woodwork, 90U0 feet of Hot-water Piping, supplied by 14 Boilers, all in excellent order. Being an old-established going concern, the property will be LET on Lease, or SOLD ; part of purchase money can remain on mortgage on easy terms of payment. Apply to — Mr. H0R3NAIL, 9tf, Newgite Street. City, London, E.G. FOR SALE, GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, unbound, in good condition. Eleven Volumes, from July, 1886, to the end of December, 1891 ; 634 and 635, and 63S to 65J of the First Volume of the year 1886; and Nos. 6li to 6.'6 of the Last Volume for the year 18S5. Please i-tate what offers for the whole or any part of them to C. F. PRANGNELL, HoUoway Gardens, Virginia Water. FRAMES I Half Price ! Genuine Sale I (no Catch). 6X8, 2-iDch lights., 21 oz., 1| sides, 30s-.! (usual price half size). G. BLUFF, 5. City Buildings, Liverpool. THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers; one, two, or three years' Credit without Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses. Call or write for Prospectus. Address. SECRETARY. 43. Great Tower Street. E.C. PICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form- ing Waterfalls, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries, Winter Gardens, Alpineries. &c., as in hundreds of places about the kingdom, including at Aldenham House, Elstree, so faithfully illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by PULHAM AND SON. 50, Finsbury Square, London. E.C, and Broxbourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection OQ receipt of twelve stamps. A. G. WATSON, PRUIT & FLOWER SALESMAN, ABERDEEN. Sale Days, Tuesday and Friday, at 9 a.m. Consignments solicited of Pot Plants & Cut Flowers N FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS to Grow Them, applyto SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest stock of Orchids in the World. — 30 minutes from St. Pancras. BW ZUNAL PKLAKGUNIUMS (UEHiC NiaMS). LIST ready, free on application. J. E. PEARSOX AND SONS, Chilwell Nurseries. Notts. S~"UPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands to selectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. MoABTHUF, The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale. London, W. 0. PRIZE PACKETS, 4s. each, two for • 7s., post-tree. P. O.. or \d. stamps, contain 12 roots in each packet, of SOMERSET SEEDLING GLADIOLI, all A 1, carefully Hybridised Seedlings from First Prize Named Sorts ; therefore, all that are worthy, miy be named, as Ihey will be NEW AND ORIGINAL VARIETIES. These are the Prizes. Plant during March, April, and May. Order early from — ROBERT H. POYNTER, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and Florist, Taunton, Somerset. _^_^_ VINES. — VINES. — VINES. We bold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application. LAXTON'S SEEDS and STRAWBERRIES. — Best novelties and best standard sorts. lOU Certifi- cates. Send for Descriptive Priced Lists, T. LAXTON. Seed Grower, Bedford. T7RUIT TREES. — APPLES, PEARS, jC PLU.MS, CHERRIES, per 100 or 1000. Descriptive CATALOGUES, post free, on application. FLETCHER BROS.. Ottershaw Nurseries, Chertsey. Surrey. STANDARD ^SUPERIOR VARIETIES. I Special Prices, with R/\CI7<2 \CATALOGVE, V/ O Ci Oi [ on application. DiGKsoNsiKif Chester WcTTie ajS S'ee.. tja0<^ I critic's SI///- CANNELL'S CINERARIAS ^\N^^ ORCHIDS. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL 00. (JOHN COWAN), Limited, Have an immense stock of ORCHIDS, Both Established and Semi-Established, and they are constantly receiving IMPORTATIONS from various parts of the world. INSPECTION IS VERY EARNESTLY INVITED. The Company's Prices are all fixed as low as possible, with the view of inducing liberal Orders. PBICED and DESCBIPTIVE CATALOGUE Post-free on Application to the Company. THE VINEYAKD AND NURSERIES, CARSTON, N^A" LIVERPOOL EXHIBITIONS. ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY of MANCHESTER. SPRING FLOWEB SHOW in the Town Hall, Manchester, on MARCH 15 and 16, 1893. For Space. &c., apply to the undersigned — Botanic Gardens, Manchester. BRUCE tINDLAY. OYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY Gardens. Regent's Park, N.W. SPRING FLOWERS. THE FIRST EXHIBITION OF SPRING FLOWERS will take place on WEDNESDAY, March 23. Gates open at a o'clock. The Band will play from 2 to 6.30. Tickets to be obtained at the Gardens only by vouchers from Fellows of the Society. Price, 2s. tad. each. Rr~Y S T A L P A LACE, The ANNUAL SHOW of SPRING FLOWERS will be held on SATURDAY, MARCH 26. Schedules are now ready, and may be hid on application to Mr. W. G. HEAD, Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal Palace, S E. Entries close March 19. RIGHTON and SUSSEX HORTICUL- TURAL ASSOCIATION. SPRING SHOW, March 29 and 30. For Schedules of prizes, appiy to — E. CARPENTER, Secretary. 96, St. James's Street, Rrighton. T B B E Y P A R "kT, The SEVENTH ANNUAL FLOWER SHOW and GALA will be held on TUESDAY, August 2, 1S92. For Schedules and particulars, apply to — Mr. JNO. BURN, Secretary. E WING'S MILDEW COMPOSITION.— The original certain and safe remedy. In bottles. Is. 6'f. and Zs. ; per gallon, 12s. COKRY akd CO., Limited, 13, 16, and 16, Finsbury Street, E.C. Sold by all Seed-men. o L N SALE, Four SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS and Two KENTIAS ; very fine plants. W. TROUGHTON, Nurseryman, Preston, Lancashire. OK SALE, one splendid piece of PHOENIX RUPICOLA. 2 CHAM-ERO PS fXCELSA. and one large ASPLENIUM NIDUS AUSTRALASIU.M. — For particulars apply to H. J. WILLIAMS, The Lodge Gardens. Oakham. CELOGNE CRIST ATA, well-grown, with blMim spikf a. Cheap for cutting. Also the TRENTHAM and MAXIMA VAHIETICS. TRUSTEES iate J. STEVENSON. Timperley, Cheshire. WARF DUTCH BOX.— A large quantity of Dwarf Dutch Box for present use or puitiag into stock. Samples per yx)3t. Terms moderate to lorgi purchasers. JAS. WILKIE. Landscape Gardener. Callander. N.B. AXTON'S NOBLE STKAWBERRY PLANTS (true), and other good 80rt3. 2s 6rf. per 100. D. GILBERT, Thompson's Library. Ashford. Kent, ASPARAGUS. — This delicious vegetable does rot require half the expense often incurred. For- directions see Illustrated Seed List, free. Strong roots, 2s. \Sd * per 100; extra strong ditto, two vearsold, -Iv. 9d. per lOO. RICHARU SMITH AND CO., Worcester. AKDENIAS for Sale, in 48's. Free fi-om Mealy Bug, and well set with buds. Price by the dozen or 100 on application. O. MAY, The Nurseries, Upper Teddington. Middlesex. TT'OR SALE, 2000 GOLDEN EUONYMUS. A RARE OFFER. Fifty packets of guaranteed Genuine FLOWER SEED'S, showy hardy varieties. Is. Also large parcel of assorted VEGETABLE SEEDS, 2s., post free, T. RICHARDS. 2, Cranham Street, Oxford. S^TANDISH'S GARDENIAS. - Well-grown, clean, and forward in Flower-bud, 2l5., 305., and 42s. per dozen. Royal Nurseries. Ascot. -JAA/i fiowering Bulbs of GALANTHUS IV/l/l/ ELWESir, CHIOXODOXA LUCILL/"E, and C. SARDENSIS, will be sent on receipt of 105. Orders are re- quested to be sent not later than the end of April. Catalogues gratis, post paid. FRANZ SCIILOSSER, KuDst and Handelsgaertner.SmyrDa, Asia Minor. FERNS. — Pteris tremula and Pteris cretica cristata, two best market Ferns, good stuff in large thumbs, quite ready for 48-pot3, l:is.perlOO. Packingfreeforcashwith order.— GOWERS a.xd EMRERSON, Comely Bank Nursery, Walthamstow, E. OA AAA GERANIUM CUTTINGS, F. V. iiV^ V VV Haspail, 3s. 6rf. per 100. 30s. per lOUO. 10,0X1 RASPBERRY CANES, Carter's Prolific (true), 3s. id. per 100, 30s. per loOO. CUCUMBER PLANTS, Rollison's Telegraph, 5s, per dozen. All packed free, for cash. JAMES GREEN. Reliance Nurseries, March. Trade Offer of Large Palms. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 2b feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations: Dracaenas, Bamb003,& Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. March 12, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 325 WM. PAUL AND SON respectfully inspection of the following TREES and S now on Sale. Prices (on application) very reasona quality unexceptionable as to roots, tops, and sterna ;- BEECH, purple, best variety 12 to 18 .. common 12 feet. BIRCH, Silver and others ... ... 12 to 14 ELMS, four sorts 12 to 18 LABURNUMS 9 to 10 LIMES 8 to 12 MOUNTAIN ASH 12 to IS NORn^AY MAPLES 12 to 18 PLAINS 12 to 18 POPLARS, six sorts 12 to 18 SYCAMORE 12 to 18 THORNS, P.-iul's Double Scarlet ... 12 to 14 (The finest Trees in the Trade.) FLOWERING SHRUBS, various ... 4 to 6 invite HRUBS, ble, and feet. ARBOR-Vrr^, American AUCUBAS BOX, of sorts CEDRUS ATLANTICA ... DEODABA 6 feet. 3 to 4} feet. 3 to 6 feet. 5 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONUNA 6 to 7 feet. HOLLY, Variegated 6 to 12 feet. ,, Green, named sorts 6 to 12 feet. FIR, Scotch 6 to 9 feet. ,. Austrian 3 to 8 feet. LAURELS 3 to 7 feet. OSMANTHUS 2 to 4 feet. PICEAPINSAPO 6 to 8 feet. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, cff loam 2 to 4 feet. ,, Hybrids 2 to 4 feet. ,, Named sorts 2 to 4 feet. YEWS, Common, and others 3 to 7 feet. APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, and PLUMS, Standard and Pyramids. APPLES and PEARS, Horizontal-trained. CHERRIES and PLUMS, Fan-trained. ASPARAGUS for Forcing. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance. 4 minutea'malk from WalthamCross Station ; West Entrance, 3 minutes' walk from Theobald's Grove Station , Great Eastern Railway. "CHOICE,VARIED& beautiful: ■t/ COLLECTION OF FERNS' difrerent FrQinihasE cammonly seeii, Sf you. can hhtairijuch frptn ■ ?^y/ Fern' NURSERIES SALE; MANCHESTER VERY FINE STANDARD ORNAMENTAL TREES. ALMOND, fruitbearing. Is. id. to ?s. 6rf. BIRCH, Fern-leaved, weeping (silver bark). 10 to 12 feet, 3s each. 30s. per dozen; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. id. each, 36s. per dozen. „ Silver weeping. 7 to 8 feet. Is. id. each. 12s. per dozen ; 8 to 10 feet. Is. M. each, 16.!. per dozen ; 10 to 12 feet, 2s. each, 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 16 feet, 2s. id. each, 24s. per dozen. CHERRY, double- blossomed. Is. dd. to 2s. 6d. each. ELM, English budded. 10 to 12 feet. 3s. each, 30s. per dozen ; 12 to 16 feet, 3s. Gd. each, 36s. per dozen. ., Montana (Wych), 10 to 12 feet, 2j. each, 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 1.5 feet, 2s. 6rf each, 24s. per dozen. HOLLY (aquifolium. aquifolium weeping, bronze, elegantis- eimastricta. Gold Queen, green in variety, Handsworlh silver weeping. Milkmaid weeping, new golden weep- ing, variegated in variety, Waterers'), very fine, 10s. 6rf. to 42s. LABURNUM. English, Is. 6d. to 2s. 6(f. each, 16s. to 24s. per LILAC. Persian. 2s. Sd. each. ,, Siberian. 2s. 6rf. each. MAPLE, colchicum rubrum, 10 to 12 feet, 2!. ed. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. 6d. each, 36s. per dozen. ,, Norway, 10 to 12 feet. 2j. each, 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet. 2s. 6d. each, 24s. per dozen. „ Schwedlerii, 10 to 12 feet, 2s. 6d. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 16 feet, 3s. each, 30s. per dozen. „ virginicumrubrum, 12 to 16feet,3s 6rf. each,36s. p. doz. SYCAMORE, 8 to 10 feet. Is. 60!. each, 16s. per dozen ; 10 to 12 feet, 2s. 6d. each, 21s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. to 3s. 6d. each. 30s. to 36s. per dozen ; 16 to 18 feet, 4s. each, 42s. per dozen. ,, purple-leaved. 10 to 12 feet, 2s 6rf. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. Gd. each, 36s. per dozen. PLANE, occidentali8.20 feet and more, very fine, 10s. 6ii to 21s PRUNUS PISSARDII (leaves richer in colour than Purple Beech, and hang much longer, has pretty pink flowers and nice fruit). 2,!. 6d. to 3s. 6d. each, 24s. to .36s. p. doz. PYRUS FLORIBUNDA, 2s. to 2s. (,d. each. 18s. to 24s. p. doz. WILLOW, Kilmarnock weeping, 2s. 61^. to 3s. 6d. each, 24s. to 36s. per dozen. RICHARD SMITH & CO, K^'^c^", ■WORCESXEB. and Merchants, ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY. Many new, choice, and rare species and varieties always in stock. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. One of the finest collections of these plants known. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. A grand collection, approved novelties, write for our new I^escriptive CATALOGUES, NOW BEADY, and Post-free on application to PITCHER & MANDA, Tte United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE. SWANLEY. KENT. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BiDDLES & Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. We invite those about to purchase garden seecis to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratia and post free on application. 3000 Varieties catalogued, 50U Illustrations. ORCHIDS. CLEAN, HKALTHY PLANTS at LOW rRICES. Always worth a visit of intipectioo. Kindly send for Catalogue. JAMES CYPHER, EXOTIC NUBSEBIES, CHELTENHAM. Select VBaETABUE, Choice FLOWER. Ihs best qaalUles at Moderate Prloei, Delivered Free ^^^^ JD ^•" by BaU or ^f^^ ^%^^ Best Paroeli ^^^tr <^h^ SEED Post. ,^r^ ^k^r POTATOS, Garden Tools, Sundries, dc, dc. Illastrated Descriptive Catalogue, No. US POST FfiEe ON APPLICATION. Seed Growers, .GHester. S^S>iS^^S>iS>;S>:8 FORBES' CATALOGUE FOR 1892, la the largest, best, and most comprehensive ever issued on FLORISTS* FLOWERS and HERBACEOUS PLANTS. It contains full and accurate de.srriptions of all the beat Antirrhinums, Begonias. Carnations. Dahlias, Delphiniums, Fuchsias, Pieonies, Pansies, Violas. Pelargoniums. Pentste- mons. Petunias, Phloxes, Pinks, Potentillas, Primulas, Pyre- thrums, Verbenas, Herbaceous Plants. &c.; also of my true and reliable strain of EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS, which, by the force of their merit, are now justly celebrated all the world over. In 5 distinct sorts, crimson, purple, scarlet, white, and Wallflower-leaved white, each sort, Is., 25. Qd., and bs. ner packet. It is an indispensable Reference-Book on all sections of Florists' Flowers, and should be carefully perused by all buyers of flowers. FYee on application. JOHN FORBES, Nurseryman. Hawick, Scotland. PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (Standards. Pyramids, and Wall-trained), Apples, Pears, Cherries, Peaches. Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses ; 40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years old ; and forty hinds of Goose- berries. 6000 Raspberries. In bmall or latge quantities. Purchaser's selection. Price half their value. See Catalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD. Hon. GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield.Cradley, near Malvern. ' 33 ACBES of BHODODENDBONS, AND 170 Acres of Other Nursery Stock. PerlOO: perlOOO. RHODODENDRON Ponticum, 9 to 13 inch ... 12s. ..; 90«. ,, 12 to IS 18!. ... 140«. .. ., ., 38 to 24 „ ... 25i. ... 220». „ Catawbiensa Hybrids, 9 tola 12i. ... 100«. .. .. „ 12 to 18 „ ... 18s. ... 160». 18 to 21 28«. ... 210s. For other NURSERY STOCK, see CATALOQUES, free. Rhododendrons make grand cover for Game : Hares and Rabbits will not eat them ; they will grow well under trees, where many other trees perish. Smaller or larger sizes can be supplied if required. JAMES SMITH & SONS, DARLKY DALE NUiEtSERIES, near MATLOCK. 5^: uz:>ezte^ y By Eo3al Appointment ^c) Cd f Nurserymen & Seed.'-men /O J/'/'/X >> His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. 400 Acres. pxTf&E sc x«.eii.i.a.:bil.e: GARDEN SEEDS CARKIAGE PAID. CATALOGUES FREE. LITTLE &BALLANTYNE c A R x^ I s iL. c: . DANIELS BROS., TOWN CLOSE NUESEEIES, NORWICH, B EG to offer the following Plants, Bulbs, &c., ■which they can highly recommend : — KOSes, Hybrid Perpetual. A splendid collection, including all the choicest sorts. per doz. — s. d. Fine Standards to name 18s. and 24 0 Dwarfs or Bushes 7s. 6rf. and 10 8 Tea Scented, in pots, best sorta 15s., 18s., and 24 0 Clematises. Choice named sorts ... 18s. and 24 0 Carnations and Plcotees. A very choice collection. including all the newest and finest sorts. 6s., 9s., and 13 0 Carnation, " Germanla." Beautiful pure yellow. The best, iino plants ... 3 for 4s., each Is. 6rf. New Garden Pink, "Her Majesty." Beautiful pure white, deliciously scented. 3 tor 4s.. each Is. id. Delphiniums. Single and double-flowered, choice named sorts, strong plants 6s. and 9 0 Gaillardlas. Large - llowered hybrids, in beautiful va-iety, to name 9s., 12s , and 18 0 Perennial Phloxes. A splendid collection. Eitab- lislied plants to name 4s. 6rf., 6s., and 9 0 Pyretlinuns, Double-flowered. A grand collec- tion, including the newest and choicest sorts. Established plants fs. and 9 0 ., Single-liowered. in brilliant variety 6 0 Pseonles, Herbaceous. Double - flowered, choice named sorts 12s., ISs, and 24 0 Hardy Flowering Plants. We have a splendid collection of these, which we offer as follows, includ- ing such line subjects as Anthemis pallida. Chrysan- themum maximum, Doronicums, Erigeron, Helenium, Heuchera sanguinea, Senecio pulcher, &c. : — 100 in 100 choice varieties "\ 50 „ 60 „ „ ( established 25 „ 25 „ „ r plants 12 „ 12 ,. ., ) - s. d. f 30 0 j 17 6 ■j 10 0 (.6 0 MH'"" auratum. Fine selected bulbs... 6s., 9s., and 12 0 ., ,. Rubro-Vlttatum. Pure white, with deep crimson bands, splendid ... each 2s. id. ,, WalliCblanum BUperbum. immense prim- rose-yellow trumpets, magnificent, ea. 3s. id. Lilies. Choice named, from our fine collection — 6s.. 9s., 12s., 18s., 24s., and 30 0 Begonias, Tuberous - rooted. Large briiiiantiy- coloured flowers of all the most beautiful shades. Good strong flowering tubers in splendid mixture per 100, 30«. 4 fi ,. Double-flowered, very fine mixed ... 9s. and 12 0 Gladiolus GandavenalS. Choice named sorts— 4s. id., is.. 9s., and 12 0 ,, In splendid mixture per 100, 20s. 3 0 ,, New hardy hybrid. A charming class with large, handsomely-stained or blotched flowers. Very choice mixed per 100, 24s. 3 6 Tuberoses, American Pearl. Fine bulbs— per 100, 17s. id. 2 6 All carringe free with the exception of Tea Hoses and Clem Uises, which are sent in p<^s. 326 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 12, 1893. NEW CHRYSANTHEMUMS From AMERICA. A. LADENBHRO, | ETHEL PAULE, ADA H. LE KOY, I MAMIE CRAIG, BUTH CLEVELAND, All Prize winners, and the finest lot ever introduced at one time. Strong plants now ready, 4s. each, the set, 18s. Send for Descriptions. H. J. JONES, Kyecroft Nursery, Lewisham, S.E. For PLEASURE and PROFIT. FRUIT. ROSES. Notking so Profitable and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree to suit all Soils. Hundreds of Thousands. BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Free 8S. per dozen, 60a. per 100. for Cash with Order, SEEDS &BULBSi' B.OSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen. ORNAMENTAL TBEES, 91 ACRES. 4 ACRES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen. N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. S VEGETABLE, FLOWER, 1 1 and FARM. DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. THE OLD BROWN QUARRY EARLY POTATO. The Oldest Existing Sort in Ireland. In exiatence here for 150 years; certainly, when I was a child, prior to the famine period. There was no other sort grown for harvest purposes when men worked with a sickle. I am enabled to offer it for redistribution— it never having made its way to England— from a stock preserved for years on peat land, resting on limestone, in a remote part of county Cork. There must be something in the soil that preserved it for years. It is a first-class early June variety, of great sub- stance. 7-lb. bag and postage for 2s. 9rf. WM. BAYLOR H4.RTLAND. F.R.H.S., Old Established Seed Warehouse, Cork, Ireland. :TE0NG fruiting and VINES JS' . kinds, thoroughly ripened without bottom FIGS. (heat. Particulars on application. (LIMITED) (100 Acres) UrlLU I tn STRONG FOREST TREES and PLANTS for COVERTS. ASH, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet. BEECH, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet. LARCH, 2 to 21, 2J to 3, 3 to 3J, and 3} to 4J feet. OAKS, 2 to 3, 3 to i, 4 to 5, and 5 to 6 feet. SCOTCH, li to 2, 2 to 2i, and 2J to 3 feet. SPRUCE, IJ to 2. 2 to 2J, 2J to 3. and 3 to 4 feet. Together with a large Stock of HAZELS, MOUNTAIN ASH, BIKCH, LAURELS of sorts. RHODODENDRONS, BERBERIS AQUIFOLIA, aud other COVERT PLANTS, all of the best quality, and very reasonable in Price. Catalogues on appli- cation. Apply to— JOHN HILL, Spot Acre Nurseries, near Stone, Staffs. SEEDS! SEEDS!! SEEDS!!! VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS saved from CHOICE SELECTED STOCKS. Everyone with a garden and every market gardener should send for a Catalogue before purchasing elsewhere. Special Low Quotations to large buyers. B. L. COLEMAN, Seed Merchant and Grower, SANDWICH, KENT. SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOOK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, 3(7. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NURSERIES, SAWBRIDGBWORTH, HERTS. ANTHONY WATERER invites an inspection from intending Planters to the following well-grown TREES, having stout, clean stems, with handsomely-furnished, well-balanced heads, and from frequently transplanting are splendidly rooted, the girth of the stem is taken at 4 feet from the ground. ACACIA BESSONIANA, 10 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 4 inches. ACER DASYCARPUM, 14 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. „ „ WIERIILACINIATUM,10tol4feet,girth3to5inch. „ NEGUNDO VARIEGATA, Standards, 8 to 10 feet. ,, EEITENBACHII, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. ,, SCHWEDLEBII, 12 to 18 feet, girth 4 to 8 inches. „ WOBLEYII, 13 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. ASH, Mountain, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. BEECH, Purple, Pyramids, and Standards, 10 to 20 feet, girth 4 to 9 inches. BIRCH, Silver, 12 to 14 feet, girth 3 to 5 inches. CERASUS SEROTINA (American Bird Cherry), 13 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches. CHESTNUTS, Horse, 14 to 20 feet, girth 6 to 11 inches. ,, ,, Double White, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 8 inches. ,, ,, Scarlet, 12 to IS feet, girtli 4 to 10 inches. ,, Spanish, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches, ELMS. English, 10 to 12 feet, girth 3 to 6 inches. .. Guernsey, 16 to 18 feet, girth 7 to 9 inches. LIMES, 12, 16, and 20 feet, girth 3 to 10 inches. „ EUCHLORA 01 DASYSTYLA, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches. „ Silver-leaved (Tilia argentea), 12 to 14 feet, girth 5 to 6 inches. LIQUID AMBAR, 6 to 10 feet. MAPLE, Norway, 12 to 16 feet. OAK, English, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. ,, Scarlet American, 12 to 14 feet, girth 4 to 5 inches. PLANES (English-grown), 12 to 16 feet, girth 4 to 6 inches. POPLAR CANADENSIS NOVA (the true variety), 12 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches. SYCAMORE, Common, 12 to 17 feet, girth 4 to 7 inches. ,, Purple, 14 to 16 feet, girth 6 to 7 inches. THORNS, Double Pink, 8 to 10 feet. ,, „ Scarlet, 8 to 10 feet. „ „ White, 8 to 10 feet. TULIP TREES, 8 to 10 feet. WALNUT, Common, 10 to 12 feet. WEEPING TREES. BEECH, Weeping. Pyramids, and Standards, 8 to 12 feet. ,. Weeping, Purple, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 12 feet. BIRCH, Y'oung's Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 8 to 14 feet. ,, Cut^leaved Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet. ELMS, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 7 to 14 feet. LARCH, Weeping, Pyramids, 8 to 10 feet. POPLAR, Weeping, Pyramids and Standards, 10 to 12 feet. Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey. CLEARANCE SALE of PALMS, DRAC.ENAS, &o. Strong Small Palmf, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS. LATANIA BORBONICA, ARECA SAPIDA, CORYPHA AUSTRALIS, KENTIA BELMORIANA. K. FOSTERIANA, and DRACiENA INDIVISA, sample 2 of each, 14 plants in all, 5s. ; 1 of each, 7 in all, 3s. Package Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. • LATANIA BORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averaging 10 line leaves, 15s. each. * CHAMffiROPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves. 30s. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves, 21s. each. • DRACAENA CANlrOLIA, 5 to 6 feet high, 21s. each, * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, 15s. each. » PHCENIX TENUIS. 3 feet high, 6s. each. • Ditto ditto 2feet high, 18s. per dozen. » DRACiENA INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 5s. each, ♦ Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. ♦ Ditto CONGESTA, 2 feet high, 18j. per dozen. » SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in 60's, fit for 48's, strong, 6s. doz. Price per 100 on application. Those marked • are Packed Free, but not Carriage Paid. W. OWEN, 106, Stamford Hill, N. ILLIAM BARRON and SON offer the foUowiDg well-grown and finely-rooted, which they offer at very low prices : — ABIES, in variety, 3 to 6 feet. CEDRUS ATLANTICA and DEODARA, 2 to 7 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, in great variety, 2 to 8 feet, ,, NUTKAENSIS, in variety, 2 to 8 feet, PICEA NOBILIS, very fine, IJ to 2J feet, 66s. per 100. „ in variety. 2 to 10 feet. PINUS AUSTRIACA. over 100.000, 1 to 8 feet, .. Forest-tree sizes, very cheap, grand specimens, 6 to 8 feet. PINUS, in variety, 1 to 8 feet. EETfNOSPORAS. in variety, 1 to 8 feet. THUYA OCCIDENTALIS, for hedges, 5 to 6 feet, £5 per 100. ,, in variety, 2 to 8 feet. YEWS, Common, many thousands, 1^ to 3^ feet. „ Golden, grand specimens, up to 8 feet. HOLLIES, in great quantity and variety, 1 to 10 feet, ,, Golden Queen Specimens, 4 to 7 feet, very fine. AUCUBA, green and variegated, IJ to 2J feet. AVENUE TREES. ACER SCHWEDLEERII (scarlet-leaved Maple), 10 to 14 feet. NORWAY MAPLE. 10 to 14 feet. SYCAMORE, from 12 to 14 feet. HORSE CHESTNUTS, very stout, 10 to 12 feet. POPLARS, in variety, 10 to 14 feet. PURPLE BEECH, from 10 to 12 feet. OAKS, Scarlet and other varieties, 10 to 12 feet. ELMS, flue variety, 10 to 14 feet. THORNS, Scarlet, Pink, and White, fine standards. LARCH, very fine, from 2 to 3 feet. THORN (Quick), strong, 1,1s. per 1000. ,, very strong, 20s. to 25s. per 1000. FRUrr TREES, all kinds. APPLES and PLUMS especially fine. A visit from intending planters is respectfully invited. Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby, only three minutes walk from Borrowash Station, Nottingham and Derby, Midland Line. STRONG FRUITING VINES for SALE, 3 years old ; 20 Alicante. 49 Muscat of Alexandria, 2s. each, or the lot cheap.— W. CUMPTON, Lambley, Notts. 1 0 (M)(\ EUGNYMUS (Green), bushy, well- -1- v'^V/ VV/ grown, 18 inches to .30 inches, 6s. to 16s. per dozen. Less by the 1000. Cash with Order. J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, West Brighton. ELWAY'S SEED MANUAL for 1892. •' Certainly the best of the aeries . . . the cultural directions are particularly pood." — Agricultural Gazette. Is., post-free (deducted from first order) to those unknown to us. KELWAY AND SON, Langport. EW CHRYSANTHEMUM, Mrs. Robinson Kirg, new Golden- Yellow Incurved sport fiom Golden Empress. Awarded six First-class Certificates, The true certificated variety. 4s. each, 3 for 10s. 6rf. R. OWEN, Chrysanthemum Grower, Maidenhead. ERENNIAL and ALPINE PLANTS.— My new CATALOGUE (No. 114), containing full Lists of these Collections, is just issued, and will he atnt, post-free, on application. TothisList, which includes somesplendid Novelties, is added a very carefully composed List of the very best and finest Slirubs and Dwarf Conifers specially adapted for rockeries. OTTO FROEBEL, The New Munater Nurseries, Kiesbach, Zurich. Switzerland. T" RADE (TFFER of PALMS. COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at20s.pcrl00. ,, ,, inBO's at55s.perlOO. KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 20s. per 100. „ „ „ in60's, ateOs.perlOO. „ ,, ,, in48'B, at24s. perdoz. „ „ in32'a, at46s. perdoz. SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in eo's, at32s.perl00. in 48'8, at £5 per 100. W. Iceton has a fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus, in 4S's and 60's; Pandanus Veitchii, Dracsena Lindenii, and Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. CLIMBING ROSES. Marechal Niel. W. A. Richardson, Reine Marie Henriette, and Cheshunt Hybrid. Fine Canes, 7 to 10 feet, 36s. per doz. Strong Bushes (in pots) of Niphetos, Princess Beatrice, Bride, I. Sprunt, &c,, 16s. to 30s. per doz. f^ T "P TVr A T* T ^ "*^* ^^^ Leading Kinds, 12s. to 15s. per dozen. RHODODENDRONS, Scarlet and other kinds to name, well-budded, ISs. to 36s. doz. F. STREET, ^N^rse/^s: CAMBERLEY, SURREY, GINElRAKlAj superb giant. The Choicest Strain in the Country. In Sealed Packets, Is. 6rf., 2s. Qd., and 5s. each. Price to the Trade on Application. ForfuU Description and Illustration, see Gardeners' Chronicle, January 2, 1^92. E. p. DIXON & SONS, HULL. SEEDS- SEEDS - SEEDS Established 1793. W THE BEST and THE CHEAPEST. H r^ Send for Catalogue. Free to all. m a JOHN K. KING", «"aR*oVEr M ^ COGGESHALL, ESSEX. ^ SEEDS-SEEDS - SEEDS L'HORTICULTXJBE INTERNATIONALE (Orcbld Emporium), Leopold Park, Brussels. THE GBdNDEST CHOICE of ORCHIDS in EUROPE. THE DIRECTORS, Messes. LINDEN, cordially invite Amateurs and Nurserymen to visit their Establishment. They will find at L'Horticulture Internationale the Finest, Healthiest, and Largest Stock of New, Rare, or Popular Orchids in Cultivation. Grand Importations every week. LISTS and CATALOGUES on application. SEAKALE, ,' Extra strong Roots, for ASPARAGUS, RHUBARB. Forcing, SUPERIOR QUALITY. Prices on Application. DiCKSONSSSfCHESTER (LIMITED) Mabch 13, 1892.] TEE GARDENEBS' CHEOi^IGLE. 327 RASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder, also Fastolf. strong and well rooted. At 15s. per 1000, cash with order. Not less than 1000 supplied. ALBERT BATH. Vine Court, Sevenoaks. Kent. Sharpe's Victor Potatos. WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growkhs • and Merchants. Boston, offer a few tons of this excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample. Price, per cwt. or ton, on application. 1^ GILBERT, High Park, Stamford, is now -It* offtting the best of nil RHUBARBS. "TnieCham- psgne," is. per dozen; also, King of the UKUSSKLS SeKUUTS. '■ Ujiiveral Savoy." "Late Victoria BROC- COLI." and "CHOU DE BURUHLEY,"at Is. perpacktt. ORCHIDS A SPECIALTY.^ Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well- established, healthy, and easily-grown plants. W. L. LEWIS AND CO.. F.R.H.S., Chase Side, SoulhgBte, London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road. i R M I N G H A M PRIMULAS, Lady Churchill, The Queen, Marquis of Lome, and all select sorts. 2s. 6rf. per packet. Mixed, 2s. Qd, Ubual Trade discount. POPE ANn SONS. King's Norton. Birminehara. CHRYSANTHEMUMS, PELARGONIUMS, DAHLIAS, HEQONIAS, CANNAS, &c. — Our CATA- LOGUES will be sent free on application. 15 First Prizes (10 this year). 6 Gold Medals. REID AND BORNEMANN. Sydenham. London, S-K. RASPBERRY CANES. — BAUMFORTH SEEDLINGS. 40s. per 10(10; Semper Fidelia. :jOs. per 1000. SampIeK.Oof either sort, lis, RED CURRANT TREES, 8s. per 100. Cash with Order. Free on Rail. R. H- BATH. Wisbech. Vegetable and Agricultural Seeds. HAND F. SHARPES SPECIAL PRICED • LIST of the above-named SEEDS comprises all the finest varieties of 1891 growth, and at prices very favourable to purchasers. Those in the Trade who have not yet received a copy can have one on application to Wisbech. Now Is the Time to Plant PEONIES, P Y R E T H R U M S, DELPHINIUMS, and GAILLARDIAS, the must showy of all Hardy, Easilv-grown Perennial Plants. For Priced List", sec KELWAY'S SEED and PLANT MANUAL for 1892, Is., post-free (deducted from first order), to those unknown tons. KELWAY'S GLADIOLI —Now is tlie time to plan'. Price! Descriptive List. free. KELWAY AND SON. Lansport. Somerset. Rr.ulsTiRFD No. ni9.'i. ARMOURED.-The Excels PERFECT grip, will not ur e.iormou8 pressure, and w Prices of 60-feet lengths, flttpd wltli brass nozzle, branch-pipe, rose, and Jet rWii i Armoured Ho^« >il when cut at any part, stands irs for years. Prices : — Diam. s. a PntATlt T?nTTTr-R«5 4^ They make little or no noise in working. .'Sth. They will cut either short or long Grass, wet or dry. U K, i!l Jil J\ » JTatent it U JU Ll Ji It O, SINGLE-HANDED SILENS MESSOR LAWN MOWEB, With Improved Steel Chains ana Handles. To cut 6 in., can be worked by i„^ jj 1 Lady ' To cut 8 Tocut 10in.,do. by To cut 12 in., do. by Tocut 14 in., do. For Lawns, Drives, Bowling Greens, Cricket Fields, and Gravel Paths, &c. Suitable for Hand or Horse Prices of Rollers in 2 parts. Diam. Length £ s. 16 in. by 17 in 2 5 20 in. by 22 in 3 5 24 in. by 26 in 4 10 30 in. by 32 in 7 10 DOUBLE-HANDED LAWN MOWER. 1 . ^ I ♦To cut 22 inches, can be worked by two men £8 10 do. do. To cut 18 inches. To cut 20 inches. do •To cut 24 i 'dboy... 7 10 0 I • If made stronger, suitable for Donkey, 30s. extra. These Mowers are the "Ne Plus Ultra" and "Acme" of perfection of aU Lawn Mowers extant. Nces of Donkey. Pony, and Horse Machines, including Patent Self-Delivery Box, or Side Delivery, with Cross-stay complete, suitable for attaching to Ordinary Chaise Traces or Gig Harness : — Special ({notations ni ide for Rollers, f?et, 3J feet, and 4 leet Diameter, fitted \Mth Shafts for one or two horses. GREEN'S PATENT CRASS EDGE CLIPPER size and Price, 7 inches wide, 7 ins. diam., £1 16S. Packing Case. 35. Specially designed to meet a want which has long been felt in cutting the overhang- ing grass on the edges of walks, borders, flower-beds, &c., and do away with the tedious operation of cutting with shears. 0° A very useful and serviceable Machine. DONKEY AND PONY MACHINES. To cut 26 inches £14 0 To cut 28 inches lo 0 To cut 30 inches 18 0 Leather Boots for Donkey 1 0 Leather Boots for Pony 14 The 26 and 28 inches can easily be worked by a Donkey, the 30 inches by a Pony, and the larger the Machine makes little noise iu working, the most spirited animal can be employed without tear of i in any way damaging the machine. Packii.g Ceiaei as per List, except when for export. GREEN'S PATENT MULTUM IN PARVO' LAWN MOWER. TENNIS GREEN'S Patent LAWN COURT MARKER. No. 2412. The Best Marker made. Size with 1 wheel for Ordinary Courts, price 14s. Do., with 3 wheels, 173. S ize for Clubs and Largi Grounds, price £1. Delivered Ciirlage Free at all the principal RaUway Stations and Shipping Ports in England, Scotland, and. Ireland. TheUrg-.ststockofMo^e^ZTb,nnTm^^"ureristobeM^^ MAKERS OF PATENT STEEL OR IRON ANGULAR- CHAMBERED AND TUBULAR HOT-WATER BOILERS AND OTHERS 'WITH SHELVES, AND HOLLOW OR ORDINARY CAST- GRATE BARS. 'hu::drMJiicMn;iofHand. Ponu. and Hor.e Power, and hnve their Or.UrsmpphM **« '''"^ ''''J' "-l'*^!;. «:<^„7^";f^- ,.. tj.. Purchaser The above Machines are Warranted to give entire Satisfaction, otherwise they may be returned AT ONCE, Free of Cost to tie Purcnaser VERTICAL SADDLE BOILERS, &c. I make selection oul of N.B.— Those who have Lawn Mowe ivhich need repairing should send them either through th. , ^ ^ . ^. , prompt attention, as an Efficient Staff of Workmen is kept at both pU GARDEN SEATS AND CHAIRS, AND HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS OF EVERY Descriptive Illustrated PRICE LISTS Free on application to Leeds or London Establishment, or direct lo i DESCRIPTION, WIRE NETTING, I, where they will have &c., &c. THOMAS GREEN & SON, LIMITED, SMITHFIELD IRONWORKS, LEEDS; AND SURREY WORKS, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON ; ■'"*'"' or they can also be had of any Ironmonger, See4snian, ]\terchant, or Factor in the United Ivingdom. Mabch 12, 1892.] THE GAUDENERS' chbonicle. 329 w POTATOS. WEBBS' NEW POTATO, "RECOED." 6s. per peck of 14 lb. ; 17f. per bushel of 56 lb. Now offered for the first time. A white, kidney-shaped main crop variety, strong in habit of growth, and for cropping, cooking, and keeping qualities it will be found all that can be desired. WEBBS' NEW POTATO, " COMPETITOR." 13. per peck of 14 lb. ; 14s. per bushel of 56 lb. First offered In 1891. This new Potato is a seedling from the well- known White Elephant, to which it is somewhat similar in character, hut rather later in season and stronger in habit of growth. It is a prodigious cropper, and a first-rate keeper. The tubers, which are kidney-shaped, are very large, and in quality all that can be desired. IWEBBiSONS.WORDSLEY.STOURBRIDCE PLANTING SEASON, ■> UARDILV-OKOWN A ALL OTHER TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 AORES: VBBT BXTBH8IVE BTOOK. InipeotloB InvlUd- Prlood Catalogues Gratli & Post Fpe«. L^IOKoOrlo NURSERIES (LiMiTBD) Chester* ROSES. STANDARDS, from 21s. per dozen. DWARFS, from 6s. per dozen. CATALOGUES, post-free. FRANK CANT, BRAISWIGK NURSERY, COLCHESTER. EUCHARIS CANDIDA. SPECIAL OFFER BEFORE POTTIIsG. A grand lot, sound Bulbs, flowering size, just received from our collector by 39. " Medway," in rinebt ijossible condition, lOOs. and 1608. per 100. HUGH LOW & CO., CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E. CARTERS' HOLBORN PRIZE PRIMULA. The Finest Strain in Cultivation, Awarded FOUR PRIZE MEDALS by tbe Royal Hor- ticultural Society and the Royal Botanic Society. FINEST MIXED, all colours. Price, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6il.. & 6s. per packet.'post free. 237 238 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON AMARYLLIS. Fine ed \i from ovir grand'Collfction. Dry Bulbs may still be Sent by Post. 42s., 635., aud 84s. p. doz. Unnamed Seedliop, 3os and ils. per dozen. These are the most mttje>tic iind beautiful Uowers for Coatjervatory Deco.-atiou durinf^ Spring. ACHIMENES. Our Collection is the tine-t and mo^t complete in the Kingdom. Dry Corms may still be ii'ent by Pout, of all the leading kinds, at is. pei dozeu. CALADIUMS. We can itill Send by Pu^t Dry Bulbs of most of the finest varieties in cultivation, our Stock being very'Iarge. We are offering them at unu-iually low prices. Oar^Selec- tion, 24s., 30s., and 42s. per do/.. Sorts all distinct. BEGONIAS. We hold a large Stock of mo«t of the best kinds in culti- vation. We can stiil Send by Pist our Selections in strong flowering Bulbs, fit either for Exhibition or for Decoration. Finest Named Single Varieties, 30s. and 42». per doz. ,, ,, Double ,. 30s., 42s., and 6US. p. doz. ,, Unnamed Seedling, in separate colours, 9s., 12s., and 18s. per dozen. ,, Mixed Seedlings, all colours, 6s. and 9s. per doz. These Seedlings are unsurpassed for Bedding-out in the Flower Garden. DAHLIAS. Dry Roots by Post, from our magnificent collection of Show, Fancy. Single, Cictits, JJnujuet, and Border, to be had at 6s., Ws., and 12s. per dozen. TUBEROSE. Finest American Pearl, Selected Bulbs, extra large, by Post, 3s. per dozen. B.S. WILLIAMS & SON VICTORIA AKD PAR4DISE NtlRSERV, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N. As a Sujjplement TO THK Gardeners' Chronicle FOR Next Week, March 19, Will he Published an Ink-Photoc/raph of THE CONIFER GROUND AT THE CONIFER CONFERENCE, R.H.S. GardenK, Chiswick. THE SATURDAY, MARCH 12, 1892. THE ARTIFICIAL COLORATION OF FLOWEKS. 'T^HE excitement about blue Carnations led my -•- neighbour, Mr. W. Dorrington, and my.self, to endeavour to solve the mystery by imitating it, and we soon discovered that although iiowers could not be tinted by immersing them in dye solutions, they could readily be coloured by placing their stalks in aniline solutions. Aniline scarlet dissolved in water to about the transparency of claret, has a very rapid action on flowers, colouring them pink and scarlet. Indigo carmine produces beautiful blue tints. The two combined dye various shades of purple, with curious mottled effects, some parts of the flowers becoming pink and other parts blue and purple. Greens are produced by using the blue dye with yellow. We also tried indigo, and cochineal, with partial success. Lily of the Valley flowers became beautifully tinged with pink or blue in six hours ; Narcissi are changed from pure white to deep scarlet in twelve hours, and delicate shades of pink are imparted to them in a very short time. Yellow Daffodils are beautifully striped with dark scarlet in twelve hours ; the edges of the corona also become deeply tinged, and the veining of the perianth become very strongly marked. Ccelogyne cristata, l^apageria alba, Calla ;ethiopica, Cyclamens, Snowdrops, Leucojums, Hyacinths, Christmas Roses, Solo- mon's Seal, Tulips, and many other flowers were successfully treated, and many leaves were found to become coloured very quickly by the process. I send you herewith a number of examples. The more interesting question of how this rapid change is brought about soon attracted my attention, and proved extremely interesting. The coloration is mainly confined to the vessels. There is a system of veins in plants, the vein- tubes being clearly seen under the microscope passing through the leaves, petals, and other parts of the flower. In these tubes the motion of the coloured water can be seen, and it became evident that it was by these that the colour is conveyed and left in every portion of the plants. In the case of cut flowers, the action is very rapid, the water-tubes beginning at once to absorb the fluid, which was pa.^sed along Lv either capillary attraction, contraction, or possibly by some more active life force actiiiK within the veins. My experiments in proof of this were made at first entirely with cut flowers^. I afterwards tried the experiment by taking a Roman Hyacinth very carefully out of the tu;l, 330 TEE GABD ENE 1? S' CHB ONI OLE. fAECH 12, 1892. and placing the roots in aniline water. In twelve hours the petals began to colour, and the flowers gradually became pink tinted throughout. This experiment was repeated on many Narcissi and other bulbs. It cannot, however, be said that the root fibres were unbroken, probably they were so, as I have failed to colour any flower by merely watering the soil with coloured water. The filtering appendages to the roots evidently prevent the absorption of much of the colour, as the petals of the flowers do not become either so quickly or so deeply tinted when the plant has its root as with out flowers. It was, however, clearly seen that the vein-tubes proceeded from the roots, thus oompleting the water system of tubes from root to flower. The veins when coloured are beautifully seen under the microscope as clear tubes running in parallel lines, the interspaces filled by cellular matter. The tubes gradually branch out as they proceed, and as they approach the margins they are often finely branched. When the coloured water reaches the margins of the petals they thus become deeply tinctured, especially in the Narcissi, illustrating the cause whereby the Daffodil so frequently obtains the deeper colour at the edge of the corona. It is the same with the Leucojum and the Snowdrop. Very singular results were obtained in the variegated leaves of the Anouba and Ivy — plants which, at this winter season, one would suppose, had the leaves quite dormant. Single leaves, with their stalks placed in aniline dye-water, began to colour in about three hours, and in twelve hours had their margins deeply coloured. They were thus shown to have the absorptive power, quite apart from the stem. Another remarkable instance was seen in La- pageria alba, which has a very thin wiry stalk, and a large waxy flower. With the stalk placed in dye-water, the whole flower became beauti- fully veined with pink in three or four hours — a singular fact, when one considers the minuteness of the tubes through which the liquid has to be drawn. It is difficult to believe that this can be accomplished by capillary attraction only. In Eucharis amazonica, which has thick stalks, the flower does not became tinted at all, but the style is dyed a deep red. The pistils of flowers always become deeply coloured, which is an im- portant fact, showing that the solid matter of the colouring solution is thus secreted [deposited in] by the fruiting vessels of the flower. White Tulips furnish excellent illustrations of artificial colouring, as they can be readily tinted either pink, blue, green, or purple in a few hours. The vein tubes which are thus displayed in the petals agree with the strongly-marked features known as the " flamed" or " feathered" varieties of the florist. It is generally known that all Tulips raised from seed are self-coloured when they first bloom ; they are then called " breeder Tulips," and the enthusiastic amateur-florist grows on his " breeders " for six or seven years until they "break," when they become either "flamed" or "feathered" varieties. Now a florist may ascertain in six hours whether his breeder Tulip will become a feathered or a flamed sort, and whether it will be worth grow- ing on for the breaking time, because the veining of the petal is shown by the colour, and it is that which makes the feature when the Tulip is fully matured. Blue Tulips have always been desired, and they can thus be artificially produced for florist purposes. Daffodils and Narcissi generally can be greatly varied in colour, and especially by showing their exquisite veining when thus treated. The tube and corona take a darker and richer tone of colour than the perianth, thus agreeing with the fact that all Daffodils are more or less bicolor. The Christmas Rose is also an interesting flower when artificially coloured. Straight tubes cross the petals from base to point, with numerous cross tubes, and the main ones branch out angularly, thus dividing the snow-white petals into a network of red lines. The interspaces are filled with oval cellules, and as the tubes are permeable, the cellular spaces become suf- fused with a delicate shade of pink. Snow- drops and Lenoojums are also very interesting when thus treated. Their petals are veined with about eight tubes at the base, which pass across the petal to its point in nearly parallel lines, strongly and clearly marked. These are branched near the tip of the petal in fan-like form, producing rich pink margins to the flower. The double-white Camellia is another very pretty illustration, as it easily assumes a pink shade throughout. It is difficult to imagine how this is done, as the Camellia has a small woody stalk ; and in the case of a double flower, with forty or fifty petals, the attachment of each of them to the tubes in the stalk must be very slight, and yet every petal becomes tinted in a few hours. White Lilac takes the colour perfectly, be- coming either pink or blue at pleasure. The Abutilon has the calyx coloured, but not the petals. These are already strongly vein- marked, and they seem to refuse the new comer. Primulas take the colour readily, but the common wild Primrose will not be changed. Forced leaves of the Swede Turnip, grown in the dark for culinary purposes, are eitreme'y sus- ceptible to coloration. They begin to colour in about three hours, and in twelve hours are beautifully fringed with red, and suffused with rich orange. Thus tinted, they are beautiful objects for table decoration. W7n. Brockbank, Bro-'khurst, IJulsbiity, March i. [Botanists h&ve long since availed themselves of coloured liquids to ascertain the course of the juices of plants, and the particular tissues through which the current passes, but our correspondent gives some details of much interest at the present time, and the specimens he sends exceed in interest any that we have before seen. To the botanist they are of special value as showing so clearly the course of the vessels. The value to the florist is also curiously illustrated in the case of the Tulip. Ed.] New or Noteworthy Plants. PELEXIA TRAVASSOSII, Solfe, n. sp* Over two years ago, Mr. A. H. Grimsditch, of 5, Clayton Square, Liverpool, sent to Kew a plant of a Pelexia which had been received from Senor Travaseos, in Brazil. It has since flowered in the Orchid- house on two separate occasions, and as no description can be found which at all agrees with it, I propose for it the above name, in commemoration of the gentleman who sent it. The leaves are olive- green, with silvery nerves, and a few white spots, and are borne in a radical tuft. The erect raceme bears a number of medium-sized white flowers, which are prettily lined with brownish-red, one on either » Pelexia Travassoiii, n. sp.— Hflflt 1 to IJ foot high, wiUl a tuft of radical petiolate leaves, subspathulate-oblong in shape, obtuse, -1 to 5 inches long, IJ to 1} inch wide, olive- green, with silvery nerves, and a few white spots. Eaceme with about a dozen medium-sized flowers. Dor-!al sepal narrowly lanceolate, acute, joined with the oblique subfalcate lanceolate subobtuse petals into a cucullate hood about 10 linea long. Lateral sepa's spreading, lanceolate, acute, 10 lines long, prolonged behind into a basal extension, which is decur- lent along the spur. Lip entire, elliptical, S lines long by 5 lines broad ; spur 10 lines long, adnate to the ovary for halt its length, the apex being free. Column 3 lines long, white, the two stigmatic lobes dull maroon,— Native of Brazil. side of the petals near the margin, and several similar cues on the lip, and these anastomose on the sides near the base, forming a sort of network. The habit is, of course, similar to Spiranthes, of which it is a close ally. It is one of the prettiest species of the genns. What is evidently the same species was sent from Brazil as a dried specimen, with the number 14,297, by Dr. Glaziou seme time ago. B. A. Rol/e. TOO MANY SORTS OF APPLES. I, LIKE " Pomnm," consider we grow by far too many varieties of Apples (unless it be those who can afford to have a hobby of that kind), when profit or a home supply of fruit for a long period are the chief points to be considered. Another fault that I have to find is in trade lists, which in many cases contain sorts which are not suitable for grow- ing on every kind of soil. I think more regard should be paid to this matter. In the absence of any knowledge of the nature of the soil, it is always safer to give thenames of such varieties that succeed in unkindly soils, such as are, for instance, heavy and retentive of moisture, although not stagnant, a heavy subsoil being near the surface. Varieties which will grow well in this kind of land would not fail in a lighter one, hence the reason for selecting those varieties which flourish in unkindly soils. It is useless to depend over much on those which make good growth and carry fine crops on light soil, for planting in those of an oppo- site character. Take Lord SufEeld Apple as a case in point ; it is one of the best Apples grown in some places, whilst in another it is a failure. In place of this Codlin, I would substitute Lord Grosvenor, which succeeds where the other fails, and for good cropping, and size of fruit, it is its eijual, and in one point its superior, in habit of growth ; for while the branches of Lord Suffield spiead wide, those of the other take an upright direction — an important fact in Apples for profit, as many more trees of an upright habit may be grown on the same amount of land than would be possible if the branches spread widely. The following list of seven kitchen Apples contains the names of varieties that will supply fruit from the first week in the month of August till May, providing a sufficient number of trees be planted ; it cannot be said that any variety is not of good quality and a free bearer; — Lord Grosvenor, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville Seedling, Warner's King, Lane's Prince Albert, Golden Noble, and Bramley's Seed- ling. The last but one named will succeed on a gravelly soil, and as all of them will not, it is as well for growers to know that this one will do so. An equal number of dessert Apples will suffice for an equally long season, viz., Irish Peach, Devonshire Qaarrenden.LadySudeley, Worcester Pearmain,Kmg of Pippins, Cox's Orange Pippin, and Sturmer Pippin. A. MIXTURES FOE SPRAYING FKXJIT TREES. The attention of English horticulturists and farmers has been called to the fact that the ruinous attacks of fungi and of insects upon our fruit trees may be effectively met by spraying the trees with certain mixtures and solutions. Among those which have been found most successful are the mixtures containing copper employed as fungicides, and those containing arsenic as insecticides. There, is one important point in the preparation of the copper mixtures which I have not yet seen noticed. The sulphate of copper must never be dissolved in an iron or zinc vessel, else the copper will be re- moved from the solution, iron or zinc taking its place. As galvanised iron pails are now so generally employed, this caution is by no means needless. When the Bordeaux Mixture of sulphate of copper and lime is prepared, a wooden vessel, a barrel for instance, will best answer the purpose. When an ammoniacal solution of copper is required, a glass carboy, such as is commonly employed for carrying March 12. 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE, 331 acids, will be most appropriate, but if made on a large scale a barrel will have to be need. The Bordeaux Mixture is the one most trouble- some to prepare, but it has the advantage that Taris Green (arsenite of copper) may be mixed with it, so that both fungi and insects may be attacked in one operation. The ammoniacal solution of car- bonate of copper has some advantages as a fungicide, but experiments in America show that the addition of Paris Green to this solution yields a compound having a decidedly injurious effect upon the leaves of the trees. The mixture used with success in Ohio last summer for Apple and Pear trees was prepared as follows: — Four pounds of sulphate of copper were dissolved in 4 galls, of water ; 4 lb. of fresh lime were slaked, made into a thin cream with water, and passed through a fine wire sieve ; the milk of lime thus obtained was added to the solution of sulphate of copper, both being cold ; the whole was repeatedly stirred for some time, and finally diluted with water to a bulk of 50 galls. To this weak Bordeaux Mixture 2 oz. of Paris Green were finally added. The first spraying is to take pLace when the first leaves appear. The second shortly after the blossom falls. The times of the third and fourth spraying must be regulated by the appearance of the tree. In the last spraying the arsenite is omitted. When only a fungicide is needed, the simpler am- moniacal solution may be employed ; it is prepared by dissolving 5 oz. of carbonate of copper in 2} pints of strongest ammonia, and diluting to 50 gallons, Oare must, of course, be taken in handling the am- monia. The operator should stand in the open air, and see that the wind carries the ammonia gas from him. R. Warington, Harpenden. the general public, from whom directly or indirectly all the funds come. A museum for economic botany, well-arranged, and full of good illustrations of the subject, occupies a conspicuous place in the grounds. Its most attractivedepartmentis a collection of the leguminous plants which have proved pernicious to stock. The carpological series is good, and the products of the useful plants are well displayed. In a separate apartment was seen the herbarium of the Director, Dr. R. Schomburgh, who was even then prostrated by illness which has since terminated fatally. Although confined to his room and a great sufferer, the venerable director received me on two occasions, and conversed freely about his plans, all of which looked in the direction of increasing the local interest in botany and horticulture. Very profitable botanical excursions can be made from Adelaide. The handbook for the neighbour- hood is a recent flora by Professor Tate of the University. It is handy and accurate. Visitors COLONIAL NOTES. Adelaide, — For a comparatively new city, Adelaide is fairly well shaded with trees. The suburbs are attractive. North-east of the city proper, and within a few minutes walk from the principal streets, the University and the Botanic Garden are found near together. The Botanic Garden occupies an area of about 40 acres, and adjoins park-lands which are used as an arboretum. From his entrance at the main gate, throughout his whole tour of the garden, the visitor is struck by the more or less successful attempts at decorative management of shrubbery and marble statuary, indicating that there has been a desire to ma^e a place which is easily accessible, very attractive to the public. The result is generally pleasing ; in fact, it is all good, except in the case of the water, which leaves much to be desired. Australian plants are represented by pretty good specimens, but the conditions for culture are not favourable. The soil appeared thirsty and for the most part light; hence the fair success attained shows excellent judgment in cultivating. The large specimen trees would be a credit to any garden, and the groups of European florist-plants are about as good as one could expect to see anywhere. It was said to me that these European groups are among the main attractions of the garden to the citizens. The citizens with whom I conversed were justly proud of the establishment. The Victoria regia house is one of the principal features of the garden, but the condition of the plants at the time of my visit was a disappointment. It seemed as if the method of heating by water from an open boiler might be at fault. It was not easy to see how the water could contain as much air as in the ordinary method of heating by pipes through the tank, and it appeared as if this was at the bottom of the mischief. The other houses looked well for the season. The selections in them appeared judicious, and many individual plants were of exceptionally good growth. Considerable prominence was given to horticultural, and, one may say, utilitarian aspects of vegetation. This doubtless serves to augment the interest felt by FlQ. 45.— HYBRID NARCISSUS : FLOWERS, WHITE. (See Text) who may have time for botanical studies in any of the Australasian colonies should be reminded that in almost every large city there can be found a botanist or two well acquainted with the most desirable localities for herborising. Judging from my own experience in obtaining their advice, these local botanists are not easily wearied in well-doing. Some of the local collections are enriched by notes taken on the spot, and possess great interest, G. L. Goodale, REPEATED HYBRIDS AND RECIPROCAL HYBRIDISM IN NAR- CISSI. The hybrid Narcissi here figured (figs. 45, 46), possess points of interest apart from the beauty of their delicate white flowers : — 1. The inquiry whether, among plants in general, the same result can be repeated with precision by crossing the same parents, has been answered in the afiirmative by experiments among the Rhododen- drons and in other families, but the instance now shown is, I think, the first which has been estab- lished in the Narcissi. Professor Michael Foster anticipated me by one year in flowering seedlings from N. triandrus by pollen of N. Corbularia monophyllus. Flowers raised here from the same cross do not differ from those which he has sfnt me, or from those produced by bulbs received from him. Both batches of plants run through the same narrow range of variation, it being possible in each to pick out flowers in which the influence of the male or of the female parent slightly preponderates. Thus both batches contain a few two-flowered or even three-flowered scapes, a character drawn from triandrus, and both have yielded some flowers which in the wide spread of the corona remind us more of the Corbularia or " Hoop-petticoat." But both Professor Foster's seedlings and my own may be said to stand, on the whole, just half-way between the two patent species. Fig. 45 is sketched from an average specimen of this hybrid. 2. The flowers show a distinguishable advance in size beyond either parent, a not unusual result in hybrids, from the added vigour which follows an infusion of fresh blood. 3. I have also raised a considerable number of seedlings from this same cross effected the reverse way, i.e., by making N. c. monophyllus the seed- bearer. The plants differ scarcely at all from those grown from seed of triandrus, and, like them, are nearly all truly intermediate in feature between father and mother. The specimen drawn (fig. 46, p. 333) was taken from one of the first flowers to open, and would have become more pendulous and more like to the other figure as it aged. Among those which subse- quently bloomed I could select some precisely similar to flowers of the former cross. The exsertion of the style, so curiously variable in degree in N. trian- drus, appears to be reduced to greater fixity in the latter cross than in the former, and the plants from seed of Corbularia show a smaller propor- tion of two-flowered scapes than those from seed of triandrus. But the differences are so slight in comparison with the general resemblance, that it is not inaccurate to state that, in this case, "reciprocal crosses give identical results." This rule, however, does not always hold good in the Narcissi. Thus from crosses made first one way and then the other between the small rush-leaved N. triandrus and large varieties of N. pseudo-Nar- cissus, I have obtained plants which respectively follow the mother most markedly in stature and size of all their parts. G. H. Engleheart, Appleshaw, Andover, DISEASES OF THE REPRO- DUCTIVE ORGANS OF PLANTS, CAUSED BY FUNGI. (Continued from p. 302.) Inceeased Vegetative Growth as a Conse- quence OF Parasites. — There is another important manner in which the reproductive parasites may influence the propagation of their hosts, that is, by favouring their increase, not by their seed, but by their roots. When one reflects upon the fact that many of these reproductive parasites cause well-nigh total destruction of the reproductive organs of their host-plants, so that the extermination of the host seems almost to be a mere matter of time, one is naturally led to consider how such an extermination can be obviated, and whether by any compensatory effort on the part of the host it will be enabled to propagate itself. It is a well-known fact that some of the commonest species of flowering plants, common not only in their wide distribution geographically, but common also in the sense of numbers in which the individuals are met with, where the plant occurs at all, seldom produce perfect fruit. Such plants as the common field Thistle, and the Twitch-grass, although rarely producing perfect fruit, are terrible pests to the agriculturist, by reason of the rapid 332 THE GAUDENUSS' CHRONICLE. [MAitcH 12, 1892. manner in which they spread themselves amongst the crops on cultivated land, and by the extreme difficulty of uprooting them. In the first- named, the development of the flower-heada takes place with great freedom, and immense quantities of Thistle- down may be encountered wafted about in the air during the late summer and autumn. But this Thistle-down, if it be examined on the head before it has begun its aerial voyage, will be found, in most cases, attached to barren seed. With the other plant (Triticum repens), the common Twitch-grass, the bane of our arable land in like manner, perfection of its seeds seldom takes place. The flowering heads are extremely common in our hedges late in the year, standing up amongst the thorns like heads of giant Rye-grass ; but upon examination it will be found, that although the ear appears to be perfect, yet rarely does it contain any seeds capable of germination. Both these plants have lost more or less completely their seed-pro- ducing power, as we meet with them in this country at the present day. With regard to the Twitch, it is remarkable that although the production of perfect seed by it is so rare that the ovules are not developed, yet the ovaries are frequently the seat of disease, by which they become enlarged and converted into ergots through the action of the same reproductive parasite, Claviceps purpurea, to which we have previously referred ; but more than this, the ovaries of Triticum repens are the seat attack of two species of Bunt, Tilletia controversa and calamagrostis. Another root-spreading species, the common Reed (Phragmites communis), even more rarely than Twitch perfects its seed, but it is pretty widely dis- tributed in England, and abundant wherever it is found. In some districts, so freely does it grow in the ditches, that they have to be cleared out every year or two, yet this does not seem to diminish in the least degree the vigour of its growth. From the ditches, if the land be sufficiently damp, it extends into the corn-fields; and here, although its underground-stems are cut to pieces by the annual ploughing to which the land is subjected in the ordinary course of tillage, the plant flourishes so that its flowering-heads are often as tall as the corn. No grass is more subject to ergotisation than the reed is. The ergots, although very small, are extremely abundant, so that the plume-like heads are often quite bent down with the weight of them. Here, then, we have three examples of common plants in which sexual maturity fails, as a rule, to occur, and in two of them the sexual organs (the ovaries) are the site selected by parasitic fungi. How far the parasite has been the cause of the plants in question availing themselves of the power they inherently possessed of spreading themselves by their roots, rather than by their seeds, no one can posi- tively say ; but the fact remains, that two of onr commonest plants, which are essentially root-spread- ing, are also peculiarly liable to have their sexual reproduction destroyed by special reproductive parasites. Incbeasb in Number op Blossoms. With some species of reproductive parasites, in which the floral organs are the seat of disease, we find another compensatory eflTort is made by the host-planf. Although the plant is unable to produce perfect flowers and seeds, yet we find that it blossoms more freely than do healthy plants. For some years past, I have had growing in my garden various plants afl"ected with fungoid par&sites ; amongst them the pink Ljchnis diurna, aff'ected with Ustilago violacea, as well as healthy plants of the same host-plant. These plants were growing within a few yards of one another, and practically under the same condi- tions. It was quite obvious that the diseased speci- mens were the freest flowers, and I am inclined to think the colour was brighter. The same is true of Scabiosa arvensis, when aff'ected with Ustilago scabiosa;, so far as the number and size of its flowers are concerned. To a less extent, perhaps, the same phenomenon Is observable with Scabiosa Columbaria when attacked with U. floeculorum. The plant of Scabiosa arvensis which has been growing with me for several years, is a remarkably luxuriant speci- men, producing hundreds of flowers during the season. Peotection of Host-plant. Apart from the fact that root-spreading plants have an advantage over those which are entirely dependent upon seed for their Increase in the struggle for existence, it is clear that any cause which operates by making a plant less acceptable as food to plant-eating animals will be of advantage to that plant, and to plants sufficiently closely re- sembling it. We find certain of the reproductive parasites modify their hosts, so as to render them very unattractive in appearance ; particularly is this the case with the Ustilaginese, where the affected plants have their floral organs converted Into a mass of black powder ; but more than this, some of the species have a very repugnant odour, notably, several species of Bunt. The odour itself has been variously described, but may be taken as recalling a mixture of rancid oil and fish. So powerful is it, that all persons con- nected with the corn trade, in examining a sample of Wheat, test It by their sense of smell, even when the amount of disease is so small as not to be readily recognised by the eye. Now, man Is not endowed with nearly so acute a sense of smell as some of the lower animals, and if to us, with our comparatively obtuse power of discriminating odours, a sample of Wheat is rejected on this account, how much more readily must the lower animals recognise its de- terioration by the fungus. Other reproductive parasites contain active poisons, as the ergot; now, this it will be remembered, attacks only a certain proportion of the seeds on each plant, the others being uninjured, so that it is well suited to protect its host. Animals feeding upon ergoted grasses are known, as a matter of fact, to suffer in a very serious way from so doing. Although to the untrained eye an ergollsed grain may not be very readily recognisable, yet it must be remembered that we are not herbivorous animals. But more than by Its appearance, ergot possesses a markedly characteristic odour, which chemists tell us is due to Trimethylamin, a substance found in the brine in which fish have been pickled. In point of fact, ergot has a fishy odour. But we have just seen that Bunt has also a fishy odour. Curiously enough, both these fungi attack the same part of the host-plant — the ovary ; in one it is metamorphosed into a blackish hypertrophy ; In the other, the whole Interior is transformed into foetid black dust. But the connection does not end here, for It has been found that the same kernel of Wheat has been attacked simultaneously by both parasites, the ergot having established Itself at the base of the grain, while the rest of its Interior has become converted into a mass of black dust. Here, then, we have two diseased products, both having a fishy odour, one of which is highly poisonous to animals ; so It is not so very surprising that the fishy odour should be sufficiently repugnant to animals as to be protective to the host-plant. We now come to consider more in detail the various ways in which reproductive parasites afiect their hosts ; their action may be either direct or indirect. Indirect Action : Abortion or the Floral Organs. The number and quality of the seeds produced by any plant are subject to the operation of many causes, such as the Influence of season, of soil, of sunshine, and especially of such conditions as cross-fertilisa- tion demands. All flower growers know that too great luxuriance of the foliage of plants is prejudicial to the production of flowers, and that many plants bloom more freely when they are to some extent pot-bound than when they have less limited room for root development. Then, again, the amount of flower and seed Is not proportionate ; no more common axiom being heard from the lips of the flower grower, as he removes the fading flower- heads, than that a plant " cannot produce both seeds and flowers." In order to produce seeds freely, the plant must be healthy ; it may be stunted in growth, and partly starved by want of sufficient root-room, but its tissues must not be permeated by the spawn of a parasite, nor must its foliage be injured beyond a certain point by parasitic fungi, even although they cause only local mischief. It has long been noticed that the plants permeated with the mycelium of those species of Uredinese which have perennial my- celia seldom blossom at all. Such, for instance, as Euphorbia amygdaloides, when it Is infected with the mycelium of Endophyllum Euphorbise, although the parasite manifests its presence by the production of spore-beds on the foliage only, yet the aff'ected plants seldom produce flowers. The same is true of Glyceria fluitans when it contains the mycelium of Ustilago longlsslma, the spore development of which takes place only on the leaves. Cnicus arvensis when deformed by the perennial mycelium of Puccinia suaveolens does not blossom, although plants bearing the teleutosporea flower as freely as those free from the parasite ; the mycelium of this last-named spore being local. Numerous other instances might be quoted of constitutionally diseased plants failing to develop seeds. In them the health of the plant does not seem to suffer; the foliage is usually somewhat altered In form, but It is produced freely, and the plants live as long as their healthy neighbours, but their reproductive organs are abortive. It would appear that the constitution of the plant Is In some way modified by the presence of the mycelium, that the plant never attempts the formation of reproduc- tive organs, or if It does the attempt Is abortive. {To be continued.) A TKAVELLER'S NOTES. [We have been privileged to read some of the letters of Mr. James H "V^eltch, now travelling In India, and proposing to visit Java, Japan, and other countries for purposes connected with horti- culture. From these letters we have bean permitted to extract those portions likely to be interesting to our readers, and we do so with the more interest in that some thirty years since we were enabled to print, In the same way, a selection from his father's letters from Japan. Those who are conversant with the history of garden plants, will remember what valuable results followed from the travels of John Gould 'Veltch. Travelling under most favourable auspices, we trust the son of John Veitch, and the grandson of James Veitch, may achieve as well- founded a reputation as the father and grandsire. Ed.] Ceylon. " Three days after arrival I went up to Peradenlya by the 7.30 a.m. train. In the low country there was not much to see, large tracts being under water, the recent heavy rains having quite fiooded the district. As soon as the train reached the hilly country, things improved, and the scenery was very fine. On the road we passed numerous gangs of coolies, clearing away the recent landslips. There Is scarcely any tunnelling on the line, the train creeping round the sides of all the hills, one getting magnificent views of the country beyond and beneath. Peradenlya is 1700 feet above sea-level, but I did not see much of It on my first visit, having to return by the 2 o'clock train, the last in the day. Two days after, with a portion of my luggage, I went to stay at Kandy. " On the way up from Colombo one sees numerous Paddy fields. This is the name given to Rice in its growing condition. Owing to partial submersion being essential, it is grown on earth terraces or banks appa- rently a few feet wide, oue tier rising above another to an endless extent ; the falls from the hills supply the necessary water. Two crops a year are obtained, chiefly by sowing ; though if a piece be thin, trans- planting is resorted to. Ceylon does not produce any- thing like the amount of Rice it requires, on account of thelarge Tamil population imported from South India for the tea plantations. Interrupted communication with the interior causes great distress. The recent landslips on the railway, whereby the goods traffic March 12, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 333 was blocked for eight days, was, I am told, felt in some districts. " Peradeniya is only 4 miles from Kandy, so I soon paid another visit there, and spent some time with Pr. Trimen. The vegetation in the gardens is certainly very fine, nearly all being left to Nature. The most interesting plant in the garden is Lodoicea seychellarum, the double Cocoanut of the Seychelles ; with the exception of the few plants Dr. Trimen has, he tells me it does not exist out of those islands. I was naturally much interested, as I had seen the seeds at ICew, and heard of the failure to raise it. Dr. Trimen has one large plant, and, I think, two or three small ones. The large one, planted by Ur. Thwaites, is forty years old, and is about to flower ; it has leaves somewhat like those of a Sabal, larger than I have ever seen on any Palm, even here. The plants in the Seychelles are Slid to be 100 to 150 feet high, and their age must be immense if they grow at the same rate as this one does, which it only some 15 feet high. The seeds Crotons grow well, though in parts are apt to be sticky. I saw one splendid bed, about 13 yards through, in Colombo; there was a large variety, and the shape of the bed was almost perfect. Dracaenas are well coloured, but get very sticky. Acalyphas make splendid bushes, with highly-coloured foliage, often 10 and 12 feet high. Amherstia nobilis is a fine tree ; it is now in flower, in fact I think it is more or less so all the year round. Its long racemes bear some eight or ten large flowers, most brilliantly coloured with vermilion and yellow. It was imported herefrom the Burmese temples, round which it grows, but Dr. Trimen tells me it is never found wild. It seeds in Burmah, but rarely, very rarely, here. " Tradescantia discolor and Conocliniums grow well > particularly the former, when once it gets a footing. Ferns also do well. I saw in different parts some really fine plants of Nephrolepis rufescens tripinnati- fida. Araucaria Cookei forms handsome trees, and one or two Dammaras are very tall. Ficus elastica and Bamboos are two of the finest sights in the gardens. Fig, 46.— hvbeid naecissus : flowers white, (see p. 331.) used to be found floating in many parts of the ocean, and in the Middle Ages before the discovery of the Seychelles they were considered to be a marine product. The seed takes ten years to ripen, and in germinating descends 8 feet. Corypha umbraculifera, the Talipot, is another of the floral wonders. This Palm grows with great rapidity, quite straight up until it produces an immense terminal raceme of white flowers, visible in some places for miles; it then seeds and dies. They flower usually when from forty to fifty years old, though one has been known to flower when but thirty-five years old. I was fortunate enough to see two in flower from the railway, and one in seed in the Peradeniya gardens. Oreodoxa regia (Cabbage Palm) and Caryota urens form noble trees ; the latter flowers freely, its pendulous racemes being several feet long. Arto- carpus incisa (bread fruit) and A. nobilis (jack fruit) form fine large foliage ; the fruit of the latter, though edible, is not worth much. " In the gardens some of the undergrowth is handsome. Sanchezia nobilis variegata and Heli- conia aurea striata form, especially the latter, bushes from 4 to 5 feet high. Heliconia is certainly one of the handsomest plants I saw in the island. There is a splendid avenue of the former near the gate, the roots rising often more than 1 foot above the soil, and covering many yards of the surrounding ground. The Bamboos are very thick, and grow some 70 feet in height, especially on the banks of the Kelani-Ganga, the largest stream of water in the island ; they are used for a great variety of purposes, from making a curry downwards. Dr. Trimen has formed a kind of house by stretching coarse canvas netting over Bamboos ; in it he is able to grow some Orchids and Ferns, which would not do in the open. The former do fairly well, Cattleyas and L.-elias being the weakest| point. I suppose it is because it is almost impossible to give a period of rest. " It is curious to see in flower side by side within a few square yards Cypripedium Sedeni and Hay- naldianum, Angrascum sesquipedale, Oncidium Lan- ceauum, Phala^nopsis Schilleriana, and others, Dendrobium macrophyllam Veitchii,very fine Chysis bractescens, and several others. " NnwERA Eliya is some 6200 feet above sea-level. Hakgala being a few hundred feet lower. Through the kindness of Judge Laurie, the District Judge of Kandy, I was able to put up at the Club —a very considerable advantage, as the Grand Hotel was full of tourists. Nuweya Kliya is about five hours' train from Kandy, the line gradually rising all the time ; on either side are tea plantations, with a little coffee. It was raining hard and was rather cold when I arrived, thick blankets being required at night and a fire in the smoking-room. It is the great health resort of Ceylon, and is full of English in the hot season — now it is nearly empty, " The gardens at Hakgala are not very remark- able—in extent they are some 550 acres, but only 8 acres are really kept up. The Tree Ferns and Acacias are fine, and such plants as the following : Fuchsia corymbosa. Gladioli, Arums and Hemerocallis fulva, grow and flower profusely ; Gorse forms bushes, 3 to 4 feet high ; Vincas, Bocconia frutescens, 8 feet high ; B. cordata will not thrive. Cryptomeria japonica is now much planted, as is Grevillea robusta ; the latter is also used on the tea estates for shelter. Spiraea Reevesiana is used for hedges all round Nuwera Eliya, and answers the purpose admirably. Vegetables succeed more or less ; the English Blackberry and the Wilson Junior grow, but do not fruit ; our English Cherries form fine trees, but also yield no results. " The great weed in the low country is Lantana ; this is everywhere, and I am told, in some ]iarts it covers miles ; it is, however, being supplanted by a large yellow Composite, with Broussonetia-like foliage, by nam? Trithonia, introduced from Cali- fornia. Another weed is Mimosa pudica ; this is most difficult to eradicate, as burning has no effect — it springs up through the ashes of burnt jungle with the first shower. Oxalis is the chief weed of the hill districts; this, like Trithonia, has acclimatised itself. On my return to Kandy, I went to stay with Judge Laurie, who received me most kindly ; he grows a great many Ferns, and is very proud of them — also some Orchids. " I went over tea, coffee, and cocoa estates, and have explained the method of culture in my journal which I will forward from Calcutta. Madura. " Vanilla and Pepper are both cultivated to a limited extent here, the former being grown along the road sides on Erythrina indica — the Vanilla clings well to its spiny bark. Owing to the insect necessary to its fertilisation (which is found in the Mauritius) being here absent, it has to be fecundated by hand. Its production is said not to be very profitable. " Squirrels and white ants are the great pests in the animal world. 1 went over a cocoa estate belonging to a gentleman, who gives a gratuity for every squirrel skin brought to him, and who also keeps a man employed expressly to shoot these animals. "The languid muggy heat of this place is not inspiriting. I shall be glad to get north, where, though hot, it will be dry. A dry heat I enjoy, but such places as this and Colombo, which are now re- ceiving the end of the rains, rather take it out of one. From 6 to 8 a.m. the weather is perfect, hut after that, and when the rain comes down, one might as well be in diluted marmalade." J. H. V. {To be continued.) Vegetables. SULHAM PRIZE PINK CELERY. We grew no other variety, and it lasts in good condition from the first week in September till the beginning of May. Where many persons make a mistake, I think, with their late crops of Celery is in growing the heads too large, these large heads not keeping nearly so well as smaller ones. K. Selected Peas. Opinions differ according to locality and soil as to the best varieties of Peas to yield a constant supply without unduly multiplying varieties, and I think all things considered, that no three better 334 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [March 12, 1892. ones could be chosen than those named by Mr. Coomber. There are some good selections made by different nurserymen which may be a little earlier than William the First; I think Veitch's Exonian is one of them that would run William the First hard for the first place. However, at the present time, William the First is a tried Pea, and it remains a longer time in bearing. Mr. Smith, on p. 278, mentions four different Peas. Autocrat is an excellent Pea, but for general use, I prefer Success, or Sturdy, if a fourth be added. I have grown Auto- crat, Sturdy, and Success each year since they were sent out, and sowed them on the same day in a fully exposed plot, and Success yielded pods a long time after the other two were over. All three do well on strong land. The seeds number from eight to ten in a pod of Success, which boil of a nice green colour, and the flavour is excellent. John Chimiery. The WEEK'S Work. FRUITS UNDER GLASS. By J. RlDDELL, Gardener, Castle Howard, York, PEACHES. — Late Peaches now coming into bloom had better be allowed to carry "a fair propor- tion of their flower-buds, especially if the wood was not thoroughly matured last autumn. Fumigate if thrip or green-fly be about the house. When the object is to have late fruit, undue forcing should not be resorted to, yet, as a certain degree of warmth aids fertilisation, it will be advisable to maintain a temperature of 55° to 60° at night during the flowering period. In the absence of any heating apparatus, the ventilators of the structure may be closed early in the afternoons, and the temperature allowed to rise to 80° if it will. In both cases, keep the atmosphere dry, and shake the trellis frequently daily to distribute the pollen. When the trees are nailed to a wall, draw an old ostrich feather along the shoots from the base upwards. Disbud trees which have passed their blooming, and in the manner indicated in a former calendar. It is generally necessary to give a watering at this period, but no border should be watered until its condition is either ascertained or its requirements understood. A good dressing of wood- ashes and a stimulant may be employed to trees of rather weakly growth when water is applied. The same temperature as advised above should be maintained until the stoning period is reached, the borders and paths well damped in sunny weather, and the plants syringed with tepid water mornings and afternoons. Thin the fruit when they have attained the size of thrush eggs. This is a process which should be regulated by cir- cumstances. If an exceptionally large number is on the trees, remove about a third at first, and leave the most promising and beat fruit ; in the course of a week remove another third, and give the final thinning six days later. But where the fruits are sparsely distributed over the trees, little thinning will be necessary, and may be done in once, or at most twice. The number o( fruits to leave for a crop will depend on the condition of the trees. Exceptionally vigorous trees may be allowed to carry fruit at 9 inches apart ; but 1 foot will be sufficient to leave them on trees of ordinary growth, while for weakly trees the fruit should be at least 15 inches asunder. The stoning period is the most critical time for Peaches, and a temperature of 55° at night, with air admitted when solar heat raises the thermometer to 60° and above it, will be con- genial to their well being. When the weather is mild, a chink of air may be left on all night. THE APIARY. Bu Expert. SPRING FEEDING. — In districts where there is much fruit blossom, it is necessary to get stocks in strong condition earlier than in those places where white Clover is the first plant in blossom that yields honey. It takes about six weeks in spring to build up a colony to the necessary strength to take advan- tage of a honey-flow, therefore, where Gooseberries, Raspberries, fruit, and other early-flowering subjects are a source of income to the bee-keeper, stimulative fefding should be commenced quite by the middle of March. This should take the form of flour-candy to begin with, which is made by boiling 6 lb. of sugar in three quarters of a pint of water, as directed in a p evious number, p. 270; and when taken off the fire, stir in 1 lb. of pea flour, which serves as a sub- atitute for pollen, the nitrogenous food of the colony. As goon as the candy is consumed by the bees, more must be afforded, it being of importance to keep up a continuous supply, or a cessation of breeding will result. Later on, when the weather gets warmer, so that the hive can be opened without fear of chilling the brood, the cappings of the sealed stores can be bruised, a few at a time ; or failing this, syrup can be given in one of the many slow feeders sold for the purpose. If it shonld happen that any stocks are not strong enough when the honey-flow arrives to put sections on, it pays to unite two together, and divide them again later in the season if neces- sary. Some bee-keepers contract hives in spring to the number of frames the bees are able to cover, with the idea of assisting them to maintain the necessary ^temperature for brood-raising, but expe- rience has proved that little is gained by so doing, as a frame of comb is almost, if not quite as good a non-conductor as a division-board or dummy would be. In districts where white Clover is the first honey-yielding plant of the year, it is often not necessary to take much trouble to stimulate stocks, as they will generally come along quickly enough, and be ready at the right time with the stimulation afforded naturally by flowers that do not exist in suflicient profusion to yield a surplus, but serve the purpose of keeping np a supply of food that is better than any artificial feeding. QUEENLESS STOCKS. — Any stock that is found to be queenless in spring, should be united to another having a iiueen. Queens are dearer to buy at this season than any other, and indeed are not often obtainable at any price, let alone the risk of their travelling without getting chilled. It some- times happens that queens get killed early in the year by being " balled " by the bees ; and generally this is caused by injudicious handling by the bee- keeper. If bees get much excited while under examination, it is always better to shut up the hive, and defer it to some future period. THE KITCHEN GARDEN. By G. WVTHES, Gardener, Syon House, Brentford. HINTS ON GENERAL WORK. — This month is a busy one in the kitchen garden. One of the first things to be done is to go over the ground and allot spaces for the season's various crops ; and when that is performed, delayed ,'work of all kinds should be pushed on with to a finish. I do not advise the gardener to he in a hurry to get his seed sown, as this may be sown with greater advantage in a week or two ; still, this work should be kept well in hand, eo that there may be no delay when sowing or planting are performed. The great point to he observed in kitchen garden work is, to sow frequently such things as last but a short time at their best; and by always doing this, much anxiety is spared the gar- dener, and the chance of a failure in supply is averted. In sowing seeds of Peas, Beans, salad plants, little and often is the better rule, and sow- ing thinly, unless the germinating quality of the seed is doubtful, and then thick sowing is to be recommended. The repairing of the Box edging, or relaying it, should be finished at an early date. Box laying requires well doing, and only those who are expert at it should be entrusted with a big job. The other edgings used, as Thrift, Saxifrage umbrosa, require much the same annual attention as Box. Edging tiles, if they have'got out of position, should be made good ; walks shonld be regravelled and rolled, after affording a light coating of new gravel. Before the walks are touched, all wheeling of manure on to the vacant plots should be finished, and tree mulching and heavy groundwork brought to a finish. And so that the garden presents a tidy appearance, the stems of Brassicas should be cleared off and burnt, and the ashes used on the ground. CAULIFLOWERS. — Those that were wintered in frames in pots, and in hand-glasses, will be ready for planting, those in pots furnishing the earliest heads, whilst those which were planted thickly under hand-glasses will succeed them. Plant on richly manured land, and on a border facing south. Those which may have been sown in heat early in the year need protection after planting, as they are scarcely so hardy as the others. The hall of earth and roots should be planted intact, or as nearly so as possible, planting being performed with a trowel, and the soil made firm about them. After finishing the planting draw a little soil round about the stems with a hoe, as a protection against frost and wind. Good soil, rather light than heavy, and well manured, is necessary for the early crop. A few of the larger plants if put out at the foot of a south or east wall between the fruit trees, and covered for a time with hand-glasses, will come into use earlier than the rest. PEAS IN POTS. — These should be planted out if they have been thoroughly hardened off. I sow these early Peas in pots which are larger than those commonly employed, and give little or no heat, so that when planted early in the present month hard weather injures them but little. When they are planted on a south border by preference, or in the open quarter when necessitated, some of the crumbs of the soil should he drawn up close to the rows, and a row of twigs or small Spruce branches placed so as to protect them ; even the very dwarf varieties should always be supported by a few twigs. If birds give trouble, the lines of Peas must be pro- tected by means of netting or black thread. Where game-birds abound, wire-netting bent over the rows is the best protector, and it may be used to support mats or litter in the event of very severe weather coming. BEANS AND PEAS.— Broad Beans raised in heat will require similar attention to the Peas, but will not require any protection if they have been grown on slowly. Lift in clumps of three or four plants if in boxes, and make the soil firm, planting them in rows 2 feet apart, as they will not grow so robust as later sowings. A succession may be sown in rows 3 feet apart of Broad Windsors, or if for exhibition or extra large pods, Bunyard's Long-pod. Peas may be sown, and if possible, in widely separated lines to allow of crops between. As the season advances draw the drills deeper. For present sowing choose Veitch's Perfection, Huntingdonian, Duke of Albany, Prodigy, and Champion of England. SPINACH should be sov?n on rich land in small quantities at intervals of three weeks. The Victoria Improved Round is an excellent variety that does not run to seed so soon as some others. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By H. A-Bdrberry, Orchid Grower, Highbury, Birmingham. MANURE FOR ORCHIDS. — I feel indebted to your amateur correspondent, and hasten to explain matters BO that he may not be perplexed any longer. The sentence which is misleading occurs in the calendar for January 9, where, under the head of Odonto- glossum Alexandras, I wrote, " I cannot conscien- tiously recommend the general use of liquid manure for these Orchids ; " the word " these " being acci- dently omitted in printing. Now, as I advised the use of manure for species above and below this sentence in the same calendar, I naturally thought it would be considered generally to refer to the Odontoglossums under notice, and took no steps to correct the omission, as at that time of the year at least very little manure is required. I intended when the time arrived for affording liquid manure to these plants with safety and success, to recommend its use on those species only which I have found to be strengthened by it. Rather than discourage the nse of manure in the Orchid houses, I would say to every grower, experiment therewith, and find out what is wanted and how to apply it, proceeding cautiously, or great mischief may result. I think that manure may be used in a liquid state on the floors and under the stages, or in evaporating troughs, to the advantage of all species of Orchids during the growing season, taking care that it is not too strongly charged with ammonia, OdontogiosBum vexillarium, which have been treated as advised in previous calendars, should now be in vigorous health, and about commencing to push forth their, flower spikes ; and as the flowering season is the most exhaustive one, the waterings with manure water, as before advised, should not be discontinued on any account until after flowering. The Masdevallias are now becoming active, and these also I have commenced to water with liquid manure. I always use farmyard manure, in other words, that which drains from the manure-heap into a tub or tank. To be successful with liquid manure, it should be applied frequently, but weak ; and as a general guide in this concern, I may add that I use it to the extent of from 2 to 6 per cent,, according to its strength, CALANTHE3 AND TH UNI AS. — These are now start- ing to grow and should be potted, using for Calanthes, of the Veitchi and vestita varieties, fibrous loam, peat, and sand, to which chopped sphagnum and leaf soil are added ; but I find they thrive equally as well Mauch 12, 1892.] THE GABDENEHS' CHRONICLE. 335 in the first-named compost. The crocks, with a layer of sphagnum moss over them, should half fill the pot, the remaining half being filled up with the com- post, in which I prefer to slightly bury the base of the pseudobulb — say half an inch — and steadying the mass with sticks, and not pressing the compost too firmly, nor employing pots that are too large. One large pseudobulb, or two or three smaller ones, may be placed in a 32-sized pot. Potting finished, a suit- able position may be found for these plants on a shelf near the roof glass in the warmest house, and where they have the full sunlight. Very little water will be necessary till new roots have taken hold of the compost, after which time it may be applied more freely, and in due time recourse may be had to liquid manure. The Thunias Marshalliana and Bensoni varieties, I always think, flower best if grown in small pots, three or four strong pseudo-bulbs being placed in a 32-pot, the compost and mode of potting and water- ing being similar to the species above mentioned, only it is not necesary to grow them in the warmest house, the warmth of the Cattleya-house is ample, providing they are well exposed to the sun ; yet as Thunias do not last a long while in perfection, it is well, perhaps, to grow some in both houses, so that the flowering period may be prolonged. It should be said that before potting the old skin must be removed, and the stems well washed, for fear that red spider be present. PLANTS UNDER GLASS. By K. MiLNER, Gardener, Psnrice Gardens, Swansea. FERNS. — Now that most of the species of Ferns have commenced to grow, the general repotting may take place, and the compost should be prepared, pots washed, and crocks got in readiness, so that once the work is begun there will be no delay. All plants which require repotting should be prepared, that is, it the soil is in a too wet state, water should be with- held for several days, until the soil in the pots has become rather dry. Davallias and Gleichenias, being surface-rooters, should be grown in shallow pots or pans, having them half filled with crocks, and a compost used that consists of two parts fibrous peat and one of fibrous loam, with the addition of broken charcoal, and sand in sufficient quantity to keep the soil sweet and porous. The rhizomes of these Ferns will require to be pegged down to the soil, which will assist them to form roots quickly. The different species and varieties of Adiantum and Pteris, which may have got too large, may be divided, and given fresh pots in accordance with their size, employing good drain- age, and a compost consisting of two parts fibrous loam, one of peat or leaf-mould, with plenty of sharp sand. Specimens of Alsophila, Dicksonia, Cyathea, Lomaria, &c., requiring root-space, should have attention, but it is not necessary to shift them annually ; in fact, when growing in large tubs or pots, they will keep in health for a number of years without disturbance, if afforded the proper amount of water, and occasionally a small quantity of weak manure-water. In the case of very large specimens ot Tree Ferns, syringing the stems or trunks daily with tepid water during the growing season [Or pouring water on the top of the stem. Ed.] will greatly assist them. In case any plant has to be retubbed or repotted, it will be necessary to keep it in a close house for a few weeks afterwards, and syringe it slightly over- head once every day. The species that are most suitable for baskets are Adiantum Woodwardia radicans and Goniophlebium subauriculatum ; and during the growing season much care is necessary in preserving the proper amount of root moisture. The best method of supplying it to established plants is to immerse them in a tub of tepid water every day. Ferns in borders should have a portion of the surface-soil removed, replacing it with fresh compost. Slugs do much harm to the tender fronds of Ferns, and precautious must be taken in having them trapped before damage is done. CLERODENDRON FALLAX.— Old plants should be cut back to within 2 or 3 inches of the old wood, and when they commence to break again and have made short shoots, a little of the old soil should be shaken off them before shifting them into pots two sizes larger than those they were previously in. The best way to propagate this plant is by sowing seed at this season in a hotbed, as by that means a long season of growth is obtained. A good compost for this species consists of equal parts loam and leaf-mould, with a largish quantity of silver sand ; both potted specimens and smaller plants should be placed in the stove or on a hotbed. ASPARAGUS PLUMOSUS AND ITS VARIETIES NANUS AND TENUISSIMUS — No wonder these plants have become so popular when we take into con- sideration how useful their sprays are for bouquets, and the florist's work generally. The plants may be grown in small pots, when they make very useful subjects for table and other decorations. If grown in an intermediate temperature, the plants grow with great freedom. Now that they are commencing to make fresh growths, those requiring more root space should be repotted. Use equal parts of fibrous peat and loam, to which should be added broken charcoal, and sharp sand in suflicient quantity to keep the compost open. If required to furnish a wall or the roof of the structure, they may be planted out in a prepared border, some 4 feet in length by 2|^ and 18 inches deep, placing 4 inches of drainage at the bottom, afterwards filling in with the above-named compost. The variety tenuissimus may be propagated freely by cuttings, if these be placed round the sides of a 4-inch pot, in a sandy compost, and placed in the propagating frame. When well rooted, pot them into 5 or 6 inch pots, without dividing, when they will quickly form useful plants for furnishing purposes. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. By G. WoouwARD, Gardener, B-irham Court, Maidstone. RE-LABELLINQ FRUIT TREES. — During bad weather, when the gardeners cannot work out-of- doors, this kind of work should get attention, as it is of no small importance to have all trees correctly named for reference at any time, and more espe- cially at this season when scions are wanted for grafting, or when trees have to be removed, and there is only the label to inform the gardener what the variety is. Where trees have lost their labels, it will be necessary to wait until the fruits are fully developed, when the variety may get correctly named, by send- FlG. 47. — .METHOD OF Ti'INli TREES WITH STRAW UASDS. ing selected examples, with a number attached corre- sponding to one fastened to the tree from which the fruit was gathered, to the otBce of this paper. To fasten the tickets on the specimens sent for naming, the margins of postage stamps make an excellent material, first writing the numbers legibly thereon. Various are the materials employed for labels on the trees, but the most simple, and one which any one may make, is to cut ordinary laths into G-inch lengths, having previously made them smooth for writing upon. One end should then be rounded, and a small hole made in it with an awl for a piece of copper wire to pass through wherewith to fasten it to the tree. A small quantity of white lead paint should be rubbed on the smooth side, and allowed to get partly dry before being written on. After the name is written, allow the paint to get quite hard, and then varnish it all over with a soft brush. These labels will last for many years. STAKING FRUIT TREES.— Newly-planted trees should now have the supporting stakes examined, and be securely fastened with withes or tarred cord, taking care to place a pad of hay, straw, or leather between the stake and the bark of the stem. [We give another method, see above, fig. 47. Ed.] Trees that are much exposed to wind need to hare two stout stdkes instead of one, placed deeply in the earth, and standing about 'J inches from the stem of the tree, and facing each other with a cross-piece 1 foot long, nailed on close under the top of the stakes, to which the tree must be securely fastened with hay or straw bands. In the case of pyramid trees, one stake will, in a general way, be fuuud suffi- cient, but it should be firmly fixed in the soil, several feet away from the tree, and in a slanting position, securing the stem about the middle to a point some three-quarters of the way up. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By n. W. Waih). Gardiner, Lomjford Caetk, .'iahibury. ANNUAL FLOWERS THAT ARE BEST RAISED UNDER GLASS. — There are many annual flowers which, when properly grown, form an attractive feature during the summer and early autumn months, and I will therefore mention a lew of the best. Foremost among these are Stocks, Asters, Salpi- glossis. Sweet Scabious, Zinnias (double and single varieties). Phlox Drummondi, Saponaria calabrica, Limnanthes Douglasii, and Clarkia Carter's "Morn- ing Glory." The last is a decided acquisition; ^the flowers are reddish-purple tipped with white, and the habit of the plant is compact, being 9 inches to 12 inches high. Gaillardias deserve to be more extensively grown than they are at present; their long-blooming period and splendid colours are ultimately sure to make these half-hardy perennials popular. Everlastings, such as Acroclinium album, Ammobium alatum, Ilelichrysums, and lihodanthes should also be sown. Plants of the above-mentioned and similar subjects may be easily raised by sowing the seed thinly in pins or shallow boxes, filled with finely-sifted soil, covering with a little of the same compost, watering gently, and then placing them in a close pit or frame, admitting a little air when the seedlings appear, to ensure a sturdy growth. With this object in view, the plants should be pricked out, before they gtt crowded, into a sifted mixture of three parts light loam and one of leaf-mould and sand, laid 4 or 6 inches deep on a hard bottom, in shallow frames placed in a sunny situation, allowing a distance of 4 or 6 inches between the young plants. Press the aoil gently about the roots with the pointed stick in pricking out, and water through a fine-sprayed rose, to settle the soil, and shade from bright sunshine until the roots have taken to the soil. At this stage admit air, and gradually increase the ventilation, to secure sturdily-grown plants. The seeds may also be sown direct in the frames, in drills about 4 inches apart, and a quarter of an inch deep. This last method of procedure is to he commended ; the seed takes longer to germinate, but ultimately the best plants are thereby secured. In most places the necessary number of boards or bricks for forming the sides and ends of improvised frames are at hand, as well as the odd sashes wherewith to covtr them. If a little sifted coal-ashes are placed out- side, and close up to the brick or board temporarily- made walls, a greater degree of warmth will be maintained inside. Trees and Shrubs, CIIOISYA TERNATA. A FEW days ago, in looking through Chancellor Swayne's very pretty and highly interesting garden in the Close, Salisbury, I noticed a fine plant of the above very desirable evergreen, which was struck from a cutting received some twelve years ago from a friend residing in the Isle of Wight. It is growing in a narrow border at the foot of a south wall in ordinary garden soil of a light texture, and covers a space of wall 15 feet long by 6 feet high ; and I have no doubt, had the wall been twice that height it would have been covered to the top within the time specified. The plant is in fine condition, being literally smothered with large trusses of flower- buds, which, when fully open in July and August, will be a veritable sheet of white fragrant flowers. Here, as also planted against a south wall at Long- ford Castle (three miles south-east of Salisbury), this so-called "Brazilian Orange" is perfectly hardy ; and, therefore it may safely be grown in similar situations in all southern and western counties in England and Ireland. H. W. Ward. 336 TEE GA RD ENER S' GHR ONI GL E. pVlAKCH 12, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICES. Lectures on Pkactical Horticultube.— -<4s we have advocated the course noic being followed for years past, we are naturally interested in its success, and we should be obliged if the several lecturers, in connection with the County Councils, ivould communicate to us their ?iames, the districts in which they are at work, and a general indication of the method purs2(ed by thtm. Letters for Publication.— 4/i communication» intended for publication, as well as specimens and plants for naming, should be addressed to the Editor, 41, Welling- ton Street, Co vent Garden. London. Communica- tions should be written on one side only of the PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. Plants, &c., to be Hajaeb.— Correspondents sending plants or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specimens should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than six should be sent at one time. Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should be careful to mark the paragraphs they wiah the Editor to see. Advertisements should not be sent to the Editor, but to tbe Fubllsber, at the above address. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. MEETINGS. Mab. 17 — Linnean. TiiTTSTiAV Min ,-( Manchester Royal Botanic, First TUESDAY MAR. Id ^ Spring Show (two days). WEDNESDAY, Mar. 16— Bath Bulb Show (two days). MONDAY, SALES. ( Hardy Plants Bulbs. Cypripedium Mio liJ Bpectabile.Tropceolum tuberosum, xviAR. ii< Qj^,i^ j^5 _ ^^ Frotheroe & Morris' \ Rooms. ^10.000 Liliums of sorts, Cycas, Gladioli, Palms. 4000 Phoenix WPDNPsinAY Mar Ifi' rupicola Seeds, &c., at Protheroe WliDJNliS.UA]i:, MAR. lb . g^ Morris' Rooms. 2600 Roses and Fruit Trees, &o., at I Stevens' Rooms. FRIDAY, SATURDAY, Mau. 19 TVT , T> T « ( Trade Sale of Orchids, at Protheroe &c., at \ & Morris' Rooms. ( Border Plants, Liliu "i Stevens' Rooms. OORBECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- DJO WEEK. DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF rORTX-THREE YEARS. AT CHISWICK.— 42°.6. "Wb shall shortly be looking for ^^of'Tr^es!'"' *^'^ unfolding of the buds, the rapid current of water through the plant, perchance " the bleeding," and all those striking phenomena which attend the in- creased length of days and the corresponding increase of temperature. The subject is still shrouded in mystery, but it is not so much so as gardeners who stick to the obsolete phraseology of a century ago would lead the unitiated to imagine. The wonderful things that the " sap " does, or is said to do, by gardeners are susceptible of a very different interpretation from what they attribute to them. When we get schools of horticulture, and duly qualified teachers, we may hope that mediseval physi- ology will no longer be accepted as gospel by the practical gardener, and that he will be enabled, by the facilities he enjoys, to render intelligible much that is now ill-understood, or not under- stood at all. Mere routine practice will not, however, lead to this result. We have been led to make these remarks by the perusal of an article in the Comptes liendus by an eminent French botanist connected with the Forest De- partment of France. M. Mer, in discussing the renewal of growth that takes place in the grow- ing tissues (cambium) of plants in spring, makes some observations, from which we condense what follow?. M. Mbh. says that, "among the many ques- tions raised by the study of the spring growth of trees, there is one which is peculiarly interesting — that which relates to its periodical rise and cessation. At the end of winter," he asks, " does growth begin in all parts of the tree at the same time, or does it not rather do so at different parts in succession ? and in this case, does it follow any regular order ? Again, at the end of summer, is the activity suspended in all the organs simulta- neously, or successively, and if so, in what order ? Lastly, is the rise and fall liable to variation ? " To answer these questions, M. Mbh examined specimens of different species and ages (Oak, Beech, Hornbeam, Lime, Poplar, and Silver Fir), growing in various positions, and consequently of very different constitutional powers. In the case of young trees of twenty-five years and under, growing in plantations, M. Mbe noticed that growth commenced in the youngest shoots of the branches and stem, thence spread- ing, sometimes successively, sometimes simul- taneously to the oldest parts of the branches, as well as into the centre and base of the stem. It did not commence in the roots until ten or fifteen days later, appearing first at the com- mencement of the largest, then in the lesser ones, and finally in the rootlets. It may be said then, that in the aerial parts the progress of growth is from above downward, basipetal, while in the subterranean parts it is from below up- wards, basifugal. In the case of young trees in isolated positions, the results of M. Mbb's observations were almost the same as with trees in plantations. However, he noticed one interesting peculiarity. Owing to their isolation, the branches were usually well developed, and at the point of emergence from the trunk was a moderately large swelling. Now, in this swelling the growth was almost simultaneous witht hat which takes place at the extremity of the branch. In young trees, especially those grow- ing in plantations, the woody rings are often wider in the central and upper part than at the base. This is not the case with older specimens, especially during the season of greatest growth. The branches and roots have at that time attained great size, and almost invariably, except when the plantation is too dense, the growing layers enlarge from the top towards the base of the trunk ; which proves the great activity of growth in this latter region. It is interesting to learn what is the method of the rise of growth. For this pur- pose, M. Mbb examined trees growing singly in clearances made some years ago ; others grown in plantations so thin that their woody layers had become wider at the base ; and finally, others in copses of twenty-five to thirty years' growth, having their heads above the plantation, and consequently thick, while their trunks were buried in it. In all these trees he found that growth begins at the base in the swollen portion of the trunk, almost at the same time as at the extremities of the upper branches, and in the swelling at the base of these when this was suffi- ciently well-marked. It was only developed in the lower branches of the head afterwards. Later on it appeared in the central branches and trunk, later still in the large roots, and finally in the rootlets ; therefore, the centres of deve- lopment were multiple. Hence it follows, that the general progress at the ends of the branches, as in the trunk, is from above down- wards, but from below upwards, at the base of the trunk, remaining entirely basifugal in the roots. When the growth of trees, especially Silver Firs, is impeded, either because they grow under shelter, or for some other cause, the woody rings are very narrow in the lower part of the trunk and branches. M. Meb ascertained that in such specimens growth shows itself but tardily, commencing in the tips of the branches. Its course is thus from above downwards. Just as it increases gradually in the various parts of a tree, so does the growth progressively dimi- nish at the end of the summer, but in a different order. It ceases in the branches before it does so in the trunk. In trees in plantations, it fails first in the lower branches, which are less vigorous than those of the head, and in the lower and central parts of these branches before it ceases in their extremities. Only after this does it come to an end in the upper shoots. In the thick branches of an isolated tree, it ceases sooner at the extremities than in the centre. It is at the level of the basilar swelling that it remains active longest. In the trunk it stops first at the top, then in the middle, and finally at the base. When the vegetation is not very active, it, on the contrary, ceases in the lower portions first. In the roots it sometimes persists for fifteen days longer than in the trunk. It cannot be said that this is because it was slow to arise there, as before it ceased in the larger roots, it failed in the rootlets, where, as has been said, it manifested itself later still. It is in that part of the trunk which is immediately under the soil that the activity of growth is manifested latest. While in the aerial p»rt of the tree, growth ceases from above downwards — it is from below upwards that it ceases in the sub- terranean part. The stock being the region where growth began, and the place where it ends, is therefore that where the longest dura- tion of activity occurs. This explains the great development which woody layers acquire in that situation. It is plain that it is in the parts of the trunk where vegetable activity is most pro- nounced, either because they are the youngest, or because they are the best nourished, that growth begins (in the tips of the branches and the crown, the basilar swellings of the branches and the lower portions of the trunks of healthy trees). There also, usually, it ceases last. Contrarily, when any circumstances reiard growth, we see the cambial action proceeding sluggishly and ceasing sooner (as in the lower parts of the branches and trunks of trees in plantations, over-shadowed trees, &c.). Hence there is an evident connection between the duration of cambial action and its intensity. Fernery at Nant-Y-Glyn.— The accompany- ing illustratioQ (Fig. 48) represents a Fernery at Nant-y-Glyn, Colwjn Bay, the residence of Alfred O.Walker, Esq. The Ferns most conspicuous in the engraving are Osmunda Claytoniana in the centre foreground, Polvstichum munitum behind to the right of centre, Lastrea thelypteris to the left of the centre, Osmunda gracilis to the extreme left, P. angulare var., and Lomaria chilensis in the back row, and Eodgersia podophylla left foreground centre. Florists' Vagaries.— Considerable attention was recently excited by the display, in the shop window of a florist in a West End suburb, of some button-hole bouquets composed of Lilies pf-the-valley, and some strange-looking flowers of a deep orange- yellow colour. At first sight it was not easy to say what these yellow blossoms were, for though they were much larger and stiffer, they bore a slight re- semblance to the single flowers of the Lilies-of-the valley. On looking closely they were proved to be the coronas of Narcissus tazetta, from which the segments of the perianth had been ruthlessly shorn. It is to be hoped there is sufficient good taste abroad March 12, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 337 now-a-days to discountenance this cruel mutilation of a beautiful flower. It is prompted by a different motive to that which clips the anthers from the stamens of white Lilies, whose purity would soon be sullied by the pollen were they to be allowed to remain, and is done merely for the sake of manufacturing a flower of a fashionable colour small enough to be used for button-hole bouquets. The abundance of cut flowers to be had just now for a moderate price in the shops and at the street corners calls forth universal admiration, and surely there is variety enough to satisfy the demands of all reasonable people, without recourse to mutilation or dyeing. laws to obtain the necessary money ? If they borrow it, do noii they run the risk, all but inevitable, of being crushed, more or less speedily, by a load of debt ? Now, our Tuscan labourers, a very shrewd fraternity, appreciate this problem, and they get round it in this way— they go halves with the capi- talists, big or little. ' You buy the land,' they say, ' stock, and plant, and drain it ; you pay the taxes and other outgoings, we will give you our labour, skill, and experience, and then we will equally share the produce in kind.' Thousands of holdings are based on this principle. The system succeeds, and has succeeded for genera- case, a frugal thrifty fellow, in hia turn, gets on. He is free from debt and other burdens, and he puts money, as a rule, into the savings bank. His wife and daughters go to mass on Sundays clad in bravery ; he can give the latter dowers. He is a contented respectable citizen. One may smile at his primitive plough, at his slow white oxen, at the shallow furrows scratched between Olives, vines, and fruit trees. But he is ploughing land which is dug by the great three-cornered, long-handled Italian spade the vanga, ' with its point of gold,' according to the proverb, every three years. Full of wise economies, clever adaptations of means to ends, 'p^/Kor-^/^mmxwmxi vMwMu^ii i ^^ s/^rj^j flG 48. -HAEDY FiiJtNS IN THE GARDEN OF A. 0. WALKER, ESQ, NANT-1-OLTN, COLWYN BAY, N. WALES. (sEE P. .3 'C ) Small Holdings. — A correspondent writing from Tuscany, where the metayer system is in opf ration, says;— "Your short paragraph on this subject on p. 274, presents food for reflection. Why did the class of small cultivators and yeomen ' dis- appear ? ' Was it not because from want of capital they could not contend against the difficulties of the situation ? How are these to be created by the new legislation likely to be better off? You say by adopting ' the methods employed by horticulturists, rather than by farmers.' But the methods of horticulturists are expensive [the area to be cultivated is less], and where ia the class intended to be benefited by the proposed tiona, because it is founded on a just and equitable co-operation between capital and labour. The ' capitalist ' is very often a very humble one indeed, a small tradesman or artizan in town or village. He likes to invest hia savings in a tiny farm. He likes to spend his money in stocking and planting it, and thence to draw his wine, his oil, his fruit and fresh vegetables in return. He knows that the labourer, who is working on his own account as well as for him, the proprietor, will put his talents into the enterprise without too much looking after. The labourer, being by nature and the necessities of the frugality and sobriety, he is the creature of a just, durable, and highly-organised system well worth the study of those who would improve the condition of the English labourer." T. C. H., Florence. LiNNEAN Society.— At the evening meeting to be held on Thursday, March 17, at 8 p.m., the following papers will be read :— 1. " On the Vitality of Spores of Bacillus megaterium," by Allan P. Swan, F.L.S. ; 2. " Notes on the Zebras," by Beetbam Kichaedson. Birmingham Chrysanthemum Society.— It may be interesting to exhibitors and committees 338 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 12, 1892. of other societies to know that the committee of the above-named Society have decided to divide their class for forty-eight blooms into two classes, viz., one class for twenty-four incurved varieties, and one for twenty-four Japanese, their usual liberal prizes like- wise being equally divided between the two classes. The open class for twenty-four blooms, too, will be divided in a similar manner ; this, it is anticipated, will facilitate competition, and simplify the jadginR, inasmuch as it will be simply Japanese against Japanese, and incurved against incurved, whilst it will afford opportunities for competition to exhibitors who cannot manage to stage forty-eight, but who can manage twenty-four, at the same time admitting, as before, those who are able to exhibit both. The committee have further decided to introduce a rule making the use of gum or other adhesives in cut blooms, or blooms on plants, a disqualification; and further, that all Orchids exhibited at their next Chrysanthemum show and their spring show in 1893 shall be bond fide specimens exhibited in the pots as grown, and not made up for the occasion. Great Orchid Sale.— One of the most im- portant sales of Orchids which has been held for a long time was that of Friday, 4th insfc., at PBOrHEROE & Morris' Rooms, Cheapside. About 600 plants of the remarkable Cypripedium Chamberlainianum — - the entire stock imported by Messrs. Sandee, of St. Albans — were sold without reserve. The prices were the reverse of " fancy," owing to the unusually large stock. The best price was paid for a superb speci- men, consisting of three very strong growths with eleven broad and long leaves, and one strong break, the amount realised being 11.} guineas. In two cases 11 guineas were paid for exceptionally vigorous plants, and 9 guineas were twice paid for fine speci- mens, For comparatively inferior plants, but all strong growths, the prices ranged downwards to a guinea. For a fine plant with large bulbs of Odon- toglossum crispum lilacinum, 22 guineas were paid ; and three plants of the golden-yellow Cypripedium realised an aggregate sum of 70 guineas. The very fine new Cypripedium Kimballianum was offered for sale for the first time, and the best specimen fetched 40 guineas ; two others 30 guineas each, and another pair 21 and 20 guineas respectively. The " SiLVA OF North America."— Professor Sargent's transcendent work grows apace. The third volume, comprising plates 98 to 147, extending from Anacardiaceaj to Leguminosa;, has just been published by Houghton, Mii-flin & Co., of Boston. For the moment, we must confine ourselves to the mere mention of its publication, and defer a more lengthened notice. "DiCTIONNAIRE DE BOTANIQUE."— With the thirty-fourth fascicle, M, Baillon concludes his serviceable and richly-illustrated Dictionary. The labour and care bestowed on the work are beyond praise, though it is impossible to resist the impres- sion that the latter portions have not been quite so fully worked up as the earlier ones. The coloured plates add to the appearance of the book, and have thus, doubtless, a value in the eyes of the publishers (Hachette & Co.), but their utility to the botanist is not proportionate to their cost. The work forms four quarto volumes, which the botanist will find he cannot easily dispense with. " The Garden Oracle."— This is a year- book, the successive issues of which have served to mark time in a very profitable manner, if not always without a feeling of regret at the rapid efllux of time. The text contains, in addition to the usual calendarial matter, articles on gardening, both re- trospective and prospective ; a list of new plants of various kinds of the past year ; articles on garden-foes, lists of the horticultural societies of .the kingdom, and of the principal parks in the provincial towns ; and a variety of other information useful to gardeners. A School of Horticulture, such as that ■we are still talking of, has been a reality in Belgium since 1849 ! Our Belgian friends are as " practical" as we are, but none the less they have seen that intelligence is a better guide to practice than ex- perience alone, which often means routine and stagnation. Dutch Horticultural and Botanical Society. — At a meeting of the above on Wednes- day, February 10, the Floral Committee awarded a first-class certificate to Mr. C. G. Van Tobergen at Haarlem for Lachenalia Garnet (L. quadricolor x L. Nelsoni), new plant ; and botanical certificates to Messrs. E. H. Krelage & Son at Haarlem for Crocus Korolkowii, Rgl. (insufficiently - known plant) ; Galanthus Foster!, Baker (new plant). French Cur Flowers.— One of the chief trades at this time of the year between France and Russia, according to the Daily News, is that in natural flowers, which, being brought to Paris from the south and from suburban hothouses, are arranged by professional florists in fanciful and tasteful manner in baskets, posies, and floral ornaments, and then packed with as much care as though they were costly millinery. Each stem is rolled in wadding, and a ball of Moss is fastened on the end to keep flower and foliage fresh. The Imperial and Grand Ducal Courts are the great customers at St. Peters- burg, and the old and wealthy aristocracy at Moscow, BOMAREA SORORIA.— In the Illustration Horti- cole, February 15, 1892, Mr. N. E. Brown describes a new species under the above name. It has the habit and general appearance of B. Carderi, but the flowers are considerably smaller. Considering the great beauty and easy culture of these plants, it is rather rsmarkable that they are so little grown. Cryptophoranthus DayanuS.— If gardeners continue to call this Masdevallia Dayana, they may fairly plead extenuating circumstances. The sepals remain in union, except at the base, where they are free ; an interval is left between them, which gives the appearance of the head of a bird, with empty orbits. The plant was figured in our columns, 1887, ii., p. 693, f. 131. Illustration Horticole, t. 146. Isle of Man. — International exhibitions, so called, are the fashion of the day. The Isle of Man, which may be said metaphorically to fall on its feet whichever way you turn it, is to have a display of the kind at Douglas in the ensuing summer. Many of the local magnates are patrons of the exhibition, the general manager being Mr. H. W. Pearson, of Bellevue, Douglas, Isle of Man, the manager of the exhibitions at Glasgow and Dublin. Section II. of the programme is devoted to horticulture, and includes classes for garden implements, buildings, &c., as well as for trees and flowers. We are sur- prised to see no mention of fruit, and still more so to note the absence of reference to forest products, and the afforestation of the island, but perhaps these will come later on. Grasses of the South-West.— Dr. Geoege Vasey, the Botanist to the Department of Agricul- ture of the United States, has published a second part of plates and descriptions of the grasses of the desert regions of Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California. The plates are very characteristic, and the details very clear, so that the book will not only be of great botanical value, but of much importance to agriculturists. The mode of growth — a point too much neglected by botanists, but a knowledge of which is essential to cultivators — is not overlooked in this work, which reflects credit on all concerned in it. Bananas v. Plantains as Food. — The general opinion of botanists is that the Banana and Plantain are but forms of one species, this opinion being founded upon the identity of the morphology in both. As a food product, however, the former, according to the Report on the Agriculttiral Work in Botanical Gardens, British Guiana cannot be com- pared to the latter. The Banana is a pleasant, agreeable, and much appreciated fruit, but the Plan- tain is regarded as one of the most valuable natural food products in the world, being very rich in starch and glucose. Plantains are chiefly used by the natives while still green, and are cooked either by boiling or roasting, generally the former. Green Plantains are also used for making foo-foo (an African term, pronounced fuful on the Gold Coast), by being boiled, pounded in a mortar, and then put into soup. In a mature but green stage. Plantains are delicious when roasted and eaten with butter, pepper and salt, or cheese. If gathered green, dried and ground or pounded, a nutritious meal or flower is produced, which makes delicious custards, puddings, &c. To peel green Plantains, the operation must be performed with wet hands, or the fruit immersed in water. When boiled in a metal pot, the Plantain has a tendency to turn a dark colour; but this may be prevented by boiling a small piece of fat with it. Baked ripe Plantain has much the taste of baked Apple. When not in flower or fruit, it is difficult to distinguish the Banana from the Plantain, but when fruiting it is a much easier matter. In the Banana, after the fruit has set and begun to develop, the succeeding clusters of flowers are deciduous, having a clear naked stem or axis, hanging tail-like 2 or 3 feet beyond the fruit, with the firmly-compacted mass of unopened bracts of flowers at the end ; while in the Plantain, the stem ceases to extend more than 12 or 18 inches beyond the fruit, the succeeding clusters of the flowers and bracts all opening to the very end, and remaining attached to the stem. In the Banana, too, the axis continues to grow as long as the fruit hangs, while in the Plantain the growth of the axis is arrested soon after the fruit sets. Rose La VierzonnAISE.— An extraordinarily floriferous variety, flowering continuously from June to October, in bouquet-like trusses, with fresh green foliage ; it is graceful in habit, and fragrant. Raised by M, Chas. Andre in Vierzon, and soon to be sent into commerce by M. Leveqoe, of Ivry (Seine). Bevue Horticole, No. 3, t, 93. A Case for the County Council In- structor.— We append a letter we have received, which illustrates the need for something more than spade-craft in the training of gardeners : — "To The Editor. Gentleman Kindly allow me to ask — through you Colums — is iloss — A Plant or an Animal and by what means do moss Live as this was a qustion Disscused a short time Since but the Disscision was not statisfactory i beg to be allowed to ask your oppionon or Public oppinoin. i take your Paper weekly." The Formation of Nitrate in Soils.— Nitrates are only found in soils in very small quan- tities, and under exceptional circumstances ; whilst, on the other hand, when the nitrifying organisms are introduced, large quantities of nitrites are formed. If calcium-nitrite is added to a soil which has been previously heated for half an hour at 100° Centigrade, in order to kill the nitrifying organisms without killing those which produce carbonic acid, the nitrite, after a few days, is completely converted into nitrate. These experiments are due to that well-known authority, A. Muntz {vide Comptes Eendus, cxii., pp. 1142 — 1144), who has recently been describing them in detail before the Paris Academy of Science. He deduces the following conclusion from his investigation. It seems highly probable that the nitrifying organism converts the nitrogen into nitrites, and the latter are converted, without any further action of any organism, into nitrates, by the simultaneous action of the oxygen and car- bonic acid which are always present in soils. A New Alkaloid from Chrysanthemum Flowers. — Signor F. Maeino Tuco has recently been exploring the constituents of the Chrysanthe- mum blossoms, and he made the important discovery of an alkaloid. The latter can be obtained in quantity by boiling down the blooms with water and ex- tracting in the usual way amongst chemists. The new alkaloid has been named chrysanthemine ; it is a heavy, bright red, crystalline powder when in combination, and a colourless syrup full of silky tufts of needle-like crystals when pure. Unlike most Mabch 12, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 339 alkaloids it is physiologically innocuous. Many of the alkaloids form valuable adjuncts to pharmacy, and some of them are virulent poisons ; it is by no means impossible that chrysanthemine may prove to be valuable medicinally. I'erhaps the Chrysanthemum may some day, like its near ally the Pyrethrum, which constitutes the famous insect powder of Kkating, be- come a valuable crop to grow, apart from the beauty of its blossoms. There is alongaccountof it inaGerman scientific contemporary, but the original paper ap|)eared in the Ga:;dla, xxi., pp. 516—554. Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institu- tion.— On the occasion ot the fifty-third annual festival, to be held on Wednesday, June 29, at the Hotel M^tropole, Charing Cross, Sir Julian Gold- PMID, M.P., has consented to preside. The Secretary of the Institution, Mr. G. J. Ingram, will be glad to hear from any gentlemen who are willing to act as stewards on the occasion. Gardeners' Orphan Fund. — We are in- formed that Alderman Sir James Whitehead, Bart., will preside at the dinner of the Gardeners' Orphan Fund, to be given at the Hotel Mi5tropole, Charing Cross, on Tuesday, May 17. The Bordeaux Mixture and the Potato Rot. — M. Ami; Giraed contributed a paper to the " Comptes Rendua de I'Aciidemie des Sciences " (Feb. 1), detailing his " researches concerning the adheaion of preparations of copper to the leaves of plants and especially the leaves of Potatos when applied aa a remedy against disease." He arrives at the following conclusions :— 1st, That the prepara- tions of copper intended to resist the Potato disease have very diff"erent powers of adherence to the leaves ; 2nd, That it is owing to heavy rains and mechanical agencies that the copper, after having been deposited for some time, partly disappears ; 3rd, That among such preparations the one which wastes most is the Bordeaux Mixture ; that the diminution in the pro- portion of lime slightly increases the solidity, and finally, that the addition of aluminous compounds does not produce any appreciable amelioration ; 4th, That the soda-copper preparation on the one hand, and that of verdigris on the other, have an adherent power almost twice as great as that of the compounds mentioned, and that the saccharine copper-lime com- pound advised by M. Michel Pebbet resists the action of rain in a remarkable degree. Therefore one or other of these three compounds, preferably that which best suits their personal convenience, should hence- forth be used by such cultivators aa wish to secure their Potato-grounds from disease. Liverpool Amateur Gardening Associa- tion.— The members of this association — a newly- formed branch of the National Association of Amateur Gardeners — it is stated by the Liverpool Fosf, held a meeting on the evening of Friday, March 4, at the Common Hall, Hackins-hey. Pro- fessor J. Haevev Gibson, of University College, attended by invitation ; and upon the motion of Mr. D. E. Yates, seconded by Mr. James Smyth, jun., was unanimously elected president. In thanking the society. Professor Gibson remarked that he regarded the association aa one worthy of every support, and as fulfilling, in promoting a taste for gardening, a most useful object. In conclusion, he promised for the May meeting a paper on " A Neglected Aspect of Gardening." Mr. W. A. Ardran afterwards made some obseivations on " The Successes and Failures of an Amateur Gardener," uttering especially a warning against the purchase of cheap and inferior seeds as the great cause of disappointment. At the next meeting of the association, Mr. J. M. Smyth will read a paper on " Our Dangers and Poasibilities." TaSMANIAN Fruit. — The Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company, eays the Daily Ncfs, have arranged that their steamers shall make twelve visits to Hobart, Tasmania, for the purpose of bring- ing to England a consignment of 240,000 bushels of Apples. The first lot has been despatched, and will arrive in London towards the end of the present month. The fruit is packed in cool chambers during the voyage. Devon and Exeter Gardeners' Associa- tion.— Mr. F. W. Meyers, landscape gardener to Messrs. K. Veitch & Sons, read a paper on " Alpine Plants " before the members of the above association at the Exeter Guildhall on Wednesday, March 2. There was a large attendance, and the lecture, which was of a practical and interesting nature, was highly appreciated. Before the members of the association separated," it waa announced that the proprietor of the Journal of Horticulture had offered to give a medal to the gardener who would write the best essay on " The Principles of Pruning," and that the committee had accepted the oflFer. Cheap Fruit. — Very fine Oranges, said to be from Valencia, have been hawked about the streets of Plymouth during the past week at three a penny. The hawkers have had large barrowfuls. Ancient Society of York Florists.— A monthly meeting of this Society was held on Friday last, Mr. James Ket presiding. There was a good attendance of members. Mr. McIntosh read a paper on the "Fertilisation of Flowers, &c.," in relation to their development, which was of a highly interesting character, and spoken of at its close in very appre- ciative terms by Mr. W. R. Robinson, who moved a vote of thanks to Mr. McIntosh. Windsor, Eton, and District Chrysan- themum OR Horticultural Society. — The first annual exhibition of the above Society will be held on Thursday, November 10, at Windsor, United Horticultural Benefit and Pro- vident Society.— The annual meeting of the above Society will take place on Monday evening next, at 8 o'clock, at the Caledonian Hotel, Robert Street, Strand, when Mr. R. Cannell will preside. Leeds Paxton Society.— The members of thia Society held their sixth annual dinner at the " Wheatsheaf " Hotel on Thursday evening, March 3, the Mayor of Leeds presiding. There were about eighty members present. International Horticultural Exhibition. — The General Committee, in connection with the Exhibition to be held at Earl's Court, S.W., during the coming summer, met on Tuesday last, Mr. W. Marshall presiding. A substantial amount of money has been allocated in prizes, those for the great show to be held in M.iy, amounting to about £750. Rapid progress in forwarding the prepara- tions is being made. Fruit from South Africa. —The Union Steamship Company's R.M.S. Mexican, which arrived at Southampton on the Gth inat,, baa brought a further consignment of fruit from South Africa, con- sisting of Grapes, Pears, Apples, and Melons. This fruit was placed on aale^at Covent Garden Market, on Wednesday, Oth inst., when the Grapes realised the highest prices yet obtained for importations from South Africa, boxes containing about 20 lb. fetch- ing 15s. each. The Apples and Pears turned out in first-clasa condition, boxes containing 30 to 35 of the former realiaing Is. M,, the Pears also obtain- ing high pricea, one case of 42 being aold for 34s. The Melons realised about 3s. 6i. per box. Publications Received.— fle/jorc on Experi- ments made for the Prevention and Cure of the Potato Disease. By R. Veitch & Son, 'E-x.eter.— Sunderland and District Gardeners' Mtitiml Improvement Society. Annual Ueport. — heading and District Gardeners' Mutual Improvement Association. Annual Report. — ■ i« Fleiirs a Paris, par Philippe de Vilniorin. EMMENANTHE PENDULI- FLORA." Under the name of California Yellow Bells, a dwarf, bushy annual has been introduced, for the opportunity of illustrating which, we are indebted to Messrs. R. Veitch & Sona, of Exeter (fig. 49). The foliage is deeply cut, covered with sticky hairs ; the cream-coloured or yellow bell-shaped flowers are in loose panicles, and resemble in structure those of Eutoca or Phacelia. The seeds ahould be sown in heat in boxes, and planted in the open ground when danger from frost is over ; or sown in the open ground later. Scotland. REMARKS ON SOME KINDS OF VEGE- TABLES. At thia aeaaon of the year there is in all gardens some anxiety among cultivators (especially if the ground is cold and low-lying) regarding the safety of vegetable crops. Though they may have weathered the elements fairly hitherto, it is during March, and onward to May, that real difficulties often have to be met. Since the severe frost set in during February much damage ia obaervable ; after the thaw only, however, can the amount of mischief be noted. Some counties in Scotland have suffered mush more than thia fertile one (Stirling), but none can aay that their cropa are unacathed. Those least affected are Borecoles; our own are mostly sound and plentiful, though they are on ground through which a slug- gish river winds. Among a number of selectiona sent us for trial, two of the best are Sutton's Exqui- site Green, and Sutton's Extra Curled, a dwarf variety similar to the former, but which grows close to the ground. I hope to save seed of the latter, as I think ita general excellence cannot be surpassed. A purple variety — Sutton'a Purple — ia uninjured, and would be of value for ita hardiness if it could find favour in the culinary department. The Purple Sprouting Broccoli loses caste because of its colour, and I think this purple Borecole will be the same. Downie's Selected, and Veitch's ditto, were in capital order for first cuttings, all Cabbaging Kales being less hardy than the ordinary forms of Kale. A Rus- sian variety, of somewhat ornamental appearance, ia very hardy, and of fair quality. To have good Kales at this season of the year, the land should not be manured heavily at planting-time. We generally plant after crops of early Potatos, the ground being carefully levelled, and trodden firmly. Autumn sowings are generally coarse, and of strong flavour. Celery. — The Celery crops have passed the damp weather during autumn and early winter remarkably well, and the tops stood up green and robust throughout January and till the second week in February, when they received a severe check, but none, 1 am glad to find, are injuied in the stems ^ E. pendulijio] p. 514. Watson, Botany of Califor 340 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Masch 12, 1892. below the surface of the soil. Much covering with litter in frosty weather often does more harm than good, especially if the protection is left on after the weather has become genial. We hope to have useful Celery to the end of the month of May. The varieties valued most are Veitch's Pink and Major Clarke's Red. The first-named is grown for furnish- ing a supply from September to the end of the year, and the latter for the main late crop. In our heavy and low-lying ground the plants are placed nearly on the surface, which not only gives a great depth for the roots, but saves the crop from being injured by damp and severe frost. The ridges are formed to take three to five rows, thus economising much space. I object strongly to the use of loose manure being used for Celery, and always tread the soil firmly before planting, mulching immediately after with half-rotted manure or mowings of lawns. One good soaking of water at planting time is nearly all the moisture given, till a soaking is administered just before earthing-up takes place. I have never found any material difference in the cultivation of Celery in the south of England or midlands of Scotland. Brussels Sprouts. — Cultivated similar to Borecole (except the earliest crop, ready for use by September), are grown on richer land than those to supply the kitchen during winter and onwards into April. Among selections familiar to ui, Downie's for earliest supply, and, for later crop, Veitch's Aigburth and Dalkeith, have done best this season ; but others grown under difi'erent names do not differ in habit or usefulness. Broccolis for spring and early supply can hardly be fairly judged yet, but many are dattaged by frost ; Cdttell's Eclipse and Gordon's Niddrie are least injured. Cahbages. — Those who know the value of Drumhead Cabbages, especially the dwarf Glen Drumhead, which forma compact neat heads, and of very fine quality, can always be sure of wholesome vegetables during the winter, but they must be cultivated specially for culinary use ; at present, and for weeks to come, they are much valued in the north. Grown in firm soil, not too highly-manured, they are tender and sweet. Savoys are still in fine condition. Dwarf Green Curled always finds a place in northern gardens, and well it may, as it is hardy, of fine quality, and deep green in colour. Divarf and large Drumheads have stood well, and are also useful. Most of the early kinds began to die off after the middle of .January. The colour of Golden Globe is against it, but its quality is excellent. Lettuces have suffered considerably, but Brown Bath Cos has stood best, and has been the favourite here for some years for late and early supplies ; it seldom gives trouble during summer by running to seed. Many spurious sorts of this old favourite are abroad. Leeks have been extra good, but I am contented with two kinds only, viz., the best selection I have seen for some years of Musselburgh is our best ; Lyon is also good, but not so large as it has often been grown. Leeks are planted rather thickly on well-trenched ground from which Celery has been removed, and they always do well. I have grown nearly every known variety, but none is here equal to the two varieties indicated above. Leeks are more valued in Scotland than in the south, and consequently the cultivation receives more attention. French cooks use Leeks all the year round, and I have had to aapply them when not larger than goose quills. Turnips from late summer sowings are still tender and sweet. These were lifted during November and replanted, covering the bulbs over with the soil. Two kinds which find most favour are Veitch's Red Globe and Golden Ball. Golden coloured Turnips are much valued in Scotland by reason of their fine flavour and pulpy texture. Turnip Tops are little valued in the north. Swede Turnips are turned to good account by blanching the tops, and sending them in for use as one would Seakale. M. T., Stirlingshire, The Rosery. WORK IN THE ROSE GARDEN IN MARCH. The first part of this paper must be given to seasonable work among these popular flowers under glass. Very few subjects are more easily managed, or so pleasing and suitable for a cool house as Roses, and they are able to stand the severest winters when afibrded the slight protection of a cool house. In many places where a lean-to has been built against a dwelling, no means of heating it exist, and it is here that the Rose is seen to great advantage. A cool Rose-house of this kind devoted entirely to these flowers is easily managed, and will soon give the owner pleasing results. Of course, Roses in pots or borders have already been pruned, although, as a rule, the most suitable varieties for this purpose are those that grow and flower without much spring pruning being necessary. Mare'chal Niel, W. A. Richardson, Madame Bijrard, Climbing Niphetos, Reine Marie Henriette, and Gloire de Dijon, are six of the grandest Roses possible for this purpose, and will give a great number of flowers in spring, if treated as I will describe. Grow them turned out into borders, or else in boxes or large pots. Turned- out plants are much the best, as the varieties named require plenty of space for the roots, to do them justice. Prune hard back the first season, and thus get good wood upon established roots. These shoots must be got well ripened before the winter sets in ; then, in the early part of the year, prune off their tips, mulch the roots, and let the plants come along as steadily as possible. I will suppose this is already done for this season. Now comes the trial and test of skill in growing Roses in such structures. It is during the months of March and April that the greatest difficulties occur ; for, the house being un- heated, it will be found a hard matter to keep the temperature uniform, and a proper temperature for Roses in a cool- house during March should range from 50° to 60°. This degree of warmth can gene- rally be secured with a little care and judgment; the hardest matter being to keep them cool enough upon bright days, when cutting winds from the north and north-east blow, and great care is needed in affjrding ventilation at such times, and yet the thermometer must not rise too high, or mildew will soon be attacking the young growths ; nothing brings this enemy on sooner than sudden changes of heat and cold. The Roses should be carrying shoots of some 3 to 6 or 9 inches in length, and must now receive a good syringing every morning when the weather is suitable for so doing. Always have a small quantity of insecticide in the syringing-water, and let this be about 70° at all times. The plants should be well watered, and when they are a little more forward, liquid-manure is of great advantage. The ammonia from this is a splendid thing for Roses under glass, and will also check the fly to a con- siderable extent. I prefer the drainings from a cow- stall. Where the smell of natural ramures is much objected to, use a little Standen's manure or guano. A point that cannot be pressed upon amateurs too closely, is not to use these manures strong. A very weak solution given often is of far greater value than the same amount of manure given during the same time but in stronger doses. Roses are gross feeders, but their roots are more tender than many suppose. A slight overdose of manure, and the tips of the feeding roots are crippled ; naturally this afi'ects the plants very much, and one may often see them looking badly from this cause. If the weather is very bright, I should advise a slight shading towards the end of the month. By the middle of April, one should have a quantity of good blooms upon plants growing in a cool house, and these will often be of far superior colour and substance to those grown in heat. Marechal Niel in particular comes much deeper in colour when treated in this manner. As soon as the flowers are secured, I prefer to cut away the rods that have been carrying the blooms ; cutting them back to the strongest eyes breaking from the base of the shoots or plant, applying a little mastic to the wound at once. I do not advise cutting away two or three strong shoots from a plant at one time, but that these be removed gradually. Such treatment will result in some grand shoots being made during May and June, especially if weak liquid-manure be often afforded. From this time onwards the plants may receive air in greater abundance, and soon after the signs of ripening should appear. It is at that time not prudent to keep them dry enough to cause any check. The first autumn frosts will not harm them, and it is these that do so much damage to unripe growths of the strong growers in the open air. After September, water may be withheld, and the plants will get well ripened before frosts sufficiently severe occur to harm them. Even in cool houses that are not devoted entirely to Roses, a few plants of these strong-growing varieties, and grown upon the lines indicated, are a very pleasing feature, with little trouble. In the outdoor department, there is also a fair amount of work to be done. All litter that was employed as a protection against frost, should have the larger portions carefully collected from among the branches, no further protection being needed. Indeed, for the rest of this month I would allow cold air access to the plants, as the more back- ward they can be kept until the early part of April, the better it will be. Dress the plants with well- decayed manure, and dig this in at once. Tou will thus retain the whole of its beneficial qualities, and at the same time give your beds a tidy appearance. A few of the hardiest of the Hybrid Perpetuals may be pruned towards the end of the month, but as a general rule I prefer the early part of April for this operation. A. P. NURSERY Notes. CYCLAMEN AT HANWELL. Foe some time past, the collections of Cyclamen staged by the St. George's Nursery Company at the meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society, and other metropolitan exhibitions, have attracted con- siderable attention ; but to see what has really been done in the matter of Cyclamen culture, a visit to the nursery of the above company at Hanwell is necessary. There thousands of plants are grown, and on a recent visit we noted many houses were devoted to their culture. The plants were, without exception, in the best of health, and noteworthy for he immense quantity of bloom they produced. The flowers, too, were remarkable for their size and sub- stance, and afforded ample evidence that the strain is one of the best. Hitherto the majority of the plants were grown principally for market purposes, but latterly the pro- duction of seed has received more than ordinary attention. To facilitate this, and effect improve- ments in the size, shape, and colour of the blooms, careful selections of the plants are made, the best and most perfect varieties only being retained. These are grouped in sections, according to their colour, in various structures, and fertilisation is now being actively carried on, with a view to obtaining new and improved forms. Last year, it was com- puted that fully 150 oz. of seed were gathered, but this year's harvest, it is anticipated, will far exceed that quantity. Regarding the named varieties, it may be of interest to enumerate a few of the best. The whites were specially good, and among these Mont Blanc, with long broad petals, was most conspicuous. Baroness Burdett-Coutts is another capital white kind, of sturdy habit, with short broad petals, while the same may be said of Dame Blanche, which had petals Ij inches across, and of pearly whiteness. The coloured varieties were also very fine, and com- prised shades from the most delicate pink to the deepest purplish- crimson, The most beautiful of Maech 12, 1892,J THE GABDENEB8' CHRONICLE. 341 this section was undoubtedly Princess May, a charming pink hue. This is a new variety, and when placed before the public it will, no doubt, become very popular. Another new kind, named Mauve Queen, was noticeable for its distinct colour ; while Excelsior, a white, with deep crimson base, is a decided improvement on Grandiflorum roseum, the flowers being not only larger but of a better form. The bulk of the Cyclamen at this nursery are raised from seed sown annually, very few old corms being flowered a second year. The seed is sown in August, or as soon as it is ripe, and the resulting plants grown on in a genial temperature till they flower, generally some fourteen months or so from the time of sowing. About 18.000 plants are raised annually, and apart from those now in bloom, there were that number of aeedliugs coming on for flowering next season. In addition to Cyclamen, various other subjects receive special attention. White Arums are grown extensively for market purposes, as also is Asparagus tenuissimns, a large span-roofed house being devoted to the culture of the last-named plant. fragrant. It flowers in December, and grows chiefly on the summits of hills in rocky ground. Observations on these and other species seem to indicate that those who fail to grow these beautiful plants successfully, fail mainly by not making pro- vision for their partiality to a stony or rocky com- post in which to grow. G. S., Grahamstown, South Africa. Orchid Notes and Gleanings. CATTLEYA ALEXANDRAS, Lind. M. LuciEN Linden states in the Lindenia that the collectors of the Horticulture Internationale announce the discovery of a new and most striking Cattleya, " which we have dedicated to H R H. the Princess of Wales " — a delicate attention, no doubt, accompanied, as it is, by some sympathetic remarks, and by some compliments to English Orchid growers. We cannot, however, but regret that M. Linden should have given a botanical name which will have to be registered in all the botanical catalogues of the future, to a plant which he has never seen (at least, there is no indication that he has done so), and about which he knows nothing but what his collectors tell him. Had he called it Cattleya Princess of Wales, that would not have been so objectionable, and would have caused no botanical and literary difficulties ; but even then, gardeners do not usually name their offspring before they see them. DiSAS, &C., AT THE CaPE. In last September the Bathurst-Kowie flats, pre- sented, owing to the splendid season, masses of bloom of hundreds of dilTerent kinds of flowers of varied hues, the Disas, and other terrestrial Orchids, being especially gay. The altitude is not very much above sea level, and there is abundance of fine white sand in the spongy soil. As I understand many fail to cultivate these plants in England, a few remarks as to their conditions here may be o( service. The Satyrium militare here are very robust and hand- some, and so are the Eulophias, which grow in the bush veldt near the coast in an abundance of sand. Lissochilus speciosus grows on the sand hills along the entire Bathurst division of ths coast line, where they rear their tall spikes of yellow flowers amid the Btunted bush. The fragrant Disa cornuta grows near the base of the hills, and on undulating flats ; they seem to like a fine open situation, and plenty of sand in the soil. Disa lugens, a most beautiful species, nnlike D. cornuta, seems invariably to grow on higher elevations swept by the prevalent S.W. winds, and like many other Disas, in very stony places, a knowledge of which fact may help culti- vators. As an instance of this, I noticed that a strip of ground where no stones were to be found was perfectly free from Disas, while on either side where the ground was stony, I found D. lugens and others in abundance. Many times, in the crevices of huge rocks, with scarcely any soil, Disas are found. Disa sagittalis is one of the prettiest white Orchids we have ; it likes to grow on shelving rocks with a very thin covering of decayed vegetable matter. They flourish best at the edges of the dense bush, and seldom come to perfection when in the open veldt. Satyrium maculatum.aloeal plant, is very pretty, and has pinkish-white blotched flowers, which are very Cultural Notes. TABERNaEMONTANA coronaria. I DO not think it is generally known how readily this very desirable stove-flowering evergreen shrub recovers itself after being subject to severe pruning. Looking round a garden in this neighbourhood a short time ago, my attention was drawn to two or three large plants in the open air, which I was informed were stood outside to take their chance, as they occupied too much room in the house. I will relate m) experience respecting the management of overgrown plants. Plants that are too large for general requirements, will, if judiciously cut down, become useful for general purposes. They should be kept dry for two or three days, and then all the leading shoots cut down to within one or two joints, then keep the plants well syringed two or three times a day. Watering must be carefully performed till the young shoots begin to appear, when it will be necessary to repot the plants. The old soil should be reduced, and the plants put back in the same-sized pots. Good lumpy loam, fibry peat, dried cow-manure, a fair portion of silver-sand, and small pieces of charcoal, will form a most suit- able compost for them. I may say in conclusion, that I served several plants in the manner described about eighteen months ago, and they have now formed some capital plants, and are covered with flowers. Mealy-bug is very troublesome to these plants, but if syringed about once a fortnight with petroleum, in proportion of a wineglassful to 3 gal- lons of water, they are easily kept in check. G. Parrant, Aihiii/ St. Ledgers, near Rugby, CUANTHUS DaMPIEEI. It does not seem possible to bloom this plant successfully by the usual routine of sowing seeds and growing on the young seedlings by successional pottings, and the cause of failure generally is owing to persistence in such practices. My own success, a solitary one, was the result of a trial based on what I had read of others' observations. Having a large one-light frame upon a hot-bed, which had been used in striking cuttings, and which was at liberty in the first week in the month of May, I turned it to account in this wise : having obtained a packet of good seeds of this showy subject, I had a largish mound made, consisting of two parts fibrous loam, one part peat, with a little leaf-mould and sand, and a few bits of charcoal placed upon the bed in a sloping manner from the middle to the back and to front of the frame. I sowed the seeds along each side of the ridge thus formed, but not upon its apex ; this was done thinly, and in two rows. From the time when the seeds were sown until the young plants were well through, the sash was kept closely shut, and for a month subsequently air was afforded the frame very freely during the day. On dull cool days the sash was elevated at the back, and on fine days it was tilted at the side, and always on that side whence the wind did not blow. Afterwards the sash was drawn off, and only replaced on the few cold nights that were experienced. The rains which fell sufficed generally for root waterings, as only during one hot fortnight was water afforded artificially. In about four months the plants had made fine growth, being assisted by the partly- decomposed materials below them, and about the middle of the month the clusters of large heavy flowers freely formed. It is only necessary to add that the frame faced the south, and was at the foot of a high south wall. It would seem, therefore, that the seeds resemble those of the Perilla, germinating best in moderate heat with uniform moisture, and that the roots, being impatient of confinement, handling, and injury, prefer an uninterrupted growth, and definitely a highly-enriched, cool, moist base to ramify into. William Earley. IlEttnACEOnS PlILOX. These bright-flowering plants, which have a good efi'ect in the borders, and whose flower-heads are so useful for cutting, and especially the white- flowered varieties, should be grown largely where space exists. The old mode of increasing the plants by divisions of the roots is still followed, but cuttings are better, the plants carrying finer heads of bloom. Cuttings may be taken as soon as they can be obtained, and put five to seven in pots filled with sandy soil, and stool in a moderately warm frame- where they soon take root, and when hardened off properly, may be put out into the borders without disturbance. Though gentle warmth hastens the root- ing, cuttings will root readily under hand-lights without bottom-heat. I have been successful by lifting the shoots with a heel, and dibbling them in on a warm border at a few inches apart. In all cases the cuttings should be made firm in the soi 1 and well watered, and finally put oat on a well, tilled and manured piece of ground. H. Markham, Mereworth Coitlc. Home Correspondence. CULTURAL ANALOQIE3. — The Rev. Canon Fleming must have been alluding to the passage in Mrs. Beecher Stowe's moat interesting and enter- taining work. The Minister's Wooing, chapter xxiv. : — "It is said that gardeners sometimes, when they would bring a Rose to richer flowering, deprive it, for a season, of light and moisture. Silent and daik it stands, dropping one fading leaf after another, and seeming to go down patiently to death. But when every leaf is dropped, and the plant stands stripped to the uttermost, a new life is even then working in the buds, from which shall spring a tender foliage and a brighter wealth of flowers. So, often in celes- tial gardening, every leaf of earthly joy must drop, before a new and divine bloom visits the soul." Strange to say, I saw, when in Russia, something of the same culture carried out with the Rose as here mi-ntioned ; also many customs and beliefs regarding seed-sowing, cuttings, and plant-growing, some of them practised by our forefathers, as we read of in old gardening books. C. D. A. May not the illustration used by Canon Fleming in his sermon, referred to in jour last issue, p. 306, be an allusion to the Dendro- biums of the Wardianum and Devoniannm type, slightly distorted by the imperfect memory of the preacher ? We have in their culture the with- holding of water as growth matures, and indeed of light too, if we take into account the waning autumn days, the gradually drooping and decay of the leaves till there remain only the naked stalks — to the ignorant the very corpse of a plant, but to the gardener still a thing of beauty, because he has the power to foresee the wealth of flowers which will shortly spring forth from the scar of every fallen leaf. Can a better analogy be found to enforce the lesson that it, the gate of apparent death, must be passed to reach the higher possi- bilities of life. L. C, Eughy. FORCED LILAC. — It would be instructive to have the experience of gardeners in forcing the purple Lilac. In my own, that which is done in the light has no comparison with the whiteness obtained in the dark. C. D. A. SUITABLE HEDGES FOR WOODS AND PLANTA- TIONS.— Replying to the enquiry on this matter, which appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle last week, it must be said that much depends upon the situation and aspect of the fences. Whitethorn should always have the preference over any other plant for fencing work, especially if the plantation is new, planting it at the same time as the trees, and 16 feet from the outside line of hardwood trees, the intermediate spaces being planted with under- 342 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 12, 1892. wood to within 4 feet of the fence. The Quicks should be planted by preference in double rows, 9 to 12 inches between the rows and 12 inches from plant to plant, done in zig-zag, which will give an average width of about 10 inches. If the soil is good, the plants will grow freely, but it is indispensable that the hedge be kept free of weeds by hoeing from time to time, and not dug between if it can be avoided, as the latter process generally weakens the roots. Now in regard to an established plantation which overshadows a fence, and it is desirable to plant a living fence, Quicks will not grow in the shade of trees, and they should be dispensed with, unless it be in a partially open place where the sun penetrates, where it may be planted with a few common Privet intermixed, say, at intervals of 3 or 4 feet. For a hedge directly under trees, I can- not recommend anything better than the common Hornbeam, which adapts itself to the habit of hedge culture admirably, and forms an almost impenetrable fence. As it retains its leaves all through the winter, it is not unpleasing to the eye, and its dense appear- ance at that season makes it a good fence against cattle. J. Garbett, Hale Park, Hants, GARDENING AS A PROFESSION. — As an old Aberdeenshire boy, I read with much interest Sir Arthur Grant's lecture to the members of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Horticultural Asso- ciation, which was given in the last number of the Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 304. All honour to the present proprietor of Monymusk for the encourage- ment he is giving both to forestry and gardening. I wish that there were more like him who would give their attention to arboriculture and horticulture. By way of encouragement, Sir Aithur gives examples of two young gardeners trained in the gardens of Monymusk, who now hold responsible situations abroad, and he quotes Sir Joseph Paxton as a remarkable instance of ability and success ; but I would give him yet another example — Robert Mar- nock ; born of comparatively poor parents, and apprenticed some eighty years ago at a small place called Pittoderic, and near Monymusk, where all the glass in the garden consisted of a three-light pit or frame, and yet this boy, notwithstanding such a small beginning, by dint of perseverance and industry, unaided, rose in his profession till he became noted, not only as a practical gardener, but the best land- scape gardener of his day and generation ; was for years the Curator of the Botanic Garden, Regent's Park, and the editor of the Gardeners' Gazette ; and, better than all, he left a name honoured and respected by all who knew him. J. Hast, Eridge Castle. EL/EAGNUS JAPONICA VARIEGATA.— I find that this species of the Oleaster is not quite hardy in South Hants. We have two plants growing in a somewhat sheltered position, yet fully open to the sun the greater part of the day, and the soil is of a heavy nature. During the summer of 1890, the plants grew very fast, making vigorous shoots, but the succeeding winter's cold killed the branches back to the base, so that even now, after a season's growth they form poor objects compared with what they once were. E. Molyneux, CYCLAMENS. — The specimen Cyclamen figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle of March 5 reminds me of a fine batch I saw in flower a few days since, when paying Mr. Perkins a visit at Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames. They were remarkable for the quantity and quality of their flowers, and were some of the many things that were well done at that place. T. H. S. peas: champion of England and suc- cess.— I was much pleased to see Mr. Markham's note (p. 237) on Peas, in which he states that the above first-named kind for late purposes is always good. On our light soil it is excellent for general cropping. I have tried most of the newer and larger Peas, but cannot find one more reliable than Champion of England. For late purposes I grow Ne Plus Ultra and Success, but on light dry soils these need special treatment. Champion of England is one of the freest-bearing green-wrinkled Peas I know, and is of excellent flavour. Ne Plus Ultra needs no recommendation, being one of the best late kinds. Success is not well-known, being a new wrinkled marrowkind. The podsare much like Ne Plus Ultra in colour, and the Peas are of excellent quality. It may be termed a dwarf Ne Plus Ultra, and those who object to tall Peas should give it a trial. We grow our late Peas in trenches with plenty of manure, for without this, late Peas on very light soils are not always reliable. To get size and abundance of pods, sowing thinly, topping the haulm, and giving plenty of moisture in dry seasons are the essentials. G. Wythes. price of LILIUM AURATUM.— That this popular Lily is steadily rising in the public estimation, goes without saying, and of recent years it has been pro- curable at very low rates, but this season, through the increasing demand, together with rather lessened supplies, prices have gone up tremendously ; and the last consignment of 3000 bulbs from Japan, which were sold at Protheroe & Morris' Central Auction Rooms, Cheapside, were keenly competed for by the buyers — not a single bulb being unsold — at prices ranging from 2s. per bulb to the smallest at 75s. and 80s. per 100. It was freely asserted, that never was Lilium auratum in such demand, nor met with a better sale. F. Ross. carnation, winter cheer.— I can endorse all that Mr. Divers says on the above at p. 237, although I was not well pleased with the first blooms that opened with us. The short sturdy growth soon gives flowers ; it is easilv propagated, and is altogether a good thing. T. H. Slade, Morgwell Gardens. FUELS AND 8T0KINQ.— I am much obliged to Mr. E. Jenkins for his remarks on p. 278, as they go a long way to prove that anthracite coal is not only the best of fuels, but one of the easiest to use in a properly-constructed boiler. The flues which I re- commend to be cleaned out two or three times a week are the furnace-flues, or they would get blocked with ash and coal, and stop the draught so necessary to a bright fire of anthracite coal. I still recommend to those who find any ditBculty in using anthracite " to pull out their fire," and make all clean ; and I maintain that there will be less loss of heat, and less waste of labour and fuel, than if poked and stokered, as one must do, to a sluggish fire. I have one boiler which does not require any such treatment, one that goes month after month, and never requires to be " pulled out." It may interest your correspondent to know that ray boiler- flues have only been cleaned once in two years, another saving of labour by the use of anthracite. H. J. Sotithgaie, Morpeth House Garden, Ipswich. Will Mr. E. Jenkins state the length of piping on his " heavily handicapped " boilers, and the sizes of the latter, for to boil the water madly in less than two hours is a marvellous performance? Either the boilers must be lightly handicapped, or the length of piping very short for any fuel to perform that feat. if. C, PRUNING DENDROBIUMS. — I read with great interest the letter of " B. P.," on p. 247, in answer to Mr. Burberry on Dendrobiums. The marvellous plant of D. nobile, 7 feet across, with growths 3 to 4 feet long, and others carrying 1000 racemes, each of which would represent between 4000 to 5000 flowers, are exceptional specimens, and I think it would be of great interest to Orchid growers to know the grower's name, and where these marvels of cultural skill exist. J. 8. T. LAST CENTURY'S POTATOS IN IRELAND.— I do not thirk there is one now existing, unless it is the " Brown Quarries," and I do not know that this would have existed unless for certain conditions of soil. What your correspondent, Mr. J. Miller, says is very interesting. It is a matter of great surprise to me, and to many others, as to the origin of the sorts which were in the country prior to 1846. We have never had better ones since. As for the red and black Mignons, White Eyes, Black Coppers, Red Apples, these are late-keeping tubers, and nothing introduced since, from either America or England, could match them ; and for harvest work, when men used the sickle to cut the corn, and worked from 6 A.M. to 6 p M., there was no other food than Potatos taken three times daily. There were no sorts to compare with the red, white, and brown Quarry. These varieties must have been raised in Ireland long ago in the days of sailing ships and stage coaches, and when we were practically much hemmed in, in our intercourse with our neighbours. I write as one remembering Ireland prior to the famine years. There are no modern Potatos which have originated from Potato-Apples in this country. W. Baylor Hattland, Ard Cairn, Cork, A BRIGHT WINTER SHRUB.— It is curious how little the Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea) is used in the planting of shrubberies. The shrub has a very telling efl'ect, both at a distance and at close quarters, in mid-winter. If grown in a clump, the contrast given by the blood-red colour of the branches and stems is a great relief to the sombre green of the Laurels and Yews, and brightens the foreground of high deciduous trees in a very eye-pleasing way. There are two places to which my tramps have taken me, where the Dogwood is used extensively ; they are Brocklesby Park, in North Lincolnshire ; and Reigate Priory, in Surrey. In the former, it is used with the brightening effect just mentioned, and seems to extend in a circle in the foreground of the high trees, into which the magnificent lawns there disap- pear. At Reigate it is planted in dense masses round the lake, and when, as now, there is often a silvery gleam on the water, the contrast with the crimson garniture forms a lovely cynosure. Vagabond. TREQULLOW. — To most persons Cornwall, so far as gardening is concerned, is an unknown part of the country, nevertheless it is the home of many rarer half-hardy exotics, and the district around TreguUow, Mr. Conybear's residence, can show many luxuriant specimens. There the Camellias assume the di- mensions of trees, and the Desfontainea spinosa is a common free-flowering shrub ; there also are the finest trees in England of Benthamia fragifera, as well as a famous specimen of the Sciadopitys verti- cillata, whilst Azalea indica is quite hardy in the sleepy dells. In addition to these, I have noted some of the most noteworthy plants, which, when planted in favourable positions, thrive in the open air in those parts, as follows : Agaves, Aloysia citriodora, Apono- geton distachyon, Buddleia globosa, Chamierops humilis, Choisya ternata, Clianthus puniceus, CoUetia cruciata. Daphne indica, Diplopappus chrysophylla, Dracxna indivisa, Eleagnus japonicus vars., Embothrium coccineum, Eriobotrya japonica, Escallonias, Erythrina Crieta-galli, Eulalia japonica, Eurybia Gunniana, Fabiana imbricata, Griselinia littoralis, Hedychium Gardnerianum, Lapageria rosea, Lardizabala biternata, Leycesteria formosa, Magnolias, Metrosideros floribunda, Mitraria coc- cinea, Myrtles, Olearia Haastii, Orange trees, Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, Philesia buxifolia, Photinia serrulata, Phormiums, Pittosporums, Swammerdamia antennaria, Ugenia ugni, &c. W. mapper, Chelsea. JUDGING POTATOS.— Should Sutton's Satisfac- tion be classed as a round or a kidney Potato ? The variety in question is, as most persons are aware, an excellent Potato, either for exhibition purposes or the table. It was sent out as a round variety, bnt its shape varies so much that tubers of a kidney shape may be selected and exhibited as such ; hence confusion and unpleasantness occur at shows, as was the case at a show where I was a judge last season, in company with two other gardeners. It was a village flower show in Sussex, held in August, and on our coming to the Potato classes it was seen that the best dish of any White Kidney was one of Satisfaction, and although the competition was strong, this dish was a long way ahead of any other, and it was proposed to give it the Ist prize ; but I objected to that being done, and the President of the Society was appealed to, and without hesitation, said that in his opinion it should be disqualified, which was eventually done. Passing on to the next class, that for any white round Potato, we again found Satisfaction, and in this case in its true form, and it easily took the Ist place in that class. If my memory serves me aright, both dishes were shown by the same person. Still, another case. A week later I was again acting as judge at a show with two colleagues, and on coming to the Potatos this same difficulty occurred, and I again demurred, but was overruled, after an appeal had been made to the committee, and in the end we actually awarded 1st prizes to the same variety in both the kidney and round classes. Query — who was right ? I feel there was an injustice done some- where. I should like to hear the opinion of some one in the matter, and, if possible, to settle the point of class. H. Harris. [The raisers call it a round variety, but it is not truly round, as they say ; also that it is pebble-shaped. Ed.] CAMELLIAS. In a general way much disappointment is ex perienced in the forcing of Camellias, but that is owing to the forcing being carried out at the wrong time, which is after the plants have formed their buds, when heat, by many, is expected to help to Mabch 12, 1892.] THE GAKDENERS' CHRONICLE. 343 opea them and bring on the flowers ; instead of which any unnatural excitement at this time re- ferred to, generally ends disastrously, and causes the buds to drop — or if they do not fall, the blooms when they expand always look puny and poor from being so small and thin in the petals. If Camellias are wanted early, the way is to force them into growth at this season of the year, as instead of being impatient of artificial heat now, or immediately the blossoms fade, they like it, and besides it is almost essential to enable them to break freely and make their growth. The heat, however, must not be dry but moist, and that even to saturation, as when the heat is great the moisture must be in proportion ; and, therefore, to maintain the atmosphere in the condition referred to, the plants should be syringed twice daily, and the floors or other surfaces kept damped down frequently, and if this is done the growths will be rapid and strong. Shading, of course, is an important matter, as Camellias will not bear the full sun's rays during the middle of the day, but when the house is closed, and syringing has been performed in the afternoon, what they get then will do good, and helps to run up the temperature. The places where we get our early Camellias are on the back walls of two lean-to vineries, where they are planted out in narrow borders, and get forced with the Vines, and are now full of growth, the situation being very suitable ; as besides the natural shade they hare, the treatment requisite for the Vines being just what the Camellias require, and we get blooms from October onwards, all through the winter, and that in a position where hardly anything else could grow or do well. If plants are in pots or tubs, the way to manage them is to prune back if they are straggly or too big, and remove as much surface soil as can be done without unduly dis- turbing the roots, and replace it with fresh turfy loam, when they should be stood in a house where they can be subjected to the conditions mentioned above. I have seen Camellias so managed that were in a bad state before they were taken in hand, that they recovered rapidly and made free growth, and bloomed profusely when flowers were of the greatest value, as they always are in the dead of winter ; but there are some sorts that are more adapted for coming in at that season than others, and the old double white is among them, and Lady Hume is also one of the most valuable, although now rarely seen in collections. J. S. Societies. BOYAL HOSTI0ULTX7BAL. March 8.— Notwithstanding the low temperature which prevailed on Tuesday last, accompanied by a keen north-easterly wind, there was a nice display of bloom at the Drill Hall, James Street, S.W., while the attendance was larger than usaal. Spring flowers naturally formed the bulk of the exhibits, but Orchids, of which mention is made elsewhere, were well represented. Fruit and vegetables were not numerous. The Lecture. At the afternoon meeting of the Royal Horticul- tural Society on Tuesday last, a paper on " Plants for House Decoration," by Mr. J. Wills, was read, and Mr. G. Bunyard occupied the chair. Mr. Wills was prevented being present himself, owing to illness, but the paper was read by Mr, J. Weathers, the Assistant-Secretary. Mr. Wills called attention to the fact that previous to twenty years ago, little in the way of floral decoration had been accomplished, but since then enormous strides had taken place. In 1871, Sir Edward Scott set the ball rolling by placing his house in the hands of the florists for three days. This was followed by elaborate decorations at the town residence of the Marquis of Bristol, at which, among other things, no less than 6 tons of Ivy were used, llivalry in floral decoration ensued amongst the aristocracy during the next few years, and to such an extent was the fashion carried, that Lady Sutton spent £1000 in one month with the florist ; and on another occasion, a gentleman had his mansion in Belgravia decorated with flowers at the cost of £1400. Referring to the matter commercially, Mr. Wills in his paper stated, on good autliority, that there were at the present time, at least ."00 home-growers for Covent Garden Market alone, whereas twenty years ago there were not more than thirty. It was also asserted that 120,000 vanloads of plants for decorative purposes were sent into the Flower Market, Covent jlarket, last year, and that Mr. Wills' firm purchased an enormous quantity of plants from that source. Lists of the most suitable plants for house decora- tion were included in the paper. Palms being specially mentioned. Of these Latania borbonica, Corypha australis, Kentia Belmoreana, and Cocos Weddeliana, were, amongst others con- sidered admirably adapted for the purpose, and the last-named was specially mentioned owing to its graceful habit, and Mr. Wills asserted that it may be kept in a cold room for several months without injury, but this does not concur with our experience. Other plants mentioned included Asparagus plumosus, Draccnas of kinds. Aspidistras, Hydrangea variegata, Ferns, Crotons, and others. Stress was laid on the fact that Crotons, Dracanas, Palms, and similar foliage plants might be used for the embellishment of window-boxes, and to illustrate the remarks, photographs of boxes containing such plants were shown. Mr. Wills said that by adopting this plan, window boxes, in addition to aflfording relief to those containing ordinary flowering plants, could be kept fresh from July till October, but admitted that the plants would require renewing occasionally. Dr. Masters, in a brief discussion which followed, remarked that an object-lesson in floral decoration such as Mr. Wills could have furnished, would have been appreciated, and regretted that such could not have been arranged. He deprecated the excessive extravagance which had been referred to in Mr. Wills' paper, and hoped that those present would not go away with the idea that any large outlay was neces- .lary to ensure tasteful floral decoration in the home. By judiciously selecting plants which will stand the gas and vitiated air of rooms, such as Aspidistra lurida and its variegated form, it was possible to make a good display for a few shillings. Mr. Bunyard concurred, and said that, in his opinion, many of the graceful- habited Conifers, such as Cupressus Knightii, might be advantageously used for house decoration. Orchid Committee. Present : Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair ; aid Messrs. James O'Brien, Dr. M. T. Masters, E. Moon, G. R. Le Doux, De B. Crawshay, Baron Schroder, T. B. Haywood. E. Hill, J. Douglas, H. Williams, F. Sander, C. Pilcher, H. M. Pollett, C. J. Lucas, and J. Jaques. The following communication was read : — " On February 9, Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons exhibited a hybrid Cypripedium under the name of C. Hera X, and for which they received a First-class Certificate. They have since ascertained that another hybrid had been previously put into commerce under that name, which they were not aware of ; they therefore re- quested the committee to agree to the name of their plant being changed to that of C. Adrastus X, and that the list of awards be altered accordingly." The committee unanimously agreed to the proposal. Messrs. F. Sander & Co., staged a fine group, made up of good varieties of Odontoglossum trinm- phans, O. crispum, many and varied forms of the fine Dendrobium Phalsenopsis Schroderianum. D, nobile, Sobralia xantholenca rubina, Dendrobium Brymerianum, D. Cassiope x , Phaius Cooksoni x , Angraecum sesquipedale, with eight flowers ; Cypri- pedium Carrieriix. Some fine Odontoglossum Edwardi, Lselia harpophylla, L. cinnabarina, Mas- devallia Estradas x .Shuttleworthii ; a curious Den- drobium intermediate between D. Farmerii, and D. thyrsifiorum, and a charming series of varieties if Oncidium Phalfenopsis. Messrs. Pitcher & Manda, The United States Nurseries, Hextable, Swanley, Kent, had a group consisting chiefly of rare varieties of Cypripediums, together with Cattleya TrianiB, Cixlogyne cristata alba, Lycastes, &c. Prominent were a noble form of Cypripedium Boxalli superbum, C. Pavonium X, the noble C. villosum albo-marginatum, and C. Schrodera;. Messrs. .Jas. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nur- series, Chelsea, exhibited Cypripedium Brysa X (Sedeni candidulum $ Boissierianum ,J ) like a large form of the seed-bearing parent, with a greenish tinge; C. lanthe X (Harrisianum $ venustum * - a . aS H .^ 1 id 11 i 0^ p + o c^ S ° £ ■a 5 a ^ "g o o =1 c ■5 u 0 1 1 Is" 11 Day- if + g 6 -3 Si Day- Day- Day- lOths deg. deg. deg. deg. Inch. Ins. 0 *- 0 61 - 11 -1- 119 9 — 46 94 30 19 1 5 — 0 6) - 21 + 117 4 — 3S 4 3 12 20 2 5 — 0 53 - 14 -^ 95 2 — 36 32 11 19 3 6 - 0 63 - 22 -1- 102 1 — 36 28 6 19 4 7 — 0 60 — 22 -1- 107 4 — 35 3-4 9 19 6 7 — 0 65 - 26 + 63 3 — 30 2-6 17 21 6 6 — 0 49 — 18 -1- 88 9 — 38 7-1 3D 21 7 6 — 0 50 - 26 + 78 6 — 36 5-2 23 22 8 7 — 0 60 - 38 + 69 7 — 38 5-2 36 27 9 6 — 0 47 — 47 + 62 6 — 38 5-0 24 !9 10 7 — 0 37 - 67 -I- 74 7 — 36 6 4 26 21 " 7 — 0 29 — 25 5 — 42 5-9 31 20 The districts indicated by number in the first column ari the following : — Principal Wheat-producing Districts— 0, Scotland. N. 1. Scotland. E.; 2, England, N.E. ; 3, England, E. 4, Midland Counties ; 5, England, S. Principal Grazing, i^c., Districts— G, Scotland, W. ; 7 England, N.W. ; 8. England, S.W.; 9, Ireland, N. , 10, Ireland, S. ; * Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending March 5, is furnished from the Meteorological Office : — " The weather during this week was very cold and the air dry in all parts of the Kingdom. In the E. and S.E. the sky was generally overcast, and frequent but very alight falls of snow were ex- perienced ; in the W. and extreme N., however, there were many intervals of sunshine, "The temperature was below the mean, the deficit ranging from 4'-' in ' Scotland, N.,' to as much as 7° in ' England, S. and S.W.,' the ' Midland Counties,' ' Ireland, S.,' and the ' Channel Islands.' The highest of the maxima were recorded either on February I'Sih or l."Ji,h, and varied from 5U° in ' Ireland, S.,' to 42° in 'England, E.' During the greater part of the time the daily maxima (except in the extreme W. and S.W.) were very little above the freezing point. The lowest of the minima were recorded in most cases on March 5th, when the thermometer fell to 10° in ' Scotland, E.' (at Braemar), to 14" in ' Scotland, N.' (at Lairg), and elsewhere to between 22° in ' England, N.W.,' and 28° in the ' Channel Islands.' " The rainfall was less than the mean in all districts. At most of the W. and N. stations no measurable amount of rain was recorded. " The bright sunshine exceeded the normal value in some of the W, districts, but showed a deficiency elsewhere — especially over E., N.E., and central England. The percentage of the possible duration ranged from 36 in ' England, S.W.,' yi in the ' Channel Islands,' and 30 in ' Scotland, N. and W.,' to 17 in ' England, S.,' and to only 5 in ' England, E.' " Notices to Correspondents. Anor.5;cu.m leonis: R. G. The temperature was too low for the plants in bud. Their health will not be permanently irjured. Beetles in Beoad Bean Seeds : A. D. C. The beetle which came out of the Bean was Bruchus granarius. The egg was laid on the pod whilst it was still scarcely a pod ; from this a grub was formed, which pierced the growing Bean, where in course of time it became a chrysalis, and later a beetle which does not always leave the B an as soon as developed. \ I ^^3 Flli. 33.- BEAX weevil (BKUCHUS GHAXARIUS). The insEct does harm to the seed by consuming the subxtaoces that should go towards forming the future plant. Sort over your seed Beans, and any seed which is infested by the grub, or a nascent beetle, burn. These are known by a round de- pression, duller in colour, and rather less opaque than the neighbouring parts. A hole in a Bean shows that a beetle has escaped from it. Canakina Campanula. C. W. A seedling variety, not worth a name. Caepentaria californica : A. P. It is quoted by some of the larger nurserymen amongst evergreen shrubs ; answers to other questions next week. Clianthus puNicEus : A Constant Reader. The best soil is libry loam .^, peat {-, burnt earth j, and sand just sufficient to make it porous if the loam be stiff — sandy loam would scarcely require any, if the drainage is good, as it should be. Repot your plant now, reducing the ball a little by pricking off the old soil. If the roots at the bottom of the pot are much matted, cat them off. Keep it close for ten days, afterwards give more air by degrees. Be careful about water, afford enough at first, but do not sodden the soil by frequent waterings ; syringe daily in bright weather, it being the only way to keep red-spider at bay. CoEHECTiON : California as a Horn,';. Our correspon- dent who sent us the above, wishes to say that he made a mistake in reference to the poll tax, it should have been 2 dollars, i.e. Ss. 'id. English currency. Double flowered Gloxinia. H. B. Could you send the flower-stalk and flowers for inspection ? Florist; F. C. B. Yon could not do better for the boy than to communicate with some large general nurserymen and seed merchants. At a florist's establishment, special knowledge might be gained, but there is a far wider range of subjects, and fuller knowledge would be gained at the former. Modern languages are very useful. If the youth has good physique, a little digging will do him no harm ; but it is not so very necessary. 346 THE GAB DE NEBS' CHBONIGLE. [March 12, 1892. Geeaniums : Enquirer. The Pelargoniums you send have the appearance of the cuttings having been plunged too deep in the soil, HoT-wATEB Pipes in a Greenhouse : W. W. For your district three rows of pipes will provide heat sufScient for all purposes, vithout having to unduly heat them. There should be placed along the front of the house two rows, and one, the return pipe, running from these along one end of the house towards the boiler. Insecticide : Marshall Bros. A wineglass of petro- leum to 1 gallon of warm water ; and, to assisit the incorporation of the oil with the water, add 2 oz. of soft-soap. Lime in Watee to Expel Worms fbom the Soil IN Pots : Amateur. It will not matter how much you put in a gallon of water, the latter being capable of taking up a certain quantity only. The lime may be used many times if it be shaken up each time that fresh water is added. It will do no harm if used of full strength, and clear. Names of Feuits : C. Ayres, Cape Town. The fruit resembles Beurr^ superfin somewhat highly coloured. Names of Plants: A Correspondent who sent us a Crinum from Madagascar, but whose letter has unfortunately been mislaid, is informed that his plant is C. firmifolium of Baker. See " Baker's Handbook of Amaryllidea;," p. 78. — ,i^ii-y /""^ESTATES, V>VH S.. a.V. g^jjggf^g^ »^^-'^S.mf'^_^m PAINTERS, ^5f.Vc6g| FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, SHOPS, HOTELS, INSTITUTIONS, DWELLINGS, THE MOST USEFUL LADDERS MADE, AND THOROUGHLY SAFE. And for all Glass Structures that require Shading. Sold in pachets, Is. each, with full directions for u?e, aud maj' be obtained from all Seedsmen and Nurserymen. The public are cautioned against t-parious imitations. Each packet should bear the Trade Mark as above. Manufacturers — CORRY AXD 00. (Ltd.), Horticultural Sundries Merchants. Oflices and Show Room?, 13, 15, and 16, Finsbury Street, London, E.G. Sold by all Seedsmen and Florists. 0 HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck- loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address, G. J. EVESON, 26, Corporation Street. Birmingham. CARSON'S PAINT Fationieed by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy, for all kinds of OUTDOOB WOKE, OONSEBVATOBIES, Oreenhouses, Frames, &c. 1 Owt., and Oil Ulzture, Free to all Stations. Liquid Non-FoiBonoua Paints for Inside of ConserTatoriea, &o Prices. Patterns, and Testimonials. Post-free. Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. 15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTKR, S.W. 1 and BACHEIOB'S WALK, DUBLIN,— Ascowi* for Cash. mum &jAijL/^r^NORwicH. WIRE ESPALIER TRAINERS. 4 ft h gh th Standard t f t apart an Is il neaof galvanised Wreperjl 6^ Term alPostsandRadisaeurs tach 9s. Pr e=; of other s zes on ippl cat on Iso. 40o. WROUGHT IRON TREE GUARDS. No. 406. Made to any design and size. No. 405.— 6 ft. high, 12 in. diameter. Pri( , Is. ^d. ch. No. 406.— 6 ft. high, 12 in. diameter. Price, 8s. Ad. each. Descriptive Catalogue of all our Manu- factures, including Iron Buildings for Sliooting and Fishing Lodges. Stabling, Huts, Kennels and Poultry Appliances, ^SQ Greenhouses Garden Frames, &c., free on - ,-, i ' \ application. J'! BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH. THIS GREENHO0SE erected and heated complete, in any part of the country, be-it materials only, workmanship guaranteed, 25ft. by 12 ft., £oO; 30 ft. by 15ft.. £70. Brick- work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, post-free. Superior Portable Frames, large stock ready for immediate use, well made, painted four coats, glazed with 21-oz. glass, carriage paid:— 1-lieht frame, 4 X G. 365. 6£f . ; 2-light frame. 6x8. .SSs. ; Slight frame. 12 X 6. 85.t. M. Span-roof Frames, 13 x 4, £4 7s. 6ti. ; 9 x 6. £3 I6s. ; 16 X 6, £6 10.1. HARDY BRUIN^CO.,?t^r^eTLEICESTER JAS. BOYD & SONS, PAISLEY. HORTICULTURAL STRUCTURES of every description, in either Wood or Irop, or both combined. Wooden Chapels, Shooting Lodges, Tennis Courts, Cottages, &c. Hot - -water Apparatus for warming Buildings of every description. Illustrated Circulars Post-free. Complete Catalo^e, 3s. CHAS. FRAZER'S EXORS,— Conservatories, Orchid-houses. Vineries, Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materialsand Workmanship guaranteed, at Mode- rate Prices. IntendingPurchasers waited upon by appointment. HOT- WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPARATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of Garden Requisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses, Tool-houses, Pigeon Cotes, Pog Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for six stamps. PALACE PLAIN HORTICULTURAL WORKS, NORWICH. A R D E N REQ, UISITE S.— sticks. Labels, Virgin Cork. Raffia, Mats, Bamboo Canes. Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of — WATSON AWP ^CUlI^j eOj Lg^T^r frames Street, LondoD,E.C. Mabch 12, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 347 .^% INVI TOR TRADE MARK. -JlLONDONiJ- TRADE MARK, THESE WELL-KNOWN MANURES ABE USED BY THE Leadings Growers, Royal Botanic Society, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Parks, London County Council, Throughout the United Kingdom, And in Every Quarter of the Globe, Sold by .■SEEDSMEN, FLOBISTS. and NUBSERVMEN, in 6d. and Is. Packets, and HEALED BAGS:— 7 lb. Ulb. 281b. 58 1b. 112 1b. 2s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 20s. Or direct from the Works in Is. Packets, postjree, or Bags of either si;e. Carriage Paid (as sample), in the United King- dom, for Cash with order as above. The respei'tive Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Bag, and also impressed on the Lead Seal attached to the mouth o£ each Bag. The only Guarantee of Genuineness. PIt/CES OF CRUSHED BONES IN VARIOUS SIZES ON APPLICATION. CLAY & SON, Manufacturers and Bone Crushers, TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFORD, LONDON, E. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. This manure is chemically distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring and ripening of Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, &c., beyond any other • South Stoneham Nurseries. Southampton, Gentlemen, October 6, 1891. • "We have tried the Manure in our Vinery this season, and are pleased to inform you that whilst in our neighbourhood most of the Grapes have been badly coloured this season, ours have been splendidly coloured, in fact the best ive have ever had. ■' We hope to bo able to induce some of our friends to try it next season. Yours faithfully, (Signed), OAKLEY AXD WATLING. Prices in Sacks, at Works, 10s. per cwt. ; £2 per i ton ; £3 1.5s. per J ton ; £7 per ton. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO, THE CHEMICAL WORKS, HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, HERTS. NATIVE GUANO.— Best and Cheapest Maxure for Garden Use. Price £i 10s. per ton, in bags. Lots under 10 cwt.. is. per cwt. ; 1 cwt.. Sample bag, sent Carriage Paid to any Stat ion in England, on receipt of P.O. for 55. Extracts from l(!th Annual Collection of Reports:— NATIVE GUANO. FOR POTATOS, VEGETABLES, &c. H. Bbinkwortii, Potato Grower, Reading, used for Potatos, Onions, and Carrots, results :— " Very good ; never had better crop)." J. Butler. Siltingbourne ;— " Used for Potato, Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO. FOR FKUIT. ROSES, TOMATOS, &c. J. Peed & Soss, Streatham, used for Fruit Trees and Roses, results: — "Very satisfactory; we use no other Guano now; consider yours preferable to Peruvian." — —.7. Finch, Orrell Gardens :—" Used for Vegetables, Tomatos. Grapes, Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most excellent for Potatos, and many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market." Orders to the Native GuanO Co., Ltd., W, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London, -where Pamphlet of Testimonials, &c.. may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. TNNES' FEIITIUTAS. — THE VINE and A PLANT FOOD.— Of all Nursery and Seedsmen, or direct, 15f. per cwt.. carri:ige yiaid to all Stations. References and testimonials of the Sole Makers— W. INNES AND CO., Sunny HiU Vinery, Littleover, Derby. STANDEN'S (PATENT) MANURE. ACKNOWLEDGED to be unrivalled for Efficiency and Economy, as most satisfactory and lasting results folloiv the applicatlou of the ^mallest quantity. In new and enlarged Tins. 6'-'., Is.. 2s. Hi/., 6s. 6rf.. and 10s. W. ; and in Kegs, 28 lb., 10s. id. ; 66 lb., 18s. ; 112 lb., 32s. e.ach. Sold by all Nurserymen and Seedsmen. Soi-E Manufacturers: CORRY & CO. (Limited), 1.3, 15, & 10, FINSBURY ST., LONDON, E.C. IMPORTANT TO GARDENERS, AMATEURS, and OTUKR.S. who FumK^ATE HOU.SES TO KILL "FLY," OR "THRIP." You will shortly be ordering your Spring Supply of Fumigating Material. Why lay in a heavy stockof tobacco paper, uncertain in quality, often disappointing, and very unpleasant to use, when you can have a Safe, Reliable article, and one that is pleasant to use ? On which you can thoroughly depend. The manufacture is much improved, and it can be ordered without any risk of the disappointments often attending iga- THE FIRST OF ITS CLASS, AND STILL THE ONLY ONE ;#ias£A'. othe fun PillCES :— t'lg materials. For houses with ( 1000 cubic ft., No. 3 Roll, 1/- each ) Post a capacity of \ 200a „ „ „ i „ 1/9 ,, ^ Free. The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up reijuired quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. — The safest and most effective Liquid Insecticide for dipping or syringing. Prices, post free ;— Pints. Is. \i)d. ; quarts, 3s. ^d.- half gallons. .5s. 9d. CLIBRAN'S EUCHAKIS MITE KILLER.— A truly valuable remedy, has saved thousands of bulbs. Prices, post-free :— Half-pints, Is. 9d. ; pints, 2s. 9d. ; quarts. 4s. 9d. ; half-gallons, 8s. Or from your Seedsman. CLIBRAN'S NKSALTRINCHAiVI; 10 & 12 Market Street, Manchester; And Principality Nurseries, Deganwy, Llandudno. THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES For Destruction of Insect Pests, Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers KILLMRIGHT, 2-oz. Sample posted free on application. Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesaleand Jtetail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House. Manchester REDUCTION IN PRICE! ;iNS E CT I C I Dii ARE IN GREAT DEMAND. Exterminate all -5 Insect Pests ii'iYAoii« / try to Foliage. ^0 HOT COKES. Vastly Superior / to Tobacco Paper, And Adopttd by r Trevor Lawrence, Ht ; Baron Schroder; t Hon. Jos. Cham- erlain ; Sir Leopold Rothschild. Bart. ; Messrs. Veitoh, Chel- sea; Sutton, Reading; Carter &Co.,Holborn; Hugh Low, Clapton ; Laing, Forest Hill; Easy Certain Safe and Cheap s \eet, Whetstone, &c. Slieets, 9d. (for luoii uibu.feet in parcels 1 9s. per Dozen, of I dozen, also \, ^, and I gros^. ) atlitoDoz. McDougalls' Liquid Insecticide. - For fse «)!.fe;- G/.m-. ,, Garden and Fruit Tree Wasb.— For Uutdcor Use. „ Plant Food or Manure.— For Vines, Fruits, & Plants. [tiOTE.—Alsoall aho",:,for Cott -ge Gardens, in 6d..S \a.Sizes.] All Free from Poison. Pateiiteet and Sole Makers— London ; 10, Mark Lane. IVI'=DOUCALL BROS.)i FROM NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN. r jianfhester : 68. Port Street. ( ULisgow: 70to78,KingStreet. "Nothing Succeeds like Success.'' (' (SOLUBLE) INSECTICIDE The most reliable and best of all Insecticides for destroying Insects and Vermin on Plants and Fruit Trees, also on Animals, and Birds ; and as a Disinfectant & Bleacher in Washing Clothes. Full Directions on the Labels of each Bottle. Sold hy .Seedsmen & Chemists, i/«, j/6,& 4/6; }^-g.iIIon 7/6, i-gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities. A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on application to the manufacturer, addressed to E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester. Wholesale from all the London Seed Merchants and Patent Medicine Houses. NEW YORK- A. Rolker & Sons. For Green and Black Fly, American Bllgbt, Camellia Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug. Brown and White Scale, Worms. Wood Lice. &c. " P T r; R P M A " THE UNIVERSAL r k \j n. ru i\ t\^ insecticide. SAFE— ECONOMICAJ>-EFFECTUAL. 16, Princes Street, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear Sirs. I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a gallon of water at a temperature of 96", I find it kills Green Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at liO", seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds ; while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dis-solves Mealy Bug. and so far as I have yet observed, without the slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing or spray.— I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A. MACKENZIE," of Messrs. Methven & Sons. ' ^ » ' Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway, London, January!, 1888. "Gentlemen— I have given your Insecti- cide, • Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others. I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed) B.S.WILLIAMS." " ' Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists, in Bottles at Is. 6d., 2s. Qd., and 3s. 6d.; in Tins (1 and 3 gallons), 10s. «d. and 20s. each; in quantities of 5 gallons and upwards, 9s. per gallon. Prepared only by DUNCAN, FLOCKHAKT & CO., Chemists to the QneeD Edinburgh. May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London ; and from WILLIAM EDWARDS AND SON, 167, Queen Victoria Street, London. SAVE HALF THE COST. BEDFORDSHIRE COARSE AND FINS GARSIDE'S SILVER SAND Is admitted by the leading Nurserymen to be the Best Quality obtainable in the Trade. Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in- exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus sajje half the ordinary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS. Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price free on Bail or Canal. All Orders executed with the utmost promptness and under personal supervision. Special Rail- way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEATsupplied at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag sent on application to OEO^GARSIDE. Jun..F.R.H.S.. LelglitOD Buzzard. Beds. M-n Iv 1,1,1 through all Seedsmen and Chemists. Prices:— I Gall. 3/- (tins included), 5 Galls. 2/9 per Gall., 10 Galls. 2/6 per Gall., 20 Galls. 2/3 per Gall., 40 Galls. 2/- per Gall. Carriage paid on 5 Calls, and upwards. <^oncentrated Kills all Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives. &c., &c. Brightens the Gravel. One application will keep the Walks Clc.ir of Weeds for a Prepared Solely Ir,' The Boundary Chemical Co., Ltd. LIVERPOOL. SLUGICIDE (REai.sTKBKD).^Certain death to Slugs, fertilises the soil, perfectly harmless to plants and domestic animals. The greatest boon to Gardeners ever innveted. Is. 6rf. per box, of all Seedsmen. Trade terms. " THE SLUGICIDE 00.,"«, Maryleporc Street, Bristol. 348 THE GARDENEES' GHRONIGLE. [Mabch 12, 1892. ORCHID PEAT. PEEPARED, ready for use, all fibre, 10s. per sack ; 5 for 47s. M. SELECTED, in bloclis, very fibrous. 8s. per sack ; 5 for 37s. U. SECOND QUALITY, 6s. per sack ; 5 for 22s. 6c(. BKOWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, 4s. per sack, 6 tor 18s. ; and 3s. per sack, 5 for 12s. id. PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM. each 2s. id. per sack ; 6 for 10s. PREPARED POTTING COMPOST, 4s. per sack ; 5 for 18s. All sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sairple Sack. Special terms to the Trade. For Price List apply to THE FORESTER, Joyden Wood, near Bexley, Kent. RICHARDS'noted ORCHID and other SELECTED PEATS (§^'S?Sm^l), SOILS, MANURES, and every description of GARDEN SUNDRIES. G. H. EICHARDS, The Horticultural Stores, 1, Belvedere Crescent, Lambeth, London, S.E. Write for Samples and Price List, Post-free. Chief Peat Depot : Ringwood, Hants. EPPS'S«'-"-'PEAT, For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS, Hardwood do.. Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton, ortruckload. SPECIAL OECHID PEAT, in sack only. Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF- MOULD. Coarse, Crystal and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE, fresh SPHAGNUM,PatentMANURES, FERTILISERS, INSEC- TICIDES, and another Garden Requisites. Peat M08B Litter. The Original Peat Depot, RINGWOOD. HANTS. ROWN and BLACK FIBROUS PEAT, 25s. per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 Tons; Bags, 5s. each ; 10 Bags, 4.SS. PEAT, for forming Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant Beds, 21s. per Ton, or £4 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Bags, 6s. each : 10 Bags, 45s. THOMAS WALKER, Tekels Park, Camberley, Surrey. ARDBN REQUISITES, as supplied to the Royal Gardens. — COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, Is Zd. per sack, 10 for 12s., 20 for 20s.. 30 for 28s., sacks free ; 2-ton truck, 30s., free on rail near works. Fine ORCHID PEAT. 8s. 6rf. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS do., 6s. per sack, 6 for 22s. id. BLACK do , 4s. M. per sack, 5 for 20s. FIBROUS LOAM, LEAF-MOULD, and PEAT-MOULD, each 3s. per sack. Coarse SILVER-SAND, Is. id. per bushel. 14s. i ton, 2os. per ton. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. SPHAGNUM, 7s. id. per sack ; all sacks and bags, 2rf. each. RUSSIA MATS, 10s. id. to 19s. per dozen. RAFFIA, VIRGIN CORK, STAKES. &c. BONES, J-inch, lis. per cwt. Pure BONE- DUST, lis. id. TOBACCO-PAPER, Spe;ialite, iOd. per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH, Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 26s. Price List, free. W. HERBERT AND CO., Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwark SI reet, London, S.E. "FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS. HILL & SMITH, BBIEBLET Hllili, STAFFORDSHIRE, And 118. QUEEN VICTOKIA STREET, LONDON. E.C NEW PATTERN TREE GUARD, '■'■The Porcupine.'''' The maximum of utility and the minimum oi cost. Constructed of Strong Iron Up- ghta and Galvanised Bajbed Steel Price 10s. 6d. TESTIMONIAL. The Whittern. Herefordshire, "Dec. 28, 1887. DeaB SIBS,— I have now had an opportunity of trying your POECITPIXE TREE GUABDS, and they seem quite to answer my pur- pose, so you may send me 60 more as before. I en- close cheque for your account. Tours truly, BICHD. GREEN. Messrs. Hill & Smith. CO Registered Trade Mark. **^ If you fail to obtain this «--> Valuable Canvas from your looal Seedsman, send a post-card to — g BENJ. EDGINGTON, JSr (LlMITKD), ° 2, DUKE STREET, ____ liondoii Bridge, S.E., ^!^S AYho will reply by return, with I I Samples and full Particulars. CO "FRICI DOMO" CANVAS. ORCHID BASKETS, RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS, AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES. SEND FOB A PRICE LIST from the Largest Manufacturer in the Trade, H. G. SMYTH, 21, GOLDSMITH STREET, DRUKY LANE, W.C. THREE MILLIONS HATE BEEN PAID BY THE RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY, roR ACCIDENTS OF ALL KINDS. 64, COKNHILL, LONDON. W. D. MASSY, I ^ A. VIAN, \^^^'- BOILING WATER OR MILK. E P P S ' S GRATEFUL-COMFORTING. COCOA BREAKFAST-SUPPER. The Original and Only Makers of the GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAWI BOILERS ■WITH SOLID ENDS. Also— SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTHAM, With Special Provision forCleaning the Inside thoroughly (a Most Important Point). These Boilers, after long experience, have proved themselves the Most Efficient, Econo- mical, and Lasting Boilers extant. Every other kind of Boilers, Sockets, Flanges, and Expansion-Joint Pipes and Fittings, for all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers. Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE HILL WORKS. NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE. BARB_WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WARRINGTON. PIT LIGHTS. Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft., iron bar across and very strong. 45. each; free on rail in London. Cash or reference with order. CUCUMBER HOUSES. Timber sufficientto build 100ft. by 12 ft. house, lights, door. &c. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed specification, to W.DUNCAN TUCKER, HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM. tai'lJil.lili'lk Ht^i PONKEYPOTTERIES,RUABOH. GISHURST COMPOUND used since 1859 for Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips, Greenfly and other blight, 2 ounces to the gallon of soft water, 4 to lb ounces as a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to supersede it. Boxes. Is., 3s., and 10s. id. GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on wet ground. Boxes, id. and Is., from the Trade. Wholesale from PRICE'S PATENT CAUDLE COMPANY (Limited), London. HORTICULTURAL SHADINGS and NETTINGS. TIFFANY. COTTON WOOLS, and WADDINGS. Supplied Wholesale by— JOSEPH COOKSON, 21, New Cannon Street, Manchester. Ci IX CABINET PORTRAITS, 3s. ; three for io 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. 4ii. Eight-inch Enlargement, 3s. ; three tor 6s. Stamp size. 24 for Is. id. ; 100 for 3s. Sd. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order, and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Copies, with Original.— FRANCIS AND CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London. T( » MUSHROOM GROWERS.— For disposal, X a quantity of pure HORSE DROPPINGS. Would be put free on Rail in South London. Offers per ton to be addressed lo FUNGUS, Messrs. Street & Co., .30. Cornhill, E.C. ATICOTINE SOAP.— An effectual and speedy iS Eradicator of Scale, Thrips, Green Fly, Mealy Bug. Red Spider, American Blight, and all Parasites affecting Plants, without iniury to Foliage. Pricels. 6ii., 3s., and 6s. 6ii ;141b., 15s id.: 28lb., 16s.— OOBRY Atip CO, Limited, 13, 16, and in, Fiusbury Street. To be obtained through all Seedsmen and Florists. RCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use, RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of WALKER AND CO.. Farnborough. Hants. H 0 S. W\ ROBINSON Dennis Park Ironworks, Stouibridge, EXPANSION T INT H( T W ATER PIPES, SOCKLT H TftAILR PIPES Illustrated rei sed Price L stoi application free GARDENINO APPOINTMENTS. Mb E .T Sayers, as Gardener to the Rev. H. E. Tkotteb, 'Ardington Vicarage, Wantage, Berks. Mr. R. AiTKEN has been appointed Head Gardener to C!olonel Hakkey, Beaulieu, Hastings. Mr. Tullett, as Head Gardener at Eaby Castle, Staindrop, Durham. Mr H. Bentzen, of the Plant Department. Kensington Gardens, has been appointed Head Gardener to baron KnutH, Ryegaard, Copenhagen, Denmark. Mr. J Williams, until lately a Foreman at the Gardeiis, Melchet Court. Romsey, Hants, as Head Gardener to the Rev. G. H. Davenpout, Foxley Hall, Hereford. Mr Thomas Wills, late Manager of Redland's Nursery, Emsworth, Hants, as Manager to E. F. SUCH, F.R.H.S., The Nurseries, Maidenhead, Berks. CATALOGUES RECEIVED. E. P. DlION & Soxs. Hull— Agricultural Seeds. J. R. PEAE30N & Sons. Chihvell Nurseries, Nottingham-- Show and New Zonal Pelargoniums. S. Sheppebson, Prospect Hguse, Helper- New and Choice Florists' F!9ffiPi,^«i March 12, 1892.] THE GA RDENER 8' CHU ONI OLE. 349 WANTED, a HEAD GARDENER, married, where six are kept. Must thoroughly uuderstiiiul growing Grape?, Peaeliea. Mu9hroom>f, early and late Forcing, also Gardening in all its branchts. Apply in lirst instani-e by letter, giving particulars of experience, capabilities, age, family, how long in last situation, to BAILIFF, Walpole Grenwell, Esq., Marden Park, Surrey. WANTED, as GARDENER, a thorough good MAN, one used to growing Fruit, Flowers, &c.. for market preferred.— Write X. Y. Z,, Me-srs. Smith and llot- wright, iiJ, Tabernacle Street, Fin^bu^y, E.C. ANTED, a GARDENER, for a Single- handed place. Conservatory, Vinery, and Small Kitchen Garden.— Apply, with references, to W. FISHER, Nurseryman, Burton-on-Trent. WANTED, T^married MAN, with small family, as SECOND GARDENER.— Must understand Vine4, Cucumbers, Melons, Peaches; wages, 19s. per week.— Apply to A. HOARE, Wolvers, Reigatc WANTED, a thorough practical Man, as FOREMAN tor the Houses.— Cut Flowers a speciality Apply, stating a^,-, wages required, and experience, to W. TROUGHTON. Nurseryman, Preston, Lancashire. ANTED, a gocid~GENERAL ALL- BOirND MAN, honest and sober, for a Small Mirket Nursery. Well up to growing the usual stuff for a Retail Trade, Wages to commence at 21s. per week.— Apply with reference and age to IS, FORTESCUE, East Avenue Nursery Cowley Road, Oxford. Vy ANTED, a young MAN, having had some I T experience in Growing Plants and Flowers for Market : also a young WOMAN, as .Tunior Assistant in making Wreaths, &c.-E01ir. FEATHERSTONE, St. Ann's Nursery, Kirkstall. ANTED, a GARDENER (Single), for Natal. — Age about 30; some experience with Orchids desirable.— Apply, by letter, stating wages wished, to B. S. WILLIAMS A.VD SON, Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper Holloway, N. ANTED, a SEOOND GARDENER^ (married, no children), to take charge of Kitchen Garden, Pigs, and Poultry. Wife must be a skilled Nurse, for ■which extra pay. A good house offered. First-rate character most essential. — Apply, stating wages, to J. P. WAY, Warwick. WANTED, an active experienced young man, as JOURNEYMAN, chielly Inside. Wages to commence 15s. per week. Bothy, milk, and vegetables.— Apply, stating full particulars, to G. I'ANSON, Orchardleigh Park Gardens, Frome. Somerset . ANTED, TWO or THREE respectable Young MEN, for the General Work of a Market Nursery.- Address letter to W. H. R., care of J. W. Vickers 5. Nicholas Lane, E.C. D Gardeners, Farm-Balllffa, Foresters, &c. ICKSONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester MPN „f .f'f''-';*? "'""ys i" a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DIOKSONS, Chester." Head Gardeners. JOHN LAING AND SUNS can at present t/ recommend with every confidence several energetic and practical Men of tested ability and tirst-rate character. Ladiesand Gentlemen in xvaotof OAJiDENERS and BAILIFFS, and HEAD GARDENERS for lirs^rate Establishments OT Singlt^handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- London ''J'gP'''y"'K ""■ SStanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, 0 0. WANTED, a young MAN, unmarried, as SECOND GARDENER, experienced in Out and Indoor work. Wages to commence at 16s. per week. Furnished rooms, with tiring and light. Tben^ are a Head Gardener and two lads.— Address, stating full particulirs, age. and character o Mrs. GOUGH NICHOLS, Holmwood Park, Dorking, Surrey. ANTED, a GARDENER.— To make him- self useful. Window Cleaning, Boots, &c. — *pply, 166, High Street, Fulham, before H) or after 8 o'clock ; or tj4, Haymarket, during the afternoon. ANTED,agood GENERAL GARDENER. —Glass, &c. Churchman and abstainer desired. Married, without family. Nice house. Wife to take Gentle- I Lodger.— Address, A. B., Mr. Clark. Bookseller, Dorking Y\7'ANTED, THREE active young MEN for T T jobbing Work ; must have a knowledge of Trees and Shrubs, also Pruning and Nailing of Fruit trees; and be neat and quick at work. Wages, 18s. per week, and overtime. Apply, with references, to W. FISHER, Nurseryman, Burton- on-Trent. WANTED, a sharp, active MAN, for the Kitchen and Flower Garden. One with a good know- ledge oE Pruning and Nailing Fruit Trees indispensable. Nine- teen shillings per week.— State age, experience, &c to J. HUGHES. Wentworth. Woodhouse. Rotherham. VXTANTED, a young MAN, quick at Water- T T lug and Potting; will also be required to help in Propagating-house. State wages, reference. &c., to CKANE ASP CLARKE, Hillside Nursery. Mirch, Cambs. WANTED, a PROPAGATOR and GROWEE of Grapes, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Plants, Cut Flowers, &c. State experience, references, and wages to J. FERGUSON, Whitegate Lane Nursery, Blackpool. WANTED, TWO active young MEN, one as general Propagator, Inside, the other well up in Wreath and other Floral Work. — State age, wages expected and refereuces to FLORIST, Messrs. HUKST AND SON, Seed Merchants. 152, Houndsditch, London, E.C. ANTED, a PROPAGATOR of Clematis, Roses, Conifers, and Rhododendrons.— F. STREET, Heatherside Nurseries, Oamberley, Si ANTED, a PROPAGATOR and GROWER of Soft-wooded Stuff; ten miles from London; married preferred. State experience and wno-es required.- a. C. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. ANTED, IMMEDIATELY, for the Pro- pagating Houses, a young MAN that has been accus- tomed to propagate and turn out successfully a large quantity of soft-wooded plants for wholesale and parcels post work. Preference given to one that can keep and grow his ttock well. None need apply whose character will not bear the strictest investigation, and who has not held a similar position.— FLETCHER, SON, AND CO., Nurseryme.i, Seeds- men, and Florists, Chesteriield. WANTED, a young MAN, well up in Budding. Grafting, &c., and who has a general knowledge of Outdoor Nursery Work.— References and wages expected, to GEORGE HAVELOCK, Abbey Wojd, Kent. YV A Nl'ED, a Single MAN and MOTHER.— T T Man to Work in Garden. Lis. a week, and house.— Apply to Mrs. LEVESO.VGOWER, Bill Hill, Wokin.'ham Berks. ° ' WANTED, a trustworthy and experienced young MAN, to look after small Kitchen Garden Cow and Poultry. Bothy, light and firing provided. State wages' &c., to E. WHEELER, The Gardens, Moray Lodge, Campuen vy" ANTED, a young MAN, for Inside an"d ,r \ r..^"'^'.'^''-, ^ig«». '»«• per week. Bothy, Milk, and Vegetables. Apply by letter only.-G. KING, Canon's Park Gardens, Edgware. UlCHARD SMITH and All beg to announce that they are constantly receivinij ?hev wm T ^T O"'""""" "=««"(? situations: and tiat tbey wll be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with particulars. &c.-St. John's Nurseries. Worcester. ^PHOMAS BUTCHER can recom^iid"s^^^l T^HE^LJVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL J~ COMPANY (John Cowan). Limited, The Vineyard and Nt,h?emfn' nfp .1 '"''"' ^'l"V°°^' W'^h to recommend to any JNobleman or Gentleman who may require a thorouffhlv com- petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David [i nf say, who -F^lnarticnW ^°'"- f"'-.. "f Ot'erspool, near Liverpool. —mil particulars on application to the Company. (^ARDENERTTllBADJ.-Life experience in \^ Early and Late Forcing, and the general requirements of large establishment. Excellent charac'ters from preseTt and previous employers.-E. WILES, Edgcole, Banbury. /?J.ARDENER (Head), where two or more y-^ are kept. -Age 34, marri.d. Thoroughly experienced in Stove, Greenhouse, Flower and Kitchen Gardens, Pleasure fC^^JI^'V v.- ^T'^e through breaking-up of Establishment. T^fHS ' ''haracters from present and previous emolovers — JAMES SHEPHERD, 13, Churcl^Road, Bromley. Kent.^ /^ARDENER (IlEAD)7or GARDEOTriraiul Wwfl'^"',^-";'^ GE.NTI.E.Mi!, can highly recommend his late Working Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thorough practical man; please state wageS and full particulars. - ALPHA, Messrs. Cuthberts, sled Merchants, Soulhgate, N. WANTED, a HANDY MAN, for Outdoor ' T Nursery Work.— Particulars to JOHN E. KNIGHT Nurseryman, Wolverhampton. ' WANTEDTan APPRENTICE, not under T T 18, with some experience preferred. -To live in bothy. Premium required, forj two or three 'years.- P 0 Gar- dtners- Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Stran(l"w C WANTED a YOUTH for the Plant Houses. ' ' —About 18 yeirs of age; active; one with markei experience preferred. ^Apply to Mr. BOWMAN. Hylands Chelmsford, stating wages expected, and referenr WANTED, a young MAN accustomed to Grafting. Budding, and General Nursery work, to proceed to the Cape, on a guarantee of three years; £; first year; £7 and £8 for remaining two years. Passage paid to any really suitable and practical man. Send full particulars. None need apply unless used to such work, also of an un- blemished character.— H. CANNELL & SONS. Swanley. ANTED, a good GROUND FOREMAN, for Private Asylum. One with good taste for Laying- out Grounds, and capab'e of Managing Large Staff of Men ; not less than 26 years of age. Wages, 2.5s. per week. Good character for sobriety and perseverance indispensable —C F PRAGNELL. Holloway Gardens. Virginia Water. ' " WANTED, a FOREMAN for Houses, about 25 years of age. Must be well up in the cultivation of all kinds of flowers and fruit. Wages, £1 per week, and bothy. First-class character required. Write, stating age and full particulars to Mr. W. CATTLEY, Beedingwoo], Horsham, T\/' ANTED, an Experienced FOREMAN fol- TT Powerscourt Gardens, Enniskerry, Ireland. Only those with a thorough knowledge of growing Fruit, Flowers, &c. for market and home use need apply. Age not under 27 Wages, 18s. per week. Bothy. &c. Apply, with copies of Certificates, to D. CROMBIE, Gardener. ANTED, as FRUIT FOREMAN, a practical MAN, WHO has had experience in the growing of all kinds of Outdoor Fruit trees, and is capable of managing a staff of men. A thoroughly competent man is required, to whom a good salary will be given,— WM. PAUL AND SON. Waltham Cross. ANTED, a good WORKING FOREl .^ „ '^L*?' '""' '"''° '■* "'■" "P '" ClTOwing Cucumbers and other Stuff for Market. Must be steady, and have good references, or need not apply.— T. OAKMAN, Scotland Green Ponder's End. WANTED, a good GENERAL HAND, in a small Nursery. Must bea gwd BuJderand Grafter, and able to act as Salesman when required.— Apply with full particulars, CHARLES RYLANCE, Bold Lane Nurserv Aughton, nearOrmskirk. " WTo Florists. ANTED, an energetic, pushing young LADY, good at Wreaths and Crosses, for a SuburKin Business. Must be a good Saleswoman, and have excellent references.— SKELTON, High Street, Leyton. ipLORiST.— Young Lady IMPROVEfTRB- JL QUIRED. Outdoor. Stale age and all particulars.— Stiand ^"c'''"^" Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, r^ARDENER (Head); age 33, married.- VJ< J. E. McCleave. eight years Head Gardener to E. Hey- wUh anrNoW^maf oTre'tJ""'' " ""'"^ '" re-engagemen't wiui any noblemaa or Gentleman requ r ng a thorouehlv practical Gardener. Hashed nineteen years'elperience "n ail I'^Z I ;s thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a good establishment. Testimonials of the highest order - Catsclough. Winsford. Che,-hire. r;;.ARDENER (Head).-A Lady'^ishes t^ ^ reccimmeud her late father's Head Gardener. Thoroughly underslands his duties. Seven years' excellent character -Address. MRS. FULLER AUIPLAND 39 PWIW; Gardens, Kensington, London, W, , . u li.muio rj< ARDENER (Head), where two or three are wTo, »i^.'lf;;:;i\^> ?"• ""';'■'«'>• r ^"""y^ ^«'> acquainted with glass and kitchen-garden, table decoration; near London preferred.-W. BODY. The Hatch, SunninghiU. Berks. /^ARDENER (Head), in gootfestablisnment. V^ —Married, no family. Abstainer. Life exoerience in f K,'^ r^^"'" Forcing all kinds of Fruits, Ftowers? Vege- tables, Mushrooms, also Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Pleasure Grounds, tight years good character from late employer and Sampton^ Wfckr^dgg;;^;^'' "°"'8«- w'^C^Boad. ARDENER ((Head), -where two are Tept"- age 27.— J. Anderson. Gardener, Charman Dean Broidwater, Worthing, wishes to recommend his Foreman' J. Skinner, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a irocd practical man. Twelve years' experitnce. Abstain^- Q.ARDENER (HBAD).-Age 42 ; married, no family Life experience in all branchej. Fourteen years as Head. Land and stock if desired.- F. W., 37, Bridge WANT PLACES. TO GARDENEKS, AND OTHERS SEEKING SITUATIONS. The Pressure upon our space at this season of the year in so great, we are compelled to state that advertisements received after 6 p.m. on Wednesday will, in all probability, be held over to the next week. 'ANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly ' RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS. "D S. WILLIAMS AND SON beg to intimate -!-»• that they have at present in their Nursery and upon their Register some excellent Men. competent either to fill the situation of HEAD GARDENER. BAILIFF, FOREMAN or JOURNEYMAN. Ladies and Gentlemen requiring any of the above will please send full particulars, when the best selections for the different capacities will be made.— Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N. /^lARDENER (Head). -Age 30, married, \-K DO family ; at present head of five. Disengaged May 1st ■ cY.tVt ^"ui practical experience in large and well-kept Gardens ; all Departments under Glass and Outside • soundly recommended.— H. E . Gardeners' Chronicle Office \\ Wel- lington Street, Strsnd, W.C. /^ARDENER (HEAD):::r^eT3T' Lea^g \-A present situation to get married. Good character from present and previous employers. Understands Stock and Farming —J. B., Brulge Road Nursery. Grays, Essex. GARDENEIt (Head, where two or three are kept, or good SlxULE-niNDED).— Age 25. married Ten years experience in large establishments; good references- absta.ner.-G. M., 13, Clifton Terrace, Ashville Road. Leyt^n- slone. Essex. -^ rj ARDENER (Head), where three or four \M are kept.---Age 30. single ; sixteen years' practical expe- rience. Good references.-A. OILLEIT. Basing Park Gardens Alton. Hants. ' ARDENER (Head).— Age 43, married: 26 years Head to the late Lord Cottesloe. T« enty-nine years' experience; good reference.- 4, Pond Square. HichBate London, N. • ' 6 e ^^» 350 TBE GARDENEnS' GHltONtOLE. Iarch 12, 1892. X*1 A will be paid to any one furnishing the Ad- iS/J- V/ vertiser with infonnation of any gardening changes that will lead to obtaining an engagement as HEAD GAK- DENER. where six or more are kept. Well versed in erery branch of Horticulture. Age .39, married. Own cause for leaving. Highly recommended by present and previous em- ployers. — LAWRENCE, Mr. J. Heath, Coxwell Bead, Faringdon, Berks. p ARDENER (Head).— W. Welch, twenty \T years Head Gardener to R. Toomer, Esq., High Grove H Juse, Reading, will be pleased to communicate with any Lady or Gentleman in want of a practical man. Good character.— —W. WELOH, High Grove Gardens, Reading. GARDENER (Head), where one or more are kept..— A. SiLLEM, Esq., would be pleased to recom- mend Henry Clark to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thoroughly experienced man.— H. CLARKE, 9, Woodbine Cottage, churchly Road, Upper Sydenham. GARDENER (Head), where two or more are kept ; age 26.— J. BowDElf, Gardener, Kenton Court, Sunbury, wishes to recommend G. Saunders, who has been with him for six years, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a good all-round Gardener. Life abstainer. ARDENER (Head Working), where two or more are kept.— Age 37. married; twenty Tears' practical experience in Vines, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Garden. Seven years' excellent character. Lett through Gentleman giving up. — A. B., Crathorne, Chislehurst. C~TaRDENER (Head AVorking).— Fourteen T years' practical experience in all branches. Two years Foreman in present situation. Good character from present and previous employers.— J. SIMPSON, Gardens, Marton. R. S. 0.. Yorkshire. GARDENER (Head Working). — Under- stands Vines, Peaches, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Married, no family. Good, references. Disengjged March 25.— MOSS, Harold Court Nurseries, Romford, Essex. GARUENER (Head Working), where one or two are kept.— Age 27; thoroughly experienced in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Excellent character and testimonials. — W. D., 40, East Street, Reading, Berks. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or three are kept.— Age 2S, single at present ; thirteen years' experience in large establiaiiments. — G. W., East Orielton Lodge, Pembroke. ARDENER (Head Working, or good Single-handed).— Married, no family ; good all-round practical experience. Exctllent character through life. — GARDENER, Star Hill. Newport, Essex. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 33, married. Sixteen years' practical experience in the Early and Lite Forcing of Plants, Fruits, and Vegetables. Well recommended from last and previous situations. — L. MATTHEWS, 19, Faulkner Street, Hoole, Cheater. ARDENER (Head Working), where help is given. — Abstainer. Thirteen years' practical expe- rience both Inside and Out. Excellent references.- E. £., Casino House, Kerne Hill, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working).— Thor- oughly understands Forcing, Stove?, Greenhouses, and Conaervaioriea, Pleasure and Kitchen Gardens. First-class testimonials.- W. BENNETr, 264, Milkwood Road, Heme Hill. GARDENER (Head Working); age 32, married ; abstainer. Eighteeu years' experience in large establishments. Early and Late Forcing Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos. Mushrooms, Orchids. Stove and Greenhouse Plants ; Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardeninu, House and Table Decoration. Messrs. Wills & Segar, The Royal Exotic Nursery, South Kensington, S.W., can witb every confidence recommend C. TAYLOR, as above to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a reliable and trust- worthy man. ARDENElTciIr.ATr Working).— Age 33; no family; thorouglily good all round man ; life experi- ence. Wife could manage Dairy. Good testimonials and character.— R., 1, Darwin Eoad, Noel Park, Wood Green. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32; sixteen years' experience in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbars. Stove and Greenhouse, Flower and Kitchen Gardening; highly recommended.— A. CHEE3E.VIAN, 107, Queen's Road, East Grinrtead. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 28, married ; fourteen years' practical experience in all branches. Excellent references as to character and ability. Nine years in present situation, over three years as Head. Leaving through a death.— H. UNDERWOOD, Gardener, Stapleford, Notts. ARDENER (Head Working), where one or more are kept.— Age 29, married. Fourteen years' experience. Good references. Abstainer. Wife good Dairy- 1.— A. HAT WELL. Crarminater, Dorchester. GARDENER (Head Working), -where others are kept. — Age 40, married, no family ; life expe- rience in Vines, Flowers, Fruit, and Kitchen Gardening. Excellent characters,— J. HIGGINS, The Gardens, Shepton Mallet, Somerset. GARDENER (Head Working),— Single ; trustworthy, intelligent, and thorous^hly practical in all branches, including Decorating and Laying-out. Abstainer. High testimonials.— J. H., 60, Gordon Place, Kensington, "W, GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 33, married when suited.— C. J. Goldsmith, High Trees, Redhill, will be pleased to recommend his Foreman, Joseph Mead, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thoroughly practical man. He has had sixteen years* ex- perience in all branches. GARDENER(HEAi>)andORCHID GROWER, — Age 29; married ; thoroughly practical in all branches; twelve years in last situation as above where one of the largest collections of Orchids was cultivated ; very successful hybridiz- ing and raising seedling Orchids; excellent reference as to character and abilities.— H. G., Acacia Cottage, Bichursteth Road. Tooting, S.W. GARDENER (Head Working), where three or more are kept. — Age 45, married, no family ; tho- roughly understands Vines, Stove, Greenhouse Plants, all kinds of Fruit. Good character from last and previous employers.— S., 1, Kent Road, St. Albans. GARDENER (Head Working), ^vhere two or three are employed. — Age 2'6, single; thoroughly experienced in all branches. Good character. Abstainer. — Z., 29, The Grove, Homerton, London, N.E- GARDENER (Head, or good Single- HA>'DF.D).— Age 37. married, three children ; seventeen years' good character from present employer. — H. ATXRILL, Rose Hill, Hampton, Middlesex. GARDENER (Head or Single-handed) ; Age 2i.— Thoroughly experience! in all branches; ex- cellent references from previous employers; disengaged. — E. S., Granville House, Rodney Street, Fentonville. N. GARDENER (Head, or good Single- handed).— Ag? 26, single. Leaving through a death. Over eighc years' character from present situation. — H. ELLIOIX, 7, Alexandra Street, Stapleford, Nottd. GARDENER (Head), or FOREMAN.— Age 2S. Well up in all branches of Gardening; good references. Two years' Foreman.— CLARKE, 35, Stamford Road, Fulham. G_ARDENER (Single-handed, or where _ " help is given).— Age 26, single. Six years' good cha- racter.—G. FLb-TCHER, South Hill Park, Bracknell, Uerks. GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 27, married ; understands all branches of Gardening. Good character.— GAKRETr,F,Kid^ley,Weedon.Northamptomlure. GARDENER (Single-handed or otherwise). — Age 24 ; abstainer. Experienced in Flower, Fruit, and Kitth-n Gardens, Stove and Greenhouse. Can le highly recommended. — J. VICKERS, Moretoj. Bylield, North- G'^ARDEiNER (Single-handed.)— Age 23, JT single; well up in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Highly recommei-ded. Disengaged now. —A. S., 25, BaUum Grove, S.W. GARDENER (Single-handed). — Age 24 ; eight years' thorough experience, Inside and Out. Twelve months' eooi character, seven years' previous. — T. UMPLEBY, Bolnore Cottage. Hayward's Heath. GARDENER (Single-handed), or where help is given.— Age 40, married, no family; practical in all branches. Abstainers, and both can be well recom- mended. — GARDENER, South Bank, The Avenue, High Barnet, Herts. GARDENER (Siistgle - handed, or where help is given.)— Age i5. single ; gool experience in Glass. Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Three years and seven months' good character from present employer. — A. H. DUFFIN, Normanstteld, Hampton Wick, Middlesex. GARDENER (Single-handed, or where two or three are kept).— Age L'O. married. Thorough ex- perienced in the cultivation ot" Vines, Peaches, Cucumbers, and Melons. Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower aud Kitchen Garden. Good references.— C. BOWYER, Beauclare Terrace, Cherryhinton Road, Cambridge. GARDENER, good SiNGLE-HANDED.~Age 29; married; understands Vines, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatoes, and Flower and Kitcheo-girdens ; fourteen years' experience in all branchee.— W. FLEET, The Gardens, Aspen Lodge, Sudbury, Harrow. GARDENER. — Age 33, married, no family. Experienced in Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Choice Fruits, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Nearly seven years' good character. Disengaged.— J. BRYANT, 18, Mason's Hill, Bromley. Kent. GARDENER and ORCHID GROAVER.— Mr. Hill. Tring Park Gardens, can confidently recom- mend his Foreman as above. Seventeen years practical expe- rience in all ltd branches. For full particulars, apply to J. PHILCOX. Tring Park Gardens. GARDENER (First), where two or three are kept. — Ace 25, married when suited. Understands Melons, Cucumbtfrs. Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Kitchen and Flower Garden. Good leferences.— G. JOSLIN, Hale Street, Staines, Middlesex. GARDENER in a Small Nursery, or Foreman in the Hou&es in a private Establishment.— Good character ; experienced in all branches. — W., 34, Croham Road, South Croydon. ARDENER ; middle age. — N. Pepper, Head Gardener to the late G. Burnand, Esq . for eleven and a half years, seeks situation as above.— N, PEPPER, The Gardens, Trurie Water, Welwyn, Herts. GARDENER (Second), Inside, where six or seven are kept; age 24; nine years' experience. — Mr. Gaymer. The Gardens, Waverley Abbey, Farnham, Surrey, will be pleased to recommend W. Boxall as above. GARDENER (Second), where three or four are kept.— Age 24. single : ten years' experience. Inside and Out. Good references. — H. B., Kingham, near Post-office, Totteridge. GARDENER (Second), in the Rose-houses.^ Young man seeks situation as above ; age 21 ; six years' character from present employer. — W. A., 22, Railway Cottages, Newhaven Wharf, Sussex. GARDENER (Second or Under, where three or four are kept).— Age 26, single. Three years in last place; Inside and Out prefened.— T. S., High Street, Bal- combe, Sussex. ARDENER (Under).— Age 10; three and a half years good character. Wages 12s. to 14s. Bothy preferred.- E. O., 25. Acland Street, Burdett Eoad, E. ARDENER~(Undeb), Outside.— Age 21, where tfro or three are kept. — Five years* good charac- ter from present situation, four years' previous.— J. PAYNE, The Gardens, Orchardleigh Park, Frome, Somerset. G~~1lRDENER~(Under).— Age^23; ten and a half years' experience. Used to Glass, Flower and Kitchen Gardens. — H^ BARTON, 19, Queen Street, Crook Place, Norwich. ARDENER (Under).— A Lady wishes to recommend a respecthble Lad, aged 17, as above, two and a half years good training. Abstainer. — M., Hazelhurst, Nutfield, Redhill, Surrey. GARDENER (Under). — Respectable young man, age 21. Last place t%vo years. Excellent character, —J. F., S. Rutland Villas, Perry Vale. Forest Hill. S.E. GARDENER (Under) in Kitchen and Flower Garden. Age '/A. Single. Used to Scythe and Lawn Mowers. Good character. — H. K., Holmbush Potteries, Fay- gate, Sussex. GROWER of generalSoft-wooded Staff.— Good references, and experience in Market Work. — Please state wages to J. K., 51, Thome Street, Wandsworth Road, OSE GROWER. — AVell up. A first-class and very successful exhibitor. First-cla^s references. — C. H., Gardeners' Chronicle, OiBce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W,C. ROPAGATOR and GROWER of Roses, Innde or Out.— Age 23, married ; eleven and a half years' experience. Successful Budder and Grafter, — T. NASH, The Cottagp, Coombe Wood Nursery. Kingston Hill. S.W. FOREMAN, in a good Establishment ; age 25, — Edwis Beckett, Aldenham House Gardens, Elstree, can with every confidence recommend his First Journeyman, H. Naylor. as above. FOREMAN (Houses). — Age 25; practical ex- perience in early and late Forcing of Plants and Fruit. Strong, willing, and active ; will be highly-recommended for ability and trustworthiness. Two years with Mr. Bowman, Hylands, Chelmsford. Abstainer.— K. LLOYD, Church Green, Shrewsbury. FOREMAN, Inside, in a good establishment. — Age 26; thoroughly experienced in Plants. Fruit, and Orchids. Good references.— P. W., 122, Malham Road, Forest Hill, S.E. FOREMAN, in a good establishment. Age 27. Well up in Stove and Greenhouse PUuts ; Fruit Culture. Eleven years' experience Gojd character from present aud previous employers,^ For references, apply J. AMOS, Pavilioa Gardens. Folkestone. Lj'UREMAN, in the Houses. Age 22. Tho- i roughly understands Plant and Fruit Houses, Early Forcing, &c. Good characters from last and pre.'iousiplaces. Abstainer.— W. COLBOURN, Neville Court, Tunbridge Wells. FOREMAN. — Nine years' experience in plant and fruit Houses in good gardens.- G. THOMPSON, Park Gatehouse, Westwell, near Ashford, Kent. FOREMAN, C. PuzEY can Foreman, F. Lupton, Y'orks. L a good establishment. — ith every confidence recommend his above,— Scamps ton Hall, Rillington, FOREMAN, in good establishment. — Age 24 ; eleven years' experience in Fruit and Plant-houses; also Houte Decorations. Good recommendations. — J. GODDARD, Woodham Lane, Woking, Surrey. FOREMAN. — Age 24. Good experience in Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Viues, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Chrysanthemums, &c. First-class references.— W. SIMMONDS, 4. Princes Road, Ealing Dean. OREMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Age 22 ; nine years' experience in good all-round work. Two and a half years in present situation. Gool character. Abstainer. — W. BOALCH, The Gardens, Creech Grange, Wareham. _ FOREMAN (General), in a good Establish- ment.— Has a thorough knowledge of Fruit and Plant Growing. Can be highly recommended,— A. COLEMAN. Cedar Cottage, Chorley Wood, Hert-. FOREMAN, in the Houses.— Age '2Q ; eight years' experience, four in present place as second ; good character.— C. CLARKE, Barreli's Park, Henley-in-Arden. March 12, 1892.] THE G Alt DENE nS' G Hit ON I CLE. 351 FOREMAN. — Age 26 ; eleven years' experi- ence. Good refereuces.— W. DODWELL, Waddesdon, Aylesbury. To Nurserymen. FOREMAN (11(11 sk), I'UOPAGATOR, and SALESMAN. — Twenty-live yt'iirs' practical and successful experience in principal London anoutig man, age 22. Three years in present p'ace.— Weston House Gardens, Shipston-on-Stour. OUKNEYMAN, Inside, in a good Establish- ment.— Age 22; seven years' experience. Well recom- mended. For particulars, apply to R. GILBERT. High Park Gardens, Stamford. JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses in a good establishment. — Age 23. Two years' in present place. Good reference, Bcthy preferred.— T. KIPPING.Ash- ndge Park Gardens, Great Berkhamp^itead, Herts. JOURNEY'MAN, in the Houses.— Age 21; good character. Can be well recommended. — E. CARTER The Gardens, Lockerley Hall, near Romsey. OUKNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20; seven years' exp°iience. Inside. Good character. Bothy preferred.— F. CHALKLEY, The Gardens, Wood Hall Park, Hertford. JOURNEYMAN, to any Gardener in a good E^tabliehment ; age 23.— Mr. Hill. Babraham Gardens, Cambridg'!, wishes to recommend a good and respectable ma as above. I OURNEYMAN, or IMPROVER.— Age 18; fw four yearn' good cliaracter, Inside and Out, from present JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses; age 22.— Two years and a half in present sitiuation. Mr. Bon-f.,s will be pleased to rei-ommend a yonnt^ man as above. Bothy preferrel.— K. ORCHAKU, Tower Hou-e Oardens, Chiswick. JOURNEYMAN, under a good Eoreman ; age 20. — A strong, active, and punhiiig younK man ; well recommended.— F. MOSS, Clermont Gardens, Watton S. ()., Norfolk. JOURNEYMAN (First), Inside, or Inside and Cut iu a good establishment— Age 23; nine years' ex- perience ! good oharacters ; eighteen months in present situation. — H. FAWCETr, The Gardens, Norris Green, West Derby, Liveipool. JOURNEYMAN (Second), Inside, in a large' Private Establishment.— Age It); live years' experience" three under Gla 3. Excellent character.— H,' BOUSE. Malpas' Brompton, York. J" OURNEYMArr(FiRST).— Mr. T. Robinson Elsfield Gardens, can highly recommend a young man (age 21) as aljove. Seven years' experience. Well up in Chryssnthemums. Plants, Fruits, &c. Goo 1 references. Ab- stainer.—E. PARS LOW, Elsfield Gardens, Hollingbourne, Kent JOURNEYMAN (First) in the Houses of ^ goDd Establishment. Age 24. Ten years' experience. Good character, and can be well recommended.— H. P., Mr. Smith, London Road, Ascot, Berks. OURNEYMAN (Inside). — Age 21; four and a half years' in present situation. Has been used to fires, &c.— A. BAILEY, 35, St George's Square, Maidstone, Kent. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, under a Foreman. Age 20.— J. TRIGciER, Milton Gardens, Peterborough, can"highly recommend John Samworth, who has been under him four year-. Bothy preferred. JOURNEYMAN (First) in the Houses in a good Establishment.— Age 23; excellent character from present and jirevious situations.— H. BRADLEY", The Gardens, Dyffrjn Park, Neath. Glamoreanshirc. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20 ; six years' experience. Three years' good character. — G. QATRELL, The Gardens, Ellyards, near Sandown, Isle of Wight. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.— Age 20 ; four years and ten months' experience. Good character. Total abstainer. Bothy preferred.-C. PAXTON, Edgcote Gardens, Banbury. TMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden. — -L Age 19; some experience Inside and Out. Obliging and willing. Bothy preferred. —J. .TOHNSON, Jr .Shipton. Brough. IMPROVER, in the Houses.— Age 19 ; strong and healthv ; four years' experience Inside and Out. with good character.— E. A. COLE, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. IMPROVER. — A young Man, age 20; six years' experience Inside and Out. Good character. Bothy preferred.- E. CALVER, Brookdish, Norfolk. IMPROVER, under a good Gardener. — Age 16 ; strong and willing, not afraid of work. One year's excellent character.— JiCKSON, Claydon Park, Winslow, Bucks. IMPROVER, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Mr. H. DroVF.R can highly recommend a young man (age 19), as above, who has had four years' experience wi»h him. chiefly Inside.— W. ROWSON,34,WestStreet,Ventnor, Isle of Wight. IMPROVER, in the Houses, in a good Esta- blishment.— Age 22; excellent character from pre-ent and previous situations. Will give premium.— E. REES. The Gardens, Wyffryn Park, Meith. IMPROVEH, under a good Gardener, Inside and Out.-Age 16. Strong, active, willing. Three years' good character. —Apply, CHARLES LAWkENCE, Stone House Farm, Brimpton, near Reading. IMPROVER. — Inside and out, in Large Es- tablishment, or Gentleman's Garden ; Bothy preferred. A young Man (age 211). Three years' good character. — A. SCOTT, Swarland Gardens, Felton. Northumberland. TMPROVER, Inside; age 1!>.— A. Gooden, JL Shipwyke House, Chichester, would be pleased to re- commend a willing young man as above ; four years' good character. To Gardeners and Florists. APPRENTICES.— Applications are invited from respectable tradesmen willing to take a boy as an indoor apprentice. A premium notexceeiitng £2.i and suitable outfit is offered. Apply to JOSEPH BOND, 49, Poland Street, London. W. To Gardeners. A GENTLEMAN wishes to recommend a Y"Oi;THof 18 as Assistant in Garden. Nineteen months good character. Haa just left Advertiser's service through altered arrangements. Is a good milker, and can help with ttccV.— Adlie s either JAMtS ROBERTS, Mrs. Dukes, f.», Cardington Street, Hampstead Road, N.W.. or T.J. EDWARDS E-q., Dulwich Common, S.E. ''pO FRUIT FARMERS, &c.— A Horticultural -1. student, after twelve months' training, desires to obtain further practical experience in a good fruit farm ; would give his services in exchange for thorough practical experience in fruit farming —Address, with full particulars, W. F. STIFF, Hextable, Swanley, Kent. TO FLORISTS or CAPITALISTS.— Manager of a first class Florist of Paris wishes to find re-engage- ment as above, or to meet with Uentlenian Capitalist to e.stablidh a first-class business (with a view to be Working Partner). Advertiser haa had fifteen years' experience in the best Continental Houses. First-class certificates and diplomas from France, Qerinany, and Kogland. Three years in LondoD, where he took several first prizes for Table Decorations, &c. (R. B. Garden), connected with the principal Flower Growers of Frarjce. Can furnish undeniable references. — Apply to ANDRK. m. Faubourg St. Honore. Paris. '^pO FKUrr~(rKOWBKS under Glass, or X FRUIT FARMERS.— Young man, age 2.;, strong and willing, offers his services. — O. M., Gardeners^ Chronicle Office. 41, We lington Street. Strand. W.C. PO HEAD (lARDENERS.— W. Ward, Little Aston Gardens, Sutton Coldfield, wishes to procure a plate for his son, a respectable youth, age 17 years, as IMPROVER. He has been under me Two years in the Houses, and in charge of fires. Will pay a small premium. Bothy preferred. Clean, steady, and willing. npO GARDENERS.— Wanted to place a Youth -1- (age 18) to learn under a good Gardener. Has been out before. Can have a good character.— H. WALKER, Kinver, Stourbridge, Worcestert-hire. ''rO GARDENERS, &c.— A young Man seeks JL a situation to look after Herbaceous Borders, Wall Trees, and Pleasure Grounds. Five-and-a-half years' character.— G. KING, Mars Hill. Dover Street. Byde. X. W. rrO GARDENERS, &c.— A Gentleman -L strongly recommends a young Devonshire man, age 22, T' of excellent character; an abstainer; used to cows, good milker; strong, willing, and intelligent; five and a half years' as under gardener with vicar of his parish.— F. S., The Grahams, 61. North Side, Clapham Common, London. n^O GARDENERS, &c.— Situation wanted, in J. a Gentleman's garden preferred ; willing to make himself useful. Abstainer. Age 2l> ; good references. — A. DIX, 7, Queen's Road. Winchester. Hant-s. ''rO GARDENERS.— A young Man, age 24, -i~ .'eeks re-engagement as UNDER GARDENER, Inside, or Inside and Out. Nine year' sexperience; good character. — J. J., GartUuers' Chronicle OlKce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ''PO GARDENERS.— Wanted by a steady X young man, age 23, a situation as JOURNEYMAN (FiR-ST). Six years' experience; good references. — W. GRIFFITHS, Hillside Cottage, West Feltoo, Oswestry, Salop. rpo NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted, b^ -L a young man (age 21), had six years' good experience, and character —A. LANE, Orchard Road, Wellington Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. 'Y'O NURSERYMEN,— Situation wanted, in a -1- Market or Trade Nursery. — Used to Roses, Pelargoniums, Ferns. Palms, &c. Age 2."1 ; several years' experience. — BUSS, Amwell Street, Hoddesdon, Herts. 0 NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted in a Nursery. Age 23. Well acquainted with Tomatos, Cucumbers, Palms, and general nursery work. — A. S., 30. Oriental Street. Poplar, E. TO NURSERYMEN. — Situation wanted in TO Nl X a Nu DESER, by an honest, trustworthy man, age 28. Good character. State wages and particulars to F. M., Mr .H. Moss, Charlton, Banbury. TO NURSERYMEN.— Situation wanted in JL a London Market Nur^^ery, by a young man (age 23) well up in the work. References from Jeading firms. — SMITH. 1. Fourth Avenue. Bushill Park. Enfield. n[^0 NURSERYMEN.— A young Man (age 21) -JL seeks situation in a Nursery. Used to Fruit and Flowera, — E. TINKLER, King-wood Cottage, Shortlands, Kent. ESTATE CAR PEll^l^ER^ PAINTER, GLAZIER.- Age 28, married ; good allround hand wants re-engagement; gentleman's estate, or keep small _estat in repair.— B.. Mrs. Creasey. Cockfoaters, New Barnet. To Nurserymen and Gardeners. HANDY-MAN seelfs employment — Painter, Glazier, Handy at Rtj.airs, Carpentering. Hot-water Joints. Own tools. Any District. Job not objected to. Gotd character. — G., Baker, 10, Secretan Road, Camberwell. S.E. SHOPMAN, SALESMAN, or MANAGER. — Age 28, married; well up in Wreathe. Bouquets, Plants. Seeds. Sundries. Book-keeping, &c. Good Salesman. Excel ent references.— S HO PM AX, 93. Acre Lane, London. SEED TRADE.— A young Man, age 30, seek 3 tuation. Many years experience in General Trade country not objectei to. Good reference from la.'^t situation, —A B.. 2, Alfred Place, Tottenham Court Road. W.C. HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— For the cure of debility, bde, liver and stomach complaints this in- appreciable medicine in so well-known in every part of the world, and the cures performed by its use are so wonderful, that it now stands pre-eminent above all other remedies, more particularly for the cure of bilious and liver complaints, dis- orders of the stomach, dropsy, and debilitated constitution. In these diseases the beneficial effects of the Pills are so permanent that the whole system is renewed, the organs of digestion strengthened, and a free respiration promoted. They exp?l from the secretive organs and the circulation the morbid matter which produces inflammation, pain, fever, debility, and physical deciy— thus annihilating, by their purifying properties, the virulence of the most painful and devastating diseases. 352 TBI: GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [March 12, 1892. AWARDED TWENTY PRIZE MEDALS AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AT HOME AND ABEOAH. KEITHS PATENT BOILERS, the CHALLENGE, VIADUCT, "PYTHON,.o., FOR HOT-WATER HEATING, 'STAND FIRST," J^T^ Thi. Engraving "illustrates the most require no building uork around them, are tntirely uater-,acleted, and iH^^ L P°y"„f"' Jl°™ °f ^°'.'''' f f * ^^,' ^^^ YZ 1 * J- Kfi -f /. , *„ OM nnn ^ >. r a • i. ■ / ; jV JlH^^^^Aa k»v made for Hot-water Circulation. — Extract heat from bOfeet unto 20,000 feet of A-itich pipe respectnely. Many iW^^^^BsS il ir\ c -n ur ■ i tt j. ^ thousands are in use all over the world, and the Boilers me unrivalled i^^Bi Itt ^^^ t.^",""' ""^f^"™"'^ ^^ Hot-water, in power and economy. ^_ ■■^^■■llM New Edition, 1801. Manufactured under 30 James Keith's Patents In Great Britain, United States, and Canada KEITH'S "PyiHUiS BUlLEli, as lUustiated, has 1,000 square feet of eiiective heating-surface, with ITj square feet of fire-grate area, heats about 20,000 feet of 4-inch pipe, and is the Most Powerful and Complete Sectional " Special " Hot-water Heating Boiler in the World. JAMES KEITH (CE., Assoc. M.Tnst.C.E.), Gas, Hydraulic, Heating, Ventilating, and Consulting Engineer. Established ISi'S. Contractor to Her Majesty's Government. 57, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, EC, ALSO AT EDINBURGH AND ARBROATH. HEATING ! HEATING !! HEATING !!! THE THAMES BANK IRON COMPANY Undertake the complete erection of HEATING APPARATUS for GBEENHOUSES, OFFICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. Have the largest stock of BOILEBS, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspection of same. BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, iocluding the PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY- END, Etc.; VENTILATING GEAR and VALVES. In the event of a Pipe requiring to be replaced UPPER the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE. GROUND STREET. BLACKFRIARS, Telegraphic Address— "HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763. may be effected in the conrse of a few mlnutOB, LONDON S.E, 21-OZ. and 16-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet and 200 feet super. Engllsb Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered free and sound in the country, in quantity. "BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY." GEORGE FAKMILOE & SONS, LEiD, Glass, Oit. and Colour Merchants, 34. St. Jolin Street, West Smlthfleld, London, B.C. stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle SsNKEYS'fdmous Garden Pois : ^ Bulwell Potteries.^Npttin^ham/^ Messrs. Dlcksons, Limited, Chester, ^\Tite :— *- The Flower Pots you have so largely supplied us with are light, htroQH and well made, and iu every respect highly satisfactory." Messrs. Richard Smith. & Co., Worcester, write:— "We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with yotir * Garden Pots,' ihey are well njude, light, yet strong, uud we like them better than any other we have ever used." Mr. William Bull, 636, King's Road. Chelsea, London, writes :—" For nearly thirty years I have been using your ' Garden Pots,' and aiiU hnd them the beat and cheapest." Largest Manufacturers in the World. Ko Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £\0 Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free. Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Stree Covent Garden, London, W.C. Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the County of Middlesex, and published by Arthur George Martin, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Saturday , March 12, 1892. Agent for Manchester— Johw Heywood. Established i84i. No. 273.-YoL.XL{s^rK:.} SATUEDAY, MAECH 19, 1892. r Regt. [with 18 a Newspaper, f PrICE 3d. SUPPLEMENT. \ POST-FREE, SJd CONTENTS. I Orchid tieitment .374 j Orphium fruteaceaa 37J Plant portraits ,.. ' 370 PotatOB, round aad kid- 373 I ney Snowdrops and Snow- flakes Societies Hertford Horticultural Mutual Imp: ovement Apple A:>hmead's kernel Improved Bacteria So anical Magazine UeUia arctutus Chicago Exhibition Cinerarias, white Conifer garden at Chis- wick, the Dl-eases of the reproduc- tive organs of plants caused bv fungi ♦•GreviUea" G> mnogrammas Holmes Memorial Fund. the ■Horticultural club Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society for 1890 .„ Kew Bulletin Mangroves from Colombo 370 j Stock-taking : February Manuring Holly hedges . 37.'i Strawberry tea Hew or noteworthy plant 3^2 Tea and coffee substi- Crinum firmifolium ... 3'i2 tutes Nomenclature of plants 3tiS} Traveller's notes, a Orchid notes and glean- Trichodejma physnloides 36i Two famous girde THE BEST LAWNS are produced from— SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS, which should now be sown either to Make New Lawus or Improve Old Lawns. See full directions in — UTTON'S LAWN PAMPHLET, Sent poBt-free by — SUTTON AND SONS, READING. 373 M iDche^ter Royal Bo- tanicaL i National Chrysanthe- Rjyal Horticultural. 369, ; The Orchiueenue ... i United Horticultural Beaelit and Provi- dent Cirropetalum Ameeia- 3i4 Cypripedium iusigne Le Doux'a var. ... 363 Odontoglossum Pesca- torei,afine 3(il Lycaste lasioglossa ... 364 Orchids at Broomfield 364 Orchids at Earlscliffs . 364 Saccolabium Hender- Stauhopea Wardi London and VViee Week's work Flower Garden ... . Forestry Fruits under Rlasi Hardy fruit garden . Kitjhen girden Orchid-houses ... Plants under glass . Window plants ... Worms in K&rden pots Xenia Orchidacea 371 ILLUSTRATIONS. Bladder Plum 373 Conifer ground at theConiferCouference. (Supplement). Gjmnogramma decomposita .36.5 Orphium frutescens 372 Trichodesma physaloides 363 ADVERTISERS will greatly assist our effvrtt to get to Press earlier, by forwardina their favours as EARLY IN THE WEEK as possible. Now Ready, in Cloth, 11». Qd., " The Gardeners Chronicle," Vol. X., Third Series, July to December, IB91. The FvBziaHS&,'kl, Wel- lington Street, Strand, W.C. ROSES 1 ROSES ! ROSES ! — Plant now. 100 strong dwarf, H.P. Roses for 26». ; or £10 per 1000. The finest in the Trade. Send for Sample Dozen, 53. Cash with Order. CATALOGUES, free on application. 0. H. GOBRINGE, Boselands Nursery, Eastbourne. Seed Potatos. HAND F. SHARPE invite the attention of • the Seed Trade to their tine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS, comprising all the varieties worthy of cultivation. They have been grown expressly for Seed, and the samples will be found very fine and well dressed. The prices will compare favourably with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment. Wisbech. Now Is the Time to Plant PEONIES, PYRETHRUMS, DELPHINIUMS, and GAILLARDIAS, the most showy of all Hardy, Easily-grown Perennial Plants. For Priced Lists, see KELWAY'S SEED and PLANT MANUAL for 1892, U , postrfree (deducted from first order), to those unknown to us. KELWAY'S GLADIOLI.— Now is the time to plant. Priced Descriptive List, free. KELWAY >XD SON. Langport. Someraet. ICTORIA PLUM, cheap, rough trees for market work, £15 to £25 per 1000. WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of the FINEST COLLEC- TION in the COUNTRY, including all the newest and best varieties, now ready, gratis and post-free on application. — The Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London, W.C. BARR'S SEEDS, BULBS and PLANTS. VEGETABLE SEEDS.— The best sorts only. Much valu- able information. CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION. FLOWER SEEDS.— Upwards of £000 species and varieties, all decorative kinds. CATALOGUE free ON APPLICATION; BULBS.— Gladioli, Lilies, Anemones. Ranunculus. Hyacinthus candicans. Ti^ridias, &c., for Spring Planting. Lists ON APPLICATION. PLANTS.- Michaelmas Daisies, Perennial Sunflowers, Double and Single Peonies, Irises, Oriental Hellebores, Carna- tions. &c. Lists free on application. BARR AND SON. 12, King Street, Covent Garden, London. Seeds.- Carriage Paid.- Seeds. DICKSON AND ROBINSON'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892, Enumerates the Best and Choicest Varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, and SEED POTATOS; MANURES. INSECTICIDES. HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, and GARDEN REQUISITES. Post-tree on application. COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, from 5s. to Sis. COLLEC!TIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, from 2s. «d. to 843. Seed Warehouse, 12. Old Millgate, Manchester. Prize Cob Filbert Trees. MR, COOPER, F,R.H.S.., of Western Elms, Reading (late of Calcot Gardens), i» the Largest Grower of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom. 20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution. Descriptive Price LISTS, &o., on application. , well- \ 10 f\(\C\ EUONYMUS (Green), bushy, w€ -Iv/^V/v/V/ grown, 18 inches to .30 inches, 6s. to 15s. Trade Offer of Large Palms. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 26 feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Dracsenss, Bamboos,& Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. WD. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, is open to SELL on COMMISSION, TOMATOS. GKAPESI &c. Good references. ARTHUR L, BULLEN, Flower Salesman, 33, Exeter Street. W.C; and 271 and 272. Flower Market. Covent Garden, W.C. CONSIGNMENTS of CHOICE FLOWERS SOLICITED. MESSRS, SQUELCH and WOOD, Fruit Salesmen, North Row. Covent Garden, W.C , are open to RECEIVE CONSIGNMENTS of GRAPES. TO.VIATOS, CUCUMBERS, and all kinds of HOT-HOUSE PRODUCE. Our business connections being amongst the best houses in London, we are in a position to secure the highest prices for all choice goods. Account Sales forwarded daily and cheques weekly, or daily if required. Empties and labels supplied. Reference. London and County Bank, Covent Garden Branch, WANTED, MAIDENHAIR FERN, ROSES, ORCHIDS, CARNATIONS. LILIUM HARRISII. and other CHOICE FLOWERS, to SELL on COMMISSION. Boxes and labels supplied. Established 1870. Telephone No. 2939. R. END. Wholesale Florist. 28. Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C. and Crystal Palace. Sidenhsm. ANTED, 1000 ALPINE AURICULA, 1000 Seedling PRIMROSE, and 50O WALLFLOWER. CLAUD COOPER, West Norwood Vicarage, S.E. WANTED, choice CUT FLOWERS for SALE in COVENT GARDEN MARKET ; good prices mKde. No. of Stands, 169 and 170. Cheques weekly.— S. DENSON ASD CO., The Nurseries, 22, Maida Vale, Edgware Road, «. Grape Vines-Grape 'Vines-Grape Vines. BS. WILLIAMS and SON • have some extrp, strong Fruiting and strong Planting Canes still on hand. Full particulais as to Prices and Varieties on applicition. Victoria & Paradise Nurseries, Upp^r Holloway, London, N. ERENNIAL and ALPINE PLANTS.— My new CATALOGUE (No. 114), containing full Lists of these Collections, is just issued, and will be 8»nc. post free, on appUcation. To this List, which includes somesplendid Novelties, is added a very carefully composed Listof the very best and finest tilirubs and Dwarf Conifers specially adapted for rockeries. OTrO FROEBEL, The New Munster Nurseries, hiesbach, Zurich, Switzerland. PANSIES, VIOLAS, and DAHLIAS.— We do as well as any firm in the Kingdom. Ten Gold and Silver Medals last season from leading Societies. Only standard exliibition varieties kept in stock. Prices from 2s. 6i. per dozen, carriage paid. Send for Catalogue and Competitor's Guide. 160 pages, post free, 3.f. DAHLIA CUTTINGS supplied very cheap — DOHBIE AND CO., Rothesay. For Ezbibitlonl BROAD BEAN, BIDDLES' MONSTER LONGPOD. - Extra long, fine quality. Per quart Is. 6d. CARROT, BIDDLES" SCARLET PRIZETAKER, Interme- diate, the finest exhibition Carrot grown. Per oz.. Is. ONION, BIDDLES' GIANT SPRING.- Too well known as a prize-winner to need further recommendation. Per oz , Is. GC. PRIZE PACKETS, 4.^. each, two for • 73., post-free. P. O., or Iff. stamps, contain 12 roots in each packet, of SOMERSET SEEDLING GLADIOLI, all A 1, carefully Hybridised Seedlings from First Prize Named Sorts ; therefore, all that are worthy, may be named, as they will be NEW AND ORIGINAL VARIETIES. These are the Prizes. Plant during March, April, and May. Order eally from — ROBERT H. POYNTER, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and Florist. Taunton. Somerset. LOBELIA, Royal Blue, trailing large bronzed foliage, the best ever raised for Baskets and Boxes, Strorg-rooted Cuttings. Is. per dozen ; Emperor William, 2!. 6d. per 100. ADIANTUM CUNEATUM, in 60, good stuff, 12s. per 100. CHSYSANTHEMUM CUTTINGS, ElaiLe, F." Peicv, M. Lecroix. M. Lemoine, 2s. per 100. SHEPHERDS, Nurserymen, Tolworlh, Surbiton. TO NURSERYMAN and OTHERS.— Strong, well-rooted plants of the following for Sale. THUIA GIOANTEA. 3 to 4 feet, ISOs. per 100; do., 4 to 5 feet. 80s. per 100 ; THUIA OCCIDENTALIS, 2 to 3 feet, 405. per 100. DOUGLAS FIB, 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 100 ; SILVER FIR. 1 to 2 feet, 40s. per 1000. Apply. FORESTEk, Home Farm. Bowood, Calne, Wilts POOLE Y'S WORM DESTROYER. — For eradicating every kind of Worm from the roots cf large Specimen Plants', Pots, Lawns, &c. It is ea.-ily and cheai)Iy applied, and vill not harm the most delicate Plant. In Bottles, 1*., 2s. 6d., Is., and 12s. 6d. eaeli. COKRY AND CO., LiMD., 13, 15, and 16. Finsbury Street, E.G. Sold by all Seedsmen. J WEEKS AND CO., HOBTICtTLTUBAL • Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De- partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society, Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex Upright Tubular Boilers. King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. HOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE and PLAN T MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us. Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be bad of all Nursery and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage paid. London Agent: Mr. GEORGE. 10. Victoria Road. Putney, WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels. N.B, 354 t|^.^ j»v THE QABpJ^flEMJS' CERONIVLE. [March 1&, lg92. SALES BY AUCTIONp Monday Next. CARNATIONS, PiEONIES, double l-YRETHEUMS. PHLOX, and double HOLLYHOCKS, ANEMONES, IRIS, CACTUS, Pompon and Single DAHLIAS, all named. Hardy BOEDER PLANTS, a splendid lot of EngliA-grown LILIES of sorts, a choice strain DOUBLE BkaONIAS. GLADIOLUS in variety, TIGRIDIAS, Hardy CLIMBERS, Parsley-leaved BLACKBERRIES, and surplus BULBS. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Booms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C., on MONDAY NEXT, March 21, at half-past 11 o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Tuesday Next. dendeobium wardianum lowii. DENDROBIUM WAEDIANUM ALBUM, in flower. ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM. RENANTHERA LOWII. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.. on TUESDAY NEXT, March 22. at half- past 12 o'clock precisely, ly order of Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., a grand lot of DENDROBIUM WARDIANUM LOWII, the large flowered variety from Upper Burmah. just received in fine condition; also a quantity of the lovely golden-yellow fringed D. BEYMEEIANUM, a plant of the rare D. WAEDI- ANUM ALBUM in flower, D. SUPERBUM GIGANTEUM, many with flowering bulbs, and a grand lot of ODONTO- OLOSSUM ALEXANDRjE, just to hand per S.S. Atrato. in finest possible condition, from f acho district. At the same time will be offered CATTLEYA GIGAS IMPERIALIS. CATTLE^A MOSSLE. all with sheaths, yet uoHowered in this country ; DENDEOBIUM JAMESIANUM, in bud ; a few fine established plants of RENANTHERA LOWII, and olh^r choice Orchids. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Tuesday Next. Without Reserve. A SPLENDID IMPORTATION of about 100 lots of CATTLEYA TRIAN.E. in grand condition. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will include the above in their SALE on TUESDAY NEXT, March 22, at half-past 12 o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Tuesday Next. -Without Reserve. a large IMPORTATION of about 700 DISAGRANDIFORA, fine tubers. 60 SATYEIUM CAENEUM, red. 60 SATYEIUM ERECTUM, orange. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will include the above in their SALE on TUESDAY NEXT, March 22, at halt-past 12 o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Wednesday Next. 400 LILIUM AURATUM PLATYPHYLLUM. 2000 „ LONGIfLORUM. 2900 „ SPECIOSUM KEiETZERI and RUBRUM. 600 „ CONGO LOR. 400 „ KRAMERI. 200 „ TIGRINUM FORTUNH. 100 „ BATEMANNiE. 200 Joss LILIES, TEA ROSES in pots, HERBACEOUS PLANTS. PALMS in variety. Greenhouse FEENS, GLADIOLI. PANCEATIUM ZEYLANICUM. GLADIOLI lEMOINEI, beautifully blotched with dark spots ; 40O extra choice BEGONIAS, from one of the finest strains in England ; 1000 TUBEROUS BEGONIAS, pink erecta grandiflora superba ; 650 Standard and Dwarf ROSES, Rustic Flower VASES. GARDEN SEATS. &c, MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London. E.C., on WEDNESDAY NEXT, March 23, at half-past 11 o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Friday Next. 60 of the grand Blue DISA GRAMINIFOLIA 36 of the superb D. LUGENS 100 pure white D. SAGITTALIS 40 of the violet-scenttd yellow, purple and black D. COR- NUTA D. DRACONIS, D. TRIPETALOIDES, D. RACEMOSA, 50 SATYRIUMS MILITABE. a lovelv species; and a few- lots of S. MACULATUM, S. SPHCEROCARPUM, S. CARNEUM. HiBENARIA DIVES, H. TETRAPETULA, a giant yellow; LISSOCHILUS, and other LISSOCHILI, and EULOPLUAS, all in fine condition, and chiefly in lots of from six to twelve flne-gjowing tubers. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, will include the above in their SALE by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68. Cheapside, London, E. C, on FRIDAY NEXT, March 25, at half-past 12 o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. THE STAND HALL COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS. ABSOLUTELY WITHOUT RESERVE. HIGHLY IMPOETANT SALE Of the whole of this Renowned Collection IncludiDg many plants matchless in point of rarity, the whole being uusurpassed for culture and condition. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with instructions from the Executors of the late Thomas Statter, Esq.. to SELL by AUCTION, on TUES- DAY, May 3, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS, on the Premises, Stand Hall, Whitefield, near Manchester, the whole of the CELEBRATED COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS. A List of the principal plants appeared in the Gardeners* Chronicle. February 6, 1892. The Catalogues will be prepared in due course, and the Auctioneers will be pleased to receive early application. THE HOWICK HOUSE COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS. ABSOLUTELY WITHOUT RESERVE. UNUSUALLY IMPORTANT SALE OF THE Whole of this Celebrated Collection of Orchids, Formed by the late EDWIN GRUNDY WRI6LEY. Esq., the whole being in splendid condition, and including many Plants of exceptional merit and rarity. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with inatpuctions from the Executors of the late E. G. Wrigley. Esq.. to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Howick House, Preston, Lancashire (about 2 miles from Preston Station), on TUESDAY, April 5. 1892, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS, without the slightest reserve, the whole of ihis extensive and most important Collection of Established Orchids. Amongst the principal plants, the fol- lowing may be specially mentioned : — Angreecum se=quipedale Dendrobium Leechianum ,, articulata ,. Macfarlanei Brassavola Digbyana.fine plant ,, nobile nobilius Catasetum Bungerothii ,, ,, Cooksonii Cattleya amabilis „ splendidissimnm grandi- ,, Arnoldiana Aorum aurea, in variety „ Venus ,, Ballantiaiana Epidendrum Fredericii ,, crispa ,, ayringothyrsis „ eldorado Wallisii Grammatophyllum EUisii eionieosis LEelia amaoda \\ Hardyana,F.C.C. ., Ames i ana „ Lawrenceana (Howick „ anceps, enormous speci- House variety) men ., .. in variety ,, ,, atrosanguinea „ Massiana ,, ,, Barkeri „ Mendelii. two enormous ,. „ Dawsonii speclmeus. one 3 feet „ „ Sinderiana,3ft. 6in. and the other 2 feet 6 through through respectively, „ ,, Schroderiana and many others „ „ Willihrnsii ,, Mossise. grand specimen, ,, autumnalis alba 3 feet li X 3 feet ,. lella (Messrs. Witch's ,, „ (several) hybrid), with 8 bulbs ,, ,, alba, 2 plants „ Boothiana ,, nobiliop „ callistoglossa, 31 bulbs ,, Reineckiana, 3 plants, ,, elegan-salba one a fiue specimen. ,, ,, prasiata with 7 slieaths „ ,. Sehilleriana „ Rei „ „ Turneri „ Sanderiana (several) ,, grandis, fine specimen „ Schilleriaiia „ prre^tans „ Schofieldiana ,, purpurata, 10 immense „ Skinneri, grand 8peji specimens men. 3 feet through „ ,. alba magnifica ,, „ alba „ „ Russelliana ,, ,, oculata ,, superbiens ,, speciosissima majm LycasteSkioneri alba, 4 plants „ Trianse alba. 36 bulbs. Masdevallias, in variety extra fine and large ftlaxillaria Sanderiana variety Odontoglossums (2003 plants „ Triante (several) in variety) „ v-lutina ,, Andersoniauura ,, Wagneri, 60 bulbs ,, aspersum violaceum ,, Warneri ,, baphicanthum ., Warocqueana ,, cQchlioda Koet/.liana ,. „ flammea ., crispum. grand f rms Ctelogyne cristata alba ,, ,, Wrigleyanum maxima „ Edwardii ,, ,, Lemooiana „ Rossii, fine variety „ ., Trentham variety ,, Ruckerianum „ Masmngeana, F.C.C, ,, vexillaiium superbum ,. pandurata Lawrenceanum Cymbidium eburneum „ Wilckeanum ,. Lowianum Oncidium macranthum Cypripedium Ainsworthi Phaius luberculosus ,. Klliottianum Fhaleenopsis amabilis ,, euryandrum „ aurea grandiflora „ grande ,, casta ,, hjrsutissimum „ gloriosa „ Lathamianum ,, grandiflora ,, Leeauum eupeibum „ Mane ,, MorganifE ,, Sanderiana „ Burfordiense ,, Sehilleriana ,, oenanthum auperbum ,, ,, vestalis ,, Sanderianum Saccolabium bellinum ,, selligerum Sobralia xantholeuca ,, Stonei Vanda Amesiana „ vexillarium „ Kimballiana „ Wallisii „ teres Andersonianum J of The whole of the plants will be submitted to public competi- tion, and nothing; sold privately before the Sale. Catalogues are row in course oE preparation, and may be obtained of Mr. HOUGH, The Gardens, Howick House. Preston ; and of the Auctioneers. Estate Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 63, Cheapside, London, E.C. Tuesday, March 29. By order of Messrs. F. Hohsman & Co. 6000 ODONTOOLOSSUM CRISPUM and its Varieties, Collected by Mr. John Carder (late Partner in the Firm of Shuttleworth. Carder & Co.) MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Certral Sale Kooms, 67 and 67, Cheapside, London, E.C, on TUESDAY, March 29, at half-past 12 o'clock— 5t00 ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM. Mr. Carder is a well-known collector of this plant, and his name has been associated with the finest forms ever imported. This is his Second Consignment this year. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Wednesday Next. 112.900 KENTIA SEEDS. An enormous Consignment for sale without reserve, MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will include the above in their SALE on WEDNESDAY NEXT, March 23, consisting of about 47.500 KENTIA BELMOREANA, and 65,100 KENTIA FOSTERIANA, just received in fine condition. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Friday. Next. WITHOUT THE LEAST RESERVE. By order of Messrs. CHAELESWOETH, SHUTTLEWORTH AND CO., Heaton. Bradford, and 213, Park Road, Clapham, S.W. 1000 CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS VERA. 2000 ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM (ALEXANDRA). 200 DENDROBIUM PHAL^NOPSIS SCHRODEEIANUM. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have received instructions from Messrs. Charlesworth, Shut- tleworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford, and 213, Park Road, Clap- ham. S.W., to SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C, on FRIDAY NEXT, March 25. at half-past 12 o'clock, a splendid consignment o£ CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS VERA, just received in special fine condition, with gigantic bulbs, large broad leaves, and broad tlower sheaths. They are, without exaggeration, the finest plants yet offered, and fur- nished with sound dormant eyes. The collector, instead of sending plants home during the winter months, spent his time in searching the far interior, and we are now in a position to offer good plants, with well ripened bulbs, which will establish themselves quickly ; and having finished their growths in the natural course, they will flower this year. We instructed our collector to spare neither time nor expense, but to send us good saleable plants. Purchasers may rest assured they will get value for their money, Cattleya labiata autumnalis is a free- growing and free-flowering species, producing endless varieties. We have abundance of proof of the variability of this plant, almost every shade of colour is represented, from the purest white to dark crimson. Our plants have been collected from a quite different locality to those offered previously/ they are the true old labiata. We guarantee every plant. DENDEOBIUM PHAL.ENOPSIS SCHRODEEIANUM, The GIANT MOTH DENDROBE. A small but magnificent consignment, which we can recom- mend with every confidence. The plants are in good condition, furnished wi»h stout massive bulbs, showing in many instances the gigantic flower-spikes. Dried specimen flowers will be on view at time of sale. Two thousand ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM (ALEX- ANDKJE). from our well-known Paccho districts. We have the reputation of having flowered some of the most beiutiful ■ varieties in cultivation. The plants are in splendid condition, - and are offered without the least reserve. The Sale will also iucliide a few plants of the charming ONCIDIUM NIGRATUM.ZYGOPETALUMBUBKEI, CYPRI- PEDIUM LINDLEYANUM. &c., &c. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Wednesday and Saturday Next. 2000 tine Standard, HaU-Standard, Dwarf and Climbing ROSES, including many of the best and newest sorts ; 600 Standard, Dwatf-trained, and Pyramid FRUIT TREES, 600 lots of BORDER PLANTS, 1000 Ornamental SHRUBS, 5000 LILIUMS from Japan, BEGONIAS, TUBEROSES, &c. MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUC- TION, the above, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C, on WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY NEXT, March 23 and 26, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely each day. On view mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had. Wednesday and Thursday, April 6 and 7. THE CHOICE COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHID forme 1 by A. SILLEM, ESQ. MR. J. C. STEVENS has received instructions from AUGUSTUS SILLEM, Esq. (who is medically forbidden to frequent the houses), to offer for SALE, by AUC- TION, at his Great Rooms, 38. King Street, Covent Garden, Vf.C, on WEDNESDAY aud THURSDAY, April 6 and 7, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely each day. without the least re- serve, his entire COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, which will be found in excellent health. For names of principal plants see Gardeners' Chronicle, March 5 and 12. Hewlett Road Nursery, Cheltenham. SALE of a PORTION of the well-grown NURSERY STOCK. MESSRS. ENGALL, SANDERS and CO. are instructed by Mr. Wm. Hopwood to SELL by AUCTION, at his No. 2 Nursery, situate as above, on THURS- DAY and FRIDAY, March 24 and ib, 1892. at 12 o'clock, a large quantity of NURSERY STOCK, comprising Evergreens and Flowering Shrubs, English Yews, extra large oval-leaf Privet, Ivies in Pots, Tree Box, Laurels, Beds of Thuja Lobbii, American Arbor-vitte, strong Spruce Firs. Standard and Ornamental Trees, Dwarf Roses, strong Standard Fruit Trees, including Apple. Pear, Damson, and Plums, Gooseberry and Currant Trees, 2 large Mulberry Trees. &c. Catalogues will be ready one week prior to Sale, on applica- tion to Mr. HOPWOOD, at the Belle Vue Nursery, 58. High Street, or the Auctioneers, No. 1, Promenade, Cheltenham. THOMAS B, JAMES (many years with Protheroe & Morris) holds WEEKLY SALES at his Rooms. 12. Bull Ring, Birmingham, of BULBS, PLANTS, NURSERY STOCK, &c., every WEDNESDAY a»d FRIDAY, at 4 30 PM. Salesof choice Cut Flowers. Fresh Entries invited. Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found. "IJITANTED, to RENT, near a good town, 400 VV to 600 feet run of good GLASS, and about an ACRE of LAND. No Stock.— Particulars to A. R., 70, Alexandra Road, Newland, Hull. FOR SALE, a small FREEHOLD N URSERY, containing 1 acre of Land, 8 Greenhouses, and 36 Lights, Potting and Van Sheds.— Apply on the Premises, to Mr. ORPWOOD, Tangley Park, Hampton, Middlesex. March 19, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 355 ORCHID EMPORIUM— " L'HORTICULTURE INTERNATIONALE/' Limd. DtVfc^or^-MESSRS. J. LINDEN and LUCIEN LINDEN, LEOPOLD PARK, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. G A:-4if^:T Lj E Y .A^ XV LLl JK.. (James o'brien.) CATTLEYA— " TEE KING." IW" THE GRANDEST ORCHID EVER INTRODUCED. im |y|^3§pj[3^ LINDEN ^'^''^ '""''^* pUastire in Offering io Amateurs a few Good Plants of the above MARVELLOUS NEW ORCHID. PRICE ON APPLICATION". t^ IMPORTANT NOTICE.— Some other importers assert they have introduced, or will shortly introduce, the CATTLEYA REX in large quantities. " Tketj count their chickens before they are hatched." They shall not do so. MESSRS. LINDEN engage themselves to take back at the price paid every plant they may sell from this day forth, in case the same species, THEIR CATTLEYA REX, should be directly introduced by another firm in the course of the present year. ^r We offer to each visitor to our Establishment, who purchases to the amount of £50, a discount of £.5, which will cover the expenses of the journey to Brussels (Our Unrivalled Stock at Hand, and Continuous Ltrge Importation, enable us to make this exceptional reduction). MESSRS. J. McLACHLAN and SONS, Auctioneers. Clauham Common. 9.W., are instructed to SELL PKIVA.TELY the LE4SE of LAVENDER HILL NURSERY, with GREENHOUSES, &c,, as fitted. Small premium. Apply for particulars to the Auctioneers as above. FOR SALE, the long LEASEHOLD (old- established) NURSERY, consisting of Five Large Greenhouses and one in course of construction, haviDK a frontage to and adjoininR the Dockyard Station (S. E. R ), within easy distance of London ; together with a three-roomed Cottage and two large Tool Sheds. For terms, &c , apply to— R. PEOKfTT, House and Estate Agent and Valuer, Al, Wellington Street. Woolwich. TO BE SOLD, the LEASE and STOCK of a SMALL NURSERY, consittiog o( a Six-roomed Dwel- ling House, two Greenhouses, one 90 feet by 22 feet, and the other 41 feet by 13 feet, with about ^ Acre of Land ; large House fully Stocked.— Apply to MR. BYATr, Rose Villa, Buckingham Estate. Hampton; or, MB. G. PIKE, Conway House, Hanworlh, Middlesex. Hampton-on-Thames, on tbe Marling Park Estate. LAND FOR NUaSERIES 1 1 1 MR. F. G. HUGHES begs to call the atten- tion of Nurserymen and Horticulturists about to com- mence in Business, to the exceptional advantages offered by this Estate. For full particulars apply— The Estate Office, as above. TO NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, &c.— Capital Nursery Preaiises, in Turner Road, Lee, to be Let on Lease, at a small nominal premium: the premises consist of thirty-eight greenhouses, dwelling house, stabling &c.. occupying about an acre of land, and are situate 6 miles from Covent Garden. London. May be viewed upon applica- tion to Mr. A. RUSSELL. 3U, Turner Road, Lee, S.E. FREEHOLD NURSERY, to be LET or SOLD.— Acre of Ground, Cottage, 6 Greenhoises, ISO feet long, all well-heated, in full work. Ill health cause of leaving. Apply to Mr. J. H., A. Bray, Floral Hall, Richmond. To Fruit Growers, Nurserymen, and Others. GOOD ARABLE and MEADOW LAND to be LET or SOLD. Close to the main road at Ponder's End (9 miles from London). Long leases per acre per annum, with option to purch time during the first nine years. Se Nurseries are established on the Estate. A. and G. QUIVER, Land Agents, Ponder [ranted. Bent. £V2 ie the Freehold any eral large Market Full particulars of I End. TO LET, a NURSERY, FLORIST, and SEED BUSINESS, in central position j Ground and Glasshouses in good order. Giving up owing to a death. Apply, A. J. DAVIS, Brecon Road Nursery, Abergavenny. LORIST BUSINESS, near Bathr-TGreen- houses and several Pita, about 3 Acres cf Land. Rent £15. including gojd Cottage. The Gla-is and Stock may be purchased for about £230— a very low price. An excellent opportunity for starting Bu3ines.s.— Apply, POWELL ani> POWELL, 18, Old Bond Street, Bath. PROTHEROE and MORRIS, Hobticul- TURAL Market Garden and Estate Auctioneers and Valuers. tS7 and 68. Cheapside, London, E.G.. and at Leyton- Stone. E. Monthly Horticultural Registflr had on application. THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers; one, two, or three yeara' Credit without Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Housea Oall or write for Prospectus. Address, SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.G. PICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form- X ing Waterfalls, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries, Winter Gardens, Alpineries. &c., as in hundreds of places about the kingdom, includmg at Aldenham House. Elstree, so faithfully illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by PULHAM AND SON, 50, Finsbury Square, London, E.C., and Broibourne, Herts. Photo lUustrated Book seat for inspection on receipt of twelve stamps. FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS to Grow Them, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest stock of Orchids in the World.— .'?0 minutes from St. Pancras. A. a. WATSON, FRUIT & FLOWER SALESMAN, ABERDEEN. Sale Days, Tuesday and Friday, at 9 A.M. Consignments solicited of Pot Plants & Cut Flowers A RARE OFFER. Fifty packets of guaranteed Genuine FLOWER SEEDS, showy hardy varieties. Is. Also large parcel of assorted VEGETABLE SEEDS, 2s., post free, T. RICHARDS. 2, Cranham Street, Olford. LAXTON'S SEEDS and STRAWBERRIES. — Best novelties and best standard sorts. 100 Certifi- cates. Send for Descriptive Priced Lists, T, LAXTON, Seed Grower, Bedford. The Best Present for a Gardener. INES and VINE CULTURE. The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on Grapes and their Culture ever published. New Edition. Price 5s., postrfree, 5s. Qd. A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick, EXHIBITIONS. V VINES. — VINES. — VINES. We hold a fine Stock of the above, both Fruiting and Planting Canes. Names and prices sent on application. JOHN PEED AND SONS, Roupell Park Nurseries, Norwood Road, London. S.E. ORCHIDS. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CO. (JOHN COWAN), Limited, Have an immense stock of ORCHIDS, Both Established and Semi-Established, and they are constantly receiving IMPORTATIONS from various parts of the world. INSPECTION IS VERY EARNESTLY INVITED. The Company's Prices are all fixed as low as possible, with the view of inducing liberal Orders. PBICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Post-free on Application to the Company, THE VIWEYAHD AND NT7RSBBIE8, CARSTON, ""« LIVERPOOL. ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY Gardens. ReRent's Park. N.W. SPBINO FLOWERS. THE FIRST EXHIBITION OF SPRING FLOWERS will take place on WEDNESDAY NEXT, March 2?,. Gates '■ open at 2 o'clock. The Band will play from 2 to SHO. Tickets to be obtained at the Gardens only by vouchers from Fellows of the Society. Price, 2s. ^d. each. R Y S T A L P A LACE, The ANNUAL SHOW of SPRING FLOWERS will be held on SATURDAY, MARCH 26. Schedules are now ready, and may be had on application to Mr. W. G. HEAD, Superintendent, Gardens Department, Crystal Palace, SE. Entries close March 19. RIGHTON and SUSSEX HORTICUL- TURAL ASSOCIATION. ■ - SPRING SHOW, March 29 and 30. ' ' For Schedules of Prizes, apply to— E. CARPENTER, Secretary. 96, St. James's Street, Brighton. RIGHTON AND SUSSEX " NEW " HOR- TICULTURAL AKD MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY, The Dome and Corn Exchange, Royal Pavilion, Brighton, TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, APRIL ,i and 6. Entries close March 28. Schedules, &c , may be obtained of the Hon. Sec— MARK LONGHURST, 18, Church Rosd. Hove. (This Society is in no way connected with any other. N.B.— SUMMER SHOW, AUGUST 30 and 31. OLVERHAMPTON FLORAL FETE, JULY 12. 13, and 14. 1893. OPEN CLASSES for PLANTS, ROSES, FRUITS, &c. OPEN AMATEUR CLASSES for ROSES. Schedules on application to W. A. GREEN, Junr., Horticul- tural .Secretary, Corporation Street, Wolverhampton. SHREWSBURY GREAT FLORAL FftTE, AUGUST 17 and 18, 1892. Schedules for 1892 are now ready. SIX HUNDRED AND SEVENTY POUNDS in PRIZES. ADNITT AND NAUNTON, The Square, Shrewshury. FOWLER'S LAWN SAND.— For destroying Daisies and other Weeds on Lawns, &c.. at the same time acting as a Fertiliser, and improving the growth and colour of the grass. Price, in tins, Is,, 2s. (d., and 6s.; kegs, 8s. fid., 16s.. and 30s. CORRY AND CO., Limd., 13. 1.1, and 16, Finsbury Street, E.C. Sold by all Seedsmen. Fern spores I Fern Spores I ! BS. WILLIAMS AND SON beg to offer • FERN SPORES saved from their large and unique Collection : — Greenhouse Varieties, mixed, per packet. Is. Stove varieties, mixed, per packet, 1*. Greenhouse and Stove Varieties, mixed, per packet, Is, VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N. DAVIS'S BEGONIAS.— Superb in Quality. Double, 12s. to 63s. per doz. ; Single, 9s. to 30s. per dozen. For Bedding. Double, ^s. to 18s. per doz. ; Single, 4s. to 6s per doz. Two of the best Doubles grown are Altheafiora, .■is.; and Mmivette, 3s. each. My Catalogue, the best pub- lished, describes nearly 300 of the best Vurietie", free. B. R. DAVIS, Begonia Grower, Yeovil, Somerset. RADE OFFER OF COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs ... KENTIA Foateriana and Belmoreana, i SEAFORTHIA Elegans, in PALMS. ,.. at 20s. per 100. ... at 66s. per 100. thumbs, at 20s. per 100. 60'8, ateOs.perlOO. 4S'8, at24s. perdoz. 32*8, at 48s. perdoz. ... at3'2s.peri00. ... at £5 per 100. gus plun W. Iceton has a flue Stock of Aspa: in 48's and 60'8 ; Pandanus Veitchii, Draceena Lindenii, and Fieus elastica.— W. ICETON, Putney, S,W. 356 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 19, 1892. WELL -ROOTED PARADISE STOCKS for SALE. Apply, W. GREGORY. Nurseryman. Flimwell, Hawkhurst. OUBLE PINK IVY-LEAF GERANIUM, Madame Crousse, fine strong cuttings, 5s. per 100. W. H. DIVERS, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford. EW ZONAL PELARGONIUMS (GERA- NIUMS). LIST ready, free on application. PEARSOS AND SONS, Chilwell Nuraeriea, Notts. N' SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands toseleotfrom. Writefor List, faee.-P. MoABTHUB, The London Nnraery. «, Maida Vale, London, W. FRUIT TREES. — APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, per 100 or 1000. Descriptive CATALOGUES, post free, on application. FLETCHER BROS., Otterahaw Nurseries, Chertsey, Surrey. ASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder, strong and well rooted. At 16». per 1000, cash with order. Not less than 1000 supplied. ALBERT BATH, Vine Conrt, SevenoaliB, Kent, DWARF DUTCH BOX. -A large quantity of Dwarf Dutch Box for present use or putting into atock. Samples per post. Terms moderate to large purchasers. JAS. WILKIK, Landscape Gardener, Callander, N.B. ASPARAGUS.— This delicious vegetable does not require half the expense often incurred. For directions see Illustrated Seed List, free. Strong roots, 2s. 6d. per 100; extra strong ditto, two vears old, it. 9d. per lOD. RICHARD SMITH AND CO., Worcester. GILBERT, High Park, Stamford, is now • offering the best of all RHUBARBS, " True Cham- pagne," 41. per dozen; also. King of the BRUSSELS SfROUTS, " Univeral Savoy," "Late Victoria BROC- COLI," and "CHOU DE BURGHLEY,"at Is. per packet. RCHIDS A SPECIALTY,— Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well- established, healthy, and easily-grown plants. W. L. LEWIS AND CO., F.K.H.S., Chase Side, Southgkte, London, N. Nursery, Orchid Koad, HRYSANTHEMUMS, PELARGONIUMS, DAHLIAS, BEGONIAS, CANNA3, &c, — Our CATA- LOGUES will be sent free on application. 15 First Prizes (10 this year). 6 Gold Medals. BEID AND BOKNEMANN, Sydenham, London, S.E. ASPBERRY CANES. — BAUMFORTH SEEDLING, 40s. per 1000; Semper Fidelii, 30s. per 1000. Sample luo of either sort, 6s. BED CURRANT TREES, 8s, per 100. Cash with Order. Free on Rail. R. H. BATH, Wisbech. STANDARD ROSES, 14«. per doz. ; Bush Roses, 6s. per doz. ; best named Clematis, 14s. per dor. : Ampelopsis Veitchii, 4s. per doz.; Variegated Ivies, 45. per doz.; Mrs. Sinkins Pinks, 12s. per 100; Ferns, in pots, 16s., 21s ,'and 4.'is. per 100. Catalogue, gratis and post-free, H. ENGLISH, Clevcdon Ni ~ ' B IRMINGHAM PRIMULAS, Lttdv Churchill. The Queen, Marquis of Lome, a nd all select Borts, 2fi. 6d. per packet. Mixed 2s. 6d. POPE AND SONS, King's Norton, Birmingham LOVEL'S YORKSHIRE STRAWBERRIES. —We offer for Cash, good sorts in nice plants, carriage paid, at 3s. per 100 ; 12s. M. per 600 ; 20s. per 1000. Sample Dozen. M, Descriptive LIST free. W. LOVEL AND SON, Strawberry Growers, Driffield, A PRIVATE COLLECTION o'f C ATTLEYAS and 0D0NT0GL03SUMS, and other kinds of ORCHIDS, several hundred plants, about half unflowered, must be Sold ; open to best Offer. Can be seen upon appointment. Address, C. W., Clarendon Villas, Chislehurst. TfOR SALE, 100 For PLEASURE and PROFIT. FRUIT. See CATALOGUE for Sin to a ROSES BUSHES, 88, per dozen, 60s. per 100. Nothing so Profitable and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. See CATALOGUE for Simple Instructions, and kinds of Tree to suit all Soils. Hundreds of Thousands. Packing and Carriage Free far Cash with. Order. SEEDS &BULBS{' Bushels of SCARLET RUNNER BEANS, New Beans and Good, at 6s. 6if. per BUahel. Send Sacks and Cash. Apply— GEO. DEEKS, Kelvedon, Essex. IBO.OOO.-Special Offer of Eentlas. WICETON has a large quantity of the • above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 10s. per 1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in 60'l, well- established, at £30 per lOOO. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. Shame's Victor Fotatos. WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Growers • and MERCHAST9. Boston, offer a few tons of this excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample. Price, per cwt. or ton. on application. lAHA flowering Bulbs of GALANTHUS IvUU KLWESII, CUIONODOXA LUCILLJE. and C. 8ARDENSH, will be sent on receipt of 10s. Orders are re- quested to ba sent not later than the end of April. Catalogues gratis, post paid. FRANZ SOHLOSJEB, Kunst and Handelsgaertner, Smyrna, Asia Minor. Many Acres of LlUes of the Valley I TjAi-JNOCH, Largest Grower of LILIES • OF THE VALLEY in the Kingdom, cffers 3-year-old flowering Crowns for forcing, and 2 and 1-yearold Crowns for planting out, of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November I to May 1. Prices aud terms on application. T. JANNOCH (Lilyof the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk, BOSES in Pots, from 153. per dozen. OBITAiaENTAL TBEES, 91 ACBES. 4 ACBES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen. N.B. —Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. VEGETABLE, FLOWEE, and FABM. DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (Standards, Pyramids, and Wall-trained), Apples, Pears, Cherries, Peaches, Filberts, and Plums ; 20,000 noble tall standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. The Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons ; 2000 Maiden, Standard, and Dwarf Roses ; -40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years old ; and forty kinds of Goose- berries. 6000 Raspberries. In small or large quantities. Purchaser's selection. Price half their value, see Catalogues. Bemoving. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield, Cradley. near Malvern^ ORES'FtREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, I63, per 1000; Ash. 3-yr., 2». 6rf. per 1000; IJ to 2 feet. 133. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to ■! feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Ash, Mountain, 3 to 1 feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Beech, 2 to 2J feet, 223. per HOO; 4 to 5 feet, 40j. per 1000; Chestnut, Horse, 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; Spani.h C, IJ to 2j feet, 16s. per 1000 ; Elm Wych. 2 to 2J feet, I6s. per liOO ; Larch. 13 to 18 inch, 143. per 1000; IJ to 2 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; 2 to 2J feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Spruce Fir, 1 J to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir, 2-yr. , a-yr. tr.. 16s. per 1000; t feet, 2O3. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3 feet, 20j. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000; Oak, English, 1} feet, 12s. per 1000; 2 feet, 14s. per 1000; 2i to 3 feet, 18s. per 1000; Privets, Oval, IJ to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; Privets, Common, 1} feet, 12s. per 1000; Sycamores, 1 J to 2 feet, 12s. per lOOO; 4 to 5 feet. 40s. per 1000 ; Thorns. 2 feet, 10s. per 1000 ; 2J feet, 12s. per 1000 ; 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet. 17s. per 1000. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. OTAUnADfl rSUPERIOR VARIETIES, OlANUAKlJ I Special Prices, with Oi-iOCO [CATALOG U E, t\\J iJ Ct^iy on application, DicksonsirsChester (LIMITED) ^ NEW CHRYSANTHEMUMS From AMERICA. A. LADENBURO, I ETHEL PAULK, ADA H, LE ROY, I MAMIE CRAI&, RUTH CLEVELAND. All Prize winners, and the finest lot ever introduced at one time. Strcng plants now ready, 4s. each, the set, 183. Send for Descriptions. H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Lewlsham, S.E. 32 ACBES of BHODODENDBONS, 170 Acres of Other Nursery Stock. Per 100 ; per 1000. RHODODENDRON Pontic a, 9 to 12 inch 12 to 18 „ ','. '.', ','. 18 *o 24 „ „ Catawbiensa Hybrids, 9 tol2 „ „ 12 to 13 „ 18 to 24 For other NURSERY STOCK, ses Rhodoiiendrons make grand cover Rabbits will not eat them ; they \ where many other trees perish, supplied if required. . ... 140s. „ ,.. 25'. ... 2203. 12s. ... 100s. 18s. ... 1601. 28.1. ... 240s. CATALOaUES, free, for Game : Hares ani THE SOCIETY of APOTHECARIES have decided that a course of TWELVE LECTURES on BOTANY shall be delivered by T. G. BAKER, F.R.S. and F.L.S., at their Garden at Chelsea, on the SATURDAYS of April, May, June, and July next, at 3 P.M. The Lectures will be open to all Medical Students and other Gentlemen being desirous to attend. Ticlets of admission to be obtained of the Curator at the Gardens, and tf the Beadle at Apothpcaries Hall. J. R. UPTON, Clerk to the Society, Apothecaries Hall, Marrh, 1892. Wiltshire County Ground Company, Limited. TENDERS are invited for STRIPPING TURF, EXCAVATING, and LEVELLING, &c., and RE- LAYING TURF, on the CRICKET PATCH, about 5 acres in extent. Plans and specification can be seen atthe offices of the undersigned, the Company's Architects, to either of whom tenders must be delivered by noon on MONDAY, the 28th inst. No pleflge is given to accept the lowest or any tender. W. H. READ, M.S. A., Co n Exchange. Swindon. ELLIS H. PRITCHETT, F.S.I., Regent Circus, Swindon. Dated March 15, 1892. Vegetable and Agricultural Seeds, HAND F. SHARPES SPECIAL PRICED • LIST of the above-named SEEDS comprises all the finest varieties of 1891 growth, and at prices very favourable to purchasers. Those in the Trade who have not yet received a copy can have one on application to Wisbech. EL WAY'S SEED MANUAL for 1892. "So full, well-arranged, and practical, that amateurs will know what to buy and find in the ' Manual.' A book of refer- ence for all the year round." — 7he Queen. 1*., post-free (deducted from first order) to those unknown to us. KELWAY AND SON, Langport. ARNATIONS.— Germania, Pride of Pens- hurst, Mrs. Reynolds Hole, and Mrs. Frank Watts, good strong stuff and fresh potted up for floweriiig. 9s. per do^en ; Mrs. Sinkins, 6*. per dozen, LOBELIA, Emperor William, true from cuttings, strong stuff from store, '.is, Qd. per 100 ; F. V. Raspail cuttings, 2s. Gd. per 100. A. MOOBE. Nurseries, Spalding. NEW CHRYSANTHEMUM, Mrs. Robinson King, new Golden- Yellow Incurved sport fiom Golden Empress. Awarded sii First-class Certificates. The true certificated variety. 4s. each, 3 for 10s. Qd. R. OWEN, Chrysanthemum Grower. Maidenhead. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BIDDLE3 & Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH, LEICESTERSHIRE. Wo invite those about to purchase garden seeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 3000 Varieties catalogued, 600 Illustrations. L'HORTICTJIiTXJRE INTERNATIONALE (Orchid Emporium), Leopold Park, Brussels. THE GRANDEST CHOICE of ORCHIDS in EUROPE. THE DIRECTORS, Messrs, LINDEN, cordially invite Amateurs and Nurserymen to visit their Establishment. They will find at L'Horticulturelnternntionale the Finest, Healthitst, and Largest Stock of New. Rare, or Popular Orchids in Cultivation. Grand Importations every week. LISTS and CATALOGUES on application. JAMES SMITH & SONS, DARLEf DALE NURSERIES, near MATLOOK. EUCHARIS CANDIDA. SPECIAL OFFER BEFORE POTTING. A grand lot. sound Bnlbs, flowering size, just received from our ooltector by ss. " Medway," in nnest possible condition. lOOs. and 1508. per 100. HUGH LOW & CO., CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E. NEW SINGLE PYRETHRUM, "JUBILEE." Fir&t-cla?s Certificate, Royal Botanic Society, Landon, June 18, 1888. One of the most beautiful ^ ingle Varieties in cultivation ; dwarf in habit, bearing in abundance very deep Caimino flowers. See Editor's remarks in The Garden, June 20, 1891 : — •'Flowers, deep carmine; the richest-coloured variety we have seen, and very handsome." Well established plants, ready for delivery in April, 2s. each (usual D scouut to the Trade). W. BALCHIN & SONS, HASSOCK3 NURSEKY. SUSSEX Mabch 19, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 357 CARTERS' INVICTA LAWN SEEDS Forms beautiful VELVET LAWNS In 8 to 12 Weeks. For making a New Lawn, order 4 lb. of Carters' Inviota Lawn Seed, costing bs. Gd., and 14 lb. of Carters' Lawn Manure, costing is. 6d., for every 1000 square feet — delivered free. 4 bushels of Carters' Invicta Lawn Seed, costing 07s. 6d. (sack included), and 5 cwt. of Carters' Lawn Manure, costing OOs., will sow an acre of Lawn — delivered free. For Small Lawns order a Is., Is. 6d., or 2.S. 6d. packet (sent post-free). A Is. 6d. packet will sow 150 square feet of New Lawn or renovate double that area. To Renovate or Improve a Lawn, order 4 lb. of Carters' Invicta Lawn Seed, costing 5». 6d., and 28 lb. of Carters' Lawn Manure, costing 7s., for every 2000 square feet— delivered free. Carters' Pamphlet upon the ManajemsEt of Lawns, f ' ee for two stamps. ROYAL SEEDSMEN BY SEALED WARRANTS, 237 238 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON WM. PAUL AND SON respectfully invite inspection of the following TREES and SHRUBS, now on Sale. Prices (on application) very reasonable, and quality uneiceptionabie as to roots, tops, and steins ;— BEECH, purple, beet variety ... ,. common BIRCH, Silver and others ELMS, four sorts LABURNUMS LIMES MOUNTAIN ASH NORWAY MAPLES PLAINS POPLARS, six sorts SYCAMORE THORNS, Paul's Double Scarlet ARBOR- Vrr.'E. American AUCUBAS BOX, of soits CEDRUS ATLANTICA ... DEdDAHA CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ... HOLLY, Variegated ,, Grteu, named sorts FIK, Scotch „ Austrian LAURELS OSMANTHUS PICEA PINSAPO KHODODENDRON PONTICUM, off loam Hybrids ,, Named sorts TEWS, Common, and others 12 to 18 feet. 12 feet. 12 to U feet. 12 to 18 feet. 9 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 12 to 16 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 18 feet. 12 to 14 feet. 6 feet. 3 to 4^ feet. 3 to 5 feet. 5 to 10 feet. 8 to 12 feet. 6 to 7 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 12 feet. 6 to 9 feet. 3 to 8 feet. 3 to 7 feet. 2 to 4 feet. 6 to 8 feet. ... 2 to 4 feet. ... 2 to 4 feet. ... 2 to 4 feet. ... 3 to 7 feet. id PLUMS, Standard and APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, Pyramids. APPLES and PEARS, Horizontal-trained CHERRIES and PLUMS, Fan-trained. ASPARAGUS for Forcing. PAULS' HURSERIES, WALTBAH CROSS. South Entrance, 4 minutes' walk from WalthamCross Station ; West Entrance, 3 minutes' walk from Theobald'sGroveStation, Great Eastern Railway. ORCHIDS. CLEAN, HEALTHY PLANTS at LOW PRICES. Always worth a visit of inspection. Kindly send for Catalogue. JAMES CYPHER, EXOTIC NTTBSEBIES, CHELTENHAIX. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. See our New DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUB for all Noreltiei of the present Seaioo. and all the best varieties in cultivation, post-free, on application to PITCHER & MANDA, The United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE, SWANLEY, KENT. (■;Si'Si^S^^S>'S>'Si'S«< Beleot VBOETABIJI. Choice FL,0\VE1R, Tb« best qaalltlu at ^^^ ■oderata PrlcM. ^^^^L Dallvared Fr«« ^^^^ M ™* br BaU at ^T^ ^^^ ^ViSb ParoaU _^^B^^^^^ SKKD ^°*'* ^C# ^^^ POTATOS, 1^^ Garrfe/J Tools, ^r Sundries, dc, dc. lUastratad DaaorlptWa Catalogaa, Ro. 103 PO.T FflEE ON APPLICATION. a<®i^s>^s>^s?JSxs>=®?^s>'Sxs?' SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogne of Fruits, post-free, 3d. The Descriptive Catalogne of Roses, post-free. THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NURSERIES, SAWBRIDGEWORTH, HERTS. WEBBS' NEW PRIMULAS. Per Packet, Post Free. WEBBS' NEW FIRE-FLY ...2/6&5/- WEBBS' PURITY 2/6 & 5/- WEBBS' ROSY MOB N ...2/6&5/- WEBB&' SCARLET EMPEROR 2/6 & 6/- WEBBS' EXaUISITB (mixed) 1/6 & 3/6 WEBBS' MODESTY 2/6 & 6/- From Mr. R. GREENFIELD, Gardener to Thos. Lloyd. Esq.. The Priory. "Your Red and White Primulas are Al, the flowers being large, and of great substance ; they have been greatly admired try all who have seen them. You have got very fine strains." WEBB &. SONS, WoRDSLEY, Stourbridge. THE MOST SUITABLE FOK SHADING ORCHIDS, FERNS Palms, and Stove and GREENHOUSE PLANTS strong, durabl* Cotton In squares to Netting, close as to axcluae tha direct rays of the but admitting 1 greatest of light able through shading, It with- stands the weather bett«r than any other Ls« of Shading, and may be benen the thickneasof its texture, ihng cold weather, to keep frost out. The leading Plant Growers in re used this material d speak very highly tronouncing it to be the very best for Plants they have erer used. Blinds made up and fixed compleU^ Sold in pieces, 30 yardu long by Ij yard wide. Price 40j. each. Samples submitte'] gratis. shading is in the form of a white po and i^ prepared for use by applying boiling watei to the compound, and allowing it to cool when it can b^ applied by means of a brush. It dries instantaneously, and rubbed off easily when shading may be used for GREEN' HOUSES. SKYLIGHTS, WINDOWS, &c Sold in 1-lb. packet! with directions for use, price U. each 1 lb. free by ^^^ parcel post for ^^\^ \^ 2 lb. free by parcel post for 2s. M Each packet will half a gallon of hading material when provempnt on anything hitherto offered, and lasts tht B. S. WILLIAMS & SON, Victoria and Paradise Norserlea, Upper HoUoway, London, N. JOHN GREEN, p.r.h.s., B^as Now Beady 1,000,000 Good Things. BEST NOVELTIES. -See Illus- trated Catalogue. Best CliryBanthemums.-New, 10». ; Choice, 6* ; Liooo, ;is. p doz. Beet Black Cactus Dahlia— • Black I'r ■ On being booked for Spring delivery, li. e»ch. Best Cactus Dahlias.— 4s. per (lor.. ; bent new. luj, per dor.. Best Pompon DahUas.-4«. per SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGTJE THE BEST TcINGS. Btst Show Dahlias. — IJ. pe di'7 : bej^t new, 7-^. ^d per doz. Best Fancy Dahlias. — ii. pe doz. ; best new. »3^. p. r doz. Best Single Dahllas.- besl :A07. Best Begonias.— Single, 4s. fd.. 6t.. Vs.. and Us. 6a. per doz.; Double, IOj. erf., 18s , 20s. and 30». Best Zonal Geranlums.-4j., .5s.. 7s- t5rf.. 1II.S.. ana I s. brf. per doz. Best Fuch las. -4s. and Bs p.d z. Best ColeUB.— :'s. erf. per doz. ; best I Best Border Cimatlons.— 4s. 6rf.. lis . and Ms. per doz. Best Flower Seeds. - See lUus- 1 rated Catalogue. Best Vegetable Seeds. — See Illusl rated Catalogue. Best of Everything.— See Illus- Irated Catalogue. The above prices are for J. G.'s Selection ; piirchaperB wishing to select for themseUes, should send at once for Catalogue. JOHK CREEK, A'S. DEBEHAM. ROSES. STANDARDS, from 2U. per dozen. DWARFS, from 6s. per dozen. CATALOGUES, post-free. FRANK CANT, BRAISWIGK NURSERY, COLCHESTER. 358 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maich 19, 1892. ANTHONY WATERER invites from intendioK Planters an inspection of the fsllowing well- grown and finely-rooted EVERGREENS ^ ABIES CANADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce), 5 to S feet. „ DOUGLASII, 6 to 12 feet. „ „ GLAUCA, 6 toSfeet. „ HOOKERIANA (Pattoniana), 3 to 6 feet. CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 4 to 8 feet. „ GLAUCA, .3 to 6 feet. LIBANI (Cedar of Lebanon), 4 to 10 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ERECTA VIEIDIS, 4 to 8 feet. „ „ LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 6 feet. JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 3 to 10 feet. „ „ AURE A (Golden Chinese Juniper), 3 to 8 feet. PICEA CONCOLOR, 3 to 7 feet. „ GRANDIS. 5 to 8 feet. „ LASIOCARPA, 4 to 8 feet. „ MAGNIFICA, 3 to 6 feet. „ PUNQENS, IJ to 4 feet. „ ., GLAUCA (Blue Spruce), IJ to 4 feet. iPINUS AUSTRIACA. 3 to 7 feet. „ LARICIO, 3 to 4 feet. THUIOPSIS BOREALIS, 4 to 7 feet. „ DOLABRATA and VARIEGATA, 3 to 8 feet. THUIA LOBBII (Ki^aotea), 5 to 9 feet. ,, OCCIDENTALIS LUTEA (Golden), 3 to 4feet. WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, S to 7 feet. YEWS, Common, 3. 4, B, and 6 feet. „ Golden, of all sizes up to 10 feet, in various forms. Pyramids, Globes, and Standards, in point of rariety, size, and quality unequalled. „ Golden Seedlings, 3, 4, to 8 feet. ,, Irish,'5 to 10 feet. ,, ,, Golden, 3 to 0 feet. AUCUBA JAPONICA, 2J to 4 feet. BAMBUSA METAKE, fine clumps, 4 to 7 feet. BOX, Green and Variegated, 3, 4, 5, and 8 feet. HOLLIES, Common, from 3 to 10 feet. „ ALTACLERENSE, „ HODGINS or NOBILIS, „ LAURIFOLIA, „ MYRTIFOLIA, „ SCOTICA, ,, Yellowberried, and otber sorts . ,, Variegated, of sorts, 3, 5, up to 10 feet. „ Golden Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet. „ Silver Queen, 4, 5, up to 10 feet. ,, Weeping Perry's (Silver Variegated), on straight stems, with heads of 10 to 15 years' growth. ,, New Golden Weeping. RHODODENDRONS, 3 to 8 feet. Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey. WHINHAM'S 3, 4, 5, up to 10 feet. INDUSTRY GOOSEBERRY. The Most Productive Gooseberry in Cultivation. Colour, dark dughy red. Of enormouB Size. In Seven Successive Seasons we have sold nearly ONE MILLION BUSHES OF THIS VARIETY. r 3- year Bushes, StroiiR 6s. per dozen. Selected 9a. Extra-Selected ... 128. ,, Strong 403. per 100. WM. FELL & CO./°'^E'stablirm:nf HEXHAM, Northumberland. HARDILY -CROWfJ FRUIT TR :n TRUE TO NAME : LARGEST STOCK IN THE KINGDOM, Including ail the most Popular and i Profitable Kinds in Cultivation. Descriptive Priced List Free DlCKSONS» The urseries. Chesteri SHRUBS and CONIFERS. — American Arbor-vitce, 2J feet, 205. per 100; Berberis aquifolium, 2 feet, 16s. per 100; Box Tree, IJ foot, 12s. per 100; Coto- neaster microphylla, 3 feet, 12s. per 100; C. Simonsii, 3 feet, 12s. per 100 ; Eacallonia macrantha, pot, 2 feet, 24s. per 100 ; Laurel, Common. IJ foot, 10s. per 100; 2 to 2^ feet, 14s. per 100; 3 to 3} feet, aOs. per 100 ; rotundifolia. 2 to 2J feet, 16s. per 100 ; Portucal Laurel, 2 to 2^ feet, 22s. per 100; Rhodo- dendron ponticum, IJ to 2 feet, 25s. per 100; 2 to 2J feet, 32s. per 100 ; 3 feet, 60s. per 100. full of buds; Yews, Ene- lish, IJ to 2 feet. 24s. per 100; 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100; Araucaria imbricata, 3 to 3^ feet, 30s. per doz. ; 4 feet, 40s. per doz., Cupressus Lawsonii, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 100 ; 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 100 ; Erecta viridis, 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100 ; 3 to 3J feet, 40s. per 100 ; Picea Nordmannia, 2 feet, 60s. per 100 ; 2i to 3 feet, 12s. per dozen ; Ketinospora plumosa, 2^ feet. 30s. per 100 ; 4 to 4J feet, 60s. per 100 ; Thuia Lobbii, 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 60s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70s. per 100 ; 7 feet, extra, 80s. per 100 ; Thuiopais dolabrata, 2 feet, 40s. per 100 ; 2^ feet to 3 fett, line specimens, 34s. per dozen ; 4 to 5 feet, 4s. each. GAELIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. DENDROBIUM WARDIANUM LOWII. „ „ ALBUM, in Flower. ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM. RENANTHERA LOWII. MESSES. PEOTHEEOE and MOKEIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.G., on TUESDAY NEXT, March 22, at half-past 12 o'CIock precisely, by order of Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., a grand lot of DENDROBIUM WARDIANUM LOWII, the large-flowered variety, from Upper Burmah, just received in line condition ; also a quantity of the Golden-yellow fringed DENDROBIUM BRYMBRIANUM, a plant of the rare DENDROBIUM WARDIANUM ALBUM, in Flower; DENDROBIUM SUPERBUM GIGANTEUM, many with Flowering Bulbs ; a grand lot of ODONTOGLOSSUM ALEXANDRA, just to hand, per ss. " Atrato," in finest possible condition, from Pacho district. At the same time will be offered CATTLEYA GIGAS IMPERIALIS, CATTLEYA MOSSI/E, all with sheaths, yet unflowered in this country ; DENDROBIUM JAMESIANUM, in Bud; a few fine Established Plants of RENANTHERA LOWII, and other choice ORCHIDS. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. INFERIOR SEEDS. There are lots of failures this season, and as soon as discovered do not hesitate to write for " CANNELL'S KENTISH PERFECT GOLDEN SEEDS," carriage free ; or for whatever else is required for the Garden. Testimonials for our Seed supplied this season are fast coming in. See the following : — Mb. J. MASON, Behkeley Street, Eynesburt, February 24, 1892. I find your seeds grown in the South produce the strongest plants. T. WAITE, Esq., Heamoor, Penzance, March 3, 1892. The ^'egetable Seeds arrived. The Peas are np, and looking splendid. Ma. H. HALE, Troed-y-rhiew House, Mountain Ash, South Wales, AfarcA 3, 1802. Your vegetable seeds are fast gaining favour in this district. Mr. THOMAS PARKES, New Barn Farn, Consley AVood, Wadhurst, March 1, 1892. I have much pleasure in sending you another order, as the seeds I had of you last year were quite as good as you represented them to be. I believe every seed grew. The Beds of Onions are the best I ever grew. CANNELLaSEEDS NONE P£ RF EIG T OMLY F ROM GANNE L L ,K ENT I PRICES Of 60-feet LENGTHS (fitted With Braes Nozzle. Branch Pipe, Kose, and Jet). PLAIN.— Unklnkable Smooth-Surlace Hose, will not Is made of'pureTtTbber'atnJ'ja'Dvas."' QTiatityguaranteed. specially cheap 19/3 I |-in. dia., best'quality ... 28/t) ARMOURED.— The Excelsior Wlre-Armoured Hose a Perfect grip, will not uncoil when cut at any part, stands eaormous pressure, and wears for years. Prices : — J-in. dia.. .best quality ... 36/3 I trin. dia.. ex. stout qual. 52/0 I | „ best quality ... 21/5 I | „ ex. stout q'ual. 33/0 i „ ex. stout quality 43/7 J ,, best quality .'..52/0 | „ ex. stout qual. 27/6 | j ,. best quality ...33/0 I ,, best quality ... 46/0 | | ,, ex. stout qual. 60/7 I J-inch diameter, ex. stout quality 40/10 AU Hose Carriage Paid and despatched same day as order is received. Oldest and most Reliable House in the Trade. Maker of Hose for Liquid Manures, Delivery, Steam, Fire, and Suction Hose, &c. Supplied to all the Principal Corporations. Parks, Estate.^, &o.. at Home and Abroad. Over 3,000.000 feet in use. Cntalogues of above and all kinds of HOSE. BELTING, and KOOFISG FELTS Post Freejrora ANDREW POTTER, MELBOURNE -WORKS, WOLVERHAMPTON. Mabch 19, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, 359 SMALL SHRUBS and CONIFER^.— Abies orieotalis, 4-yr., 405. per 1000; Cupre»su3 macrocarpa, 1-yr., 30.S-. per 1000; O. LawnoniaDa, 1 foot, 40s. per 1000; C, erecta viridis. 8 to 9 inch. 30*. per 1000 ; Cotoneaster Sim- mODsii, 1 foot, 30s. per 1000; Escallonia macrantha, 9 inch, 8». per 100; Ivy. Irish, a-yr., 305. per 1000; Lilac, purple, a-yr., 30«. per 1000; Laurestinua, 6 to 8 inch, Is. per 100; Oak8, evergreen, 3-yr., drilled, 10 inch, 505. per 1000; Pinus cembra, 3-yr. transplanted, 405. per 1000; P. Nordmannia, a-yr. transplanted, 60s. per 1000; P. nobilig, 2-year trans- planted, 65. per 100; Privets, oval. 9 inch, 8s. per 1000; ditto, 10 to 13 inch, 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; R. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 85. per 100; Bhododendron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40x. per 1000; 6 to 9 inch, 555. per 1000; Veronica Traversii. 8 inch, Is. per 100; V. Pinguifolia, 6 inch, 8s. per 100; Yew, English, a-yrs., I-yr. transplanted, 205. per 1000; Irish Yew, 8 to 9 inch, 8s. per 100. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseif man, Stranraer, HE OLD BROWN QUARRY EARLY POTATO. The Oldest EiistinR Sort in Ireland. In existence here for 150 years; certainly, when I was a child, prior to the famine period. There was no other port grown for harvest purposes when men worked with a sickle. I am enabled to offer it for redistribution — it never having made its way to England — from a stock preserved for years on peat land, restinj? on limestone, in a remote part of county Cork, There must be something in the soil that preserved it for years. It is a first-class early June variety, of great sub- Btance. 7-lb. bag and postage for 2s. 9d. WM. BAYLOR H\RTLaND, F.R.H.S.. Old Established Seed Warehouse, Cork, Ireland. ^ ut^ezte^ y By Koyal Aiiiiointment Nurserymen h Seedsmen to H.M. the Queen, and His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. (Seed i:/'i at my iOO Acres. GARDEN SEEDS CARRIAGE PAID. CATALOGUES FREE. LITTLE liMLLANTYNE CARLISLE. SEEDS! SEEDS!! SEEDS!!! VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS saved from CHOICE SELECTED STOCKS. Everyone with a ffarden and every market gardener should send for a Catalogue Before purchasinfi; elsewhere. Special Low Quotations to large buyers. B. L. COLEKAIf, Seed Slerchant and Grower. SANDWICH, KENT. FORBES' CATALOGUE FOR 1892, Is the largest, best, and most comprehensive ever issued on FLORISTS' FLOWERS and HERBACEOUS PLANTS. It contains full and accurate descriptions of all the beet Antirrhinums, Begonias, Carnations, Dahlias. Delphiniums, Fuchsias, Pasonies, Pansies, Violas, Pelargoniums, Pentste- mons, Petunias, Phloxes, Pinks, Potentillas, Primulas, Pyre- thrums, Verbenas, Herbaceous Plants, &c.; also of my true and reliable strain of EAST LOTHIAN STOCKS, which, by the force of their merit, are now justly celebrated all the world over. In 5 distinct sorts, crimson, purple, scarlet, white, and Wallflower-leaved white, each sort. Is., 2s. 6d., and 5s. per packet. It is an indispensable Reference- Book on all sections of Florists' Flowers, and should be carefully perused by all buyers of flowers. Free on application. JOHN FORBES, Nurseryman, Hawick, Scotland. VINES ( eXRONG FRUITING and AND I ^ PLANTING. — The best leading _ . ^^ ^ J kinds, thoroughly ripened without bottom r I V3 Oa I heat. Particulars on application. DicksonsssChester [Tjie fin^UjostJiferesting Collectioii^iiv the Trade. ' >E;#?IES^& VARIETIES Stove.Gi-eenhouse, Hardy Exotic s Bfltlsh EVERYONE Interested in Ferns SHOULD SEND FOR OUR partially descriptive. Catalogue free, on Application. » socuK Illustrated Catalogue NJ2I. * Price 1/6 post free. FwKcHORSERY SALESMANteHESTER DANIELS BROS., TOWN CLOSE NUESERIE8, NORWICH, BEG to offer the following Plants, Bulbs, &o., which they can highly rpcommend ;^ Roses, Hybrid Perpetual, a splendid collectioD, includine all the choicest sorts. per doz. — *. a. Fine Standards to name 18s. and 24 0 Dwarfs or Bushes 7j. 6rf. and 10 6 Tea Scented, in pots, beet sorts 15s., 18s., and 24 0 Clematises. Choice named aort^ ... 18s. and 24 0 Carnations aod Flcotees. a rerr choice collection, including all the newest and Anest sorts, 6s., 9s., and 12 0 Carnation, " Germanla." Beautiful pure yellow. The best, fine plants ... 3 for 4s., each Is. 6rf. New Garden Pink, "Her Majesty." Beautiful pure white, deliciously scented, 3 for 4s., each Is. Qd, Delphiniums, single and double-flowered, choice named sorts, strong plants 6s. and 9 0 Oaillardias. Large -flowered hybrids, in beautiful va-iety, to name 9s., 12s , and 18 0 Perennial Phloxes, a splendid collection. Estab- lished plants to name 4s. 6rf., 6s., and 9 0 Pyretlirums, Double-flowered, a grand collec- tion, including the newest and choicest sorts. Established plants 6s. and 9 0 ,, Single-flowered, in brilliant variety 6 0 Psonles, Herbaceous. Double - flowered, choice named sorts 12s., 18s., and 24 0 Hardy Flowering Plants. We have a splendid collection of these, which we offer as follows, includ- ing such fine subjects as Anthemis pallida. Chrysan- themum maximum, Doronicums, Erigeron, Helenium, Heuchera saoguinea, Senecio pulcher, &c. : — s. d. 100 in 100 choice varieties '^ (" 30 0 60 „ 60 „ .. (. established ) 17 6 25 ,, 25 „ „ ( plants "i 10 0 12 „ 12 „ „ J (.6 0 Llllum auratum. Fine selected bulbs... 6s.. 9s., and 13 0 ,. Rubro-Vittatum. Pure white, with deep crimson bands, splendid ... each 2s. 6rf. „ Walllchlanum superbum. immense prim- rose-yellow trumpets, magnificent, ea. 3s. 6d. Lilies. Choice named, from our fine collection— 6s., 9.S., I2s., 18s., 24s., and 30 0 Begonias, Tuberous - rooted. Large brilliantly- coloured flowers of all the most beautiful shades. Good strong flowering tubers in splendid mixture per 100. 30». 4 6 ,, Double-flowered, very fine mixed ... 9s. and 12 0 Gladiolus Gandavensis. Choice named sorts— 4s. 6d., 6s., 9s., and 12 0 ,, In splendid mixture per 100, 20s. 3 0 ,, New hardy hybrid. A charming class with large, handsomely-stained or blotched (lowers. Very choice mixed per 100, 24s. 3 6 Tuberoses, American Pearl. Fine bulbs— per 100, 17s. 6d. 2 6 All carriage free u-itk the exception of Tea Roses and Clem ttises, which are sent in pots. ROSES. ROSES. 12 acres of Roses, 100,000 magnificent plants to select from, 23 Choice Standards, 21s.; 24 Half-Standards, 21s.; 13 Standards, 12s. M. ; 12 Half-Standards, 10s. 6d. ; 60 Choice Dwarfs. 50 sorts, 3Is. ; 24 choice dwarf Teas and Noisettes, 12s, 6(f . : 13 choice climbing, fis,; 12 beautiful Teas and Noisettes, 9s. ; 6 lovely yellow Roses, 4». Sd. ; 6 Mar^chal Niels. 4s. 6d. ; 6 Gloire de Dijons. 4s. ; 6 choice Moss Rosea 3s. 6d.; 6 old Cabbage Roses, 3s. 6f/. ; 6 Old-fashioned Ro.>es, 3s. 6d. ; 6 crimson Monthly Roses, .Is. ; 6 pink Monthly Roses, 2». 6rf. ; 6 white Monthly Roses, 3s. ; 6 quick-growing Climbing Roses, 2s. 6d. ; 12 Sweet Briars. .3s. My selection, cash with order. Thousands of Testimonials. Catalogues free. JAMES WALTERS. Rose Grower. Exeter. CLEARANCE SALE of PALMS, DRAC^NAS, &c. Strong Small Palms, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFOKTHIA ELEOANS. LATANIA BORBONICA, ARECA SAPIDA. CORYPHA AUSTRALIS. KENTIA BELMORIANA, K. FOSTERIANA, and DRACAENA INDIVISA, sample 3 of each, 14 plants in all, 5s. ; 1 of each, 7 in all, 3s. Package Free, and Carriage Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. •LATANIA BORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averaging 10 fine leaves. 15s. each. •CHAMJEROPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves, 30s. each. • Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 13 fine leaves, 21s. each. •DRACAENA CANIFOLIA, 5 to 6 feet high. 21s. each. • Ditto ditto 4 feet high. l.=is. each. " PHCENIX TENUIS, 3 feet high, 6s. each. • Ditto ditto 3feet high, 18s. per dozen. • DRAC^NA INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 6s. each. • Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. • Ditto OONOESTA, 2 feet high. 18s. per dozen. • SEAFOKTHIA ELEOANS, in 60'9, fitfor 48'9, strong, 6s. doz. Price per 100 on application. Those marked * are Packed Free, hid NOT Carriage Paid. W. OWEN, 106,',Stamford Hill, N. VERY FINE STANDARD ORNAMENTAL TREES. ALMOND. fruit-bearioK, U. 6rf. to '2$. 6rf. BIRCH, Fern-leaved, weeping (silver barlt). 10 to 12 feet, 35 each. 30^. per dozen; 12 to 15 feet, 3«. 6d. each, 365. per do/.en, ,, Silver weeping. 7 to 8 feet, \s. 3d. each. 125. per dozen ; 8 to 10 feet, l5. 6d. each, 155, per dozen; 10 to 12 foet, 25. each. 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 2s. Qd. each, 245. per dozen. CHERRY, double blossomed, 1*. 6rf. to 2s. 6d. each. ELM, English budded. 10 to 12 feet, 3s. each, 305. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 35. erf. each, 365. per dozen. ,, Montana (Wych), 10 to 12 feet, 2s. each, 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 2s. Qd. each, 24s. per dozen. HOLLY (aquifolium, aquifolium weeping, bronze, elegantis- Bimastricta. Gold Queen, green in variety, Handsworth silver weeping, Milkmaid weeping, new golden weep- ing, variegated in variety, Walerera*). very fine, 105. 6rf. to 425. LABURNUM, English, Is. 6rf. to 2s. 6rf. each, 155. to 34*. per dozen. LILAC. Persian. 25. 6d. each. ,. Siberian. 25. 6'/. each. MAPLE, colchicum rubrum, 10 to 12 feet, 25. ed. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. 6rf. each. 3tts. per dozen. „ Norway, 10 to 12 feet. 2s. each, 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet. 25. 6rf. each, 245. per dozen. ,, Schwedlerii, 10 to 12 feet. 2s. 6d. each, 245. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet. 3fi. each. 30s. per dozen. ,, virginicum rubrum. 12 to 15 feet, 3s 6rf. each, 36s. p. doz. SYCAMORE, 8 to 10 feet. Is. 6rf. each. ISs. per dozen ; 10 to 12 feet, 2s. Gd. each, 2ls. per dozen; 12 to 15 feet, 35. to 35. 6d. each, 30s. to 36s. per dozen ; 15 to 18 feet, 4s. each, 42s. per dozen. ,, purple-leaved, 10 to 13 feet, 2s. 6rf. each, 24$. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 35. 6(f. each, 36s. per dozen. PLANE. occidentalis,20 feet and more, very fine. 10s. 6(i. to 2l5. PKUNUS PISSARDII (leaves richer in colour than Purple Beech, and hang much longer, has pretty pink flowers and nice fruit), 2s.6rf. to 35. 6d. each, 245. to 365, p, doz. PYRUS FLORIBUNDA, 3s. to 2s. 6d. each, 18s. to 245. p. doz. WILLOW, Kilmarnock weeping, 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. each, 24s. to 36s. per dozen. RICHARD SMITH & CO., See"^Mercbants. WORCESTER. SEASON. HARDIIiV-OBOWN H (IX OTHEH TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 ACRES; VBBT ■ZTBH8IYB BTOOK. taipactlOD InvlUi' Prioad Cataloguet Gratis 4> Post Fra*. X/IV}lvOONS NCRSERIK8 (LiMTHD) CJHESTESR. WILLIAM BARRON and SON offer the followinp: well-grown and finely-rootod, which they offer at very low prices :— ABtES, in variety, 3 to 6 feet. CEDRUS ATLANTICA and DEODAEA, 2 to 7 feet. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, in great variety, 2 to 8 feet, ,. NUTKAENSIS, in variety, 2 to 8 feet. PICEA NOBILIS, very fine, 1^ to 2J feet, 66s. per 100. ,. in variety, 2 to 10 feet. PINUS AUSTRIACA, over 100 000, 1 to 8 feet. .. Foreatrtree sizes, very cheap, grand specimens, 6 to 8 feet. PINUS. in variety, 1 to 8 feet. KETtNOSPORAS. in variety. 1 to 8 feet. THUYA OCCIDENTAIIS, for hedges, 5 to 6 feet, £5 per 100. .. in variety. 2 to 8 feet. YEWS. Common, many thousands, 1^ to ^ feet. „ Golden, grand specimens, up to 8 leet. HOLLIES, in great quantity and variety, 1 to 10 feet. ., Golden Queen Specimens, 4 to 7 feet, very fine. AUCUBA, green and variegated, IJ to 2} feet. AVENUE TKEES. ACER SCHWEDLEERII (scarlet-leaved Maple), 10 to 14 feet. NORWAY MAPLE. 10 to 14 feet. SYCAMORE, from 12 to 14 feet. HORSE CHESTNUTS, very stout, 10 to 13 feet. POPLARS, in variety, 10 to 14 feet. PURPLE BEECH, from 10 to 12 feet. OAKS, Scarlet and other varieties, 10 to 13 feet. ELMS, fine variety. 10 to 14 feet. THORNS, Scarlet, Pink, and White, fine standards. LARCH, very fine, from 2 to 3 feet. THORN (Quick), strong. l.^.«. per 1000. very strong. 20x. to 255. per 1000. FRUIT TREES, all kinds. APPLES and PLUMS especially 6ne. A visit from intending plant*>rs is respectfully invited. Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby, only three minutes ■walk from Borrowash Station, Nottingham and Derby, Midland Line. 360 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 19. i892. INTERNATIONAL Horticultural Exhibition, EARL'S COURT, S.W. Opening Day, May 7th, 1892. INTENDING EXHIBITORS SHOULD MAKE IMMEDIATE APPLICATION FOR SPACE, WHICH IS KAPIDLY BEING TAKEN UP. THE EXHIBITS WILL INCLUDE— conseevatokies and forcing houses— BOILEES — LAWN MOWERS, ROLLERS, and GARDEN TOOLS— GARDEN TENTS and SEATS— FLOWER STANDS and SUMMER HOUSES— ORNAMENTAL IRONWORK and FENCES— FERNERIES and ROCKWORK — GARDEN POTTERY, STATUARY, FOUNTAINS, &c.— PAINTS, LABELS, FIBRES, MANURES, INSECTICIDES— PEATS and FUEL— TREE TRANSPLANTING MACHINES — BOUQUET HOLDERS, PAPERS, TUBES, &c. — MACHINERY for SEED - CLEANING and EXTRACTING ESSENTIAL OILS— PERFUMES, FRUIT EVAPORATORS, PUMPS— COLLECTIONS of SEEDS of all KINDS — DESIGNS for ESTATES and GARDENS— PHOTOGRAPHS of TREES, &c.— ESSAYS on GARDENING and FORESTRY. There will be, in addition to the above, displays of every branch of Industry of interest to PRACTICAL & SCIENTIFIC HORTICULTURISTS. ^OMffSS-THE SECRETARY, INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, EARL'S COURT, LONDON, S.W. Mabch 19, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 861 PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS. South Entrance, four minutes' walk from Waltham Cross Station G.E.R.); West Entrance, three minutes' walk from Theobald'a Grove Station (G.E.R). ROSES. Tbe Largest and Finest Stock In the Country. NEW KOSES A SPECIAXTY. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NITRSERIES, WALTHATVT CROSS SEEDS & BULBS OF BEST QUALITY. ALSO MUSHROOM SPAWN, GARDEN MATS, MANURES, INSECTI- CIDES, and all other GARDEN REQUISITES. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS ^Xj FRUIT TREES AND GRAPE VINES. An enormous Stock of Fruiting and Other Trees unsurpassed in quality, ^ being vigorous, clean, and true to name. H PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS. ' J \SSy ^^^ "*'■ EVERGREEN, DECIDUOUS, and V~ '^Zj^ >^r''> CONIFERS, in endless variety, 5>»- 1^ ^i^ >-'^''*-^ kept constantly transplanted. "" ^ ''jp.- RHODODENDRONS off Loam. HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS a specialty. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE Free by Post. PAULS' NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS CAMELLIAS The Largest Stock In tlie Country. Plants well set with Bloom-buds. Also, AZALEAS, LAPAQERIAS, and other GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS. Descriptive Priced CATALOGUE - - ------- Free by Post. . ffl° Prices strictly moderate ; redticed rates for large qxum- titles. Inspection of stock invited. Goods packed by experienced hands for all parts of the world. Gardeners of c/iaracter and experience recommended. Important : Observe the Christian Name and Address- PAUL & SON, WALTHAM CROSS, HERTS. SUTTON'S SUPERB CINERARIA We believe our strain of Single Cineraria to be unsurpassed by any other in cultivation. " I gained 1st Prize for six Cinerarias grown from your seed, olso Special Prize for the same plants as the best exhibited at the Eastbourne Show."— Mr. G. Watson Gardener to C. H. Simmons, Esq. *• I was awarded 1st Prize at the Shropshire Sprin^r Show for the best Cinerarias. They were grown from your seed and were greatly admired." — Mr. S. Bhemmell, Gardener to Mrs. H. F. Hayhurst. Price of Seed, mixed colours, 6s. & 2S. 6(3. per packet, post-frte. SUTTON & SONS, READING- BEAUTIFUL LAWNS AND TENNIS GROUNDS BE.ST OBTAINED BY SOWING VEITCH'S FINEST MIXED LAWN GRASS Carefully prepared fi om the finest Dwarf Perennial Grasses only. Per Pound, Is. ; per Bushel, 253. VEITCH'S FINE.ST MIXED GRASSES FOB CRICKET GROUNDS. Per Pound, is. ; per Bushel, 21b. JAMES VEITCH& SONS ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W. THE SATUMDAY, MARCH 19, 1892. TWO FAMOUS GARDENEKS: LONDON AND WISE. T^HERE are few more interesting names in -*- the history of English gardening than those of George London and Henry Wise. Bowack, in bis account of Kensington (1705), states, that if the stock of their nurseries at Brompton Park were valued at one penny a plant, the amount would exceed £40,000 ; whilst Evelyn declared their nursery to be " above the greatest works of that kind ever seen or heard of, either in books or travels." Compared with two or three nurseries within easy reach of where the establishment of London and Wise once stood, the above amount is insignificant, but it must be remembered that their nursery was at the time the only one in England worthy of the name, as, doubtless, it was by far the largest in existence. There is a literary as well as a hor- ticultural side to the careers of these two men. Of their lives, comparatively few definite facts are known, and of other than their public work, nothing at all. Both London and Wise were pupils of a worthy gardener, John Rose, who was considered the most eminent man of his time in the pro- fession. He was successively gardener to the Earl of Essex, at Essex House, in the Strand (where he was in 166.5), to the Duchess of Cleveland, to the Duchess of Somerset, and to Charles II., at St. James's ; and it was to the gay monarch, his employer, that he dedi- cated his work, The English Vineyard (1672), in which Evelyn had a share in the composition. It is now, apparently, impossible to obtain any information about either the birth or parentage of George London ; and even his apprentice, Stephen Switzer, confesses, in his lch7ioyraphia Rtistica, that he was ignorant on these points. We do know, however, that (in the words of Switzer) " the early and vigorous appearances he made in business were soon discovered by his master, who spared no pains nor hindered him of any liberty whereby he might improve himself." After he had been with Rose for some four or five years. Rose, who had himself studied in the gardens at Versailles, sent him to France for improvement. France, with the king, Louis XIV., who deemed himself immortal, at its head, was then at the height of its prosperity and magnificence, and gardening was an extremely popular pastime with the higher orders. It was here that London gathered so much knowledge in landscape and other phases of his craft that stood him in such stead in after life. Soon after his return from France, London entered the service of Henry Compton, Bishop of London, who, shortly after London left him, and during the reign of James II., had the most extensive collection of plants in the country. 36^ fHE GABbBnEBS' GBBONtCLB. [Maech 19, 1892. The Bishop did everything under his own superintendence, but there can be no doubt that his famous gardener contributed vastly towards bringing this garden up to its high pitch of excellence. He remained in the employ of the Bishop for a few years, and left in or slightly before 16S1, when he started in business for himself at the Brompton Park Nursery. His partners were at the com- mec cement Cooke, Lucre, and Field, only one of whom appears to have achieved any measure of fame. This exception, Moses Cooke, was the son of a Lincolnshire farmer, and is mentioned in Evelyn's Diary, under the date April 18, 1680, as a skilful artist in gardening, as a bit of a mathematician, and as having preten- sions to astrology. He was gardener to the Earl of Essex at Cashiobury for nearly a quarter of a century, leaving in 1681 to join London at Brompton.* It may, how- ever, be mentioned that of the other partners, Lucre was head gardener to the Queen Dowager, at Somerset House, whilst Field was the Duke of Bedford's gardener, at Bedford House, in the Strand. In 1694 both Lucre and Field died, and Cooke having retired, London was the sole proprietor of the concern, in which he had un- doubtedly been all along the leading spirit. From small beginnings, the nursery had at length extended to an area of over 100 acres. Whilst the Eevolution of 1688 was pending, London appears to have had the somewhat difli- cult and delicate task of conveying the Princess to Nottingham t to avoid " the fury of the Papists," and when the great event was con- summated, he was appointed Superintendent of all the Royal Gardens with a salary of £200 per annum, and was made a Page of the Back Stairs to Queen Mary. Among the Treasury Papers preserved in the Pablic Record Office is the Report of Sir Chris- topher Wren, by order of the Lords of the Treasury, in regard to Vice-Admiral John Ben- bow's petition for compensation on account of the great damage done to the house and gardens of Sayes Court by the Czar of Russia and his retinue. Admiral Benbow had rented the place from John Evelyn to accommodate the Czar during his stay in this country, and Peter the Great left everything in a fearful condition, and the damages were assessed at £350 Qs. Qd., of which £162 7s., it was reported, properly belonged to Evelyn to piy. The Report is drawn up under three heads, the last of which consists of " some observations made upon the gardens and plantations " at this, place, and is " signed by George London, the King's master gardener.'' AVhen the Peace of Ryswick (Sep- tember 11, 1697), was concluded, London accom- panied the Earl of Portland, Ambassador Extra- ordinary to King William, to France, and during this visit he devoted a considerable amount of time to the fruit gardens at Versailles, his observations on which were prefixed to his translations (in conjunction with Wise), of Qaintinio's work to be presently mentioned. * Cooke "was the author of two works : The Manner of Huiing, Ordering, and Improving Forest and Friut Trees, vV . published with plates in quarto form in 1679, and re- printed in octavo in 1700, 1717, and 1724; the second being a treatise on The Art of Making Cider, published in Evelyn's ■works. Cooke was also a bit of a poet, but his verse has a distinct cupboard-love flavour about it. 1 The appearance of London as a guardian of royalty will ieem, at first s'ght, inexplicable, but a reference to the ninth chapter of Macaulay's History, easily explains his presence. M the two men wbo were so instrumental in getting Anne out of the city, one was Bishop Compton, London's former master, and the princess's old tutor, so that the present and future "friend at court" whose influence was so great on London's behalf is easily identified. Macaulay, however, does to mention London's part in the transaction. Johnson (History of Oardenlng, p. 124), and other writers, including Switzer, on the history of gardening in England, state that on the death of William III., the care of the Royal Gardens was given to Henry V/ise, London devoting himself to the country portion of the business. But if a number of interesting papers in the Record Oifice go for anything. Wise must have held the appointment some years before 1702. Accompanying a Report of the Officers of Works to the Lords of the 'Treasury, dated February 16, 1700, on an estimate of works to be done with all expedition in the parks and gardens at Hampton Court, is Wise's " Proposals " or estimate, the amount being £6638 is. ^d. The Officer took ten months in considering this estimate, and made several abatements in the prices, besides ordering that payment be made in weekly instalments of £75. In 1702 there was still a considerable balance unpaid, and Wise petitioned to have the debt wiped out. Dated June 18, 1703, there is a Report of the Officers of Works on Wise's work to be performed in St. James's Park ; and ten months later his account for work done in several Royal Gardens was minuted " to be paid except £20 10s. Qd., he [Wise] is assessed for the tax." In June, 1704, he framed a memorial for allowances paid by him to the keepers, &o., of St. James's Park for wages, board-wages, and liveries. The Great Storm of November 27, 1703, destroyed a large number of Elms in the Great Park at Hampton Court, and Wise was requested to report on the damage done, and the cost of seventy large Elms for one of the old walks, and a hundred more for another place in the same grounds. Two years after this, Wise got into trouble with the authorities for building a house on a waste piece of ground near Hampton Court, which had been given him in perpetuity by Her Majesty's steward without authority. Ilis claim to this ground was repudiated by the authorities, but the house was allowed to remain. During all this period, the business of London and Wise had extended into very considerable proportions, and the two men apparently worked together very amicably. London visited once or twice a year all the principal gardens of the country, often riding 00 or 60 miles a day. He performed his northern journey in five or six weeks, his western in about the same period, whilst the southern and eastern only occupied him a few days. Among his last works were the gardens at Wanstead House, for Sir Richard Child, in 1706 ; and those of the Earl of Car- narvon, at Edger, Herts, which last he did not live to complete, dying after a fortnight's illness — of fever, brought on by over activity — about Christmas, 1717. That London did more than any other man of his time to stimulate the art of gar- dening, there can be no question, but regarded in the light of to-day, his influence was pernicious, He had, however, to recognise and abide by the execrably bad taste which prevailed at that time in every department of science, literature, and art. He was evidently a man of untiring energy, and with abilities which would have " risen to the occasion," in whatever groove he had been called to exercise them, but he was an interpreter of ideas of other people rather than an originator, For many years after London's death, Wise's connection with the Royal Gardens continued. About the year 1716 — the paper in the Record Office is undated — we find Wise drawing up a comparison between the Royal Gardens of the times of William III., Anno, and George I., and it is evident from this statement that economies of the most rigid character had been effected. In William's time there were 73 acres reserved as gardens, costing £4163 19s. per annum ; whilst at the time of drawing up the statement, 148 acres 2 roods were kept in good order for £2900 for twelve months. At that time over £600 was due to him for garden-work performed during the last two reigns. And this was an oft-repeated tune, each Government attempting to saddle its successor with its liabilities, and all well-versed in the art of shuffling. In 1716, Wise took Joseph Carpenter as a fully-qualified assistant, and a few years later he became a partner in the concern. From a paper in the Record Office, dated April 26, 1725, we gather that the Surveyor of the Royal Gardens and the two partners were at loggerheads. They planted a number of trees and shrubs in the " Lower Wilderness " at Hampton Court ; and when the account was sent in the Surveyor repudiated it, disclaiming any knowledge of the work, and of having given any instruction in the matter. Whether the account was paid history telleth not. Wise's most important work was probably the grounds at Blenheim, which occupied him three years in completing. He effected a number of alterations in Kensington Gardens, and by con- verting certain gravel-pits into a shrubbery, through which were winding walks, he earned the praise of no less a person than Joseph Addison, who compared him to an epic poet, and this improvement to an '" episode " in the general effect of the garden. The date of Wise's death appears to be un- known ; the appointment of Royal gardeners apparently died with him. He was succeeded in this office by Bridgeman, who, as a garden architect, displayed a much greater taste than either of his predecessors. He eschewed verdant sculpture, and mottoes in Yew, Holly, and Box, and other monstrosities in the way of giants, animals, and so forth. It is not quite clear as to who occupied these famous nurseries at Brompton during the greater part of the last century. From Lysons (the antiquary) writing in 1795, we learn that the place was then in the occupa- tion of Messrs. Gray and Wear ; and, according to Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt, the Grays were still there in 1840. [We believe Messrs. Gray, Adams and Hogg — all, or some of them — were carrying on the business at the time the land was secured by the Commissioners of the Great Exhibition of 1851. the shop, offices, and glass-houses occupying the land near what is now the Kensington Road end of Exhibition Road. Ed.] A- brief account of the gardening books written or translated by London and Wise is reserved for another paper. W. Roberts. New or Noteworthy Plants, CRINUM riRMIFOLlUM.* We owe to the kindness of a correspondent the opportunity of recording a Crinum from Madagascar, new to cultivation. On anbmitting it to Mr. Ba'Ker, who has made a special study of the plants of Mada- gascar, and also of Amaryllids, that gentleman obligingly identified the specimen for us as above. The following is Mr. Baker's description : — " Leaves narrow, lornte, firm in texture, 3 feet long, l.J inch broad in the middle, tapering gradually to the point, margin distinct, entire. Peduncle a foot long. Umbel, 0 to 8-flowered. Spathe-valves 1^ to 2 inches long ; pedicels none ; perianth-tube straight, 5 to 6 inches * C. fir mi folium. Baker in/owm, Linn. Soc, zx,, p. 270, and Handbook of Amaryllideis,^. 78. Maech 19, 1892.] THE GATiDENERS' CHRONICLE. 363 long ; segments linear, 2 to 2}^ inches long. Stamens about as long as the segments ; anthers linear, k inch long. Style overtopping the anthers. It was gathered on the east coast of Madagascar by the Rev. R. Baron, who has discovered about a thousand new plants in Madagascar," are almost entirely suppressed. The upper sepal has a circular patch of greenish yellow, on which there are some faint brownish lines, and a broad, pure white margin. The petals and lower sepal are yellow, with some obscure tracing of purplish brown, and the lip is lighter in colour than the TRICHODESMA PHYSALOIDES. In February, 1884, Mr. N. E. Brown called attention in our columns to this Boraginaceous plant as one that nurserymen would do well to look after, and intro- duce. Acting on that hint, Mr. Adlam, of Pretoria, I FlO, 51.— TKICHODESMA PHTSAL0IDE5 : FLOWFB', SNOW WHITE, WITaiN A PURPLE CAL'. X. Cypeipeuium ivsione, Le Boux's VAE. This distinct variety may be said to be intermediate between the new C. i. Bohnhofianum {Gardeners' Chronich, Nov. 14, p. 587) and the old C. i. albo- marginatum, and its peculiarity is that the brown markings in the sepals and petals usual in C. insigne ordinary run of C. insigne. It, and also another handsome variety, was sent by G. R. Le Doux, Esq., Langton House, East Moulsey, who flowered them out of the now famous C. insigne montanum imported by Messrs. F, Sander & Co. of St. Albans. Jamrs O'Brien, Transvaal, has secured a stock, and has favoured us with a specimen, from which the illustration (fig. 51) is taken. The plant is a herbaceous peren- nial, with a fleshy root-stock, from which are produced annually a number of erect stems, in tufts or patches 2 feet across. The leaves are glaucous green, the 364 TSE GARDENEE8' CHRONICLE. [MifiCH 19, 1892. flowers pure white, with a purple calyx. Mr. Adiam further adds : " Trichodesma physaloides grows near Pretoria on sloping, dry, bare hill-sides at an eleva- tion of 5,000 to 5,500 feet ; it is a herb, 1 to IJ foot high, with tuberous roots. The leafy stems, dying down in our dry winter, appear above ground with the first summer raits. The flowers are produced through the early summer ; it is a profuse bloomer. Flower stalks and sepals dull purple, petals white. I imagine the treatment accorded to tuberous Begonias would suit its wants exactly. ORCHID TREATMENT. Pehhaps another amateur, who, by dint of obser- vation, experiment, and experience, has struggled into something very like success (so he flatters him- self) with some of the very Orchids mentioned last week by "L. C," may give some hints that will prove of use to him and others in like plight. One of the great difficulties in growing these Orchids, imported possibly from a locality kept secret by the finder, is the impossibility of ascertain- ing exactly the conditions under which they flourish at home. With the means now at disposal, I think it may be fairly assumed that, given certain require- ments, gardeners can, in all country situations and in pure air, satisfy the needful conditions, when they know them. Like " L. C," I, too, was greatly perplexed, years ago, by the contradictory recommendations of gar- deners who professed to be authorities ; particularly with regard to two Orchids he mentions — Odonto- glossum grande and Epidendrum vitellinum ; and after several seasons of failure, determined to experiment for myself. First, however, I ascertained that these Orchids grow on mountains close to the equator, which con- sequently means that they can have no summer or ■winter season, as we have ; but if they have any changes, they must be twice in the year, for the sun, when vertical twice a year, will bring deluging rains, and there will be two periods of comparative drought when the sun is at the northern or southern limit of the tropic. This is, however, mere conjecture, and so of much less importance than the broad fact, that under the equator there is no winter and no summer season. We then ask, " Are these Orchids ' cool ' or ' hot ' ? " and receive for answer, " Quite cool," as they grow at great elevations. What I am driving at, then, is this : that these Orchids, if they require a temperature of, say 60°, require it all the year round, and consequently they need the very coolest treatment in summer, and an intermediate one in winter. Acting on this, I have, for the last three years, had a frame made, facing north, the soil excavated, and lined with cement, so as to hold water, and I place all my equatorial Orchids that come from high elevations, in this frame, where they remain from July 1 to the middle of September. During this period, the frame is shaded and closed, or nearly so, when the sun shines, but the lights are drawn off every dewy, still night, and always when it rains. In September the plants are put into a cool plant-house till the chill days of November come, when they go into the intermediate- house, so that they shall always be as nearly as possible at the same temperature. Under these conditions, Epidendrum vitellinum, Sophronitis grandiflora, and Odontoglossums of many sorts, thrive admirably, and increase their growths and bulbs yearly. A few need some special treatment, and Odontoglossum grande is one; evidently its thick, leathery leaves and fat paeudobulbs are intended to withstand drought, and, moreover, we hear it grows on rocks, which must get dry at times. It was not till it was potted in very stony stuff, nearly all drainage, and kept dry from January to the end of April, that it throve thoroughly well with us. It is quite certain that this Orchid suffers from heat in summer even more than from cold in winter, if it be dry ; but cool, dewy night air is the tonic these alpine Orchids need in summer, with abundant mois- ture. I have found most Orchids so very useful for house decoration, even where a little gas is burned, that I would say, that if the plants be watered even with hard water, or allowed to get sodden and then dry when in the house, we have found no serious damage to occur from bringing them into the house. Cattleya citrina is another Orchid that needs warmth in winter, with plenty of moisture, but a dry, cool treatment all summer, so that it must not be put in the moist frame, but bung up in any cool, airy house and allowed to get a thorough rest. " L. C." will ere long find out for himself, I have no doubt, the varieties of treatment necessary under any general rule ; indeed, that is, I think, the pleasure of Orchid-growing — to find how to make each plant happy in its own way. E. H. W. Orchid Notes and Gleanings. A FINE ODONTOGLOSSUM [PESCATOREI. Theke is a plant of the above in bloom in Mrs. Scaramanga's garden at Shanklin, Isle of Wight, with a fine spike of 130 flowers. The same plant in the two previous years bore spikes with respectively ninety-five and seventy-five flowers. Is the occur- rence of spikes with so many blooms unusual ? H. Snook. [The photograph of the plant kindly sent with the above note shows a truly magnificent much branched flower-spike. Ed.] Saccolabidm Hesdeesonianum, Litidenia, t. 313. A charming species, with erect spikes of pale rose- coloured flowers. It is a native of north-west Borneo. It was described in our columns by Reichenbach, in 1875, ii.. 356. CiEEOPETALnM Amesianum, Lindenia, t. 314. A native of the Dutch Indies, described for the first time by Mr. Rolfe. The united sepals are white, with light rosy-purple tips, the rest of the flowers being yellow. Stanhopea Wardi, Loddiges, vae. venosta, Lindl. A species in which the flower-segments are dull yellow, with the column white, pink-spotted. Ferti- lisation is effected in the same way as in Corjanthcs. The plant is figured in the Lindenia, t. 315. Lycaste lasioolossa. Originally described in these columns by Reichen- bach, in 1872, p. 215, and now figured in the Lin- denia, t. 316. The flowers have brownish sepals and yellow petals. Orchids at Beoomfield, Sale. In the collection of M. Wells, Esq., many rare and beautiful specimens are now to be seen, and amongst the more noticeable are fine forms of the Dendro- bium Ainsworthii, a fine specimen of D. splendidis- simum grandiflorum (by far the finest of the section), which had seven strong flowering stems, and when the blossoms are fully out it will be a show of itself. D. Ainsworthii and D. Leechianum, well repre- sented, are full of promise of bloom. A variety of D. Leechianum, Sir William Marriott's Seedling, is a handsome dark form, and superior to the type, which is now found in most collections. Dendrobium Cassiope, a pretty hybrid between D. nobile album and D. japonicum — the flowers nearly pure white, with a blotch of pale purple colour at the base of lip, and whose bloom is nearly as large as that of the first-named parent. D. nobile, Hardy's variety, is one of the finest forms of D. nobile I have yet seen, with flowers which are perfect in shape, of great substance ; sepals and petals very broad, light coloured at the base, the other half of a lovely purple shade. There is also a fine flowering specimen of the finest dark form of D. nobile nobilius. In this house was to be observed the largest flowered form of D, Wardianum giganteum, flowering on a bulb made in this country ; the flowers are of immense size, measuring i^ inches across, and tipped with rich purple for a space of three quarters of an inch d)wn the petals. The lip is large. Amongst the Cattleyas in flower were a fine C. Trianse alba (true), C. T. Backhousiana, C. T. splendens — a very hand- some Cattleya, the flowers compact and well shaped ; petals short, and broad, and fringed, and the front portion of the lip finely blotched with the brightest crimson-purple, and the throat of a bright yellow colour. Some very fine Ccelogyne cristata — Chats- worth variety, also C. cristata maxima, C. cristata Lemoniana, C. cristata, Trentham var., were in full bloom. The handsomest of this section were two fine plants of C. cristata alba, with one specimen bearing seven spikes, and the other four spikes, both being objects of good culture. In another house was a fine plant of Cymbidium ebnrneum, with seven strong flower-spikes, and most of the flowers were expanded, and a grand sight it was. Two fine forms of Lycaste Skinneri alba and a variety justly named L. Skinneri gigantea were observed, the flowers of the latter were of great size, and measured 6J inches across the sepals ; the petals measuring If inch broad, and the lip, a high-coloured one, was corres- pondingly large. Cypripediums were represented by forms of C. Harrisianum superbum, C. Leeanum superbum, a very fine variety ; C. Lawrencianum, C. calurum, dark variety, especially fine. Some fine Odontoglossum nebulosum were in full flower, one 0. n. grandiflorum being a splendid variety ; the flowers large and perfectly round ; sepals and petals pure white, spotted with reddish-brown. A variety named O. nebulosum pardinum was noticed which had heavily spotted flowers — very handsome. Some fine varieties of Odontoglossum Rossii majus, all selected carefully by Mr. Wells when they were in bloom. Zygopetalum crinitumcceruleum is another, a charming thing that was in flower — it lasts a long time in perfection ; the sepals and petals are of a greenish colour, marked with brown bars ; the lip is large, white, streaked and suffused with bright blue. Many other fine specimens were in bloom, but those above mentioned were the most striking. L. C. Orchids at Earl!Cliffe, Bowdon. When visiting the small but well-grown collection of Orchids at Earlscliffe, Bowdon, the residence of G. Shoreland Ball, Esq., I was delighted to find such a splendid display of bloom of choice subjects. Certainly, the finest of these was Cattleya Trianoe, G. Shoreland Bill's variety, which surpasses in beauty the lovely C. Trianse Backhousiana. The flower has substance, is well-shaped, and large ; sepals and petals are nearly pure white, and beautifully flaked with rich deep purple, and finely serrated at the margins ; the labellum large, of a rich deep purple, shaded with the brightest magenta; throat yellow, with bright lines of rosy-purple, and white margin. This is flowering for the first time in this country. I have no doubt whatever but it will prove even better another season. A grand form of Cymbidium eburneum in fine condition was just coming into bloom. The Dendrobiums are well-flowered; one plant of D. Wardianum giganteum had 115 flowers open ; also fine specimens of D. nobile, D. nobile Cook- soni, D. Leechianum, D. Ainsworthii, D. splendidia- simum, and a plant of D. nobile Cypherii, which did not strike me as being particularly fine. A good plant of the lovely Cojlogyne cristata alba was in bloom with two fine spikes ; also C. cristata Lemo- niana, and a fine form of Cypripedium Leeanum superbum were in flower, the dorsal sepal having rather more white in it than is usual. The Odontoglossums present a good appearance j ust now, the plants being thick with flower-spikes. A magnificent plant of the rare Odontoglossum Ander- sonianum venustum was in flower with four fine spikes. There was observed a fine plant of O. Ruckerianum with two spikes, an O. Cervantesi decorum var., which was very pretty ; also a speci- men 0. Edwardii, with a gigantic spike of fully open flowers, and many flowering specimens of O. crispnm. These, with Lselia Dayana, Cattleya citrina, and a number of other plants in flower, make an exquisite show. The plants are in good health, and very clean, reflecting great credit on Mr. Hay, Mr. Ball's painstaking gardener. Bambler. Mabch 19, 1892.] THE GABDENEBS' CHBONICLE. 365 THE GYMNOGEAMMAS. This genua includes some of the most beautiful Ferns in cultivation. It is those covered with the farina or powder which are the most remarkable ; the colour of the powder varies from silvery-white to deep golden-yellow. In some the powder is only thinly distributed over the under-surface of the fronds and the rachises, while in others the under- surface is thickly covered, and the upper surface is also covered. Garden varieties are very numerous, and include some fine crested forms, Most of the they will make large specimens; but the prettiest specimens are those grown from single crowns until they are large enough for from 5 to 7-inch pots. Older specimens generally produce a number of crowns, and do not present such a symmetrical appearance ; and as young plants are so easily obtained, it seems hardly worth keeping old stunted specimens about — but, of course, this is somewhat a matter of individual taste or opinion. I once saw a lot of old specimens of G. chrysophylla and other varieties offered by auction, and although I should have consigned them to the rubbish-heap, they Fig. 52.— gymnooeamma decomposita. Gymnogrammas may be obtained from spores, which germinate freely. In some instances the green pro- thallia may be seen in a few days after the spores have been sown, and they generally come so thickly that it is necessary to divide them at an early stage. Under favourable conditions the young seedlings grow away freely, and make nice plants the first season. All of these Gymnogrammas like a stove tem- perature, and a rather moist atmosphere, but the fronds must not be wetted. They should be potted in a light, open compost, and have plenty of drain- age. Potted on from time to time as they require it, realised good prices. Of course, such varieties as do not reproduce from spores must be kept until they have formed a number of crowns, as it is only by dividing these that the stock can be kept up. Where it is necessary to divide plants for stock, it requires great care ; previous to dividing the plants, some of the surface soil should be removed, and a top-dress- ing of new compost, which should be light and sandy, added ; in this new roots will soon be made, and it will not be difficult to preserve these when the plants are cut up. G. schizophyllagloriosa produces a young plant on the rachis towards the point of the fronds, and these may be established by pegging them on to small pots filled with suitable compost. This beautiful Fern may also be obtained from spores, but seedlings vary considerably, both in the habit of the plant and in the colour of the powder. The true form has long, slender, finely-cut, drooping fronds, pale green on the surface, and lightly covered with silvery-grey powder underneath. As the fronds droop over, this can only be grown to perfection when suspended. It is cer- tainly one of the handsomest Ferns we have for suspended baskets, but requires very careful atten- tion, and will not bear exposure to cold. Of the golden Ferns, G. chrysophylla is the best type; this has rather long narrow fronds, growing erect, but slightly recurved towards the points. There are many varieties, Laucheana being one of the most distinct ; in this the fronds are nearly tri- angular in outline, spreading nearly horizontally from erect stipes, which vary in length according to the vigour of the plants. Alstoni is a very distinct variety ; the pinnules curl inwards, thus showing the under surface, which is densely covered with golden yellow powder. Parsonsi is a fine crested form. Young plants have a tufted crest at the point of the fronds, and at the extremities of the side pinns, and as the plants get older, the fronds are more branching and heavily crested ; when confined to small pots, they eventually become one dense tuft of multifld growths. Chrysophylla grandiceps is another crested variety, in which the fronds terminate in a branching crest. G. decomposita (fig. 52) has erect finely-cut fronds, not so densely covered with powder as those referred to above. Martensi is a very free-growing species, the upper surface bright deep green, and lightly covered with pale yellow powder benfath. Of silver Ferns, G. peruviana argyrophylla is the best, or rather, the most distinctly marked. In this, the fronds are covered on both surfaces with silvery- white powder, in the young fronds hardly any green can be seen; the fronds spread, and are just suf- ficiently recurved to form a very handsome plant. This is a very delicate Fern, but under good culture it may be grown to a considerable size. In the normal form of peruviana the powder is not so white, the surface of the fronds is not so thickly covered, and the plant is of a more vigorous habit. Among seedlings, numerous intermediate forms will be found. Mayi is a vigorous form of the above, with large spreading fronds. I do not know if it is owing to this being of hybrid origin, but it does not come freely from spores. X have sown it many times, yet have never succeeded in getting a really good batch of seedlings. In G. tartarea, the white powder is confined to the under surface, the upper surface being deep green. G. Wettenhalliana is a crested form, of similar habit to Parsonsi, but having white or sulphury- white powder; the colour varies among seedlings. I have seen plants almost as white as peruviana argyrophylla, and others sulphur-yellow. G. Pearcei robusta is a fine variety, erect-growing, with very finely-cut fronds, lightly covered with sulphur- coloured powder. This is another which I have not yet succeeded in raising from spores, and I am not aware of anyone else succeeding in doing so. It can be increased by dividing the plants after they have formed several crowns, but it requires great care. G. trifoliata is a very distinct Fern. I have seen it with fronds fully 8 feet long, and with liberal treatment, I should think this length might be con- siderably exceeded. The trifoliate pinna; are about 4 or 5 inches long, of a sombre green, with a slight covering of silvery-grey powder underneath ; the dark rachises are also slightly sprinkled with the powder. Of other distinct species, G. Muelleri is one of the choicest. This has long pinnate fronds, the broad pinnse are of a pale green, blotched with grey, and destitute of the farina or powder. G. rufa and G. tomentosa are other distinct species, which, instead of powder, are covered with tiny hairs. These are not often met with, except where large collections are grown, and, although interesting, they are of little value for decoration. Pteris, 366 THE GABDENER8' CHRONICLE. [Maech 19, 1892. The WiEEK's Work. PLAKTS UNDER GLASS. By H. MiLNER, Gardener, Penrice Gardens, Swansea. ROSE- HOUSE.— Established Rose trees growing in borders will now be in full growth, and therefore a thorough soaking of tepid manure-water would be beneficial. Syringe freely once or twice each day until the bloom commences to open. Keep the plants free from green-fly and mildew, and on the first appearance of the latter, apply flowers-of-sulphur to all the affected parts. Any shoots coming in contact with the roof should be loosely tied down. Plants growing in pots should also be assisted with some kind of stimulant, and a fresh batch be brought in to form a succession. The night temperature may be kept at 46°, with a proportionate rise by day, giving air on all favourable occasions, but avoid draughts. CLIVEIAS.— Plants of these showing bloom may have weak manure-water once or twice a week, until the flowers commence to open. Young plants which have finished blooming and require more root-space, may be repotted, using a compost of three-parts fibrous loam, one of leaf-mould, and suflicient sand to keep the soil open. Any large specimens may be divided, if necessary, as soon as they have done blooming. SCHIZOSTYLIS COCCINEA. — Plants'of this which have become over-crowded in pots should now be divided ; the most suitable size pot for them is 7 or 8-inch. A compost of three parts loam, one of leaf- mould and sand will suit them. Grow the plants in a cool pit or frame until there ia no danger of frost, then stand them outside on a bed of coal-aehea. FANCY AND LARQE-FLOWERED PELARGONIUMS. — The pots in which these are growing will now be filled with roots, and applications of weak manure- water may be applied once or twice a week. Stake the plants as may be necessary, but do not use more sticks than are really required. Keep a sharp look- out for green-fly. HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS which have filled their pots with roots and just commenced to throw up their flower-stems, should have weak applications of manure and soot-water alternately once or twice each week. Aa these plants are very liable to be infested with green-Uy, great care is always neces- sary to keep them free of this pest. BULBOUS PLANTS. — When Tuberoses are re- quired for summer blooming, no time should be lost in potting them. Three parts fibrous loam, one of leaf- soil, and sand in proportion, will be suitable. After potting, plunge the pots in a bed of Cocoa-nut fibre or Oak leaves, with a gentle bottom-heat, and where the night temperature fluctuates between 55^ and 60°. Introduce into heat more Gladioli The Bride and G. Rose Gem, also Lilium eximium and L. longiflorum Ilarrisii. CAPSICUM, PRINCE OF WALES AND LITTLE CEIV). — Seeds of these should be sown now in a light sandy compost, afterwards placing the pans or pots in hpat. When the young seedlings are large enough, prick off into small pots, keeping them shaded during bright sunshine until established. When the roots have penetrated the outside of the ball, shift them into 5 or G-inch pots. Grow them on a shelf near the glass, in a structure where the temperature is not allowed to fall below G0°. For the final shift, a compost consisting of three-parts fibrous loam, one each of decayed manure and leaf-soil, and sand in proportion, will be found to suit them well. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. By G. WooDWAKD, Gardener, Barkam Court, Maidstone, PLANTING. — The recent severe weather has probably delayed the planting of fruit trees in some gardens ; every opportunity should, therefore, be taken to bring this work to a close. Unless more than ordioary attention can be given, such as water- ing and mulching during dry parching winds, it will be as well to delay the planting until the autumn ; but, providing these essentials are forthcoming, if the ground has been prepared, and the frost is out of it, the trees can be planted at once. All newly- planted trees will be greatly benefited by having 2 or o inches of long litter (as it comes from the stable) placed all over the surface of the soil. Trees planted against walls in the autumn can now be nail? d or tied into shape. See that plenty of room is allowed for the shoots to swell. In these gardens the extent of wall space is 1100 yards, the whole being covered with galvanised wire, con- sequently we never have any occasion to use nails. I mention this because there is a prevalent idea that wire injures the trees, but so far we have never sufiered in the least, except when the wire has been badly galvanised. FIGS. — When these are grown outside, the pruning should be attended to at once. In pruning, cut back all growths that are not required, retaining the shortest jointed and best ripened ones only. Last year's growths should not be shortened back, as it is upon these points that the fruits are generally borne. Do not lay the young shoots in very thick, otherwise the wood will not get suflicient sun and air to ripen thoroughly. As a rule. Figs fruit best in very hard soil, and I have seen excellent crops gathered without very much trouble. FRUITS UNDER GLASS. By J. RiDDELL, Gardener, Castle Howard, York. TOMATOS. — Seedling Tomatos, when they have developed their first true leaves, should be taken out of the seed-pots and potted in 60's, using a compost of fibrous loam, spent Mushroom-bed dung, and leaf- mould, a small quantity of sifted wood-ashes, and a liberal sprinkling of Thomson's Vine and Plant Manure, and plunge the pots in brisk bottom-heat until the roots seize on the new soil. Not only is bottom- heat of advantage to the plants at this period of their existence, but it favours strong growth and heavy crops at all their stages, provided a dry atmosphere, and a temperature ranging from 60° to 65°, be maintained. At all times when the weather is favourable for giving air, admit it freely, and afford the plants, which are kept in pots, abundance of water at their roots. Plants which may have filled small pots with roots, may be moved into 32'3 if it be intended to fruit them in pots, or into the border if it be ready for them. In any case, do not starve the plants in small pots. All side- shoots must be cut off as soon as they form. The best results will be obtained from plants grown on a hotbed like Melons, in a soil consisting of the ingredients referred to' above, but put together in a rough state, and the plants allowed an unrestricted root-run. AVhen these conditions can be obtained, the plants in 3-inch pots may be put out at a distance of 2 feet apart at once, the soil made firm about the roots as the work proceeds, and afforded a thorough soaking of warm water when it is finished. Cuttings of Tomatos which have been brought on through the winter, and treated as described, will be about to show fruit, and may be assisted in blossom-setting by tapping the clusters occasionally every day. Where planting cannot he practised, large pots or tubs may be employed instead, and the aim of the grower should be to afford ample space for the roots. Under this treatment, the half of each leaf must he cut off, in order that sunlight may be able to reach the fruit. Frequent top-dressings of the same materials used for potting the plants and of super- phosphate of lime, may be afforded during the season of growth. CUCUMBERS. — These may be planted in pits or houses, at 4 or 5 feet apart, on mounds consisting of two-thirds loam and one-third of equal portions of leaf-mould and well-rotted manure, and resting on an ordinary hotbed, or some medium for affording bottom-heat to the roots. The main shoot or stem should be directed up the trellis for about a distance of 2 feet, and then stopped, the shoots which result from this stopping being trained fanwise over the allotted portion of the trellis. Top-dress the mounds when the roots appear at the aides, with a mixture consisting of one-half manure and leaf-soil and the other half loam, and maintain a night temperature of from 65° to 70°, and a moist atmosphere. Regu- late the day temperature according to the outside condition?, but do not admit any air when cold winds prevail. Sow seeds for succession, one seed in a 2.|-iuch pot containing leafy soil, and place them in ahottoni-heat of 80°. Any seedlings which have got beyond the cotyledon stage of growth may be shifted into 6-inch pota. MELONS. — Succeasional sowings of Melons may be made, and the seedlings afforded the same treatment as that advised in a former Calendar. At this time of the year, however. Melon seeds germinate readily, so that two seeds in each small pot will be enough to sow. Attend to the tying and stopping of those Melons which are either planted out in beds or grown in pots, and also to the fertilising of the first blossoms that open. When a set is secured, top-dress the hills, and feed the plants with some kind of stimulating manure as the conditions of grov/th seem to demand. STRAWBERRIES.— Continue to select for forcing the strongest plants, and those with well-ripened crowns — taking in batches of them weekly. Remove dead foliage, and top-dress. At this season a lesser degree of forcing is required, and late Peach- houses or vineries in which a small amount of warmth is maintained, may be utilised to bring on the Strav/berry plants. Put them in the lightest place, and where air can be freely afforded, syringing twice daily and effectively performed. Keep the roots moist. If Strawberries are forced on shelves in vineries, &c., and these are so situated that the pots and plants get the fullest exposure to the sun's rays, a thin board as broad as the pots are high should be placed in front of them, which will have the effect of lessening the quantity of water required, and the risks of the plants getting accidentally dry at the roots. Thick pieces of turf may also be placed under the pota, with the grassy side resting on the shelf. Into these the roots will follow the moisture and manures aflForded. These turves must not be allowed to suffer for lack of moisture, if once they are taken possession of by the roots. Assist the fertilisation of Strawberry plants in flower, if the weather be dull. Thin the fruits of those that are set, and supply the plants with liquid manure. Plants with fruits nearly ripe may be given a situation near the glasa, or where they have unobstructed light, plenty of air, and a temperature of 50°. A drier atmosphere at this period of their growth than the one in which they have been forced, will tend to give flrm, well- flavoured fruit, but where fruit can be gathered and placed on the table direct from the forcing-house, a slight syringing in the afternoons of sunny days will tend to a further increase of size. However, where forced Strawberries have to travel long distances, they should be ripened in a dry atmosphere, and no syringing done. For packing Strawberries to travel, boxes 2 inches deep are required, over the bottom of which soft clean moss should be placed, and on this a single layer of Strawberries, each in a piece of Vine leaf, may be firmly packed, and the whole finished ofl'with a light covering of leaves, that will be useful as a garnish. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By H. A.BUREERRY, Orchid Grower, Highbury, Birmingham. THE COOL ORCHID-HOUSE. — All necessary repotting of the inmates of this house may be now done with safety, and in the case of Odontoglossums it should be delayed no longer. My own practice ia to leave all those plants that may safely be left until the month of September, but it will sometimes happen that a few — principally those which have flowered and are about to make growth — may be repotted at the present season with good results. No better potting-materials can be found for these species than fibrous peat and sphagnum moss, using these in equal proportions, together with finely- broken crocks intermingled, the plants being very lightly potted. Cochlioda Noezliana seems to be a plant that will grow well under exactly the same treatment as Odontoglossum Alexandrse, aa also do 0. nebulosum, 0. maculatum, 0. nicvium, 0. CErsterdii, and, indeed, if this so-called cool-house is a light and well ventilated structure, many other species may be cultivated in it. In advising opera- tions, one is apt to forget that many admirers and growers of Orchids do not possess an intermediate- house, and therefore the writer advises the culture of certain species in whatever compartment he finds these to grow best. This is, I suppose, as it ought to be, yet for the benefit of growers of a small number of species of Orchids, it may be well to mention that many of these alluded to as inmates of the intermediate-honse may be well grown in the cool one if only due consideration be given to the wants of the plants, and the warmest and lightest positions reserved for them. The following species may be grown here with a fair amount of success, though I shall continue to advoc.ite a somewhat warmer treatment for them generally. Suspended near the roof and at the warmest end, should be Cattleyas of the marginata type, Coelogyne cristata, Loslia anceps, Odontoglossum citrosmum, 0. grande, O. Harryana, 0. Insleayi, 0, phalajnopsis, O. vesil- larium, Oncidium concolor, 0. crispum, 0. curtum, O. Forbesii, 0. tigrinum, and various Pleiones may be MARcn 19, 180i3.J THE GARDENER B' CHRONICLE. 367 grown ; while on the etaRes Cynibidium, Masdevallias, Maxillaria grand iflora, Cypripedium insigne, Boxalli, Schlimii, and Sedcni, Anguloaa, Lycastes, Odonto- glossuiu cirroBum, O. EJwardii, and Oacidium macrauthum may have a place. NEWLY -IMPORTED ORCHIDS. — These plants should be treated carefully, and inured gradually to heat, light, and moisture, as a too liberal and too sudden accession of any of these may cause the foliage to drop and the pseudobulbs to decay. When received, the decayed and useless foliage, roots, &c., should be removed, so that excess of moisture may not affect the plants injuriously, and this done, it is a good plan to suspend them head downwards in a shady, not very moist part of the house, and afford them an occasional syringing ; and as the leaves or the pseudobulbs become plump, or new growth and roots appear, they may bs potted and treated like established plants. GENERAL WORK.— The various roller-blinda and shadings should now be put up ready for use, espe- cially that on the cool-house, where bright sunshine at this season may cause the leaves to take on a bronzed appearance, and when this is excessive, it leads to their loss. Fumigate the plants in all houses as previously recommended, at intervals of one or two weeks, as may be deemed necessary. Thripa are now breeding, and their destruction is imperative, if plants are to be kept in good health ; and red-spider does much harm to the young foliage of Dendrobiums, if not sharply looked after, and sponged off the leaves with an insecticide. THE KITCHEK" GARDEN. By G. WrTHES, Gardener, Syon Home, Brentford. ASPARAGUS. — When beds of Asparagus are taken up for the purpose of forcing the shoots, it is necessary to renew them by sowing or planting; and though it is yet full early for planting, a good deal will depend on the prevailing weather, as in early springs the roots start into growth early, and in such seasons the planting of roots should begin with growth. New ground should always be chosen for new beds, and it ought to be deeply trenched and heavily manured early in the winter. Asparagus requires high cultivation, but much can be accom- plished at a small cost in making the soil suitable for the plant. Where the soil is clayey, road- scrapings, burnt refuse, old plaster and mortar, and wood-ashes should be incorporated with it. Light soils require good rich manure, marl, heavy loam, and lime rubble. I prefer to sow the seed about the middle of March, and in planting, to give the plants a space of 2 to 3 feet from plant to plant; and on heavy land to make raised beds, and on light soil to BOW on the flat. I have employed river sand and sea-weed to great advantage on heavy soils. The seed should be sown sparingly, and the seedlings thinned to 18 inches apart ; indeed, some cultivators have the rows 3 feet apart, and the plants 2 feet apart in the rows. It is important to afford the plants liquid-manure, and in dry soils water may likewise be necessary, and in dry weather when the plant is in growth. Plants may stand in the beds in two rows, at not less than 2 feet apart I prefer, and wide flat drills should be made in which to plant, it being then possible to spread out the roots and place some fresh material over them as the work proceeds. When the work is finished, level the beds, and top-dress with short litter. Before planting a bed, a strong stump should be driven into the soil at each corner to mark the size of it, and alleys should not be less than 2 feet wide at the bottom. Care should be taken when planting to keep the roots moist, and to water them soon after- wards, if the weather be dry. SEAKALE. — If root-cuttings have been prepared, and kept as previously advised, they will be in proper condition to be planted. To obtain good crowns in one season, ground in good heart, deeply dug and well-manured, should be chosen, and though Sea- kale will grow in very poor soil, or even sand, it likes strong loam. The sets may be planted in rows 2 feet apart, and half that distance from set to set in the rows ; but for forcing on the ground, 3 feet apart is not too much, and 18 inches between the sets. As soon as a few inches growth are made, the stems should be thinned, leaving the strongest ones. The small roots of Seakale which may have been dug and are not fit for forcing, should be cut over, and planted for forcing next season. Seeds of Seakale may be sown this month, but root-cuttings are to be preferred. [Seeds are best sown in boxes, in heat, in February. Ed.] POTAT08.— The main crop of Potatoj should soon be planted, unlesa the situation is a cold or much exposed one, when planting may be deferred for a fortnight. If practicable, the crop should come on land that was heavily manured for some earlier crop, or manured in the autumn, and left in the rough. There is much gained by the use of artificial manures— as fish-manure, in place of the manure of animals, especially in soils that are naturally wet. Change of seed and ground are good for the Potato, and good preventives of the disease. In planting, drills are to be preferred to holes made with the dibber. Strong-growing varieties should be planted in rows 3 feet apart, and the sets at half that distance from each other ; whilst those of moderate growth may stand at 2 feet apart, and 1 foot. The Potato quarter should be a fully exposed one, and soils deficient of lime should be freely dressed with it. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By H. W. Ward, Gardener, Lonrjford Castle, fialisbury. BEDDING ANNUALS. — These annuals are very telling when planted in masses, lines, or clumps, they remain a long time in flower, and are not much injured by rainy weather. A bed of double Zinnias has a very telling effect. It is not possible to speak too highly of Phlox Drummondii as a bedding plant, that may be used in a variety of ways, as it has richness and diversity of colour, duration and profusion of bloom, together with a dense, free-growing, trailing habit. It is a very manageable plant, and may be planted to form lines or borders, the young shoots being pegged down, and the lines kept cut into shape ; but it is when planted in masses that it is seen to the best advantage. It is admirably adapted for planting in beds of standard Koses, as the trailing shoots cover the ground with a carpet of the brightest and softest of colours, and clothe the stems of the Roses, without in any way injuring the latter. The Salpiglossis and Sweet Scabious are also very showy and useful plants for planting in large beds, attaining a height of from 2 to 3 feet, and in the case of the Scabious are rather straggling growing. GENERAL WORK. — Advantage is being taken of the hardness of the ground to cart in rough materials and gravel of two degrees of fineness for the making of new walks in the grounds. The soil to the desired depth and width was previously excavated. At the bottom of the eycavated part, a layer of brick-bats is placed ; this forms the drainage of the path, and is followed by two thick courses of coarse, and lastly fine gravel, and a line of flints is put at the sides as an edging. The walk will now be thoroughly well rolled, so as to secure a firm and even surface pleasant to walk and drive upon. In doe time Snowdrops will be planted behind the flints and close up to them, and still further back, and stretching up to and amongst some trees and shrubs are masses of Daffodils, Blue Bells, Snow- drops, Hyacinths, Primroses, &c. These and like plants deserve to be generally planted in this manner. The effect of these subjects, when in flower, is as pleasing as it is natural. I refer to the matter now, as the time will shortly be at hand for transplanting some of the subjects mentioned ; indeed.the time has already come for disposing of bulbs which have been forced and received the proper kind of treatment to harden them. As soon as mild weather seta in. Ivy may be cut close back to the face of walla or fences on which it is growing. By deferring this operation till the end of the present month or to April, according as the district is early or late, the young leaves which form after the trimming are likely to escape injury by frost. Sow seeds of Eckford's or other Sweet Peas in borders adjoining some of the chief walks in the kitchen garden. They will make useful and good screens to objectionable quarters of vegetables. Among the improved varieties of Sweet Peae may be mentioned the varietiea Queen of England, large pure white flowers of fine substance and quality ; Princess of Wales, shaded and striped with mauve on a white ground ; Prince of Orange, bright orange-pink flowers flushed with scarlet ; Empress of India, clear rosy-pink standard and white wings ; and the Countess of Radnor, pale mauve standard, with a deeper shading of mauve, wings pale lilac or delicate mauve. A sowing of Mignonette should be made in a sunny spot, and in ground previously manured with short dung, and the surface made quite firm and fine. PRUNING ROSES.-This maybe done in March, varying the time from the middle to the end of the month, or early in April, according as the situation is an early or a late one, and the prevailing weather. However, a few of the most favourably situated Roses may be pruned about the middle of March, with a view to securing early blossoms afterwards, carrying on the pruning generally at short intervals during the period above stated. This is a safe and advan- tageous practice. The month of April will be soon enough to prune Roses planted last month, and it is a good time to prune Tea-scented and Noisette Rosea. If the Hybrid Perpetuals are of the previous year's working, the strength of the shoots will form a guide to the pruner as to what amount of shorten- ing may be required ; if vigorous, cut them back to five or six buds, and if weak, prune back to two or three. Tea- scented and Noisette Roses should only have the weaker shoots thinned out, and the strong ones shortened back a little. Older plants of the Hybrid Perpetual class should have the weak shoots cut back to one bud, and the strong ones to two or three buds, according to the size and shape of the head of each plant. The summer Roses, and the varietiea of the Mosa Rose, should be sparingly pruned. Do not allow established plants of any kind of Rose to get crowded with wood, and, if any- thing, err on the side of thinness in the shoots. In all cases, prune to a bud pointing outwards. Roses on their own roots, and which are pegged down in their beds, should have some of the old shoots cut out to make room for some of the strongest growths of last year, spurring back the side shoots on the old ones retained to within one eye of their base. INDOORS. — Push on the propagation of all necessary plants, and prick out and pot off seedlings, and treat as recommended in previous calendars. FORESTRY. By J. B. Webster. In the natural Pine forest, all branches and frag- ments of wood that cannot be utilised to better account, should be gathered into heaps here and there in open places and burned, the ashes spread out upon the surface, and the spots sown with hardy grass seed, which in due time will afford a welcome bit of grass for deer and other animals. I have found the month of April the best time to burn the rubbish, as by that time the insects are generally busy e-xcavating their burrows below the bark to deposit their eggs, and as they are taken by surprise they are then destroyed in a wholesale manner by the fire. In some cases where the insects are in large numbers, it is likewise advisable to scarify the stumps and larger size of surface roots left m the ground where trees had been felled during winter, to prevent the insects from using them. By this system of management the debris or rubbish is converted into plant-food at once, fungus growths and insect pests inimical to the healthy development of trees are kept within bounds, forests and woods have a clean tidy appearance, and last, though not least, pedestrians in search of game can traverse the ground with free- dom and comfort. In some parts of the country where Pine woods are extensive, there is sometimes considerable damage done by farmers and others erecting rustic fences with the thinning of Fir plan- tations without peeling the bark off the posts and rails, and as such forms excellent breeding- ground for insect pests of various kinds, the forester should see that the bark is removed from the poles to be used for such purposes in the vicinity of his plantations. PLANTING. — The planting of deciduous trees both for ornament and utility should, if possible, be finished for the present this month, recently-formed plantations on hill and dell should be examined, and blanks made up where necessary, and in doing so, particular care should be taken not to expose the roots of the trees for any length of time to the dry- ing influence of the weather during the operation. This is a point of much importance as a means of attaining success, and cannot be too forcibly im- pressed upon the mind of the planter. When making np blanks on dry hilly ground during a spell of dry weather, and in cases where the plants have to be carried a considerable distance to the plantations, the roots had better be puddled in a mixture of earth and water, which will prove highly beneficial in promoting the growth of the plants at the start. Mossy ground, however, or peat bog, can be planted with coniferous trees with perfect success during the month of April, and in doing so I have always found the best results by mixinga small quantity of pulverised clay or earth with the staple at the spots where the trees are to be planted. This gives %veight and firmness to the moss, improves its texture, and gives a better ratio of plant food for the trees. I need hardly say that this class of ground should be thoroughly drained, and allowed to lie and drip for a considerable time before being planted. 368 THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 19, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICES. FlAKTS, &0., to be Named. — Correspondents sending plants or fruits to be named, or asking questions demanding time and research for their solution, must not expect to obtain an answer to their enquiries in the current week. Specinnens should be carefully packed and numbered, and not more than six should be sent at one time. AdTertlsements should not be sent to the Editor, but to the Publisher, at the above address. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. MEETINGS. ( Koyal Horticultural Society : Lec- TUESDAY, Mab. 22^ ture on " Cultivation ot Melons"; ( all Committees meet. THUKSDAY, Mak. 24 ^ ^'■'^•'ton and Hove Chrysanthe- 7 mum Society. SATURDAY, Mab. 26— Boyal Botanic. SHOW. WEDNESDAY, Mae. 23- Boyal Botanic. SALES. j 2000 Standard, Half-standard, I Dwarf, and Climbing Roses, &c., [ at Stevens' Rooms. SATURDAY, MAR. 26 \ ^''™'"' Jj"" T'^es, Border Plants, t &c., at Stevens Rooms. OORREOTED AVKBAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK, DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTY-THREE TEARS, AT CHISWICK.— 4J°.7. Since the publication, in 1751, lurelman'ts! °^ ^^^ PMlosophm Botanica, by LiNN.EUs, botanists have had a more or less definite code of rules for the naming of plants, and to it they have more or less loyally conformed. In 1819 the work was taken up by A. P. db Candolle in his Thtorie Elementaire de Botanique, and in the publica- tions of Lindley, Asa Gray, and Von Muel- ler,, to mention only three of the most important, the subject has from time to time received atten- tion. Throughout, the general principles laid down by Linn^us have been followed. In 1867, a congress of botanists was summoned at Paris, under the presidency of M. Alphonse db Can- dolle, when a new code of laws, based on the ancient models, was propounded by the President, and after discussion, paragraph by paragraph, duly adopted. This code, the general excellence of which is admitted on all hands, is now the guide for students and monographers. Un- fortunately, as we cannot help thinking, the working of the code was made retrospective, and consequently, some botanists, in their zeal under all circumstances to uphold an excellent prin- ciple, think themselves oonstrained to change well-known and well-established names — names used for many years, it may be, by everybody concerned — in favour of denominations, obsolete, or never generally adopted, and unknown save to a few antiquarians and bibliographers. The confusion that has arisen in consequence of this, is only beginning, but it threatens to be very serious. If the matter concerned the botanists only, we should not be disposed to dis- cuss so technical a subject in these columns. Unfortunately, the interests of the general public and a fortiori, of the gardeners, are greatly con- cerned in the matter, and this must be our excuse for touching on a subject which is not a very attractive one, however great its import- ance. It is of course impossible, even if it were desirable, to treat the subject in detail. It must suffice to say, that one of the principal questions agitating the minds of botanists at this time has reference to the application of the "law of priority." The object of this law is to secure the historical recognition and fixity of the earliest publication of the name of any plant or animal, and thus to obtain a definite starting-point. The publication must be adequate, and as a matter of convention, it has been agreed that the starting- point shall be 1753, the year in which the first edition of the Specifs Plantarum of Linn^us was published. This book marked the definite establishment of the binominal system first used by LinNjEUS tentatively in his Pan Suecus. Pre- viously to that time plants had been occasion- ally mentioned under two names, one generic, the other specific ; but the book in question was the first in which the system was carried out in detail, from " Acalypha virginica " to " Zygophyllum spinosum." The adoption of this date as the starting-point is, therefore, something more than a mere matter of convention. How great is the convenience may be judged by comparing the ante-Linnean descriptive phrases of a dozen or more words with the generic and the specific names corre- sponding to the surname and the Christian name of human beings. The law of priority as gene- rally acted on, does not apply further back than 175? for the species (or 1735 for the genera). It is true that some sticklers for priority go back to Catullus and Columella. They would be more consistent it they went back to Adam at once ! But in order that our readers may under- stand the points at issue, we must give a concrete illustration. Let us take the " Douglas Fir," generally known in gardens as Abies Douglasi, This tree was first discovered by Menzibs at the end of the last century, but the first publication was by Lambeht, in the first edition of his Pihus in 1803. Therein it was called Pinus taxifolia, and that is, no doubt, the earliest name, and the one which, according to strict priority, should be adopted, if only one could bring one's self to consider the tree in question to be a Pinus. But it was not long before the differences between it and Pinus were seen to be so great that the tree was debaptised, and then a period of confusion set in which is not yet ended. Some called it an Abies, some a Picea, others a Tsuga, and lastly came CAnnifeRE, who, finding that the tree did not fit nicely into any of these genera, cut the Gordian-knot by forming for its recep- tion a new genus, to which he gave the name Pseudo-Tsuga. Subsequent information has shown that CahriiSre was right in his inter- pretation of facts. The distinction from all the genera above-named is so sharp that it is better and more convenient to frame a new genus with well-defined limitations, than to make one or a few vast and not easily circumscribed genera. The generic name Carriere gave is intrinsically objectionable, but if we look at it as a mere label, the faultiness of the name is of little moment. Carriere might have also done better, and would have lessened the burden of synonymy, had he adopted the oldest specific name, ' taxifolia," and called his plant Pseudo-tsuga, taxifolia. But this he did not do, perhaps from a laudable desire to do honour to the memory of Douglas. Douglas, however, was not the dis- coverer of the tree, and, moreover, the object of a name is not to glorify an individual, but to enable us to designate a plant. In any case the name Pseudo-tsuga Douglasiiis the one now most generally adopted. Sticklers for rigid priority, however, say " No, the oldest specific name was taxifolia, this plant ought, therefore, to be called Pseudo-tsuga taxifolia. The law of priority amongst other things is devised to render justice to the original describer or introducer." Let us see how this works out in the present case. Menzies was the discoverer, Douglas the introducer, and Lambert, in 1803, the first to publish any botanical account of the tree. Afterthemcame various other botanists whohave tossed the plant from genus to genus, till, as we have seen, Carriere assigned the plant to what is now usually considered the right genus. But owing to the omission of Car- rieeb to adopt the oldest specific name the tree has once more been baptised Pseudo-tsuga taxifolia, and Dr. Briiton puts his name at the end as sponsor. Now, we do not think we are doing an injustice to Dr. Bbitton when we say that he has had less to do with the tree than any other of the botanists who have dealt with it. They have in various ways contributed to our knowledge of the tree, but he — we beg his pardon, if we are in error — has simply shuffled the cards once more, and added one more synonym to the already overgrown list. It must also be remembered that the specific name is only half of a name, and so it might and does happen sometimes, that one half of a name is correct, the other half of doubtful validity ! Surely, the Kew practice, if we may so call it, is preferable to this. That practice is to take as the name to be adopted, that given by the author who assigns any partijular species to its right genus. Thus assuming Cabbieeb to be right, we take the name he gave as the proper name for the Douglas Fir. Other prior publications being either in- correct or insufficient are cited in the synonymy. We have cited this illustration to show tha perplexities and confusion that arise from a too rigid adherence to the law of priority. Happy gardeners, who may easily avoid all this entangle- ment by simply saying " Douglas Fir," a name with which no one has quarrelled, but which of course, is not applicable in other countries than our own, or in scientific treatises at home. Another illustration of the pantomime-like muddle which will ensue, is afforded by the com- mon Spruce— already, like the Silver Fir, blessed, or cursed, with a multiplicity of synonyms. If the new rule is to prevail, this must be called in future Picea Abies, because Linnaeus called it Pinus Abies. Link put it in the right genus, and he called it Picea excelsa, and there, in our opinion, the matter should rest. If the law of priority, of the operation of which we have tried to give illustrations, is to prevail without exception, the changes which will have to be made will amount not to hundreds but to tens of thousands. There is thus safety in numbers ! It will be simply impossible to make all the pro- posed changes, some will be made, a few will be adopted, the bulk will be passed over. This fact is rendered apparent by a remarkable book lately published by Dr. Kuntze.* Dr. Kuntze, in his travels round the world, collected a large number of plants, which he studied and identified in the herbaria at Berlin and Kew. He drew up a complete list of the plants collected by himself, and with Teutonic patience and industry set himself to reform, as he considers, the nomenclature of the plants in question, and of others with which in the course of his investigations he necessarily had in some degree to take cognizance. We need not seek a better illustration of the impracticability of the reforms indicated. Our readers shall judge for themselves by the aid of a few examples. Accord- ing to Dr. Kuntze, the genus Dendrobium dates from 1799, while Callista — a name applied to the same genus — dates from 1790, and therefore should enjoy the rights of priority as to date. Dr. Kuntze in this, as in all similar cases has the courage of his convictions, and effaces Dendro- * Bevisio Generwn. Plantarum mendatw^ Intemationalis, S^c London : Dulau & Co.) Secundum Leges No- on Dr. Otto Kuntse. o in X u o H March 19, 1892.] TEE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. 369 bium with a stroke of his pen. llow lonff will it be before gardeners abandon Dendrobium ? They have never taken kindly to the substitution of Pelargonium for Geranium, in spite of the fact that in that case it was not the date of publication, but an actual blunder, that was attempted to be corrected. Angroecum goes under in favour of Angorchis, Lobelia has to give place to Dort- manna. Calceolaria is sunk in Fagelia, Nym- ph^a becomes Leuconymphaia, and the well- known Lotus now becomes Leuoonymphiea Lotus, U K. The little winter Aconite, whose yellow face we are so glad to see, is no longer to be Eranthis hyemalis, but Ilelleborodes. Who but Dr. KuNTZE ever heard that name ! But Dr. KuNTZE has disinterred it, and, what is more, boldly writes Helleborodes hyemale, O. K. The ) Tulip-tree, universally known as Liriodendron Tulipifera, is turned round into Tulipifera Lirio- dendron, because the name Tulipifera, as a genus- name, dates from May or June, 1737, while Liriodendron only dates from October of the same year ! But we need not give further illustrations; suffice it to say, they exist by the tens of thousands, and the initials, O K., are attached to a vast multitude of species, of which it is physi- cally impossible that Otto Kuntzb can have, in any way whatever, added to our knowledge. Setting aside those cases in which it is possible that Dr. Kuntze has really advanced science, there remain, according to the author himself, no fewer than 952 genera, the names of which he has changed on the ground of priority, and no fewer than 30,000 species which have been renamed for similar reasons, and to many of which the letters O K. are duly attached. Happily, the book is thus shown to be such a reductio ad absurdum that it will be passed over, save by those conscientious but unfortunate monographers who may deem it their duty to unravel the synonyms of O K. Some ten pages of the author's preface are directed at English botanists and their practices. Out of consideration for them, the author has written this portion of his book in what he con- ceives to be the English tongue. Most English botanists, we fancy, would have preferred it in unadulterated German — but this is a detail. Dr. Kuntze's comments on the Keiv Inde.r and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham and Hookeb are interesting if not generous. Indeed, the imputation that Bentham " opposed the new international rule, so as not to be obliged to correct himself innumerable times," is so false and so offensive that Dr. Kuntze will hence- forth labour under the stigma attaching to those who attempt to belittle the work of greater men than themselves. Dr. Kuntze says we English are not "yet fit for international science." We shall not attempt to discuss that point, for most people know that English botanists have taken a fair share in international science, and amongst them none to so great an extent as Bentham. We are obliged to admit with humiliation that in our obstinate persistence in the use of Fahrenheit's ther- mometer, and our utterly senseless system of weights and measures, we lay ourselves open to Dr. Kuntze's chastisement. Dr. Kdntzb finds us equally guilty in that we do not adopt the international laws of botanical nomen- clature. To this indictment we plead not guilty and, more hibernico, extenuating circum- stances. What these circumstances are we must, seeing the length to which this note has run, defer stating till another occasion. Suffice it, for the moment, to say that English botanists can bring forward a body of practical work which even Dr. Kuntze admires and which no international code can possibly nullify. The Conifer Garden at Chiswick. {Sec Supplement.) — It is admitted on all hands that for general interest and excellence the Conifer Congress held at Chiawick last October was a great success. Certainly on no previous occasion has so complete a representation of the plants of any one natural order been made. Cat specimens of foliage, and in many cases cones, were received in prodigious quantities from all parts of the British Islands. The Scottish exhibits, thanks especially to Mr. Malcolm DoNN.were very extensive and very remarkable as illustrating the suitability of these trees to the climate of Scot- land. One very interesting and beautiful feature of the Congress consisted in the collection of living specimens, sent by leading nurserymen in all parts of the country, arranged by Mr. Babhon in the open air. The varying forms and colours of the plants were admirably illustrated, and their suitability to particular purposes demonstrated. Unhappily it must be added that pitiless rain ruined the success of the show so far as the attendance of visitors was con- cerned, and the results of all that labour and intelli- gence were witnessed by comparatively few. As full details were given in our numbers for October 10 and 17, we need not here repeat them, but merely give voice to the desire that the publication of the Conifer Report will not be long delayed, and that when it does appear, will make some amends for the loss caused by the atrocious weather that prevailed. In addition to the papers read at the Conference, it will, we believe, comprise the names of all the exhibitors, a complete list of the species and varieties shown, and an enumeration of all the species cultivated in this coantry, with synonyms, and references to plates and descriptions. This latter task has been undertaken by Dr. Masters. Royal Horticultural Society.— The next meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society in the Drill Hall, James Street, Victoria Street. West- minster, will be held on Tuesday, March 22. Besides the Floral, Fruit, and Orchid Committees, the Nar- cissus Committee will also meet for the first time this year for the purpose of adjudicating on Narcissi and Daffodils, of which there will, in all probability be a fine display in addition to other spring bulbs. At 3 o'clock, Mr. C. Ross will deliver a paper on the " Cultivation of Melons." " Kew Bulletin."— As an appendix to this publication is now issued, an alphabetical list of the new plants of the year 1891, with brief indications of the character of the plants, and references to the journal or book in which the plants were described or figured. An inconsistent method of spelling personal names is adopted which is very embarassing. Thus, Cocos Pynaerti has the specific name spelt with a capital, while Cycnoches rossianum is spelt with a small letter, and so in many other instances. The February number is devoted to an exhaustive article on the culture of Agave rigida in the Bahamas and elsewhere. The plant in question, together with some allied species, furnishes Sisal Hemp. The botany of the Gambia Frontier Commission is the subject of a note, and a list is given of some of the more important plants met with by the French members of the Gambia Delimitation Commission, and by Dr. Brown Lester, the medical officer of the English Commis- sion. The Director reprints his communications to the Middlesex County Council, and to our own columns, on the subject of instruction in horticulture. International Horticultural Exhibition. — It is proposed to hold, at Eirl'a Court, a great exhibition of Potatos, from October 5 to 13, schedules regarding which will be issued in due course. A meeting of market growers and sales- men was held at the Hummums Hotel, Covent Garden, on Thursday morning last, to consider the scheme of the Council of the above Exhibition to make a representative show of market produce at Earl's Court on June 6, 7, and 8. There was a fair attendance, and Mr. Webiier occupied the chair. Mr. Milneb, Chairman of the Executive Council, pointed out that £200 will be placed at the sub-committee's disposal for prizes, but several present did not think the wholesale growers would derive any advantage from it. Ultimately, however, a sub-committee, comprising fruit, flower, and vegetable growers, florists, English and foreign salesmen, was formed, and it was decided to hold the next meeting at the above hotel on Tuesday, March 22, at 10 a.m. United Horticultural Benefit and Pro- vident Society.— The annual meeting of this Society took place at the Caledonian Hotel, Adelphi, on Monday, March 14. Mr. Robert Cannell presided over a large gathering of members. The annual report set forth that a considerable addition had been made to the number of members during the past year. That a good deal of sickness had occurred through the influenza epidemic, the amount paid to sick members amounting to £119 lOs. M., which sum is covered by deductions made from the subscriptions of the two classes of members. Three deaths had occurred, and the amount standing to the credit of these deceased members had been paid to their nominees. The Benefit Fund of the Society had increased by about £600, the Benevo- lent Fund by nearly £140. The number of hono- rary members had increased by three, though some had died. The Management Fund showed a balance of £31 Is. 9i. The Treasurer's account was of a very satisfactory character in all its details. The annual dinner of 1891 was one of the most successful yet held, and by means of it, the Convalescent Fund received substantial additions. In moving the adoption of the report and Treasurer's statement, the Chairman contrasted the various items of receipts with those of the previous year, and drew conclusions to the effect that in all its essential features the Society had progressed in the most satisfactory manner. He emphasised the advantages such a Society offers to young members, and urged the claims of the Society upon horticulturists generally. In the course of the discussion, it transpired that the Trustees had, during the year, sold oat £500 2j per cent. Consols, and reinvested them in Manchester Corporation stock paying 3 per cent., adding thereto the sum of £700 which had accrued during the year 1891. The total amount paid to the nominees of sick members was £40 ils. bd. There had been grants from the Benevolent Fund of £24 IGs. Qd. Payments to sick members from the Benevolent Fund amounted to £55 Zs. id., and though there has been an increased expenditure, there has been a corresponding increase in the income of the Society. Messrs. C. \V. Knowles, R. Scott, and E. G. Wheeler, out-going members, were re-elected on the Committee; and Messrs. R. J. Chard and W. P. Thomson were elected to fill two other vacancies ; and Mr. W. Collins was unanimously re-elected Secretary. Hearty votes of thanks were passed to the Trustees, Auditor, and Treasurer, for their services during the year. The proceedings closed with a cordial vote of thanks to the Chairman for presiding. Mr. Phippen's Flower Show at Reading. ■ — Mr. George Phippen, F.R.H.S., of the Rojal Berks Floral Establishment, Reading, held his annual show of spring flowers at the Large Town Hall on Wednesday, March 9. This show has, since its institution, steadily grown in popular favour, until now it commands the patronage and support it so well deserves. Wednesday's show was on the whole finer than that of last year, while the attendance of visitors both in the afternoon and evening, despite the unfavourable weather, was larger than in any previous year. The show of Tulips was about an average one, though the in- clement weather has had some deterrent efl'ect upon the flowers, which were not quite so even as in some former years. 370 THE GARDENER S' CHR ONI OLE. [Maeoh 19, 1892. Strawberry Tea— Some of our exchanges are mentioning the fact that, in some parts of Ger- many, the leaves of Strawberries are dried, and used as tea. We have no knowledge of the fact at first- hand. Hertford Horticultural Mutual Im- provement Society.— Meetings ol this Society were held on February 24 and March 9. On the former occasion Mr. E. 11. Cateeee, gardener to A. F. Geiffith, Esq., ElmsBeld, Hertford, read a very practical paper on " The Cultivation of Bush Fruits." There was a good attendance, who, at the close of the meeting, accorded Mr. Cateheb a hearty vote of thanks for his excellent paper. Mr. D. Phillips, gardener to the Eev. E. E. W. Kieiubt, of Ware, read the paper on the latter date, the subject taken by him being "Peas and Potatos." Owing to the unfavourable state of the weather the attendance was small. A long discussion followed a very in- teresting paper. " BOTANICAL Magazine."— The March number contains coloured illustrations of the following plants : — Cereus giganteus, tab. 7222.— This plant is well known to the curious for its rigid, fluted, cylindrical stems, thickly beset with tufts of spines, and in many treatises on the geography of plants, mention is made or illustration given of the peculiar appearance these weird stems give to the landscape in the deserts of South California and Arizona. Individual plants are said to attain a height of 60 feet with scarcely a branch, and nearly two feet in diameter ; and as if to add to their uncomeliness, the thick, fleshy substance of the upper part frequently rots away, exposing a woody interior frame-work, which breaks up into a crown of brush-like fragments that wave about in the wind. A plant at Kew 14 feet in height, and 4.} feet in girth, weighing, when first imported in 1890, 12 cwt., flowered in 1891. The flowers were produced from near the summit of the stem, each one having the general appearance of an elongated Pear held erect and surmounted by a white frill. The ovary is covered with fiat green scales, and is surmounted by a funnel-shaped flower tube covered with green oblong bracts continuous with those on the ovary, and gradually increasing in size from below upwards. The limb of the corolla is about 75 mill. (3 inches) across, and consists of two rows of oblong, obtuse, clear-white petals, recurved at the margin, and en- circling a crowd of yellow stamens. Dianihus callizonus, t. 7223.— A lovely dwarf species, native of the limestone mountains of Tran- sylvania. The leaves are spreading, linear, and about an inch in length, the flowers solitary, each about l.V inch (35 mill.) in diameter, rose coloured, with a broad central zone of a darker pink spotted with white. It is doubtful whether it is really distinct from D. nitidus, which is noted as a taller plant with smaller flowers. Gongora gratulabunda, t. 7224. — A New Granadan species, with rather long racemes of rather large flowers of a yellowish brown, speckled with red, the lateral petals are very short, sickle-shaped and whitish, and with two slender awns on the base of the lip. Chrysanthemum rotundifolium, t. 7225. — An Aster- like perennial, with erect, acutely-angled red stems, broadly ovate, toothed leaves, narrowing at the base into a decurrent petiole. Flower-heads 2 inches (50 mm.) across, with an involucre of small green, red- margined bracts surrounding a number of white-rayed florets. It is a native of Hungary, and should be en- quired for by the lovers of hardy perennials, as its moderate height, 2 feet, will commend itself to many. — Kew. Lysimachia paridiformis, t. 7226. — A Chinese species, with whorls of rather long oblong, acuminate leaves and stalked tufts of yellow flowers. — Kew. Stock-taking : February.— As was almost naturally to be expected, the imports for the past month show an increase of considerable amount— i.e , £1,566,577 — even considering there was an extra day in the month compared with 1891. This indi- cates cheap foreign produce markets, and a large capacity for production of finished goods at home — seriously threatened by the impolitic action of our coal-getters. Next to brain-power, steam-power is the prime mover in our factories ; cripple or imperil coal supply and brain-power suffersin a corresponding ratio— import and export alike will be aff'ected. Of the latter there is a reduction for the month amounting in valne to £1,141,868— that is, com- pared with the same period last year. The following is an extract from the " summary " of imports for the month of February :— Total value for month }II.— (A.) Articles of food and drink — duty free (B.) — do., dutiable $VI. — Kaw materials for textile manufac- tures (including Flax, Hemp, and Jute) $VII. — Raw materials forsundry industries and manufactures (including wood and timber, hewn, sawn, split, dressed ; Yege- table materials, for paper-making, &c.) $IX. — Miscellaneous articles (including Clover, Grass, Flax, Rape, Linseed) (B.)— Parcel Post ... 9,888.4U 2,286,582 1,008,787 55,218 11,598,697 2,092,615 4-1,710,283 —193,937 2,413,257 j -t232, 1,332,575 -1-313,788 57,335 ! -1-2,107 Annexed we give an extract from the general mass of the Board of Trade returns concerning the import of fruits, roots, and vegetables during the past month. The returns are not by any means complete — but this may be achieved some day : — Imports. 1891. 1892. Difference. Fruits ;- Apples, raw bush. 188,408 345,855 -f 157,449 Plums (a months) „ 3 4-3 Pears „ 2,585 4-2.585 Grapes 548 4-548 Unenumerated, „ 21,112 23,032 4-1,910 Onions bush. 369.817 316,765 —53,053 Potatos cwt. 115,228 78,847 -36,381 Vegetables, unenume- rated, raw, ... value £16,393 £53,609 4-£i2,aii B )th sides to the above account — plus and minus — are well worth noting, and bearing in mind as trade with the Colonies in fruits progresses, there are some very funny stories in the mouths of Steam Shipping Company managers as to what refrigerators will do on board Mediterranean steamers — the unexpected results coming to light on opening them in the Thames. But these stories may be a little overdrawn. Linnean Society.— At the meeting held on Thursday, March 3, Prof. Stewart, President, in the Chair, a letter was read from the Home Secretary conveying the thanks of Her Majesty the Qoeem for the address of condolence which had been forwarded on behalf of the Society on the death of H.R.H. the Duke of Clarence and Atondale. The President announced the presentation by Sir Joseph Hooker, M.D., K.C.S.I., to the Society of two medallion portraits of Sir James Ross and Doctor John Kichahdson, whose names were well known in con- nection with arctic exploration. A vote of thanks to the donor was passed nnanimonsiy. Mr, Clement Eeid exhibited a collection of fossil plants and seeds which he had found associated with the bones of rhinoceros and other mammals in the neighbourhood of Selsea and West Wittering. By means of dia- grams, Mr. Eeid showed the exact position of the bed, and described the conditions in which the various specimens were deposited. On behalf of Mr. W. E. Beckwith, of Shrewsbury, Mr, H. Seebohm exhibited a specimen of White's Thrush (Turdus varius) which had been shot near Shrewsbury on January 14 last. On behalf of Mr. A. Craig Christie, the Secretary exhibited some specimens, as was supposed, of Ljoopodium complanatum collected in Scotland, on which it was suggested that the plant might be regarded as British. In the opinion, however, of Mr. James Groves, who had carefully examined the specimens, and other botanists present, they were referable to L. alpinum. Mr. Caeruthehs was of opinion that L. complanatum had been met with in the south of England, but not within the last ten years. Mr. E. M. Holmes was under the im- pression he had seen it growing a few years ago near Stroud. A paper was then read by Mr. A. D. Michael on " Variations in the Internal Anatomy, and especially the genital organs of the Gamasinx, a typical sub-family of the Acari." Bacteria. — Every gardener knows what it is at times to fail in the culture of some particular plant without being able to assign any cause whatever for the failure. The soil, it is now known, teems with microbes or organisms of different kinds, but all of excessive minuteness, some of which act as ferments and bring about the solution of what was previously insoluble, and so render it available for plant food. The difficulty of assigning a cause for the failures above mentioned thus seems lessened. M. Naudin points out in a note cited in the Eevue Horticole, that it is very likely that want of success may depend upon the absence of the particular microbe necessary for the conversion of the inert substances of the soil into nutritive matter. Our contemporary speaks of this as an hypothesis, but it appears to us from the demonstrations that have taken place as to the relation between the nutrition of the Legu- minosa! and the nutrifying organisms studied by M. Warington and others, that the matter has got beyond the staga of hypothesis, and that further development in this direction is now assured. Chicago Exhibition.— To the Department of Horticulture belongs the distinction of the first exhibit, installed, for the World's Columbian Ex- position. P. S. Peterson, a nurseryman, of Eose Hill, Chicago, has recently planted six trees on the grounds near the horticultural building, as a permanent exhibit, and as a practical illus- tration of the successful methods of transplanting large ornamental trees. They are an Elm, 50 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, commemorative of General Sherman, brought from the woods in 1876, then fifty years old, and planted on the nursery grounds at Eose Hill ; a Hackberry, 40 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, commemorative of General Grant, also transplanted from the woods in 1876 ; a Linden, 40 feet high and 18 inches bole ; a Willow, 30 feet high and 30 feet spread ; a Sugar Maple, 40 feet high and 10 feet stem ; an Ash, 35 feet high and 14 feet stem. It required a force of twenty-two men and twelve horses to transplant the trees, and the cost of the work was about 700 dols. Mangroves from Colombo.— It was an- nounced at the meeting of the Eoyal Botanic Society, Eegent's Park, held on the 12ch inst., that a number of Mangrove plants had arrived in safety at the gardens. It is a plant which has seldom, if ever, been grown in this country. The white Man- grove, an allied species, had been growing in the hothouse at the Society's gardens for some years, but its progress was very slow, and the plant was not doing well. Royal Horticultural Society of Aber- deen.— The prize schedule for the annual Floral Fete to be held on August 18, 19, and 20, has just been issued. The classes number 237, with 723 prizes. Horticultural Club. — The usual monthly dinner and conversazione was held on Tuesday evening, March 8, at the Rooms, Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street, Westminster. The chair was occupied by Mr. Harry J. Veitch, vice-chairman of the club, who was supported by the Rev, T. H. Mabch 19, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 371 Gale, the Rev. — Pratt, Messrs. W. J. Pearson, E. C. Pearson, Cousens, II. Williams, Harry Turner, W. II. Williams, W. Soper, C. T. Druery, Joseph Cheal, John Martin, Geo. Bunyard, Arthur J. Veitch, W. Marshall, W. H. Fowler, &c. A paper was ready by Mr. W. Soper, which ranged over a variety of subjects connected with horticulture, and which gave rise to a very interesting discussion ; and a hope was expressed that at some future time Mr. Soper would speak on the subject of chemistry in its bearing on horticulture. Messrs. H. Williams, II. Selfe Leonard, II. E. Milner, John Martin, Arthur Veitch, Stewart Low, Valentine E.Low, and George Gordon have been elected as members. Can Manganese take the place of Iron ? — This question, in so far as it refers to the nutrition of plants, has recently been solved in the negative by G. Spampani, who came to the conclusion from the results of a long series of culture ex- periments. The part which iron plays in the formation of chlorophyll has long been known, and it seemed interesting to determine whether this soil constituent could be advantageously replaced by compounds containing manganese. We cannot follow out the modus ojierandi of the investigation here, but we notice that white Lupins, Maize, Oats, &c. were experimented upon by means of the water culture method, and the appearance of the plants at various periods of their development was carefully observed. All the plants undoubtedly assimilated the manganese, for the ashes of their leaves yielded an intense manganese reaction when chemical tests were applied, but for all that the substance was found incapable of replacing iron in the formation of chlorophyll {vide Star. Sj>er, Jgrar., vol. xix., pp. 5-33, for full details). Presentation to Mr. Cooke, Nannan Park. — Mr. Cooke, for the last seventeen years gardener at Nannan Park, Dolgelley, was, the other evening, on his relinquishing his charge of the gardens there, presented with a purse of money and a handsomely illuminated address, subscribed by his numerous friends and well-wishers in the neighbour- hood, and by not a few gardeners in distant parts of the county and elsewhere, who had always found a hearty welcome to Nannan, and Mr. Cooke a thorough practical all-round man, and a genuine and sterling friend. Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— a committee of gardeners of Kingston and Surbiton are promoting a concert in aid of the Orphan Fund, and have fixed the date for April 20 next. They will have, through the kindness of Mr. W. Poupabt, of Twickenham, the able assistance of the Boston Park Glee Club, of which Mr. Heeeert Scuabtan, of Westminster Abbey, is the conductor. Every effort will be made locally to produce a success. Mr. Bdbrell, of Claremont Gardens, Esher, is chairman of the committee, and Mr. A. Dean, Secretary. " Xenia Orchidacea."— This publication, so long conducted by Prof. Reichendach, is now edited by Dr. Kraszlin. Among the p'.ants figured in the last number (part iii. of the 5th volume, tabs. 24 1 to 250), are Ljciste xytriophora, PhaUcnopsis Mannii, Cirrhopetalum Wendlandianum, Pescatorea L?h- manni, Cattlc-ya Skinueri var. Bowringiana, besides others of less interest to horticulturists. As we have been asked on more than one occasion the meaning of the title, we may add, that the word Xenia is from the Greek, signifying a present or complimentary gift given to a stranger. " Grevillea." — With the next part, the 20th volume will come to a close, and Dr. Cooke announces his intention to discontinue it by reason of fickle health and diminished energy. The announcement will be received with regret, lor Dr. Cooke's services to Cryptogamic botany for many years have been both numerous and important. "Journal of the Scottish Meteoro- logical Society for 1890."— This journal is cxpecial!)' valuable for the OHlhentic details it pivea relating to the climate of various parts of Scotland. The present part, published by William Blackwood & Sons, also contains an interesting article on the relation between the weather and the spread of inSuenza in London, the general result of which is to show that influenza and its consequences, even in the case of respiratory complications, are inde- pendent of season or weather. The ORCHIDtENNE.— The meeting on March 13 was, in spite of the adverse weather, remarkable for the number and beauty of the specimens exhibited. Diplomas of Honour of the first class were awarded to Masdevallia Harryana var. ICegeljani, from M. Linden ; Eulophia (?) Lindeni, from M. Linden ; Cypripedium X Imschootianum, from M. Linden. Botanical Certificate to Angr;ccum polystachyum, from M. Linden. First-class Certificates to Odontoglossuni Halli leucoglossum, from M. G. Warocqufi; to Lycaste Skinneri alba grandiflora, from M. G. Warocqu^; to Epidendrnm Wallisi, from M. A. Van Imschoot ; to Schomburgkia undulata, from M. A. Van Imschoot ; to Cypripedium Schroderaisplendens, from M.Martin- Cahuzac ; to Odontoglossum Alexandra;, from M. G. Warocqu(5 ; to Odontoglossum spectabile, from M. G. Warocqu^ ; to Cattleja Luddemanniana, from M. A. Van Imschoot ; to Odontoglossum Rossi Mom- mianum, from M. de Lansberge ; to Cattleya amethystoglosea, from M. Linden ; to Zygopetalum Lindeniic, from M. Linden. Second-class Certificates to Odontoglossum Cer- vantesii lilacinum, from M. le Dr. Capart ; Ccjclogyne Parishii, fromM. A. Van Imschoot; C. cristata alba, from M. Linden ; Paphinia grandis, from M. Linden ; Cypripedium hybrid, from Madame Gibez ; Masde- vallia sp., from M. Linden ; Zygopetalum crinitum, from M. le Dr. Capart. Cultural Certificates to Cattleya amethystoglossa, from M. Warocquo ; Phalainopsis Schilleriana, from M. Martin-Cahuzac ; Cypripedium barbatum Crosai, from M. G. WarocquiS ; Epidendrum Stamfordianum, from M. A. Van Imschoot ; Cypripedium Lindley- anum, from M. G. WarocquiS. National Chrysanthemum Society.— A largely attended annual meeting of the members of this Society took place at Anderton's Hotel, Fleet Street, E.G., on Tuesday, March 15. Mr, E. Ballantine presided. The report stated that the Society had maintained its position, and that at no previous period in its history was its work better appreciated at home and abroad than at the present. It numbers nearly 700 members and Fellows, and there are ninety societies afliliated to it, with corre- spondents in many parts of the world. The three exhibitions held during the year were superior in many respects to what was expected, regard being had to the uncongenial season ; and at the great November show cut flowers and specimen plants were remark- ably good, and the competition in all the leading classes was keen. During the present year exhibitions will be held, as usual, in Septeraber and Novemb?r ; and, instead of holding a mid-winter exhibition, there will be a show in the month of October. The work of the Floral Committee has been of a valuable nature, and although numerous flowers are staged, Certificates are awarded with great caution. In reference to the question of increasing the size of the stands for Japanese blooms having been much discussed, the Society is strongly urged to take action, and the committee recommend a conference being held at the time of the October show, in order that the question may be fully discussed. DiS'erenceB of opinion exist among growers, and any suggested changes should be made only after the matter has been fully considered. The financial statement showed an income from all sources of nearly £800, including about £300 from the Royal Aquarium Company. Members' subscrip- tions amount to £200, and from afliliated societies for fees and medals have been obtained £108. On the expenditure side about £450 has been paid in prizes, inclusive of medals ; and other items made np an expenditure of £835. The report and financial statement was adopted. Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., was elected President for the current year, and the names of Sir John T. D. Llewelyn, Bart., Mr. K. Smith, and S. Barlow, Esq., were added to the list of Vice-Presidents. Mr. Robert Ballantine was re-elected Chairman, and Mr. E. C. Jukes Vice - Chairman of the Committee; Messrs, K. Dean and C. Harman Payne, secretaries. Twelve members of the Committee retired by rotation, and of these Messrs. T. Bevan, II. Shoesmith, G. S. Addison, R. Owen, W. Langdon, A. Taylor, and J. P. Kendall were re-elected ; and the following were elected : — Arthur Veitch, W. Herbert Fowler, J. Brooks, E. Ilowbottom, and J. T. Turk, Messrs. F. Cobbold and G. J. Ingram were ap- pointed auditors. It was arranged that a general meeting of members should be held on one of the days of the November show to give members an opportunity of making suggestions in reference to the work of the Society. Five new members were elected, and two societies were admitted to afilliation. Hearty votes of thanks to the auditors and the chairman for presiding. The Holmes Memorial Fund.— This fund is, we are informed, now closed, and the two principal objects for which it was inaugurated have been accom- plished. A small portion of the fund has been given to another fund raised privately among growers of Chrys- anthemums for the purchase of two challenge cups, to be known as the National Chrysanthemum So- ciety's Holmes Memorial Challenge Cups, which will be competed for at the autumn show in November under the same terms as the competition for the society's challenge trophy. The remainder has been vested in trustees for the benefit of the children of the late Mr. William Holmes. Publications Received. — Report of Natal Satanic Garden, Durban. — Eeport. for\?/>)\ of the Self - Help Emigration Society. — Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales for December, 1891. — Jardin Botanique Alpin de la Linntex, third annual report. — ■ Contributions to the Queensland Flora. By F. M. Bailey. — Transactions of the Scottish Horticultural Association. — Eeport on Injurious Insects and Farm Pests, with special report on attack of caterpillars of the Siamojid Back Moth. By MiasE. Ohmeeod. (Simfkin, Marshall & Co.) — Cornell University Horticultural Division Bulletin, 34, The Dewberries. — Die Sys- ternatische und Gcographische Anordnung der PhoAiero- gamen. Von Prof. Dr. Oscar Drode. — Vcrgleichende Entwickelungsgeschichte der PJlan:;en Organen, Von Prof. Dr. K. Goebel. (Berlin : FfiiEDLANDEB.) PLANT POETEAITS. AuELiA Ei;pESTRis, Gartcnflora, t. 136(5. Azalea nudiflora, Mcehan's Monthly, February. Calochortus flavos, Garden, Feb. 13, 1892. Ceqeus nvcticalos, Gartcnflora, Feb. 15, p. 93. Woodcut. Cerinthe retobta. Garden, March 5. CuAM/iiROPS HUMiLis (Frults), Eevue Horticole, February 16. — Eleven varieties are noted according to the forms of the fruit, of which illustrations arc- given. CocHLiODA NoEZLiANA, Revuc dc I'Hort. Beige, March. Ctpbipediom Locie, Orchidophile, January, 1892. A cross out of C. Lawrenceauum by C. ciliolare. Gladiolus Marceaux ; and G. Dr. Walcot, Garden, Feb. 27, 1802. Iris p.eticolata, Eevuc de I' Horticulture Belqc, March. K.'EMPFERiA Kihkii, Gartevflora, t. 1361. Bot. Mag., t. 5994. Lilac Madame F. Morel, Btuuc Horticole, March 1. Masdevallia Reichenbachiana, Gartcnflora (1892), t. 1365. PiiYLLOCACTus HYBB. Ami Bboooet, Bevue dc V Horticulture i?£(^^c, February. Petals crimson, edged with blue. Ebododendbon Cebks, Garden, Feb. 20, 1892. 372 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, [March 19, 1892. EosE La Vieezonnaisb, Revue Horticole, February 1 . Highly spoken of for colour, form, perfume, freedom and continuity of flowering. It is to be sent out by M. Lev^que. EcBus opsins, L. tae. turkestanica, Gartenflora, Feb. 15, p. 107. Woodcut. Senecio sagittifohus, Bevue Horticole, February 1, p. 54. Streptocarpi, hybrid varieties. Garden, Feb. 6. Templetonia eetosa, Bull. d. R. Soc, Toscana d'Oriiciiltura, t. 2, 1892. TBicHOCENTRnsi TRiQUETRCsi, Rolfc, Liiidenia, January, t. 311. Vanda ccerulescens, Orchidophile, February. ORPHIUM FRUTESCENS. It cannot be said that the genus Orphinm is well known in gardens. There are, however, a few species belonging to it which are well worth a place in the cool greenhouse. The subject of this note and the accompanying illustration (fig. 53) (which was taken from a plant recently in flower in the temperate-house atKew), is a very old garden plant indeed, having been in cultivation more than one hundred years — at first, and for a long time afterwards, under the name of Chironia, the name applied to it when figured in the Botanical Magazine, in 1787, at tab. 37. Orphium frutescens belongs to the natural order Gentianes, and is a native of South Africa. It reaches a height of 2 to 3 feet, and has somewhat fleshy oblong-linear leaves, which, as well as the stem, are covered with short, soft, silky hairs. The expanded flowers are just about the size of a penny, sometimes perhaps a little larger, and are of a brilliant rosy pink, which forms a striking contrast to the bright golden-yellow stamens which stand out so conspicuously in the centre. It might be mentioned that the plant figured in Paxton's Magazine of Botany (vol. xiii. 221), as Orphium frutescens does not agree with the above description or sketch, but seems to be identical with that figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 707, as Chironia decussata — a plant with much broader leaves and larger flowers. It is hinted, however, that one may be produced by the other, the difference being brought about by cultivation. Another species (or variety) worth the attention of the cultivator is Orphium (Chironia) angustifolia, Bot. Mag. t. 818. John Weathers. [Chironias succeed under the same conditions that are found to suit most Cape and New Holland plants, but may be afforded some- thing more than the warmth of the ordinary cool greenhouse when making their growth, and may then be freely syringed morning and evening in fine weather. Careful watering is very necessary, and a potting soil consisting mainly of peat and clean silver sand, but large plants may have a modicum of fine yellow loam mixed with the peat, and the drainage should be gool with quite clean pots. Ed.] A TRAVELLER'S NOTES. (Continued from p. 333.) Madura. [Nove-mber.]—The most striking sighthere is the throngs of natives and the variety of their cos- tumes. Here for the first time I saw Hindoos, a people entirely different in face, form, colour, and dress from the Tamils and Telegus. The women wear handsome jewellery in great quantity, the eais being pierced sometimes in three and four places, and large ear-rings are worn in the nostrils. The sights of Madura are the famous temple, dedicated to and a chosen residence of Siva ; the Teppa Kulam, or Great Tank — now only used for washing purposes and committing suicide ! the palace of Tirumala, and the Pudu Mandapam. The temple is certainly a wonderful sight. [The details con- cerning which as given by Mr. Veitch we are compelled to omit. Ed.] Round and close to the temple are bazaars, many devoted to the sale of the famous Madura cloths, and filled with as motley a mob as one could well see. The Great Tank is some 2 miles out of Madura. It is J mile square ; in the centre is an island, on which is a domed temple. On great occasions and festivals idolsaredrawn round this on rafts. Thepalace of Tirumala is a magnificent building ; the court- yard is surrounded by a large gallery, the roof of which is supported by large stone columns. The interior, now used by the government as a justice room, is beautifully carved and very lofty. One gets a fine view of the town and the great gapuras of the temple from the roof. The Pudu Mandapam, opposite one of the en- trances to the temple, and now used as a bazaar, is a large pillaried hall, the roof of which is supported by four rows of columns, 120 in all, each differently carved. The facade along the entrance is adorned with carved monsters. Banyans (Ficus indica or F. bengalensis) grow well at Madura. Many roads, especially outside the town, are lined with them, and they afford a pleasant and effective shade. Owing to their aerial roots being cut, that passers-by may go underneath, they do not increase as rapidly as is their nature. In Judge Weir's garden, I however, saw a very fine specimen ^^: Fig. 53.— orphium frutescexs : flowers, rosy- pink. with 105 large aerial stems, and seventy smaller ones ; all the large stems or aerial roots are numbered, and the plant is carefully looked after. Cocoa-nuts (Cocos nucifera) abound round Madura, and a special variety of Banana is cultivated for food. A small one, only grown in the hills, is particularly sweet and nice. Teinchinopolt. From Madura I went to Trinchinopoly, one of the hottest places in India, and one of the worst for cholera. For hundreds of miles of the line from Tuticorin to Trinchinopoly, and, indeed, much further up country, a formidable and impassable hedge to cattle of Agave americana has been planted on each side ; occasionally, though rarely, a break from some cause or other occurs, but this is always filled up with a strong wire fence in splendid order. Hour after hour one sees nothing but the Agave, and the flat, uninteresting country beyond. Bat where wells are found (the water from which is hauled up by means of cattle) one may see a large tract under Paddy culture. Owing to the country being flat, it is, of course, impossible to cultivate it as in Ceylon, — that is to say tier upon tier ; the necessary ,water in India is conveyed by small channels to the various fields. The chief centre of interest at Trinchinopoly is the great Temple of Seringham, situated on an island some short distance out of the town. The approach through a road lined with Palms and other trees, with the great unfinished gopuran and others behind it, far away in the distance, is most picturesque. From Trinchinopoly I went to Tanjore to see the temple, said to be the oldest Jn India. In this temple I think I was more interested than in any other ; it is smaller and more com- pact than the others. The entire temple is sur- rounded by a gallery, on the walls of which are frescos of punishments and miracles. In one part are 108 stone gods, each god being a short circular piece of stone on a strong base ; believers lay flowers on these when praying. COONOOE. From Trinchinopoly I went to Coonoor, a hill station much frequented by Europeans in the hot season. The nearest railway on the plain is Mettnpalaiyam, the remainder of the journey up the Nilgiri ghats (some 18 miles) being performed in a double-horsed " tonga." A " tonga " is a curious contrivance on two wheels arranged to hold four persons ; it has a moveable pole, so that, whatever the ascent, the weight of the entire carriage can be thrown on the wheels. The horses go a fast trot all the way, and are changed every 2 miles. This is the ordinary method of making the journey, but owing to two bridges (one a large stone construction) having been washed away about a month ago, some 5 miles of road was rendered inaccessible to tongas, and one had to walk or mount a pony. Coonoor is 6000 feet above sea-level, and is very prettily situated on the side of a steep hill, whilst all around, often hidden in the woods, are the bungalows of Europeans. It is a very pretty spot, and, I believe most popular among southern Anglo-Indians. The vegetation is somewhat similar to that growing in and around Nuwera Eliya. Habrothamnus elegans, from 6 to 7 feet high, was flowering freely ; whilst Koses, Pent- stemons, Vincas, Verbenas, Pheasant-eyed Narcissus, Pelargoniums, Iris, and white Arums were planted in front of the hotel. Ootacamund. From Coonoor I rode over to Ootacamund, com- monly known as Ooty, situated some 12 miles further np the hills, and a little over 1000 feet higher elevation. The chief tree between these two places is Eucalyptus globulus, thousands of acres having been planted to afford fuel. In a young state it burns with great rapidity ; but I am told, when old, this is not the case — the seasoned wood is valuable for bouse purposes. Mr. Lawson, Director of the Botanic Gardens, and of the important Government planta- tions, has the floor and waincoting of his drawing- room made from it. I would liked to have seen his Cinchona plantations, but as they are several miles away, it was impossible. His method of obtaining the bark is different to that in vogue in Ceylon ; instead of shearing it ofi' anunally, he removes every three years oblong strips ; this, he thinks, does not injure the tree to the same extent, and he obtains more quinine (4 units) than they do in Ceylon. Here, as there, the renewed bark is always the richest in this product. He drove me round the artificial lake, a considerable expanse of water, winding in and out between the hills, and through a portion of the Botanic Gardens. The two chief trees at Ooty are the Black and White Wattle ; both are Acacias, the latter being dealbata. The specific name of the former I am not sure of. [A. moUissima.] Both grow with great freedom, especially A. dealbata. This is in parts annually cut down on the sides of the road, which makes it throw up dense masses of strong young shoots. The Botanic Gardens are situated at the extreme end of Ooty, and are in conjunction with the Gover- nor's house and garden. I was much struck with Mr. Lawson's lawns — though he has to water arti- Mabch 19, 1892.] THE GARDENEES' CHBONICLE. 373 ficially, they are yet very good. Round the portion of the garden I saw were some good single specimens scattered about of various Conifers, such as Pinus insignis, Cupressus torulosa, funebris, and Law- soniana, Arauearia BIdwilli and Cookei, and Cryp- tomeria japonica. English Oak does fairly well ; I saw rather a nice specimen, some 30 feet high. Nasturtiums and Tritomas were flowering freely in one of the borders. The portion of the garden I saw can scarcely be called botanical ; it seems more to be laid out with well-gravelled roads and walks, for the gratification of the many Europeans in Ooty. From Ooty, or rather from Coonoor, I came right through to Bombay, where I arrived on November 132. It is certainly a magnificent city; the railway station, secretariat, and other public buildings, are very handsome. J. H. V. DISEASES OF THE EEPRO- DUCTIVB ORGANS OF PLANTS, CAUSED BY FUNGI. (Contiiuudfrom p. .332. ) Starvation of the Repeodoctive Oboans. The development of the seed however, may, by the influence of certain parasites, become arrested. We see this in the eflTect Puccinia graminis has upon the Wheat plants affected by it. True, although the mycelium is purely local, yet it always attacks the stem of the plant to a greater or less extent, forming long spore-beds running lengthwise down the stem. Often several are placed parallel to one another. In this case the injary to the seed is proportional to the number of spore-beds. Its action upon the seeds is by causing their starvation, so to speak, for it cuts off' the channel of communication between the plant and its seed, and impairs the nutrition of the latter. Sometimes this takes place to such an extent as to render the Wheat crop practically valueless, as the seeds do not fill-out as healthy Wheat kernels do. Those seeds, however, which are formed possess the faculty of germination, and, remarkable as it may appear, are capable, not only of giving rise to a healthy crop, but also under favourable circumstances to a crop producing a heavy yield of excellent Wheat. This is because the parasite is a purely local and not a constitutional aff"ection, because it does not attack the Wheat until after the flower- heads have been produced. Another parasite attacking the stem of its host, so as to produce starvation of its reproductive organs to a much greater extent than happens in the instance just mentioned, is Peziza Duriasana. The life-history of this fungus has not been worked out in all its details, but sufficient of it is known for our purpose. Its mycelium occurs in the flower- stems of certain Carices, where it manifests its presence in two ways. Towards the upper part of the stem, near the flower-heads, it gives rise to a number of linear spore-beds, which resemble black lines parallel to one another, and to the long axis of the stem ; each consists of great numbers of minute spherical black spores. Lower down the stem, at first enclosed entirely within it, two or more sclerotia are produced, in shape very like an elongated Barley-corn. The lowermost is larger, and the first formed ; when fully developed, they bear considerable resemblance to ergots. At first they are bidden within the stem, but their presence may be recognised from the sickly yellow hue of the stem containing them ; as the sclerotia mature they rupture the stem, and fall out. The immature sclerotia are remarkable for the beautiful reddish-purple colour of their exterior. They are perfected in June or July, and lie dormant until the following spring, when from each is pro- duced the pretty little Peziza to which Tulasne has given the name of Pezizi Duriieana. If the flower- heads of the aff'ected plants be examined, it will be at once seen that they are abortive ; the head is formed, but no seeds are ever produced in it. Steangolation. A well-known Sphseriaceous parasite is even more destructive to the reproductive organs of its host, namely, Epichloe typhina. This fungus absolutely strangulates the stems of its host, so that the floral axis is quite destroyed. It occurs upon a variety of grasses, of which Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis vul- garis, and I'hleum pratense are the most frequently attacked. The spawn of the fungus spreads through the entire stem of the plant, and manifests its presence as soon as the plant begins to put forth its flowering heads. This it does, producing a mass of bud-producing threads (gonidiiferous hyphoe) in the form of a collar, on the sheath of the second or third leaf below the inflorescence. This collar consists of a whitish felt-like mass of interwoven threads, which produce on their extremities multitudes of minute ovoid hyaline gonidia (4—5 .■: ;j mk.), which form a viscid mass. Fig. 54.— bladder plu.m. After a time, the gonidia cease to be formed, and the matted hyphai form a stroma which becomes golden-yellow or orange in colour, and produces flask-like cases or perithecia, the bases of which are imbedded in this stroma, with their apices radiating outwards. The apex of each is pierced by an open- ing, the " ostiolum," through which the spores escape. Internally they are filled by a mass of asci, containing eight filiform spuriously septate sporidia, without paraphyses. The remains of what would have been the floral axis is generally to be observed as a shrivelled up dead body surmounting the fungus growth. An allied species, E. strangulans, occurs in Cayenne. DiKECT Action op the Reproductive Parasites ON the Floral Oroans. General and complete destruction of all the floral organs is a very common eff'ect of the reproductive parasites. Very good examples are aff'orded by the development of those species of Ustilago which cause the respective smuts of Oats, Barley, Wheat, Rye, and various grasses. Certain of the Ustilaginfie confine their attacks to the anthers. Ustilago Succisas of Magnus, peculiar in having white spores, occurs in the anthers of Scabiosa succisa. A better-known specifs is Usti- lago violacea, in the anthers of various Caryophyl- laceous plants, especially on Lychnis diurna and vespertina. The dark violet spo.-es replace the pollen grains, but it is particularly interesting, because of the manner in which it modifies the sex of its host-plant. The two species of Lychnis in question are what are termed subdioecious plants; individuals bear either antheriferous and pistilli- ferous flowers only, but occasionally plants occur bearing both. The ovaries of the antheriferous plants are undeveloped, whilst those of the pistil- liferous flowers are well developed structures, sur- mounted by long curved styles, which extend beyond the tube of the corolla. When a pistilliferous plant becomes attacked by the parasite, it produces anthers, and the styles become reduced to short, erect bodies, about an eighth of an inch long, surmounting the ovary. Another parasite, Peronospora violacea, is some- times met with upon Knautia arvensis ; it attacks the filaments of the stamens, and causes such a pro- found modification of these organs that they do not develop anthers, but become metamorphosed into petals, losing their normal function altogether, so that the blossoms become filled with beautiful violet petals, which have replaced the stamens. The ovaries and the ovules, as well as the whole of the seed-vessels, are the lavourite sites of attack of many reproductive parasites, by which various patho- logical changes are induced. Hypertrophy cf the ovary is caused by some of the Ascomycetes, for instance, by E.toascus pruni, which causes a disease well known on the continents of Europe and America by the name of Bladder or Pocket-plums (fig. 54). Da Bary has shown that this diseased condition is due to the presence of the myce- lium of the fungus in the tissues of the young fruit, in which it may be detected as early in the year as May. The attacked Plums never come to perfec- tion, but are malformed into yellowish-green, tough, tasteless, wrinkled bodies, having the shape of Plums, but hollow, and without any stone inside. The mycelial threads ramify in the substance of the affected fruit, especially following the direction of the strands of vascular tissue. They form a net- work beneath the cuticle, through which there protrude innumerable perpendicular branches, like the pile on velvet. These branches are cylindrical in form, and contain about eight spores enclosed within them, so that they are virtually asci. These asci easily rupture, and permit the escape of the sporidia. The free sporidia germinate in water, and in saccharine solutions, by budding, after the manner of the Saccharomyces spores, but they do not form alcohol. Another allied species deforms the female fruit of the common Alder, and gives rise to a well-known diseased condition. It diflTers from a species which occurs on the foliage in having a great number of sporidia in each ascus, whereas the foliicolous species has eight-spored asci. C. B. Plownght. {To be continued.^ Home Correspondence. CEL8IA ARCTURUS — This half-hardy plant is most useful for flowering during the winter in a cool house, from which frost is excluded. It has showy bright yellow flowers, with a brown and purple centre, and the filaments of the flower being of the same hue renders it the more attractive. Strong plants in 5-inch pots produce spikes of flower at this time of the jear fully 2 feet long, and these last in perfection many months, as the blooms develop gradually upwards as the lower ones decay. We have plants which have been flowering for the last two years. By sowing a pinch of seed in the spring, a stock of 374 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [March 19, 1892. plants can quickly be raised ; or cuttings may be employed, these striking freely in the spring or early summer under a handlight iu a cool-house or frame. E. M. DOGWOOD, C0RNU3 SANGUINEA.— It may not be generally known that this plant succeeds really well under overhanging boughs of tall forest trees, much better than many subjects, and in this respect, in addition to the qualities named by " Vagabond," in Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 342, it deserves to be extensively planted. E. WHITE CINERARIAS.— At one time,v7hite Cine- rarias were looked upon as decided novelties, but now they are quite common. Amongst about 100 plants obtained from a high-priced packet of seed from a noted house for these plants, quite twenty- five of them have white flowers, a fact which I do not regret, as they not only give variety to the coloured flowers, but they harmonise really very well with them. In addition, they aflFord useful material for cutting, white flowers being at all times appre- ciated. These white Cinerarias make up nicely into wreaths, the deep purple shade of colour which suf- fuses the stamens giving additional variety, and as blue in various shades is now employed in wreath- making these white Cinerarias are useful. E. COTTAGERS' KALE. Oace more has this favourite winter Green proved itself of value where Kale ia required during the winter months. It is_ a plant which pays for good cultivation, and what is of im- portance, that the seed should be sown early, to enable the plants to have a long season on which to grow, for the taller the stems the larger the crop of sprouts. My plants have this year averaged 3 feet in height, and were clothed with sprouts from bottom to top. The seed should be sown about the middle of the present month, weather permitting, and as soon as the plants are 4 inches high, they should be planted out where they are to stand. A distance of 2 feet 6 inches between the rows is not too much if the ground be in good heart, and the plants in the rows should be as far apart. In hot, dry weather, the seed-bed should be well watered before drawing any of the plants, and watering- in should be adopted. Be sure to sink the stem quite up to the leaves. If possible, a spare piece of ground should be apportioned off for this crop, as better results are obtained in this way than when the plants have to be put out between the Potato and Pea rows, as is very often the case. E. M. SNOWDROPS AND SNOWFLAKES.— I hiive Ga- lanthus nivalis-lutescens in good form just now. It is curious and very interesting. The Leucojums came before the Snowdrops this year, and have been very good. L. carpathicum was nearly always twin - flowered. Some seasons it comes single- flowered on a good many stems. I wonder this variety is not cultivated more largely for florist purposes. If". B. APPLE ASHMEAD'S KERNEL IMPROVED.— I have grown this Apple for the last twelve years, and think highly of it as a dessert fruit. The tree is a very strong grower, and evidently requires age before it will crop freely. If it could be induced to come early into a free-bearing state [by grafting on Tara- dise ? Ed.] no doubt it would be an Apple much sought after. It is said to be a late keeper, but with us it does not last in good condition much after Christmas. E. M. TITS.— A small open basket containing scraps of bread, fat, &c., is hung up in winter and much frequented by the birds. One afternoon recently a tit instead of helping itself in the usual way was observed to deliberately carry piece after piece of the food from the bottom to the edge of the basket, and thence to drop each to the ground,wh_ere, needless to say, sparrows were in waiting. The intention of the tit was evidently to empty the basket, or to get at the larger pieces of food which lay beneath the crumbs which it removed from the top. Is it possible that the tit had an idea of nesting in the basket, or is it now too late in the season ? Lemon. ROUND AND KIDNEY POTATOS.— The matter m relation to judging round and kidney Potatos, re- ferred to by Mr. Harris, may not be a very important one, but in country shows it is constantly cropping np, not so much because exhibitors make mistakes as that they are only too ready, in equivocal fashion, to snatch an advantage, if possible, from their fellows. Now it is a very rare circumstance indeed for any variety of true kidney form, and ordinarily classed aa a kidney, to produce roundish samples. The trouble, such as it is, is chiefly found with those intermediate varieties, which are longish, round, and difiicult to classify. These must oe classified according to their average form, and of such a sort as Satisfaction it is just to say that its average shape is distinctly round. A large pebble-shaped round, and the elongated form, is of an abnormal character. There are so many distinctly-defined kidney varieties and rounds, that absolutely no difficulty should be presented to exhibitors or judges in determining which section any variety presented at exhibitions belongs to. It would be little less than immoral to exhibit any one variety in the two sections because of its diverse forms or shapes. Whenever judges find any one variety so exhibited by one or more exhibitors, it is their duty to first determine to which section the variety belongs, and then to disqualify it in the other section or class. If they award it prizes in both sections, they stultify their own jadgment. Of real kidney-shaped Potatos, there are International, Ash- leaf, Snowdrop, Prizetaker, Mr. Bresee, Covent Garden Perfection, Governor, and others, all of which show what true kidney forms are ; whilst of rounds, Windsor Castle, London Hero, Reading llassett, The Dean, Schoolmaster, Abundance, &c., all show as plainly as can be what a round variety should be in form. A. D. TEA AND COFFEE SUBSTITUTES.-" The large fleshy roots of Niebuhria pednnculosa, Hochst. (Boscia caffra, Loud.), furnish a sweet syrup, not unlike ' golden syrup,' and are comminuted and roasted into a substitute for coffee, just as corn and Rye are used when true coffee has run out of stock." (H. G. Flanagan, Prospect Faim, Korngha, Kei River, in litt. ad me.) P. MacOwan. WINDOW PLANTS. — I heartily concur in the remarks made by Dr. Masters at the Drill Hall on the 8th inst., with respect to the extravagance shown in relation to house-decoration with plants. I have seen plenty of such examples, and have regretted that genuine horticulture should be so poorly served by such costly methods. Especially is this the case in window-plant decoration in the mansions of the wealthy in London, where the most outrageouscombinationsof colour may often be seen, the result of efforts on the part of furnishers to outvie each other in the production of what they terra striking effects. Not in one case in a hundred U any good taste shown. Last summer, in one of the upper or bed-room windows of a house near Grosvenor Square, there might have been seen hanging from a box on the sill, and blooming with wonderful pro- fuseness, a double-blossomed pink-coloured Ivy-leaf Pelargonium. It had been trained by some house- maid, probably, who perhaps had brought the plant from the country, along the sill, and then the branches hung down, showing a rich profusion of bloom. No window-shows made by the furnishers anywhere near could equal that one plant in its beauty. But to see what may be done in the cottage by the wife of the labourer in the shape of window-decoration, one must seek the best examples found in rural districts, where cottagers' societies off-'r prizes for the best decorated windows, or, perhaos, window-boxes. Some of these latter I have met with at Eirley, near Reading, for instance, have shown remarkable taste, and skill also in culti- vation. Would that we could have a great country window-box exhibition in London. It would not only be full of deep interest, but give some useful lessons in taste and cheapness in plant decoration. A D. [We have a protest from Mr. Wills, which reached us too late for insertion this week. Ed.] PREVENTION BETTER THAN CURE OF WORMS IN GARDEN POTS.— Seeing your reply to " Amateur," p 346 on expelling worms from garden pots, I am induced to mention an excellent thing for keeping the worms out, which consists of pieces of brass wire gauze cut of convenient sizes, and placed over the hole at the bottom before crocks are put into the pot If care is used in putting m the crocks after- wards, no worm, wood-louse, or slug will be able to get into the soil. To prevent misunderstanding, it should be mentioned that a patent has been taken out for the above— it is called Porter's Invincible Crock, and is made at Maidstone. Considering the simplicity of the thing, it is next to marvellous that none of us have ever thought of it, and that an enthusiastic amateur should be the lucky person to find it out, and take the wind out of our sails in this manner. Those I first had were made of steel wire, but these were found to get rusty with manure- water, &c., and brass wire has accordingly been sub- stituted for steel. For plants in pots, such as Strawberries, pot fruit trees, &e., which stand a long time on the soil, I consider the invention extremely useful. W. H. Divers, Kctton Hall Gardens, Stamford. MANURING HOLLY HEDGES.— In some soils Holly hedges do not retain that deep green colour so much admired in hedges of this plant. I allude to hedges w hich have not been planted for more than a dozen years. These will sometimes lose many of the leaves at the bottom, and small branches go off occasionally from lack of nutriment in the soil, and it is not always practicable to give the necessary stimulus to the plants by means of manure. A way to effect this object without much labour or cost is to soak the soil with farmyard liquid manure about twice, at an interval of a fortnight between, and the present month is the best for the purpose, or just before growth commences. This treatment will generally be succeeded by strong growth from the base, and an improvement in the colour of the foliage. It is surprising to notice the great improvement in the appearance of a hedge after two applications of the manure. E. M. Societies. EOTAL HOKTIOXJLTUBAIi, Scientific Committee. Mabcs 8.— D. Morris, Esq., in the chair. Present: Messrs. Elwes, Michael, Professor Green, Profesor F. Oliver, Dr. Hugo Miiller, Dr. Scott, Dr. Masters. Admntitioiis Buds on iJiics.- Mr. Burbidge sent specimens of these productions on Ribes aureum, to show that the conjecture advanced on a former occasion, to the effect that the swellings in question were due to constriction and to the accumulation of moisture by a ligature, such as a shred, was not tenable ; as in the case now sent, the plant grew as a shrub without any such ligatures, and yet these swelliuES were produced as in a burrknot Apple. He I! chores. —Dr. MiiUer stated that he had per- formed experiments similar to those detailed at a previous meeting by Mr. Burbidge, and, owing to the diveisity of the results obtained, concluded that the slitting of the flower-stem longitudinally had no definite relation to the length of time that the flowers remained unwithered. Dr. Scott stated that he had examined the anatomical construction of H. ni-'er and H. orientalis, and found that the con- ducting system is much more completely developed in the quickly withering H. orientalis than in the long-lived II. niger. Possibly the greater amount of transpiration due to the presence of leafy bracts below the flowers of orientalis might have something to do with the more rapid withering of the flowers. , , , , Two-coloured Tulip.— "Dr. Masters reported tbat he had examined the Tulip exhibited at the last meet- ing, and found that the distribution of the colour was as follows :— One of the outer segments, that nearest the axis, or the posterior part of the flower, was red, the other two yellow. Two of the inner segments were half yellow, half red, the red portions being in iuxta-position with the red outer segment. Of the stamens, the three in the posterior part of the flower, that is to say, one of the outer (opposite the red sepal) and two of the inner series were completely red instead of being, as might have been expected, half red and half yellow. Ciipripedium Dayanum—Br. Masters reported on the specimen submitted to him at a former meeting. In this, the true lip was absent, but each of the two lateral petals was partially developed in the form of a lip The posterior stamen, a, 1, which is usually not developed in Cypripedium (though it is the only one present in other Orchids), was also present in a lip-like condition. The two stamens, a 1, a 2, were nresentin their ordinary condition. The flower 'n question was, therefore, partly double, and added another illustration of the probable development in the future of "races " of double Orchids.^ Larvte Destructive to Grass in Hong-Kong.— irom Mr Ford came, through the Director of the Loyal Gardens, Kew, specimens of the larvie and of the nerfect insect of a species of Tinea, reported to be verv mischievous in Hong-Kong. The specimens were referred to Captain Elwes for examination and "^vSrM Narcissi. -Rev.G. H.Engleheart sent flowers of a hybrid produced by the inter-fertilisation of M. March 19, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 375 triandrua and N. monophyllus var. alba, to show the similarity of the result obtained by the inverted crossing of the two species. See figs. 45, 46 in our last issro. Tho Di/Cing of Flowers.— From Mr. W. Brockbank came a large series of dried flowers, the venation of which had been rendered apparent by the action of aniline dyes. The cut ends of the flower-stalks were immersed in the fluids, so that the colouring matter was absorbed by the vascular tissue of the flowers. The results were very striking, and likely to be of use to botanists. See aitti', p. 329. Plants Kchihitcd, — From Mr. Burbidge came Helleborus torqnatus, from the College Botanic Garden, Dublin ; Mistleto from Pyrus malus var, prajcox, on which it is found that the berries are pro- duced more freely than on other trees — the foliage, on the other hand, being less well developed. These effects are analogous to those produced by grafting on a dwarfing stock. Tellima grandiflora rubra, remarkable for the rich red colour of the foliage, the colour being especially noticeable in winter time, so that the plant makes a good setting for bulbs. The winter coloration of the leaves of this species is analogous to that observed in some of the Ivies, notably the variety atro-purpurea, which turns nearly black in winter. A flower of the rarely-seen Dissochroma viridiflora from the same garden was shown. It is remarkable for its green colour and the peculiar shape of its large corolla — between funnel-shaped and bell-shaped, nhcasc of Mountain Ash.—lhR Rev. W. Wilks sent a specimen, accompanied by the following letter: — "I noticed a Mountain Ash tree with a very stout large trunk fit to carry a tree of large dimensions, but the actual tree was comparatively very small and stunted, and every twig of every branch was ended in this way, the diseased part being always downwards underneath the line of the stem bearing it. The tree at a distance looked almost like some evergreen, so densely was it crowded with these diseased parts." In the specimen the ends of the branches presented oblong or club- thaped swellings irregularly cracked on the surface, as well as deeply fissured in places. Internally it con- sisted of woody tissue of harder consistence than usual, the deep fissures being lined with dead wood, around which the new and harder wood was deposited. A similar condition is not very uncommon ia the Hawthorn, but the determining cause is unknown, and can probably only be ascertained in the young state, which unfortunately rarely comes under obser- vation. The deep tunnel-like cracks are suggestive of insect injury, and of subsequent efforts to repair the damage. MANCHESTER ROYAL BOTANICAL. March 15, 16. — The opening show of the season was held as usual in the Town Hall. Despite the inclemencies of the weather, it was a much better show than we have noticed for several years previous —better in respect of both quantity and quality of articles on exhibit. All spring shon's have a warmth of colour about them that is often wanting later on in the season, and what with gay (.)rchids, quantities of Cyclamens of every hue, the brightness of Dutch bulbs, and the captivating character of our varied and beautiiul Daffodils, not to speak of plants of nondescript character, the beautiful hall was never more gay. Orchitis. — The Orchids were choice, the Dendrobia being grandly represented both in Mr. Statter's and in Mr. C. Lee's collections. It was not that the plants were large, but they were copiously flowered, and the eye could scan them without much effort. In Mr. Statter's collection we noticed particularly fine forms of D. nobile nobilius, of Ainsworthii, and of Aineworthi roseum, which, when under masterly cultivation, " holds the field " against all comers in that particular shade. Good examples of the old nobile and Wallichianum were shown, and some forms with particularly bright segments. Amongst the lot were superb forms of Lycaste Skinneri alba, beautifully flowered, and as white as the snow on the hillsides. Ccelogyne cristata alba was also present in several plants, which, in that way, there is no- thing to equal. Some well-flowered pieces of the scarlet Sophronitis coccinea were intermingled, and^ a few of the glazed-looking Ladies' Slipper, making up in a groundwork of Ferns, a remarkably pleasing whole. Mr. .Johnson also brought forward several examples of cut flowers of Cattleya, by far the best being Statter's form of Trianie — a most brilliant and excellently-formed flower. Mr. .J. C. Lee confined his exhibit to Dendrobes alone, and most effective they are in varied character. In addition to those named above, Mr. Lee had Wardianura in many fine varieties, nearly all of which were called superbum — any-way the orange- base of the labellum of some of the sorts were markedly characteristic, and contrasted well with the deep- coloured extremities of both segments and lip. Crassinode was fairly well shown ; it seems as if growers found it worse " to do " than its bigger gouty-stemmed neighbour. Tlie white one was on exhibit, but it lacks purity to rank alongside of either Lycaste Skinneri alba or Ccelogyne cristata alba. Darwinianum is pretty, but scarcely large enough in the flower for the growing taste. Nobile splendi- dissimum ia a rank grower, possibly the best of the breed, and the flowers were large and showy. Contrasting with these were several samples of Br^meriannm, which has in addition to its golden colour the lip so prominently frayed that visitors " not in the know " were inspect- ing it with more than ordinary curiosity. The sweet smelling Ileterocarpum was well grown and flowered, and with its pale lemon segments and nankeen lip, ia an excellent contrasting species amongst a lot of Dendrobes. The only dressing that Mr. BiUingtoa brought for the Lee collection was some Palms, the whole being a choice group. Miscellaneous Plants. — Messrs. Heath & Sons, Cheltenham, tabled a mixed collection, comprising Kentias, some Crotons, an Anthurium or two, one very good Amaryllis named JIars, several choice Orchids, the best among which was a gigantic form of Dendrobinm Findleyanum, having both size and quality of flower to recommend it. Also OJonto- glossum Roezlii, clean and excellently grown and well flowered for the size of plant. "The bright orange-scarlet Loelia harpophylla looked well beside the sienna and green Oiontoglossun Hallii, and the pure white 0. Pescatorei. Cattleya amethystoglossa was fairly well show, and several Cypripediums all mixed up with a little greenery which vastly lightens the bare formality. Mr. James Mason, of Manchester, had a fairly good mixed lot of Azaleas and New Holland plants, nothing more showy than the drooping inflorescence of the yellowish Acacia Riceana. Dickson, Brown & Tait had a charmingly flowered lot of Azalea Mollis, and some of the best Hyacinths in the exhi- bition. Mr. Thos. Walker, lluunslow, had a grand assortment of Cyclamens, grown on the quick-pro- duction principle, and they were loaded with flowers, the white flowers being specially captivating. The beauty of the culture is in the small pots ; the plants were grown and finished ready for sale. The St. George's Company, Hanwell, had a similar lot, from white to maroon and all the intermediate shades. .John Laing & Son had also a good lot of Cyclamens, and a varied lot of plants suitable for greenhouse decoration. Dicksons, Chester, put np a very captivating lot of Daff jdils — still nothing better was seen amongst the many exhibited than the one- coloured Emperor, and the white-segmented and lemon-cupped Ilors- fleldii. Confronting these were Squills and Primulas, in varied colours, and the whole, interspersed with the Harris' white Lily, commanded, as they deserved to do, much attention. Mr. Joseph Brown sent from his gardens at Little Orme's Head, a fine culling of spring flowers, re- markable for sweetness — among which were Wall- flowers, varied Primulas, showy Doronicums, Tulips, Snowdrops, and fine batches of Glory of the Sqow (Chionodoxa Lucill.-e). Mr. Findlay sent a lot of flowering plants from the Gardens, comprising grand groups of Cliveas — a splendid botanic garden plant for flowering in a large house under the shade of other plants— some fine f ot Daffodils and Tulips, and Hyacinths, along with some selected Palms of cooler climates, which added much to the general effect. Cut Flowebs.— Average Wholesale Peioes. ARKET8. COrSNT G.iRDEN, March 17. No alteration. Market remains in the same con- dition as last week. James Webber, )}holesale Apple Market. Fbuit.— Average Wholesale Prices. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Apples. Canadian and Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 40 0-,.. Nova Scotian, per Lemons, per case ... 8 0-14 0 barrel 10 0-25 0 Pine-apples. St, Mi- Applea, ^-sicve ... 10-40 chael, each ... 20-60 Grapes 1 9- 3 6 i s. d. t. d. Acacia or Mimosa, French, per bunch 16-20 Arum, per doz. bl. ... L' 0- 4 0 Azalea, p. doz. sprays 0 6-09 Camellias. white, doz. 2 0-30 — red. per. doz. ... 10-16 Carnations, 12 blms. 2 0-30 Ci bun. 6 0-90 Daffodils, double per dozen bun. 3 0-40 — single „ 4 0-60 — various „ 6 0-90 Eucharis, per dozen 4 0-60 Freesias, dozen bun. 2 0-40 Gardenia, per dozen 4 0-90 Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 6-09 .Tonquils. dozen bun. 16-30 Lilac white (French) per bunch 5 0-60 Lilium Harrisii, doz. 5 0-80 Lily of the Valley.per doz. sprays ... 0 6-10 Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 6 0-12 0 Marguerites, per doz. bunches 3 0-40 Mignonette, per doz. bunches 4 0-60 s. s.d. Narcissus, paper- white, Fr., p. bnu. 2 6-40 Narcissus (various), Scilly, doz. bunches 2 0-40 Orchids :— Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 C- 9 0 Odontoglossum cri»pum,12blms. 3 0-60 Pelargoniums, scar- let, per 12 bun. 5 0-80 — 12 sprays ... 0 9-10 Primroses, doz. bun. 10-20 Primula,sing.,12bun. 4 0-60 Koman Hyacinths. 12 French bunches 2 0-40 Roses, Tea. per dozen 10-30 — coloured, dozen 2 0-40 — yellow (Mare- chals),perdoz. 4 0-60 — red, per dozen... 4 0-80 Snowdrops.'doz. bun. 1 0-3 0 Tuberoses, 12 blms. 10-20 Tulips, p. doz. blms. 0 6-16 Violets, Farme, per bunch 2 0-30 — Czar, per bunch 16-20 — English. 12bun. 16-20 Wallflowers, French, per dozen bunches 2 0-40 Orchid-bloom in variety. Plants is Pots.— Average Wholesale Pbicpis. 3. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Adiantum, per doz. 4 0-12 0 Ficus elastica, each 16-78 Arum, per dozen ... 9 0-12 0 Genistas, per dozen. 8 0-12 0 Aspidistras, per doz. 18 0-63 0 HyaointhsButch doz. 6 0-99 Azalea, per doz. ...36 0-60 0 Lilyof the Valley.pot 2 0- 3 0 Begonias, per doz. ... 6 0-12 0 Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0 Cinerarias, per doz. 6 '>I0 0 Mignonette, doz. pots 8 0-15 0 Cyclamens, per doz. 9 0-18 0 Primulasinensis.doz. 4 0-60 Cyperus, per dozen 4 0-10 0 Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0 Dracaenas, each ... 1 0- 5 0 — specimens, eachlO 6 84 0 Erica, various, dozenl2 0-18 0 Pelargoniums, Scar- Erica gracilis doz. 8 0-12 0 let, per doz. ... 6 0-90 Ferns, various, doz. 4 0-90 Solanums, per dozen 9 0-12 0 — per 100 ... 8 0-15 0 Tulips, per doz. pots 6 0-80 Vegetables.— Average Ketail Prices. s. d. s. d. . d. s. d. Artichokes Globe, Lettuces, per doz. ... 16-20 each 0 4-06, Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ... Beans, French, lb.... 16-20 Mustard and Cress, Beet, red, per dczen 2 0-30 punnet 0 4- ... Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-06 Parsley, per bunch... 03-06 Cauliflowers, each ... 0 3-06 Seakale, p. basket ... 20-30 Celery, per bundle... 10-30 Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ... Cucumbers, each ... 0 9-13 Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ... Endive, per dozen ... 2 0- 3 0 Tomatos, per lb. ... 0 6-10 Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9- 1 0 Turnips, per bunch... 0 4-06 POTATIJS. The market is not quite so healthy as per last report, and, except for best quality, there is a tendency to lower priced. J. B. Thomas. The Weather. [By the term " accumulated temperature" is meant the aggregate amount, as well as the duration, of degrees of temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period named; and this combined result is expressed in Day- degrees — a "Day-degree" signiEying 1° continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] Temperatobe. KADiFALL. Bright Sun. £1 bo ACOnMDLATED. 1.: -J g a ■ g i 5 .a J3 VX3 >.2? ^ a 1 8.| 3 - li + S'- Z^ J^ '-) °". + ° = S'r 1 n gS s e. 1 St 1^ Day- Day- Day- Day- lOths deg. deg. deg. deg. Inch. Ins. 0 8 — 0 76 - 17 + 15J 4 — 51 100 33 21 1 7- 0 74 — 33 + 151 1 — 40 48 30 21 2 8 — 0 71 - 25 -t- 132 1 + 41 37 29 21 3 10 - 0 82 - 37 + 149 1 — 40 31 28 21 4 10 — 0 73 - 37 + 1.50 2 — 33 3-6 30 21 6 10 — 0 71 — 43 -1- 106 3 — 32 2-8 37 23 6 7 — 0 62 — 29 -J- 122 7 — 40 7-3 42 24 7 9- 0 73 - 36 + 123 2 — 38 5-6 31 23 8 9 — 0 61 - 65 -1- 106 4 — 4t -5-5 46 29 9 8 — 0 59 - 61 + 95 2 - 42 5-4 3S 21 10 9 — 0 49 - 78 + 100 5 — 33 6 6 48 23 " 8 — 0 36 - 47 4- 54 3 — 1 1 41 62 51 24 The districts indicated by number in the first column the following : — Principal ^heat-prodiicing Districts— 0, Scotland. 1, Scotland. E.; 2, England, N.E. ; 3, England, 4, Midland Counties ; 5. England, S. Principal Grazing, ^c. Districts— Q, Scotland. W. England, N.W. ; 8, England, S.W. ; 9, Ireland, ]0, Ireland, S, ; * Channel Islands. 376 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 19, 1892. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending March 12, is furnished from the Meteorological OfBce : — " The weather during this period continued ex- tremely cold and wintry, with frequent but not generally heavy falls of snow in the eastern and north-eastern parts of Great Britain, and occasional slight snow showers elsewhere. Many intervals of line bright weather were nevertheless experienced in all parts of the Kingdom, especially in the west and south-west. " The temperature was exceedingly low for the time of year, the deficit varying from 7° in ' Scot- land, E. and W.,' to as much as 10° in the ' Midland Counties,' and ' England, S. and E.' The highest of the maxima were recorded on the 8th in ' Scotland and Ireland,' and on irregular dates in ' England ;' they ranged from 47° in ' Ireland, S.' and ' England, S.W.,' to 41° in ■ England, E.' The lowest of the minima were registered at most stations either on the 9th or lOtb, when the thermometer fell to 10° in ' England, E.,' 12° in 'England, S.W.,' 13° in ' Scotland, E.,' and to between 16° and 21° in all other districts, except the ' Channel Islands,' where it did not fall below 28°. " The rainfall (melted snow) was a little more than the mean in ' England, N.E.,' but less in all other districts. " The bright sunshine exceeded the mean very generally, and was more prevalent than for many weeks past. The percentage of the possible duration ranged from 54 in the ' Channel Islands,' 48 in 'Ireland, S.,' 46 in 'England, S.W.,' and 42 in ' Scotland, W.,' to 29 in ' England, N.E.,' and 28 in ' England, E.' " Notices to Correspondents. Anona sftOAMOSA : J. L. This species, the Sweet Sop, is, like other species of Anonas, an evergreen, and if your plant loses its leaves it is probably from lack of sunshine or heat. The winter warmth should be 55° to (35°, and the summe> 65° to 85°. Books : Fruit Congress Report. W. T. Published at the Eoyal Horticultural Society's Offices, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster. California as a Home : li. G. M. will be glad to correspond with Mr. W. Carter if he will kindly send us his address. Erdit Tree Stocks : W. B. Advertise your wants. Gardenia Roots : J. B, The swellings on the roots are caused by eel-woims, Tylenchus radicis, often They are probably Introduced with the potting soil. There is no cure, short of the entire destruc- tion by fire of the affected plants. Gloxinia : H. B. The malformation, of which you send specimens, is not uncommon, and is some- times so much developed that a complete second corolla outside the first is produced, as in the case of a Hose-in-hose Primrose, but differing in structure. Green Carnations : A Subscriber. The green colour is given by inserting the freshly cut flower-stems in water in which some substance is put that will give it a green colour. The stalk imbibes the coloured water, which gradually spreads over the whole flower. See our last week's issue for full details. Malformed Cyclamen : H. G. These malformations in Cyclamens, as in most plants, are not uncommon, and prove how intimately all the parts of a plant are structurally connected, so that the accidental arrest of growth of one part may have the effect of turning a leaf into a petal or vice i'er:u ; or, as in your plant, induce the flower-stalk to branch in a totally abnormal manner. Melon Pear : Enquirer. The fruit of Solanum muricatum. Names of Frdits : Mat. B. 1, Royal Somerset ; 2, Court of Wick. W. J. C. Small's Admirable, most probably. Names of Plants : N. Bros. Please write to the Editor on such matters, not to the publisher. Your plant is Myrsiphyllum asparagoides. — T. L.B. Schomburgkia crispa. — A. C. A very fine example of Odontoglossum aspersnm. The branched spike is only a question of strength and good cultivation. — H. J. E. 1, Vanda tricolor, and 2 may be the variety of V. tricolor you suggest, but the labellum is withered, and we cannot determine it. The Aerides is A. Fieldingii, but the infloresence has stopped at about one-third of its proper length. — G. H. 1, Myrsiphyllum asparagoides ; 2, Trades- cantia repens; 3, Begonia Saundersii ; 4, Kleinia repens ; 5, Echeveria sp. ; 6, Echeveria retusa. — ■ T. J. li. C. Maxillaria picta.— /?. D. L. 1, Peri- strophe angustifolia variegata; 2, Sedum tortuo- sum variegatum ; 3, Cereus ep. ; 4, Echeveria, probably a garden hybrid ; 5, Pteris adiantoides , 6, Selaginella Brownii. Passage of Coloured Liquids in the Vessels : D. This is a practice which goes back to the time of Magnol and Duhamel. It is effected by im- mersing the cut ends of the stalks in solutions containing logwood, madder, cochineal, acetate of lead, ferrocyanide of potassium, followed by a per- salt of iron, various aniline dyes, &c. Herbert Spencer employed a similar method in more recent times in his investigations on the course of the sap, and the formation of wood ; and botanical lecturers in their yearly lectures have shown the results to their pupils for a century or more. KoYAL Horticultural Society : The Secretary asks us to say, that he would be glad to receive at once copies of the list of awards made at the several committees between 1859 and 1872. Tulips : G. B. The bulbs were potted two or three months too late. Leave them where they are till there is more root growth. Shantung Cabbage : C. S. The Pe-tsai of the Chinese — Brassica sinensis. In shape it is more like a Cos Lettuce than an European Cabbage. It was introduced some dozen years ago by, we think, Messrs. Carter & Co. It seems to have obtained no favour from our gardeners. If the introducers have it not, it might be obtained from Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux & Cie., Paris. Tig. 55.— eel-woum disease of gardenias. described and figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle, as at p. 488, 489, April 9, 1887, where a full descrip- tion of the insect, by M. Beijerinck, a celebrated Dutch naturalist, is to be found. Our fig. 55, represents a root very severely affected by the worm. Communications Received.-Mk-. R. Foster.— W. W.— T. H.— E. J. L— W. L.. Monte Carlo.— J. W.— W. & N.— H. J. E.. letter forwarded as requested.— J. K. J.— J. A.— 1> H. S — H K — H. J. v.— Netherlands Horticultural Society.— F. W. M.— E. C — J. L.-T. B— C. B. P. — W. A. C.-T. H.-J. S.-A. D.— T. H.-C. W. D.— E W. S. — H M.— ^.— E. S.-R. A. R.— G. W.— W. B. H.— W. E.— T. S.— T. W., Ipswicb, next week.— W. B. H,— Pteria.- J. W.— E. D.— Corry & Co.— H. C. P.- E. E. (thanks; the report was sent by our MaUihester Correspondent). -T. C— J. C— Interested.— G. P.-T. F. Rivers.- J. J.— B. P.— A. D. W.— X.— J. R— Subscriber, A. P. and L. Linden (next week). PBOTOGHAPHS OB DEiWI.N'GS RECEIVED W.TH THASKS.— J. T. Lancaster, Ccelofiyne cri^tata. tine specimen. — Grass (;i), Costebelle (.1).- J- R- S.—l. W. M. DIED.— On the 7th inst., at the age of 62 years, Mr. M. William Byvoet, partner in the firm of Gebroeders Byvoet, Overween, near Haarlem, since 1857. We ARE THE Only Lawn Mowers BY ROYAL Makers of Appointed WAKKANT. MAKERS TO HER MAJESTY THE QtJEEN AND H13 EOYAL HIGHNESS THE PEINCE OF WALES. GREEN'S PATENT "SILENS MESSOR" LAWN MOWING MACHINES ARE THE FIRST, FOREMOST, AND BEST IN the world. TENNIS COURT MARKERS AND CRASS EDGE CLIPPERS. SINGLE-HANDED LAWN MOWER. With Improved Steel Chains and Handles. These Mowers are tha " Ne Plus Ultra " and Acme " of perfection of all Lawn Mowers extant. They have stood the test for upwards of thirty yeirs, and lave carried off E\'£RY HIGHEST PRIZE which has been ;iven in all cases of competition. GREEN'S Patent ROLLERS, For Lawns, Drives, Bowling Greens, Cricket Fields, and Gravel Paths, &c. Suitable for Hand or Horse Prices of Rollers in 2 parts. . Length £ s d. byl7i ' ' ^ by 23i ■ '" 4 10 Price I.is'B on .ApTiMoationi They can also be had of any Ironmonger, Sferchant, or footer, in the United Kingdom, or direct from the Manufacturers. Bepalrs promptly done at both our EBtabUBhments for tbe Trade, as well as Otbers. THOMAS GREEN & SON, LIMITED, LEEDS and LONDON. Masch 19, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. Z77 MEYS'famous Garden Pop -.- BulvN^II Potteries, iMottin^ham. "^^ Uessrs. Dlcksons, Limited, Che&ter, write :— " The Flower Pota you have so largely aupplit and ■well made, and in every ret-pect highly t-atiafactory." Tith are light, strong Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., Worcester, write:—" We beg to say that we are highly Batisfied with your ' Garden Pots,' they are well made, light, yet strong, and we like them better than any other we have ever used." Mr. WlUlam BuU^ 536, King's Road. Chelsea, London, writes:— "For nearly thirty yeara I hare been using your ' Garden Pots,' and still hnd them the best and cheapest." Largest Manufacturers in the World. No Waiting. Millions in Stock, Carriage and Breakage Free on £,\0 Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free. 21-OZ. and 15-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet and 200 feet super. English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, delivered free and sound in the country, in quantity. "BEST LINSEED OIL PUTT Y." aEOBGE FARMILOE & SONS, Lead, Glass, Oil, and Colour Merchants, 34, St. John Street, West Smlthfleld, London. E.G. stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle BOULTON & PAUL, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, NORWICH. WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES, AND GREENHOUSES IN ALL STYLES. GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. Surveys made In any pait of the Country. LADIES AND OENTLKMEN WAITED ITON SPECIAL APPOINTMENT. GARDEN FRAMES in great VARIETY. 4 ft. by 6 ft. ... £2 14 8 ft. by 6 ft. ... 4 4 All FrameH made of Selected Red Deal, painted three ti: and Lif^hts glazed with 21-i Carriage paid on Orders of 40s. valne, NO. 77^-SmaUer Frames. ( Vn.VyVn.V' I Similar to wo. 75. / 12 ft. by 4 ft. 3 0 0 BOILERS of ALL MAKES and SIZES. CUCUMBER-FRAME LIGHTS. 6 feet by 4 feet, paintei and glazed 145. Off. each. (i feet by 4 feet, unpainted and unglazed ... 55. 6rf. ,, Catalogues of all our Manufactures, post-free on application. AVOOD & SON AKE CELEBRATED FOR THEIR V/ixVii/HIU r tA I (bracken fibre), HARD -WOOD and STOVE PLANTS, exceptionally Good this Season. ALL SOUND TURVES. LOAM (Surrey), Yellow Tibrous. Samples, with prices, per return. Carriage Paid to any Station. ^ W.W.&S. ORCHID BASKETS. TRY OUR PRIZE MANURES. LS FRUITIER," the Celebrated Vine Manure. " The Perfection of Plant Food." Tins, Is. 3d.; 7 lb., 2s. 6d. ; 1 cwt , 19s. NOW is the TIME TO USE W. W. Sf S. Celebrated LAWN TENNIS MANURE (CONCENTRATED), 15s. per Cwt. Also W. W. ^ S. LAWN SAND, f^"^ Eradkator of Weeds on Lmons, such as Dandelions, Daisies, Plantains, Sf-c. 28 lb., 8s. 6d. ; 56 lb , 15s. 6d. ; 1 Cwt., 30s. MATS, RAFFIA, JOBACCO^ER, CANES, &c. BEFORE YOU BUY, inspect our NEW CATALOGUE. SILVER MEDAL and 23 CERTIFICATES of MERIT awarded to- W. WOOD & SON, F.R.H.S. ( Established \ Address 0 /. Orders- Chief Office, WOOD GREEN, LONDON. 878 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [MxBCR 19, 1892. TOMA.TO PLANTS.— Ham Green Favourite. Several thousands to DISPOSE OF, cheap. Strong, pricked-out plants. E. FOULQEB, Holly Bank Nurseries, Potter's Bar. \T^ ''ICTORIA PLUM, fine, stout, 5-yr. old, V standards, Bb per 100 ; MOBELLO CHEERY, strong ■well-rooted standards, £6 per 100; PEARS, PLUMS, CHEERIES, of all kinds, fine trees at special rates per 100 or 1000; RHUBARB, SEAKALE, and TARRAGON tor forcing ; standard-trained PEACHES and NECTARINES, GRAPE VINES. MEDLARS, FILBERTS, GOOSEBERRIES, &c. WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex. FOR SALE, the following grand Specimens, all iu good condition :— 1 CYATHEA MEDULARIS, 10 leaves, with 1.5 feet spread; 1 CYBOTIUM PRINCEPS, 24 leaves, with 20 feet spread; 1 PHCENIX EECLINATA, 15 feet high, good bushy plant. WHAT OFFERS. Can be seen on application. A. HART AND SONS, Nurserymen, Guildford. FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Trade.— Greenhouse and Stove, 25 saleable sorts, 12s. per 100; out of pots, 10s. Large Adiantum cuneatum, Aralias, Cyperus, and Primulas, all in 48*8, 6s. per doz. Palms and Ficus, Is. each. Large Ferns, 10 best sorts, 6s. 6rf. per doz., in 48's. Cinerarias, Spirffias, and Cyclamen, full bloom, 9s. per dozen, in 48's. Adiantum cuneatum and P. tremula, extra size, in 2^-inch pots, 16s. and 20s. per 100. Packed free. Cash with Order. J. SMITH, London Fern Nurseries, Loughboro' Junction, S.W. STRONG FOREST TREES and PLANTS for COVERTS. ASH, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet. BEECH, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet. LARCH, 2 to 21, 2J to 3, 3 to 3J, and 3i to 4^ feet. OAKS. 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, and 5 to 6 feet. SCOTCH, U to 2, 2 to 21 and 21 to 3 feet. SPRUCE, ij to 2, 2 to 21. 2* to 3, and 3 to 4 feet. Together with a large Stock of HAZELS, MOUNTAIN A9H, BIKCH, LAURELS of sorts. RHODODENDRONS, BERBERIS AQUIFOLIA, and other COVERT PLANTS, all of the best quality, and very reasonable in Price. Catalogues on appli- cation. Apply to — JOHN HILL, Spot Acre Nurseries, near Stone, Staffs. Geraniums, Lobelias, Calceolarias, Ferns, &c. JOHN SOLOMON ofEers:- GERANIUMS: Henry Jacoby, Wejt Brighton Gem, Queen of the Bel- giaus, F. V. Raspail, 10s. per 100. LOBELIA : Emperor William, best blue, 2l. M. per 100, 20«. per 1000 ; Snowball, pure white, 3i. M. per 100, 2.5s. per 1000. CALCEOLARIAS : Golden Gem. 5s. per 100, 40s. per 1000. FERNS : Pteris tremula, Pteris cristata. Pteris major, in 2J-inch pots, fit for 48's, 12s. per 100. All the above are sure to give satisfaction, Packing included. Cash with order. Queen's Road Nursery, Walthamstow, E. SEAKALE, .'Extra strong Roots, for ASPARAGUS, j 1^'orcing, AND \ SUPERIOR QUALITY. RHUBARB. I Prices on Application. DiCKSONS'i.KlfCHESTER (LIMITED) BARB^WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wihe Co. (Limited), WARRINGTON. TOBACCO PAPER and CLOTH, 4.5.5. per cwt. ; Tobacco rag, id. per lb. Fuel-.saving fluid. Is. per gallon.— ANDREWS and MILLER, 5, Knowle Road, Brixton. THE DOUBLE-POINTED NAIL. The best Fence Nail invented. This Nail renders any wooden fence perfectly nnclimbable. It is a complete protection against trespassers and cats. In use at Hurst Park and Hull Racecourses, Lord's Cricket-ground, and hundreds of other places. A— Hammer Head. B— Chisel Edge. Price of Fence Nails in Malleable Iron :— If , 2, 21, 3,4,5, and6-in., 7-lb. Bags, 3s. 6ii. ; percwt.. 55s. If-in. Steel Nails, for thin palings. Is. per B gross. MACHINE-CUT NAILS, for dowelling joinery, wood block flooring, &c., J, 1, & Ij-in., 9(f . per gross. Sample boxes, assorted sizes, Qd. ; by post, Srf. CAPPING for BRICK WALLS, complete, from Z^d. per foot, in 6 feet lengths. DURRANS' PATENT NAIL SYNDICATE, Limited, 43 & 44. Upper BakeA Street. London, N.W. CARSON'S PAINT Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, dentry, and Clergy, for all kinds of OTTISOOB WOBE, OONSEBVATOBTES, Greenhouses, Frames, &c. 1 Cwt., and OU Ulxture, Free to all Stations. Liquid Non-Poisonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, *o Fiioes. Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free. Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. 15, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. ; and BACHELOR'S WALK, DVEliS,— Discount for Cash, m^- IMPORTANT TO GARDENERS, AMATEURS, AND Others, who Fumigate Houses TO KILL "FLY," OR "THBIP." You will shortly be ordering your Spring Supply of Fumigating Material. Why lay in a heavy stock o£ tobacco paper, uncertain in quality, often disappointing, and very unpleasant to use, when you can have a Safe, Reliable article, and one that is pleasant to use ? THE FIRST OF ITS CLASS, AND STILL THE ONLY ONE On which you thoroughly depend. The manufacture is much improved, and it can be ordered without any risk of the disappointments Oft«n attending other fumiga- PRICES :— ting materials. For houses with (1000 cubic ft.. No. 3 Roll, 1/- each iPost a capacity of "^ 2000 „ ,, „ 4 „ 1/9 ,, f Tree. The Rolls may be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up required quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. — The safest and most effective Liquid Insecticide for dipping or syringing. Prices, post free:— Pints, Is. lOrf. ; quarts, 3s. 3d. ; half gallons. 5s. 9d. CLIBRAN'S EUCHARIS MITE KILLER.-A truly valuable remedy, has saved thousands of bulbs. Prices, po9l>free :— Half-pints, Is. 9d. ; pints, 2s. Qd. ; quarts, 4s. 9d. ; half-gallons, 8s. Or from tour Seedsman. CLIBRAN'S nS^?s.ALTRINGHAM; 10 &. 12 Market Street, Makohester; And Principality Nurseries, Deganwy, Llandudno. For all INSECT PESTS in Greenhouses and Frames, nothing has proved equal to the LETHORION (VAPOUR GONE), They are now uni- versally admitted to be thoroughly uniform in strength, and safe for any Plant or Flower, even if four times the quantity are used. Scale and Mealy Bag may be completely eradicated by using the Cones double strength. PRICES— For Frames. &c., of 50 cubic feet, 6d. ; 100 ft., 9d 500 feet. Is. ; 1000 feet. Is. 6d. ; 4000 feet, 6s. each. THE HOUSES SHOULD BE WELL SECURED. CORBY «fc CO., Ltd., 16, Finsbury Street, LONDON, B.C. THE^^'STOTryPEmLTIES For Destruction of Insect Pests. Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers KILLMBIGHT, 2-oz. Sample posted free on application. Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmen. Wholesale and Retail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd.. Barton House. Manchester Pints 1/3, Pints i/g. Quarts ^/-. h Gall. 5 & 10 Gall. Drums. g/-F«^r ^aH- Carriage Paid. The Mythe Castle Gardens. Tewkesbury, Aug. 13th, iSgi. Gentlemen, — I have given your "Climax" Insecticide a good trialon fender foUnge, Orchids and Ferns fcr Bug and Scale. In everv instance I found the Bugand Scale dead and the foliage bright and clean. I found it most effectual for Black Flv on Peach trees. The * Climax" Insecticide oughtto be betterknown, itisthe onlvonel have found to kill Bugon tender plants without injury to the foliage.— I am. yours faithfully, W. MACKIE. Prepared Solely by The Boundary Chemical Co., Ltd., LIVERPOOL. TNNES' FERTILITAS. — THE VINE and A PLANT FOoi),— Of all Nursery and Seedsmen, or direct. 16*. per cwt., carriage paid to all Stations, References and teefcimonials of the Sole Makers — W. INNES AWU Co., Sunny Hill Vinery, Littleover. Derby. ATIVE GUANO.— Best and Cheapest Manure for Qabden Use. Price £3 10s. per ton, in hags. Lots under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt.; 1 cwt., Sample bag, sent Carriage Paid to any Station in England, on receipt o£ P. 0. for 5s. Extracts from 16th Annual Collection of Reports: — NATIVE GUANO, for POTATOS. VEGETABLES, &c. H. Brinkworth, Potato Grower, Reading, used for Potatos, Onions, and Carrots, results : — " Very good ; never had better crops." J. Butler, Sitfcingbourne ; — " Used for Potato, Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO, roB FRUIT, ROSES, TOMATOS. &c. J. Peed & Sons, Streatham, used for Fruit Trees and Roses, results; — "Very satisfactory; vpe use no other Guano now; consider yours preferable to Peruvian." J. Finch, Orrell Gardens :— ' ' Used for Vegetables, Tomatos, Grapes, Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most excellent for Potatos, and many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market." Orders to the Native GuanO Co., Ltd., 20, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London, where Pamphlet of Testimonials, Sec, may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. RELIANCE FERTILISER '¥£S: Vegetables, Lawns, &c. Scentless, and cleanly to use. A highly concentrated and entire Plant Food, carefully coaipounded. Prices. Tins, or ] Terms ; Cash with order. a lb. 71b. U 28 S« 113 All free on Bail, Bags in- Parcels, lb. j lb. lb. lb. cluded. post-free. 1 s. d. .?. d. s.d.'.s.d. s. d.'.s. d. Reliance Fertiliser 1 0 1 9 .3 06 6 10 0|l8 0 Best Peruvian Quano 1 0 1 » 3 05 6 10 0,18 6 Nitrate of Soda 1 0 1 « ■3 94 9 8 6 15 0 Sulphate of Ammonia 1 0 1 9 3 0,6 6 10 0 18 6 Bones : Flour or Meal, and 1 half-inch 0 9 1 S a o's 6 6 o'lO 6 Superphosphate 0 9 1 0 1 92 9 4 6 7 6 The above, in tins, charged extra, 7 lb., 3rf.. 14 lb., 4rf., 28 lb., 6d. Carriage paid on 10s. orders of the above MANURES on Carter Patereon'a round, or to any railway stations within 200 miles. Directions for Use with every lot. Leaf-mould, Peat-mould, Loam, and Potting Compost, each, 3s. per sack, 1*. per bushel. Beat Brown Peat, 5s. per sack. Is. hd. per bushel. Cocoa-nut Fibre, Is. 3d. per sack, 5 for 6s. Silver Sand (coarse or fine), Is. 6d. per bushel. Charcoal (nuts or fine), 2.1. per bushel. "PLANT FOODS and HOW to APPLY THEM." a Descriptive List, post-free. Id. Price Lists free. The Trade supplied on liberal terms.— HORTICULTURAL SUPPLY CO., Old Shot Tower Wharf. London, S.E. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. This manure is chemically distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring and ripening of Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, &c., beyond any other Manure. south Stoneham Nurseries, Southampton, Gentlemen, October 6, 1891. " We have tried the Manure in our Vinery this season, and are pleased to inform you that whilst in our neighbourhood most of thfl Grapes have been badly coloured this season, ours have been splendidly coloured, in fact the best we have ever had. " We hope to be able to induce some of our friends to try it next season. Yours faithfully, (Signed), OAKLEY AND WATLING. Prices in Sacks, at Works, 10«. per cwt. ; £2 per J ton ; £3 15s. per ^ ton ; £7 per ton. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO., THE CHEMICAL WORKS, HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, HERTS. BENTLEY'S-BENTLEY'S WEED DESTROYER Has paved the way for many imitators, but maintains its position of superiority, and acknowledges no equal. Has the largest sale, and the confidence of the leading gardeners. 3 gallons, 5s. Gd. ; 6 gallons, 10s. ; 12 gallons, 19s. ; 18 gallons, 27s. 6d. ; 40 gallons, 50s. Carriage paid. Sole Inventor— JOSEPH BENTLEY, CHEMICAl WOKKS, BABKOW-ON-HXnUBEK, HXTLL. OWLER'S GARDENERS' INSECTICIDE, For Destroying Blights and Mildews infesting Planta and Trees. It is easily applied by dipping, syringing, spong- ing, or as a winter-dressing. Will not stain or injure any more than plain water. In Jars, Is. ed., Ss., 5s. 6d., and IDs. each; and in Kegs, 28 lb., 21s. ; 56 lb., 42k. ; 112 lb., 84s. each. CORKY AND CO., LlWD., 23, 15. and 16, Finsbury Street, E.G. Sold by all Seedsmen. i Mabch 19, 189iJ.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 379 RICHARDS'noted orchid PEAT. OBCHID and other SELECTED PEATS (g^^'SZn'^S), SOILS, MANURES, and every description of GARDEN SUNDRIES. G. H. RICHARDS, The Horticultural Stores, 1, Belvedere Crescent, Lambetli, London, S.E. Write for Samples and Price List, Post-free. Chief Peat Depot : Rinqwood, Hants. PREPARED, ready for use, all fibre, Kis. per sack ; .5 for 47s. tirf. SELECTED, in blocks, very fibrous, 8s. per sack ; 5 for 37s. Orf. SECOND QUALITY, hs. \xr sack ; 6 for 22s. M. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, 4s. per sack, 6 for 18s. ; and .ts. per sack, 6 for 12s. 6rf. PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each as. 6-D CO.. Farnborougb. HanU. HORTICULTURAL SHADINGS and XETtlNGS. TIFFANY, COTTON WOOLS, and Waddings. Suppliel wholesale by— JOSEPH COOKSON. 21. New Cannon Street. Manche>ter. CATALOGUES RECEIVED. Ke\ at Co Dumfries, N.B. — Agricultural Thomi Setdl. The " Stott," Barton House, Deansgate, Manchester — Horti- cultural Specialties. D1CK30S & Co.. 1, Waterlo) Place, Edinburgh— F.irm Seeds. HaRRISOX & So.xs, Leicester— Farm S-eds. Clark & Co., 85, Bedfjrd Street, North Shields — GArden SeeJt. JOH-V Gbee.v, Norfolk Nurserie.^, Dereham— Choice Novelties in Chrysanthemum-i. Da.'llias, Begonias, Pelargoniums, &c.. Vegetable and Flower Seeds. JoHK LaI.vg & So.vs, Forest Hill, S.E.— Tuberous B'gonas. John Perkins & Son, Market Square, Northampton— Agri- cultural s'eeds. Fred. W. Kelsey. Broadwav, New York, U.S.A.— Choice Hardy Trees and Planls. R. B. Laird & Sons. Edinburgh — Choice Florist.s' Flowers. Little & Ballantyne, Carlisle — Farm Seeds. OASDENINa APPOINTICENTS. Mr. Robert Craigie, General Foreman to Sir M. Ridlev, Bart., Blagdon Hall. Northumberland, as Head Gardener to C. T. Mander, E.=q.. at his new mansion, The Mount, TettenhaU Wood, Wolverhampton. Mr. F. Parker, until recently Gardenerat the Grange, Wilhj - combe, Exmouth. as Heaii Gardener to Miss Gathed, The Elms. Ipplepen, Newton-Abbot, Devonshire. Mr. W. Theobald, for the past ten veais Head Gardener to the late A. Gosleit, Esq . of West Hill, Highgite, as Head Gardener to W. M. Chinnert, Esq., Hatchford Park. Cobham. Surrey. TO GENTLEMEN with MODERATE MEANS, in SEARCH of an ACTIVE, PLEASANT, and PKOFIUBLE OCCUPATION.— Advertiser desires to meet with a Gentleman of active habits who would be willing to PURCHASE a HALF-SHABE, and assist in the work of a Small Estate of 2200 acres, ntuated in the New England Dis- trict, New South Wales, close to two considerable towns, and on the Railway line between Sydney and Brisbane. The climate is considered one of the tiuest in Australia; the land is well situated, and of fine quality, a large portion being rich orchard land ; about 70 acres are planted in English fruit trees. The grazing land is occupied by 2J>00 sheep and other stock. P.ice. £JjoO0. -For further particulars, apply to Mr. GEO. CAMPBELL, 72, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. GKING, Canon's Park Gardens, Edgware, • acknowledges with thanks the APPLICATIONS for the VACANCY advertised in this paper last week, and wishes to say HE IS SUITED. Gordon Boys' Home. Cbobham, Woking. WANTED, a steady, reliaule MAN, to iostruct and supwrinteni Ladd in Gardening. &c , and to keep the Groudda in order. Must thoroughly understand ilarket Gardening, rotation of crops, breaking up rough ground. &.C.. and the manigement of Pigs. Good wBg-^, but no lodging. — Applv. stating wages required. tolLc.-Colooel J. B. WALKER. Fair View, A&h Vale, near Aldershot. To Mushroom Spawn Makers. WANTED, by a Market Grower of Mush- rooms, a good practical MAKER of ABOVE, for own consumption, and Sale. Liberal term?, and a constant job. cjuld be offered to a man proving himself capable of turning out first-class stuff.— Apply, io first instance, to McDON'ALD, 3, Wendover Villas. Terrick Road, Wood Green. London. N. ANTED, a GAKDENER, to take care of a small Collection of Orchids; one who thoroughly understands bis business. Age about 30, unmarried. Good references required. — Apply, stating wages, to Mr. EDOUARD BRABANT, Chateau de I'Alouelte, near Cambria. Nord France. WANTED, an active and capable SINGLE- HANDED GARDENER, in Surrey. Must undersUnd cows. Also strong active young MAN to assist. -Apply by letter, stating full particulars of experience and wages re- quired, H. Gardener, Hotel Albany, Hasting?, Sussex. WANTED, AT ONCE, a good all-round working GAKDESEK (SlSftLE-HlNT'ED) — Good personal character frjm last employer ; must be an a!>stainer. Applv. p.rsonally if possible, or by letter, to Hayes Court, Kenley, W" ANTEDTTn UNDER GARDENER ; wife' good Launlress, for HerlJordshire.— Address letter onJy. S. T., Mr. J. W. Vickers, .=., Nicholas Lane. E.G. ANTED, a GARDENE K and WIFE, for Sandown. Isle of Wight,— Age 30 to 40, without in- cumbrance. Gardener (Single-handed^, handy-m^n. practical in Flowers, Fruit Trees, Conservatory, and Kitchen Gardening. Wife. Plain Cojk. required to ook for family during summer stay, her wages weekly being 7i. and baard. Gardener's wages weekly 20j., living in lodge, two furniahed rooms, kitchen and scullery, coals and gas.— Write. A. KELLER, 13, Edith Grove, FulhamRoad, S.W. trust- Wife to do Laundry Work. Without encumbrance preferred. —Apply by letter, stating full particulars, to CAMPBELL PBAED, E*! . .39. Norfolk Square. Lomion, W. TRELAND and THOMSON REQUIKE the X services of a practical NUR3ERV FOREMAN, to Uke charge of their Craigleith Nurserj-. Must be well up at growing Ornamental 'lYees and Shrubs of all sorts. Rhododen- drons, Koses, Hardy Climbers. &c. Applicaota to send copies of testimonials or references, with full particulars as to age, experience, wages expected. &c., to IBELAND ASD THOMSON, Nurserymen, Edinburgh. "1^7^ ANTED, a thoroughlv competent T » worthy MARRIED COUPLE-Man as Gardenf WANTED, a young man, as PROPAGATOR ani ASSISTANT SALESMAN, under the Foreman.— J. W. WIMjEIT AXD SON, Ashburnham Park Nursery, Chelsea, S.W. WANTED, as FOREMAN, a good man, of tirst'Cluss character, who can .io things well, and loves his work. Wages 195. per week, milk, bothy, &c -Write, stating age and all particu'ars, to J. SHAW, Deepdene. Dorking. ANTED, a MANAGING FOREMAN, for Fruit and Flower (Roes) Growing under Glass (Market) ; should speak some French or (jerman. First-rate Salary and Prospects. Only first-class men need apply, stating very distinctly how and where they got their experience. — E. G., Gardmert' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. WANTED, a JOURNEYMAN (Fibst), in the Houses. — Can any Head Gardener rrcommend me a am irt active young man as above, not under 23 years of age. A good knowledge of Plants. Fruit and Table Decoration. Abstainer preferred. Wages lis. per week. Bolhv, &c. — METCALFE. Swinton Park Gardens. Masham, York?.' w ANTED, a strong active young MAN as JOrSNEYMAN for the Houses. Preference given to an abstainer. — Apply, sending copies of testimonials, stating wages, &c.. to W. LAPHAM, Be»borough, Ck)rk. V\T ANTED, a young MAN, used to Growing T v Ferns, Carnations, and Tomato?, for Market. Applv on the Premises.- E. D. SHLTTLEWORTH iSD CO., Limited', Albert Nurseries, 2 j6, Peekham Rye, S.E.. London. w ANTED, a PLAIN IGARDENER, married, for Kitchen Garden and Greenhouse. State to M., Larcbwood, Horlef, Sorrej. W/- ANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a good all- T T round MAN, to manage a small Nursery. Experience in Tomatos, Ferns, Cut Flowers ; well up in Wreaths, Bou- quets, &c. Good character fjr sobrie'v anl perseverance indispensable.— H. HE.AD. The Drive, We.-t Brighton. VVANTED, a MAN, able to Kide and Drive, T T keep a tmall Garden in order, and willing to make him-elf useful. Good rooms found. Without family preferred. Wag-?s 2.'s. per week —Apply by letter to H. TEBBUTT, 49, Nigutinga'e Lane. Clapham Common. S.W. YVAN TED, a young MAN for the Cucumber T T and Tomato Hou-es. Stite age, experience, and wages expected to WILLIAM G. HaZELL, F.B.H.S., West Worthing. Sussex. WANTED, AT ONCE, ONE or TWO TT smart YOUTHS, about 17, as IMPROVERS, under Glass, where Tomatos, Strawberries. Chrysanthemums. &c., are grown. Wages, with bothy, \2s. per week. — Apply, with full particulars, to TURNER BROS., Overton House, Hale. Liverpool, WANTED, a young MAN, as JOURNEY- MAN, who has had experience in the Orchid houses. Wages. 15s. a week. Bothy, and Vegetables.— H. ROGERS, Bendlesham Gardens, Woodbridge. ANTED, a young MAN, for the Houses.— State age, experience, and wages expected, to WM. RUMSEY. Joynings Nurseries. Waltham Cross. WANTED, a youner MAN for the Cucumber Houses.— FOKEMAy. Cuffley Hill Nurserv, Goff's Oak. Cheshunt. Hertd. WANTED, a young MAN for the Houses, who koowa something about Decorative Work. — Wages 18*., bDthy, &c. None but Rotoan Catholics need apply. —J. GADD, The Garden, Frensham Place, Farnham. WANTED, a COWMAN to attend to Cows and Pigs, and to work in garden with other men under Head Garoener. — A married man without encumbrance ; wife to attend to Lodge. To sare trouble state where la^t situation was, how long there, and reason for leaving.— T. V., Holt's Library, Sutton. Surrey. WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, a CORRE- SPONDING CLERK, in an old-established Businesi in the Country. Must be a good Bookkeeper, and hare a thorough knowledge of Plants, and the general requirements of the Trade. Plenty of pu^h and energy appreciated. — " SPEEDWELL " Gardentrt' ChronicU Office, 41, WelUngton Street, Strand, W.C. WANTED TWO CLERKS for Invoicing and general office work. — Apply, in ow-q h^ndwrit ng, giving rtfereoces, stating experience, and wa^es expected, to THOMAS S. WARR. Haie Farm Nurseries. Totieoham. WANTED, by a West End Florist, a smart LAD, mu3t b? acquainted with Xursery Work. Age about 16 ; wages to commence lbs p^-r week. — Apply, by letter btating particulars, C. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Oitice, 41, Wellington Street. Strand, W.C. TJ^T^ANTED, a respectable Young LADY as T > ASSISTANT in first-class Shop. Must be well up in Bouquets. Wreaths, Sprays, &c.— W. G. HODGE, Florist by Koyal Appointment, Plymouth. Y\7ANTED, in the Midlands, a first-class T > LADY FLORIST, with London experience, to take charge of the floral department in a general nursery business. The highest references as to taste and abilities required ; slate wages anl full p^rticulMrs to ALPHA, Gardtners' Chronicle Office, 41, W elliigton Street, Strand, W.C. WANT PLACES. TO GARDENERS, AND OTHERS SEEKING SITUATIONS. The Pressure upon our space at this »eaton of the year ii so great, ice are compelled to state that advertisements received after 6 p.m. on Wednesday will, in all probability, be held over to the next week. Advertisers are cautioned against having letters addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all Letters so addressed are opened by the authorities and returned to the sender. VVANTED, a good COWMAN, married, T » without family, who has been aceustomed to a Gentle- man's estate ; wagei, Id^. per week, with House, Garden, and Firing.— Apply to J, MABTIN, Barcote, Faringdon, Buks. To Noblemen and Gentlemen reciolrlng Land Agent STEWAKDS. BAILiiTFS, or GAEDENEKS. JAMES CARTER and CO. have at all times upon their Register reliable and competent MEN, several of whom are personally well known to Messrs. Carter. Enquiries should be made to 237 and 238, High Holbom, W.C. SANDERS, St. Albans, can thoroughly EECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS. Gardeners, Farm-BaUlffs, Foresters, &c. DI C K S O X S , Roral Nurseries, Chester (LimiUd).a.Te always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address—" DICKSONS, Chesteb." Head Gardeners. JOHN LAING AND SONS can at present recommend with every confidence several energetio and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character, Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS, and HEAD GARDEXES3 for first-rate Establishmenu or Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park N'urseries, Forest Hill, London, S.E. RICHARD SMITH and CO. beg to annoiince that they are constantly receiving applications from Gardeners seeking aituationa, and th»t they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentlesuu witk particulars, Ac. — St. John's Nurseries, Worcester. THOMAS BUTCHER can recommend several HEAB and UNDER GARDENERS of first-rate character and proved abilitv. Gentlemen seeking such may have parti- culars free.— App'ly to TSOilAS BUTCHER, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Croydon. HE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL COMPANY (JOH.V CowA:r), Limited. The Vineyard and Nurseries. Garston, near Liverpool, wish to recommend to any Nobleman or Gentleman who may require a thoroughly com- petent and reliable HEAD GARDENER, David Lindaay. who was Head Gardener for the last twelve years to the late Sir Thomas Edwards Moss, Bart., of Ottersoool. near Liverpool. —Full particulars on apphcation to the Company. GARDENER (Head).— Life experience in Early and Late Forcing, and the general requirements of Urge establishment. Excellent characters from present and previous employers.— E. WILES, Edgcote. Banbury-. GARDENER (Head); age 33, married.— J. E. McCleave, eight years Head Gardener to R. Hey- wood Jones, Esq . Baisworih Hail, is open to re-engagement with any Noblfmau or Gentleman requiring a thoroughly practical Gardener. Has had nineteen years' experience in all b.*anches ; is thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a gjod eetablishment. Testimonials of the highest order. — Catsclough, Winaford, Cheshire. GARDENER (Head), where one or more are kept.— A. SiLLEM, E-iq . would be pleased to recom- mend Henry Clarke to any Lady or Gentleman requiring th« service of a thoroughly experienced man. — H. CLARKE, 9, Woodbine Cottagec, Churctily Boad, Upper Sydenham. S82 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Mabch 19, 1892. GARDENER (Hbad), where two are kept; age 27.— J. Anderson, Gardener, Channan Dean, Broadwater, Worthing, wishes to recommend his Foreman, J. Skinner, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a good practical man. Twelve years' experience. Abstainer. ARDEXER (Head).— Mr. Claekb, Head Gardener to the Earl of Lonsdale, Lowther Castle, Pen- rith, can with every confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thorough practical man, experienced in all branches. GARDENER (Head), married, one child, age 12 years.— A. DiGHT, twenty years Head Gardener to the Earl of Ilchester, Abbolsbury Castle, Dorchebter, would be pleased to hear of any Lady or Gentleman requiring a good all- round man. Life abstainer. GARDENER (Head), where two or more are kept ; age 26.— J. Bowden, Gardener. Kenton Court, Sunbury, wishes to recommend G. Saunders, who has been with him for six years, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a good all-round Gardener. Life abstainer. ARDENER (Head).— Age 28; thoroughly experienced in all branches of Gardening. Can be well recommended by present employer.— F. B., Clare Cottage, Page Street. Mill Hill, N.W. G~"ARDENER (Head), where three or four are kept. — Age 30, single ; sixteen years' practical expe- rience. Good references.— A. GILLEIT, Basing Park Gardens, Alton. Hants. ARDENER (Head).— Age 28 ; well up in the cultivation of Plants and Fruits Under Glass, Flower and Kitchen Garden; excellent testimonials.— J. SIMPSOX, The Gardens, Marton R.S.O., Yorkshire. ARDENER (Head); where two or three are kept. Age 30, single ; sixteen years' experience in all branches of gardening.— W. Davis will be pleased to re- commend to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the above, G. BAKER, 4, Queen's Terrace, Corner Road, Teddington, M'ddleaei. GARDENER (Head), in good establishment. — Married, no family. Abstainer. Life experience in Early and Late Forcing all kinds of Fruits, Flowers, Vege- tables, Mushrooms, also Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Pleasure Grounds. Eight years' good character from late employer and sixteen years' references. — J. D., Myrtle Cottige, Wick Boad, Hampton Wick, Middlesex. GARDENER (Head), where two or three are kept. — Age 30; fifteen years' good experience in all branches. Three years in last situation. — E. R., 50, Boleyn Road, Kingsland, N. G^ ARDENER (Head) or would talce charge of i" a General Collection of Plants.- Age 38; lifteen years' experience in good establishments. Testimonials and character. — S., 7, Queen's Road, Mitcham. p ARDENER (Head).— Middle-aged, married. \IK W. Pepper, for twelve years Gardener to the late G, Burnanfi, Esq., of Sewiii Water, Wehvyn, Herts, seeks engagement as above. Leaving through death. Good all- round man. Address as above. ARDENER (Bead), and ORCHID GROWER.— Age .31, married ; seven years in present situation. Excellent reference as to cliaracter and abilities. — E., Gardeners' Chronicle, Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ARDENER (Head), or GARDENER and B.VILIFF.— A Gentleman can highly recommend his late Worhing Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thorough practical man; please state wages and full particulars. — ALPHA, Messrs. Cuthberts, Seed Merchants, Southgate, N. GARDENER (Head Wouking), where two or three are kept.— Age 23, single at present ; thirteen years* experience in large establishments.- G. W., East Orielton Lodge, Pembroke. ARDENER (Head Working, or good Single-handed).— Age 28, married. A Lady, giving up her establishment, wishes to recommend her Head Gar- dener to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the same. Thoroughly experienced in all branches.- ILES, 5, Spencer Rjad, Hornscy, N. ARDENER (Head Working), where others are kept.— Age 40, married, no family; life expe- rience in Vines, Flowers, Fruit, and Kitchen Gardening. Excellent characters.- J. HIGGIN3, The Gardens, Shepton Mallet, Somerset. GARDENER (Head Working), where three or more are kept.— Age 45, mairied, no family; tho- roughly understands Vines. Stove, Greenhouse Plants, all kinds of Fruit. Good character from last and previous employers.— S., 1, Kent Road, St. Albans. ARDENER (Head Working).— Single ; trustworthy, intelligent, and thoroughly practical in all branches, including Decorating and Laying-out. Abstainer. High testimonials.- J. H., 60, Gordon Place, Kensirg;on, W. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or three ore employed. — Age 2S, single ; thoroughly experienced in all branches. Good character. Abstainer.— Z- 29, The Grove, Homerton. London, N.E. GARDENER (Head Working), where one or two are kept, or good Single-handed.— Age 31, single. Five years' good character. Flowers, Fruit, and Kitchen Garden.-G. P., 16, Holly Park Terrace, New South- gate, N. - ...^.)^^.^^J,lu GARDENER (Head Working).— A Gen- tleman, having sold his place, will be pleased to recom- mend his Head Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman in want of a thoroughly experienced man in the cultivation of Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Orchids, and Chrysanthemums ; Flower and Kitchen Garden.-G. G., 27, Manor Park Road, East Fincbley, N. ARDENER (Head Working).— Mr. H. J. Elwes can recommend his Gardener, G. Hansford, as a good all-round man ; active, honest, sober, and obliging. — Colesborne, Cheltenham. ARDENER (Head Wobkino).— Age 30; three years Foreman in last situation; throughly practical in all branches; especially well up in Fruit and Chrysanthemum Growing. Exceptional references. — A. CAMPIN, Elm Wood Cottage, Hayes Lane, Kenley, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Wouking).— Age 33; married, no family; thoroughly good all-round man ; life experience. Personal character, or otherwise. Good testi- monials.—E., 1. Darwin Road, Noel Park, Wood Green. ARDENER (Head Working).— F. Cornish, The Gardens, Joldwynds, near Dorking, wishes to recommend his Foreman, James Pullen ; thoroughly practical in all branches, including Orchids. Store and Green- house Plants, Fruit, Hardy Herbaceous Plants. Excellent character. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or three are kept.— Well up in all branches of gardening; good character.— A., Post Office, Sunningdale, Ascot, Berks. ARDENER (Head Working); age 33, married when suited.— C. J. Goldsmith, High Trees, Redhill, will be pleased to recommend his Foreman, Joseph Mead, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thoroughly practical man. He has had sixteen years' ex- perience in all branches. ARDENER (Head Working), where help is given.— Age 42, married, no family; understands Vines, Melons, Cucumbers, Flower and Kitchen Gardening. Good characters. —W. C, Maisonette, Banstead, Surrey. ARDENER (Head Working).- Age 32; sixteen years' experience in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Stove and Greenhouse, Flower and Kitchen Gardening; highly recommended.— A. CHEE3EMAN, 107, Queen's Road, East Grinstead. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 32. Life experience in all branches. Wife excellent Dairy and Poultry Woman, it required. High testimonials. -W., Hooley House, Purley, Surrey. GARDENER (Head Working), where one or more are kept. —Age :19 ; life experience in all branches. Land. Stock, Fifteen years' good characters. Wife Dairy or Caretaker, if required.— WINFIELD, Brook Glen, Redhill. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 29, married, when suited. Life experience ; understands Glass and Kitchen Garden. Good references.- J. WHITE, 13, Croydon Road, Elmer's End, Beckenham, Kent. GARDENER (Head WoRKiNo)7^ge" sY; two children; thoroughly experienced in the cultiva- tion of Orchids, Plants, Grapes, Peaches, Melons, Vegetables, &c. Excellent testimonials for trustworthiness, ability, &c. —FIELD. 9. West Grove Villas, Walton-on-Thames. ARDENER (Head), or good Single- HiXDRD.- .4ge 41; thirteen years' Head in last place. Well up in all branche-, especially Fruit.-F. HATSWELL, Laughton, Rothtrham. ARDENER (Head, or g^^d Single- HAN-DEti).- Age 37, married, three children ; seventeen years' good character from present employer.— H. ATTRILL, Rose Hill. Hampton, Middlesex. GARDENER (Head, or good Singlk"- HANDED). Eight years' good character. Thoroughly experienceil in all branches.— R. P., 3, Merreiene Street, Brixton Hill. ARDENER (good Single-handed).— Age 25, single ; experienced in all branches ; eight years' guou character.— J. G., S, Herbert Road, Putney, S.W. /^ARDENER (Single-handed, or where \J help is given),— .4ge 26, ?ix years' good character.— G. FLIiTCHEE, South Hill Park, Bracknell, Jjerks. GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise). — Age 26 ; twelve years' experience in all branches. Good character. Abstainer.- J. E., 33, Listria Park, Stamford Hill, N, ARDENER (Single-handed, or where two or three are kept),— F. PoTTEK, Gardener, Newick Park, Lewes, can highly recommend a married man (age32). Twenty years in present situation. GARDENER (Single-handed, or good SECO.vn) ; age 22.— Mr. BloGS wishes to recommend A. Strtet as above. Good characters from previous situations —Yule House Gardens, Denham, Bucks, i GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise). — Age 40, married, no family ; practical in all branches ; abstainer. Good references.— GARDENER, 31, Bruce Road, High Barnet, Herts. GARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise). —Age 3i. single. Eight years' good character for a large fruit and vegetable garden, and for the general work. —A. M,, Ruscombe, near Beading, Berks. G G GARDENER (Single-handed, or where help is given.)— Age 26. single; good experience in Glass and Flower and Kitchen Gardens. Three years and seven months' good character from present employer. — A. H, DUFFIN, Myrtle Cottage, Wick Road, Hampton Wick, Middlesex. GARDENER (Single-handed, or Under). — Age 20 ; good experience of Glass, and Kitchen Garden. Good character. — E. HOAD, Spring Cottage, Limpsfield, ARDENER (Single-handed.)— Age 23, single; well up in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Highly recommei.ded. Disengaged now. —A. S., 25, Balham Grove, S.W. GARDENER (Single-handed, or where help is given).— A ge 27.>ingle ; good experience in the general routine of Gardening. Good character.— W. M., Norbiton Cottage, Western Koad, Shanklin, Isle of Wight. GARDENER.— Age 33 ; married, no children. Advertiser wishes to recommend to any Lady or Gentleman a good practical, energetic Gardener as above. — J. HUGHES, Ince Hall Gardens, Chester. ARDENER (Second), of three or four.— Age 24, single ; ten years* experience Inside and Out. Good references. — H. B., Sir. Kingham, near Post Office, Totteridge, Herts. GARDENER (Second), where three or four are kept.— Age 23 ; good experience Inside and Out : good references.— A. ' FLOATE, 33, Taylor Street, South- borough, Tunbridge Wells. ARDENER (Second), in a good Establish- ment. where several are kept.— Age 27, sinale ; life experience in all branches. Good character and testimonials. —BLAKE, Boreham House. Chelmsford. GARDENER (Second), where three or four are kept.— Age 22, single ; seven and a halt years' good character from present situation. Inside and Out preferred. — H. HAWKINS, The Square. Burwash, Sussex. GARDENER (Second), where three or four are kept. Age 27, single. Four years' in present p!ace; two years Inside. — A. C, Head Gardeier, The Chestnuts, Denmark Hill. S.E. GARDENER (Second), where he can improve under Glass.— Age 20; six and a halt years' experience. Good character.- D. BROWN, Glebe Cottage, Great Amwell, Ware, Herts. GARDENER (Second). — Age 22; seven years' experience Inside and Out. Good references.- A. SNELLI.VG, 26, Stamford Terrace, Stamford Hill, N. ARDENER (Under), in the Pleasure Grounds ; used to Machines.- Age 21 ; two years' good character.— WELLER, Gardener, Longstock House, Stock- bridge, Hants. GARDENER (Under).— Age 22, in a private establishment, under a Foreman, in the Houses or O'her- wise. Good character.— G. REID, The Gardens, Broomfield Hall, near Derby. GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.— Age 22. Can be well recommended.— J. SARGENT, txreystoke Cottage, Hanger Hill, Ealing, W, GARDENER (Under).— Age 24; l^tchM Garden and Lawn ; assist in Houies, if required. Good character from last situations. — H. BOICE, West Lodge Hadley Wood, Barnet, Herts. ARDENER (Under).— Age 17; active, six years' character. Can be well recommended. Glass preferred.— W. FARNFIELD, Crondall. Hants. ARDENER (Under).— Age 21. Indoors, or Indoors and Out. Good practical experience. Good references.- H. B., "Daydawn," Netherhall Gardens, South Hampstead, N.W. ARDENER (Under, or good Third).— Age 23; nine years' experience, both Inside and Out. Good character from present employer.— H. FRANKLIN, Great Stanmore, Middlesex. ARDENER (Under), Inside and Out^- Age 22; three years' good character. No objection to look after a Cow, if required.— H. VINCENT, Mapperton, Blandtord. ROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 28; life experience in Market Nurseries. Well up in Double Primulas, Ficus, Carnations, Bouvardias, C' clamens. Genistas, Poinsettias, Euphorbias, Hydrangeas, and' all classes of Soft- wooded Plants. Six and a half years with present employer. — T. TYLER, 1, Nursery Villas, Dyson's Lane, Edmonton. To Nurserymen. PROPAGATOR or GROWER. — Age 2'3: well up in Stove and Soft- wooded Plants, FernS, and Cut Flowers for Market. Eight years' experience in first-class establishments. Good references. — L. W.P., 41, Wellington Street. Strand. W.C. ROPAGATOR and GROWER of Roses, Inside or Out.— Age 28, married ; eleven and a half years' experience. Successful Budder and Grafter.- T. NASH, The Cottage, Coombe Wood Nursery, Kingston Hill, S.W. PROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Well up in Ferns. Soft-wooded; Stove, and other Market Stutf. Nine years' experience. Good character,- A, F., 46, Harvard Boad, Hither Green Lajie, Lewl^ham. - ^ ^ Mahch 19, 1892.] THE GAliDE NEBS' GBR ON I CLE. 383 To Market Gardes era and Nurserymen. MANAGER, or FOREMAN.— Age 32; total abflUiiner; energetic, and a good Salesman. — State wages to BURGOYNE, 41. Daws Bead, Fulham, S.W. FOREMAN in the houses, in good establish- ment.—Age 25; eight years' experience in Fruit and Plant-homes. Well recommeuiied.— J. NOTLEY, Stoke Holy Cross, Norwich. FOREMAN.— Advertiser (age 29) requires a good situation as above. Thirteen years" experience ia England and abroad. One year in last situation as General Foreman. Good character. Abstainer.— " CY'MRO," 82, Amity Grove, Wimbledon. FOREMAN, Inside, in good establishment. — Age 2.') ; good experience in Orchids. Stove and Green- house Plants and Fruit, House and Table Decorations. — W. DYER, 3, Hurstbourne Terrace, Beiley, Kent. FOREMAN, where four or five are kept.^ Age 24 ; nine and a half years' good experience both Inside and Out; well up in Table Decorations; well recom* mended,— G. STACEY, Chawton, Alton, Hants. Trade. FOREMAN and PROPAGATOR, or respon- sible GROWER.— London and Provinciil experience. First-class reference as same.— M., 167, London Road, East Grinstead, Sussex. FOREMAN, or SECOND (Inside).— Age 22- well up in Plant and Fruit Homes. Good character from last and previous places. Abstainer.-W. COLBOURN, The Gardens, Neville Court, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. FOREMAN, in a good Establishment ; age 25. — Edwin Beckett, Aldenham House Gardens, Elstree, can with every confidence recommend his First Journeyman, H. Naylor, as above. FOREMAN, in a good establishment. — Age 24 ; eleven years* experience in Fruit and Plant Houses : also House Decorations. Can be well recommended. —J. GODDAED, Woodham Lane, Woking, Surrey. FOREMAN, Age 26. Eleven years' experience in Fruit and Plant Houses, Clirysanthemums, &c. Good references.- W. DODWELL, Waddesdon, Aylesbury. FOREMAN (General), in a good Establish- ment.— Has a thorough knowledge of Fruit and Plant Growing. Can be highly recommended,— A. COLEMAN, Cedar Cottage, Chorley Wood, Hert-^. FOREMAN, Age 24.— Mr. J. Williams, Gardener, Middleton, LongpaUsh, Hants, would be pleased to recommend his Foreman, W. Down, to any Gardener ia want of a good man. Well experienced. Abstainer. OREMAN, or JOURNEYMAN (First), Inside, in a good Establiahmcnt.— Age 26; ten years' experience, two years in present place. — Refer to Mr. MUIK, Gardener, Biel Gardens, Prestonkirk, Haddingtonshire. To Nurserymen. FOREMAN (Indoors), MANAGER, or TRAVELLER.— Age. 29. single. Foarteeu years' expe- rience in all branches; good references.— J. W,, 44, Bradshaw- gate, Bolton, Lanes. FOREMAN (General).— Age 22; or take chargeof Houses, where two are kept. —Nine years' experi- ence in all branches. Two and a half years in last situntion. Good character. Abstainer.-W. BOALCH, 48, Meadow Street. Weston- super- Ma re. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out,— Aee 25 ■ eight years' experience. Good recommenda- tions. Bothy preferred. Abstainer.-F. LATIMOKE, Ketton, Stamford. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.— A young man (age 22), with good character, seeks a situation in Private Gardens or Nursery. Strong and willing. Used to Stoves, Vines, &c.— J. C, Mr. F. Crane. Dartford Koad, March, Cambs. FOREMAN.— T. Lambert, Burton Constable Gardens, Hull, can with confidence recommend a trust* worthy, practical, and energetic man as above, Thorough knowledge of a private establishment ; abstainer. FOREMAN PROPAGATOR. — Age 26, married ; experienced in Ferns, Palms, Tomatos. Cucum- bers, Azalias. and Cut Stuff for Market; also Wreaths, Crosses. Bouquets, &c —MORRIS, 6. Capworth Street, Leyton. OREMAN.— Mr. Stevens, Stanage Park, Brampton Brian, Herefordshire, can with confidence re- commend T, Hallett as above. Experience in Vines, Pines. Plants. &.C. Two years in present situation. Age 24. Good testimonials. To Nurserymen. FOREMAN.— Age 38; well up in Roses, Arums, Eucharis, Chrysanthemums, Maidenhair Fern, Foliage Plants, Hard and Soft-wooded Flowering Plants, Tomatos, Mushrooms, &c. Good Propagator, and experienced in all branches of a general nursery. — T., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellingion Street, Strand, W.C. JOURNEYMAN in the Houses.— Age 23; seven years' eiperience Inside and Out. Well recom- mended.—J. HARDY, West -Markham, near Tuiford, Newark, Notts. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out, if required. — Age 23; six years' experience. Sixteen months' good character. Bothy preferred,- W. NEW, 14, Northfield Road. Ealing Dran, W. JOURNEYMAN (Fibst), in the Houses.— Age 22 ; six years' experience ; good character ; excep- tional good references.- H. POLAND, 3, Belle Vue Crescent, Clifton, Bristol. OURNEYMAN, in the Houses, in a good place. — Mr. Ward, Longford Castle. Salisbury, can with confidence recommend a strong active young man as above, who has the last three years been in the Glass Department at Longford. JOURNEYMAN.— Age 21. Five years in the Houses. Good character from three gardeners.— .T. B., The Cemetery, Luton, Beds. JOURNEYMAN, in a good Establishment; age 22. — R. Gilbert, Burghley Gardens, Stamford, can with confidence recommend a young man as above. Seven years' experience. OURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out, Age 22. Can be well recommended.- F. FRANKLIN, 4,'Grove Road, Ealing, Middlesex. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, under a good Foreman.- Age 21 ; two years' good character from present situation. Bothy preterrcd.-F. PIKE, East Sheen Lodge, Mortlake, Surrey^ JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 22; two and a half years In present situation.— Mr. T. BONFS will be pleased to recommend a young Man as above. Bothy preferred. -Mr. T. BONES, Tower House Gardens, Chiswick. JOURNEYMAN.— Young Man, age 22. Good character; bothy preferred.— 0. LONG, Broadwater, Godalm ing. Surrey. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses. — Age 20. Six years' experience.— T. H'l-rnN. Brockley Hill House Gardens, Stanmore, can thoroughly recommend to any Gardener requiring a steady youug man as above.— G. CAPSTICK, Elstree, Herts. ^ JOURNEYMAN (First).— Mr. T. Robinson, El^field Gariieos. highly recommends a young man (age 21), as above. Seven years' eip-rience. Well up in Chrysanthemums, Plants and Fruits. &o. Good references. Abstainer.— E. PARSLOW. Elsfield Gardens, Hollingbourne, Kenl. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses,- Age 21 ; seven years' experience. Good character. Can be well recommended.— E. CARTER, The Gardens, Lockerley Hall, near Romsey. ' JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 22; seven years' experience in general, stove, aad greenhouse plants. Chrysanthemums, Xmea. &c. Bothy preferred. Good recommend itions.— H. ASHDO WN, Eastburg Manor, Guildford . OURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses in a • good establishment.- Age 23. Two years' in present place. Good reference. Bothy preferred.— T. KIPPING.Ash- ridge Park Gardens, Great Berkhampstead, Herts. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 23; ten years' experience in good establishments. Good characters.— DELMAN. 6, South Street. St, Mark's Road, Fulham, London, S.W. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses. — Age 20; seven years' experience. Inside. Good character. Bothy preferred.— F. CHALKLEY, The Gardens, Wood Hall Park, Hertford. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.- Age 22; nine years' experience. Three and two years' excellent character; abstainer. Bothy preferred.- W. FOSSBY. Brook Street. Brentwood, Essex. TMPROVER, or ASSISTANT, in Nursery or A Shop. Young man, age 20: tall, and strong, willing to bo useful ; town or country.— B. K., .■)2, Kinchley Koad, N. W. IMPROVER, in the Houses, in a good estab- lishment.—Age 22 ; excellent character from present and previous situations. Will give premium.— E, REES, The Gardens, Dyffeyu Park. Neath. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 20; good experience. Seven years' excellent character from present situation. Height 5 f.et 10 inches. Abstniner.— Mr. F.SMITH, TheGardens, Kingiworthy_house, near Winchester, Hants. JOURNEYMAN (Fiust), in a good establish- ment.—Age 23. Eight years' experience ; three years in present situation. Good references from past and present situations. Bothy preferred.— F. FARLEY, The Gardens, Bell House, Dulwich. ^ I MPROVER, in a good establishment.— No objection to Premium. Experience Inside and Out. Three years in last situation.— A. ELTON, The Gardens, Orchard- leigh Park, Frome, Somerset. IMPROVER, Inside and Out, age 19, desires an opening ; strong and willing. Kighteen months' good character. Can pay premium.— F. IRWIN, Harton Colliery, South Shields. IMPROVER.— A young Man, age 20; six years' experience Inside and Out. Good character. Bothy preferred.- E. CALVER. Brookdiah. Norfolk. IMPROVER to the Gardening.— A yonng man (age 19); three years' experience Inside and Out. Excel- lent character.— JOHN ARMSTRONG, 8, Norfolk Road, Birk- dale Common, Southport. I MPROVER, under a good Gardener.— Age 18 ; one year seven months' good character from last place. ^ E. COCKS, 3, Bank's Cottages, Cimberley, Surrey. IMPROVER.— J. E. Smith, Gardener to Colonel Corssmaker, Westwood. Guildford, will be pleased to recommend a young Man (age 19) as above. Would give a small premium if required. '■PO FLORISTS or CAPITALISTS.— Manager X cf a first class Florist of Paris wishes to find re-engage- ment as above, or to meet with Gentleman Capitalist to establish a first-class business (with a view to beWorkirg Partner). Advertiser has had fifteen years' experience in the best Continental Houses. First-class certificates and diplomas from France, Germany, and England. Throe years in London, where he took several first prizes for Table Decorations, &c. (R. B. Garden), connected with the principal Flower Growers of France. Can furnish undeniable references.— Apply to ANDRE, 38, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris. TO GARDENERS, &c.— A young man seeks a situation under a good Gardener, or in a Nursery. Two years' good character.— A. A., 112, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.K, ''PO GARDENERS.— A youth, age 16, seeks X a situation in a Gentleman's Garden, Inside and Out. Twelve months' good character.— E. P., The Cottage, Ipiug, Midhurst. Sussex. TO GARDENERS.— A youth (age 18) seeks .1- a situation under a good Gardener as I.MPKOVER.— E. DANIELS. The Bridge Road, near Bath^ ''pO GARDENERS. — Situation wanted, as JL IMPROVER.— Age 19; strong, and willing. Four years- good reference. Bothy preferred. — W. BKITTAIN, The Gardens, Taplow Court, Maidenhead, Berks, TO GARDENERS, &o. — A young man (age 22) seeks situation in Orchid Houses. Energetic, with nine years' experience.— W. WILLIAMS, The Gardens, Howick House, Preston. ''pO GARDENERS.— A young man (age 20), J- seeks situation in Houses, or Inside and Out. Three years' Inside last situation on first-class estate. Good character. — GR0\'ES, 1, Cyprus Villas, Ventnor, Isle of Wight. TO GARDENERS.— A Lady giving up her Establishment would be pleased to h.ghly recommend a youth (age 19) as I.'UPROVER in a gentlemau s garden. Inside and Out — W. ILES, Head Gardeuer, The Gardens, Oakley, Hornsey, N. O GARDENERS, &c.— A Gentleman strongly recommends a young Devonshire man, age 22, of excellent character; an abstainer; used to cows, and a good milker; strong, willing, and intelligent; five and a half years' as under gardener with vicar of his pari.-h.— F. S., The Grahams. 61. North Side, Clapham Common, London. ^pO GARDKNERS, &c.— A young man that JL can use the spade, would be glad to find a situation, with a chance of improving himself. He has been working in Flower and Kitchen Gardens for the last three years. Can be highly recommended.- GARDENER, Shedfield Botley, South- ampton. O NURSERYMEN.— A young man, age 21, wants a situation in a Market Nursery. Several years' experience. Good character. State wages.-A. B., 26, Martin's Road, Bromley, Kent. 0 NURSERYMEN.— A German seeks re- engagement in a Market Nursery. Speaks English slightly. Good testimonials.- A. P., 2, Standard Road, Beiley Heath. Kent. O NURSERYMEN.— PROPAGATOR and GROWER; age 23. Nine years' experience in Stove and Soft-wooded Stuff, Ferns, &c., for Market. Good character — W. K , Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ''PO NURSERYMEN.— A young Man (age 21) A. seeks a situation as PALM and FEP.N GROWER. Well up in all branches, Wreaths, &c. Eight years in the Trai'e. Good references.— H. B,, 6. York Buildings, Clifton, Bristol. To Bailiffs and Gardeners. ESTATE CARPENTER, PAINTER, GLAZIER, HANDY MAN, wants re-engagement.- Age 2.9. married: good character from present situation. — W. BEATLEY, West Lodge Park, Barnet. SHOPMAN or SALESMAN.— Age 26 ; ex- perienied in Seeds, Bulbs, Floral, and Nursery Stock.— C. D.. Shanghai. Southcot Road. Bournemouth. CHOPMAN or MANAGER.— Age 28 ; ex- O perieneed in Wreaths, Bouquets, Sprays, Plants. Seeds, Nursery Stock, Book-keeping, &c. Good Salesman. First- class testimonials.— A. H., 65, Solon Road, Brixton. HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT and PILLS.— Much watchfulness must be eieri'ised at the present time and the earliest evidences of ill health must be immedi- ately checked, or a slight illness may result in a serious malady. Relaxed and sore throat, diphtheria, qniosey, C0"ghs, chronic cough, bronchitis, and most other pulmonary affec- tions, will be relieved by rubbing this cooling Ointment into the skin as near as practicable to the seat of mischief. This treatment, so simple and effective, is admirably adapted for the removal of these diseases during infancy and youth. Old asthmatic invalids will derive marvellous relief from the use of Holloway's remedies, which have brought round many such sufferers, and re-established health after every other means bad signally failed. 384 THE GARDENERS' GHRONIGLE. [March 19, 1892. THE PERFECTION OF LAWN MOWERS 6 inch Mach 8-inch „ lOinch ,, 12- inch ,, "NEW MODEL." Simple, Light, Stronrj, and Efficient. The Btst Side-wheel Mower made. EVERY MACHINE WAERAHTED. PRICES. 14 inch Machine ...£l , £l 5 0 . 1 15 0 [ llj-irch . 2 15 0 18-inch . 3 6 0 I 21-iiich Collecting Boxes Extra. Fore-inch, 8-inch, and 10-inch For 12-inch, 14-inch, and 16-inch For 18-inch and 20-inch price ."is. Orf. THE LIGHTE^sT IS DRAFT and LOWEST IN CUT, THE BEST FOB PARKS and LARGE LAWNS. 2-)-incli machine, including Collecting Box ... price £14 0 3U-inch ,, ,, ,, 18 0 , Seat, ani Castor Wheels EXCELSIOR." Cuts very closely and Collects the Grass. Cuts Long, Short, if'et, or Dry Graai. THE LARGEST SALE IN IHE WORLD. ^6-inch Machii 8-inch ,, ... 2 6 0 1 le-inch „ ... 6 2 6 10-inch ,, ... 3 ,S 0 18-inch ,, ... 7 0 0 12-inch 4 2 6 | 20-inch 7 10 0 Collecting Boxes Extra. For 6-inch. 8-inch, and 10-inch price 5s. Od. 7s. M. „ IDs. Cd. CHIEF Good auality of Work. Lightness of Draft. Simplicity of Construction. Easy to Adjust. FACILITY FOR SHARPENING. Efficiency in Collecting Grass. Variety of Work. Ihe Best Moweis for Amateurs. Nothing to get out of Order. ADVANTAGES. THE BEST For the Country Mansion, For Tennis Courts, For Large Lawns and Parks, For Cricket Grounds, For Professional as well as For AmatiUr Gardeners. SIMPLE. STRONG. EASY TO WORK. EFFICIENT. A LARGE STOCK OF FITTINGS. ALL KINDS OF LA WN MOWERS REPAIRED. THE LARGEST MAKERS OF LAWN MOWERS IN THE WORLD. GHADBORN & COLDWELL, MFC. CO., 223, UPPER THAMES STREET, LONDON, E.G. T. CLARKE, Manager Registered Telegraphic Address : ■ LAWN MOWERS, LONDON " Editorial communications should be addressed to the " Editor ; " Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street Covent Garden, London, Vf.C. Printed for the Proprietors by Messrs. BRADBURr, Agnew, & Co. (Limited), Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the *^junty of Middlesex, and published by Abthur Qeohqe Mahtim, at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Palish of St. Paul'6, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Satubday, Maieh 16, 1893. Agent lor Manchester— JoHH HxrtrooD. j No. 274.— Vol. XI. {s^™,"^"} SATURDAY, MAECH 26, 1892 spapcr.|PRlCE 3CI. L Post-free, Sjrf. CONTENTS. Action of ou the growth of the Radish, the Allotment ground, high rental for Apiary, the Arbutus Andrachne AhSurancB against hail Bequests to domestici* ... Books Grasses of the United States Handbuch f iir Pflanzen- sammler Cattleya Alexandrft: Chimonanthus fragrans Chryaanihemum salads Coco leaves and Euca- lyptus oil Conservatory climberg ... Copper-salts for the pre- vention of Potato dis- liams DcDdrobiums, pruning ... Diseases of the r^'produc- tive organs of plants caused by fungi Dutch Potato crop Elm Lodge, Beckenham Forc^-d Lilac Fruit from South Africa Fruit-growing in Sydney On iCur: nts Horticultural College at Swanley, the House decoration Hj6res Ilex cornuta JCtw Bulletin Kew Gardens, the his- tory of Mildew in vineries Moles nndwireworms ... Multiplicity of varieties of Apples Newornoteworth} plants Cypripedium calceolus Dendrobium deosi- riorum clavatum ... 394 Nomeoclature tf plant?, the Nursery notes : — Flowers at Messrs. Veitch Sc Son's Obituary Sereuo Watson Orchid notes and glean- ings Orchids at Warnham Court Plants and e'ectricify ... Postal facilities Potato culture Potatos, round and kid- ney Rats and mice; preven- tion better than euro Rosery, the Hybrid Tea Roses Roses in pots Scotland Edinburgli Botanical Society Formation of a protec- tive union by Aber- Snowdrops in Charboro' Park Societies Linnean North of Scotland Hor- ticultural Associa- tion Royal Botanic Royal Horticultural ... Southern California Horticultural Spiraea confusa Spraying to destroy in- sects and fungi Vegttatlea Weather Week's work, the Flower garden Fruits uuder glass Hardy Fruit garden ... Kitchen garden Orchid houses Plants under glass ... ILLU8TRATION8. A villa garden. Elm Lodge. Beckenham Begonia socotrana, tubers of Ditease of Gooseberries Nepenthes stenophylla ... The Avenue des Palmieres. Hy^res 150,000, -Special Offer of Kentlas. WICETON has a large quantity of the • above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 105. per 1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in 60*8, well- eatablished. at £30 per 1000. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. LAXTON'S SEEDS and STRAWBERRIES. —Best novelties and best standard sorts. 100 Certifi- cates. Send for Descriptive Priced Lists. T. LAXTON. Seed Grower, Bedford. To the Trade and Private Growers, CUCUMBER and TOMATO PLANTS, fine strong, by the 1000 ; Carter's Improved Telegraph Cuculnber anH Ham Green Favourite Tomato. — Apply to MESSRS. MATTHEWS AND TOMKINSON, Nurserymen, Stockton Biook. near Stanley, Stokeon-Trent. OWERS AND EMBERSON have to offer :— HARRISON'S MUSK, strong well-rooted plants, 5.!. per 100; TROPJEOLUM Ball of Fire, grand climber, 10s. per 100 ; VIOLAS, 6 distinct colours, 6s. per 100; COLEUS, 6 beat market varieties. 10s. per 100. FERNS in large thumbs, good stuff, now ready for potting on, Pteris tremula, P. cretica cristata. &c., 12s. per 100, packing free for cash with order.— OOWERS AND EMBERSON, Comely Bank Nursery, Walthamstow, £. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CA TALOGUE of the FINEST COLLEC- TION in the COUNTRY, including all the newest and best varieties, now ready, gratis and post-free on application.— The Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 233. High Holborn. London. W.C. Seeds.— Carriage Paid.— Seeds. DICKSON AND ROBINSON'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1892, Enumerates the Best and Choicest Varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, and SEED POTATOS; MANURES, INSECTICIDES, HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, and GARDEN REQUISITES. Post-free on application. COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, from 5s. to 8«s. COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, from 2s. 6d. to 84s. Seed Warehouse, 12, Old Millgate, Manchester. SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands toselectfrom. Write for List, free.— P. McAKTHUF, The London Nursery. 4, Maida Vale. London. W. D. BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37. Exeter Street, W.C, is open to SELL on COMMISSION, TOMATOS. GRAPES, &c. Good references. ARTHUR L. B U L L E N, Flowek Salesman, 33, Eieter Street, W.C. ; and 271 and 272. Flower Market, Covent Garden, W.C. CONSIGNMENTS of CHOICE FLOWERS SOLICITED. HENRY E. MUiNTON, Fruit and Vege- table COMMLSSION Salesman, Covent Garden Market, W.C. (twenty years' connection). Accounts and Cheques daily, or as desired. Empties supplied. Bankers and other references. A trial solicited. ESSRSTSQUELCH and WOOD, Fruit Salesmen, North Row, Covent Garden, W.C, are open to RECEIVE CONSIGNMENTS of GRAPES. TOMATOS, CUCUMBERS, and all kicds of HOT-HOUSE PRODUCE. Our business connections being amongst the best houses in London, we are in a position to secure the highest prices for all choice goods. Account Sales forwarded daily and cheques weekly, or daily if required. Empties and labels supplied. Reference, London and County Bank. Covent Garden Branch. B~ ARR'S SEE DS," BULBS and PLANTS, VEGETABLE SEEDS.— The best sorts only. Much valu- able information. Catalogue free on application. FLOWER SEEDS.— Upwards of 2000 species and varieties, all decorative kinds. Catalogue free on application. BULBS.— Gladioli, Lilies, Anemones, Ranunculus. Hyacinthus candicans, Tigridias, &c., for Spring Planting. Lists ON application. PLANTS.— Michaelmas Daisies, Perennial Sunflowers, Double and Single Pseonies, Irises, Oriental Hellebores, Carna- tions, &c. Lists free on application. BARR AND SON. 12, King Street, Covent Garden, London. C. PRIZE PACKETS, 4.;. each, two for • Is., post-free. P. O.. or \d. stamps, contain 13 roots in each packet, of SOMEBSET SEEDLING GLADIOLI, all A 1. carefully Hybridised Seedlings from First Prize Named Sorts ; therefore, all that are worthy, may be named, as they will be NEW AND ORIGINAL VARIETIES. These are the Prizes. Plant during March, April, and May. Order early from — ROBERT H. POYNTER, Nurseryman, Seedsman, a ' Florist. Taunton. Somerset. WANTED, MAIDENHAIR FERN, ROSES, ORCHIDS. CARNATIONS. LILIUM HARRISII. and other CHOICE FLOWERS, to SELL on COMMISSION. Boies and labels supplied. Established 1870. Telephone No. 2939. R. END. Wholesale Florist. 28. Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C. and Crystal Palace. Sydenham. WANTED, FRUITING and SUCCESSION PINES. Smooth Cayennes and Queens. Send price and particulars to — MAWSON BROTHERS, Windermere. WANTED, RHUBARB ROOTS. — For SALE, 30 strong FRUITING VINES, Muscat of Alexandria, 2s. each, or offers for the lot. W. COMPTON. Lambley. Notts. ANTED, for Cash, a Quantity of Small SEEDLING FERNS, tit to pot into thumbs— Adiantum cuneatum, Pteris tremula. P. cretica, and P. serrulata ; also a quantity of Ornamental Foliage— Begonia Leaves. State price per 100 or 1000, to H. N., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. THE BEST LAWNS are produced from— SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS, which should now be sown either to Make New Lawns or Improve Old Lawns. See full directions in— UTTON'S LAWN PAMPHLET, Sent post-free by — SUTTON AND SONS. READING. s Grape Vines-Grape Vines-Grape Vines. ■D S. WILLIAMS AND SON -L»« have some extrp. strong Fruiting and strong Planting Canes still on hand. Full particulais as to Prices and Varieties on applic\tion. Victoria & Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway. London. N. Geraniums, Lobelias. Calceolarias, Ferns, &c. JOHN SOLOMON offers:— GERANIUMS : Henry Jacoby. West Brighton Gem. Queen of the Bel- gians, F. V. Raspail, lOs. per 100. LOBELIA : Emperor William, best blue, 2s. »d. per 100. 20s. per 1000 ; Snowball, pure white. 3,-. M. per 100, 2.is. per 1000. CALCEOLARIAS : Golden Gem, 6s. per 100, ■lOs. per 1000. FERNS : Pteris tremula, Pteris cristata. Pteris major, in 2^inch pots, fit for 48'b. 12s. per 100. Alt the above are sure to give satisfaction. Packing included. Cash with order. Queen's Road Nursery, Walthamstow, E. ANSIES, VIOLAS, and DAHLIAS.— We do as well as any firm in the Kingdom. Ten Gold and Silver Medals last season from leading Societies. Only standard exhibition varieties kept in ttock. Prices from 2s. 6d. per dozen, carriage paid. Send for Catalogue and Competitor's Guide. 160 pages, post free. 3d. DAHLIA CUTTINGS supplied very cheap.— DOBBIE AND CO.. Rothesay. OTATO MAGNUMS.— About 7 tons, seed size. Growing on limestone. Truck on rail. Charlbury Station, Great Wet-tern Railway. Lowest price on application. J. N. GOODALE, Bladon House, Bladon, Woodstock. PERENNIAL and ALPINE PLANTS.— My new CATALOGUE (No. 114). containing full Lists of these Collections, is just issued, and will be sent, post-free, on application. TothisList, which includessomesplendid Novelties, is added a verycarefuUy composed List of theverybest and finest Shrubs and Dwarf Conifers specially adapted for rockeries. OTrO FROEBEL, The New Munster Nurseries, Riesbach, Zurich, Switzerland. VICTORIA PLUM, fine, stout, 5-yr. old, standards, £5 per 100 ; MORELLO CHERRY, strong well-rooted standards, £6 per 100; PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, of all kinds, fine trees at special rates per 100 or 1000; RHUBARB. SEAKALE. and TARRAGON for forcing ; standard-trained PEACHES and NECTARINES, GRAPE VINES. MEDLARS. FILBERTS, GOOSEBERRIES, &c. WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex. ICOTINE SOAP.— An effectual and speedy Eradicator of Scale. Thrips. Green Fly. Mealy Bug. Red Spider. American Blight, and all Parasites affecting Plant*, without injury to Foliage. Price Is. 6rf.. 3s., and 5s. 6(i ; 141b,, 16s. M. : 2S lb,, ;6s.— COERY and CO,, Limited, 13. 16, and IH, FiLsbury Street. To be obtained through all Seedsmen and Florists. 'T'HE CHADBORN and COLDWELL -*- M'F'G. CO.. Makers of the Patent " EXCELSIOR " LAWN MOWER, 223, UPPER THAMES STREET, LONDON, B.C. Registered Telegraphic Address : "Lawn Mowbrs. London." WEEKS AND CO., HOHTICULTUBAL • ENaiNEERS to Her Majesty. H.R.H. the Prinee of Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De- partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society, Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex Upright Tubular Boilers. King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. THOMSON'S IMPROVED VINE andPLANT MANURE.— This valuable Manure is made only by us. Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage paid. London Agent : Mr. GEORGE, 10, Victoria Road, Putney, WM. THOMSON AND SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels. N.B, 386 TBE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE. [Maucs 26, 1892. SALES BY AUCTION. THE HOWICK HOUSE COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS. ABSOLUTELY WITHOUT KESEEVE. UNUSUALLY IMPORTANT SALE OF THE Whole of tlila CelelDrated Collection of Orchids, Formed by the late EDWIS GRUNDY WKIGLEY, ESQ., the whole being in splendid condition, and including many Plants of exceptional merit and rarity. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with instructions from the Executors of the late E. a. Wrigley, Esq., to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises Howick House. Preston, Lancashire (about 2 miles from Preston Station), ou TUESDAY, April 5, 1893, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS, at half-past 12 o Clock each day, without the slightest reserve, the whole of ihis extensive and most important Collection of Established Orchids. Amongst (he principal plants, the following may be specially mentioned Angraecum se.squipedale ,, articulata Erassavola Digbyana.fine plant Catasetum Bungerothii Cattleya amabilis ,, Arnoldiana ,, Baliantiniana „ Hardyana,E.C.O. ,, Lawrenceana (Howick House variety) „ „ in variety ,, Massiana ,, Mendelii, two enormous specimens, one 3 feet and the other 2 feet 6 through respectively, and many others ,, Mossiai, grand specimen, 3 feet (5x3 feet „ „ (several) ,, ,, alba, 2 plants ,, nobilior ,, Reineckiana, 3 plants, one a fine specimen, with 7 sheaths „ Rex „ Sanderiana (several) ,, Schilleriaiia ,, Schofieldiana ,, Skinneri, grand speci- men, 3 feet through ,, ,, alba „ ,, oculata „ speciosissima majus ,, Trianffi alba, 3S bulbs, extra fine and large variety ',, Trianee (several) „ v-lutina „ Wagneri, 60 bulbs ,, Warneri ,, Warocqueana Ccfilogyne cristata alba ,, ,, Lemoniana ,, ,, Trentham variety ,, Masiangeana. F.C.t". Cymbidium eburneum ,, Lowianum Cypripedium Ainsworthi „ Elliottianura ,, euryandrum „ grande ,, hirsutissimum ,, Lathamianum ,, Leeanum superbum ,, Morganiaj ,, Burfordiense ,, oenanthum superbum ,, Sanderianum „ selligerum ,, Stonei Dendrobium Leechianum Macfarlanei nobile nobilius ,, Cookson splendid Ep grandi- idendrum Fredericii syringothyrsis imatophyllum EUisii Lfelia amanda Amesiana anceps, enormous speci- ,, atro^anguinea ,, Barkeri ,, Dawsonii ,, Sinderiana, 3 ft. 6in. through ,, Schroderiana „ Williamsii autumnalis alba lella (Messrs. Veitch's hybrid), vrith 8 bulbs Boothiana callistoglossa, 31 bulbs elegans alba ,, prasiata „ Schilleriana ,, Turner! grandis, fine specimen prffistans purpurata, 10 immense ,, alba magnifica ,, Russelliana ,. superbiens Lycaste Skinneri alba, 4 p'ants Masdevallins, in variety Maxillaria Sanderiana Odontoglossums (2003 plants in variety) ,, Andersonianum ,, aspersum violaceum ,, baphicanthum ,, cochlioda Noetzliana ,, crispum, grand f.rms ,, ,, Wrigleyanum ,, Edwardii ,, Rossii, fine variety ,, Kuckerianum ,, vexillarium superbum Lawrenceanum ,, Wilckeanum Oncidium macranthum Phaius tuberculosus Phakenopsis amabilis ,, aurea grandiflora i ,, casta I ,, gloriosa 1 ,, granditlora j ,, Marie j ,, Sanderiana ,, Schilleriana I ,, „ vestalis S.iccolabium bellinum Sobralia xantholeuca Vanda Amesiana „ Kimballiana ,, teres Andersonianum all be observed that some of the specimens are of It The whole of the plants will be submitted to public competi- tion, and nothing sold privately before the Sale. "Catalogues are now ready, and may be obtained (price. Is. each, returnable to purchasers) of Mr. HOUGH, The Gardens, Howick House, Preston ; and of the Auctioneers, Estate Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside. London, B.C. Monday Next. CARNATIONS, P.T:0NIES, double PYRETHRUM3. PHLOX, and double HOLLYHOCKS, ANEMONES, IRIS, CACTUS, Pompon and Single DAHLIAS, all named. Hardy BORDER PLANTS, a splendid lot of English-grown LILIES of sorts, a choice strain DOUBLE BEGONIAS, GLADIOLUS in variety, TIGRIDIAS, Hardy CLIMBERS, Parsley-leaved BLACKBERRIES, and surplus BULBS. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 63, Cheapside. London, E.C., on MONDAY NEXT, March 28, at half-past 11 o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Tuesday Next. By order of Messrs. F. HORSMAN & Co. 6000 ODONTOGLOSSUM CRI3PUM and its Varieties, Collected by Mr. John Carder (late Partner in the Firm of Shuttlewortb. Carder & Co.) MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Rooms, e? and 67, Cheapside, London, E.C., on TUESDAY next, March 29, at half-past 12 o'clock— 5 00 ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM. Mr. Carder is a well-known collector of this plant, and his name has been associated with the finest forms ever imported. This is his Second Consknmest this year. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Tuesday Next. ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS. About 100 lots, comprising ODONT03L03SUM ALEX- ANDB.^, CATTLEYAS. &c , from a private Gentleman's Collection; also ORCHID J in FLOWER. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will include the above in their SALE on TUESDAY NEXT, March 29. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Wednesday Next. 525 LILIUM SPEUIOSUJI RUBRUM. 720 „ „ ALBUM KK.ErZERI. 2000 „ LONGIFLORUM. 2025 ,. TIGBINUM SPLENDENS. 71')0 of a new species of ELEGANS, from very north of Japan, and other LILIES, SCO Black BAMBOO CANES, from Japan, 6 to 12 feet in length ; 1000 ANEMONES THE BRIDE 1000 GLADIOLI LEMOINEI. 400 extra choice SINGLE BEGONI.AS, 100 finest DOUBLE BEGONIAS. 1000 French mixed GLADIOLI, TEA ROSES, in pots HERBACEOUS PLANTi!. PALMS in variety. Greenhouse FERNS. PANCRATIUM ZEYLANICUM. TUBEROUS BEGONIAS, pinkERECTA GRANDIFLORA SUPEBBA; Standard and Dwarf ROSES, &c. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at their Central Sale Booms, 67 and 6S, Cheapside, London. E.C., on WEDNESDAY NEXT, March .30, at half-past 11 o'clock. On view morning of Sale, and Cat.alogue3 had. Friday Next.- Established Orchids. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at thtir Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C., on FRIDAY NEXT, April 1, at half-past 12 oClock, a splendid lot of well-grown ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, including fine plants of the following :— CCELOGYNE CRISTATA ALBA (HOLOLEUCA). CYPRIPEDIUM ARTHURIANUM, large plant in flower. „ HAKRISIANOM SUPERBUM, the true variety. „ MOBGANIiE, fine plant. „ TEiSALATUM PORPHYREUM, vtry rare. „ SALLIENI, fine specimen. „ SEDENII CANDIDULUM. STONEI. magnificent specimen, 2 feet in diameter. EPIDENDRUM PRI3MAT0CARPUM, fine specimen. LiELIA ELEG4NS ELUNTIL ODONT'^GLOSSUM NIVEUM MAJUS, very rare. - ,. ELEGA^S. true. VANDA DENISONIANA HEBRAICA. THICHOPILIA LEPIDA, very rare. On view morning of Sale and Catalogues had. Wednesday and Thursday, April 6 and 7. THE CHciIUE COLLECl'ION of ESTAHLISHED ORCHIDS forme 1 by A. SILLEU, Esij. MR. ,T. C. STEVENS has received instructions from AUGUSTUS SILLEM, Esq. (who is medically forbidden to frequent the houses), to offer for SALE, by AirC- TION at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on WEDNESDAY a:id THURSDAY', April 6 and 7, at half past 12 o'clock precisely each day. without the least re- serve, his entire COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, which will be found in excellent health. For names of principal plants see Gardeners' Chromclc. March 5 and 13. Wednesday and Saturday Next. 2000 choice named Standard, Half-Standard, Dwarf and Climbing HOSES, from one of our moit successful English Growersand Exhibitors: 600 FRUITjTREES.SOOLAURliLS, EVERGREENS, and FLOWERING SHRUBS, a consign- ment of AZ4LEA INDICA from Ghent, an extensive Collection of BORDER PLANTS, also 100,fOO South African TUBEROSES in cases as received, LILIUMS from Japan, BEGONIAS, AMARYLLIS, &c. MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above bv AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, 3S. King Street, Covent Garden. W.C. on WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY NEXT March 30 and April 2, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely. ' On view mominns of Sale, and Catalogues had. Under a Deed of Assignment. -.B« Denton & Blunden. Absolute SALE of the Whole of the Valuable Outdoor NURSERY STOCK, and PLANTS, FERNS &c in Greenhouses • Two Tons Seed Potatos ; Capital Mare, Dog Cart, Spring Cart, Light Spring Van, Harness Two Market Stalls, and Cover; Weighing Machine, Plough, ScutUe. Harrow, Tools, Fowls, &c. MR. W. J.CLARKE is instructed to SELL bv AUCTION, at the Nursery. Bedford Road, Northampton, on THURSDAY and FRIDAY NEXT, March 31 and April 1. 1892. the whole of the Stock-in-Trade and Effects of the above-named Debtors, which includes Nursery stock oi almost every description, full psrticulars of which will be found in Catalogues, to be obtained of the Auctioneer, 12, Guildhall Road, Northampton, one week prior to Sale May be viewed at any time on application at the Nursery, or of the Auctioneer, from whom further information may be obtained. . ,^ . . . N.B —In consequence of the Nursery being given up at once, the whole will be Sold without the slightest reserve, and in Lots to suit ail purchasers. Sale to commence each day at 11 o Clock. Finedon, Northamptonshire. TO FRUITERERS, BUILD SRS, and OTHERS. VALUABLE FREEHOLD PROPERTIES, consisting of up- wards of Seven Acres of productive ORCHARDS, situate near to the centre of the above increasing village. MR. G. F, BEARN will SELL the above by AUCTION, at "The Gate Inn," Finedon. on THURSDAY, April 7. 189.', at 5 for 6 o'clock in the evening (by order o£ the Trustees, under the will of Mr. Richard Jacqaest. deceased), and subject to such conditions of Sale as will be then produced. An eligible and well-known ORCHARD, adjoining the Back Road, now and for many years past in the occupation of Messrs. Jacquest, Fruiterers and Gardeners, containing 5 a. 1 r. 14 p., or thereabouts. . . And also another ORCHARD, adjoining, and containing 2 a. 0 r. 22 p., or thereabouts. I hese Orchards are well stocked with highly productive Apple, Pear, Plum, Damson, and Cherry Tre 3, and have long been noted both for the quantity and quality of Fruit grown thereon. Thev also possess very important building value, being close to the village, and having a long frontage to the road. To view, apply to Messrs. JACQUEST, Finedon ; and for further particulars to Mr. JOSEPH HARLOCK, Finedon ; Mr. SAMUEL BROWN. Biuods, Northamptonshire ; the Auc- tioneer, Corn Exchange, Wellingborough ; or to Messrs. SHARMAN, JACKSON & ARCHER, Solicitors, Wellingboro'. Without any Reserve. 3000 OLD CATTLEYA LABIATA! 1 MESSRS. FRED. HORSMAN and CO. beg to inform their friends thit the above will be SOLD by AUCTION, at Messrs. PROTHEROE AND MORRIS' SALE ROOMS, on FRIDAY, April 8. This plant has given rise to a great waste of letterpress in the gardening periodicals, but without entering upon the various controversies on the subject, or saying to which firm the honour of its re-introduction is to be given (for after all it is only a question of Tweedledum and Tweedledee), we beg to state that the plants to be offered are the true C. LABIaTA of JOHN LINDLEY, collected by a Portuguese Planter, on his own estate, whsre no plants had previously been collected. This, the typical plant, is the finest of all; on this buyers may safely rely-SEE DRIED FLOWERS AT SALE. Thecolours varv exceedinglv, and without guaranteeing a WHITE fjrm-soie dried flowers look. snoiv-white— it will be sufficient for us to say that the flowers are very large, superb, and gorgeous in colouring. Every plant is guaranteed true, and none will be sold before the day of Sale, and ■then WITHOUT reserve. As these are in magnificent condition, and must be sold, this presents to the Trade and Private Buyers the finest opportunity ever offered to secure healthy plants at a nominal price. Thursday Next. MR. THOMAS B. JAMES will SELL by AUCTION, without reserve, at his Sale Rooms. Bull RioiJ Birminoham on THURSDAY NEXT, March 31, at half°past 11 o'clock A,M.. 2500 DWARF ROSES (H.P.) in variety, 500 STANDARD ROSES, Maiechal Niel and other POT ROSES ; Dwarf-trained, Pyramid, and Standard FRUITS ; consignments of Japanese LILIES, Pearl TUBEROSES, Hybrid GLADIOLUS, SPIRiE.AS, BEGONUS, GLOXINIiS, PALMS, and GREENHOUSE PLANTS in variety, and Tivo Tons of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK. SALES of HORTICULTURAL PRODUCE are teld at the Sale Booms every THURSDAY at 11 o'clock A.M., and Sales conducted in any part of the country. Catalogues post-free. Yardley, Worcestershire, MR. THOMAS B. JAMES has received instructions from the Executors of the late E. Hoskins, Esq., to SELL by AUCTION, on SATURD.AY, April 2, 1892, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, on the Premises, The Grange, Yardley (one mile from Stechford Railway Station, L. and NW Railway; anl 4 miles from Birmingham), the COL- LECTION of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PL.ANTS, being the contents of six Greenhouses, Vinery, Conservatory, and Pits, comprising specimen Palms, Crotons, Drscienas, Azaleas, Camellias, Pancratiums, Eucharis. Lapageria alba. Tea Roses. Stephanotis, several hundred Zonal Geraniums and Pelar- goniums, and endless other Greenhouse plants. Catalogues post free, and Commissions carefully executed. Auctioneer's Offices, Bull Ring, Birmingham. MR. THOMAS B. JAMES (many years LtX with Protheroe & Morris) will hold his NEXT SALE of ORCHIDS in FLOWER on TUESDAY, April 12, 1892 (for Easier D.coration), FRESH ENTRIES INVITED. Sale Booms and OlBces, Bull Ring, Birmingham. T HOMAS B. JAMES (many years with Protheroe & Morris) holds WEEKLY SALES at his Rooms, 12. Bull Ring. Birmingham, of BULBS, PLANTS, NURSERY STOCK, &c., every WEDNESDAY a.d FRLBAY, at 4 30 P M. Sales of choice Cut Flowers. Fresh Entries invited. Account Sales and cheques daily. Empties and labels found. WAKTED, a Small, Compact NURSERY, chiefly Glass, for Fruit Culture. Good-si7,ed Dwelling- House.— ALPHA, Mr. Bennett, Harefield Grove, Uxbridge, Middlesex. ANTED, SIX GREENHOUSES, and 1 acre of Land, in a Good Town ; London objected to. Small stock.— Apply, J. P.. Gardeners- Chronicle OHice, 41, Wel- lington Street, Strand, W.C. ^ To Jobhing Gardeners. FOR SALE, LEASE of PREMISES and 6-roomed HOUSE, 3 Geenhouses. frames fully stocked. Good locality. Rent £.'5. Part let oft —Apply. T. HOUSE, 12, Perry Hill, Catford. S.E. REEHOLD NURSERY, very Old -Estab- lished, FOR SALE, in full profit, situated in one of the best localities, 18 miles from London Owner retiring from business, after fifteen years' sue essful occupancy. I r?tty Cottage Residence ; 12 Glass-houses, of various sizes; btablipg, and li Acres of excellent Land, fully stocked. Net prohts, £iOO a year. Cash requisite, about £1000. MR. DAVISON, 3, Circus Place, London, E.G. Madch 26, 1892.] THE GABDENEHS' CHRONTCLE. 387 Tj^OR SALE, a small FREEHOLD NURSERY, JL containing 1 acre of Land. 8 GreenJiouaes, and 3G Lights, Potting and V.Hn Sheds. — Apply on the Premises, to Mr. OUPWOOD, Tanptley Park, Hampton, Middlesen. LONDON, S.AV. (75;W).— First-class FLORIST BUSINESS, in main thorouRhfare. Capital Shop, large Conservatory and Stable, Kent £120. Lea.se 19 years. Priee for Lease, Conservatory, Stock, and Utensils, £80U, or offer. Apply to PKOTHEROE AND MORRIS. 67 and 68, Cheapside. London, E.C. Hampton-on-Tliaines, on the Marling Park Estate. LAND FOR NURSERIES ! ! ! MR. F. G. HUGHES begs to call the atten- tion of Nurserymen and Horticulturists about to com- mence in Business, to the exceptional advantages offered by this Estate. For full particulars apply— The Estate OlBce, as above. "-pO NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, &c.— JL Capital Nursery Premises, in Turner Road, Lee, to be Let on Lease, at a small nominal premium : the premises ronsibt of tliirty-eight greenhousea, dwelling house, stablinj; &c., occupying about an acre of land, and are situate 6 miles from Covent Garden, Ix)ndon. May be viewed upon application to Mr. A. RUSSELL, 33a, Turner Road, Lee, S.E. To Fruit Growers, Naraerymen, and Others. GOOD AUAIJLE and MEADOW LAND to he LET or SOLD. Close to the main road at Pender's End (9 miles from London). Long leases granted. Rent. £12 per acre per annum, with option to purchase the Freehold any time during the first nine years. Several large Market Nurseries are established on the Estate. Full pirLiculars of A. and G. GUIVER. Lnnd Agents, Fondcr's End. -To Builders, Florists, and Fruit Growers. THE FREEHOLD, PRIORY NURSERY, Acton Lane, Actjo, near to four railway stations, com- prising over 3 acres, having a frontage about 3S^ feet (T.the Free, Land-Tax redeemed), property well-drained. Gas and water laid on. Subsoil rich sand, of considerable value. Stabling for four horses, two Coach-houses, Potting and Pack- ing sheds, 28 well-built Greenhouses, li.OOO feet of Glass and Woodwork, 9000 feet of Hot-water Piping, supplied by 11 Boilers, all in excellent order. Being an old-established going concern, the property will be LET on Lease, or SOLD ; part of purchase-money can remain on mortgage on easy tenns of payment. Apply to — Mr. H0R3NAIL, 9o, Newgite Street, City, London, E.C. \riNERlES and HOTHOUSES TO LET.— \ The VINERIES, PEACH - HOUSES, CONSERVA- TORIE>i, and other Glass and Hot-house.s, at Castledykes, near Dumfries, with the Bothy and other erections connected there- with ; also the GARDENER'S HOUSE, KITCHE^f OARDfN, &c., all as now occupied by Mr. James W. Bayno, are TO LET on LE.4.SE, with entry on September 1 next. The premises may beveen,aod further information obtained, on application to .IAME3 H. McQOWAN, Solicitor. Dumfries.— March 23. 1892. CONSERVATORIES.— Five high-class Con- servatories; been shown at Exhibitions, in perfect condi- tion, at greatly reduced prices.— WRINCH & S0N3, Ipswich. THE TOWER FURNISHING COMPANY (Limited), SUPPLT GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers; one, two, or three years' Credit without Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses. Call or write for Prospectus. Address. SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.C. PICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form- ing Waterfiills, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries, Winter Gardens. Alpiueries, &c., as in hundreds of places abnit the kingdom, including at Akienham House, Elatree. so faithfully illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by PULHAM ANI>S0N. 50. Finsbury Square. London. K.C.. and Broxbonrtie, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection on receipt of twelvestamps. A. a. WATSON, FRUIT & FLOWER SALESMAN, ABERDEEN. Sale Days, Tuesday and Friday, at 9 A.M. Consignments solicited of Pot Plants & Cut Flowers "OASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder, LV strong and well rooted, free on rail. At 16s. per 100(1, cash with order. Not less than 1000 supplied. ALBERT BATH, Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent. f HARDiLY -CROWN , > CDIIIT '^^^^ '^^ NAME: I 11 11 I I LARGEST STOCK ■ ■■«#■■ jjj jjjg KINGDOM, T* n FT A Including ail I U 1^ L %r the most Popular and I II r r a\ Profitable I IlkiBa^^ Kinds in Cultivation. Descriptive Priced List Free on application. .DlCKSONS«Ji., Chester FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS to GrowThem, apply to SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest stock of Orchids in the World.— 30 minutes from St. Paneras. A^ njPINlT^nd HlilllTACKOUS PLAINTS^— 100 Selected Plants, i.'>.!. ; 100 Saxifrages, 26i. ; all distinct. Catalogue, Illustrated, with Cultural Notes, &c. STANSFIELD BKOS., Southport. CIdCKERILL'S LATE BROCCOLir— Yhe best and hardiest Late Broccoli in cultivation. Growth 1890. Comes in May and June. Price 5s. per lb. This is the only variety in this neighbourhood that withstood the frost this winter. VEITCH'S AUTOCHAT PEA, Is. Qd. per .piart, 5s. per gallon. ALFRED COCKERILL,18&20.The Drapery. Northampton. NEW SEEDS— Italian Growth— Tested. ONION. Tripoli Giant Rocca, flat. 2,t. \d. per lb. ; test, 95 p. cent. BKANS, Ai|uadolce, 8s. 6rf. per bushel ; test, 97 per cent. ,, Negro Longpod. 9s. per bushel ; 92 per cent. Bags, about 2 cwc. Cash with Onier, or against Invoice. J. K. ROWBOTHAM and CO., Seed Importers, 8, Union Court. London, E.C. FERNS ! FERNS I !— Trade.— Greenhouse and stove, 25 saleable sorts, 12s. per 100; out of pots, 10s. Large Adiantum cuneatum, Aralias, CyperuB, and Primulas, all in 48's, «s. per doz. Genistas, Falras, and Ficns, Is. each. Large Ferns, 10 best sorts, 5s. 6'/. per doz., in 48's. Cinerarias, Spira-ns, and Cyclamen, full bloom. 9s. per dozen, in 48'8. Adiantum cuneatum and P. tremula, extra size, in :?^-inch pots, 16s. and 20s. per 100. Packed free. Cash with Order. J. SMITH. London Fern Nurseries. Loughboro' Junction, S.W. VICTORIA PLUM, cheap, rough trees for market work, £1.=. to £!f, per 1000. WILL TAYLER, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex. Trade Offer of Large I'alms. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 25 feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations: Dracsenas, Bamboos, & Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quoted on application. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. OSES l^ROSES ! ROSES ! — Plant now. 100 strong dwarf. H.P. Roses for 2os. ; or £10 per 1000. The finest in the Trade. Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order. C.iTALOGUES. free on application. C. H. GORRINGE, Roselands Nursery, Eastbourne. Seed Potatos. HAND F. SHARPE invite the attention of • the Seed Trade to their fine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS. comprising all the varieties worthy o£ cultivation. They have been grown expressly for Seed, and the samples will be found very fine and well dressed. The prices will compare favourably with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment. Wisbech. FOVVLER'S MEALY BUG DESTROY^, For the eradication of this most troublesome jtest. It is easily applied, is instint destruction to both insect and ova, and does not stain or injure the foliage. In Botlles, Is., 2s. 6f/.. 5s.. and 10s. ; half gallon. 21s. ; one gallon. 42s. each. CORRY AND CO., Limited, 13. 15, 1(5. Finsbury Street. E.C. Sold by all Seedsmen. ORCHIDS. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL GO. (JOHN COWAN), Limited, Have an immense stock of ORCHIDS, Both Established and Semi-Established, and they are constantly receiving IMPORTATIONS from various parts of the world. INSPECTION IS VERY EARNESTLY INVITED. The Company's Prices are all fixed as low as possible, with the view of inducing liberal Orders. PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Post-free on Application to the Company. EXHIBITIONS. T)R1(HIT0N and SUSSEX HORTICUL- -!■> TURAL ASSOCIATION. SPRING SHOVf, March 29 and 30. No Entry Feks. TEN POUNDS offered for the BEST GROUP OF PLANTS, space not exceeding 200 square feet. For Schedules of Prizes, apply to — E. CARPENTER, Secretary. 96, St. .Inmes's Street, Brighton. BRIGHTON AND SUSSEX " NEW " Hor- ticultural AND MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY. The Dome ami Corn Exchange, Royal Pavilion, Brighton, TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, APRIL 5 and 6, Entries close March 28. Schedules, Sec , may he obtained of the Hon. Sec. — MARK LONGHUBST, 18, Church Road, Hove. (This Society is in no way connected with any other. N.B.— SUMMER SHOW, AUGUST 30 and 31. OLVERHAMPTON FLORAL FftTE, .TULY 12. i:i, and 14. 1892. OPEN CLASSES for PLANTS, ROSES, FRUITS, &C. OPEN AMATEUR CLASSES for ROSES. Schedules on application to W. A. GREEN, .Tunr., Horticul- tural Secretary, Corporation Street, Wolverhampton. CARNATIONS and PICOTEES. — Finest Exhibition Varieties; Strong. Healthy, Establishfd Plants; truly named, from single pots, including Crista-galli, Favourite, and Thomas Williams ; 60 varieties. 12 for 4s. 6tS?'g>tSxS?tS>tS?: Select VEOBTABUI; Choice FliOW^BR, Tbe best gaalitles at Moderate Prloei. Delivered Free by Ball oi Paroeli PoaC The Best SEED POTATOS, Garden Tools, Sundries, ic, ic. Illastrated Descriptive Catalogue, Ho. lOS POST FREE ON APPLICATION. ats>'S>tsxs>'Sxs>tsxs>'gxs>--fl SPECIAL CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES AND ROSES. A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE. The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, post-free, 3d. The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses, post-free THOMAS RIVERS & SON, THE NURSERIES, SAWBRIDQEWORTH, HERTS. JOHN GREEN, f.r.h.s., Has Noiv Beady 1,000,000 Good Things. BEST NOVELTIES.-See Illus- trated Catalogue. Best Chrysanthemums.— New, lOs. ; ChoK','. 0^' ; GooG, :i.s'. p doz. Best Black Cactus Dahlia— •■Blacl! Prince." — Orders now being booked for Spring delivery. och. SEND FOR CATAIiOGUE OF ALL THE BEST TaiNQS. Best Cactus Dahlias.— 4s. per doz. ; best new. lus. per doz. Best Pompon Dahlias.- 4!. per doz, ; best new, 6s per doz. Best Show Dahlias. — 4s. per doz. ; best new. 7s. t-d ppr doz. Best Fancy Dahlias. — 4s. per doz. ; best new, ti.^, prr doz. ILLTISTKATED Best Single Dahlias. -4s. per doz. ; best new, 6 . per doz. Best Begonias.— Single, 4s. (d . 6s., 9s.. and Ks. Gd. per doz.; Double, 10s, 6(i.. 16s., 20s. and 30s. per doz. Best Zonal Geraniums.— 4s,, .'is., 7s tid.. Ids,, and IM.tSd. per doz, f//'^/' I no X'CW Best Fuch ias.-4s. and 6s p.d z. K&/ _i"~_ vOft Best Coleus.— 2s, Hd. per doz ; /or/ T ^t \C-Al best new, !.s, per doz Best Border Carnations. - 4s, 6d., 6s . and 10s. per doz. Best Flower Seeds.-Eeeliius- irateil Cutajusue. Best Vegetable Seeds. — See Illustrated Catalogue. Best of Everything.— See Illus- trated Catalogue. The above prices are for J. G.'s Selection ; purcha-^iers wishing to select for themselves, should send at once for Catalogue. JOHN GREEN, n^^sI^I^s. DEREHAM. Mabcii 26, 1892.] THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 389 ORCHIDS A SPEGIALTY. Many new, choice, and rare epecies and varieties always in stock. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. One of the finest collections of these plants known. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. A grand collection, approved novelties, write for our new Descriptive CATALOGUES, NOW READY, and Post-free on application to PITCHER & MANDA, The United States Nurseries, HEXTABLE. SWANLEY, KENT. DANIELS BROS., TOWN CLOSE NUESERIES, NORWICH, BEG to offer the following Plants, Bulbs, &c., which they can highly recommend : — Roses, Hybrid Perpetual. A splendid collection, includine all the choicest sorts. per doz. — s, a. Fine Standards to name 18s. and 24 0 Dwaifs or Bushes 7s. 6 ellow trumpets, magnificent, ea. 3s. 6i. LlUes. Choice named, from our fine collection — 6s., 9s., 12s., 18s . 21.1., and 30 0 Begonias, Tuberous - rooted. Large brilliantly- coloured flowers of all the most beautiful shades. Good strong flowering tubers in splendid m'3""fe perlOO, 30.t. 4 6 ,, Double-flowered, very fine mixed ... 9s. and 12 0 Gladiolus Gandavensis. Choice named sorts— 4s. 6ii., 6s., 9s., and 12 0 „ In splendid mixture per 100, 20s. 3 0 „ Kew hardy hybrid. A charming class with Urge, handsomely-stained or blotched flowers. Very choice mixed per 100, 24s. 3 6 Tuberoses, American Pearl. Fine bulbs— per 100, 17s. 6(i. 2 6 All carriage free wil/i the ezcepiion of Tea Roses and Clem Uises, which are sent in pots. WHINHAWI'S NDUSTRY GOOSEBERRY. The Most Productive Gooseberry in Cultivation. Colour, dark dushy led. Of enormous Size. ^^^SS^^^^.J-^ In Seven Successive Seasons we have sold nearly ONE MILLION BUSHES OF THIS VARIETY. ^3-year Bushes, Strong 6s. per dozen. Selected 9b. ,, Estra- Selected ... 12b. Strong 40b. per 100. yal Nursery an Establiehment, HEXHAM, Northumberland. CINElRARIAj SUPESB GIANT. The Choicest Strain in the Country. In Sealed Packets. Is. Qd.. '2s. Qd., and 6s. each. Price to the Trade on Application. Forfull Description and Illustration, see Gardeners' Chronicle, January 2, 1892. E. P. DIXON & SONS, HULL. la'HGBTICULTUBE INTEBNATIONALE (Orchid Emporium), Leopold Park, Brussels. THE GRANDEST CHOICE of ORCHIDS in EUROPE. THE DIRECTORS, Mkssrs. LINDEN, cordially invite Amateurs and Nurserymen to visit their Establishment. They will find at L'HorticuUurelntcmntionale the Finest, Healthiest, and Largest Stock of New, Rare, or Popular Orchids in Cultivation. Grand Importations every week. LISTS and CATALOGUES on application. imrmniiiitiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiHiiiMii piAWTIWC SEASON. -' HARDiI>Y-OKOWN FOREST, FRUITj A AU. OTHER TREES & PLANTS, EVERGREENS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 ACRES: TBRT BXTBRBIYB BTOGK. iMpuUoil iDTlMI- Priced Cataloguea O pat It & Post Fre*. DiCKSONS (LnDTBD) GiHSSrFESR.* TBB NURSE KISB For PLEASURE and PROFIT. ROSES. STANDARDS, from 21s. per dozen. DWABFS, from 6*. per dozen. CATALOGUES, post-free. FRANK CANT, BRAISWICK NURSERY, COLCHESTER. 32 ACBES of BHODODENDBON'S, AND 170 Acres of Other Nursery Stock. PerlOO; per 1000. RHODODENDRON Ponticum, 9 to 12 inch ... 12s. ... 90.!. 12 to 18 16s. ... 140s. 18 to 24 „ ... 26s. ... 220s. ,, Catawbiensa Hybrids, 9 to 12 12s. ... 100s. ,, ,, 12 to 18 18s. ... 160s. 18 to 24 28s. ... 240s. For other NURSERY STOCK, see CATALOGHES, free. Rhododendrons make grand cover for Game ; Hares and Rabbits will not eat them ; they will grow well under trees. where many other trees perish. Smaller or larger sizes can be supplied if required. JAMES SMITH & SONS, DARLEY DALE NURSERIES, near MATLOCK. NEW SINGLE PYRETHRUM, "JUBILEE." First-class Certificate, Royal Botanic Society, London, June 18, 1888. One of the most he^utiful Mngle Varieties in cultivation ; dwarf in habit, bearing in abundance very deep Carmine liowers. See Editor's remarks in The Garden, June 2t», 1891 : — " Flowers, deep carmine ; the richest-coloured variety we have seen, and very handsome." Well-established plants, ready for delivery in April, 2s. each (usual D.scount to the Trade). W. BALCHIN & SONS, HASSOCKS NURSERY. SUSSEX NEW CHRYSANTHEMUMS From AMERICA. A. LAD-ENBURG. l ETHEL PAULE, ADA H. LE ROY, | MAMIE CRAIG, RUTH CLEVELAND. All Prize winners, and the finest lot ever introduced at one time. Strong plants now ready. 4s. each, the set, 18s. Send for Descriptione. H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisbam, S.E. Nothing so Profitable and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. Hundreds of Thousands. FRUIT. See CATALOaUE for Simi to au ROSES. _ BUSHES, Packing and Carriage Fret 88. per dozen, 60b. per 100. for Cash with Ordtr. KOSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen. OBNAUENTAL TKEES, 01 ACBES. 4 ACBES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen. N.B. — Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. SEEDS & BULBSl^'^^l^r/iKT'^"' DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. CHOICE,VARIED&.BEAUTIFUL gl^COLLECtl OiN OF FERNS ^ wairrErEntfranithnsECDmmDnly seen ^*V you can hhbain such ffom !S'/Fern Nurseries SALEf Manchester K Who havE 1400 DIFFERENT KINDS to Covert for Game. RHODODENDRONS, PONTICUMS, 1 ft. to 1} ft., 16s. per 100. 140s. per 1000 ; 15 in. to 20 in.. 22s. per 100, 200,s. per 1000 ; I J to 2 ft., 26s. per 100. 220s. per 1000 ; 2 ft. to 21 ft.. 40s. per 100. 3-'0s. per 1000 ; 2 ft. to 3 ft., fOs. per 100, 400s. per 1000. The above sizes are fine, bushy, well-rooted plants. PINUS AUSTRIACA, 4 ft. to 6 ft., 40s. per 100, 300j. per 1000, singly grown, stout, and well-rooted. Catalogues and samples free on application. JOSEPH A. SMITH. Moor Edge Nurseries, Tansley, near Matlock, Derbyshire. K' ELWAY'S SEED MANUAL for ]892. ** Of the many manuals, &c., we certainly have seen none to surpass Messrs. Kelway's in plain, practical usefulnesa." — .AgricultuTt. 1«., post-free (deducted from first order) to those unknown to us. KELWAY AND SON, Langport. PRIVATE SALE. FRUIT TREES. 80,000 VERY CHOICE TREES. (Standards, Pyramids, and Wall- trained), Applea, Peara, Cherries. Peaches, Filberta. and Plume ; 20,000 noble tall standard Victoria Plums and Damsons, six years old. Th« Trees are without blemish, twice transplanted, splendidly rooted, and intended for the tenants and hedgerows on the Estate. Guaranteed true to name. The superb Rhododen- drons ; 2000 Maiden. Standard, and Dwarf Roses ; 40,000 Black and Red Currants, four years old ; and forty hinds of Goose- l.erries. 6000 Raspberries. In small or large quantities, Purchaser's selection. Price half their value. See Catalogues. Removing. — LAND STEWARD, Hon. GERTRUDE JONES, Churchfield, Cradley, near Malvern. And for all Glass Structures that require Shading. Sold in packets. Is pach. with full directions for use, and may be obtained from all Seedsmen and Nurserymen. The public are cautioned against spurious imitation*. Each packet should bear the Trade Mark as above. Manufacturer* — CORRY AND CO. (Ltd.), Horticultural Sundries Merchants. Offices and Show Rooms, 13, 15, and 16, Finsbury Street, London, E.O. Sold by all Seedsmen and Florists. 390 THE GARDENEB8' CHRONICLE. [Maech 26, 1892. STANDEN'S m-nm. MANURE, A CKNOWLEDGED to be unrivalled for ,c\_ Efficiency and Economy, as most satisfactory and lasting results follow the application of the unallest quantity. In new and enlarged Tins, 6i., Is., is. id., bs.M., and 10s. 6i. ; and in Kegs, 28 lb., 10s. M. ; 56 lb., 18s. ; 112 lb., 32s. each. Sold by all Nurserymen and Seedsmen. Sole Manufactubers : COBBY & CO. (Limited), 13, 15, & 16, FINSBURY ST., LONDON, E.C. -^LONDONq; trade mark. INV 1 T^ THESE WELL-KNOWN MANURES ABE USED BY THE Leading: Growers, Boyal Botanic Society, Boyal Horticultural Society, Boyal Parks, London County Council, Throughout the TTnited Kingdom, And in Every duarter of the Globe. Sold by HEEDSMEN, FLORISTS, and NUESERVMEN, in 6d. and IB. Packets, and SEALED BAGS:— 7 lb. 14 lb. 28 lb. 56 lb. 112 lb, 2s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 20s. Or direct from the Works in Is. Packets, postjree, or Bogs of either size. Carriage Paid {as sample), in the United King- dom, for Cash with order as above. The respective Trade Mark is printed on every Packet and Bag, and also impressed on the Lead, Seal attached to the mouth of each Bag. The only Guarantee of Genuineness. PRICES OF CRUSHED BONES IN VARIOUS SIZES ON APPLICATION. CLAY & SON, Manufacturers and Bone Crushers, TEMPLE MILL LANE, STRATFOKD, LONDON, E. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE. This manure is ohemioally distinct from all other Manures, and has been proved to supply the place of sunshine, and has the power of hastening the colouring and ripening of Grapes, Tomatos, Peaches, &c,, beyond any other Manure. go^jj, gtoneham Nurseries, Southampton, Gentlemen, October 6, 1891. "We have tried the Manure in our Vinery this season, and are pleased to inform you that whilst in our neighbourhood most of thfl Grapes have been badly coloured this season, ours have been splendidly coloured, in fact the best we have ever had. " We hope to be able to induce some of our friends to try it next season. Yours faithfully, (Signed), OAKLEY AND WATLING. Prices in Sacks, at Works, 10s. per cwt. ; £2 per J ton ; £3 15s. per J ton ; £7 per ton. THE PATENT SILICATE MANURE CO., THE CHEMICAL WORKS, HEMEIi HEMPSTEAD, HERTS. TNNES' FERTILTTAS. — THE VINE aud X PLANT FOOD.-Of all Nursery aud Seedsmen, or direct. 16i. per cwt., carriage paid to all Stations. References and testimonialB of the Sole Makers W. INNES AND CO., Sunny Hill Vinery, Littleover, Derby. NATIVE GUANO.— Best and Cheapest Manure for Garden Use. Price £3 lOs. per ton, in bags. Lots under 10 cwt., 4s. per cwt. ; 1 cwt., Sample bag, sent Carriage Paid to any Station in England, on receipt of P.O. for 6s. Extracts from 16tli Annual Collection of Reports; — NATIVE GUANO, FOR POTATOS, VEGETABLES, &c. H. Brinkworth, Potato Grower, Reading, used for Potatoa, Onions, and Carrots, results : — '* Very good ; never had better crops." J. Butler, Sittingbourne : — " Used for Potato, Celery, and other Market Garden Crops, with very good results ; Potatos large, clean, and free from disease. Best and Cheapest Manure in the Market." NATIVE GUANO, for FRUIT, ROSES, TOMATOS. &c. J. Peed & Sons, Streatham, used for Fruit Trees and Roses, results: — "Very satisfactory; we use no other Guano now ; consider yours preferable to Peruvian."- — J. Fikch, Orrell Gardens:— "Usedfor Vegetables, Tomatos, Grapes, Cucumbers, and Flowers, with satisfactory results. Most excellent for Potatos, aud many other things. The Cheapest Manure in the Market." Orders to the Native Guano Co., Ltd., 29, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars. London, where Pamphlet of Testimonials, &c., may be obtained. AGENTS WANTED. REDUCTION IN PRICE I ARE IN GREAT DEMAND. Exterminate all ^ Insect Pests K'itAoirf \^ Injury to Foliage. ffl ho HOT COKES. 'I Vastly Superior to Tobacco Paper, j A7id Adopted by ^ Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bt Baron Schroder; Rt Hon Jos. Cham- berlain Sir Leopold Rothschild, Bart. : Messrs Veitch, Chel- sea Sutton. Reading; Carter & Co.,Holborn ; Hugh Low, Clapton ; Lamp Forest Hill; Easy Certain, safe, and Cheap Sweet whetstone, &c. Sheets, 9d (far looo cubic feet of 1 dozen, tiho , , i, and 1 g\ McDOUgalls' Liquid Insecticide.— For Use under Glass. „ Garden and Fruit Tree Wash.— For Outdoor Use. „ Plant Food or Manure.— For Vines, Fruits, & Plants. [tiOTE.— Also all above, for Cottage Gardens, in Gd.^l3. Sizes.] All Free from Poison. Patentees and Sole Makers — MonAiiMBi ■ nnAA t London : 10, Mark Lane. ''DOUCALL BROS. ] Manchester: 68. Port Street. UUUUHLI. UIIUU. j (ji^,5go„. 7oto78. King Street. FROM NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN. IMPORTANT TO GARDENERS, AMATEURS, AND OtHFIRS, who FUMIGATE HOUSES TO KILL *'FLY," OR **THRIP." You will shortly be ordering your Spring Supply of Fumigating Material. Why lay in a heavy stock of tobacco paper, uncertain in quality, often disappointing, and very unpleasant to use. when you can have a Safe, Reliable article, and one that is pleasant to use ? On which you can thoroughly depend. The manufacture is much improved, and it can be ordered without any risk of the disappointments often attending othe: " ■ THE FIRST OF ITS CLASS, AND STILL THE ONLY ONE \^^M fun PRICES :— *'"g materials. For kou.'^es jcitk ( 1000 cubic ft., No. 3 Roll, 1/- each I Post a capacity of \ 2000 ,, „ „ 4 ,, 1/9 ,, ( Free. The Kollsmay be cut for houses of a smaller capacity, or to make up required quantities for larger houses. LEMON OIL INSECTICIDE. - Tlie safest and most effective Liquid Insecticide for dipping or syringing. Peices, post free :~Pint3, \s. \Qd. ; quarts, 3s. Zd. ; half gallons. 5s. ^d. CLIBKAN'S ETJCHARIS MITE KILLER.-A truly valuable remedy, has saved thousands of bulbs. Prices, post-free :— Half-pints, Is. ^d. ; pints, 2s. ^d. ; quarts, 4s. 9rf. ; half-gallons, 8s. Ok from your Seedsman. GLIBRAN'S nSRALTRINCHAIVI; 10 & 12 Market Street, Manchester; And Principality Nurseries, Deganwy, Llandudno. THE "STOTT" SPECIALTIES For Destruction of Insect Pests. Patent Distributor, Patent Syringe, Patent Sprayers KILLMBIGHT, 2-oz. Sample posted free on application. Testimonials and Price LISTS on application. Retail from Ironmongers and Seedsmeu. Wholesale and Retail from the Stott Distributor Co., Ltd., Barton House, Mancbester May be h.id through all Seedsmen and Chemists. Prices:— I Gall. 3/- (tins included), S Galls. 2/9 per Gall., 10 Galls. 2/6 per Gall., 20 Galls. 2/3 per Gall., 40 Galls. 2/- per Gall. Carriage paid on 5 Galls, and upwards. liHii KUls all Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives, &c., &c. Brightens the Gravel. One application will keep the Walks Clear of Weeds for a whole Season. Prepared Solely by The Boundary Chemical COo, Ltd., LIVERPOOL. For Green and Black Fly. American Blight. Camellia Scale, Red Spider, Mealy Bug. Brown and White Scale. Worms, Wood Lice, &c. ''OT/^l>CKTIl " TEE UNIVERSAL r^iVrl:\CiI>i/l5 INSECTICIDE. SAFE— ECONOMICAL— EFFECTUAL. 16, Primces Stbeet, Edinburgh, July 15, 1887.— "Dear Sirs, I have thoroughly tested a sample of a new Insecticide which you were so good to send me. At the rate of 1 oz. to a gallon of water at a temperature of 95°, I find it kills Green Fly immediately. Double this strength, or 2 oz. to a gallon at 120°, seals the fate of Scale of all sorts in a few seconds; while 3 oz. to gallon at same temperature effectually dissolves Mealy Bug, and so far as I have yet observed, without the slightest injury to leaf or flower, and it is withal a most agreeable compound to work with. All our insect remedies are applied through common syringe, or garden engine, a much severer test of efficiency than when applied by hand-washing or spray. — I remain, dear sirs, yours truly. (Signed) A. MACKENZIE." of Messrs. Methven & Sons. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London, January 1, 1888. "Gentlemen — I have given your Insecti- cide, 'Picrena,' a good trial in competition with many others. I am pleased to say that I have found it to be more effectual in destroying Mealy Bug and other insects than anything we have ever used. It ought to command a good sale. (Signed) B.S.WILLIAMS." Sold by Chemists, Nurserymen, and Florists, in Bottles at l5. 6d., 2s. 6d., and 35. Qd.; in Tins (1 and 3 gallons), 105. 6d, and 205. each; in quantities of 5 gallons and upwards, 9s. per gallon. Prepared only by DUNCAN, FLOCEHABT & CO.. Chemists to the QueeD, Edinburgh. May be had from B. S. WILLIAMS, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London ; and from WILLIAM EDWARDS AND SON. 157, Queen Victoria Street, London. ''Nothing Succeeds like Success.'' UITr^U17Q' ^SOLUBLE) nUljniLO INSECTICIDE Fl TMi ilJi The most reliable and best of all Insecticides for destroying- Insects and Vermin on Plants and Fruit Trees, also on Animals, and Birds ; and as a Disinfectant & Bleacher in Washing Clothes. Full Directions on the Labels of each Bottle. Sold by Seedsmen & Chemists, i '6, 2/6, & 4/6; ><-g.-illon 7/6, i-gallon 12/6, or less in larger quantities. A Treatise on FIR-TREE OIL as an insecticide, its application to Plants and Animals, sent post free on application to the manufacturer, addressed to E. GRIFFITHS HUGHES, Victoria-st., Manchester. WnoLESALi! from all tiie London Seed Mercliants and Patent Medicine Houses. NEW YORK— A. Rolker & Sons. SAVE HALF THE COST. nAnQljJL'Q BEDFORDSHIRE uHnOlu L 0 ""^^^^ ^™ "*^ Is admitted by the Oil IftD \? A Hi 11 ' tbeSeT" oILVLn oANU Quality obtainable in the Trade. Consumers should Buy Direct from the Owner of these Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a practically in- exhaustible supply of Splendid Sand, and thus save half the ordi?iary cost. NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS. Apply direct to the Proprietor for Samples and Price free on Rail or Canal. All Orders execittea with the utmost promptness and tender personal supervision. Special Rail- way Rates in force to all parts. All kinds of PEAT supplied at lowest possible prices. Sample Bag seutou application to QEO. GARSIDB. Jnn..F.R.H.S.. Lelghton Buzzard. Beds. S^^UGICIDE (Registered),— Certain death to Slugs, fertilises the soil, perfectly harmless to plants and domestic animals. The greatest boon to Gardeners ever invented. Is. 6d. per box, of all Seedsmen. Trade terms. " THE SLUGICIDE CO.," 6, Maryleport Street, Bristol. Maech 20, 1892.] THE GARDE NEB S' CHE ONI CLE. 391 RICHARDS'noted ORCHID and other SELECTED PEATS (rn^S?S.n"al), SOILS, MANURES, and every description of GARDEN SUNDRIES. G, H. RICHARDS, The Horticultural Stores, 1, Belvedere Crescint. Lumbelh, Loiirlon. S.E. Write for Samples aud Price List, Post-free. Chief Peat Depot : Ringwooo, Hants. ORCHID PEAT. PREPARED, ready for use, all fibre, 10s. per sack ; 5 for-17s. M. SELECTED, in blocks, very fibrous, Ss. per sack; .''i for Sis. lid. SECOND QUALITY, 5s. per suck ; 5 for a2s. M. BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Ferns, 4s. p,r sack, 5 for 18s. ; and 3s. per sack, 5 for 12s. 6(i. PEAT-MOULD, LEAF-MOULD, and FIBROUS LOAM, each 2s. li,l. per sack ; 5 fur 10s. PREPARED POTTING COMPOST, 4s. per sack ; 5 for I8s. All sacks included. Send Postal Order for Sanrple Sack. Special terms to the Trade. For Price List apply to THE FORESTER, Joydon Wood, nearBexley, ©ant. EPPS'S-'-'^PEAT, For ORCHIDS, STOVE PLANTS, Hardwood do., Ferns, and Rhododendrons, by sack, yard, ton, or truckload. SPECIAL ORCHID PEAT, in sack only. Rich fibrous LOAM, superior LEAF-MOULD, Coarse, Crystal and Fine SILVER SAND, CHARCOAL, C.N. FIBRE REFUSE, fresh SPHAGNUM.FatentMANURES. FERTILISERS, INSEC- TICIDES, and allotherOarden Requisites. Peat MOSS Litter. The Original Peat Depot. RINGWOOD, HANTS. BROWN and BLACK FmROUS PEAT, 2.56-. per Ton, or £5 per Truck of 4 Tons; Bags, 5s. each ; 10 KuRi, 4.5s. PEA r, for f.jrmiog Rhododendron, Bog, and American Plant Beds, 21s. per Ton, or ,£4 4s. per Truck of 4 tons; Bags, 5s. eaih ; 10 Bags, 45s. THO.MAS WALKER, Tekels Park, Camberley, Surrey. SILVER MOSS from Siberia, for deoorstiii* Conservatories, Flower Pols, &c. The rage of Paris. Sample boxes, Is. 3d, and 2s. 3d. post free. Agents watted in every Town. BliRONIUS, KING andCC, 37, Walbrook London EC FOR DESTROYING WEEDS, MOSS, &c„ On C a K K I a G K D K I V K S, GARDEN WALKS, ROADS, STABLE-YARDS, WALLS, STONEWORK. &c. Saves more than twice its cost in Labour. No SmelL One application will Keep the Walks and Drives clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months. Mr. W.G. Head. Crystal Pnhic'. ^ny^i :— " We are ao .-^iitisried with your composition and its price that we have u^ed it abso- lutely. I have every confidence in reoommending it.*' Mr. R. IKW[N l.YNCn. Curator, Botanic Gardens, Carc- bridge. says: — "There can be no qufsfion with regard to its elficacy." Prices :-In l and2-gallon Tin.q. 2S. per gal. (Tins included); in 6-gallon Drums, Is. 6d. per gallon. 10 and 15-galIon Drums, la. 4d. per gallon. Special quotations for larger quantities. Carriage paid on 10 gals, and upwards. (^ Used in the proportion of one gallon to twenty-five ga'lons of water. THE ACME SUMWIER SHADlNC^^cVler For SHADING GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES, &c. Does not wash off with the rain. CMn he used WARM or cni,i>, 1 lb. makes 1 gall. In tins, 1 lb.,ls. ; 2 1b., 2s.; 4 1b ,3s. iW. For particulars of ANTI-FUNGI POWDER for Tomato Disease. Mould and Jlildew on Roses, Vines, &c. ; KENTISH PLANT MANURE, SOLUBLE MANURE, ZINC LABELS, NEW METALLIC INK, &c., apply to the Sole Proprietors anil JIanufacturera, THE "ACME" CHEMICAIi CO., Limtd., Tunbridg-e, Kent; and Carlton Street, Bolton, Lancaehlie. iSpKEYSYdmousGARDENPOTS # Bu Iwel I Potteries, ;#ol:ting "^^ ;;^: Messrs. Dlcksons, Limited, Chester, write :— " The Flon and \vell made, and in every re^pecthighly satisfactory." r Pots you have so largely supplied us with are light, strong Messrs Richard Smitll & Co., Worcester, write:— "We beg to say that we are highly satisfied with you ;s,' they are ^icU made, light, yet strong, and we like them better than any other we have ever used." Mr. William Bull, 636, King's Road, Ciielsea, London, * Garden I'ots," and still liad them the best and cheapest." rites : — " For nearly thirty years I have been using your Largest Manufacturers in the World. No Waiting. Millions in Stock. Carriage and Breakage Free on £,\0 Orders. Half Carriage on £5 Orders. Samples Free. PRICES Of 60-feet LENGTHS (fitted with Brass Nozzle, Branch Pipe, Rose, and Jet). ARMOURED.— The Excelsior Wire-ArmouredHose a Perfect grip, will not uncoil when cut at any part, stands enormous pressure, and wears for years. Prices : — ^in. dia., test quality ... 36/3 I &-in. dia.. ex. stout qual. 52/0 out quality 43/7 1 ,. best quality ... .M/O PLAIN.-Unklnkable Smooth-Surlace Hose, win not crack. Is made of pure rubber aud canvas. Quality guaranteed. i-\n. dia., specially cheap 19/3 I |-in. dia., best quality ... 23/0 % „ best quality ... 21/5 | „ ex. stout qual. 33/0 \ ,. ex. stout qual. 27/5 | i ,. best quality ... .33/0 5-inch diameter, ex. stout quality 40/10 I „ best quality ... 45/0 | | „ ex. stout qual. 60/7 Ail Hose Carriage Paid and despatched same day as order is received. Oldest and most Reliable House in the Trade. Matier of Hose for Liquid Manures, Delivery, Steam, Fire, and Suctioi Hose, &c. Supplied to all the Principal Oorporations, Parks, Estates, &c., at Home and Abroad. Over 3,000,000 feet in use. Catalogues of aboce and all hinds of HOSH, BELTING, and ROOFING FELTS. Post Free.Jrom ANDREW POTTER, UBLBOtTRNE WORKS, WOI" VERH AMP T O N THIS GREENHOUSE er.cted and heated .umplele i„ ly part of llie .ountrv, best materials only, workmans'hin guaranteed,a5ft. by 12 ft., £.50; .30 ft by 15 ft, £70. lirick- work excepted. For particulars, see our Catalogue, po'-t free. Superior Portable Frames, large stock ready for imediate use. \iell in.id.., |,,ujitij four coats, gla7.ed with -0/.. glass, carriage i«ii.l:-l-li,;ht frame, 4 X 6. 36.V. (irf. ; 2-light frame, (i x K. .5.«.!. ; 3 light frame. 12 X 6. 8.5j>. M. Span-roof Frames, 12 x 4, £4 7s. 6rf. ; 9 x 5. £3 I5s. ; HARDYBRUIN^CO.,?t^r^^rLEICESTER «.tvrc ^vtv'.j,.wH.vx\,x^ "^OR ESTATES, 3-,-,ur. PAINTERS, •^^^"^^ FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, SHOPS, HOTELS, TIONS, DWELLINGS, THE MOST USEFUL LADDERS MADE, AND SAFE. BOULTON & PAUL, WIRE ESPALIER TRAINERS. 4 ft. high, w llh Standards I o;f t. apart, aud six lines of galvanised Wire, per yd. Si. Terminal Posts and Radisseurs, each 9s. Prices of other sizes on application. No. 405. WROUGHT IRON TREE GUARDS. No Made to any design and s No. 405 Pric , 7.S. 9d. ameter. No. 40ti.— 6 ft. high. 12 in. diamete Price, 8s. \d. each. Descriptive Catalogue of all our Manu- factures, including Iron Buildings for Shooting and Fishing Lodges. Stabling, Huts, Kennels and Poultry Appliances, Greenhouses Garden Frames, &c., free on BOULTON &°PAUL, NORWICH. CHAS. FRAZEE'S EXORS.—Conservatories, Orchid-houses. Vineries, Greenhouses, Plant and Forcing- houses. Best Materials and Workmanship guaranteed, at Mode- rate Prices. Intendingpurchasers waited upon by appointment. HOT- WATER BOILERS and HEATING APPARATUS, for large or small Greenhouses. Great variety of Garden Frames and Handlights kept in stock. All kinds of Garden Requisites, Poultry Appliances, Portable Summer-houses, Tool-houses. Pigeon Cotes, Dog Kennels, and Rabbit Hutches. Profusely illustrated CATALOGUE, post-free, for six stamps. PALACE FLAW HOBTICULTUKAL WORKS, NORWICH. 392 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [March 26, 1892. GREEN'S PATENT "SILENS MESSOR" AND OTHER LAWN-MOWING, ROLLING AND COLLECTING MACHINES FOR 1892. The Winners of every Highest Prize in all cases of competition, and they are the only Mowers m constant use j.m J ^ ^tJia^jioyal Gardens and at the Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, South Kensington. ^ ^^ ^ , ^ , ^ s occasiODH, Patronised by— They i inril wnST ORACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN on iiumf ™^ ^ lOTlLHfGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES, THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, , Late EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH The EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, And most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentry of the United Kingdom. JUne's'tO 7, 1881. The "Journal of Horticulture," oj June 9, ^oys:— "MOWING MACHINES.— After a critical examination, the Silver Medil was Krant«d to the old firm of world-wide fame, Messrs. T. Grees & Son, of Leeds and London. As the Machines are known in all lands where good lawns are cherished, quite unnecessary to give any description of them." 'C^^^^^o moVo'o" tr:"SLs nave .een Sola Blnce ..ey ^were a^.t i^^^^^^^^^^ year 1856. TnefoUofg^are^tneir^Adv^ta^^^^^ ith. They make little hr no noise in working. 5th. They will cut SINGLE-HANDED SILENS MESSOR LAWN MOWER, With Improved Steel cnalns and Handles. To cut 6 in., can be worked by 1 „j jg q a Lady ... S To cut 8 in., do. do. 2 10 0 To cut 10 in., do. by a strong youth 3 10 0 To cut 12 in., do. by a man ... 4 10 0 To cut 14 in., do. do. ... 5 10 0 lither short or long Grass, wet or dry We are the only makers of Lawn Mowers appointed by Eoyal Warrant to Her Mdjpstj the Queen, and Hts Koyai Highness the Prince of Wales. To cut 16 inches, can be worked by one on even lawn ... j To cut 18 inches, do. man and boy... 7 10 0 To cut 20 inches, do. do. DOUBLE-HANDED LAWN MOWER. I X?,' in n I *To cut 22 inches, can be worked by two men £8 10 0 REDUCED PRICES OF GREEN'S Patent ROLLERS, For Lawns, Drives, Bowling Greens, Cricket Fields, and Gravel Paths, &c. Suitable for Hand or Horse Power. Prices of Eollers in 2 parts. Diam. Length is."" 16 in. by 17 in 2 5 20 in. by 22 in 3 5 24 in. by 26 in 4 10 26 in by 28 in . ..60 30 m by 32 in 10 0 8 0 0 •To cut 34 i * If made stronger, 9 0 0 table for Donkey, 30s. extra. These Mowers are the " Ne Plus Ultra" and "Acme" of perfection of aU Lawn Mowers extant. P.ices of Donkey, Pony, and Horse Machines, including Patent Self Delivery Box. or Side-delivery, with Cross-Stay ' comrl'=te, suitable for attaching to Ordinary Chaise Traces or Gig Harness :— DONKEY AND PONY MACHINES. HORSE MACHINES. To cut 26 inches To cut 28 inches To cut 30 inches Leather Boots for Donkey ... Leather Boots for Pony The 26 and 28 inches can ea the Machine makes little noise in any way damaging the machi £14 0 0 I To cut 30 inches ... 16 0 0 To cut 36 inches ] 18 0 0 To cut 4'J inches ... 1 0 0 To cut 48 inches "* 14 0 1 Leather Boots for Horse i'ly be worked by a Donkey, the 30 inches by a Pony, and the larger in working, the most spirited animal can be employed ae. Packing Cases as per List, except when for export. Horse ; and as ig away, or GREEN'S PATENT "WlULTUNi IN PARVO" LAWN MOWER. GREEN'S Patent LAWN COURT MARKER. No. 2412. The Best Marker made. Size with 1 wheel for Ordinary Courts, price 14s. Do., with 3 wheels, 17s. Size for Clubs and Larg* Grounds, price £1. TENNIS GREEN'S PATENT GRASS EDGE CLIPPER Size and Price, 7 inches ■wide. 7 ina. diam.. £1 16B. Packing Case. 3s. Specially designed to meet a want which has long been felt in cutting the overhang- ing gra.ss on the edges of ■walks, borders, flower-beds, &c., and do away with the dious operation of cutting ith shears. 1^ A very useful and serviceable MacMne. MAKERS OF PATENT STEEL OR IROX AKGULAR- CHAMBERED AND TUBULAR HOT-WATER BOILERS Delivered Carriage Free at all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports in England, Scotland, and Ireland. The largest stock of Mowers kept by any mdnufacturer is to be/omdat^our Lomion Establis/iment. tiUMKHy WORKS. BLACKFRIAKS ROAD, wkere Purc/iasers AND OTHERS WITH SHELVES, AND HOLLOW OR ORDINARY CAST- GRATE BARS. VERTICAL SAD OLE BOILERS, &o. t make selection on: of i.uar'al hundred Machines of Hand, Ponv. and Horse Power, and have their Orders supplied the same day as they are received. .. -. . The above Machines are Warranted to give entire Satisfaction, otherwise they may be returned AT ONCE, Free of Cost to the Purchaser. N.B.— Those who have Lawn Mowers which need repairing should send them either through their Ironmonger or Seedsman to our Leeds or London Establishment, or direct to us, where they will have prompt attention, as an Efficient Staff of Workmen IS kept at both places. ^^ GARDEN SEATS AND CHAIRS, AND HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, WIRE NETTING, &c., &c. Descriptive Illustrated PRICE LISTS Free on appEcation to THOMAS GREEN & SON, LIMITED, SMITHFIELD IRONWORKS, LEEDS; AND SURREY WORKS, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON ; or they can also be bad of any Ironnjonger, Seedsnjau, Merchant, or Faotor in the United Kingdom. Mabch 26, 1892.] THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. 393 CARTERS' INVICTA LAWN SEEDS Forms beautiful VELVET LAWNS In 8 to 12 Weeks. For making a New Lawn, order 4 lbs. of Carters' Invicta Lawn Seed, costing 5s, Cd., and 14 lbs. of Carters' Lawn Manure, costing 4s.6d.,forevery 1,000 squarefeet. For Small Lawns order a Is., Is. 6d., or 23. 6d. packet. A Is. 6d. packet will sow 150 square feet of New Lawn. To Renovate or Improve a Lawn, order 4 lbs. of Carters' Invicta Lawn Seed, costing 5s. Gd., and 23 lbs. of Carters' Lawn Manure, costing 79., for every 2,000 square feet. ABOVE PARCELS CARRIAGE FREE CARTERS' PAMPHLET UPOH THE MANAGEMENT OF LAWfIS, free for two stamps. ROy.\L SEEDSMEN BY SE.ALEP WARRANTS. 237 2381 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. STANDARD ROSES. SUPERIOR VARIETIES. Special Prices, with CATALOG U E, on application. DicKsoNsssf Chester (LIMITED) Many Acres of Lilies of the Valley I TJANNOOH, Largest Grower of LILIES • OF THE VALLEY in the Kinndom, offers 3-year-ol(i flowering CrowDS tor forcing, and 2 and 1-year-old Crowns for planting out. of unsurpassed quality. Hundreds of testi- monials. Time of sending out, November 1 to May 1. Prices aod terms on application. T. JANNOCH (Lily of the Valley Grower by special appoint- ment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), Dersingham, King's Lynn, Norfolk. VERY FINE STANDARD ORNAMENTAL TREES. ALMOND, fruit-bearing, Is. M. to ?.s. 6(i. BIRCH, Fern-leaved, weeping (silver bark). 10 to 12 feet, 3s each, 30s. per dozen ; 12 to 16 feet, 3s. id. each, 36?. per dozen. ,, Silver weeping. 7 to 8 feet. Is. M, each, 12.!. per dozen ; 8 to 10 feet. Is. M. each, 16s. per dozen ; 10 to 12 fopt, 2s each, 18s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 2s. 6e Society to decide the matter, and determine what position they are to assume, that in the case of new Roses they should determine whether they were to be classed as hybrid perpetuals, or where they were to be put. Some years ago, before Mr. Bennett began his hybridising, and when Cheshunt Hybrid was about the only recognised hybrid Tea, the question wa» 396 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [March 26, 1893. brought before the committee of the National, and aa I was the leader of Her Majesty's Opposition at the time, I am, I think, entitled to write with some degree of authority on the matter. The propositions which were brought before ns for onr consideration were two : 1, That a special class should be made for them as for Teas ; or, 2, that they should be allowed to be exhibited amongst Teas. With regard to the first of these, it was Btrenuonsly urged in opposition that it would be impossible to draw the line and say which were really hybrid Teas. The force of this objection was enriously illustrated in a case which afterwards occurred. Guillot, the celebrated raiser of Lyons, brought out a Rose which he called a yellow hybrid perpetual, now Gloire Lyonnaise ; the Rose in ques- tion has the very faintest suspicion of yellow in it, and is really a hybrid Tea, the tinge of yellow being due to its Tea parent. It was asked during the dis- cussion, " What about Captain Christy?" " Oh, of course, that is a H.P." "Oh, no," said another, "if there is to be a class of hybrid Teas, it ought to go amongst them." It was seen that such an attempt would lead to endless confusion ; but if they were to be shown amongst hybrid perpetuals, then, as a pure Tea was nearly always easily dis- tinguishable, all except them would be included in that comprehensiTe term. This plan haying been rejected, the question was submitted, should they be admitted amongst the Teas ? Here, again. Her Majesty's Opposition interfered ; it was not an obstructive policy, but a genuine opposition. It was urged there was the same primary difficulty as in the former plan, viz., that of deciding what were hybrid Teas ; and besides, it was urged that such an arrangement would quite destroy the exquisite delicacy and refinement of a box of Tea Roses. One can imagine what it would be to see a box in which Souvenir d'Elise, Comtesse de Nadaillac, Anna Oilivier, and Catherine Mermet were mixed up with Cheshunt Hybrid, Reine Marie Henriette, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Viscountess Folkestone, &c. The force of the objection was acknowledcjed, and the National Rose Society, as far as its influence extends, has settled the question, I hope not to be again opened. There was no change of Cabinet in conse- quence of this opposition triumph, both aides of the house accepted the terms, and if the rule laid down has ever been broken, it has been through the ignorance of some neophyte. There is no doubt that many of these hybrid Teas, which sometimes appear on a prize-stand, are most valuable as garden Roses, several of them being of a long rambling habit, and doing admirably as pillar Roses, In this light, than as garden Roses, I proceed to notice a few of the best, as far as I am acquainted with them. Cheshunt Hybrid, the first of the race, said to have been a seedling between Camille de Rohan, H.P., and Madame de Tartas, Tea. This Rose is so universally known and admired, that it is needless to give any description of it. It is of a very free and vigorous habit, blooming very profusely, and mani- festing its Tea blood by its very free autumnal blooming. Climate hot or cold seems to make no difference to it, and although some may object to a certain dulness of the colour, there is no doubt it is, and is likely to continue to be a very popular Rose. Camoens is probably one of the most beautiful garden Roses we have ; it is not large enough for exhibition, and therefore must be grown simply for decorative purposes, but for that it has few equals. The colour is that of a bright China rose, very pretty, whether in bud or expanded, and most valuable for cutting, its somewhat loose growth taking off the stiff'ness which characterises many Roses when placed in bouquets or vases, Grace Darling is one of the late Mr. Bennett's seedlings; for some time it was doubtful whether it should be classed as a Tea or not —but it was ultimately seen that it could not be called a pure Tea, and it is classed now under the Hybrid Perpetuals. But even now so exceptionally good a Tea Rose grower as Mr. George Prince places it amongst Teas ; other growers of note do the same, although they add at the end of the description, a Hybrid Tea. Messrs. Paul & Son, on the other hand, place it where it ought to be, amongst the Hybrid Teas, and this has been the decision of the Committee of the National Rose Society. It is a very pretty flower, of good size, grand colour, white shaded and edged with pink. Viscountess Folkestone, another of Mr. Bennett's seedlings ; a large bloomer, and very often to be seen in exhibition stands. A satiny-pink Rose, sometimes with a salmon shade in it ; it is a very effective Rose, and its large smooth petals makes it very attractive. Eeine Marie Henriette, a climbing Rose, and some- what like Cheshunt Hybrid, but a little brighter. It makes a good contrast when planted near a Gloire de Dijon, or any of the Dijon race ; it is perhaps not so free flowering as the next Rose. Longworth Rambler, a Rose sent out by Mr. George Prince, of Oxford, and so far as I know, the best dark-coloured climbing Rose that we have, not for its individual blooms, which are not so good as those of Cheshunt Hybrid or Reine Marie Henriette, but for its freedom of growth and flowers. It blooms also freely in the autumn, and a plant of which I have at the south-east corner of my house is a perfect sight in the spring months, and during the summer and autumn its flowers are freely produced ; it has a pretty bright-coloured pointed bud, and the foliage is nearly evergreen. There are other hybrid Teas of which I have heard, but not having seen or grown them, I cannot write of them from personal knowledge. There is one which I am told is very bright, with the curious name of Bardou Job ; it is said in Messrs. Paul & Sons' catalogue to be nearly single, but very bright. What are cilled the Hungarian Roses are hybrids of Gloire de Dijon character, and so far as I have seen they are of no use to us in this country ; and I think I have indicated above those of the class which are likely to assuredly please those who wish for something bright amongst their climbing Roses. We have plenty of yellows of the Dijon race. Belle Lyonnaise, Bouquet d'Or, Madame Trifle, and the beautiful climbing yellow Tea, Riive d'Or. We wanted something to contrast with them, and give brightness to the wall or pillar, and these are to found in the Roses mentioned above. Wild Rose. Roses in Pots. As the present is a particularly busy time among these, I think a few practical hints may be welcomed. If pot-Roses are not grown upon the proper lines from the very commencement, they are more often than not one of the most unsatisfactory of all plants under glass. They require a great deal of atten- tion, and this must be given at the proper season, or the results are very far from pleasing. First of all, there should be a judicious selection of varieties, as it is folly to spend as much time and trouble over half-a-dozen blooms as would be neces- sary to get fully treble the number, had a more suitable variety been chosen. Owing to the vast improvements among Roses, one can have almost any shade of colour in suitable varieties for forcing purposes. As a general rule, it will be found advisable to keep to the Tea-scented and Noisette classes, except where a few flowers of the very sweet-scented and dark-coloured hybrid perpetuals are in great demand. Scarcely any of the true hybrid perpetuals flower so freely as the bulk of the Teas, but there have been several improvements among the hybrid Teas, some of which may be considered as our best Roses for pot-work. Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Viscountess Folkestone, and Augustine Guinoisseau, for example. Although any very dark colours would in a measure seem out of place among the more delicate and chaste colours of the Teas, it would, nevertheless, be a great boon if we could secure the very dark and glowing scarlet colours found among the hybrid per- petuals, and still retain the handsome foliage and excessive freedom of the majority of the Teas. There are very few of the hybrid perpetuals that are really suitable for forcing purposes, compared to many of the Teas ; indeed, it is only such kinds as Prince C. de Rohan, General Jacqueminot, Fisher Holmes, Eclair, Duke of Edinburgh, and Souvenir de Charles Montault, that I would grow in pots. These varieties will do very fairly ; but lighter shades, such as pink, salmon, and white, are much better among the trees. The beautiful shades of yellow, apricot, peach, orange, and in some cases with all of these combined, are not to be found among the hybrid perpetuals. I consider the best twelve Tea-scented Roses for pot-work to be the following : — Madame Falcot, Annie Olivier, Innocente Pirola, Souvenir de S. A. Prince, Niphetos,FranciscaKrnger,Perle des Jardins, Cleopatra, Luciole, The Bride, Catherine Mermet, and Rubens. It is difficult to confine oneself to twelve varieties, as there are so many more kinds that seem equally as good. In growing pot Roses, I take it we want good habit, combined with a very free production of first- class blooms. The varieties I have named in this paper will conform to this, and give a grand variety of colour, from the dark Prince C. de Rohan, down to the two purest white Roses, Souvenir de S. A. Prince and Niphetos. For pot-work, I do not mind if the Teas are worked (grafted) upon the Manetti or Briar stock ; according to my experience, there being little if any choice when using the plants for pot culture. I have always maintained that the soil has as much to do with what stock is suitable for any class of Rose as the stock itself ; and the fact of Tea Roses doing so well upon the Manetti when grown in the well-drained soil used for pot plants, is a strong argument in favour of this supposition. Pot Roses must be well established before any hard forcing takes place ; and even then it is very important that they be started steadily. After the growths have reached a length of some 4 or 6 inches, the temperature may be increased with safety. The result of a too hasty treatment at the first, is gene- rally seen in the number of blind growths and more weakly wood than in the former case. It is also of the greatest importance to keep the plants clean and free from insect pests ; if this be carried out from the first, half o( the difliculties are overcome. Green-fly and red-spider are the two worst insect enemies of Roses in pots. Fortunately, they can both be killed and kept down by the same means. At the risk of repetition, I must again say how very necessary it is to start on the right lines. It is fatal to Rose culture if you neglect these two pests for a few days, especially at their first appearance. Once allow them to gain any hold, and it is difficult to eradicate them without checking the tender points of young growth. It matters very little what insecticide is used, so long as you use it in time. Great care will be necessary in mixing the solution, and it will be wiser to err on the side of weakness, and have to give a second application of the remedy, than to syringe with any mixture strong enough to check the growth in any way. The same caution applies to fumigation. A very slight overdose, of either, is the chief cause of the extreme points of the shoots turning black. In this case, the flower from that shoot is lost, and the growth stopped. Such mischief is very easily done, and there is no remedy when once you have given the growth sufficient check to cause this. L'quid manure is of very great assistance to pot plants, but a slightly too strong an application of this will also cause a check, and with the same results. The growing roots of Roses are very tender, and manure must be given in a weak form ; other- wise the tips of the roots will turn brown, and soon rot. It follows, then, that it is much wiser to give the allotted amount of stimulants in weaker doses. The foliage of Roses feeds upon the ammonia from natural manures, and it will be found of immense benefit if you can damp down the walls and walks with a weak solution of manure water. There is no waste in this, because the foliage enjoys the Mabch 26, 1892.J THE GABDENEBS' CHRONICLE. 397 j ammonia, and this last is also a great check upon insects. Rosea must be kept healthy from the first, and in a steady uniform growth ; once allow them to receive a decided check, and failure results. A. P. DISEASES OF THE EEPRO- DUCTIVE ORGANS OF PLANTS, CAUSED BY FUNGI. (Contimie from p. 373) Diseases of the Fruit. The number of diseased conditions of the fruit due to reproductive parasites is so great, that we must content ourselves with reference to a few of the more interesting. They are caused by many very diverse fungi, even the hetercBCismal Uredineaa play the part of reproductive parasites, ^CIDlnM BEHBERIDIS, ETC. Puccinia graminis frequently forms its ajcidio- spores on the fruit of the common Barbery, but this site is almost invariably selected by the fungus when it occuis OQ the common Mahonia. Probably this is due in some measure to the thickness of the cuticle of the evergreen leaves afTording an obstacle to the entrance of the germ-tubes. The secidio- spores which are preceded by an abundant develop- ment of the so-called spermatia, occur on the out- side of the berries, which become distorted by their presence, as the portion invaded by the spawn is unable to expand like the healthy parts of the berry. The affected Mahonia berries will not germinate. Another hetercecious Uredine often forms its fflcidiospores on the fruit of the garden Gooseberry (tig. 57), and another upon the berries of the wild black Currant ; in both cases the affected fruit does not ripen, and behaves in a very similar way to the Mahonia berries. On the ftuit of the Hawthorn the tecidiospores of a Gymnosporangium is sometimes found. It causes an extensive hypertrophy of the fruit, whose repro- ductive functions it abolishes, and so alters it in appearance that one would hardly think the brown shaggy body thus produced could be fruit of this well-known plant. These fungi are probably con- veyed to the flowers by insects ; they afford an interesting object for study, as it is possible such investigations might throw some light on the function of those oigans to which the name spermo- gonia has been applied, and which are known to be visited by insects on account of the secreted sugar they exude. The fruits of the Apple and Pear are very subject to a variety of diseases familiar to all of us, which cause black, dry, more or less circular patches on the exterior. To such an extent does this sometimes occur that the fruit is quite spoiled, the presence of the mycelium rendering the affected part of the fruit hard, woody and tasteless. When many points are attacked, the hardening is so great as to quite pre- vent the expansion of the fruit, so that it does not ripen. The infection takes place very early in the year, almost as soon as the tree has blossomed if not before. So great a pest has this become in the great fruit-growing districts of America, that the State botanists have tried various means for its prevention, the most successful of which seems to be spraying the tree early in the year with Bordeaux Mixture. Peziza pseddo-tuberosa. Even the fruit of the Oak is liable to be attacked, and its functions destroyed by a reproductive parasite. The Peziza pseudo-tuberosa of Rehm is a pretty little cup-shaped fungus, of a brown colour, about half an inch in diameter, supported on a rather long flexuous stem. The interior of the cup is rather paler in colour than the exterior ; the base of the stem grows out from the remains of the interior (cotyledons) of the Acorn, which have been altered by the mycelium into sclerotium-like bodies. The perfect fungus is formed in spring upon Acorns which have laid on the ground during the winter, and which, instead of germinating, beai the fungus. The details of its life- history are at present unknown, but it is probable that they are not unlike in some points those of the species about to be described on the fruit of Vacci- nium. Two other Pezizas, one on the catkins of the Willow, and another on those of the Poplar (Peziza amentacea and Peziza caucus), may also here be alluded to. The Chanberet Disease. From the recent careful study of Woronin, we have learned the full life-history of certain Pezizas which occur upon the dead fruit of the various Cranberries ; the species are four in number: — Sclerotinia vaccinii, on Vaccinium vitis idoja, ,, oxycocci, ,, Oxycoccus, ,, megalospora, ,, uliginosus, ,, baccarum, ,, myrtillus. Sclerotinia vaccinii is a small brown Peziza found in spring upon a sclerotium formed from the fruit of Orchid Notes and Gleanings. Fig. 57.— disease of qoosebekeies. Vaccinium vitis idcea by the action of the mycelium of this fungus. The ocfosporous asci discharge their sporidia into the air ; these, when they alight upon a young green leaf of the host-plant, send out a germ-tube, which penetrates the epidermis of the leaf, and produces a mycelium in its tissues, the presence of the parasite being manifested by a change in colour it produces, and by the development of myriads of moniliform gonidia. These gonidia were found by Woronin to germinate rather differently in various media, such as pure water, rain water. Plum juice, &c. In the natural course of events, however, they are either carried by the wind, or, more frequently, by insects, to the stigmata of the Vaccinium upon which they germinate, and emit a germ-tube, which passes with the pollen-tubes to the ovary. In the ovarian tissues it gives rise to a mycelium, which mumiSes the fruit, and converts it into a sclerotium, that lies dormant during the winter months, and in spring develops the Peziza. C. B. P. tTo be continued.) ORCHIDS AT WARNHAM COURT, HORSHAM. There is, at Warnham Court, the fine estate of C. T. Lucas, Esq., a most complete and extensive glass garden, arranged in the form of a square, the whole of which may be traversed without once going into the open air. During the last two years, under the guidance of Mr. C. J. Lucas, considerable attention to Orchids has been given, and at present they occupy one side of the above-mentioned square. In one house there is a rich display of Cattleya Trianae, one specimen of which, from an imported mass, has produced a pure white variety on the one half, and a crimson-lipped form on the other. Among the other finely-flowered plants arranged with the Cattleyas, we noticed a fine specimen of Miltonia Warscewiczii, a splendid form of Dendrobium Far- meri, some superb varieties of Dendrobium nobile, among which the true D, n. nobilius and an equally richly-coloured but distinct variety, named D. n. nobilior, were the most beautiful. In this house, too, is a large plant of Platyclinis glumacea, with about sixty spikes of bloom; two fine Dendrobium fim- briatum oculatum, the rich crimson-spotted Lycaste plana Measuresiana, a fine form of Masde- vallia chimasra, and of the nearly black-flowered M. Roezlii ; Cymbidium Lowianum, with nine spikes ; the new Grammatophyllum Measures- ianum, with a fine inflorescence; various good Lycaste Skinneri, and many well-flowered Den- drobium Wardianum, D. Findlayanum, D. cras- sinode, and the other species to be found flowering at this season ; some bright colour being given by the orange-scarlet Lajlia harpophylla and L. cinna- barina, and one of the most beautiful of white Orchids showing up in Ccelogyne cristata alba. In all places where Orchids are grown there are some things which do better than others, and at Warnham Court, the species of AngrEecum seems to take the lead in vigorous health and floriferouanes* It is pleasant to see the profusion with which the plants of A. EUisii, A. articulatum, A. Sanderianum, A. fastuosum, A. bilobum, A. Leonis, A. sesqui- pedale, and other species produce their flower-spikes. In the same house the varieties of Miltonia Roezlii flourish exceedingly well, also Vanda Sanderiana, and Oncidium papilio. Some of the last-named are in flower, and are not afflicted with that periodical degeneration which so many growers lament in this species. Other plants in flower with the Angriecnms are Ansellia africana, Dendrobium Wardianum album, D. Dalhousianum, D. endocharis X, D. Ainsworthii X, D. crepidatnm, Epidendrum rhizo- phorum, Cypripedium grandeX. C. Sedeni candidu- lumX, C. Lathamianum X, Calanthe veratrifolia, Cymbidium eburneum. &c. In the Cattleya-house the new C. Rex and C. Victoria regina are to be found. A fine clear variety of C. amethystoglossa, a few C. Percivaliana, and some C. Trianae were also in bloom, together with plants of Dendrobium lituiflorum, D. Brymer- ianum, D. Pierardi, D. primulinum, D. superbum, D. devonianum, and D. aggregatum. In the next house the perpetual- flowering D. rhodostoma x we noticed in bloom; the large specimens of Phalae- nopsis in fine health, and Cypripedium Ains- worthii X.and other species. In this house some fine specimens of Gymnogramma scbizophylla arranged with the Orchids are very effective, and conducive to the health of the Orchids grown with them. In the next house a mass of the pretty little Epidendrum polybulbon bears its neat flowers ; Cat- tleya citrina, Masdevallia Estradaa, M. Shuttle- worthii, and various other species, were noticeable ; also a fine Vanda Cathcartii, just finished flowering. The occupants of the cool-houses are in the most perfect health, and showing well for flower. Among those already in flower is a very handsome rose- tinted, spotted form of Odontoglossum crispum, 398 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 26, 1892.- closely allied to the fine 0. c. punctatissimum which realised such a high price when sold at Messrs. Protheroe & Morris' Rooms. From the general good condition of the Orchids at Warnham Court, and the number of difficult subjects successfully cultivated, aprosperous future may be anti- cipated for the Orchid collection there ; but as every branch of modern gardening is carried out in a very creditable manner by Mr. Duncan, the gardener, evidently the Orchids are not allowed to encroach on the rights of other things. Especially noteworthy at present is the house of Warnham Court Seedling Amaryllis, noted for their good substance and brilliance of colour ; the taste- fully arranged greenhouses, literally a mass cf bloom, with greenhouse Rhododendrons, Azalea mollis, Cliveias, Primulas, Cinerarias, the lofty Palm-housea and stoves with their gigantic An- thuriuma and other ornamental plants, and the roomy rockery conservatory with its Fern-clad sides and handsome and costly marble statuary. For back walls or pillars, there are many plants that are suitable, and among them Habrothamnus elegans and H. Newelli. As Habrothamnus iiower from the young wood, they should be pruned back when the flowers fade, and fresh shoots encouraged, Clianthus puniceus makes a beautiful pillar plant, and should be treated much in the same way as the Habrothamnus, but being subject to red-spider, syringing must not be neglected, or the leaves will soon suffer. J. 8. CONSERVATOKY CLIMBERS. Among the best climbers for a conservatory are the Tacsonias, the most suitable of these being T. exoniensis and T. Van Volxemii ; the first-mentioned is the hardier and freer -growing of these two varieties, and it blooms nearly the whole year. The flowers are about 6 inches long and tubular, and being of a bright pink or rosy- salmon shade, they make a fine show, T. Van Volxemii is moderately free in growth, and produces flowers of a large size, measuring quite 3 inches across, and of a crimaon-claret colour, the tube being much shorter than that of T. exoniensis. The best way of managing these Tacsonias is to plant them out in a prepared border, as they require more root-room than can be usually afforded in a pot, box, or tub. Drainage must be provided, placing 6 inches of broken bricks in the bottom, and some fresh-cut sods or tuives, with the grass side down- wards, over these. Fill up with a mixture of good fibry loam and peat, with a dash of sand to keep the whole porous. All will then be in readiness for the plants. Healthy young plants should be obtained, turned out of the pots, and the lower roots carefully separated, that they may be laid out properly in the soil. After planting, give a soaking of water, and tie up the main shoot. All side growths must be stopped by pinching out the points, as then the strength of the whole plant will be thrown into the centre, which will lengthen fast, and may soon be led up and across under rafter or girder, from which a certain number of side branches should be allowed to run down and depend in their own natural way. Thin out, from time to time, shoots that have become too long or have flowered, and so give room for young growths. Passifloras, though not so showy, have advantages over Tacsonias, inasmuch as they are seldom attacked by any insects, and they are exceedingly graceful climbers, and particularly suitable for all tall large structures. There are many varieties, the hardiest being the good old P. racemosa ccerulea ; Constance Elliot is also good, and, having white flowers, affords a fine contrast. Bignonia Cherere and B. capreolata are both desirable, and do well for growing on the roofs of conservatories ; but to flower freely, they require their roots confined to a small compas?. For producing a quick growth, there is nothing to equal the Coboeas, the variegated variety being very beautiful. The most suitable compost for the Cobteis is a rich fibry loam, with about one-third peat. Tropffiolums are brilliant when in flower, and do well in light sunny roofs in a warm house. In shaded positions, and where there is a cool moist atmosphere, nothing can equal Lapagerias. Before planting, free drainage is essential, and rough soda or large lumps of peat, with plenty of silver- sand thrown in between, should be used, as during all the growing and flowering season water has to be applied very freely, and it is necessary that it passes readily through. The Week's Work. PLANTS UBTBER GLASS. By E. MiLXER, Gardener, Penrice Gardens, Swansea. THE PLANT STOVE.— Pot up more tubers of Achimenes which have been started in heat. The potting compost should consist of two parts leaf-soil, one of sifted loam, and suflicient sand to keep the soil open. Another batch of Caladium tubers may also be put into heat, using pots suitable to the size of the tubers, but avoiding too large pots. Cala- diums do not care to be disturbed at the roots after growth has commenced, which makes it necessary to give them sufficiently large pots at the first. Equal parts of peat and loam, with sand in proportion, will be found a suitable compost for them. Avoid the common mistake of placing the tubers too deep in the soil ; they should be just under the surface, not more. Water them sparingly until the leaves have commenced to show, but when the plants get into full growth, they will require a plentiful supply. Pot another batch of Gloxinias and Tuberous Begonias, and start in moderate warmth. If possible, all of the above subjects should be plunged in a warm bed of sweet Oak leaves, the bottom heat of which should range from 75° to 80°, the night temperature being from 65° at night to 70° by day. AUamandas, Dipladenias, &c., which are in full growth, will require regular attention in the matter of regulating the young growths, and a sharp look- out must be kept for mealy-bug, as with greater warmth this pest will be found to increase rapidly. Liquid manure water in a tepid state should be aflorded to Gardenias, whose flower buds are swelling, syringing them twice a day when the weather is bright, and until the flowers expand, when it must be discontinued. THE GREENHOUSE.— Young stock of Fuchsias raised from cuttings in the autumn which have been potted, as previously advised, into 4-inch pots, will now be ready for moving into pots of a larger size. These plants require a rich compost and firm potting. Get the plants to grow quickly ; and to give them a bushy habit, the side shoots and also the leaders should be stopped occasionally, at the same time keeping the plants well up to the roof- glass. When obtainable, put in more cuttings of Fuchsias. The plants will be found useful for furnishing purposes late in the summer and autumn months. Cuttings of the following plants may be put in, viz., Coleus, Petunias, Helio- tropes, Ivy-leaved and zonal Pelargoniums, &c., which will strike quickly at this season, if inserted in a sandy compost, and the pots plunged in a gentle bottom heat in the propagating-frame, taking pre- cautions to shade tliem during the continuance of bright sunshine. When the cuttings are well rooted, they should be potted off singly into small pots, as if left in the cutting-pots too long, they are liable to become spindly, which in all cases should always be avoided. A good compost for the above plants con- sists of two parts loam, one each of leaf-soil and decayed manure, and sand in proportion to keep the soil porous. IVY-LEAVED PELARGONIUMS.— These make very pretty basket plants, especially when two or three varieties are placed together. Cuttings propagated in the autumn and potted iu -I-inch pots, will now be ready for this purpose. A good compost for them is two parts fibrous loam, and one each of leaf- mould and decayed manure, with a free addition of silver-sand. Plants which are intended for pot- culture, which are at the present time in small pots, may now be shifted into 32's or large 48's, placing a neat stick to the plants, and support them loosely with matting. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By H. A. Burberry, Orchid Grower, Highhury,Bir!ningkam. EVERGREEN CALANTHES AND PHAIUS. — Calanthes of the evergreen section thrive the best in a compost of which loam forms the chief ingredient. The intermediate-house suits the plants during the summer months, but in winter it is better to remove them to another house having a little higher degree of warmth. Calanthes, like other Orchids, sometimes get too much water, but it is a rule that all that they require is to be afforded water when they become dry, like most other kinds of plants. When the new growths of Calanthes are infested by thrips, a little sulphur dusted down into the axils of the leaves renders their dislodgment easy, Phaius grandifolius and P, Humblotii are species that are likewise best when grown in a compost that consists of chiefly loam, and the plants should now be repotted. The former will grow in almost any part of the warmest house, but Humblotii is not so easy to grow satisfactorily. The plant must be placed close to the roof glass in the warmest house, and where plenty of light may be found, MORMODES, CATASETUM, CORYANTHES, AND OYCNOCHES. — Sunlight and heat are also indis- pensable factors for the successful cultivation of these plants, and during the season of growth no better place can be found for them than is afforded by the Dendrobium-house, where, suspended near the roof in pans or baskets, they grow satisfactorily. Like most of the Dendrobiums, they should be rested, after the new growth is finished, in cooler and airier quarters. THE DENDROBIUM-HOUSE.— As previously men- tioned, the requirements of Dendrobiums must be met by providing them with a house or compartment where sunlight can reach them, and which is lofty, so that any part of the roof may be utilised for hanging up baskets and pans, and a good circulation of fresh air is ensured without causing the air to become arid. It should.be provided with roller blinds of thin texture, which should be put in use no oftener than is neces- sary to prevent scorching of the leaves. True, these plants often have to be grown in the so-called East Indian-house, with other tropical Orchids which re- quire more shade than they do, such as PhaloB- nopsis, Saccolabiums, and Cypripediums, and when this is the case, much care is needed in order to give to each species its proper place in the house. This house must be a light one, and those species which love shade may be accommodated even in a sunny house ; but it is next to impossible to grow those which require much sunlight in a low, badly- ventilated, or dark house. All the necessary work of surfacing or re-potting the Dendrobiums is best done when the flowering is over, or very soon after- wards, as much injury will result if the young growth and roots are allowed to get far advanced before doing this. If one part of this house is hotter than another, that will be a good place for D. Bensoni, when it has flowered and is about to make growth, and with it D. formosum giganteum and D. Lowii will be well suited in thsit part. It is not prudent to let any water lodge in the young growths of Den- drobiums, and I think that D, superbum (macrophyl- lum) is one of those most easily injured in that way. As a potting compost, nothing but the best of sphagnum moss and fibrous peat should be used, and the best results may be expected from those which are grown in small pans, pots, or baskets — for small plants, pans are always to be preferred to baskets, as the roots encircling the Teak bars of the latter are certain to be damaged when re-basketing is per- formed. For large plants, earthenware pans are much too heavy to be hung on the roof, and baskets are better. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN". By G. Woodward, Gardener, Barham Court, Maidstone, GRAFTING FRUIT TREES.— Trees which have been headed-back, as previously advised, will soon require to be grafted. The two best methods of doing this are rind and whip-grafting; the former is generally practised upon standards, or trees that have very large branches to be grafted, and it is also a more simple operation than whip-grafting. For this kind of grafting, select parts of the stem which are smooth, and free from knots, for the insertion of the scions. The grafter should then, with a very sharp knife, slit the bark from the top of the stump downwards, fora distance of 6 inches, and upon oppo- site sides, two scions being, in a general way, as many as should be placed upon one limb, but more may be inserted, according to the size of the branches. The scions should be about 6 or 7 inches in length, the lower half to be cut slanting, and the edges slightly pared, so that a junction of the two rinds is brought abont. The scion should be carefully forced home under the bark, and bound firmly but gently with soft broad strips of bast or raflia, and then be coated over with grafting-clay or pug, or grafting- Mabch 26, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 399 wax to exclude the air. Where the stock is small, whip-grafting is the best method, and it may be performpd a little earlier in the season than the former. In carryingoutthis method, the branchehould be cut off in a slanting direction, the higher point of this cut being farthest away from the graft ; a thin slice of the side of the stock is then cut away, and the scion fitted to this exposed surface. This will leave a snag above the point of junction, which is even- tually cut away. To this snag it is necessary some- times to tie the young growth, to save it from being broken out. The graft should be prepared as advised above, but with this difference, viz., that a thin wedge-shaped piece, or tongue, be cut from the scion in an upright direction, about half an inch from the top of the cut. When this is done, the scion may be wetted, and placed in position on the branch, taking care that the barks of stock and scion touch on one or both sides, binding and claying it over. GRAFTING CLAY.— This is made from clay or stiff yellow loam, with the addition of a little cow dung and horse droppings. The ingredients should be thoroughly- well beaten together with a spade several days before the clay is required for use, and if it be well kneeded with the hands when using it, there will be no cracking of the stuff when dry. be planted so as to nearly touch each other, pressing the soil well about the roots of the plants. CALCEOLARIAS, ETC.— Where plants of Calceo- larias, Leucophyton Bruwnii, and such-like are likely to get crowded in their winter quarters, they should be thinned out, planting the thinnings, which should be furnished each with its ball of soil, on beds of soil placed on a hard bottom in a warm situation, making the soil lirm about the roots, and afterwards giving water to settle it, and affording shading during strong sunshine for a few days, and matting them over at night. THE FLOWER GARDEN. Bi/ H. W. Ward, Gardener, Lonijford Castle, Salislury, DESIGNING GEOMETRICAL OR CARPET-PATTERN BEDS AND THE PLANTING OF THE GROUNDWORK WITH HARDY CARPETING PLANTS.— In Italian, and other geometrically laid- out gardens, the style of bedding-cut known for several years past under the popular name of carpet-bedding, generally commands the attention and admiration of visitors when it is not overdone, when the designs are neatly executed, and due regard paid to the habits of the plants em- ployed in forming the panels of the design, as well as the harmony and contrast of colour; but let it be distinctly understood that I only advocate a few of the beds in any one garden to be so planted. They then, in addition to affording variety and an opportunity to those engaged in the work of dis- playing their skill and taste, contrast most efftc- tively with mixed beds, and beds filled with masses of pink, scarlet, yellow, white, &o., which surround them. In the case of the beds at this place, the groundwork of the carpet-beds remain intact all the winter, the surrounding beds being planted with spring- flowering plants in variety. Next week we shall take up all the groundwork of Sedums, &c., from one set of beds with the turfing-iron, and deposit them in sunny places among the trees in certain parts of the grounds, where they will look well for one year, at least. The beds will then be manured, dug, trodden over, and raked quite level, preparatory to getting out the designs. Each of the several parts of the individual designs should be sufficiently large and well-defined, as to admit of the necessary number of foliage plants of separate and distinct colour for producing an effective and well-balanced whole being put into each piece. In recent years we get out our designs on the beds without making any previous preparation. A geometrical figure, suit- able to the size and shape of the bed, is thought out, and at once roughly outlined with the marking- rod, or a large pair of wooden compasses, according as the design is to take the form of straight lines, and points, or curves, afterwards working out the approved design according to scale. This is ever so much easier and quicker than getting out the designs beforehand on paper, and then trans- ferring them to the beds. As soon as the patterns are got out, the ground-work is planted. We use Sedum acre var. aurea for all our oblong beds, as it assumes a beautiful golden colour on the approach of spring ; and S. acre elegans and S. Lydium in pairs in our hexagonal beds. These Sedums, together with panels of Golden Chickweed (Stellariagraminea aurea), are planted in small bunches, at from 2 to 3 inches apart every way, making the soil fairly firm about the roots ; planting, and then watering through a rosed can, to settle the soil, repeating the applica- tion a few times in the absence of rain until the roots have taken to the soil. Other suitable hardy carpeting plants are Cerastium tomentosum (silvery foliage), C. arvense (green), Mentha Pulegium gibral- taricum (green), Ilerniaria glabra (green), Saxifrage densa (green), and Antennaria tomentosa (silvery). I may remark that we plant a row of Echeveria secunda glauca in the slightly raised edges of the beds in a mixture of cow-manure and loam made to the con- sistency of stiff mortar before getting out the designs, afterwards planting some in them. Echeverias shouM THE KITCHEN GARDEN. By G. Wi'THKS, Gardener, Syon House, Brentford. GENERAL WORK. — The past severe weather de- layed work, but the favourable weather will permit of all arrears being brought up as regards ground work. The sowing of the Parsnip and Onion crops should be completed at the earliest moment that the ground is in condition to tread upon it, but on no account should the operations be begun whilst the land is wet. I advised the planting out of Peas raised in heat, but owing to hard weather, this has been delayed to a later date than usual ; if the plants have had free ventilation, no harm will be done them. Peas may be sown for succession crops as soon as the land is fit, staking and protecting the early crop from birds. If slugs are troublesome, dust the rows with soot and dry wood-ashes. EARLY RADISHES, ETC.— Seeds of these favourite salad plants should be sown on warm borders as soon as the weather will permit, the seeds being coated with oil and then with red lead to prevent loss by birds, which readily occurs from the seed being sown on the surface and slightly raked in. Cover the beds with dry litter to forward germination, mats or dry straw being employed, but whichever it is, it must be removed during the day, and be replaced at night if frost threatens. Early Carrots should also be sown on a south border. The French Horn or the Early Nantes are each good for this, and should be sown thinly. If early Carrots are much in demand, a good bed of the Early Scarlet Short Horn will be very useful early in the season. Leeks for early winter use should be sown thinly, thereby rendering removal possible without loss of roots and with a nice ball of earth. The Lyons Leek is one of the best for early use, and when well grown it comes of a large size and is of mild flavour. For the late crop sow the Musselburgh. Plants still remaining in the trenches should be replanted with a ball of roots and soil in a border, not facing north. If these plants do not become dry at the root they will be good for eating for some time longer. The removal of the plants hinders running to seed. CELERY. — If seeds were sown as advised, the plants will now require pricking off into frames or boxes, on a mild hotbed, shading them for a few days afterwards. When large quantities of early Celery are required, a bed of tree leaves and litter with a garden frame on it, is the best place for the pricked- off plants. Seed for the main crop of Celery may now be sown, choosing those varieties that are of medium size, a selection of which was given a month ago. If a mild or spent hotbed can be utilised for these seeds so much the better, as then the plants are not crowded, if the sowing be done thinly. These plants will come away with good roots when lifted to be pricked off on a sheltered border, and will not flag like thickly-sown ones. Use good rich light compost for the seed-bed, and never let them be checked in growth in any way. The Celery still remaining in ridges may be dug up and laid in thickly on a north border, taking care to cover it well with the mould, and to preserve most of the roots. I have had Celery, the Standard Bearer, in good condition to the end of the month of May ; care must be taken to keep the sticks in an upright position as when growing. ONIONS for seed-bearing should be planted, and to keep the stocks true the bulbs must be planted in widely separated parts of the garden. The autumn sown Onions should be transplanted into rich land, making the ground and the roots firm as the work of transplanting proceeds. ARTICHOKES.— The beds of Globe Artichokes clear of winter protecting materials, and dig with a fork the spaces between the rows, after affording a dressing of manure if the plantation is an old one, and stands in need of assistance. Gaps in the rows make good by dividing the largest roots; but if the plantation is iu a bad state, I would advise the lifting of a portion of it, splitting the plants so lifted into good-sized pieces, trenching and manuiing the ground, and making a new bed. There ia nothing gained by allowing these plants to occupy a ground lor too long a time, the crowns becoming each year less succulent. I would advise the use of fish manure when the plants are in growth, putting it on as a top-dressing, and forking it in ; common salt is also beneficial to Artichokes. Seeds may be sown early in the spring — three seeds in a small pot, in a warm house; but suckers are best. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES. — Tubers may be planted in trenched ground that was well manured for some earlier crops, planting them in a sunny spot. Sutton's White is much superior to the old kind of Artichoke, being white in the skin, with shallower eyes, and of better shape. Plant in rows 3 feet apart, and 18 inches in the row. CARDOONS. — Seeds may now be sown in heat — three seeds in a 48-pot, removing the two weaker ones when it is seen which is the strongest seedling. Harden off in a cold frame when the roots get round the sides of the pot, and plant them out in the month of May in trenches 18 inches to 2 feet apart in the trench, and 5 feet from trench to trench. The plants require much water when growing. FRUITS UNDER GLASS. By J. RiDliELL, Gardener, Castle Howard, York. POT VINES. — Some of the Vine eyes put in turves or pots in January, and given a brisk bottom- heat will now be fit to transfer to 6-inch pots. Only those, however, which have made from 5 to 7 inches of growth should at present be dealt with ; the potting of the remainder had better be deferred until they have arrived at the same stage. A rough compost of fibrous yellow loam, spent Mushroom- bed, lime, ashes from the burnt refuse heap, and a fair proportion of bone manure will form a good medium for their roots, if of the same degree of warmth as the house in which the Vines are grown when used. Pot moderately firm, and return them to the hot-bed, in which they should again be plunged, and the soil well moistened with tepid water. Support each plant with a stake, and stop all lateral growths at the first leaf. Maintain a temperature of 60° at night, and 80° in the day- time, with sun-heat, and a free circulation of air. Sprinkle the beds and paths frequently in bright weather with water, in order to obtain a humid atmosphere. ORANGE TREES planted out in beds which have a tendency to make strong growths and bear poor crops of fruit, may now be root-pruned. The size of a plant will determine the radius of root space to leave undisturbed ; those 12 feet or 14 feet in height, with 9 feet of spread of branches, may have their roots cut to within 3 feet of their stem, smaller plants being root-pruned closer. On the other hand, sickly plants will be improved in health by removing a quantity of the surface soil, replacing a mixture of loam, leaf-mould, and lime. Alternate dressings of superphosphate and kainit may also be frequently applied to the soil, and washed in. Plants in pots and tubs may be shifted into larger sizes, according to their requirements, and given the compost and treatment advised for those planted out. Syringe the plants twice daily, except when they are in flower, and give them a minimum temperature of from 50° to 55°, with a maximum of 70° to 75°, and admit air freely in mild weather. FIGS propagated in the early part of January should be in a condition to require larger pots ; loam, wood-ashes, old lime rubbish, well-broken charcoal, spent Mushroom manure, and Vine and plant manure will prove an excellent mixture for them. These, however, should be well blended, and raised to the same temperature as the bed in which the plants are plunged before being used. Return the plants to the hot-bed from which they have been taken (after being repotted), and supply them with water to meet their wants. Use the syringe to damp the foliage in the morning and when the house is shut up in the afternoon, and endeavour to secure a saturated atmosphere. When the plants get a hold of the fresh materials with their roots, and make growths 6 inches in length, these may be stopped to induce branching, if plants to fruit in pots be desired, otherwise they may be allowed to extend 15 inches before being pinched. A temperature of 65° to 70° at night is suitable at this period. PINES. — Any of the Pine suckers put in last autumn and which were found deficient of roots when the general repotting took ]ilace, and were then allowed to stand over, may again be examined, and treated according to their rfquircmeuts. 400 THE GARDENERS' CHRONIGLE. Jarch 26, 1892. EDITORIAL NOTICES. iLLVST'R^'no'SB.— Photographs or drawings, suitable for repro- dicction in these pages, oj gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, iVc, are particularly solicited. Newspapehs. — Correspondents sending newspapers sfiould be careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see. Advertisements shoiUd not be sent to the Editor, but to the Publisher. APPOINTMENTS FOR JHE ENSUING WEEK. MEETINGS. SATUEDAY, Mab. 26— Koj al BolaDJc. FRIDAY, April 1— Dundee Horlicultural Association. S H O WS. SATURDAY, Mab. 26— Crystal Palace. TTTFSnAY MiR jo » Br'gkton and Sussex Horticul- TUtbDAY, MAB. .9 ■^ j^j^^j Association (two days). SALES. ( Hardy Perennials, Carnations, MONDAY, Mab. 23.J Poeonies, Phlox, &c., at Pro- ( theroe & Morris' Rooms. TIIFSnAV M»ii rqJBOOO Odontogloisum crispum, &c., TUJliDAY, JMAE. .i)^ at Protheroe&, Morris' Rooms. /2000 choice Rose Trees, BOO F'uit I Trees, laurels, &c., at Steveos' WEDNESDAY MAB. SOi Jj"^,^- j,„„,^ p^,„,^ e,^ai„,i. Begonias, &c., at Protheroe & N Morris' Rooms. ■r.T,TT,*xT 1 1 ( Established Orchids at Protheroe & FRIDAY, APEILl^ Morris' Rooms. iLiliums, Begonias, Fruit Trees, Rose Trees. &c., at Stevenb' Rooms. CORRECTED AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE ENSU- ING WEEK. DEDUCED FROM THE OBSERVATIONS OF FORTY-THREE YEARS, AT CHISWICK.-45°. In a previous number, p. 368, we TheNomencla- ^^^^ allusion to the dead-lock ture of Plants. ,, , .,, . -p ..^ u ^ e that will arise if the rule of priority," or strict chronology of nomenclature is to be adopted without exception. With Dr. Kuntzb's book, on which we also commented last week, before us, we might say the dead- lock has arisen. That book, however, will, we hope, act as a deterrent to the ultra purists. The logic of common sense will surely be allowed to prevail, and what is practicable will be adopted in preference to what is theoretically perfect. With all respect for the rule of priority, and fully recognising the propriety of conforming to it as much as possible, we can but regard it as an arbitrary convention adopted for the sake of its utility, not as an absolute principle of science, such as the law of gravitation or the doctrine of evolution. The spirit must be more regarded than the letter, and a certain amount of latitude in the application of the rule must be allowed ; at any rate, it is sure to be taken in the future as it has been in the past. We commend to the attention of horticul- turists the modification of Art. 4 of the " Lois," proposed by Dr. Wittmack, of Berlin : — " A custom contrary to the rules, and contrary in particular to the principles of priority, which does not produce confusion, but which gives greater clearness, may be accepted [continued]." Dr. Wittmack further suggests that although a generic name may change in accordance with the progress of science, yet it is essential for horticultural purposes to retain the old name, if it be one sanctioned by long custom ; thus, both Sinapis and Brassica may be retained in gardens, although the former name has been suppressed by Bentham and Hooker. Where custom secures clearness, and chrono- logy produces confusion, there is little doubt to which side the balance will incline. In order to prevent license, however, some check must be imposed, else every one might do as was good in his own eyes, and the confusion would become greater even than that which 0 K. threatens to impose upon us. That check may be furnished by some judicial machinery calculated to secure the interpreta- tion of the rule, and especially its equitable appli- cation. Nor do we think the elements of such machinery are far to seek. The Oenera Plantarum of Bbntham and Hooker, complete so far as the higher divisions are concerned, and published in part before the Botanical Congress of 1867 and the promulgation of the " Lois," stands a monument to the industry and sagacity of its authors. Vast as it is, it is no mere compilation, but it is based upon the personal examination, so far as that was possible, of every genus mentioned, as well as of the literature concerning it. There, then, is the standard for generic nomenclature. It is not perfect, it is not free from error of com- mission or omission, bibliographical or other- wise. Its arrangement hardly conforms with the existing state of our knowledge of botanical structure. What then ? It is impossible that a work, the first part of which was published in 1862, and the last in 1883, could be perfect, even though it were effected by botanists of such consummate judgment and unrivalled experience and opportunities as Bbntham and Hooker. No book could be. Certainly Linn^us's Species Plantarum has its inconsistencies. Corrections of matters of fact and modifications of nomen- clature must in consequence be made from time to time, but by whom? Not certainly by the bibliographer, who by accident stumbles across a volume of forgotten lore which inva- lidates a name in general use and accepted in the Genera Plantarum. Let such gentlemen call attention to the matter ; botanists will be grateful to them for so doing, but let them refrain from adding another synonym till the case has been investigated by a competent mono- grapher. He is the proper person to decide — not from an isolated example — but from a review of all the facts of the case, whether any change of nomenclature is needed, and, if so, what. But, it will be said, there are monographers and mono- graphers : one man's judgment and experience are much more valuable than another's. Quite true ; but these diiferences soon become percep- tible, and the botanical public is not long in dis- tinguishing a trustworthy from an untrustworthy guide. It ignores the leading of the one, whilst thankfully accepting the guidance of the other. A certain amount of confusion, inconvenience, and incertitude is inevitable. It is in the nature of things, but they are less than the corresponding evils arising from the attempted application of a rigidly fixed standard to cases to which such a standard is unfitted. We submitthen,that subject to the requisite changes to be made by competent men after deliberate investigation, the Genera Plantarum should be taken as the standard for the nomenclature of genera. As to the nomenclature of species, the princi- ples are the same. Abide by the rule of priority, so far as possible, but do not set it up as a fetish. The name is but the means to an end, not the end itself ; it is but as a word in a dictionary compared to the science of language. For the proper uomenclatare of species, we naturally turn to the most recent monograph. The pub- lication of a monograph affords a guarantee that the author has studied his subject in detail, comparatively as well as a whole, and therefore, we accept his decisions till circumstances neces- sitate their revision — for finality is not to be ex- pected in natural science. Botanists will have on the completion of the Index Kewensis, a great aid in the nomenclature and chronology of species. This Index, the cost of which was defrayed by the late Charles Darwin and his executors, has been in preparation at Kew for the last ten or more years by Mr. Datdon Jackson and his assistants, with the constant aid and supervision of Sir Joseph Hooker. The manuscript is now completed, and the early sheets are in the Press. It is a colossal work, which will be of the highest service to monographers and others ; but from the nature of things, it can never have the authority of the Genera Plan'arum. It will be by far the completest register of names and dates that has ever been published. Every available botanical book, from 1735 downwards, has been consulted, the records of every natural history society at home or abroad have been searched, and the result is the gigantic list above mentioned — -but still it is only a list. It will not, so far as we see, in any way supersede the necessity for each subsequent monographer exercising his own judgment, although it will enormously facilitate his task. Some years since, a writer in this Factlitles journal advocated the desirability for selling all produce — greenstuff excluded — by sample only, the sample exhibited at market being guaranteed to truly represent the bulk. This was submitted as one of the many aids to economy which have from time to time engaged the attention of market growers with a desire to market their own goods, and salesmen desirous of enlarging their " sphere of influence." Some good was the result of the agitation, and one would have thought that advantage would to-day be taken of the Parcel Post to widen the direct influence on a wide- extended market or purchasing public by both parties interested. Some remarks on the sup- posed disappearance from Co vent Garden of the best fruit of the past season led one of our correspondents to mike inquiry at St. Martin's- le-Grand as to whether fruit-samples were be- coming every-day affairs coming under the cognisance of the authorities there. The result was given a month since — there was no knowledge of an increase in that direction. But the answer was so general, that our correspondent per- severed in the attempt to learn if fruit samples were to any extent sent through the existing postal channels. The result of a widespread inquiry made by the Post OHice oflicials has been given to us by the gentleman appointed, who has arrived at the conclusion that the Post Ofiice is not used at all by the trade — salesman or grower — in extending the sale of fruit. It is not for us to say whether this is a bad or a good thing — suflicient that we state the fact ; those who read are quite competent to form their own conclusion. In the course of conversation, our informant gleaned some satisfactory tales re- specting the use made by seedsmen and florists of all postal facilities, many of which are known to the reader — the value placed on the service by the folks in the Scilly Isles — how that for Primrose Day use one firm sends per post no fewer than 3000 parcels, &c. But there is one little item that should be more widely known than it is — it is of little use trying to mulct the Customs oflicials by endeavouring to smuggle goods through the Post Ofiice as flowers : the parcels are opened by ofiicers detailed for the purpose ; and thus it happens that well-laid schemes for evading the pay- ment of duty " gaag aft agley," as Burns hath it. The matter of comparison between fruit and flower growers and the notes concerning these may safely be left for cogitation. [The Gardeners' Chronicle. March 26. I89S. Fig 58.— nepenthes stenophtlla. from a photogeaph. (see p. 402.) 402 THE GABDENEBS' GHBONICLE. [Maech 26, 1893. Nepenthes stenophylla.— In our number for August 30, 1800, p. 240, we described this Bornean species, so that we need not enter into detail again. The pitchers are of a green colour, mottled with red, and, as the illustration shows (fig. 68), so freely produced, that it may be commended to the notice of growers who find other and more showy species difficult to manage. The illustration is from a figure by Mr. H. J. Veitch. LlNNEAN Society. — At the meeting on March 17, Professor Stewaet, President, in the chair, Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited specimens of Phacelo- carpua disciger, a new species of seaweed from Cape Colony, collected by Dr. Beckeb near the mouth of the Kowie river. One of the specimens exhibited bore antheridia, which have \ not previously been described in this genus. The species differ from those already known in bearing the organs of reproduction on the surface of the frond instead of on the margin. Mr. Bdxton Shillitoe exhibited and made some remarks upon the flowers of Leacoium vernum and Helleborus viridis. On behalf of Mr. Allan Swan, the Secretary read a paper " On the Vitality of the Spores of Bacillus megatherium." Mr. J. B. Carlill submitted a paper entitled " Notes on Zebras." " Kew Bulletin."— In dealing with a body like the Treasury, one has always to bear in mind that they have to consider the cui bono aspect of affairs, and rightly so. But the Treasury may be also expected to exercise some amount of judgment and intelligence. If it be true, as we learn from the Times, that the Kew Biilletm is to come to an end, we shall be obliged to conclude that the Treasury has very little acquaintance with what is important for the interests of Greater Britain. The Kew Bulletin is a publication to be improved, enlarged, more widely diffused — anything rather than discon- tinued. Such a publication is essential to the full realisation not only of the resources of Kew, but also of the capabilities of our colonies. It should be greatly developed rather than arrested in its course. Dutch Potato Crop.— Our Dundee corre- spondent, says the Liverpool Journal of Commerce, March 21, telegraphs that, owing to the failure of the Dutch Potato crop, large quantities of Potatos are being shipped from ports on the north-east coast of Scotland to Rotterdam. During the season, it is expected that over 1000 tons will be exported weekly from Dundee, Arbroath, Montrose, and Anstruther, to Holland. The supplies are princi- pally to be consumed, while there is a small quantity to be used as seed. Good prices are being obtained by the shippers. The Horticultural College at Swanley. ^For some time past (sajs the Dailt/ News of March 17) this College has been in receipt of a grant from Government, and this spring it starts under the auspices of the Kent County Council, which has at its disposal a sum of £23,000 for the promotion of technical education. Of this handsome sum the Council has, after very careful investigation, voted £1200 a year for two years to the College, in return for which they have secured the right to send twenty county scholars, who are to have board, lodging, and training in scientific and practical gardening. These scholars are selected by the Council from residents in Kent who have been educated in elementary schools, or whose parent's income has not exceeded £400 a year. They must be from sixteen to twenty years of age, and are to have two years' training. Monthly Horticultural Meeting at Ghent: March. — A Certificate of Merit was awarded for Cypripedium ornatum, to M. Jules Hye ; also for: 1, Odontoglossum Alexandra! var., to MM. Bojlens freres, flowers large and pink, with large blots and spots of brownish-red ; 2, Cliveia miniata (seedling 1892), to the same firm, fine trusses of well-shaped flowers of a yellowish-orange colour fading into reddish-orange ; 3, Cypripedium Godseffianum, to M. Ed. Pynaert van Ge'ert, one of the finest specimens hitherto seen; 4, Adiantum Birkenheadi, to the same exhibitor— a' very [pietty sample of a species described in the Gardeners' Chronicle in 1886 ; 5, Odontoglossum crispum fas- tuosum, to M. Jules Hye, a remarkable plant, espe- cially in the size and shape of the flowers, which are in very close racemes, and shading from white to rosy-lilac ; 6, O. Wilckeanum albena (syn. leo- pardinum), to the same grower, an excellent variety, the flower-stem bearing sixteen fine flowers, with effective spots of reddish-chocolate on a white ground ; 7, 0. sceptrum perfectum, also to M. J. Hye, a fine variety striped and beautifully glossy, the lip effectively fringed ; 8, 0. Andersoni, to the same grower, flower large, much spotted with large blood-red marks ; 9, Ada aurantiaca maculata, to M. J. Hye, the black specks on the petals are sug- gestive of Lilium Martagon ; 10, Cliveia Madame Komain Desmet, to M. B. Fortie, of Ghent, of a remarkably dark colour ; 11,5 Perfection, to M. B. Spae, with well-shaped flower ; 12, Odontoglossum Hadweni (?), to M. J. Hye, a flower similar to that of Andersoni, the petals edged with greenish-yellow, and much spotted; 13, Cypripedium superbiensx villosum fl. striatum, to M. Ed. Pynaert, a fine variety, with variegated flowers as remarkable as those of C. Dauthieri marmoratum, Harrisiauum poly- chromum ; 14, Htemanthus Kalbreyeri, to the Louis van Houtte Society, a handsome Jplant, with a flne cluster of long-stalked, deeply-cut flowers, figured in the Flore des Serrcs et de Jardins, t. xxiv., pi. 2877-78. A Certificate for a finely-bloomed specimen was awarded to Ca>logyne cristata alba from MM. Edm. Vervaet et Cie. ; the specimen bore ten flower- stems, with about sixty large pure white flowers, the crested lip beset with fine white hairs. Honourable mention was awarded for: 1, Asparagus compacta nana (for good cultivation), to MM. Duriez frores ; 2, Epidendrum Stamfordianum, to M. Jules Hye, an old Orchid bearing four fine clusters of bloom ; 3, Lycaste costata (lanipes, Lol.), with seven fine flowers, to the firm of Louis van Houtte. Thirteenth Ghent Quinquennial, April, 1893. — Proofs of the interest which the horticultural world takes in the organisation of this exhibition are beginning to be shown ; in evidence of this, we may quote the following facts : — M. BENAny, the German horticulturist, offers an " objet d'art," value about £2ii ; M. le Baron Gaston de Chanton, of Briailles, has given nearly £40 ; and M. Georges Mantin, of Paris, a large Gold Medal. Added to the prize which your countrymen instituted in memory of Lonis Van Houtte, to the prize given by the Comte De Gomer, to the perpetual prize instituted by M. De la Devansaye, these new marks of interest are of considerable value. C/i. De B. North of Scotland Horticultural Association. — The members of this Association held their usual monthly meeting in the hall of the Christian Institute, Aberdeen, on Wednesday evening, the 16th inst. Mr. D. M. Smith, President of the Association, occupied the chair. Mr. G. Ross, Cran- field, in an interesting paper, opened a discussion on the " Uses and Abuses of Watering and Syringing." Peach Yellows.— This is a form of disease at present unknown in this country, but which is very rife in the Peach orchards of the United States. The first thing noticed is the red spotting and early ripening of the fruit ; and, second, the premature sprouting of ordinary leaf-buds, or of latent buds formed in the bark or cambium. Thus, in the first season, the morbid appearances are chiefly confined to the fruit ; but in the following year the buds are seen to push earlier than usual, the foliage is noted to be yellowish-green, stunted, and twisted ; a crowd of adventitious shoots are formed, and eventually the tree dies. Dr. Eewin Smith, on behalf of the Pathological Department of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, has proved by experiment that the disease is contagious, only a very small amount of infective material being' requisite to in- duce the disease. Dr. Smith's report of experiments on the inoculation of healthy trees, and on various methods of treatment, is marked by great prudence and caution. By some it has been stated that the disease is caused by Bacteria. Fruit Growing in Sydney.— The Bulletin of the New South Wales Department of Agriculture for February contains a report of the conference of fruit growers, held in Sydney in February, 1891, to discuss the subject of fruit growing in various aspects. The meeting seems to have been promoted by the Government, and with much success. The practical men compared notes on sorts, and their suitability to particular localities, while the Govern- ment entomologist and the Government pathologist respectively gave a popular account of the com- monest and most destructive fungi and insects, and indicated the best methods of combating them. Assurance against Hail.— a proposal has been raised in Belgium as to the formation of a syndicate for assurance against hail, which causes often such severe losses in horticultural centres. MM. Desmet Frebes, of Ledeberg, Ghent, have not waited for the formation of this syndicate before taking wise measures. To begin with, they have protected the most exposed surfaces of all their houses with an iron net-work trellis, and will com- plete their arrangements later on. This is a speci- men of " self-help " which is worth imitating. Plants and Electricity.— Among recent experiments, must be mentioned those made by MM. Desmet Fberes, in connection with the culti- vation of Kentias. The specimens placed in the line of an electric current have grown neither better nor worse than the others. Grasses OF THE United States.— Dr. Vasey, botanist of the Department of Agriculture, Washing- ton, U.S., has published the first part of a treatise on the Grasses of the United States and of British America, which will be a boon to botanists, and furnishes another illustration of the activity of the botanical division of the Department of Agriculture. Dijon. — In consequence of the death of M. Weber, M. Locuot has been appointed director of the interesting botanic garden of this city. Southern California Horticultural Society. — We are glad to welcome the first number of the transactions and proceedings of this Society. With very few exceptions the managers of horticul- tural societies take a very inadequate idea of the functions of their society. They look upon it, if they are amateurs, as a means of winning prizes ; if they are traders, of advertising for customers, or some other mercantile purpose ; if visitors, as a means of recreation and of display of bonnets — all things beneficial to some individuals, and not intrinsically wrong, but all of which should be made wholly subordinate to the interests of hor- ticulture generally. The Californian Society sets out with legitimate aims, as expressed in a circular from the Secretary, Mr. H. W. Kruckebeeg, Los Angeles: " The Society, in so far as lies within its power, is earnestly labouring to disseminate a broader knowledge and a keener interest in scien- tific horticulture, and hopes in this way to not only increase its usefulness and influence, but to show where wear and tear may be saved, useless experi- ments avoided, how injurious insects and diseases affecting plant life are best abated, and the best results obtained in our horticultural development." "The Cultivation of Carnations and PicoTEES BY Amateurs."— This was the title of a paper read to an interested audience by Mr. G. B. Lansdale at the meeting of members of the Exeter Gardeners' Society on Wednesday evening, March 16. Mr. G. B. Carlisle presided. Mr. Lansdale said Carnations, and their most recent sisters, Picotees, were held in high esteem by all lovers of flowers on account of their delicate scent, rich colouring, and general beauty. They were easy of culture, and bloomed well either in the greenhouse or open border, and he knew of no plant which would give better results to town growers. The speaker de- scribed the properties of a perfect flower, and defended the practice of dressing the flowers as a means of bringing out their full beauty. Messrs. Mabch 26, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 403 Veitcu & Son sent some excellent plants under consideration, which showed fine blooms. Kvtraut, Western Mercury, March 17. Coca Leaves and Eucalyptus Oil.— In the London drug market on Thursday, March 17, remarks Mr. Jackson, of Kew Gardens, a samjile of Coca leaves from the West Indian Island of Grenada was oftered for sale. There was only one small box, which weighed 13 lb., and a bid of 'id. per lb. was offered for it. The leaves were described as bold, rather dark in colour, strong, and of fair flavour, and were said to be the produce of young plants which were sent from London to Grenada a few years ago. A parcel of leaves have also been re- ceived lately in London from the Niger district, but in consequence of their having been very badly cured, they will probably not be brought into the market. At the same sale, 50 lb. of Eucalyptus oil, which, a few weeks ago, could scarcely be got for love or money, was sold without reserve at 2s. 2d, per lb. and this of good quality. Potato Culture.— M. Aimb Girabd con- tributes to the Comptes Eendws (February 15) a paper detailing the results of experiments made during the past four years with the Potato, with the object of increasing the yield by improved methods of cultivation. He was able to study the crops of between two and three hundred agriculturists who worked in collaboration with him, and he concludes that the two most important points to be considered in Potato culture are, firstly, the distance apart at which the plants are set, and, secondly, the number of pieces into which each tuber is cut. The Potatos should be at such a distance from one another that each has free room in which to spread its leaves, but they should be so near each other that there are no bare spaces of earth between them. Thus varieties with foliage such as Imperator, Jersey, and Red-skinned, do best when 330 eyes are set to each 900 square feet (about). Twenty-one of the experimenters, who kept to the old plan of placing 250, 200, 150, or 100 eyes per 900 square feet, reaped harvests which were in every instance smaller in proportion to the greater un- occupied spaces. Other growers, because of the ■ scarcity, and of the often high price which Imperators fetched last year, were obliged to use very large tubers, which they cut into two, three, or four pieces. This division with some kinds, and notably with Imperator, entails a great reduction in the crop. The cut tubers easily rot and die ; this was found to be the case with all growers who planted such tubers, as their crop was reduced, in some cases by one half. Experiments made on so large a scale, and with so satisfactory a uniformity of results, cannot fail to be important to all growers to whom the success of their harvest is of serious consequence. Snowdrops in Charboro Park,— a man has betn sentenced at Wareham for picking Snow- drop?. It is alleged by some that the conviction is illegal, on the ground that the Snowdrop is a wild plant. This will be a difficult matter to prove, and even if were, a question of trespass might arise. We have heard of cases where proprietors have been compelled to withdraw the privilege of gathering Snowdrops, Dafi'odils, Ferns, and the like, owing to reckless abuse of the privilege in uprooting the bulbs, &c. Farningham Rose Show.— The date of the annual show of the above Society, as we are informed by Mr. S. Edwards, Hon. Sec, has been altered from June 30 to June 29, in order not to clash with the shows held at Canterbury and at Eltham. ThORNBURY. — The annual show of the Thorn- bury Horticultural Society is arranged to be held on Argust 9, when a lecture on Bee Keeping and other a'tractiims will be offertd. Dry Glazing.— Messrs. Sam Deards & Co, Limited, of the Victoria Works, Harlow, inform us that the contract to supply 4000 feet of the " Vic- toria Dry Glazing" for His Majejty the King of the Belgians through Mr. Jules Malsen, architect, has just been received by them. Fruit from South Africa.— The Union Steamship Company's R.M.S. Scot, which arrived at Southampton on the 17th inst., has brought a further consignment of Grapes and Peaches from South Africa. This fruit was placed on sale at Covent Garden Market, when the Grapes realised high prices, boxes containing about 20 lb. net of white Grapes, fetching 10s. to 10s. GtZ. each, and similar boxes of black Grapes realising 12s. Qd. to 15s. (jd. per box. These Grapes were packed in cork dust, and arrived in some cases in good condition. The Peaches also realised good prices, fetching 8s. to lis. per box. The Action of Common Salt on the Growth of the Radish.— The Radish contains little or no starch, even during the latter stages of its development. Under certain conditions, however, it has been shown , in a recent paper read at the Academy of Science at Paris by Mons. P. Lbsage, starch is developed. If the Radishes are watered with solutions of common salt, containing from 1 to 20 grammes per litre, starch appears in the endo- derm, and also in many cases in the cortical tissue. The results of some experiments were aa follows :— No starch with pure water. Very little starch with 3 to 5 grammes of salt per litre of water. A little starch with 10 grammes of salt per litre of water. Much starch with 4 grammes of salt per litre of water. A solution containing 20 grammes of salt per litre killed the plants. In other cases the maximum amount of starch was found with proportions of salt amounting to 5 grammes and 10 grammes per litre. These experiments are, perhaps, insignificant in themselves, but they certainly indicate that the character of a vegetable may be completely altered by watering it during growth with certain solutions. Is it not worth while to pursue this idea, and to see whether there is anything of a practical nature to be gained by such researches ? Those of our readers who wish to consult Mons. Lesage's work in detail, will find it in the Comptes Bendus, Hebdoma- daires dcs Seances de VAcadimie des Sciences, cxiii., pp. 373 to 375. Names. — There are those who advocate the pro- priety of giving significant or descriptive names to plants in all cases where it is possible. The chemists do this, and we are told that one of the substances made use of to dye flowers in the manner mentioned in our lastnumber is tetramethylparadiamidophenyl- orthoxiphenylmethane. This is a name which indi- cates the nature of a blue aniline dye very satisfac- torily to the chemist, no doubt, but it is decidedly not a popular name. We could not send a mes- sengfer for half an ounce of this substance with any certainty that we should get what we want ! International Horticultural Exhibition. — The General Committee in connection with the above exhibition, to be held at Earl's Court during the coming summer, met on Tuesday last, Mr. W. Marshall, in the absence of Mr. H. E. Milner, pre- siding. Among other business conducted, the draft schedules were revised. Spraying to Destroy Insects and Fungi.— We take the enclosed summary from Bulletin No. 35 of the Cornell University Experiment Station (Horti- cultural Division) : — " Spraying to destroy injurious insects and fungi has now come to be a necessity in fruit growing and vegetable gardening. Much of its success depends upon the operator, however. The treatment must be timely, thorough and persistent. Above all things, be ready, and begin to spray the moment the first injury is seen, or even before. Study the question during the winter, and buy the materials before spring opens. Always use the finest and most forcible spray which will reach the desired height. There are two leading insecticides,— the arsenites, and kerosene emulsion. The arsenites are Paris Green and London Purple. 1 lb. to 200 gallons of water is a good proportion for Apples, Pears, Potatos, &c. ; 1 lb. of Paris Green to 300 or 350 gallons should be used on Peaches. Never use London Purple alone on Peaches. For Apple-worm, begin to spray just as soon as the last blossoms fall. Kero- sene emulsion is the weapon to use against all kinds of plant lice out of doors. A good formula is soft soap 1 quart, kerosene 1 pint, hot water 2 quarts. Churn the materials by pumping back into the pail for several minutes. Dilute two or three times. There are two leading fungicides, — ammoniacal car- bonate of copper, and Bordeaux Mixture. The former is cheaper, and much more easily made and applied. Bordeaux Mixture cannot be thrown on to large trees. To make the former, use 3 oz. car- bonate of copper, and 1 quart 22° ammonia. This stock solution will keep, if tightly corked. When used, dilute to 25 gallons. If 2G° ammonia can be obtained at your drug store, it is better to use 5 cz. carbonate, 3 pints ammonia, and 50 gallons water. This is the best general fungicide. For Bordeaux Mixture, use 6 lb. sulphate copper, 4 lb. lime, 22 gals, water. Carbonate of copper costs from 40 to 60 cents per pound, and sulphate about 6 cents. The only combination of insecticides and fungicides yet found is made of the arsenites and Bordeaux Mixture. When arsenites and ammoniacal carbonate of copper are combined, the value of each material remains, but foliage is usually seriously injured. Chrysanthemum Salad.— A Japanese writer in Le Monilcur d' Horticulture says that the Chrys- anthemum is a recognised article of diet in hia country. The varieties used bear smaller and darker yellow flowers than do those grown for ornamental purposes, and these blossoms are commonly seen in the green- grocers' shops in the months of November and December. They are eaten raw with vinegar and other condiments as Europeans eat salad, or boiled in water. Copper-salts for the Prevention and Palliation of the Potato Disease,— Messrs. RoBEHT Veitcu & Son of Exeter have done well to republish their report upon experiments made by them on the influence of the copper-salts. In view of the unfavourable results obtained by Messrs. SoTTON, and the different opinions which conse- quently prevail, it is, we hope, certain that fuller and more varied trials will be made this season, and Messrs. Veitch's pamphlet may be read with advan- tage by those who are intending to try the plan. In any case, it is abundantly certain from the Chiswick experiments, that earthing-up on the Jensen plan is very efficacious, and very suitable for cottagers and small growers, who at present fold their hands and lose their crops. Here is work for the county council lecturers. Consul Pauncefote's report to the Foreign OQice, on Agriculture in the Department of the Charente Inferieure, France, contains some useful information on the treatment of Potato disease. All over F'rance, the Consul reports, the treatment with sulphate of copper has proved efficacious. The dressing consists of 2 lb. of sulphate of copper and 4 lb. of lime to 25 gallons of water. " In no case," the Consul reports, " have I been able to hear that this application has failed." Publications Received. — Train d'Horticul- ture I'ratiijue, par Georges Bellaie (Pari-s, O. Doin). E.rchange List of Seeds, Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. — Technics. — Fdrstlich Naturwessenchaft- liches Zeitschrift. Book Notice. Handbuch fur Pflanzensammler. Von Dr. Udo Dammer. Mit 59 in den text gedruckten Abbildungen und 13 tafeln. Stuttgart: Ferdi- nand Enke, 1S91. Handbook for the Plant- Collector, 8yo, pp. 342. That this book is something more than a mere exposition of the best methods of collecting, drying, preserving, and arranging plants may be imagined 404 THE GABDENER8' CHRONICLE. [Mahch 26, 1892. from the size of it. Aa a matter of fact, it is also an introdaction to systematic botany, and constitutes a useful companion to the young botanist, biological phenomena receiving a due share of attention. In his first chapter, Dr. Dammer contrasts the botanising of to-day with that of the days of Linnseus, and in the opening sentences falls into a singular error respecting the present resting-place of the great master's herbarium. The Linnean Society of London, is so well-known that such a mistake is a little surprising. He begins : — " In the rooms of the British Museum, in London, there is a sanctuary for botanists, which doubtless the great majority of the profession visiting the immense city take the opportunity of seeing. One enters the room con- taining the object of the pilgrimage in a devotional frame of mind. ' The Linnean Herbarium ' resounds from the voice of the gentleman escorting you, and you approach it with reverential feelings, but turn away disappointed." Dr. Dammer is quite right as to the fragmentary character of the specimens, and their insufBciency for purposes of comparison; and his estimate of the herbarium serves well as text for his explanation of the requirements of the present day in this direction. But it is not our intention to submit his work to a close criticism. So far as we have consulted it, it appears to be a trustworthy guide. At the end there is a key to the natural orders, illustrated by thirteen plates of Soral structure, arranged according to Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum. Cryp- togams are treated more in detail in the body of the work, and the figures are almost all borrowed from Luerssen's well-known book. W. B. H. Nursery Notes. FLOWERS AT MESSRS. J. VEITCH AND SON'S NURSERY, CHELSEA. In most years, since the Amaryllis has been taken up by Messrs. Veitch, the middle of the present month has seen the larger portion of the main stock of these plants in full beauty. This year it is other- wise. Winter was long, and frosts severe, and these have, together, delayed the opening of the flowers, by rendering imprudent any great amount of forcing, either at the root or top. In about five or six days from the present time, the plants should be at their best. We were shown by Mr. Heale, who still rules in this department with so much skill, some few of the seedlings that are flowering for the first time. There is much mild excitement in watching the unfolding of the flowers, whose genesis is the result of your own direct handiwork, and when a beautiful flower is the result, a pardonable amount of pride is justified. But our friend showed neither the one nor the other, and we fear he is becoming callous in these matters from mere familiarity. The big bed of bulbs of flowering age is as full as ever, as are the narrower beds at the sides of the house — a span-roofed one. Eclipse is a seedling which is flowering for the first time ; it is a solid bloom, of a white ground, on which are scailet flakes and stripes, and the seg- ments, which overlap each other their whole length, have rounded extremities, that boldly reflex. It is a very distinct variety. Another is Orion, a scarlet bloom, of fine big form, having the celebrated Cham- pion blood in it. It is reticulated by veins which are slightly deeper in tint than the body colour. Chromis is of brilliant scarlet, and middling size, and perfectly regular in shape. Polyxenes has nice circular blooms, scarlet, with green stripes. Glow, as is proper, has brilliant crimson blooms of a pleasing form. In Ida is seen a vigorous-growing plant, whose flowers are chiefly white, with a little crimson netting ; Medon is a fine deep crimson, with a creamy-while stripe ; and La Superbe, and Rem- brandt are remarkably fine in colour and symmetry of form. In some of the other houses there were noted a splendid show of Anthuriums coming along, which in ten days will be a fine sight. The Nepenthes are still in good condition, the pitchers being fresh and numerous. The masses of Cattleya Trianse in the large house have gone out of bloom, except for a few white forms of it. Some fine blooms of C. Schrosderse were noted ; some of the rare Trichopilia suavis alba ; also Aerides Savageanum, reminding one of A. Lee- anum ; the rare Vanda gigantea, a rather coarse but singular - looking flower in brown and yellow. Numerous small plants of Cypripediums were in flower, some of which are rare and costly. Those which pleased us most were the pretty and varied forms of C. villosum, one of the prettiest being C. Godsefiianum. We remarked C. Winnianum — rather scarce, a palish yellow flower, and with C. Druryii leaves ; also C. Germinianum. Several tiny baskets contained flowering plants of the pure white fragrant Angrascum fastuosum ; and a tall growing Calanthe was observed, with white flowers, having a deep magenta-coloured centre — it is presumably an unnamed seedling of C. Veitchii ; also the singular- looking Cirrhopetalum picturatum, Cymbidium Devonianura, Phaius Blumei, the cream and brown- flowered Lycaste leucoglossa, as well as many of L. Skinneri, including white forms of it. Brassavola glauca, a flower fragrant in the evening. Space allows us only to allude to the new show house Hearing completion, which is being fitted up with rockwork, consisting of tufa, after the fashion of the rocky vestibule between the lesser Orchid houses and the big Cattleya-house. This will make a most convenient place wherein to exhibit hard and soft-wooded greenhouse plants when in bloom, and also stove plants in the warmer months. The present show greenhouse was abundantly furnished with Azaleas, Lilac, Spiraeas of different species, the prettiest 'ueing S. confusa ; Narcissus, Acacias, Dutch bulbs, Boronia heteropbylla, Rhododendrons, Heaths, Epacrises, Scillas, &c. Scotland. EDINBURGH BOTANICAL SOCIETY. The above Society met on the lOth inst., at 5, St. Andrew Square, Dr. Christison, President, in the chair. Mr. Dunn, Dalkeith Gardens, exhibited Til- landsia stricta var. From the Royal Botanic Garden there were shown Saxifraga luteo-purpurea, which is a natural hybrid between S. media and S. are- tioides ; S. Burseriana, and its variety multiflora ; and a tuber of Amorphophallus campanulatus from Mr. T. H. Storey, Superintendent, Sajjaw Niwas Gardens, Oodeypore, Rsjpootana ; this tuber weighs 26 lb., and produced a stem 18 inches in circum- ference, and 6 feet high, the spread of leaf being 7 feet. Dr. Paterson, Bridge of Allan, sent cut blooms of Coelogyne cristata alba, Odontoglossum (five species), Crinum Macowianum, &c. Professor Bayley Balfour exhibited a method of mounting museum specimens by a cement which remains transparent in spirit. Dr. Christison read an elaborate paper on the " Girth increase of Young Trees for five years (1887-91)," in which he brought forward many very interesting particulars as to the yearly, monthly, and weekly growth of deciduous evergreen trees and Conifers chiefly in the Royal Botanic Garden. A communication on a new South African Alga, Tha- celocarpus disciiger. Holmes, by E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., was submitted. Mr. Lindsay read a note on the poisoning of sheep by Andromeda floribunda. A case had been reported to him from the neighbourhood of Falkirk, where of a score of sheep which had nibbled the flowers and leaves of this plant two had died. A few similar cases have previously been recorded in England. Dr. Cleghorn stated that in the Himalayas the shepherds had told him of the poisonous qualities of A. ovalifolia during vernation, but notafterwards, Mr. Eutherford Hill gave a list of ericaceous plants from which a specific poison had been extracted. Royal Botanic Gaedbn, EmNBnEGH. Eeport on Temperature, tfc, for February, by Robert Lindsay. — Daring February the thermometer was at or below the freezing-point on twenty occa- sions, indicating collectively 112° of frost for the month, as against 79° for the corresponding month last year. The lowest reading occurred on the 19th, when the thermometer went down to 7°, or 25° of frost. This is the lowest reading that has occurred at the garden since December, 1882. From various districts in Scotland several degrees below zero were registered on the 19th. Fortunately, the ground was well covered with snow, which aflforded great pro- tection to dwarf-growing plants during the severe frost. Other low readings occurred, viz., on the 16th. 20° ; 17th, 19° ; 18th, 23° ; 20th, 15°. The lowest day temperature was 33°, on the 16th ; and the highest, 54°, on the 9th. Snow began to fall on the 15th, and frequent heavy falls took place till the 2l8t, and it did not disappear until near the end of the month. A good many plants have been more or less injured by the severe frost. Amongst those which have suffered most are various species of Japanese Bamboos, New Zealand Veronicas, Olea ilicifolia, Golden Holly, &c. ; Rhodendron Nobleanum, and R. praecox have had their flower-buds destroyed. The following spring-flowering plants annually re- corded to the Society, came into flower in February : — Galanthus nivalis on the 2nd ; Eranthis hyemalia on the 6th ; Leucoium vernum and Tussilago fra- grans, 9ch; Djndia epipactis and Rhododendron atrovirens, lOih ; Crocus susianus, Bulbocodium vernum. Scilla sibirica, S. prrccox, and Corylus Avellana, 12th ; Symplocarpus fcetidus, 23rd ; Daphne Mezereum, 2-l:th. On the rock garden thirty- one species and varieties came into flower during the month, the most interesting being Crocus Im- perati, C. Olivieri, Hyacinthus azureus, Leucoium carpaticum, Colchicum crociflorum, Helleborus abschasicus, H. olympicus. Narcissus minimus, Saxi- fraga Burseriana, S. imbricata, Galanthus Imperati, and G. Eedoutei. On Temperature, cf'C, at the Botanic Garden, Glasgow, by Robert Bullen. — The unusually mild weather which prevailed at the end of last month became very boisterous in the first week of this month. Showers of snow and sleet were frequent, and on the first four nights frost was registered. The second week was remarkable for the fine summer weather experienced. From the 9th to the 13th, the mean temperature both day and night was very high for the season, 67° being registered in the sun on the 13th. The third week was the most wintry we have had. Snow fell on the 15th, and a heavy fall took place during the night of the 16th. Night frosts prevailed the whole week, and of the 56° recorded as being the total for the month, 34° was registered during the nights of the 17th, 18th, and 19th. The lowest day reading was 34°, on the 19th. With the exception of cold north and east winds, the last week was comparatively mild. The leaf-buds of most hardy shrubs are in an advanced state. Formation of a Peotective Union by Abehdeen Gabdenehs. A largely - attended meeting of gardeners was held in Aberdeen on Friday evening, the 18th inst., for the purpose of forming a Trade Protection As- sociation. Mr. Thomas Nicol, President of the Aberdeen Trades Council, occupied the chair. Several speakers alluded to the low rate of pay for gardeners of all classes, and the long hours made by nurserymen's employes. The motion that the gardeners present should form themselves into a protective union was then put to the meeting, and was unanimously adopted. The election of office-bearers was then proceeded with, Mr. William Slorach being elected President, Mr. Alexander Fraser, Secretary ; and Messrs. Florence, Kinnaird, Gray, Duncan, Lawson, Smith, and Kenman, as members of committee. About fifty members were enrolled at; t!)? ploee pf the pieeting. March 26, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 405 Trees and Shrubs. when the latter must be cut back, and a small stake applied to each graft. When of sufficient size, plant out in nursery rows. H. Forestry. ARBUTUS ANDRACHNE. Plaktehs pay poor tribute to a beautiful, highly characteristic, and striking low evergreen tree, when they overlook or fail to plant Arbutus Andracbne ; in other words, the Andrachne of Theophrastus. Aa an introduction from the Levant, it is not as hardy as Arbutus Unedo, which covers so wide a range as Palestine, many places in Europe, and Ireland, growing freely on barren limestone rocks in the county of Kerry, notably near the lake of Killarney, from whence, by-the-way, the country people around gather and eat the fruit. Still, Andrachne does succeed in this country, when care is taken to plant out tolerably matured young trees of 3 or 4 feet in height. When this species attains to 20 or more feet in height, it bears smooth, coriaceous and shining, and indistinctly serrulated leaves from amongst which project, in more or less pendulous form, large greenish-white, waxy panicles of bloom, and is very attractive. But its striking features do not end here ; it has fruit resembliDg that of its Irish compeer, and, above and beyond all, a bole of abnormal whiteness, from which the outer bark cracks and peels off, in very thin or ribbon-like " papery " layers, annually. As a prominent bark tree it would, therefore, form a fitting associate with the foxy - barked Sequoia sempervirens. William Bhrley. Ilex corncta. Thi? most distinct and handsome species, in- troduced from north China forty-two years ago, has not met with a very wide distribution. This is partly accounted for by reason of its growth being rather slow. It is, nevertheless, well worth a place in any garden, and being dirt'erent in appearance from the rest of the genus, it forms a conspicuous object. It will thrive well in a mixture of loam and leaf-mould, and the soil should be pressed quite firm round the roots. I have found the best time for planting this Chinese species to be April, and, if possible in showery weather. It forms a thick bush- like tree, plentifully supplied with dark green leaves, leathery in texture, measuring from 3 to 4 inches long, and 2^ inches in the widest part, each leaf being terminated by three strong spines. To increase the stock, cuttings may be taken off in September and put in cold frames, and dibbled in light soil. The base of each cutting should be made quite firm in the soil. When this is completed, give a good watering to settle the soil about them ; the frame must be covered with tiffany when the sun is shining. When the cuttings are rooted and ready for planting out, take care that the roots are not broken, or the plants will receive a check. PlNUS SYLVESTRI9 AUEEA. This is a useful Conifer for brightening up the pleasure grounds during the winter. Though not such a strong grower as the type, it is worthy of more attention than it has hitherto received. No subject is better suited for winter effect than the golden Scotch Fir. Being of a slow-growing nature, it is admirably adapted for planting as single speci- mens on the lawn. In spring and summer it assumes the normal greenness of the species. It is not very partial to damp positions and should, if possible, be planted in rather dry soils, and be fully exposed to the sun. Propagation is effected by grafting, which should be done in spring, on stocks of the common Scotch Fir (P. sylveatris). The grafts should be plunged in a close propagating case, where the temperature is about 65°. The glass should be wiped every morning, to clear away superfluous moisture. A gentle syringing overhead occasionally will assist them to break away more freely, but care must be taken not to give too much, or else they are apt to damp off. Shade from the sun with tiffany, &c., and in a few weeks' time the scion will unite with the stock, Vegetables. PARIS MARKET BRUSSELS SPROUTS. At p. 237 of the Gardeners' Chronicle large coarse Brussels Sprouts are condemned, and rightly so ; for if the quantity and quality of sprouts of the large- sprouted tall varieties are compared with medium- sized ones, it will be found that the latter are the most profitable to grow, and the sprouts are of just the size which most persons like. I have grown at Syon for the last year or two the Paris Market Brussels Sprout, which is one of the best for fur- nishing early sprouts, which are small, firm, and of fine flavour. This variety was shown by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons at the Vegetable Conference, held at Chiswick in 1889, and I noted its superiority over others in the matter of being very dwarf in the stem, and also as producing a quantity of firm sprouts of middling size. It was the only dwarf variety which was certificated at that time. I have since grown it in preference to the imported type of sprouts, as the latter does not always come true to character. With Paris Market, the crop shows a very regular dwarf lot of plants that produce sprouts early enough for the first dishes. The stems are closely furnished with sprouts, and, being of very low stature, it may be planted more closely together than is desirable with the larger types. For an early crop, it may be sown this month on a warm border ; and for the earliest planting, sowings should be made in heat three or four weeks earlier. Veitch's Paragon and Exhi- bitor Brussels Sprouts form an excellent succession. Paragon is of medium growth, and the sprouts are firm ; those of Exhibitor are larger. G. Wi/thes, Eartuino-up Colimarv Veqetadles. Born in the middle of the Bavarian Krautlande— Cabbage country — in the Circuit Unter Franken, sajs Mr. Biemiiller in the Garirnfiora for March, 18'.)2, and from my earliest years acquainted with the culture of the vegetables of Bamberg and Schwein- furth, which are well known beyond the frontiers of Germany, I wish to state that the whole of the varieties of Cabbage, Beans, Peas, and Cucumbers are, after being hoed between several times, occa- sionally earthed- up ; indeed, as long as the rows of plants can be manipulated without injury to the leaves. The eartbing-up exerts a great influence on the development of the heads in Cabbages and on that of the fruit of Beans and Cucumbers, as I frequently had the opportunity of observing. It is quite remark- able to observe the difference between earthed-up and not earthed-up plantations— the Cabbage heads are not nearly so large and firm ; neither is Kohl Rabi so fine, nor are Kidney Beans so long or tender where not earthed up. The reason for this difference is to be found in the earthing-up, which protects the roots from drought, and likewise allows of more air reaching the plants; and, moreover, it is easier to afford water, owing to the furrow that runs between the rows, and where rain-water also collects ; and all this without making either the crowns or stems of the plants too wet — favourable conditions for the plants, as the constant moisture of the soil about the roots greatly aids development. No farmer or gardener who cultivates these vege- tables neglects the earthing- up of the plants, which mostly is performed by women. Large estates much engaged in the growing of Cabbage, &c., possess peculiar implements for hoeing and earthing-up. When planting on well-manured, fresh -ploughed land, flat ridges are made with the hoe, on which the plants are set out, otherwise the plants would in time stand too deep in the loose soil, owing to the repeated hoeings. This is a fact which the practical folk of the district have discovered for themselves. THE NURSERY. Ip not already done, the sowing of the seeds of hardwood trees should be completed without further delay, and the ground to be used in the formation of seed beds for coniferous tree seeds next month should be well-worked by digging or trenching where necessary. All sorts of nursery stock that are intended to remain in the nursery another year should be overhauled and transplanted, to give additional space where requisite, and stuff that does not require to be transplanted should have the ground dug between the lines of plants to keep down weeds and promote root action. Specimen ornamental trees that are to be planted out where they are to remain next year had better be trans- planted to promote the formation of fibrous roots, which will prove beneficial as a means of attaining success. Ground that has become exhausted by tree culture should be renewed bv planting a crop of Potatos or Turnips in drills of 27 inches wide from centre to centre, and applying thirty- five loads or tons of good farmyard dung per imperial acre. Artificial manures are not to be commended for this purpose. In cases where it is necessary to apply manure to promote tree growth on poor soil, it should always be in an advanced state of de- composition. Ornamental trees that are generally increased by grafting, such as the finer kinds of Oak, Beech, Elm, Laburnum, &c., should now be attended to, and in performing the operation we have found the best results by using an equal quantity of clay and horse droppings well mixed and worked with water until thoroughly incorporated. Extract the seeds of Larch, Scotch Fir, and others so that they may be ready when wanted. J, B. Webster, Home Correspondence. SPIR/EA CONFUSA. — What a capital variety of the shrubby species of this family is the above for flowering in a cool house during the month of February 1 It ia a pity we do not see more of it in amateurs* greenhouses, considering how simple it is to grow. After flowerit;g, the aim should be to induce the plants to throw up strong sucker-like growths from the base, not interfering with them at all, allowing them to extend in length, and gather strength by the plants being well fed when in full growth, as it is really then that the foundation of the future crops of flowers is laid. Any weakly shoots should be cut clean out after flowering, to give space to those left to enable them to ripen well. The flowers are borne in a round rosette-like fashion, 2 inches in diameter, on short footstalks, and are pure white, and very useful for cutting, either singly or in racemes, for filling taller vases. A mixture of loam and leaf-soil, with the addition of a small quantity of peat, is a suitable compost for this Spiifea. When the growth is made alter fiowering, an open position out-of-doors is the best for this plant until the middle of October, when any cool house will suit it. E. M. POT AT03, ROUND AND KIDNEY.— Some twenty- five years ago a cottagers' show was started here, which has been a brilliant success ; but the new Potatos were a constant source of contention. For vears I had been in the habit of purchasing most of the best new varieties of Potatos as they appeared, and distributing them among the neighbouring cottagers, so that Potatos became in time quite a feature of the show; but the judging was an occasion of great heart-burning, for no man could say exactly when a round ceased to be a round Potato and take on the kidney form ; but we adopted the plan of having three classes instead of two as formerly, viz., round, oval, and kidney, and since that time no difficulties have arisen about the judging. I am quite sure that any practical man will fall in with this plan, which we have found to answer very well, and to have stopped most of the grumbling. lam goingtomnke use of sulphate of copper and quicklime for checking disease next July, which Mr. Robert Veitch of the Exeter Nurseries has so well described in a 406 THE GARDENERS' GHRONIOLE. [Maech 26, 1892. pamphlet recently published by him. J. Eust, Bridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells. QREEN CURRANTS.— I was much surprised re- cently to learn from a well-known Surrey market gardener that a trade in green Currants of the red section was slowly growing up in Covent Garden Market. This will probably surprise many whose notions of green Currants are that, in that condition, they are not only worthless but intensely acid. Now, my informant was careful to say that enquirers for green Currants were perfectly aware of the acidity found in them, but also knew that, like very young green Gooseberries, the acidity was not of so intense a kind in that stage as later, especially in the case of Currants, which seem to be sharpest when colouring. Should this demand for green Currants become con- siderable, there can be little doubt but that it will give additional impetus to red Currant culture. It is obvious that, for supplying these green fruits, the finest and earliest berried sorts are most useful. Still farther, the sort of culture given by the best growers, that is, pruning all growth back to short spurs, and causing the bushes in winter to resemble mere clusters of rough-looking stumps, and giving liberal top dressings of manure in the spring, is the best way to secure abundant crops of fine berries for early picking. A. D. HOUSE DECORATION, ETC.— On p. 34.3 of your recent issue you were good enough to give a criti- cism on my paper, read before the Koyal Horti- cultural Society on the Sth inst. Will you allow me to point out a few inaccuracies. In the first place you make me say that Lady Sutton paid £1000 in one month. I did not name any amount that Lady Satton paid. Then you went on to question the accuracy of my statement as to the lasting qualities of Cocos Weddellana as a plant suitable for house decoration. If you could spare time to call here, I could show you plants which have been in the same position over two years, viz., on the top of the first landing of a staircase in a very draughty position. The plants are now very little the worse for their long tenancy of such an unfavourable position. You remark that I might have given an object-lesson. I think the public have had ample opportunities of witnessing very many of these object-lessons at various horticultural exhibitions in London, Paris, Brussels, and elsewhere during the past twenty years ; at any rate, I think I may claim some little credit for having diffused a taste in the arrangement of plants that is now, and has been for many years, largely copied all over the country, even at the most unpretentious country shows. You, in conclusion, strongly condemn the excessive e.xtravagance of people spending such large amounts on the floral decorations of their houses, and say that a good display might be made for a few shillings. It very likely has not occurred to you that it has been the means of giving employment to many thousands of people, and, as the late Lord Palmerston stated years ago, caused, in many instances, more than two blades of grass to grow where only one grew before. If the nobility and gentry have the means of spend- ing sums such as 1 stated, and these sums feed and clothe many thousands of our fellow country- men, surely they ought not to be blamed for it, but rather encouraged. John Wills. [We said, while paying a justly-deserved compliment to Mr. Wills, that it was a matter for regret that his paper was not illustrated in the way which Mr. Wills could have done it, but we hoped that the audience would not go away with the idea that any excessive expenditure was necessary to secure tasteful decoration. Ed.] BEQUESTS TO DOMESTICS.— I have hoped that some lawyer among your readers would have replied to the interesting question put by " W. P." at p. 344, for March 12, as to whether a gardener can claim to participate in legacies given to a testator's " domestic servants." As no lawyer has replied, I have just looked up the point in Williams on Executors, vol. ii., p. 1068. It seems to have come before the courts on many occasions. In one case, outdoor servants at weekly wages were held to be entitled under a bequest to " servants in my service at the time of my decease." On the other hand, Lord Truro, in another case, held that a head gardener, who lived in one of the testator's cottages, and was not dieted by him, was not entitled under a bequest of a year's wages to " each person as a servant in my domestic establishment at the time of my decease." This latter case comes very near to the case of " W. P." Obviously, however, everything turns on the exact wording of the bequest, and " W. P." has put his question in rather a loose way. If the legacy he refers to is one of any considerable amount, " W. P." would do well to spend a few shillings in taking the opinion of a solicitor. F. S. DOGWOOD. — Your correspondent, " Vagabond," does well in calling attention to the pleasing effect in the garden landscape of masses of this shrub when properly placed, and in no way can it be better utilized than by mass planting upon the margins of lakes, or rivers, in the way your correspondent points out it is made use of at Reigate Priory. At Eastnor Mr. Coleman has produced a pleasing effect by planting it extensively on the margin of a lake, a plan which we have imitated at Hendre to a lesser extent. Not only is this shrub beautiful in winter, bat in autumn when the leaves are changing colour, previous to falling. Thos. Coomher. [It is a gawky and coarse-growing kind of shrub, and fit only for the less dressed parts of the garden. Ed.] WEED-KILLER— It is well to Call the attention of seedsmen and others retailing weed-killer, to the case lately decided against Mr. Butt, seedsman, Barnstaple. The Judge in the case, after taking a week to consider his judgment, decided against the defendant, but said he should like to see the case carried to a higher court. In the face of this, should not all those interested in the matter combine to make it a test-case, and so decide, once for all, whether or not weed-killer comes under the Phar- macy Act of 1868? It is a matter of general interest to the trade, and I should like to see some of your readers give their opinion. Interested. FORCED LILAC. — The remarks of "C. D. A." in last week's Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 341, regarding the forcing of purple-flowered Lilac, I quite agree with. Lilac flowers when produced of a pure white, look very beautiful. The blanching is best carried out in a cellar or shed from which all light can be excluded, and a temperature of 55° to G0° kept up together with a moist atmosphere, which will be the right treatment, as it is important that the flowers should be induced to start a little in advance of the leaves. The one disadvantage cjnnected with blanching is the diffioulty of obtaining any Lilac foliage to accompany the flowers, unless it bs procured from plants which have been forced in full sunlight. G. Parrant, Ashby Saint Ledgers Lodge, Rughy. WATERING COKE.— Having used coke for four- teen years for heating purposes, I can fully endorse the remarks of " Practice " and " Mr. T. H. B jlton " in your issues of February 27 and March 5, pp. 277 and 311 respectively. I always found by slightly damping the coke before use both its heating and burning properties are greatly improved. However, in dampiug coke care must be taken not to make it wet. In my experience I find wet coke causes a great waste of fuel, is slow in heating, and altogether unsatisfactory to the stoker. J. Charlton, THE MULTIPLICITY OF VARIETIES OF APPLES, — I venture to think that the Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society would render a good service to fruit growers generally if it would uuder- take the compilation of an Index Exptirgatorius of Apples. To this fruit, Hogg's Fruit Manual devotes 252 pages, with three or four sorts on a page ; Bowtiing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America, 354 pages ; Andr^ Leroy describes 527 sorts, the Horticul- tural Catalogue of 1842 has 879 sorts, and the present collection in the gardens is very large. I have over 500 sorts, and others have probably more. I do not, of course, say that all these sorts are generally cul- tivated, but there are too many of equal quality, and many others of no interest or value at the present day, which might be suppressed entirely, to the great advantage of growers, planters, and of future Fruit Manuals. The Royal Horticultural Society is at present in such a flourishing condition, that it could easily undertake the publication of such an index as would consist of names only ; and the work, if carried through a series of sittings of the com- mittee would not be exhausting, as a time (strictly limited) might be given at each sitting. T. Francis Eivers. CROSS-BREEDING OF CARNATIONS AND SWEET WILLIAMS.— In the summer of 1890, I hybridised some single Carnations, under glass, with the pollen of Sweet Williams (carefully removing the Carna- tion stamen before maturity), and obtained twenty- eight seeds. These were sown last year, and I have now about wenty healthy plants showing for bloom, but they present a most remarkable phenomenon — they have formed woody tubers at the base of the stem about the size and shape of breakfast Radishes. I am anxiously waiting for the blossom. B. Pi£ard. [We mistrust those tubers, there may be a worm i' the bud. Ed.] CHOISYA TERNATA.— I notice in the Gardeners' Chronicle of the 12th inst., a short paragraph on the above evergreen growing so well in the southern counties of England. I may state, that in the gardens at Belmont, Murrayfield, Midlothian, a fine plant is growing on a south wall, and is in fine con- dition, and it flowers very profusely in summer. The plant stands on a south wall, and is unprotected during winter. J. Jeffrey. CATTLEYA ALEXANOR/E. — In the Gardeners' Chronicle of March 12, p. 341, is a reference to the Cattleya Alexandrae, discovered by our collectors, and surprise is expressed that I should have named an Orchid which I had never seen in bloom. In bestowing the name upon a new plant, I have only done what all botanists do, though I have no claim to walk in their preserves. I am well acquainted with the Cattleya under discussion, since I have had dried specimens to examine, and also an excellent water-colour drawing done by one of our collectors, and now in my possession. The plant is not yet ready to be sent out, but I was desirous to secure for it at once a name which was intended as a compli- ment to the English nation, and to a Princess whom horticulture is proud to number among its patrons. If I refrain from giving any further information at present, I do so in order that others may not imme- diately assert th.it they also have the plant. But the Gardeners' Chronicle may rest assured that when the proper time comes I shall place my materials in the hands of a competent botanist, and that the plant shall be accurately described in due form. L. Linden. MOLES AND WIREWORMS.— I read with no small degree of surprise the article on wireworms, by Mr. Rust, in your issue of February 27, p. 278, in which he advocates the preserving of moles to destroy wireworms, because I fear the remedy would prove worse than the disease. Having advocated the destroying of moles for years, in fairness to myself I will, with your permission, offer a few remarks upon my own experience of these troublesome intruders. It was my lot to serve in a garden where our employer took the mole-preserving craze, therefore, I had every opportunity of observing the destruction wrought by that pest. The damage done to crops in the kitchen garden was serious, seed-beds being up- heaved in a ruthless manner, while Cduliflower- plants. Pea-rows, and Potato-drills, fared no better ; indeed, no part of the garden escaped their destroy- ing-power, and the annoyance caused by their continued upheaval of the lawn and bowling-ground was great. The consequence was, the moles had to be killed, and these gardens have not suffered any degree of harm from wireworm since the moles were destroyed; indeed, I was told by a very intelligent and observing mole-catcher in this district that he had frequently opened moles taken from fields where wireworm was destroying the crop, and he failed to find one wireworm in the stomachs of these intruders. With regard to their channeling and draining the land, I beg to differ from your corre- spondent. I always found the water to stand an undue length of time in their much-trodden subter- ranean pathways, and the land much the wettest where these holes existed. I hope Mr. Rust does not seriously advocate moles in our gardens or pleasure-grounds, and if we allow them full scope in parks, fields, or plantations around our gardens, I would like to know how, without destroying, can we keep them out of our gardens ? I fear Mr. Rust has allowed his humane instinct to overrule his dis- cretion on this important matter ; for in the case of some employers it is not easy to explain away the remarks of some of our able (humane) writers. Therefore, matters of such importance to gardeners ought only to be prompted by sound practical expe- rience, and I will read with interest any remarks that may be made upon this subject by other prac- tical gardeners or land-stewards. J, Charlton, Farnley Grove Gardens, Corbridge-on-Tyne. MILDEW IN VINERIES.— Amongst the fungus and other pests requiring watchfulness in the Vine- grower, mildew is one of the worst. Vines in good health, and which obtain liberal treatment, very rarely are affected by it. Ventilation, improperly afforded, is sometimes the cause of an attack, and it is, as a rule, less harmful to endure a high tem- perature in the vineries for an hour or two, than to March 26, 1892,1 THE GAnPENEnS' CHRONICLE. lower it by admitting a volume of cold air. The reason why mildew ia more generally seen in late vineries, I think, is due to the absence of fire- heat. Plants growing in vineries, especially Roses, on account of their susceptibility to this disease, should be avoided. Sulphur applied in some form or other is well known to be infallible, and it should always be used in winter-dress- ing for Vines, also in the annual whitewashing of the walls. Some persons advocate putting it on the hot-water pipes ; if this is done, it should not be a large quantity that is so used, for Grapes are often spoiled by strong applications in this manner. Dusting with flowers-of-sulphur, if thoroughly done, has good effects, and clear- boiled sulphur-water used with the syringe is very efficacious. Thos. Harris, Ashby St, Legcrs, liieghi/. BAMBUSA METAKE.— This, though not the most elegant, is the hardiest of all the Bamboos, and never seems to suffer from frost in like degree to other species, and through all the cold and keen winds it may be seen unscathed, and looks fresh and green when the spring comes. It is also a very free grower, its stems running to a height of from 10 to 15 feet, or even more, and under-ground shoots come up at some distance from the mother-plant. These suckers, or rhizomes, may be taken off, and planted at any time, but the best season to remove them is in April, when growth begins. Those who have decoration to do will find this species very useful, as the cut canes, put into big-mouthed bottles of water, stand well, and look like elegant little Palms. J. S. I [t does well in very smoky districts of London. Ed ] PRUNING DENDROBIUMS. — I am very much obliged to your able correspondent, Mr. Burberry, for his courteous reply to my questions on the above subject; but I must beg to differ from him in nearly all that he says respecting the growth of this exten- sive genus of Orchids. In my opinion, he has not taken into serious consideration the structure of these plants, which differ as widely in their habit of growth and other essential characteristics as plants can possibly differ. Your correspondent says that the old pseuJobulbs are natural reservoirs. Now I maintain that this is a great mistake, for I can prove conclusively that the old pseudobulbs of some species do not store up sap at all, any more than the old stems of herbaceous plants store up moisture after a shower. Both will absorb moisture, but neither impart any to the plants to which they are attached, for the moisture contained in these stems is evapo- rated by the first burst of sunshine. Mr. Burberry says that Dendrobium nobile is an easily-grown Orchid, requiring but little skill, hence the stored- up juices in the old pseudobulbs are not made use of " mark the words'' (not made use of), if so, what is the use of retaining them ? Mr. Burberry may have seen what he would call a good plant, but he has not seen what in my opinion comes up to tliat standard of efficiency that I should call well grown. The deciduous species he names as being actually denuded of their growths are not only not weakened by the process, but are actually strengthened ; and many more might be added to the list, such as D. chrysanthum for instance. With me the growths of this species are cut off with the flowers attached ; these growths usually measure from 2 to 5 feet in length, and each growth carries from fifty to one hundred flowers, and though the growths are thus cut away our plants have from fifty to one hundred on each plant. Though the young growths were thus cut away, the young ones that started from their bases are already in such an advanced state that moat of them are upwards of 3 feet long. There are no signs of deterioration ; on the contrary, though the plants have been fifteen years under my charge they are far more vigorous now than they were at the first, for last season some of the plants carried over 3000 flowers each. We will proceed. Mr. Burberry says that he has noticed the stems that flower persistently from the old pseudobulbs cut back very hard. Surely this could not have been done by anyone who knew anything about those species, for such kinds as those of the fimbriatum type will flower out of the old stems for years. Therefore, like those with persistent foliage, they will retain sap 80 long as there are buds left to flower. But it is not 80 with those kinds that have flowered from every node, and have shed their leaves, for with these there is nothing to excite the sap. They may become plump in wet weather, but all the moisture is absorbed by the atmosphere — none goes to the roots. It is easy for a practised eye to judge when a bulb is of no more use to a plant, but not so to the casual observer, who only follows in the line that his grandfathers laid down. A person may be an admirer of Orchids, or any other class of plants, without knowing anything of their structure. Any person may casually take up one of the mosses, for example, that grow on the wall or bank, such as Ilypnum murale, and admire it, yet without the aid of a powerful microscope he would not be able to understand its structure ; just so with Den- drobiums. I would here like to remind Mr. Burberry that we have for years cut off the growths of some species of Dendrobium with the flowers attached, just in the same manner as we should the stems of herbaceous plants, yet these same plants are the picture of health, and are the envy of some of the greatest Orchid growers in the world. Though we have plenty of table decora- tions, and use some thousands of Orchid flowers in such work, we never use either Bamboo rods or wire for such a purpose ; all our flowers are used naturally. Such things as Bamboos are left for staking the Chrysanthemums and wiring baskets ; were we to use them on the dinner-table, my employers would ask if we intended making a stove-house of their dining-room. Yet, we decorate where some hundreds of the greatest in the land go to admire, but without Bamboos, for we wish our flowers to last longer than a few hours. Let me further remark, I notice that in this Week's Work Mr. Burberry says, " we are placing all our Dendrobiums in one house." Surely he does not mean this ; there must be some mis- take. Are such kinds as densiflorum, thyrsiflorum, and all those with persistent foliage that have not yet flowered, to be placed in a house with D. chry- santhum, D. formosum, D. phaL-cnopsis, and those that are starting into growth, where a temperature of from 00° to 80° is maintained ? D. Wardianum, D. crassinode, D. Ainsworthi, and D. Hillii, have not yet done flowering, yet all are to go into the same moist atmosphere. D. Pierardi, D. pulchellum, and the like, whether from a very hot country or more temperate, all are to get the same treatment. Per- liaps Mr. Burberry will kindly explain how we poor noodles are to manage this. II. P. FINE EARLY STRAWBERRIES.— "A correspondent states that Strawberries have been gathered at Burghley Gardens, the Marquis of Exeter's Lin- colnshire seat, since February 17. the variety being the celebrated John Ituskin. The fruit averaged half an ounce each in weight, and were of fine per- fume and quality. In Covent Garden they fetched 40s. per lb." 'The above appeared last week in a local newspaper. Will Mr. Gilbert tell us if he had Strawberries of the quality described at the date named ? Ignoramus. RATS AND MICE ! PREVENTION BETTER THAN CURE. — The present age appears to be one of inven- tion and discovery, and one in which inventions and discoveries are turned to practical account. Now one meets with inventions for the destruction of flies in the shape of fly-papers, the destruction of rats and mice by chemicals which so work that the animal affected quietly passes away from the scene of its former haunts, and shrivels up and dies, but leaves no smell whatever behind. Notwithstanding all these ingenious discoveries, I am inclined to wonder that no one yet has discovered a system of prevention rather than cure, and it is with a view to set the minds of such discoverers at work that I write. Is it not possible to discover by experiment a chemical, the smell of which would be detested by mice, and which could be so combined in the manu- facture of brown paper bags, that when the seeds- man had parcelled up his seeds, and neatly tied them, and placed away in his drawers ready for the demand when it may come, no mice would dare advance to make further investigation as to the contents of the same ? I feel sure that if this question was taken up by some enterprising chemist, and paper was then manufactured which would contain sufficient of the matter to render it safe from the attacks of mice, a large business might be carried on with the seedsmen. E. Wilson Serpell. CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS.— This delightfully fragrant hardy shrub annually ripens a few doxpn seed-pods, which hang on the tree for a very long time. I enclose a seed-pod and flowers growing on same branch ; the pod resembles a Filbert in e.xterior, whilst inside will be found two seeds very similar in size and appearance to small French Beans. The tree is trained on the wall of my cottage, in a shel- tered nook, and annually pruned like a Peach tree. Daring January and early February, the surrounding atmosphere is very pleasantly perfumed, being specially agreeable when the weather permits us to open our sitting-room windows. Very sharp frosts destroy the perfume, but fresh flowers continue to open, and a few mild days restores the delightful fragrance, sweeter than the grandiflorus section described by " H.," at p. 21.3. W. Crump, Madres/ield Court, Malvern. HIGH RENTAL FOR ALLOTMENT-GROUND AT CLEWER. — It is stated in the daily papers that Lord Carrington is letting land for allotment-gardens to his labourers at Spalding, in Lincolnshire, from 33s. to 42s. per acre. Lincolnshire being a county renowned for its agriculture, and Spalding being one of the best districts, there is no doubt the land is fertile,'and every way fitted for the purpose of allot- ment-gardens. Compare these figures with the price working-men have to pay for allotment-gardens at Clewer in the neighbourhood of Windsor. A few evenings since I was addressing a large gathering of allotment-holders on vegetable culture, and having invited questions, one holder rose and asked me if I thought Is. per pole— £8 per acre— a fair rental ? It was scarcely a proper question to address to me under the circumstances, but I said I thought it a very high rent indeed, and the questioner stated that when rent was paid, manure and seeds pur- chased, and other expenses met, there seemed to be very little indeed for him who tilled the land. For- tunately, it happened that Mr. E. B Foster, of Clewer Manor, the county councillor representing that district, was in the chair, and he promised to look into the matter. One of the speakers made the astounding statement that a neighbour- ing farmer rented the land at 50s. per acre, and sublet it to the allotment-holders at £8 per acre. In addition to the high rent charged for the land, it occupies a low position, and some of the holders reported that at flood-time their gardens were flooded with water, to the almost entire loss of the crops. Oae could not but sympathise with the allot- ment-holders, and hope that Mr. Foster would be able to take some action that would result in a de- creased rental. This suburb of Windsor is rapidly extending, and becoming a centre for working-class residences ; and, these being largely destitute of garden-ground, there is naturally a great desire to acquire allotments, and, could the number be ex- tended, they would soon be taken up. R. Di"in. Societies. BOYAL HOBTIOULTUEAL. March 22, — As the spring advances so do the ex- hibits at the meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society increase, and that held on Tuesday last was no exception to the rule. Orchids were well repre- sented, and some fine groups of spring-flowering shrubs and plants made a good display. Roses, too, were well shown, and the same may be said of Narcissi. Floi-al Committee. Present: W. Marshall, Esq., in the chair; and Messrs, B. Wynne, H. Herbst, R, Dean, C. T. Druery, II. B. May, W. C. Leach, R. B. Lowe, G. Phippen, C. E. Pearson, H, Cannell, C. J. Salter, T. Bainea, C. Noble, H. H. D'Ombrain, II. Turner, J. Eraser, G. Paul, and F. Ross. This committee had the bulk of the exhibits to deal with, some of the subjects shown being of a specially noteworthy character. Roses were very good, particularly those staged by Messrs. G Paul & Sons, Cheshunt. Messrs. W. Paul & Sons, Waltham Cross, also sent a collection of pot Roses, neatly packed in shallow hampers. A collection of Azaleas, Lilac, and other plants, in bloom, shown by Messrs. G. Paul & Sjus, attracted some attention, the Lilac Marie Legrange, a pure white, being specially good. Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, sent among other things, a collection of Amaryllis, which in- cluded some varieties of sterling value. The best were — Chrorais, dark crimson self; The Volunteer, scarlet ; and Eclipse, a fine bloom of a white and crimson colour. Some good Amaryllis also came from C. T. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham (gr., Mr. G. Duncan), one named Warnham Court Seedling being particularly good. Messrs. B, S. Williams & Sons, Upper Holloway, also staged a good Amaryllis named Baron Pallas, a neat dark bloom. 408 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [MabCh 26, 1892. A large group of forced ehrubs and plants in bloom came from Sjon Home, Brentford (gr., Mr. G. Wjthee) ; and Cinerarias were well shown by Messrs. James & Son, Farnham Royal, Slough. A collection of branches of flowering shrubs, which included Forsytbia suspensa, Pyras Malus floribunda, and a double-flowered Pi-ach, was staged by C. E. Smith, Esq., Silvermere, Cobham (gr., Mr. J. Qaarterman) ; and a lot of Acacias and Camellia reticulata blooms came from the Royal Gardens, Kew. Messrs. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, staged a fine group of spring-flowering plants, and a basket of Mignonette, named " Cutbush's Scarlet." The collection of plants staged by Messrs. B. S. Narcissi, some of which were figured in a previous number, were exhibited by the Rev. G. H. Engle- heart, Appleshaw, Andover. Orchid Oommittee. Members present : Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair ; and Messrs. Jas. O'Brien, Ssc. S. Courtauld, J. Mason, F. Sander, E. Hill, T. B. Haywood, De B. Crawshay, W. White, H. M. PoUett, H. Ballantine, T. W. Bond, Ed. Moon, C. J. Lucas, M. T. Masters, H. Williams, and A. H. Smee. E. Miller Mundy, Esq., Shipley Hall, Derby (gr., Mr. Wm. Elphinstone), staged a group of various varieties of the superb Dendrobium Phalasnopsls Schroderianum, all cultivated and flowered in ex- alba, Batemannia Bnrtii, several Spathoglottis Lobbii, and many cut spikes of Dendrobium Dalbonsie- anum, Epidendmm anrantiacom, Schomburgkia un- dulata and their richly coloured true Cattleya labiata. Messrs. Charlesworth, Shuttlewerth & Co., of Heaton, Bradford, and 191, Park Road, Clapham, had a fine group, tastefully arranged, and composed chiefly of very fine examples of Oncidium sarcodes, with which were Lselia harpophylla, Oncidium cirro- sum, &c. A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded. F. W. Moore, Esq., Curator, Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, sent a fine spike of the unique Moorea irrorata, n. gen. and sp. (Qardeners' Chronicle, July 5, 1890, p. 7). The flowers nearest resemble a FlQ 59.— PAIM THEE AVENUE, HTERES. (SEE P. 409.) Williams & Son, also contained subjects of a note- worthy character, amongst which Azalea Princess of Walfs, a fine white ; a dwarf Solanum, named S. capricastrum nanum, Euonymus japonicus com- pactura, and Cliveias of sorts, may be mentioned. Some Cliveias from the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens at Cbiswick were also shown, and Mr. C. W. Leach, Albury Park Gardens, brought a bright coloured Anthnrium, named A. coccineum Leachii. Ranunculus cortufsefolius was shown by Mr. C. Wood, gr. to Lord Hamilton, Merstham House ; and a bunch of Violets by Mr. Miller, Raxley Lodge, Esher. Narcissi were well shown by Messrs. P. Barr & Sons, Long Ditton, whose collection also included several of the early-flowering Irises. Various hybrid cellent manner, the large variety to which was awarded a First-class Certificate, and the charming light form to which an Award of Merit was given, being noble examples. A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded for the group, Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, secured a similar award for a fine group containing three varieties of Phaius Cooksoni, Dendrobium Wardi- anum album, white, with the base of the lip vellow, and with the usual chocolate blotches ; D. W. virginale, a fine thing, white without the chocolate blotches on the lip: Cypripedlnm Wallisii; the extra- ordinary Epidendrnm Lancheanum, with a long dense drooping raceme of pretty little brown and yellow flowers; Ansellialutea, Fhajus assamica, Epidendrnm O'Brienianum, with six spikes ; Cattleya Trian^ Honlletia. It has a stout upright spike of large flowers, the centres white and the outer halves of the segments reddish-brown. The curious three- lobed lip is yellow and white, with purplish spots. Mr. Moore also sent a spike of the curious Megacli- nium falcatum and flowers of Lycaste fulvescens. R. I. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Camber- well (gr., Mr. H. Simpkins), sent a curious and pretty supposed new species of Odontoglossum with white flowers, the lip handsomely marked with bright rose ; also Brassia brachiata and Masdevallia Hincksiana X. Ed. Moon, Esq., Cassiobridge, Watford, exhibited Dendrobium inlundibnlum, Cassiobridge var., a fine form with remarkable development of petals and lip. G. R. Le Doux, Esq., Langton House, East March 26, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, 409 Moulsey, «ent Odontoglossum triumphans, Le Daux var. Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M P., Burford Lodue, Dorking, staged plants of Uendrobium speciosum ? x IX Kingianum, which had small white flowers. Messrs. Heath & Son, Cheltenham, sent flowers uf Cypripedium Argus Moensii. A. n. Smee, Esq., The Grange, Hackbridge (gr., Mr. G. W. Cummings), sent a tine spike of the rich crimson Epidendrum Erederici Guillelmi. C. J. Lucas, E3q , Warnham Court. Horsham, staged the little Maadevallia Simula, Dendrobium nobile nobilior, and cut flowers of B n. nobilius and I) n.coe-ulescens ; and C.E. Smith, Esq , Silvermere, Oubham, Surrey, sent for name Dendrobium hedy- iismnm, Lsslia (Brassarola) glauca, and other cut Orchids. Fruit and Vegetable Committee. Present: P. Crowley, Esq, in the chair; and T. Francis Rivers, G. W. Cummings. J. Willard, (J. Bunyard, W. Warren, J. Wright, T.J. Saltmarsh, A Dean, J. H. Laing. G. H. Sage, G. Noiman, G. Wythes, J. Smith, J. Hudson, H. BaldersoD, G. ll.!}nolds, Harrison Weir, and Dr. Hogg. But few exhibits were brought before this com- mittee. C. E. Smith, Esq., Silvermere, sent fruit of a seedling orange of a medium size; and Mr. C. W. Ijpach brought Tomato Lady Bird from Albury Park. This is a small Tomato borne in clusters. A dish of well-grown Mushrooms came from Mr. Miller, gr. to Lord Foley, Eaher ; and a brace of Cucumbers from Mr. D. Roberts, gr. to H. Packe, Esq., Prestwold, Loughborough ; the latter were of good shape, medium size, and were said to be a cross between Beeston's Prolific and Lockie's Perfection. A bundle of forced Asparagus was exhibited by Messrs. T. and W. Poupart, Mortlake. A paper on the " Cultivation of Melons," by Mr, C. Ross, was read by the Rev. W. Wilks at the after- noon meeting. The paper was of a practical and interesting nature. ROYAIi BOTANIC. Mahch 23. — The first spring exhibition of the R )yal Botanic Society was held in the Society's Gardens, Regent's Park, on the above date. The entries in some classes were by no means numerous, but the exhibits combined made a fair display. Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway, staged a fine group of Azalea mollis and Cliveias, for which a large Silver Medal was awarded ; and several other things were sent by the same firm. Messrs. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, S.E., were also awarded a Silver Medal for a group of miscellaneous plants, which included several new Caladiums ; and Messrs. G. Paul & Sons gained a similar award for Roses. A collection of cut Camellia blooms and Roses came from Messrs. W. Paul & Sons, Waltbam Cross ; and Narcissi and other bulbous plants were well staged by Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, and Messrs. Barr & Sons, for which medals were awarded. Messrs. H. Williams & Son, Fortis Green, Finchley, were to the fore with Hyacinths, Tulips, and Narcissi ; and Cyclamens were extensively shown by Messrs. C. Elmonds, Hillingdon; T. Walker, Hounslow ; T. Prestridge, Brentford ; J. Odell, Hil- lington ; and the St. George's Nursery Co., Hiowell. Medals were awarded all these firms ; also to Messrs. James & Sons, Slough ; and Cutbush & Sons, High- gate, were similarly honoured for a group of Cine- rarias and miscellaneous plants respectively. Messrs, Veitch & Sons, King's Road, Chelsea, showed a collection of Amaryllis. For six greenhouse Azaleas, Mr. H. Eason, gr, to B. Noakes, Esq., Hope Cottage, Highgate, was lat in the amateurs' class, and Mr. Henry James, Castle Nursery, West Norwood, secured a similar honour in the open class. The best six Chinese Primulas were shown by Mr. J. Odell, Hillingdon, and the best twelve Hyacinths in the amateurs' class by Mr. Douglas. Great Gearies, Iiford. Mr. Doaglas was also Ist for six Deutzias, and twelve pots of Freezias and Narcissi, and won minor prizes in other classes. Messrs. H. Williams & Son, in addition to their other exhibits, staged the best twelve pots of Tulips and Hyacinths in the open class; and Messrs. G. Paul & Sons were awarded 1st for six Amaryllis and six Roses in pots. For twelve pots of Cyclamen, Mr. D. P. Phillips, gr. to P. W. Mann, Esq , Lingley Broom, Slough, was placed lat ; and Mr. R. Scott, gr. to Miss Foster, The Holme, Regent's Park, similarly, for twelve pots of Crocuses. The best pots of Lily of the Valley were shown by W. B. Marie, The Grand Floral Depot, R-gent's Street, W. H YE RES. Thk illustration which we give on p. 408 will convey to the reader a better notion of the climate of that lovely district than many pages of descrip- tion. The Palms are Date Palms, hundreds of which have been planted along the Boulevards, one avenue alone, about a mile long, reaching from the railway station to the town, is lined with them, and hence the name, Hyeres-Ies-Palmiers, finds ample justification. For the rest, the vegetation is of the same rich and varied character as in the Riviera generally — a vegetation which, like the visitors, is mostly of exotic origin. The Pall Mall Budget of last week contains numerous illustrations of Hyeres and its neighbourhood in connection with the visit of the Queen to that delightful locality. SerenO Watson. — It is with very great concern that we publish the following letter from the President of Harvard College. In our next issue we shall give some further details as to Mr, Watson's career : — " Harvard University, Cambridge, " March 9, 1892. " Sib, — It is with great regret that I inform you of the death of Sereno Watson, Curator of the Her- barium, which occurred on the 9th instant, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. " The funeral services will be held in Appleton Chapel on Friday, March II, at 2 30 p.m, " Your obedient servant, " Chaeles W. Eliot." The Weather. [By the term '* accumulated temperature" is meant the agi^regate amount, as well aa the duration, of degrees of temperature above or below 42° Fahr. for the period named; and this combined result ia expressed in Day- degrees — a "Day-degree" sigoifying 1° continued for twenty-four hours, or any other number of degrees for an inversely proportional number of hours.] Temperature. RilNFALI.. Bright Sun. 1? ACOHMULATED. § . i t k *^M la s CO o-^ 1 i . ■1 m 11 Is as h 1 1 •St: 1 ^ - Diy- Day- Day- Day- lOths deg. deg. deK. deg. Ins. 0 1 — 10 39 - 17 + W3 3 — 55 10-6 37 23 1 2 — 12 48 — ,39 + 166 1 — 43 5-2 34 23 2 2 — 10 34 - 36 + 133 2 — 43 39 42 •a 3 1 — 16 35 — 44 + 145 1 — 43 3-2 46 23 4 0 aver 23 38 — 39 + 163 1 — 41 4-0 43 23 6 I — 18 33 - 47 + 109 1 + 34 3-3 43 26 6 1 — 13 33 - 31 + 127 4 — 43 7-8 38 24 7 Caver 17 30 - 36 + 123 1 + 42 6-2 36 25 8 1 — 27 17 — 4S + 97 2 + 45 6-3 42 31 » 1 + 29 17 - 54 + 87 2 — 46 6-8 26 22 10 1 — 3i 16 — 69 + 91 3 + 43 7-6 25 25 • a aver 3J 5 - 39 + 45 2 + 48 69 66 28 the first column are Principal Wheat-proiuciny Disiricts~0, SootTaad. N. ; 1, Scotland. E.; 2. England, N.E. ; 3, England, E. ; 4, Midland Counties; 6, England, S. Principal Grazing, S[C., Districts— Q, Scotland, W. ; 7, England, N.W. ; 8, England, S.W. ; 9, Ireland, N. ; 10, Ireland, S. ; * Channel Islands. THE PAST WEEK. The following summary record of the weather for the week ending March 19, is furnished from the Meteorological Office :— " The weather continued cold and somewhat un- settled during the earlier part of the week, but subsequently became considerably warmer, especially during the daytime, and very fine and bright, with dry air. " The temperature varied greatly. During the earlier part of the time it was very low, the absolute minima (observed on the 13th in Ireland and Eng- land, and on the 16th in Scotland), ranging from 3° in ' Scotland, E.' (at Braemar), 10° in ' Scotland, N.' (at Glencarron), and 15° in ' England, S.W,,' to 22° in ' England, E.,' and 31° in the ' Channel Islands.' During the latter part of the week the thermometer was much higher, the absolute maxima (which occurred on the 18th or 19th), ranging from 65° in 'Scotland, N..' and 61° in 'Scotland, E. and Ireland, N.,' to 60° in ' Scotland, W. and the Channel Islands.' The range of temperature was consequently unusually large, but the average for the week did not differ materially from the normal value for the time of year. " The rainfall slightly exceeded the mean in 'England, S. and S.W.,' 'Ireland, S ,' 'England, N.W.,' and the ' Channel Islands ; ' elsewhere it was less than the mean. " The bright sunshine was fairly abundant, and exceeded the normal for the time of year very generally. The percentage of the possible amount of duration ranged from 25 over Ireland, to between 42 and 48 in most of the English dis- tricts, and to 56 in the ' Channel Islands.' " M AJ^K JJ 8 . COVENT GARDEN, March 24. [We cannot accept any editorial responsibility for the sub- joined reports. They are furnished to us regularly every Thursday, by the kindness of several of the principal salesmen, who revise the list, and who are responsible for the quotations. It must be remembered that these tiuotations do not represent the prices on any particular day, but only the general averages for the week preceding the date of our report. The prices depend upon the quality of the samples, the supply in the market, and the demand ; and they fluctuate, not only from day to day, but often several times in one day, Ed.1 Business quiet. Grapes coming shorter with prices steadily rising. James Webber, Wholesale Apple Market. Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices. . d. t. d. .d. Apples. Canadian and Nova Scotian, per birrel 10 0-25 0 Apples, i-sievo ... 10-40 Kent Cobs, 100 lb. 40 0- ... Lemons, per case ... 8 0-14 0 Pine-apples. St. Mi- chael, each ... 2 0- Oiapes 2 0-50 Strawberries, per oz. 06-10 Cut Flowers.— Average Wholesale Prices. s.d. s.d. Acacia or Mimosa, French, per bunch 16-20 Anemone, 12 bunches 2 0-60 Arum, per doz. bl. ... 3 0-40 Azalea, p. doz. sprays 0 6-09 Camellias.white.doz. 2 0-30 — red. per. doz. ... 10-16 Carnations. 12 blms. 2 0-30 Cinerarias, 12 bun.... 6 0-90 Daffodils, double per dozen bun. 2 0-40 — single „ 4 0 6 0 — various „ 6 0-90 Eucharis, pei dozen 4 0-60 Freesias. dozev bun. 2 0 4 0 Girdenias, per dozen 3 0-60 Heliotrope, 12 sprays 0 8-09 Hyacinths, 12 sprays 2 0-40 Jonquils, dozen bun. 18-30 Lilac white (French) per bunch 4 6-60 Lilium Harriaii, doz. 4 0-80 Lilyof the Valley. per doz. sprays ... 0 6-10 Maiden Hair Fern, 12 bunches ... 6 0-12 0 Marguerites, per doz. bunches 3 0-40 Mignonette, 12 bun. 4 0-60 Orchid-bloom s.d. Narcissus, paper- white. Fr., p. bnu. 2 6-40 Narcissus (various), Scilly.doz. bunches 2 0-40 Orchids : — Cattleya, 12 blms. 6 C- 9 0 Odontoglossum crispum,12blms. 3 0-60 Pelargoninms, scar- let, per 12 bun. 4 0-60 — 12 sprays ... 0 9-10 Primroses, doz. bun. 0 6-16 Primula,sing.,12bun. 4 0-60 Roses, Tea. per dozen 10-30 — coloured, dozen 2 0-40 — yellow (Mare- chals).perdoz. 4 0-60 — red. per dozen... 4 0-80 Snowdrops, 'doz. bun. 10-30 Spirals, 12 bunches 6 0-80 Tuberojes, 12 blms. 10-20 Tulips, p. doz. blms. 0 6-16 Violets, Parme, per bunch 2 0-30 — Czar, per bunch 16-20 — English. 12bun. 16-20 Wallflowers, French, per dozen bunches 2 0-40 ety. Plants is Pots. Adiantum, per doz. 4 Arum, per dozen ... 9 Aspidistras, per doz. 18 Azalea, per doz. ...24 Begonias, per doz. ... 6 Cinerarias, per doz. 6 Cyclamens, per doz. 9 Cyperus. per dozen 4 Dracienas, each ... 1 Erica, various. dozenl2 Erica gracilis doz 8 Ferns, various, doz. 4 — per 100 8 Bedding plan —Average Wholesale Prices. d. 5. d, s. d. s. d. 0-12 0 Ficus elastica, each 16-76 0-12 0 Genistas, per dozen. 8 0 12 0 0-63 0 HyacinthsDutchdoz. 6 0-90 0-36 0 Lilyofthe Valley. pot 16-20 0-12 Marguerites, per doz. 6 0-12 0 0-10 u Mignonette, doz pots 8 0-15 0 0-18 0 Primulasinensis.doz. 4 0-60 0-10 0 Palms, various, each 2 0-21 0 0- R 0 — specimens, eachlO 6 84 0 0' Id 0 Pelargoniums, Scar- 0-12 0 let, per doz. ... 6 0-90 0-9 0 Solanums. per dozen 9 0-12 0 0-15 0 Tulips, per doz. pots 6 0-80 ta, vari^'us, in boxes. Is. to ds. 410 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. Iaech 26, -1S92. Vegetables. — Average Betail Prices. s.d, s.d. I s.d.s.d. Artichokes Globe, | Lettuces, per doz. ... 16-20 each 0 4-06 Mushrooms, punnet 2 0- ... Beans, French, lb.... 16-20 Mustard and Creaa, Beet, red, per dozen 2 0- 3 0 ! punnet 0 4- ... Carrots, per bunch... 0 4-06 Parsley, per bunch... 03-06 Cauliflowers, each ...03-06' Seakale, p. basket ... 20-30 Celery, per bundle... 10-30 Shallots, per lb. ... 0 6- ... Cucumbers, each ... 0 9-13 Spinach, per bushel 3 6- ... Kndive, per dozen ... 2 0-30 Tomatos, per lb. ... 06-10 Herbs, per bunch ... 0 9-10 Turnips, per bunch... 04-06 POTATOS. The market is not quite eo healthy a? per last report ; and, except for best quality, there is a tendency to lo^ve^ prices. /. B. Thomas. London : March 23. — Messrs. John Shaw & Sons, Seed Mer- chants, of Great Ma/e Pond, London, S.E., write that many country seedsmen seem resolved to postpone the bulk of their purchases until the sowing season is close upon them ; this will make business next month a great rush; if intending purchasers would operate at once, they would find their wants more carefully and advantageously attended to, than will be possible later on. Meantime, values all round, especially for Alsyke White, and Red Clover seeds, keep exceedingly firm, and there are indications that a speedily augmented demand would result in an enhancement in prices. There is no change this week in Rye-grasses. Sanfoin is cheap and good. A very choice new variety of boiling Peas, excellent cookers, called Green Scotch, is now obtainable at tempting rates. Mustard and Rape seed are firm. Bird seeds show steadiness. For Tares there is an improved request. POTATOS. Spitalfields : March 22. — Quotations : — Magnums, 50s. to 70s.; Imperators, 60s. to 80s. ; Hebrons, 60s. to 90s.; Bruce Magnums, 60s. to 75s. ; MainCrop, 7os. to 90s. ; Snow- drops, ids. to 80s. per ton. Borough : JliarcA 22. —Quotations:— HebronsandEIephants, 70s. to 90s. ; Impeiators, 60s. to 90s. ; Bruce Maguums, 60s. to 90s. ; Dunbar do., 90s. to 105s. per ton. Stratford: March 22.— Quotations:— Magnums, 52s. lod. to 80s. ; Imperators, 60s, to 85s ; Bruce Magnums, 65s, to SOs. ; Scotch do., 65s. to 90s. ; Main Crops, 100s. to 110s. per ton. Notices to Correspondents. Amount of Labodr : Subscriber. We can only estimate approximately the number of men, besides the head gardener, that would be re- quired. The kitchen-garden of 1.} acres, with the 200 yards of fruit wall, and the orchard of 1 acre under spade cultiyation, would require three men, if the head man prunes and nails his wall trees, if the land is heavy, and the walks of binding gravel, and the edgings of Box. Light land might be managed if there is no Box clipping or weeding of walks, by two men and one lad. The lawn and conservatory, and 2 acres of clumps, borders, and shrubs require one man and one boy, with a donkey or pony for the mower. It will greatly depend on the water supply, if convenient or otherwise, the kind of land, the service expected to be rendered by the gardener to carry out work in the dwelling. He may have to supply labour to pump water, help the cook, butler, and coachman ; furnish beaters in the shooting season, beat carpets, &c. ; in which case the force above given would not be equal to the work. Anonas : J. L. The plants rarely fruit in this country, and it is not likely that the stopping of the shoots would help the matter, rather the contrary. Try root-pruning or root-cramping in pots or tubs, giving the plants all sunlight possible, and no shade at any time. Books : Eisqite. Greenhouse and Stove Plants, by Thomas Baines, published by John Murray, Albe- marle Street, London. Rivers' Base Amateurs' Guide, London : Longmans, Green, & Co. Villa Gardening, by E. Hobday, London : Macmillan & Co. will supply you with the other information required. — A. H. Bulbs and Bulb Culture, by Mr. D. T. Fish, published at the Bazaar Office, 170, Strand, London, W.C. Choisya tebnata : J. Colebrook. On the Sussex coast the plant will go through almost any winter without injury, especially if it have the protection of a wall, not necessarily trained to the latter, but standing just in front of one. Cineraria acantuifolia : Paddy. The silvery hue of the leaves is more decided the second year than the first. To give the plants a bushy habit you may cut them back to the point named. This cutting back will induce bushiness, and will not cause the plants to flower more than if it were not performed. The flower heads can always be re- moved, together with a large portion of the flower stalk, when they show. It may be removed in April, whether it be in the open ground or not. Take cuttings in August, Double Spathed Arum : J. W. W. Not uncommon. We receive numerous specimens every year, and have often figured it. Erratum: "Two Famous Gardeners," In the last column of this article on p. 363, after " the appointment of royal gardeners apparently died with him," read " so far as regards the firm which he did so much to enlarge." Fig Tree in a Plant Stove: A. H. The plant stove is hardly the proper place in which to grow a Fig tree. The plant is almost hardy in this country, and although it may be afforded a good deal of heat whilst it is growing and carrying its fruit, it requires rest during the autumn and winter, in a low temperature. Can you not take up the tree and put it into a large tub or pot? It will then be more under control, and will, in time, bear fruit. French Horticultural Journal : Sisgue. La Sevue Horticole, published at Paris, Librarie Agricole de la Maison Eustique, 26, Rue Jacob. M. H. Martinet has assumed the editorship of Le Jardin, published by M. Godefroy, 5, Rue d'Edim- bourg, Paris. Fungus from Vine Border : J. C. It is a species of lungus that is often found in Mushroom-beds, and which is rather injarious than not, to the Mushrooms, starving the soil, and crowding them out. If it is abundant in the Vine border, it is likely to do harm, and, as it is usually found at or near the surface, it should he sought for and got rid of. The fungus-spawn has been brought in old Mushroom-bed material, or it has found favouring conditions in fresh horse- droppings dug into the border. Greenhouse Standing on a Concreie Flooe : W. C. Consult your solicitor. Holly Hedge : IV. B. The hedge may be cut as hard back as you please ; it will break all right, but will not be a very sightly object ior some time afterwards. The cutting back should not be de- layed. The young shoots should be left untouched till next Spring, when they may be shortened and the weakest ones removed entirely. Land Spoiled et an Over-Dressing of Manure: J. li. Of nitrate of soda, 125 lb. per acre would be a sufficient dressing, and that should he afforded the crop in a general way whilst in full growth. The quantity afforded is in your case about five times as great as it is safe to use, but having been already ploughed-in, much of it will be carried away by water to levels out of the reach of plant roots. It will cause excessive leaf growth in cereals, but the root-crops will be benefited — 12 cwt. of superphosphate of lime is more than double the proper quantity even for fruit trees. We should say that whatever you sow or plant, unless the land was of the poorest description, will grow largely to leaf, and much out of charac- ter ; but if a subsoil plough or a deep cultivator could be set to work to deepen the tilth and break up the pan formed by the plough-sole, much of the excess of manure would sink into or be com- mingled with a much larger body of loose soil, and thereby rendered, at least, innocuous. Large Investment of Money in a Gardening Project: W. C. We should not like you to go into the business solely on any advice that we might give you — the responsibility is too great. All that we can say is, that money is made by cultivating the subjects you have named ; but other things besides money are required — skill, industry, enterprise, knowledge of markets, &c. There is a large and growing demand for the produce named, and fair prices are obtainable for good stuff. Market Prices : W. J. B. The prices which are quoted in our pages are merely approximate, and rarely agree with those really given. Covent Garden prices vary greatly with the quality of the goods sent, the time of day when the latter arrive, the demand at the moment, and in other ways. We must suppose that the prices generally paid to growers give satisfaction, or we should not find this market so well supplied as it is with the best obtainable productions. Names OF Fruit: A. A. B. Too much decayed to name with any degree of certainty. Names of Plants: C. Bellis. Aloe variegata. — G. S. The Winter Aconite, Eranthis hyemalis. — T. M. Coccoloba platycladon. — G. S. Bomaria Wil- Uamsi ; certainly not Patacocoensis, which has the outer segments one- fourth shorter than the inner. — S. C. H. Snowdrop, Galanthus Elwesii.— E. B. L. 1, Davallia Mariesii ; 2, Pteris cretica albo-lineata ; 3, Polypodium Billardieri; 4, P. nigrescens; 5, Scoiopendrium vulgare fissum ; 6, Asplenium alatum. — W. S. 1, Pelargonium echi- natum ; 2, Pteris cretici albo-lineata ; 3, P. adian- toides ; 4, Adiantum formosum ; 5, Pteris tremula ; 6, send when in flower. — A. II., Bedford. 1, Pteris argyriea ; 2, P. cretica albo-lineata ; 3, Cyrtomium falcatum; 4, Onychium japonicum ; 5, Lastrea Sieboldii ; 6, Doryopteris palmata ; 7, Pteris adiantoides ; 8, Lastrea atrata ; 9, Pteris hastata ; 10, Lastrea aristata variegata ; 11, Polyatichum angulare proliferum ; 12, Nephrolepis pectinata ; 13, Pteris chinensis. — White Bendrobe. Dendro- bium infundibulum, the largest form we have seen. Palms Growing in Houses infested with Mealy- bug, Scale, and Thrips : X. There are plenty of insecticides sold by nurserymen for ridding plants of thrips. Fumigation with tobacco or some of its preparations will also do that. Scale and mealy- bug give more trouble, and are rarely ever got quite rid of on Palms. See " Answers to Corre- spondents " in our issue for March 12, recipe for making a petroleum emulsion which is suitable for your purpose. Pelargonium Ivy- leaf var, : G. F. So far as we can tell from the specimen sent, it is very good and distinct, and quite worth propagating. Phosphate of Limb : A. P. " Under the name of calcic phosphate a great many different products are understood. Fur a long time nothing but the calcic phosphate obtained from bones was used for agricultural purposes. At the present time, the greater part of the phosphate used as manure is obtained from the mineral kingdom, being found in practically inexhaustible quantities. All the phosphates used in agriculture are formed of phosphoric acid and lime. We know of three principal sorts of calcic phosphate, and that one called tricalcic phosphate is the most important, and has received the name of superphosphate of lime. It is prepared commercially by treat- ing bones or mineral phosphates with sulphuric acid. The acid phosphate is then mixed with calcic sulphate, and under this form receives the name of superphosphate of lime, or calcic superphosphate. It contains 15 to IS per cent, of phosphoric acid, and is sold at about is. 'id. per cwt." Extract from Artificial Manures, by Mons. Georges Ville. The above descriptions dispose oi the questions in your two letters. Plants which will Grow well to fill up Holes in THE bottom of AN OLD QoiCK Hedge : Subscriber. Plants which grow fairly well in the shade of others, viz. :— Common Holly, Butcher's Broom, Common Laurel, Pontic Rhododendrons, Spurge Laurel, common Box. The fiist named is the best to keep animals out, but where effect is sought, and that only, any of the others may be chosen. Whatever is planted must have proper stations made for it by excavating holes as large as may be, without greatly mutilating the roots of the Quick, and filling these holes with fairly rich loam. Plant from now to the end of May, and make the soil firm about the roots. Water and mulch, paying attention to the plants during the first summer, and supplying them with water once or twice a month. A hedge bottom is mostly a dry place. Texas Grass : J. J. Enquiries made at some of the large wholesale seed houses might elicit an answer to your question. Vines : S. V. The soil sent is of a healthy nature, and no trace of disease of any kind was detected on the roots. Is it possible that some trick has been played, the shoots and leaves shovring traces of scalding or what is much like it ?—JVardianum. We do not see any trace of disease. The leaves have the appearance of having been forced too hard with not enough air. Vine Leaves by Post : G. X., Broom Park. Please send other leaves, packed in damp Moss, and in a box. Commukications Keceived.— J. E.— D. K.— W. P. L. & S.— Union Steam Ship Company.— W. E.— Heriot College.— W. W.— J. A.— K. H. P.— W. C— J. W.— B. H. S.— J". N.— J. Barry.-J. Lynch.— E. S.— WiU Rose.— W. A. C.—W. E. — L. C. (Rugby).— B. D.— J. R. J.— C. H.— H. ]«.— 0. W. D. — E. W. G.— Practice.— S.—W. Nelson, South Africa.— Expert.— K. 0.— H. May.— T. H. Baily, Ithaca.— T. C— H. Russel. PHOTOGRAPHS. DRAWINGS, &c,— Kewfield, Arbraith (with thanks). Maech 26, 1892.] THE GAJi BE NEBS' GIIRONIGLE. 411 International Horticultural Exhibition, EAKL'S COURT, S.W. OPENING DAY, MAY 7th, 1892. shouM make immediate APPLICATION FOR SPACE, WHICH IS RAPIDLY BEING TAKEN UP. i"" THE EXHIBITS WILL INCLUDE— conseevatoeies aud foecing houses- BOILEES— LAWN MO WEES, EOLLEES, and GAEDEN TOOLS—GAEDEN TENTS and SEATS— ELOWEE STANDS and SUMMEE HOUSES— OENAMENTAL lEONWOEK and FENCES— FEENEEIES and EOCKWOEK— GAEDEN FOTTEEY, STATUAEY, FOUNTAINS, &c.— PAINTS, LABELS, FIBEES MANUEES, INSECTICIDES— PEATS and FUEL— TEEE TEANSPLANTING MACHINES— BOUQUET HOLDEES, PAPEES, TUBES, &c.— MACHINEEY for SEED-CLEANING and EXTEACTING ESSENTIAL OILS — PEEFUMES, FEUIT EVAPOEATOES, PUMPS — COLLECTIONS of SEEDS of all KINDS — DESIGNS for ESTATES and GAEDENS— PHOTOGEAPHS of TEEES, &c.— ESSAYS on GAEDENING and FOEESTEY. ^ There will be, in addition to the above, displays of every branch of Industry of interest to PRACTICAL & SCIENTIFIC HORTICULTURISTS. ADDBE8S~TW^ SECRETARY, INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, EARL'S COURT, LONDON, S.W. "NEW EASY" LAWN MOWER. The LIGHTEST RUNNING and CHEAPEST BOLLEB Machine. UNEXCELLED DURABILITY. Made in all Sizes, from 10 to 24 inches. The LARGEST SIZE EASILY WORKED by ONE MAN. Illustration shows two 24-in. Machines coupled together, doing the work of a 50-in. Horse Machine, at one-third the initial cost. SOLE LICENSEES— SELIG, SONNENTHAL, & CO., 85, Queen Victoria St., London, E.G. HEATING !! HEATING!!! THE THAM RON COMPANY Undertake the complete erection of HEATING APPARATUS for GREENHOUSES, OFEICES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c largest stock of BOILEES, PIPES, and CONNECTIONS in the Trade to select from, and invite inspection of same. Have the BOILERS of the latest and most approved class, including the PATENT HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, with WATER BARS ; CAST-IRON SADDLE, with WATERWAY- END, Etc. ; VENTILATING GEAR ahd VALVES. In the event o£ a Pipe requiring to be replaced in the Patent Horizontal Tubular Boiler, an arrangement has been perfected whereby same may be effected without the necessity of disturbing the brickwork setting. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Is. PRICE LIST FREE. UPPER GROUND STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, Telegraphic Addreas-" HOT- WATER, London." Telephone. No. 4763. the coarse of a few DllnnteB, S.E. 412 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Maech 26, 1892. "FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS. CO Kegistered Trade ]^ark. ^^ If you fail to obtain this CO «--\ Valuable Canvas from your looal ^^ _^ Seedsman, send a post-card to — ^— ^ g BENJ. EDGINGTON, M ^""* (Limited), ^ ^3 2, DUKE STREET, ^__ London Bridge, S.E., j*.^ C3 ^ g^ Who will reply by return, with ^^ LJ-a Samples and full Particulars. ^** "FRICI DOMO" CANVAS. HILL & SMITH, BBIEKLET HILL, STAFFORDSHIRE, An* 118, QUEEN VICTORIA STEEET, LONDON. E.C NEW PATTERN TREE GUARD, *'I%e Porcupine^ The mazlmiun of utility and the minimum of cost. Price 10s. 6d. TESTIMONIAL. " The Whittern. Herefordshire, ■• Dec. 28, 1887. ' DEiR Sirs,— I have now had an opportunity of trying your Porcupine Tree Guards, and they seem quite to answer my pur- pose, 80 you may send me 60 more as before. I en- close cheque for your account. Yours truly, KICHD. GKEEN. Messrs. Hill & Smith. 21-OZ. and 16-OZ. Foreign, of above sizes, in boxes of 100 feet and 200 feet super. English Glass, cut to buyers' sizes, at lowest prices, ielivertd free and sound in the country, in quantity. "BEST LINSEED OIL PUTTY." GEORGE FARHILOE & SONS, Lead, Glass, Oil. and Colour Merchants, 34, St. John Street, West Smlthfleld, London, E.C. stock Lists and Prices on application. Please quote Chronicle CARSON'S PAINT Patronised by 20,000 of the Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy, for all kinds of OUTDOOR WORE, CONSERVATORIES, Oreenliouses, Frames, &c. 1 Cwt., and Oil Ulztnre, Free to all Stations. Liquid Non-Foieonous Paints for Inside of Conservatories, fco. Prices, Patterns, and Testimonials, Post-free. Grove Works, Battersea, London, S.W. is, victobia street, westiunsteb, s.w. ; and BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN,— Z>»scomi« fbr Cash, " One of the most winning and delightful, as well as the most accurate and scientific of teachers." — N. Y. Tribune. Garden&Forest 1892-Fifth Year. Is acknowledged througliout the world ( 0 be the leading American authority in the field of Horticiil- ture, Landscape Art, and Forestry. Its contents are original through- out, of the highest literary charac- ter, and its writers are the foremost European and American authori- ties. It is invaluable to the Owners of Country and Suburban Homes, Landscape Gardeners, Botanists, Horticulturists, Lovers of Nature, and to all who would cultivate a correct taste in matters pertaining to the disposition and management of gardens and grounds, whether public or private. The illustrations are original and artistic. Permeated with a spirit of knowledge and refinement. — Gardeners' Chronicle, London. The foremost journal of its class, keeping in touch with every advance in the scientific, artistic, and practical phases of horticulture and arboriculture. — Boston Herald. Holds one of the very first places in periodical horticultural literature. — JRevue Horticole, Paris, France. Its arrival is the coming of a wise and in- telligent and entertaining friend, who en- ables us to live more happily because more harmoniously with Nature. — Harper s Weekly. Its character is at once dignified and pleasing, and its contents are scholarly and scientific in the exact sense. — Chicago Even- ing Journal. No new book on horticulture can for a moment be compared in %'alue to the bound volume of Garden and Forest. It is a com- pendium of new information. — N. Y. Herald. Published weekly. 2I5. a year. A specimen copy may be had free on application to Messrs. SAMPSOIiI', LOW & CO., St. Dunstan's House, Fetter Lane, Fleet Street, London, England, to whom orders for subscrip- tions may be forwarded. GARDEN AND FOREST, TRIBUNE BTTILDING, NEW YORK, TJ.S.A, The Oriqiiial and Only Makers of the GENUINE RIVETED TRENTHAM BOILERS WITH SOLID ENDS. Also— SILVESTER'S PATENT TRENTHAM, With Special Provision for Cleaning theloside thoroughly (a Most Important Point). These Boilers, after long experience, have proved themselves the Most Efficient, Econo- mical, and Lasting Boilera extant. Every other kind of Boilers, Sockets, Flanpea, s.wft^ and Eipaosion-Joint Pipes and Fittings, for Z^^ all kinds of High and Low-Pressure Heating. FRED SILVESTER & CO., General Engineers, Founders, and Boiler Makers, CASTLE HILL WORKS, NEWCASTLE. STAFFORDSHIRE. PIT LIGHTS. Best quality and workmanship, 2 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft.» iron bar across and very strong, 4s. each; free on rail in London. Cash or reference with order. CUCUMBER HOUSES. Timber sufficient to build 100ft. by 12 ft. houae, lights, door, &c. Put on rail in liOndon. Low price. Send for detailed specification, to W.DUNCAN TUCKER, HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAM. ORCHID BASKETS, RAFTS, BOATS, AND CYLINDERS, AND ALL GARDEN SUNDRIES. BEND FOB A PRICE LIST from the Largest Msnufaoturer in the Trade, H. C. SMYTH, 21, GOLDSMITH STREET, DBURY LANE. W.C. BARB_WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WARKINGTON. GARDEN REQUISITES, as supplied to the Koyal Gardens. — COCOA-NUT FIBRE REFUSE, Is 3d. per sack, 10 for 12s., 20 for 20s., 30 for 28s., sacks free; 2-ton truck, 30s., free on rail near works. Fine ORCHID PEAT, 8s. M. per sack. BROWN FIBROUS do., 6s. per sick, 5 for 22s. 6d. BLACK do , is. M. per sack, 5 for 20s. FIBROUS LOAM, LEAF-MOULD, and PEAT-MOULD, each 3s. per sack. Coarse SILVER-SAND, Is. (,d. per bushel, 145. J ton, 2.5s. per ton. CHARCOAL, 8s. per sack. SPHAGNUM, 7s. id. per sack ; all sacks and bags, id. each. RUSSIA MATS, 10s. M. to 19s. per dozen. RAFFIA, VIRGIN CORK. STAKES, &c. BONES, finch, lis. per cwt. Pure BONE- DUST, lis. 6o!. TOBACCO-PAPEK. SpScialite, lOd. per lb., 28 lb. for 21s. CLOTH, Is. per lb., 28 lb. for 26s. Price List, free. W. HERBERT AND CO., Hop Exchange Warehouses, Southwark Street. London, S.E. A R D E N REQUISITE S.— Sticks, Labels, Virgin Cork, Raffia, Mats, Bamboo Canes, Rustic Work, Manures, &c. Cheapest Prices of — WATSON AND SCULL. 90, Lower Thames Street, London, E.C. SIX CABINET PORTRAITS, Ss. ; three for 2s. Twelve Carte Portraits, 2s. 2d. ; six for Is. 4rf. Eight-incli Enlargement, 3s. ; three for 6s. Stamp size, 24 for Is. 6d. ; 100 for 3s. 3d. Send Carte or Cabinet and Postal Order, and in about ten days you will receive Highly-finished Ck)piea* with Original,— FI^OIS ANP CO., 29, Ludgatehill, London. Mabcd 26, 1892.] TEE GABDENEnS' CBIiOiilGLE. 413 THREE MILLIONS PAID BV THE RAILWAY PASSENGERS ASSURANCE COMPANY, FOR ACCIDENTS OF ALL KINDS, 64, CORNHILL, LONDON. W. D. MASSY, I c A. VIAN, r"^"- JAS. BOYD & SONS, PAISLEY. HORTICULTURAL STRUCTURES of every descriptioD, in either Wood or Iron, or both combined. Wooden Chapels, Shooting Lodges, Cottages, Tennis Courts, Verandahs, &c. Hot- water Apparatus for warming Churches, Schools, Public Buildings, Mansions, Harness Rooms, Drying Rooms, Hothouses, and Buildings of every Description. Illustrated Circulart Post-free. Complete Catalogne, 3s. GISHURST COMPOUND used sinoe 1869 for Red Spider, Mildew. Thrips, Greenfly and other blight, 2ounces to the gallon of soft water. 4 to 16 ounces as a winter dressing for Vines and Orchard-house trees, in lather from cake for American blight, and as an emulsion when paraffin is used. Has outlived many preparations intended to ■upersedeit. Boxes, U., 3s., and 10s. 6d. GISHURSTINE keeps Boots dry and soft on wet ground. Boxes. 6^. and I5,, from the Trade. Wholesale from PRICK'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANT (Limited), London. E WING'S MILDEW COMPOSITION.— The original certain and safe remedy. In bottles. Is. %d. and 3s.; per gallon, 12s. CORRY and CO.. Limited, 13, 16, and 16, Finsbury Street. E.C. Sold by all Seedsmen. TO HORTICULTURISTS.— GREENHOUSE GAS COKE and SMITHS' COKE delivered in Truck- loads to any Station in England and Wales. — Address, G. J. KVESON, 26. Corporation Street. Birmingham. ORCHID PEAT; best Quality; BROWN FIBROUS PEAT for Stove and Greenhouse use. RHO- DODENDRON and AZALEA PEAT. Samples and Prices of WALKER AND CO.. Farnborough. Hants. HORTICULTURAL SHADINGS and NETTINGS. TIFFANY, COTTON WOOLS, and WADDINGS. Supplied Wholesale by— JOSEPH COOKSON. 21. New Cannon Street. Manchester. GABDENINO APPOINTMENTS. Mr. A. E. Gboombridoe. of the plant department, Kensington Palace, as Head Gardener to the Right Hon. Lady Batemax. Brome Hall, Suffolk. Mr. Daniel Kidd. as Head Gardener to Lord Elphinstone. Carberry Tower. Mu-selburgh, Midlothian. Mr, A, Evans, as Gardener to H. BATrERSBY, Esq., Knowle House, Dunster, Somerset. CATALOGUES RECEIVED. TiioMA.s S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham— TIardy Perennials, Hardy Florists' Flowers, Hardy and Green- house Climbii g Plants. Paionies, &c. W. P. Laird & Sinclair. Nethergate, Dundee— Farm .Seeds. DICKSO.NS, Chester— Select Farm Seeds. Cooper. Taber, & Co, (Limited), South wark Street. London, S.E.— Agriculiural Seeds. BOILING WATER OR MILK. E P P S ' S GRATEFUL-COMFORTING. COCOA BREAKFAST-SUPPER. WANTED, a PARTNER, in established Business in large .Soath of England Town. Both Nursery and Floral Department on lease. Capital required, about £lh0.—3. S., Gardeners' C/imnicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. CF. PRANGNELL, HoUoway Gardens, • Virginia Water. THANKS the 74 APPLICANTS for GROUND t OREM AN'S place, adver tised a fortnight ago, and begs to state that the SITUATION is FILLED. To Parents and Guardians. A LANDSCAPE GARDENER in large practice has an OPENING in hisollicefor an ARTICLED PUPIL. Must be intelligent, aud have a love for drawing. Premium required. — Adurcis, H. R.. Gardeners' Chronicie OHlce, 41, Wellington Street, Strand. W.C. To Kose Growers. MESSRS. JAMES VEITCH and SONS wish to engage a thoroughly efficient Man in the above capacity. He must be well acquainted with the Propagation ana Culture of all kinds of Rosea, both Indoor aud Uuc— Apply by letter, giving references, experience, age, &c., to the Koj-al Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, S.W. WANTED, a ROSE-GROWER, for under Glasa. — Must also be able to growTomatos and Cucum- bers.—Wages, 20s. per week.— Mr. FRANK CANT, Braiswick, Colchestwr. WANTED, a HEAD -WORKING GAR- DENER, to manage about 30 acres o! Kitchen Garden ; one who has been employed in a large Market Garden pre- ferred. Must be well up in all branches of his trade, and espe- cially in the production of early Vegetables, the cultivation of Grapes, Cucumbers, Melons, &c. A permanent situation for a thoroughly competeot man. Applicatious, with recent testi- monials, and stating wages required, to be sent to the MtiDICAL SUPERINTENDENT. St. Andrew's Hospital, Northampton. WANTED, an experienced SINGLE- HANDED GARDENER. Must thoroughly under- sta d Vines. Forcing, &c.— Apply, with all particulars, to E. F. BLAKE, Shanklin, Isle of Wight. ANTED, GARDENERS with best West- End Experience in Designing and Laying-Out Gardens, Window-Boiing Furni=hing,&c. Must b» able to Est innte for Contract Work.— Apply, by letter only, to THE CRICHTON FLORAL CO., 37, Sloane jitrett. S.W. ANTED, a GROWER and SALESMAN. —Single; abstainer.— " PR VINCIAL." Gardeners' Chronicle Office. il, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. WANTED, a young MAN, used to growing Plants, Cucumbers, Tomatos, &c., tor Market. Wages 20s. — WARD BROS., Oak House Nursery, EnBeld Road! Sonthgate, N. WANTED, an experienced MAN to act as GENERAL FOREMAN (WORKIXG) in a provincial nursery. Good wages given to a thoroughly capable man. Apply, by letter, staling age, experitnce. and wages required, to B. \., Gardeners' Chronicie Offi.e, 41 Wellington Street Strand, W.C. WANTED, a JOURNEYMAN for Plant Houses.— Catholic. For particulars apply to E. BUR- BURY, Castle Gardens, Arundel. WANTED, a DOZEN quick, active MEN, for a Market Nursery, where Grapes. Tomatos. and Cucumbers are grown. — State age, experience, and wages expected, to JOSEPH ROCHFORD, Turuford Nurseries, near Broxbourne, Herts. WANTED, IMMEDIATELY, for thi^Pro- pagating Houses, in a Market Nursery, near London, an active joung MAN, who has been accu tomed to propa- gating Plants in quantity for Market. Also, TWO young MEN, accustomed to Nursery work under Glass. Must be quick at Potting, Tying. &c. Wages, to commence. 18s. per week.— State age, and enclose copies of references, to H. N. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington St., Strand, W.c! WANTED, an active young MAN, for Pot- ting Chrysanthemums ; also one for the Houses, used to Market Nursery Work.— Apply to W. ICETON, Putney Park Lane. Putney. S.W. WANTED, for a Market Nursery, a young MAN (18 or 19), for the Houses. One accustomed to and interested in his work.— Apply, statiog age and \vaffe3 to W. H. LAWSON, The Nurseries, KnarcArongh, Yorks. WANTED, a young MAN, used to growing Ferns. Palms, and Soft-wooded Stuff for (he Market to take charge of live or six Houses ; one that is well up. and used to the Trade, preferred.— J. M., Victoria Nursery, West Humberstoue, Leicester. WANTED, a strong, active young MAN, for Kiti:hen Garden and Lawn, and to Assist in the Houses. Abstainer preferred.— State ege. and wages required to 0. WOODd. .'Vloat House Gardens, Brentwood. YY^ANTEJ), a thoroughly competent and * ▼ trustworthy MAN, to manage a Nursery where a general Collection of Plaits are grown for Shop aud Market. Must also be able to Superinteu 1 .lobbing and Contract work. —Apply to S. DI.XON & CO . .31, Moorgate Street, City, E.C. WANTED, a young MAN (married), as UNDER GARDENER. Wages. 16s. per week, with Cottage and Garden.- Apply to J. HOWES, Ashwell Hall Gardens, Oakham, Rutland. w AN 1 ED, a smart active young MAN, from 18 to 22 years of age, to Assist in Mixed Plant-houses, ... u:__ ,( g,„jerally useful. A good opportunity for WANTED, a strong young MAN, for Out- door Garden Work— .VIowing and Digging. Wages lis. per week and Bothy.— A. BULLEN, Wanehurst, Hay- ward's Heath, Sussex. ANTED, a young MAN (17 or 18), for In and Outdoor Work, with an Orchid Amateur.-For particulars apply, stating wages, to E. C. P., Headstone Drive. Wealdstone, R.S.O. WANTED, a strong active MAN, not under 25, for Flower Garden Work; one quick and expe- rienced in Bedding, Pruning, Nailing, &c.; aole to take the lead with Bedding. Wages 20s. per week. It is hoped none will apply who are not thoroughly expirienced and can be well recommended -Apply, JAMEi VERT, Audley End Gardens. Saffron Walden. WANTED, a thoroughly competent trust- worthy .MARRIED COUPLE, without encumbrance; man as gtrdener, wife as caretaker. Age, not under 40; must be total abstainers. Apply, hrst by letter, lo B. A 1(3 Devonport Road, Shepherd's Bush, W. YYTANTED, a strong LAD, who has finished T T his Apprenticeship to a good Gardener, lo lake sole Charge of a Garden and make himself generally useful indoors and out.- Apply, stating wages, to HEAD MASTER, Grammar School. Stone. Stiffordshire. WANTED, a well-educated YOUThTTs APPRENTICE to the Seed and Nursery Trade — PERRY', Toe Nurseries. Banbury. ESSRS. F. SANDER and CO., St. Albans, have AN OPENING for several smart young MEN not under twenty years of age. who wish to LEARN uRUHIU GROWING. No premium required. Wages. 14s. per week. ANTED, IMMEDIATELY^ for~ SEED BUSINESS (principally retail), in North of England, a steady, energetic young MAN as MANAGER, under the Principil. Apply, slating age, experience, and wages ei- pected, to W.. Messrs. Nutting, 106, South wark Street, E.C. WANTED, a CARMAN.— Able to drive large Van, and used to Early Hours ; one accustomed to Mirket Work and West-End Florists Business preferred — Apply, by letter only, to THE CRICHTON FLORAL CO 37, Sloane Street, S.W. W 'ANTED, a young LADY, for a leading Florist. Must be a good Saleswoman and first-class hand, and quick in making-np Wreaths, Bouquets. Sprays &c Apply. F. W., Gardener.' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. WANT PLACES. TO GABDENERS, AND OTHERS SEEKING SITUATIONS. The Pressure upon our space at this season of the year is so great, xoe are compelled to state that adi'ertisements received after 6 p.m. 07i Wednesday will, in all probability, be held over to the next week. Advertisers are cautioned against having letters addressed to initials at Post-offices, as all Letters so addressed are opened by the authorities and returned to the sender. SANDERS, St. AJbans, can thoroughly RECOMMEND several first-class HEAD GARDENERS. Gardeners, Farm-BalUiTs, Foresters, tie. DICK SONS, Royal Nurseries, Chester (Limited) , nm always in a position to RECOMMEND MEN of the highest respectability, and thoroughly practical at their business. All particulars on application. Telegraphic and Postal Address-" DICKSONS, Chester." Head Gardeners. JOHN LAINQ AND SONS can at present recommend with every confidence several energetic and practical Men of tested ability and first-rate character. Ladiesand Gentlemen in want of GARDENERS and BAILIFFS*, and HEAD GARDENERS for firstrate Establishments or Single-handed Situations, can be suited and have full par- ticulars by applying at Stanstead Park Nurseries, Forest Hill, London, S.E. 414 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Mabch 26, 1892. RICHARD SMITH and CO. beg to announce that they are constantly receiving applications from Gardeners seeking situations, and that they will be able to supply any Lady or Gentleman with particulars. &c.— St. John's Nurserips. WorceBter. '^PHOMAS BUTCHKR can recommend several -L HEAD and UNDER GARDENERS of first-rate character and proved ability. Gentlemen peeking such may have parti- culars free.— Apply to THOMAS BUTCHER, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Croydon. ARDENER (Head); age 33, married.— J. E. McCleave, eight years Head Gardener to K. Hey- wood Jones. Esq., BadsworLh Hall, is open to re-engagement with any Nobleman or Gentleman requiring a thoroughly practical Gardener. Has had nineteen years' experience in all branches ; is thoroughly conversant with the requirements of a good establishment. Testimonials of the highest order.— (Jatsclough, Wineford, Cheshire. ARDENERTTHead).— Mr. Clarke, Head Gardener to the Earl of Lonsdale, Lowther Castle, Pen- rith, can with every confidence recommend his foreman to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thorough practical man, experienced in all branches. GARDENER (Head), in good establishment. — Married, no family. Abstainer. Life experience in Early and Late Forcing all kinds of Fruits, Flowers, Vege- tables, Mushrooms, also Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Pleasure Grounds. Eight years' good character from late employer, and sixteen years' referenced. — J. D., Myrtle Cottage, Wick Road, Hampton Wick, Middlesex. GARDENER (Head), where three or more are kept. — Mr. Watkrs, Hopwood Hall Gardens, Manchester, will gladly give full particulars of a thoroughly efficient Gardener. Twenty years' practical experience. GARDENER (Head).— Mr. Hall wishes to recommend a thoroughly efficient Head Gardener, where five or more are kept.— Mr. BEEVERS, The Gardens, Farnham Chase, Slough, Bucks. ^^^ GARDENER (Head), where Two or moTe are kept.— -Ige 31; married. Thoroughly experienced in Vines, Stove, Greenhouse, Flower and Kitchen Gardens, Pleasure Grounds, &c. Leaving through breakiog-up of e.'-tab- lishment. Excellent characters from present and previous employers.- JAMES SHEPHERD, 13, Church Road, Bromley, Kent. /■ GARDENER (Head), where three or more VT are kept; age 30.— C. Hewett, Gardener to C. E. B. Young, M.P., Daylesford, Chipping Norton, Ciin with confidence recommend his Foreman to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a thorough practical man. GARDENER (Head), where two are kept ; age 37. -J. Andehsos, Gardener, Charman Dean, Worthing, wishes to recommend his Foreman, J. Skinner, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a good practical man. Twelve years' experience. Abstainer. aARDENER (Head).— Age 30, married, no family; abstainer. Life experience in all branches of Gardening.— G. O., Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. GARDENER (Head) ; where two or three are kept. Age 30, single ; sixteen years' experience in all branches of gardening.— W. DAVIS will be pleased to re- commend to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the above, G. BAKER, 4, Queen's Terrace, Gomer Road, Teddngton, Middlesex. GARDENER (Head) ; age 34, married, three children, ages 10, 8, 3.— W. Batteruy, Esq., ncom- mends his Head Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman. A thoroughly practical man, conversant in every branch of the profession. — W. BE ALE, 2, Wakefield Street, Brunswick Square, London, W.C. GARDENER (Head Working).— A Gen- tleman, having sold his plaee, will be pleased to recom- mend his Head Gardener to any Lady or Gentleman in want of n thoroughly experienced man in the cultivation of Grapes, reaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatos, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Orchids, and Chrysanthemums ; Flower and Kitchen Garden.— G. G.. 27, Manor Park Road, East Finchley, N. C> ARDENER (Head Working), where one X or two are kept, or good Single-handed.— Age 31, single Five years' good character. Flowers, Fruit, and kitchen Garden.— G. P., 16, Holly Park Terrace, New South- g -te, N. GARDENER (Head Working), where others are kept.— Age 40, married, no family: lite expe- rience in Vines, Flowers, Fruit, and Kitchen Gardening. Excellent characters.- J. HIGGIN3, The Gardens, Shepton Mallet, Somerset. GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 36.— A Gentleman highly recommends his late Head Gar- dener. Efficient and energetic. Life experience in leading gardens in all branches of Gardening ; also Land and Stock. Excellent testimonials.— K., High Barn, Ranmore, Dorking. ARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30, married ; enthusiastic and successful cultivator of Fruit and Flowers, including Orchids ; understands Forcing of Vines and Peaches. Good references.— G. SAUNDERS, 26, Harringay Road, Hornsey. GARDENER (Head Working),— Age 30; three years' Foreman in last situation. Thoroughly practical in all branches. Especially well up in Fruit and Chrysanthemum Growing. Exceptional references. — A. CAMPIN, 6, Hill Cottage, Perry Hill, Catford, S.E. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30, married, no family. — Mr. Clinging, Marden Park Gardens, Caterham Valley, can confidently recommend his previous Foreman as above. Sixteen years' experience. GARDENER (Head Working), where two or three are kept. — Age 25, single ; experienced in Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cacumbers, Flosper and Kitchen Garden. Five years' good character.— W. JOINER, Holmwood Park, Dorking. p ARDENER (Head Working), where two ^ IT or more are kept. — Age 28, married when suited; thirteen years' experience in large Establishments. Good references. — G. W., East Orielton Lodge, Pembroke. GARDENER (Head Working), where one or two arp kept. — Age 27 ; thoroughly experienced in Vine?, Peaches. Melons, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Flower and Kitchen Garden. Excellent character and testimonials. — W. D., 40. East Street, Reading, Berks. GARDENER (Head Working).- Trust- worthy, and thoroughly practical in all department", including decorating and lading out; single. Abstainer; high testimonials; home counties preferred. — J. H., HO, Gordon Place, Kensington, W. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30; thoroughly experienced in Plant and Fruit growing, early and late Forcing, Vegetable and Flower gardening. — J. J., 165, Denmark Hill, Cdmberwell, S.E. GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 33, married when suited.— C. J. Goldsmith. High Trees, Redhill, willbe pleased to recommend his Foreman. Joseph Mead, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring the services of a thoroughly practical man. He has had sixteen years ex- perience in all branches. /"GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 31, ' T married, one child. Thoroughly experienced ; excellent references.- 0. PARKER, Gayton, Ellsworth, R.S.O. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 81, married, one child. Understands Vines, Peaches, &c. Excellent character. Abstainer. — J. CHEESEMEN, Mr. Foster, Claremont Nursery, Esher, Surrey. GARDENER (Head Working).— Age 30, married, two chi'dren; sixteen years' good practical experience in all branches. A Gentleman will be pleasei to recommend his Gardener as above.— G. WIGGINS, Finchers House. Amersham, bucks. ^^^.^_^_^^__^ A R D E N^E R (Head Working).— F. CoRNlsn, The. Gardens, Joldwynds, near Dorking, wishes to recommend his Foreman. Jsmes Pullcn ; thoroushly practical in all branches, including Orchids. Stove and Green- house Plants, Fruit, Hardy Herbaceous Plants. Excellent character. GARDENER (Head Working, or good Single-handed). — Age 35, married; thoroughly ex- perienced in all branches; leaving through a death. Nineyears' good character, six and seven previously. — T. DENCH, 14, Chestnut Road, Horley. C> ARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). — ^ Age .30, married ; thoroughly experienced in all branches. Excellent references from previous employers.— E. WILLS, Nurseryman, Winchester Road. Shirley, Southampton. ARDENER (Head, or Single-handed).— No family. Wife could assist in House or with Poultry. Both trustworthy. Good characters.— A. M., 2, Grove Road, Ciertsey, Surrey. GARDENER (Head, or good Single- llANnED).- Age 20, married; ten years' good character; p'ace changing hands cause of leaving.— W. FLEET, 2, Sher- wood Road, Harrow. GARDENER (good Single-handed).— Age 25, single; experienced in all branches; eight years' good character.— J. G.. 8, Herbert Road, Putney, S.W. GARDENER (Single-handed), or where another is kept. Abstainer. Seven years' good chara",ter.— A. FENN. II, Grove Road, Brentford. f^ ARDENER (Single-handed, or otherwise). VJT —Experienced in Fruit. Flowers, Vines, Kitchen Garden, &c. Good recommendations. Disengaged. — G. WALL, 5, Parade, Acton Vale, Acton, W. GARDENER (Single-handed), or where help is given.— Age 32. Thoroughly experienced in all branches ; twvlve months' character, nine years' previous.— G. S., The Gardens, Wykehurst, Bolney, Sussex. GARDENER (Single-handed, or where help is given),— Age 40, married, no family; good ali-TOiind man. Wife charge of house in absence of family, if reciuired. Abstiiiners, and both can be well recommended. —Gardener. Bell's Hill, High Barnet, Herts. GARDENER, — Age 33; married, no children. Advertiser wishes to recommend to any Lady or Gentleman a good practical, energetic Gardener as above.— J. HUGHES, Ince Hall Gardens, Chester. GARDENER (Second). — A young man, age 24, with seven years' good practical experience Inside and Out, seeks situation as above, and to take lead in absence of Head. Excellent characters.— WM. BENNELLICK, The Gardens, Hildon House, Stockbridge, Hants. GARDENER (Second, or Single-handed). — Age 23, Six years' experience ; good character. Exeter preferred.— S., Ivington Dairy, Clyst, St. Mary, near Exeter. GARDENER (Second).— Age 20 ; good ex- perience of Glass and Kitchen Garden. Two years' goodcharacter.-E.HOAD.SpringCottage.Limpsfield, Surrey. GARDENER (Second or Single-handed). — Experienced in all branches. Good references.— H. F., 2, Pike's Cottages, Arkley, High Barnet. ARDMeR~(Sec'ond, or Under), Inside and Out. — Age 22. Can be well recommended.— J. SARGENT, Greystoke Cottage, Hanger Hill, Ealing, W. i y ARDENER (Second or [Single-handed), VJ Age 25; Inside and Out preferred. Abstainer. Gcod character. Cause of leaving seUing-up the estate. — E. H., 9a, Charlwood Road, Putney. ARDENER (Second); age 25.— T. Lockik, Oakley Court, Windsor, begs to highly recommend his Foreman, who has been with him four years ; he is thoroughly trustworthy and industrious ; total abstainer; no bothy. ARDENER (Under). — Age 23. Under- stands Vines and Orcliard House. Four years' excellent character.— CHARLES TAYLOR, The Gardens. Glansevern, Garthmyl, Montgomeryshire. ARDENER (Under) ; age 21.— J. Jefper- SON, The Gardens, Carlton House, Worksop, Notts, will he pleased to recommend a young Man that has served with him three years' Inside and Out. ARDENER (Under), Inside or Out.— Age 22; four and a half years' experience; good character; abstainer. —J. JOHNSON, Blackmore, near Ingatestone, Es;ex. ARDENER (Under).— Age 20. Abstainer ; good references.- A. D., 7, Queen's Road, Winchester, Hants. GARDENER (Under), in a private establish- ment, under a Foreman, under Glass and Out. — Age 21 ; three years in last place ; gjod references. — J. JALLAND, Mr. Lee, Southwell, Bleasby. GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.- Age 23. Can be well recommeoded.— H. BARTON, 19, Queen Street. Crooks Place, Norwich. GARDENER (Under).— Young man, age 10. Good character.— H. KEELING, 1, Station Road, Chad well Heath, Essex. G_ARDENER (Under), or under a Foreman. —.A young Man (age 23). Six years' good character. — T. G.,The Gardens, Ashte.id Lodge. Surrey. GARDENER (Under). ^A Lady recommends a young Man (age 19) who has been in her employment for some years. He can attend to a horse or cow. — Mrs. THORNE, Southover Grange, Lewes, Sussex. GARDENER (Under). — Three years and eight months' good character.— F. TURNER, Stanley Villas, Milton Street, Maidstone. GARDENER (Under), Inside and Out.— Young Man (age a2). Bothy preferred. Goodchaiacter. — F. MAYNARD, Hanworth, Middlesex. GARDENER. — The Advertiser (age 26), single, begs to offer his services to any Lady or Gentle- man requiring a thorough practical man. Expt been gained in good establishments, and mended by last and previous employe STONE, The Brackens, Bracknell, Berks. -H. FEATHER- G ARDENER (Under), Inside and Out, or good Single handed.— Age 25, single ; eight years in present situation. Excellent character. — JOHN "WOOD, Brook Cottage, Balcombe, Sussex. GARDENER (Under).— Age 21; with good experience and references. — F. C, Mrs. Smith, ], Belle Vue Terrace, Turner's Hill, Waltham Cross. ROSE GROWER, Indoor and Out.— Age 24 ; good references. — ROSES, 12, Chamberlain Terrace, Eastleigh, Hants. PROPAGATOR (Assistant), in Soft-wooded Department — Age 21 ; well up in the Growing of Stove and Greenhouse Plants and Ferns. Seven years' good expC" Hence.— ALPHA, 19, Bridgwater Avenue, Salford. ROPAGATOR and GROWER.— Age 32; experienced in both branches; also as Salesman in the Market. Long character. — FRED JENSEN, Toddington Orchard Company, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire. ROPAGATOR and GROWER.- Well up in Ferns, Soft- wooded. Stove, and other general Market first-class Pot Stuff. Nine years' experience. Good character. — H. COWLIN, Box Tree Cottage, Erith Road, Eexley Heath, Kent. ORCHIDS. — A young man (age 24) seeks situation as ORCUID GROWER. Two years' present place in large Collection at Tunbridge Wells.- J. B., 5?, Cromwell Road, Tunbridge Wells. FOREMAN, where four or five are kept. — ■ Age 24 : nine and a half years' good experience both Inside and Out ; well up in Table Decorations ; well recom- mended.— G. STAGEY, Chawton, Alton, Hants. 1^^ Mahcu 26, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 415 FOREMAN, in the Houses; age 27.— Mr. Hu.VTF.li will be pleasuil to recommend William Dryden a3 above. — Lambton Castl« Gardens, Fence Houses, Durham. 1?0KEMAN, in the Houses. — Age 22; well up JL in rianc and Fruit Houses, and Early and I.ate Forcing. Good character from last and previous places. Abstainer. — W. COLBOUBN, The Gardens, Neville Court, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. FOREMAN (Gbnkral), in a good establish- ment.— Age 25; has a thorough knowledge of F'ruit and Plant Growing. Can be well recommended. Abstainer. — J. ROBSON, Nurseryman. Altrincham, Cheshire. FOREMAN (General), in a good Establish- ment.— Has a thorough knowledge of Fruit and Plant Growing. Can be highly recommended.— A. COLEMAN, Cedar Cottage, Chorleywood. Hert^. OREMAN, Inside.— Mr. T. Osman, Tlw Gardens, Otterthaw Park, Chertsey, will be pleased to recommend W. Shoesmith to anyone requiring; a thoroughly practical man. FOREMAN, in a good establishment. — Age 24 ; eleven years* experience in Fruit and Plant Houseg ; aUo House Decorations. Can be well recommended. —J. GODDARD, Woodham Lane. Woking, Surrey. FOREMAN 7^age~lr>.'^jr"HALL, Shiplake Court Gardens, Henley-on-Thames, can confidently recommend a trustwortliy, energetic man as above, in a good establishment. Good experience. FOREMAN.— Age 30, married, no family; thirteen years' practical experience in Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Garden ; good characters.— ALPH.l. 93, Front Street, Arnold, near Nottingham. OREMAN.— T. Lambert, Burton Constable Gardens, Hull, can with confidence recommend a trust- worthy, pracliical, and energetic man as above. Thorough knowledge of a private establishment ; abstainer. FOREMAN. — Age 26 ; eleven years' expe- rience in Fruit and Plant Houses, Chrysanthemums, &c. Good references.— \V. DODWELL, Waddesdon, Aylesbury. OREMAN, Inside or General.— Age 26 ; well up in Forcing, Plant, and Fruit Growing. Ten years' practical experience. Excellent references.— F. DEAVES, The Gardens, St. Leonard's, West Mailing, Kent. OREMAN, in the Houses.— Age 26; eight years' experience. Four years in present place as Second. Good character. — C. CLARKE, Barrells Park, Henley-in-Arden. FOREMAN, in a good Establishment ; age 25. —Edwin Beckett, Aldenham House Gardens, Klstree, can with every confidence recommend his First Journeyman, H. Naylor, as above. FOREMAN, in the Houses.— Age 27; thoroughly understands early and late Forcing, good Fruit and Plant grower; good character and testimonials. — .T. DEAN, L'.wer Eaton. Hereford. FOREMAN, in a good establishment.— Good Plant and Fruit Grower. Two years' as General Foreman in last situation. Can be highly recommended. — A. C, 15a, High Street, Barnet. f ■'OREMAN, or First, in the Houses, in a Market Nursery.— Age 2.5. Well educated. Used to growing all sorts of Cut Flowers; Orchids a i-pecialty. Would like to help at Book-keeping. Six years in present situation.— BOTTING, Blackstone, Henfield, Sussex. FOREMAN, in the Houses. — Ten years' expe- rience; two years' good cinracter.— F. WILLIAMS, The Gardens, Albury Hall, Little Hadham, Herts. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, or Inside and Out. — Age 19; five years' excellent character from pre- sent situation; bothy preferred.— P. CONSTABLE, Holmbush Gardens, near Horsham, Sussex. JOURNEYMAN, or Second, in a good Garden.— Age 22 ; six years Inside and Out. Good knowledge of Vines and Stove Plants. Abstainer. — FREDERICK CASTLE, Wanta;4e, Berks. JOURNEYMAN (Fir-st), in the Houses, or good SECOND.— Nine years' experience. Abstainer. GoDd references.— G. HAMLIN, Hookfield Giove, Epsom, Surrey. JOURNEYMAN (Second), Inside, in a large Private Establishment. — Age 19 ; five years' experience, three under Glass. Excellent character. — H. ROUSE. Malpas, Brompton. York. JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses.— Age 2.3 ; six years' experience. Good character and good references.- T. COUCHMAN.The Gardens. Hartwell, Hartfield, Sussex. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, under a Foreman.^ Age 20. 3. Triooer, Milton Gardens, Peteiborongb, ran highly recommend J. Samworth, who has been under him four years. Bothy preferred. JOURNEYMAN, Inside or Inside and OuT.-^ Age 23; nine years' experience in all branches. Good character from last and previous places.- W. BAIGENT, 38, Richmond Grove, Surbiton Hill, Surrey. JOURNEY'MAN, Inside and Out.— Age 24 ; can be well recommendej.— E. A. YOUNG, The Gardens, Nanhurs^, Cranleigh, Surrey, JOURNEYMAN, Inside (First or Second), or Inside and Out. — Age 22 ; seven years* experience ; four years in present place. — I. BROADHOURST, Tile Barn, Woollon Hill, Newbury, Berks. OURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 24; eight years' exi)erieace. Has a good character. ^W. SELLEY, Brookland House. Painswick Road. Gloucester. JOURNEYMAN, Inside.— Age 21 ; four and a half yeara' in present situation. Outside and In. Caa be well recommended. — Mr. MORRIS, Head Gardener, Oakwood, Maidstone. JOURNEYMAN, in the Hoiises.— Age 20; six years' experience; two yeara in present situation. Well recommended ; bothy preferred.— HEAD GARDENER, I'iokney Park, Malmesbury, Wilta. JOURNEYMAN (Fir.st), in the Houses under a Foreman in a giod establishment.— Age 24. Bothy preferred.— H. MIDDLETON. 63, The Grove. Ealing, W. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.- Age 21; seven years' experience. Good character. Can be well recommended. — E. CARTER. The Gardens, Lockerby Hall, near Romaey. J ^OURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— A^e 23; seven years' exin^rienee Inside and Out; well recom- mended.—J. HARDl', 121. Bury New Road, Whitefield, Manchester. JOURNEYMAN, Inside, or Inside and Out.— Age 23. Can be well recommended.— F. FRANKLIN, 4, Grove Road, Ealing, Middlesex. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses. — Age 20; seven years' experience. Inside. Good character. Bothy preferred.— F. CHALKLEY, The Gardens, Wood Hall Park, Hertford. JOURNEY'MAN, in good private Establish- ment.— Age 20. Good practical knowledge ; seven years' excellent characters ; bothy preferred.— A. CHILMAR, Case's ■ !, Rumnoy, Cardiff. JOURNEYMAN.— Age 23; Nursery and pri- vate experience. Excellent references. — A. H. G.. Gar- deners' Chronicle OIKce, 41. Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. J" OURNEYMAN (First or Second), in the Houses. — Age 22 ; eight years' experience. Good testi- monials. -O. B., 4, Ponds Square. Highgate, N. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses, under a Foreman in a good establishment.— Age 24; bothy pre- ferred.—W. JONES, The Gardens, Gledhow Hill, Leeds. JOURNEYMAN, Inside and Out.- -A young Man (age 20J aaeks a situation in a good Gentleman's or Nobleman's Eitabiialiment. Five years' experience. Good character. Strong, willing, and obliging. — A., Mr. J. Wright, 32. Talbot Road. Northampton. JOURNEYMAN, under a Foreman, at a good Establishment ; young man. — HEAD GARDENER, Gledhow Hall, near Leeds. JOURNEYMAN, ui.der a Foreman.— Age 19. Mr. Haigh withes to recommend A. Hinchhfte as above. Four years' experience.— A, HINCHLIFFE, Jowett House. Cawthorne, Barnsley, Y'orks. OURNEYMAN (Fir.st), in a good establish- ment. — Age 23. Eight years' experience ; three years in present situation. Good references from past and present situations. Bothy preferred.— F. FARLEY, The Gardens, Bell House, Dulwich. JOURNEYMAN (First), in the Houses of a good establishment. — Age 24; ten years' experience; good character, and can be well recommended. — W. PEARCE, XiOndon Road, Ascot, Berks. JOURNEYMAN.- Age 21. Five years in the Houses. Good character from three gardeners. — J. B., The Cemetery. Luton, Beds. JOURNEYMAN, in the Houses.— Age 22; nine years' experience. Three and two years' excellent character; abstainer. Bothy preferred.— W. FOSSEY. Brook Street, Brentwood, Essex. JOURNEYMAN, for the Houses.— Five years' experienc3 Inside and Out. Abstainer. — GEORGE GIBSON, Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough, Leicestershire. IMPROVER, Inside.— Mr. Abbott, Old Park, Veni nor, can with confidence recommend a strong active young man, who has the last three years been in the Glass Depurtmeiit at Old Park. IMPROVER, in the Houses.— Age 21 ; three years in present situation, with knowledge of Vines. Bothy preferred.— W.COLEMAN, Mangersbury Lodge, Stow- on-the-Wold. Gloucestershire. TMPROVER, in a good Garden, with Glass.— i. steady, active Youth. Has had two years' experience.— ROBERT HAYES, The Nurseries, Grasmere. Westmoreland. IMPROVER, in the Houses, in a good estab- lishment.—Age 19; three years' experience. No objection to small premium. Bothy preferred.— WATSON, The Gardens, Bestwood Lodge, Arnold, Notts. TO GARDENERS.— Improver, in a Gentle- man's Garden, Inside, or Inside and Out. — Age 19 ; five years' experience.- FRED. HARRIS, The Langleya, Selly Oak, Birmingham, To GARDENERS.— A young man wishes a situation as IMPROVER. Inside and Out; four years previous situation in Garden ; suburbs of London preferred. — H. ROUSE, Lyoth Common, Hayward's Heath, Sussex. '"pO GARUENBRS.— Situation wanted, under -L Glass, in a good place, by a steady young man (age 22). given. Good reference.— H. BALL, Bow- Bristol. young pally Outdoor. £.S Preminu ~ Ashton, Clitton, ^rO GARDENERS.— A Lady giving up her J- Establishment would be pleased to highly refommenrl a youth (age 19) as IMPROVER in a gentleman s garden. InnMe and Out.— W. ILES, Head Gardener, The Gardens, Oakley, Hornaey, N. •"pO (JARDENERS, &o.— A yomig~Man seeks -L a situation to look after Flower Beds, Ple;isure Grounds, Wall Trees. &c. Five and a half years' character.— G. KING, 39, Green Street, Ryde, Isle of Wight. ""pO GARDENERS.— Situation wanted by a -i youth {agi- 19) under a good Gardener, Inside or Out. Nine months in last situation, under Glass. Premium if rec|Uired.— J. J. JOHNSON, Shipton, Brough. TO GARDENERS. — Situation wanted, as IMPROVER.— Age 19 ; strong, and willing. Four years' good reference. Bothy preferred. — W. BHITTAIN, The Gardens, Taplow Court, Maidenhead, Berks. ''pO FLORISTS or CAPITALISTS.— Manager -i- cf a first-class Florist of Paris wishet to lind re-engage- ment as above, or to meet with Gentleman Capitalist to establish a first-class business (with a view to be Working Partner). Advertiser has had fifteen years' experience in the best Continental Houses. First-class certificates and diplomas from France, Germany, and England. Three years in London, ■where he took several first prizes for Table Decorations, &c. (R. B. Garden), connected with the principal Flower Growers of Fran.ce. Can furnish undeniable references.— Apply to ANDRE, 38, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris. nrO NURSERYMEN, &o.— Situation wanted X by a 'young Man, age 23 ; good Budewornoteworlhyplants 41^6 The Ustilaginese, as re- >glaonema cottatum 4.'tj productive parasites ... 429 Pelexia Wendland ana 426 Thiselton-Dver,Mr.W.T. 431 Obituary 4Jf) Traveller's Notes, A ... 426 Rowman. Sir William 440 Week's work, the ... 430 Brown. William ... 440 | Apiary 431 Cowburn,ThomasBrett 440 Flower garden 430 Orchid not?sand gleanings 428 Fruits under glass ... 430 Cypripediumornatumx 428 Hardy fruit garden ... 431 OdontoglossumKucker- ' Kitchen garden ... 430 ianum 42S1 Orchid-houses 431 ILLUSTRATIONS. Aristolochia elypeata -ixi Giim^ton plant protector 437 Rodriguezia pubescens 427 ADVERTISERS will greatly assist our efforts to get to Press earlier, by forwarding their favours as EARLY IN THE WEEK as possible. Nolo Ready, in Cloth, lis. 6d., " The Gardeners Chronicle," Vol. X., Third Series, July to December, 1891. The PnBLiSHBB, 41, Wel- lington Street. Strand, W.C. LAXTON'S SEEDS and STRAWBERRIES, —Best novelties and best standard sorts. 100 Certifi- cates. Send for Descriptive Priced Lists. T. LAXTON. Seed Grower, Bedford. NEW CHRYSANTHEMUM, Mrs. Robinson King, new Golden- Yellow Incurved sport from Golden Empress. Awarded six First-class Certificates. The true certificated variety. 3s. each, 3 for 7s. 6rf. R. OWEN, Chrysanthemum Grower, Maidenhead, STANDARD ROSES, 14s. per doz. ; Bush Roses, 6x. per doz. ; best named Clematis, 14s. per doz. ; Ampelopsis Veitchii, 4s. per doz.; Variegated Ivies, 4s. per doz.; Mrs. Sinkins Pinks. I2s. per 100; Ferns, in pots, 15s., 2ls., and 4Ss. per 100. Catalogue, gratis and post-free. H, ENQLISH. Clevedon Nurseries, Clevedon. ASPARAGUS. — This delicious vegetable does not require half the expense often incurred. For directions see Illustrated Seed List, free. Strong roots. 2s, tit/, per 100 ; extra strong ditto, two Years old, 4?. 9d. per 100. RTCHARIi SMITH jjin CO., Worcester. D, BUNDAY, of Covent Garden Market, • and 37, Exeter Street, W.C, is open to SELL on COMMISSION, TOMATOS, GRAPES, &e. Good references. THE BEST LAWNS are produced from— SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS, which should now be sown either to Make New Lawns or Improve Old Lawns. See full directions in — SUTTON'S LAWN PAMPHLET, , . Sent post free bv — . . SUTTON AND SONS, ilEADING, Prize Cob Filbert Trees. MR. COOPER, F.R.H,S,., of Western Elms, Readinsr (late of Calcot hardens), is the Largest Grower of PRIZE COB FILBERT TREES for SALE, in the Kingdom. 20,000 good Trees now ready for distribution. Descriptive Prijce LISTS, &c.. on application. p C^ PRIZE PACKETS, 4.^. each, two fo^r V!X» 7s., post-free. P. O., or \d. stamps, contain 12 roots in each packet, of SOMERSET SEEDLING GLADIOLI, all A 1. carefully Hybridised Seedlings from First Prize Named Sorts ; therefore, all that are worthy, may be named, as they will be NEW AND ORIGINAL VARIETIES. These are the Prizes. Plant during March. April, and May. Order early from— ROBERT H. POYNTER, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and Florist. Taunton, Somerset. Vegetable and Agricultural Seeds. HAND F. SHARPENS SPECIAL PRICED • LIST of the above-named SEEDS comprises all the finest varieties of 1891 growth, and at prices very favourable to purchasers. Those in the Trade who have not yet received a copy can have one on application to Wisbech. MESSRS. SQUELCH and WOOD, Fruit Salesmen, North Row, Covent Garden, W.C, are open to RECEIVE CONSIGNMENTS of GRAPES, TO.\LATOS, CUCUMBERS, and all kinds of HOT-HOUSE PRODUCE, Our business connections being amongst the best houses in London, we are in a position to secure the highest prices for all choice goods. Account Sales forwarded daily and cheques weekly, or daily if required. Empties and labels supplied. Reference. London and County Bank, Covent Garden Branch. avisos" BEGONIAS.— Superb in Quality, Double, 12s. to 63s. per doz. ; Single, 9s, to 30s. per dozen. For Bedding, Double, 6s. to 18s. per doz.; Single, 4s. to 6s. per doz. Two of the best Doubles grown are Altheaflora, ."is. ; and Mauvette, 3s. each. Jly Catalogue, the best pub- lished, describes nearly 300 of the best Varieties, free. B. R. DAVIS, Begonia Grower, Yeovil, Somerset. RIZE PANSY PLANTS, and other PERENNIALS, in boxes containing one and a half dozen each. Prize, Fancy, or Trimardeau PANSIES, Is. 9d. per box ; POLYANTHUS, Show, Is. 6rf. per box ; SWEET WILLIAMS. WALLFLOWERS, and DOUBLE DAISIES, Is. per box. The above are Extra Strong Plants, and are sent Carriage Paid, Enclose Postal Order with favours. R. H. BATH, Osborne Farm, Wisbech, ANTED, very long and strong IfilSH IVIES, and VIRGINIAN CREEPERS. Samples and price, to JAMES VEITCH AND SONS, Royal Exotic Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. WANTED, a large quantity of GLOBE ARTICHOKE SEED. State price. ROLAND PEARSON, Morton Houfe. Gainsborough. ANTED, PALMS and GERANIUMS. - Cheap offers wanted of COCOS WEDDELI4NA from stoves 01 fO'., also Bronze and Tricolor GERA.MUMS from stores. Cash, or exchange, G. PHIPPEN, Royal Berks Floral Establishment, Reading. ANTED, 12 each, AGAVE AFRICANA and AGAVE APPLANATA, 12 to 18 inches high • also 600 CALCEOLARIA AMPLEXICAULIS.— Price, &c." to H. LANE AND SON, Nurseries. Berkhamsted, Hert-s, ANTED, choice CUT FLOWERS for SALE in COVENT GARDEN MARKET; good prices made. No. of Stands, 169 and 170. Cheques weelily. S. DENSON AND CO., The Nurseries, 22, Maida Vale, Ejgware Road W, WANTED, a few thousand CABBAGE PLANTS, good Garden sorts; also AILSA CRAIG ONIONS, true.-G. HOWES, Merton Gardens, Thetford. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — CARTERS' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of the FINEST COLLEC- TION in the COUNTRY, including all the newest and beat varieties, now ready, gratis and post-free on application. — The Queen's Seedsmen, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London. W.C. Grape Vines-Grape Vines— Grape Vines, BS, WILLIAMS AND SON • have some eitm strong Fruiting and strong Planting Canes still on hand. Full particulars as to Prices and Varieties on application. Victoria & Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway , London, N. HRYSANTHEMUMS, PELARGONIUMS, Dahlias, begonias, cannas, &c, — Our cata- logues will be sent free on application, 15 First Prizes (10 this year). 5 Gold Medals. REID and BORNEMANN, Sydenham, London, S.E. PANSIES, VIOLAS, and DAHLIAS,— We do as well as any firm in the Kingdom, Ten Gold and Silver Medals last season from leading Societies. Only standard exhibition varieties kept in stock. Prices from 2s. 6d. per dozen, carriage paid. Send for Catalogue and Competitor's Guide, 160 pages, post free, 3d. DAHLIA CUTTINGS supplied very cheap.— DOBBIE and CO., Rothesay. ARR'S SEEDS, BULBS and PLANTS. VEGETABLE SEEDS.— The best sorts only. Much valu- able information. Catalogue free on application. FLOWER SEEDS.— Upwards of 2000 species and varieties, all decorative kinds. CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION. BULBS.— Gladioli, Lilies, Anemones, Ranunculus, Hyacinthna candicans, Tigridiaa, &c., for Spring Planting, Lists ON APPLICATION. PLANTS.— Michaelmas Daisies, Perennial Sunflowers, Double and Single Pseonies, Irises, Oriental Hellebores, Carna- tions, &c. Lists free on application, BAKR and son, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, London. Geraniums, Lobelias, Calceolarias, Ferns, &c. JOHN SOLOMON offers :-GERANIUMS : Henry Jacoby, West Brighton Gem, Queen of the Bel- gians, F. V. Kaspail, 105. per 100. LOBELIA ; Emperor William, best blue, 2s. 6d. per 100, 20*. per 1000; Snowball, pure white. 3j. 6d. per 100, 25s. per 1000. CALCEOLARIAS : Golden Gem, 5s. per 100, 40*. per 1000. FERNS : Pteris tremula, Pteris cristata, Pteris major, in 2^inch pots, fit for 48's. 12s. per 100. All the above are sure to give satisfaction. Packing included. Cash with order. Queen's Road Nursery, Walthamstow, E. OOLEY'S WORM DESTROYER. — For eradicating every kind of Worm from the roots of large Specimen Plants, Pots, Lawns. &,c. It is easily and cheaply applied, and will not harm the most delicate Plant. In Bottles, Is., 2s. HSd., 7s., and 12s. 6rf. each. CORRY AND C0.,LlMD..13, 15, and 16, FinsburyStreet, E.C. Sold by ail Seedsmen. THE CHADBORN and COLDWELL M'F'G. CO., Makers of the Patent " EXCELSIOR " LAWN MOWER, 233, UPPER THAMES STREET, LONDON, B.C. Registered Telegraphic Address : " Lawn Mowers, London." INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL X EXHIBITION, EARL'S COURT, W. SPECIAL CHEAP OFFER of TUFFA for ROCKWORK BUILDING. Large pieces, 2bs. per ton ; smaller pieces, 20s, per ton. In cart at our Nursery. WILLS AND SEGAR, Royal Exotic Nursery, Onslow Crescent, South Kensington, W^ WEEKS AND CO,, HOBTICULTUBAX • Engineers to Her Majesty, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, H.M. Government Admiralty Department, War De- partment, Royal Horticultural Society, Royal Botanic Society, Parks, and Public Buildings. Patentees of the Duplex Upright Tubular Boilers. King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. THOMSON'S IMPROVEDVINEandPLANT MANURE.- This valuable Manure is made only by us. Every bag and tin has our name on it. To be had of all Nursery and Seedsmen, and direct from us. 1 cwt. and over carriage paid. London Agent : Mr. GEORGE. 10, Victoria Road, Putney, WM, THOMSON and SONS, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B, 418 THE GAUD ENE US' CHRONICLE. [ApEii. 2, 1892. FORTHCOMING SALES by Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS, Horticultural Auctioneers and Valuers, CEKTRAL AUCTIOX K00.M3 and ESTATE OFFICES, 67 and 63. CHEaPSIDE, E.G. CATALOGUES FOR ALL AUCTIONS SENT FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION. THE HOWICK HOUSE COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS. ABSOLUTELY WITHOUT EE3ERVE. UNUSUALLY IMPORTANT SALE Whole of this Celebrated Collection of OrchidSt Formed by the late EDWIV GRUNDY WRIGLEY, Esq.. the whole being in spleDdid condition, and including many Plants of eicceptioiial merit and rarity. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with in:*truction.'4 from the Executors of the late E. G. Wrigley, Efq.. to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premise3, Howick House, Preston, Lancashire (about 2 miles from I'reston Station), on TUESDAY NEXT, April 5. 1892, and THREE FOLLOWING DAYS, at half-past 12 oCIock each day, without the slightest reserve, the whole of this extensile and mi.st important Collection of Established Orchids. Amongst Ihe principal plants, the following may be specially mentioned : — Angrsecum sepquipedale ,, articnlata BrassavolaUigbyana. fine plant Catasetum Bui gerothii Cattleya umabilis ,, Arnoldiana „ .-.urea, in variety ,, Ballantiniana ,, or i spa „ eldorado Wallisii \\ Hdrdyana.F.C.C. „ Lawrenceana (Howick House variety) ,, ,, in variety ,, Massiana ,, Mendelii, twQ enormous Bp'^cimens, one 3 feet and the other 2 feet 6 through respectively, and many others ,, Mossiaa, grand specimen, 3 feet fi X 3 feet ,. M (several) ,, ,. alba, 2 plants ,, nobilior ,, Reineukiana. 3 plants, one a fine specimen, with 7 sheaths ,. Rex „ Saiideriana (several) „ Schilieriaiia „ Schofieldiana ,, Skinneri. gi-and pped- m^n, 3 feet through „ „ albi „ ,, oculata „ speciosisiima majm „ Triante alba, 36 bulbs. extra fine and large ety Triana; (■>♦ V lutina Wagneri, Warneri Warocque Cuelogyn al) 1 alba Dendrobium Leechianum ,, Mac'arlanei ,, nobile nobilius ,, ,, Cooksonii ,, splendidisiiimum grandi- florum „ Venus Epidendrum Fredericii ,, syringothyrsis Grammatophyllum EUisii Lcelia amanda ,, Amesidna ,, anceps, enormous speci- ,, ,, Barker! „ „ Dawsonii „ „ Sinderiana.3ft.6iQ. through ,, ,, Schroderiana ,, „ WiUiamsii ,, autumnalis alba ,, lella (Messrs. Veitch's hybrid), with 8 bulbs ,, Boothiana „ calliBtogIos=a, 31 bulbs „ elegans allu ,, ,, prasiata ,, ,, Schilleriana „ „ Turueri ,, grandis, fine specimen „ prrestans M purpurata. 10 immense ,, ,, alba mugnifica ,, ,, Russelliaua Ly caste Skinneri alba, 4 plants M.iadeviiUins, in variety Mdxi laria Sanderiana Odontoglos^ums (2U0J plants in variety) ,, Ander^ouianum ,, aspersum violaceura ,, baphicanthmn „ cochlioda Nielzliana ,, crispum, gr^od f rms Wrigleyaoum ,, ,, Trentham variety ,, Masmngeana, F.O,(J. Cymbidium eburneum „ Lowianum Cypripedium Ainswortbi ,, Klliottiauum „ euryandrum „ grande ** Lathamianum ,, Leeanum superbum „ Morsania; ,, EurfoTilienge „ oenanthum superbum „ Sanderii^num „ selligerum „ Stonei „ vexillarium ,, Wallisii Ed ward ii Rossii, fine vari Ruckerianum vexillaTium tty „ Wilckeanum Oncidiura macrauthum Phaius luberculosus Phalcenopsis amabilis ,, aurea grandiflora ,, casta ., gloriosa ,, grandiflora ,. Mane „ Schilleriana ,, „ vestalis S'ccolahium hellinum Sobralia xauttiuleuca Vanda Amesiana „ Kimbailiana ,, teres Andersoniani It will be observed that some of the specimens are of enormous size. The whole of the plants will be submitted to public competi- tion, and nothing sold privately before the Sale. Catalogues are row ready, and may be obtained (price. Is, each, returnable to purchasers) of Mr. HOUGH. The Gardens, Howick House. Preston; and of the Auctioneers. Estate Agents, and Valuers, 67 and 63, Cheapside, London, E.G. STAND HALL COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS. ABSOLUTELY WITHOUT RESERVE. HIGHLY IMPOETANT SALE Of the whole of this Renowned Collection. Including many plants matchless in point of rarity, the whole being unsurpassed for culture and condition. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with instructions from the Executors of the late Thomas Statter. Esq.. to SELL by AUCTfON, on TUES- DAY, Mays, and THREE FOLLOWIrsG DAYS, at \2 o'Clocs eacii day, ou the Premises, Stand Hall. Whitetield, near Man- chester, the whole of the CELEBRATED COLLECTION of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS. Amongst the Gems may be mentioned the following : — Angraecum sesquipedale Dendrobium PhaiaenopsisStat- Cattleya ,. .. Statteriana. First- class Certificate ,, Acklandite .. calummata, fine variety „ Gasttelliana alba „ intermedia alba. First- cla«s Certificate .. Mend^lii bella „ hex ,. Skinneri alba, grand plants ,, Trianse. " Duke of Marl- borough '' ,. ,. Emilfl?, unique ,, ,, Leeana, grand va- rietv M „ Retina „ „ Johnsonii „ „ Plumo^a. Award of Merit. R.H.S. ., Walkeriana Ctelogyne eristata alba, fine plant „ ., maximn. fine plant ,, ,. Lemoniana.Hneplant ,, ., ChatsMOrth var., fine pi; ,, .. Trentham var. Cymbidium eburneum ,. Lowianum Cypripe^lium argus Moensi „ Arlhurianum „ Bartetii ,, Boisserianum ,, carJinale, extra fine ,. Charles Ciuham Mor. Burfordit ipla \\ Moi.reanum ,. Ma>tersiMnum ., Masreeiianum ,, nivfum album (true) ,, oenanthum ttuperbum „ Rothschiidianum „ Schroderte ., Spiceriauum magnificum „ Saliieri .. selligerum rubrum ,, tesselatum porphyreum ,. Taiitzianum lepidum \\ Wallisii. very fine plants Dendrobium Ainsworthii alba, wonderful speci- men. Award of Merit, R.H.S. Falconerii giganteum ,, Stattenanum ,, Scbnei-ierianum ,, Sauderianum .. Venus Lselia Arnuldiana. rare „ Amesiana ,, anceps Sanderiana teum, marvellous specimen „ ,, Turueri, varieties ,, „ Stitteriana, Award of Merit ,, ,, Prffiscata, immense plant ,, ,, Phiibrickiana, nice pl-mt ,, ,, Stelzneriana ,, „ Wolstenholmiie ,, ,, alba ., .. Blenheimense, won- derful plant .. „ Bluntii ,, ,. Dayana ,, Gouldiana. First-class Certificate ,, purpurata, varieties „ „ Schrodcrte, large .. ,, Ru-selliana ,. ,. albi ,, ,. Whitteana ,, sulphurea ., tenebrosa ., Tressideriana, Award of Merit, R.H S. Lycaste Skinneri alba gig.5n- teum. grandest var, yet known .. ,, alba, fiue plants Odontog'o-isum crispum, the finest spotted and other Tarieties , , Andersonianum, grand Me Award of ,, Jenningsianum ,, Rossi, in grand vars. Oocidium incurvum album ,, Leopold ii ,, omithorhyochum album Sophronites grandiflora, grand varieties Vanda ccerulea, finest vars. ,. Hookerii „ ,, alba .. Kimbailiana tricolor Peetersianum Sanderiauum. &c. ived the day piior to the Sale. Leechiai ., nobile Cooksonii ,, ,, nobilius • • <• giganteum The plants may be ■ Catalogues (Kf. each, returnable to Purchasers), may be bad of Mr. JOHNSON, Head Gardener, on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers. Estate Agents and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside. Lontlon, E.G. Tuesday Next. The COLLECTION of t be sold, this sale presents to the Trade and Private Growers the finest opportunity to secure healtby plants at a nominal price. On view morning of Sale, nnd Caialogues had. Acton. Under Bill of S.ile. With the concurrence of the Official Receiver in Bankruptcy: Re J. C. Jennings. A short distance of either of tlie Acton Railway Stations. Absolute CLEARANCE SALE. Important to Florists, Mirket Growers, and Others. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by AUCTION, at the Prory Nursert, Acton, on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, April 6 and 7, at 12 o'clock precisely eai'h day, without the aliiihtest reserve, 10.000 Ivy- leaf GRRaNIU.MS, 730 Oak-leaf GEKaNIUMS thou ands of BEDDING PLANTS, 3700 PELARGO.MUMS. 9.i0 double white PRIMULAS. 70J FUCH*!IAa, lOUO CARNATfO.VS. 1400 ROSES in pots. 700 ARUM LILIES, 1300 AZALEA IMLLIS. 600 white AZ\.LEAS, 23U0 LIHUM HARBISIf, 2)00 Maiden-hair FERNS,EUCHaRI S ; useful M AEiE (14 hanrls), PONY, two Cdpital Flori-fs Market VANS. Sprins Cuke VAN. Light Spring Van, HARNESS, Ch 'ff-cutting Machine. Box and Spring Barrows, Garden Tools, and ottier Utensils in Trade. May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the Premises ; of B. BARNETT. Esq., Solicitor, tia and 61, Chanc-ry Lane, W G. ; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside.Loodon, E.G. Clapton. By order of the executors of the late Mr. James Noble. SALE of the OUTDOOR ^ URSERY STOCK, the freehold Land having been sold for building purpo.es. MESSRS. PHOTdEKOE and MORRIS will SELL bv AUCTION on the premises. The Nursery, Pond Lane, Clapton, on FRIDAY NEXT. April 8. at \■^ o'clock precisely, without reserve, 2U00 HOLLIES 1 to 4 feet; 400 LIL.iCS. thousands of IKISH IVtl<;S in pits, 2lU0 tVlES sto.ked in pots, B iRDEB -HRUBS. 20 lO PRIVEC, 3 to 5 fei-t; 2011 DAeHNE MEZEREU.M, strong plants: 2000 LAURELS. 2 to 4 feet; 6000 aUCUBAS, .3' 0 ROOTS of RHUBARB, a lirg< quantity of IRIS, 110 i .MYRl'LES iu pots, 290 boxes of VERONICAS, blue mixed, and other s.to :k. May be viewed three days prior t . the sale. Catalogues had on ihe premises, aud of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 6S, Cheapside. London. E.G. Preliminary Notice.— lalewortn and Hounslow. VERY lMl'OKTA^T SALE of FKKEHOLU, COPYtlOLD, and LEASEHOLD ESTATES, of which some are ripe for Building development. By order of the Trustees of the late J. Wilmot, Esq. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are favoured with instructions to submit for PUBLIC CO.M- PETITION, at the Mart. Tokenhouse Yard. London. F.C., aboutthe last week in MAY NEXT, the following VALUABLE ESTATES :— The FREEHOLD ESTATE, known as PINE HOUSE, ISLE- WORTH, within .5 minutes' walk of Spring Grove and Isle- worth Railway Stations. Arei about B acres, with valuable existing frontatjes to the Loudon Road; with superiorly-built Detached Residence, numerous Greeuhouses. Vineries. Four Cottages, Stabliog, &c. The Land is stocked with thriving Orchard Fruit Trees, and would be valuable for Buildii g development. The LE.\SEHOLD MARKET GARDEN in rear of Pine House, comprising an area of about 84 acres, of which about 36 are pasture, auri the remainder abundantly stocked with Fruit Trees of the best description. The very valusble FREEHOLD MARKET GARDEN and FRUIT GROUND, ripe for Buildirg. eligibly situate in the Cromwell Road, Hounslow. Area about 9 acres. Well cropped with Orchard Fruit Trees. The compact FREKHOLD and COPYHOLD MARKET GARDEN and FRt'IT GROUND, opposite the preceding lot. Area \k acr'-s. Two LEASEHOLD MARKET GARDENS, situate in Staines Road, Hounslow. Area about 6 acres. Stocked with Orchard Fruit Trees. The LEASEHOLD MARKET GARDENS, known as Lampton Farm, situate in the Heston Road. Lampton, Midalesex. Area about 44 acres. Stocked with Market Garden Produce. Also a MARKET GARDEN of about 30 acres, at the Wood- lands, Isleworth. Note. — The Leasehold Market Gardens can be treated for privately, and taken over as going concerns. Full particulars of the Auctioneers, at their Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside* London, E.G. Apbil 2, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 419 Messrs. CHARLESWORTH, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO., HEATON, BBADFORD, and 213, PARK ROAD, CLAPHAM, S.W., OfferaFineLot /^ A 'T"T'T 17 V A T A Ti T A T* A A T T T* I T IVf M A T TQ Well-leaved,andinthe of the Old \jl\. I i h-tHi k £\ l_l/\I>l/\ k rX £\K> k O lYl 1\ /\ JL_d 1 O, best possible condition. Good Plants, £12 10.s., £15, £25, and £50 per Hundred. A few Specimen Plants, price on application. ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM""(ALEXANDR^). Imported, Semi-Established, and Established Plants, with Flower-spikes ; the very Finest Type obtainable. Prices on application. Thousands to Select from. ONCIDIUM MA GRANT HUM. Strong Plants, with fine Spikes, at reasonable prices. ^^ We have a large Stock of all the Leading Varieties of Orchids at very Reasonable Prices. INSPECTION INVITED. Filday Next. 3S0 DISl GRaNUIFHIKA SUPERB4. MESSKS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will include in their aaW on Friday next. April 8th 350 Disa GrandiHo a Suuerba iu grand condition, bronjiht home and tended by a passenger, "ihe tubers are very healthy, and are of a |»ran(l strain. Also a*few of the rich yellow CERATANDRA QRANDIFLOBA, never before offered; a white tpeciea of Disa. and other rare species. Grand masses of EPIUENDRUM BICORNUTU.M, from the orly locality whence the large free-groning species can be obtained. Some plants cf the extraordiujiry BULLO- PHYLLUM PACHYHACHIS, which produc-s its flowers over long thick cylindrical flower spikes. An elegant PLEURO- THALLIS. and v.irious other rare Orchids. On view morning of Sale, and Catalozues had. Dulwich CommoD. Sjle of well-grown sToVE aud UnEESHOUSE PLANTS. ORCHIDS, &c , by order of the Executors of the late A. Dtuce. E^q. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, at the corner of lia lery Road, opposite Oulwich College. Duhvieh Common, one minute from Dul«ioh Station, L. C. & D. Ry..on MONDAY. April II, at 12 o'clock precisely, without reseive. the whole of the well-grown STOVE aud GREENHOUSE PUNTS, c raprising abuut 150 Orchids, including Vanila tricolor, grand plants; V^nda teres suivis, Dendrobmm Far- mer!, Cattleyas, Cypripediums, and others; 1500 Geraniums, in variety; Gloxinias, Begonias, 11 fine Eucharis ama/onica, Crctona, Dracaenas, Adiantum Farleyense. Lapageiia alba and rubra, .30 Camellias, and Azaleas, large plant- ; and many others; also Garden Implements, consisting of 9 1 and 2-light Frames, Hand-lights, Waler-barrow, Garden-seats, Pair of R'lstic Va.-es. 2 Green's Lawn-mowers, in capital condition ; 2 Garden-rollers, Flower-pots. &c. May be viewed Friday and Saturday prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the Prem ses ; of Messrs. DRUCE AND ATLEE. Solicitors, 10. BiUiler Square, E.C. ; and of the Auctioneers. 87 aud 6*. Clieapside, London. E.C. Framfield, near Uckaeld, Sussex. About three mili-a from the UrKHrld Raiiw.v Station. ABSOLUrR CLEARANCE SALE of GkERNHOUSE PLANTS and UTENSILS in TRADE and EFFECTS, in consequence of the Property having been let. IMPORTANT to GENTLEMEN. FLORISTS, and OTHERS. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS (having let tin Vineries), are in-trucled to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, T'ie Vineries, Framfield, near Ucklield, adjoining Wharton Grange, on MONDAY and TUESDAY', April 11 and 12. at 12 o'Clork precisely each dny, without reserve, the whole of the GREENHOUSE PLANTS, comprising 2700 scarlet and white Geraniums, 3U00 Maiden- hair Forns, luOO Carnations, 500U Gladioli The Bride, in pots ; 2200 Roses, in pots; 3000 Chrysaulhemums, 170 Specimen Cmellias, 160 Azaleas, 2500 Arum Lilies, in pots ; 2600 Lilium auratum. specio-ura, and candidum, iopots; 6 laige Lapageria ro-ea. Pelargoniums, rioub'e white Primulas, &c. Flower- pots. WATER BARROWS. Garden ROLLER, 946 yards of Light RAILWAY, 1 foot 8 in gauge; 11 TROLLEYS, 6 Hives of BEES. Field ROLLER. Horse-power Chaff cutting MACHINE, new Iron Pump. Iron fiping, and Sundries. Also 40J SUndard and Pyramid FRUIT TREES, 1000 Black CURRANTS. 250 SYRINGAS, also a quantity of Lombardy POPLARS ami BIRCH. May be viewed Friday and Saturday prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers and Estate Agents, 67 and 63, Cheapside, London, B.C., and Leytonstone. EiDgston on Thames. Opposite the new County Council Office. MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are in-tructed bv W Clay. Eaq.,to SELL by AUCTION, on the Prem'ses, Elm Villa. Grove Road, Kingston on Thamea. on TUESDAY, April 12. at 12 oClock precisely, the whole of the well-grown GREENHOUSE PLANTS, c. mprising Camellias. Azaleas. Ferns. Dracuenas, 1250 Maidei.hair Fen a 10 Stephnn- otis, 9 Lapageiia alba and rubra, a few Orchids, 4000 Cyclamen, in 48 and 6'i pots, a beautiful strain, the greater part b--iiig in flower; 500 Pelargoniums, 1000 zonal and golden loloured Geraniums, 4 capital span-roof Greenhouses, three being 80 feet by 16 feet, the other. 76 feet by 16 feet; 1400 feet of 4-inch hot- water piping, patent ventilating gear and saddle boiler, a 12-light span- roof pit, erection of office and packing shed, ollice desk, water barrow, and other itema. May le viewed the day prior to and morning of Sale. Catalogues had on Ihe Premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. 23,000 Havannah Cigarfi. By order of the Mortgagees. VJESSRS. PROl'HEKOK and MORRIS will \j\. SELL by auction, at their Central Sale Booms, 67 and 68. Cheapside, London. E.G., on MONDAY NEXi', April 4, 1893, at 12 o'clock, 23.i'00 genuine HAVANNAH CIGARS, con- si-iing of La Fior de Ynelan Conchas, El Rio Sella Reioda de E-pina, La Eapanola Media Regalia. El Rio Sella Regalia de Paris, El Rio Sella Operas; togeiher with 6,200 i.VDIAN CHEROOTS, and 20,000 EGYPTIAN CIGARETTES. On view, morning of Sale. Samples may be obtained at at stated prices. Catalogues of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68. Cheipside, London. E,C. ■Wednesday and Thursday Next. THE CHOICE COLLECTION of ESrABLISHED ORCHIDS forme by A. SILLEM, Esq. MR. J. C. STEVENS has received instructions from AUGUSTUS SILLEM, Esq. (who is medically forbidden to frequent the house-), to offer for SALE, by AUC- TION, at his Great Rooms, -38. King street. Covent Garden, Vf.C. on WEDNESDAY ajd THURSDAY'. April 6 and 7, at half past 12 o Clock precisely each day. without the leaat re- serve, his entire COLLECTION of OFCHIDS. which will be found in exctUeot health, aud amongst them may be men- Phala'nopsis gran'liflora Vonda teres amibilis Cattleva labiata ,, Stuartiana „ Mendelii ., Samleriaiia ,. AcklandiBB Angrrecum se-quipedale ,. Dowiana „ Scotfaoa Ctelog. ne cn^.tata Lemoniana Cypripeilium •'tonei ,, pandurata „ Lfevigatum Lycaste Skinneri alba „ Low I Cymbidi'im eburneum „ Rothschildianutn .. Lowi Aerides FieldiDgi ,. Hookeri „ Saiiderianum Odontoglossum Aleiandrse Phajus tiib-frculosas ,, vexillarium „ Humbloti ,, Loiidesboroughianum ,, Heuryi ,, hystrix Vanda Sanderiana Dendrobtum Ainawortlu ,, Cathcarti „ moniliforme ,, Benson! ,, albo sanguineum, &c. On view morning of Sa e, and Catalogues had. Saturday Next. 1000 choice ROSE TREES. 500 FRUIT TREES, a fine Coll»c- leciionof ClRNATIONS, FINKS, VICOTEF.S, and other BORDER PLANTS; choice LILIU.MS, a hue str.iin of BEGONIAS, 20,000TIIBEROSES and AMARYLLIS. LILY OF THE Valley clumps, 500 fine CONIFERS, LlURELS, EVERGREENS, FLOWERING SHRUBS &c. MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, .38, King Street, Covent Garden, \Y.C.. on SATURDAY NEXT, April 9, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely. On view morning of Sale, and Catalogue*! had. Yaidley, Worcestershire, MR. THOMAS B. JAMES will SELL by AUCTION. TO-MORROW. SATURDAY, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, without reserve (by order of the Executors of the late E. Hoakins, Esq.), on the Premises, The Grange, Y'ardley, the ENTIRE COLLECTION of STOVE and GREE.V- HOUSE PLANTS, being the contents of six Greenhouses, Vinery, Pe.ich House, and Pits. Yardley is situated 4 miles from Birmingham, Railway Station, Stechford and Yardley, L. and N. W. Railway. Tuesday, April 12. Without Reserve. MR. THOMAS B. JAMES (many years with Protheroe & Morns) will SELL by AUCTION on TUESDAY. April 12. at 12 o'clock, at hia Sale Boums. 12, Bull Ring Birmingham, by order oF Messrs Hugh Low & Co., a fine imporlBtiou of DSNURnBIUM VS^ABDIANUM GIGAN- TEUM LOWII and D. FORMOSU.M GIG ANTEUM, fine plants in splendid condition; lotted to suit the requirements of all buvers. Also by order of Messrs. Charlesworlh, Shuttleworth, & Co., a grand lot of imported plants of ODONTOGLO-)sUM CRISPUM(ALEXANDR.E), PACHO variety ;CYPRIPEDIUM LINDLEYANUM, DENDR' BUI.M PHAL.^NOPSIS var. SCHRODERI, and CATTLEYA LABIATA AUTUMNALIS VERA ; there will also be included in this sale about 600 ORCHIDS in FLOWER for Easter Decoration. A few more entries can be made. Commissions entrusted to Mr. .Tames receive careful and personal attention, and purchases are skilfully packed and promptly despatched. Catalogues, post free. Plants on view from 9 A.M. on morning of sale. Thursday Next, April 7. MR. THOS. B. JAM Kb will include in his usual WEHKLY SALE, on THURSDAY ^EX r, 2.=.Oo Hybriil Perpetual DWARF ROSES, 300 STANDARD ROSE-i, si-veral hundred FRUIT TKEES, Collections of HERBACEnUS PLANTS, LILIU.VIS, and 1 ton of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK. Catalogues post-free. N B.-ro.NSION.\IE'TS of CHOICE CUT FLOWERS, MltSHROnMS, &o , SOLICITED to arrive for SALE EVERY WEDNESDAY and FRIDAY, at 4 30 P.M. Empties and Labels free. Flnedon, Northamptonshire. TO FKUITERERS, BUILDERS, and OTHERS. VALUABLE FREEHOLD PROPERTIES, consisting of up- wards of Seven Acres of productive ORCHARDS, situata near to the centre of the above increasing village. MR. G. F. BEAKN will SELL the above by AUCTION, at "Thi Gate Inn." Kinedon, on THUR^DAY, April 7. I89i, at 5 for 6 o'clock in the evening (by order of the Trustees, under the will of Mr. Richard jacq-iest. deceasf-d), and subject to such conditious of Sale as will be then produced. An eligible and well-known ORCHARD, adjoining the B.ick Road, now and for many years past in the occuuiitiou of Messrs. .Tac.juest. Fruiterers and Gardeners, contuiuing 5 a. 1 r. 14 p., or thereabouts. And also another ORCHARD, adjoining, and containing 2 a. 0 r. 22 p., or thereabouts. I hese Orchards are well stocked with highly productive Apple. Pear, Plum, Damson, and Cherry Tre s. and have long been noted both for the quantity and quality of Fruit grown thereon. They also possess very important buildiiigvalue. being close to the village, and having a long frontage to the road. To view, apply to Messrs. JACQUEST, Flnedon ; and for further particulars to Mr. JOSEPH HARLOCK, Flnedon ; Mr. SAMUEL BROWN. Riunds. Northamptonshire ; the Auc- tioneer. Corn Exchange. Wellingborough ; or to Measra. SHARMAN. JACKSON & ARCHER, Solicitors, Wellingboro'. Public Sale.-Important to Horticulturists, Landed PROPRIETORS. LANDSCAPE GARDENERS, NURSERY.MEV. &c. The LARGER PORTION of the MAGNIFICENT and WELL KNOWN COLLECTION of Grand examples of stately GOLDEN YEWS, specially fine Pyramidal ENGLISH YEW-1, rare specimens of GOf.DEN, SILVER and GREEN HOLLIES, handsome ARAUCARIAS, RHODODENDRONS, &o , at present growing in the Ornamental Policy of Gowanbank, one mile south from Avonbridg», near Falkirk, N,B.. and planted by the late Sir James GowaNS at very great expense, will be EXPOSED FOR SALE by PUBLIC ROUP on FRIDAY. 8th April, 1893. This superb Collection of Ornamental Plants, selected with superior rec^erchi tone from the first nurseriesin Great Britain aud the Continent, are nnsurpassel for health, beauty aud colour. They have been nurtured and trained with endless constant care, and will only req'iire to be seen to be appreciated. Messrs. B. B. Laird & SOSS. Florists to the (Jueen, Edinburgh, say: — "Such a number of fine specimens are sehiom met with in a private e^ttablishment. . . . We are confident, from the nature of the soil, purchasers may rely on all lifting with gjod bills, and have been frequently trans- planted." Catalogues in preparation, and to be had from the Auotioneer. Sale to begin at 12 o'clock noon, prompt. r-lHARLES STIRLING NEILSON, \J AUCTIOXEEB, FALKIRK. Mr. NEILSoy would b'g to draw attention to this most important Sale ; such a unique collection has never before been c ffered to the Public. A Brake will await the arrival of forenoon trains at Bathgate Station; also one will leave Grahamstou Station (aaUirk) at 10 35 A.M , to convey purchasers to the Sale. Horsea and Lorries can be arranged for, to bs on the ground for remoi'al of purchases to Avoubridge Station. Peacocks, Peahens, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, MESSRS. BRANCH and LEETE will SELL by AUCTION on SATURDAY, the 9th instant, at " Otterspool," Aigburth, near Liverpool, the former residence of the late Sir Thomas Edwards-Mo.ss. Bart., the collection of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ten PEACOCKS and PEAHENS, &c. Catalogues can be had from the Auctioneers, the Hanover Rooms, Liverptxil. 420 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Ai>BiL 2, 1892. In the High Court of Justlce.-In Banlmiptcy. 2?eA. K. C. P. Mayes, 17, St. Johu'B Park, Upper HoUoivay. A Rare and Choice COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, including Sobralia macrantha, Nanodes, Medusas, and Cypripedium superbiens, oenantbum. crassinode, barbatum, Coelo- gyne cristata, AngrsECumsesquipedale, Galeandra Baueri, Calanthe Sandhurstiana. O, Vestita lutea, and numerous others ; in all about 180 lots. MR. FREDK. MILLER is instrncted to SELL bf Al CTION, in the Garden at the above address, on THURSDVY, April 7, at 1 o'clock precisely, the above valuable COLLKCIION of ORCHIDS, PLANTS, and PEEKS, including also Ci mellia«, AzUeas, Tuberoses, Euchans ama- zonica, Hhodolendrons, a Double-span Conservatory, a Prize Collie Dog, the Orchid Album complete, by Warner and Wil- liams ; Garden Utensils and Effects. May be viewed between 10 and 4 o'clock two days prior to the Sale, and Catalogues had of the Official Receiver, Bank- ruufcy Buildings. Carey Street, W.C. ; of Messrs. WILLIAMS, Horticulturists. Junction Road, Holloway ; and of the Auc- tioneer, at his Offices. 2, Serle Street. Lincoln's Inn Fields. N.B.— The only entrance to the Garden is in the Har^rave Boad, off the Junction Road, N. THE ADVERTISER is OPEN TO RENT, for a term of years, a Nobleman's or Gentleman's disused KITCHEN GARDEN, with good supply of Glass ; no less than 10 Acres of Ground ; or would take Management of same for profits, &c. Apply to FLORIST, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wel- lington Street, Strand. W.C. TO FLORISTS,— A Large Quantity of FRENCH BOXES for SALE, 4s. per dozen. Cash with Order, to MADAME BAUMAN. 20, Russell Street, Covent Garden, W.C. REEHOLD NURSERY, very Old-Estab- lished, FOR SALE, in full profit, situated in one of the best localities, 18 miles from London. Owner retiring from business, after fifteen years' suooessful occupancy. Pretty Cottage Residence; 12 Glass-houses, of various sizes; Stabling, and Ij Acres of excellent Land, fully stocked. Net profits, £iOO a year. Cash requisite, about £1000. MR. DAVISON. 3, Circus Place, London, E.G. OR SALE, a profitable NURSERY, SEED, FLORIST, and FRUIT BUSINESS. Proprietor retiring. Capital required, about £1200. Apply GEORGE DOUGLASS, Esq., Solicitor, Arcade, New- castle-on-Tyne^ ____^__ Hampton-on-Thames, on the Marling Park Estate. LAND FOR NURSERIES I ! I MR. F. G, HUGHES bega to call the atten- tion of Nurserymen and Horticulturists about to com- mence in Business, to the exceptional advantages offered by this Estate. For full particulars appjy— The Estate Office, as above. Hounslow. By order of the representative of the late Mr. Herbert Pocock. M ESSIES. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed to SELL the BENEFICIAL INTEREST of the VALUABLE MARKET GARDEN situate in the parishes of Heston and Cranford, near Hounslow Barracks Station, comprisinR an area of about sixty acres. Full particulars of Protheroe & Morris, 67 and 68, Cheap- side, London, E.C. ONDON, S.W, (7539).— First-class SEED and FLORIST BUSINESS, in main thoroughfare of good suburban town. Handsomely fitted Shop, with Conser- vatory at rear, and nice Dwelling-house. Kent £120. Lease 19 years. Price for Gocdwill, Conservatory, Stock, and Utensils in Trade, £800, or offer.— Apply to PROTHEROE AND MORRIS, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. FOR DISPOSAL, a High-class FLORIST, FRUIT, and SEED BUSINESS, with 6 acres of Market Garden, Glass- Houses. &c., in one of the most fashionable towns on the South Coast. — Incoming about £1500, for Good- U, Stock, and Fixtures.— Apply to FLORAL, Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. To Fruit Growers, Nurserymen, and Others. GOOD ARABLE and MEADOW LAND to be LET or SOLD. Close to the main road at Ponder's End (9 miles from London). Long leases granted. Rent. £12 per acre per annum, with option to purchase the Freehold any time during the first nine years. Several large Market Nurseries are established on the Estate. Full particulars of A. and O. GUIVER, Land Agents, Ponder's End, TO BE LET, with Immediate Possession, the Convenient DWELLING - HOUSE, with Yard, Barn. Stable, and other buildings; LARGE GARDEN, GREEN- HOUSES, and ORCHARD; at Hempton, near Deddington, Oxfordshire, as lately occupied by Messrs. 'Townsend, Nursery- men. Rent, £30 a year. Apply to— MESSRS. KINCH AND BROOKES, Solicitors, Deddington. LAND, good loamy, suitable for a Florist, just off High Road, Edmonton, TO BE LET ON LEASH', or otherwise. Apply, 2, Spring Villas, Talbot Road. Tottenham. ARKET GARDEN and DAIRY to LET, 20 miles by rail to Loni^on, where a large business has been carried on with Cut Flowers, Fruit, &C. ; containing Dwelling House and a number of Glasshouses, and all requisite Outbuildinga. About 4 acres. Apply, Mr. MARTIN, Castle View, Slough. OUPERIOR FURNISHED APARTMENTS, O in private family, offering every home comfort. Close to Covent Garden ; suitable for gentlemen attending early market.— B. M,, 3, Bedford Mansions, Henrietta Street, W,C. Ashford Parochial Chariltes. TO NURSERYMEN AND OTHERS. TO BE LET, BY TENDER, for 21 years, or a less term if desired (subject to the approval of the Charity Commissioners), from OCTOBER 11 next, the SHOP, COTTAGE, STOREROOM, 3 GREENHOUSES, communi- cating with each other; 2 WAREHOUSES, and la. 3r. ISp., or thereabouts, of NURSERY GROUND, close to the Ashtord South-Eastern Railway Statiou, and now in the occupation of Messrs. Bunyard. Copy of proposed Lease and Conditions of Letting can be seen at the Offices of Messrs. Hallett & Co., 11, Bank Street, Ashford, Kent. . . ■ j Possession of the property could probably be obtained previously to October 11, by arrangement with the present tenants. Tenders, Sealed, and Endorsed "Tender for Nursery Pre- mises," to be fent to me by APRIL 20 next. The Trustees do not bind themselves to accept the highest or any Tender. HORACE HAMILTON, Clerk. About 3a. 3r. of NURSERY GROUND, adjoining the Trustees' Land, and now held by the Messrs. Bunyard, could be HIRED from Messrs. Jemmett by arrangement with them. TO BE LET ON LEASE, OR SOLD, ROYAL NURSERIES, ASCOT, Consisting of 38 GLASS-HOUSES, and more or less LAND, as required. Liberal Terms to an Immediate Puecha,ser, Apply, by Letter only, to — J. A., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. ^riNERlES and HOTHOUSES TO LET.— V The VINERIES, PEACH - HOUSES, CONSERVA- TORIES, and other Glass and Hot-houses, at Castledykes, near Dumfries, with the Bothy and other erections connected there- with ; also the GARDENER'S HOUSE, KITCHEN GARDEN, &c., all as now occupied by Mr. James W. Bayne, are TO LET on LEASE, with entry on September 1 next. The premises may be teen, and further information obtained, on application to JAMES H. McGOWAN, Solicitor, Dumfries.- March 23. 1892. QUNNY SOUTH. — NURSERY, 16 acres; O 2 Cottages, over 20 Green and Vine Houses, some .300 feet. Rent, £200.— ELDKIDGE, 2, Western Parade, Southsea. " ONSERVATORIES.— Five high-class Con- servatories; been shown at Exhibitions, in perfect condi- at greatly reduced prices.— WRINCH & SONS, Ipswich. EXHIBITIONS. c Fifty Nurseries, Market Gardens, Florist and Seed BUSINESSES to be DISPOSED OF. MESSRS, PROTHEROE and MORRIS' HORTICULTURAL REGISTER contains full parti- culars of the above, and can be obtained, gratis, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, London. E.C. 'PHE TOWER EURNISHINQ COMPAISY JL (Limited), SUPPLY GOODS ON HIRE, direct from the Manufacturers ; one, two, or three years' Credit without Security. Purchasers have the choice of 100 Wholesale Houses. Call or write for Prospectus. Address. SECRETARY, 43, Great Tower Street, E.C. PICTURESQUE ROCK SCENERY.— Form- ing Waterfalls, Lakes, and Streams, Ferneries, Winter Gardens, Alpineries. &c., as in hundreds of places abjut the kingdom, including at Aldenham House, Elstree, so faithfully illustrated in this journal of November 21, executed by PULHAM AND SON, 50, Finsbury Square, London, E.C. and Broxbourne, Herts. Photo Illustrated Book sent for inspection on receipt of twelve stamps. A. G. WATSON, FRUIT & FLOWER SALESMAN, ABERDEEN. Sale Days, Tuesday and Friday, at 9 A.M. Consignments solicited of Pot Plants & Cut Flowers ORCHIDS. CLEAN, HEALTHY PLANTS at LOW PRICES. Always worth a visit of inspection. Kindly send for Catalogue, JAMES CYPHER, EXOTIC NUBSEBIES, CHELTENHAM. GET AT HARTLAND'S SEED WARE- HOUSE, CORK, p.,. His April Queen Broccoli, Aster White Mignon, p,(. in.; Victoria Forget- me-Not. Lenten Roses, Mam- , T,"; ■"'• "J- moth Verbenas Ne Plus Ultra, Phloi Drum- ^*' "r „ '^T, mondii, Dracffiua-leaved Beets. ™^. ^^•'"'- Primula, Gloxinia, Cineraria. Double and Single. ^^■*"^- His " Soleil d'Or" Golden Double Quilled Perennial Sunflower, 3 Plants, post free, 2s. 6ii. Lobelia, Herbaceous, Fireflv, 3 Plants, post-free, 2s. Oif. WM. BAYLOR HiRTLAND, F.R.H.S., Seedsman, Patrick Street, Cork, Ireland. »,* 5s., 7s. id., and Ms. id. Boxes of Cut Daffodil II Doms to all parts of the United Kingdom, for Easter Decorations. OLAY CROSS HORTICULTURAL \U SOCIETY. The THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL SHOW of the above will be held on TUESDAY, August 16. Entries close August 8. For schedule apply to the Assistant Secretary, G. LAMB, Clay Cross, near Chesterfield. WEST of ENGLAND CHRYSANTHEMUM SOCIETY'S SHOW, at Plymouth, November 15 and 18. £30 in CASH for 48 BLOOMS. Schedules, and all particulars, of Hon. Sees.. Messrs. WILSON ANO DAMCRELL, 4, North Hill, Plymouth. FOR ORCHIDS, and GARDENERS to GrowThem.applyto SANDER'S, St. Albans. The finest stock of Orchids in the World. — 30 minutes from St. Pancras. A RARE OFFER. — Fifty packets of guaranteed Genuine FLOWER SEEDS, showy hardy varieties. Is. Also large parcel of assorted VEGETABLE SEEDS, 2s., post free. T. RICHARDS, 2, Cranham Street, Oxford. Sliarpe's Victor Fotatos. WW. JOHNSON & SON, Seed Gbowbrs • and Merchants. Boston, offer a few tons of this excellent First Early POTATO. True Stock and good sample. Price, per cwt. or ton. on application. RCHIDS A SPECIALTY.— Please write for New Illustrated Price LIST of well- established, healthy, and easily-grown plants . W. L. LEWIS AND CO. .F.R.H.S., Chase Side, Southgate, London, N. Nursery, Orchid Road. 160,000.-Speolal Offer of Kentlas. WICETON has a large quantity of the • above to offer, very reasonable, at from £7 IDs. ptr 1000. Thumbs, well-established, £10 per 1000; in 60'b, well established, at £30 per 1000. W. ICETON, Putney. S.W. 1A (\(\(\ GERANIUM CUTTINGS, F. V. lV/«V/UV/ Raspail.- .3s. id. per 100, 30s. per 3000. Booking Orders now. 20.000 RASPBERRY CANES. Carter's Prolific, true. 3s. per 100; 25s. per 1000. JAMES GREEN. Reliance Nurseries, March. PANSIES.— Finest Show and Fancy Pansies, in 50 Grand Named Sorts, my selection, 2.is. per 100; in 100 Sorts, 30s. per 100. Catalogue free, on application. JOHN FORBES, Hawick, Scotland. R OSES ! ROSES I "ROSES ! — Plant now. 100 strong dwarf, H.P. Roses for 25s. ; or £10 per 1000. The finest in the Trade. Send for Sample Dozen, 5s. Cash with Order. CATALOGUES, free on application. C. H. GORRINGE, Roselands Nursery, Eastbourne. EASPBERRY CANES.— Norwich Wonder, strong and well rooted, free on rail. At 15s. per lOOO, cash with order. Not less than 1000 supplied. ALBERT BATH, Vine Court, Sevenoaks, Kent. ORCHIDS. THE LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL CP. (JOHN COWAN), Limited, Have an immense stock of ORCHIDS, Both Established and Semi-Established, and they are constantly receiving IMPORTATIONS from various parts of the world. INSPECTION IS VERY EARNESTLY INVITED. The Company's Prices are all fixed as low as possible, with the view of inducing liberal Orders. PSICED and BESCEIPTIVE CATALOGUE Post-free on Application to the Company, THE VINEYARD AND NXJRSERIES, CARSTON, NHAR LIVERPOOL Apbil 2, 1892.] TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 421 GOLD MEDAL LAWN MOWERS 'INVINCIBLE' J^^ 'VICTOR NEVER BEEN BEATEN. EASY TO SAML. WOEK EDWARDS' PATENTS. ILE JUKERS- JOHN CROWLEY & CO., Ltd., SHEFFIELD, For PLEASURE and PROFIT. FRUIT. See CATALOGUE for Simi to au.. ROSES. Nothing so Profitable and Easy to Grow. 74 ACRES IN STOCK. nd kinds o£ Tred Hundreds of Thousands. BUSHES, _ _, Packing and Carriage Fret 8s. per dozen, 60s. per 100. for Cash with Order. PRICES Of 60-feet LENGTHS (fitted with Braes Nozzle, Branch Pipe, Rose, and Jet). PLAIN. -Unklnkahle Smooth-Surface Hose, win rot ack. Is made of pure rubber and c |-in. dia., specially cheap 19/3 [ |-ii ARMOURED.— The Excelsior wire-Aimoured Hose a Perfect grip, will not uDCoil when cut al any part, stands eaormuus pressure, and weare for years. Prices; — i-in. dia., best quality ... 36/3 I S-in. dia,, ex. stout qual. .12/0 I „ best quality * ., ex. stout quality 43/7 I ,. best quality .,.52/0 \ „ ex. stout qual. 27/5 | J I „ best quality ... 45/0 | | ,. ex. stout qual. 6('/7 ^inch diameter, ex. stout quality Ait Hose Carriage Paid and despatched same day as order is received. Oldest and most Kehable House in the Trade. Matierof Hose for Liquid Manures, Delivery, Steam, Fire, and Suction Hose, &c. Supplied to all the Principal Corporations, Parks, Estates, &c., at Home and Abroad. Over 3,000,000 feet in use. Cutalcgues of above and all kinds of HOSH. BELTING, and EOOFISG FELTS. Post Free.Jrom ANDREW POTTER, MELBOURNE WORKS, WOI- VERH AMP T O N. Quality (guaranteed. best quality ... 28/0 ex. stout qual. ,S.3/0 best quality ... 33/0 40/10 ROSES in Pots, from 15s. per dozen. ORNAMENTAL TREES, 91 ACRES. 4 ACRES of GLASS. CLEMATIS (80,000), from 15s. per dozen. N.B.— Single Plants are sold at slightly increased prices. SEEDS & BULBSl'^'^Z'^P^R^"'^''' DESCRIPTIVE LIST, FREE. RICHARD SMITH & CO., WORCESTER. UMALL SHRUBS and CONIFER^E.— Abies O orientalis, 4-yr., 405. per 1000; Cupressus macrocarpa, 1-yr., 30s. per 1000; C. Law.^oniana, 1 foot, 40s. per 1000; C. erecta viridis. 8 to 9 inch. 30s. per 1000 ; Cutoneaster Sim- monsii, 1 foot. 30s. per 1000; Escallonia macranlha, 9 inch, 8s. per 100; Ivy. Irish. 2-yr., 3Us. per 1000; Lilac, purple, 2-jr., 30s. per 1000; Laurestinus, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per 100; Oaks, evergreen, 3-yr,, drilled, 10 inch, 50s. per ICOO; Pinus cembra. 3-yr. transplanted, 40s. per 1000; P. Nordmannia, 2-yr. transplanted, 60s. per 1000; P. nobilis, 3-yBar trans- planted, 6s. per 100; Privets, oval, 9 inch, 8s. per lOuO ; ditto, 10 to 12 inch. 14s. per 1000; Retinospora plumosa, 8 inch, transplanted, 40s. per 1000; E. aurea, 6 to 8 inch, 8s. per lOO; Rhododendron ponticum, transplanted, 4 to 6 inch, 40s. per 1000; 6 to 9 inch. 5.5s. per 1000; Veronica Trarersii, 8 inch, 7s, per 100; V. Pinguifolia, 6 inch, 8s. per 100; Yew, English, 2-yr3., 1-yr, transplanted, 20s, per 1000; Irish Yew, 8 to 9 inch, 8s. per 100. GARLIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman. Stranraer. LEARANCE SALE of PALMS, DRAC^NAS, &c. Strong Small Palms, averaging 10 to 12 inches high, of SEAFOKTHIA ELEGANS. LATANIA EORBONICA, ARECA SAPIDA, CORYPHA AtfSTRALIS, KENTIA BELMORIANA. K. FOSTERIANA, and DRACAENA INDIVISA, sample 2 of each, 14 plants in all, 6s. ; 1 of each. 7 in all, 3s. Package Free, and Carrisge Paid for Cash with Order. Price per 100 or 1000 on application. * LATANIA EORBONICA, 4 feet high, with pot averaging 10 fine leaves. 15s. each. »CHAMiEKOPS EXCELSA, 5 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves, 30s. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, with pot averaging 12 fine leaves, 21s. each. ♦DRAC^NA CiNIFOLIA, 5 to 6 feet high, 21s. each. * Ditto ditto 4 feet high, 16s. each. » PHCENIX TENUIS, 3 feet high, 6s. each. * Ditto ditto 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. * DRACAENA INDIVISA, 3 feet 6 inches high, 5s. each, * Ditto RUBRA, 2 feet high, I8s. per dozen. » Ditto C0NGE8TA, 2 feet high, 18s. per dozen. * SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS, in 60's, fitfor 48's, strong, 6», doz. Price per 100 on application. Those marked * are Packed Free, but NOT Carriage Paid. W. OWEN. 108. Stamford Hill, N. AMARYLLIS. Messrs. JAMES VEITCH & SONS BEG TO INVITE INSPECTION OF THEIR MAGNIFICENT COLLECTION, WHICH IS NOW IN FULL BLOOM. THE ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, 544, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W. 422 THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Apeil 2, 1892. FOR SALE, CHAMPAGNE RHUBARB, 6000 Plants. Cheap. Apply— J. LANCASTER, 39. New Barn Street. Plaistow, E. SPA RAGUS.— Fine, strong, healthy roots, aa good aa money can buy ; 1-year at 2s. per 100 ; 2-year, 3s. per luO. T. B. DOLBY, Hope Nursery, Boston. Lincolnshire. OLYANTHUS (HEX THEciDUKE), Dark Double Crimsnn, and Double Light (DERCLEUiiHIE), for Salt-, 6s i er dozen. Stamped Cjrreopondence Invited. Cash with Orrler. Note Addre-a— J. T. GREie. Sur.nysidB, Fyvie. Aberdeenshire. LOVEL'S YOKK.>HIKB STRAWBERRIES. — We offer for Cash, good sorts in nice plants, carriage paid, at Su. per 100; 13s Hd per 600 ; 20s. per 1000. Sample Dozen. Hd. Descriptive LIST free. W. LDVEL AND SON. Strawberry Growers, Driffield. SJ FEHN8 ! FEKNiS ! !— Trade.— Greenhouse and Stove, 25 saleable aorta. 12s. per 100; out of pots, lus. Large Adiantum cuoeatum, Aralias, Oyperua, and Primulas, all in 4B'8, ti5. per doz. Genistas, Palms, and Ficus, \s. each. Large Ferns, 10 best sorts. 5s. Qd. per doz., in 48's. Cineraria?, Spireeas. and Cyclamen, furl bloom. 9s. per dozen, in 48'9. Adiautum cuneatum and P. tremula, extra size, in 2^-inoh pots, I6s. and 20s per 100. Packed free. Cash with Order. J. 8MJTH, London Fern PJur^eries. Lougnhoro' .Tuncr.ion, S.W JMALL SHRUBS, &c. — Abies orientalis, 4 yeaM, 40s. per 1000; Cupressus erecta viridis, 8 to 9 inch. 3 'S. per 1000; Edcalionia macrantha. 9-inch. 8s. per 100; Liiac, purple. 3-years. .30s. per 1000; Laurustinus, 6 to 8 inch, 7s. per loO; Oaks. Evergreen, 10 inch, 50s. per lOUO; Pinus Cerabra. 3 ye^r transplanted, 40.'J. per 1000 ; Pinus Nordminnia. 2-year transplanted, ti^. per 100; Rhododendron. 4 to 6 inch, 40s per tOOO; Yew. English, 2 years, 20s. per 1000; Thuia Lobbii, 10 to 12 inch, 40s. per 1000; do., 15 to 18 inch, ."iOn. per IQfiO. GARLIE'^ MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. Trade Offer of Large ii'alms. WICETON has a large Stock of the lead- • ing kinds of Decorative PALMS, from 6 to 26 feet high, fit for Conservatory and House Decorations; Drat'eenas, Bamboos, & Foliage Plants. Lowest Prices quotedonapplication. W. ICETON, Putney, S.W. Seed Potatos. HAND F. SHA.RPE invite the attention of • the Seed Trade to their fine selected stocks of SEED POTATOS, comprising all the varieties worthy of cultivation. They have been grown expressly for Seed, and the samples will be found very fine and well dre-^^ed. The prices will compare favourably with those of other growers. Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech. ELWAY'S SEED MANUAL for 1892. *' Of the many manuals. &c., we certainly have seen none to surpass Messrs. Kelway's in plain, practical usefulness." — jigricuJture. Is., post-free (deducted from first order) to those unknown to us. KELWAY AND SON. Laneport. OWEHS AND EMBERSON have to offer:— HARRISON'S MIISK. strong well-rooted plants, 6s. per 10" : TROPiEOLUM Ball of Fire, grand climber. 8s per 100 ; VIOLAS. « distinct colours. 6s. per 100; COLEUS, 6 best market varieties, 10s. per 100. FERNS in la'ge thumbs, good stuff, now ready for pottirg on, Pteris tremula, P. crelica cristata, &c., 12s. per 100. packin, freeforcaohwithorder.— G0WER9 AND EMBERSON, Comely Bunk Nurserv, Walthamatow. E. li'HORTICTJLTUBE INTERNATIONALE (Orchid Emporium), Leopold Park, Brussels. THE GBiNDEST CHOICE of ORCHIDS in EUROPE. THE DIRECTORS, Messrs. LINDEN, cordially invite Amateurs and Nurserymen to visit their Establishment. They will find atL'Horticulturelnternntionale the Finest, Healthi.st, and Largest Stock of New. Rare, or Popular Orchids in Cultivation. Grand Importations every week. LISTS and CATALOGUES on application. ROSES. ROSES. 13 acres of Rosea, 100,0(10 magnificent plants to select from. All have been kept move 1 back, and ■\vill plant now with safety. 22 Choice Standards, 21s ; 24 Halt-Stannards. 21s.; 12 Standards. 12s. 6d. ; 12 Half-Standards, 10s. 6rf. ; 60 Choice Dwarfs. 50 sorts, 21s.; 24 choice dwarf Teas and Noisettes, 12s. 6d. ; 12 choice climbing, Ps. ; 12 beautiful Teas and Noisettes, 9s. ; 6 lovely yellow Roses, 4>. M. ; 6 Marechal Niels. 4s. id. ; 6 Gloire de Dijons. 4s. ; 6 choice Moss Roses 3s. M. ; 6 old Cabbage Eoses. 3s. M. ■ 6 Old-fashioned Roses, 3s. id. ; « crimson Monthly Roses. 3s. : 6 pink Monthly Roses. 2s. id. ; 6 white Monthly Roses. 3s. ; 6 quick-growing Climbing Eoses, 2s. 6(i. : 12 Sweet Hriara. 3s. My selection, cash with order. Thousands of Testimonials. Catalogues free. JAMES WALTERS, Rose Grower, Exeter. SUPERB ORCHIDS, CHEAP.— Thousands toselectfrom. Writefor List, free.— P. MoAKTHUB, The London Nursery, 4, Maida Vale, London, W. FOR SALE, 1000 MAIDENHAIR FERiNS, in 32s or 2<'s pots. Good stuff and well started. J. SADDINGTON. Nurseryman. Richmond, Surrey. -1-V/^v/V/V/ grown, 18 inches to 3u inches, 6s. to 15s. per dozen. Less by the 1000. Cash with Order. J. J. CLARK, Goldstone, WesI Brighton. CCELOGYNE CRISTATA, well grown, with bloom spiKes. and cheap for cutting. Also the CHATS- WORTH. T'. each, 18s. per dozen; 12 to 15 feet, 2s. 6d each, 24s. per dozen. HOLLY (aquifolium. aquifuhum weeping bronze, elegantia- simaptricta.Gold Queen, green in variety, H-indsworth silver weeoiog. Milkmaiii weeping, new golden weep- ing, variegated in variety, Waterers'), very fine, lO-s. firf. to 42s. LABURNTTM. English, Is. 6d. to 2s. i6d. each, 15s. to 24s. per dozen. LILAC. Persian. 2s. 6d. each. ,, Siberifin. 2s. &d. each. MAPLE, colchicum nibrum, 10 to 12 feet. 2s. 6rf. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 leet, 3^. Gd. each, 3t^s. per dozen. „ Norway, 10 to 12 feet 2s. each, las. per dozen; 12 to 15 feet. 2-^. Gd. each, 24s. per dozen. ,, Schwedlerii, 10 to 12 feet, 2s. 6d. each, 24s. per dozen ; \2 to 15 teet, 3s. each. 3os. per dozen. ,, virginicum rubrum. 12 to 15 feet, 3s 6d, each, 36s. p. doz. SYCAMi'RE, 8 to lu feet, Is tid- each, l^s. per dozen ; 10 to 33 feet, 2s. Qd. each, 2U. per dozen; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. to 3s. 6''. each, 3i's to 36s. per dozen ; 15 to ISfeet, 4s. each, 42s. per dozen. ,, pur pie- leaved. K» to 12 feet, 2s Qd. each, 24s. per dozen ; 12 to 15 feet, 3s. 6d. ench, 36s. per flozen. PLANE, occidentaliP.20 feet and more, very fine, IQs. 6d. to 21s. PltUNUS PISSARDII (leaves richer in colour than Purple Beech, and hang much longer, has pretty pink flowers and nice fruit), .is. Hd. to 3s. 6d. each. 24s. to 36s. p. doz. PYRUS FLORIBUNDA. 2s. to 2s. 6d. each, 18s. to 24s. p. doz. WILLOW. KilmMrnock weeping, 2s. 6d. to 3s. Qd. each, 245. to 36s. per dozen, RICHARD SMITH & CO., ^s^r^^tS^t WOBCESXER. [umniiinuiiiniEiiiiiiiiittmaiiiiiDiiininiiEiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiigiiiiiRiiRn PLAWTIMS SEASON. ^^ ^ HABDIL.Y.CROWN FORE2ST, f"I^UI7^ * *IX OTHEII TREES & PLANTS, EYERBREEMS, ROSES, &c. NURSERIES 400 ACRES: YBRT BXTEHSIVB BTOOK. iDipaotlon Invlttd' Priced Catalogues Gratis & Post Free. ^XIGKSONO NCRSERIEB WHINHAM'S :^\INDUSTRY GOOSEBERRY. The Mo,st Productive Goo.seberry in Cultivation. Col ur, dark dusliy red. Of enormous Size. In Seven Successive Peaaons we have sold nearly ONE MILLION BUSHES OF THIS VARIETY. 3-year Bushes, Stro"K 6b. per dozen. Selected 9s. Extra-Selected ... 12s. Strong 40s. per 100. HEXHAM, Northumberland. NEW SINGLE PYRETHRUM, "JUBILEE." First-clafs Certificate. Royal Botanic Society, London, June 18, 1888. One of the moat beautiful -ingle Varieties in cultivation ; dwarf in habit, bearing in abuudance very deep Carmine flowers. See Editor's remarks in The Garden, June 2(», 1891 : — "Flowers, deep carmine; the richest-coloured variety we have seen, and vpry handsome." Well established plants, ready for delivery in April, 2s. each (usual D.scount to the Trace). W. BALCHIN & SONS, HASSOCKS NUESEKY, SUSSEX. Apeil 2, 1892.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 423 DANIELS BROS., TOWN CLOSE NUESEEIES, NORWICH, BEG to offer the following Plants, Bulbs wh ch they can highly recommend :— » collection, 65., 9s., and Carnation. "Germania." Beautiful pure yellow. 'J lie beat, fine pliii.tji ... 3 for 4s., each Is. M. New Garden Pink, "Her Majesty." Beautiful pure while, ileliciously scented, 3 for 4s.. eaih Is. 6(1. Delphiniums. Single and double-flowered, cho'ce named torts, .strong plants 6>. aud Gaillardias. Large - flowered hybrids, in beautiful v.i lety, to name 9s., l:'s , and Perennial Phloxes. lialied p aut^ to ]]um( Pjretlinuns, Double-flowered. A grand collec- tion, including the newest and choicest sorts. Established plants Es. and ., Single-flowered, in brilliant variety PEeonles, Herbaceous. Double - flowered, choice named torts 12s., 18s , and Hardy Flowering Plants. We have a splendid cuiectitin uf the.-.-, which we offer as follows, includ- ing tuch fine sulijecls as Anthemis pallida. Chrysan- themum maximum. Doronicums, Rri(ierou, Helenium, Heucherasaiiguinea, Senerio pulcher, &c. :— s. d. I lOU choice varieties !stabli.«hed ) 17 6 plants "i 10 0 I, &C., 12 , 12 6 0 Begonias, Tuberous - rooted. Large briuiantiy- coloured flowers of all the most beautiful shades. Good strong flowering tubers in splendid mixture per luO, 30j. 4 ,, Double-flowered, very fine mixed ... 9s. and 12 Gladiolus Gandavensls. Choice named sorts— 4s. m., 6s., 9s,, and 12 ,, In splendid mixture per 100, 20s. 3 ,, New hardy hybrid. A charming class with large, handsomely-stained or blotched flowers. Very choice mixed per 100, 24s. 3 Tuberoses, American Pearl. Fine bulbs— per 100, 17s. 6i. 2 All carriage free with thp exception of Tea Roses and Clem itises, u'h'ch are sen' in pots. FOREST TREES.— Alders, 2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000; Ash. 3-yr.. 2s. lyd. per inoO; IJ to 2 feet. 13s. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet. 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 1000 ; Ash, Mountain, 3 to 4 feet. 24s. per 1000 ; Bec-h, 2 to I'i feet, 22s. per 1' 90 ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000:. Chestnut. Horte, 2 feet, 16s. per 1000; Spani.-h C, 1^ to if feet. 16s per 1000; Elm Wych, 2 to 2l feet, 16s. per 1 00: Larch. 12 to 18 inch, 14s. per 1000; IJ to a feet, :'0s. per 1000 ; 2 to 2J feet, 24s. per 1000 ; Spruce Fir, Ij to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ; Scotch Fir, 2-yr., 2-yr. tr., 16s. per lOOO; 2 feet. 20s. per 1000; Hazels, 2 to 3 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; Hornbeam, 2 to 3 feet. 16s. per 1000. Oak, English, IJfeet. 12s. per lOOo; 2 feet. 14s. per 1000; 2} to 3 feet, 18s. per 1000 ; Privets, Oval, 1} to 2 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; Privets, Common. IJ feet. 12s per 1000; Sycamores. l}to2 feet. 12s. per lOi 0 ; 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; Thorns, 2 feet, 10s. per 1000; 2* feet, 12s. per 1000; 3 feet, 15s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 17s. per lOuO. GAELIES MITCHELL, Nurseryman, Stranraer. Quality not Quantity. THE PENNY PACKET SEED COMPANY, (BiDDLES & Co., Proprietors), LOUGHBOROUGH. LKICESTERSHIRE. We invite those about to purchase garden seeds to send for a copy of our complete Seed Catalogue and Guide, which will be sent gratis and post free on application. 300j Varieties catalogued, 50U Illustrations. 100 ACRES OP EVERGREENS TO SELECT FROM. Regiilaply Tpansplanted. Hardlly-Gpowm. Lift with balls of earth, bo can be conveyed any distance & Bafely planted. Inspection Invited. Catalogues Free. PLANT NOW. Nurseries (400 Acres. DlCKSONSrirCHESTER EUCHARIS AMAZONICA.— 600 fine strong, healthy offsets. fZtR PLUM. 200 tall Stanoards. ALIOANTE GRtPE. fi-e fruiting Canes. FRUIT TREEi,of all kinds, wholesale and retail. WILLTAYLEB, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex. CLEMATIS FOR BEDDING.— Now is the time for planting. 100 in 'M best kinds, my eelectiou, for 50s.— CHARLES NOBLE, Bagshot. pHOlCE PANSIEsT^Trimardeau or Giant \J Pansies. CasBier's, BugnotV, and Ooier's Giant lilotched. and Ben-iry's Ne Pius Ultra. Price, per 100 or UmO. on application. S. UiiNSOR AND CO., 22, Maida Vale, London. \V. SPECIAL CHEAP OFFER. THUIA LOBRII, 4to2Jf''et- CITHRESSUS LAWSONIANA. 1 to 2 feet, AUCUBA JAPONICA. 1 to 2 feet. GKERN HOLLY. B to 24 inches. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 1 to 2 feet. GRAY AND SONS, Brox Nursery. Chertsey, Surrey STRAWBERRY PLANTS.— Sir Joseph Pax- ton. 13j. per 1000. Cheaper for quantity. Apnl best month to plant. Sample sent.— VAUSE, Nurseryman Learn iogton Spa. ARDY BRITISH FERNS. — Nmnerous ,ies. 15 distinct varieties. l.<. 6i/ -i 1 irge ckery roots. 2s. ed. ; .W, 4s. 6rf : 100. Ss. Botanically name 1 llcarrisge pai.l.-G. CARR4 DICE, Monument Place Ktnlal H BOULTON & PAUL, MANUFACTURERS, NORWICH. Improved Pea Trainers. To be used ios'ead of Diamond Wire Trellis. For Training Plants. Hurdles 4 ft. long, Cash Prices. 3ft. high. 4 ft. high. 6ft. high. 1/3 each, 1/9 each, 3/6 each. Cash Prices. stock Sizes, 5-in. mesh, light quality. s. 6 ft. by 3 ft., each ... 2 6 ft. by 4 ft 3 Calvanlzed Pea and Seed Guards. ^hx ij.'fV?*i/l Two end pieces to the dozen lengths. CiSH Price. 4/6 per dozen. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of all our Manufactures, free on application. BOULTON & PAUL, NORWICH. And for all Gl Sold in packets. \s Structures that require Shading. ti, with full directiODs for u>e. and may be obtained from all Seedt-men and Nurserymen. The public are cautioned against cpurious imiTations. Each packet should bear the Trade Mark as above. Manufacturers — CORBY AND CO. (-Ltd.). Horticultural Sundries Merchants, Offices and Show Kooiii-, 13. 15. and 16, Finsbury Street, London, E.G. Sold by all Seedsmen and Florists. PIT LIGHTS. Best quality and workmanship, 3 inches thick, 6 ft. by 4 ft. , iron bar across and very strong. As. each; free on rail in London. Cash or reference with order. CUCUMBER HOUSES. Timber sufficientto build 100ft. by 13 ft. house, lights, door, Ac. Put on rail in London. Low price. Send for detailed specification, to W. DUNCAN TUCKER, HORTICULTURAL WORKS. TOTTENHAIVI. BAI1B_WIRE. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION TO The Longford Wire Co. (Limited), WARRINGTON. W.H.LASCELLES&GO.. HORTICULTURAL BUILOEBS, 121, BUNHILL ROW, LOHDOH, E.C. CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOUSES, ORCHID HOUSES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, &c. Plans and Estimates Free. FAWKES' SLOW-COMBUSTION HEATING APPARATUS. Most Efficient and Cheapest in Existence, Requires no sunk stokehole and no brick setting. Will laatall night without atten- tion. Will burn house cinders, therefore costs next to nothing for fuel. Any one can fix it. A domestic servant can stoke it. Complete Apparatus from £4 12s. aUCCES-S GUAHANTEED. Enormous num- bers in use all over the country. Only Slow Com- bustion Appara- tus of the kind. CA UTIOX. Beware of in efficient incom plete Apparatu. which will not last all night. Full particular* and Prices of every sized Ap- paratus, and see numerous Tewti monials for the last five seasons showing enorm ous success, post- free on applica tioa. BEST CONSTRUCTED and CHEAPEST Oreenliouses, Forcing-houses. Pits. Frames, Plant Protectors, Potting Sheds, Tool-houses, &c. llht^strated Priced Catalogue post-free from CROMPTON & FAWKES, CHELMSFORD. 424 THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Apbil 2, 1893. WEBBS' NEW BEDDING ASTER. Specially recommended for bedding par- poses, producing a magnificent effect when planted in masses of separate colours in the open garden. The plants are dwarf and com- pact in habit of growth, and the varieties uniform in time of flowering. Bose Dark Crimson . . White . . Pink Deep Bed Light Blue Mixed Colours Six Distinct Colours per packet separate 1/-. 1/-. 1/-. 1/-. 1/-. 1/-. 3/-. All Floiver Seeds delivered Free. WEBBS' SPRING CATALOGUE, Containing Six. Coloured Plates, &c. Post-free, Is. Abridged Edition, Gratis and Post-free. WEBB & SONS, •WOBDSIiEY, STOtTBBBIDGE. TRADE OFFER OF PALMS. COCOS Weddeliana, in thumbs at20j.perlOO. ineo's at65s.perlO0. KENTIA Fosteriana and Belmoreana, in thumbs, at 'iOs. per 100. ,, „ ineO's, ateOs.perlOO. " ,, ,, in48'9, at24s. perdoz. ** ,, ,, in32'8, at48s. perdoz. SEa!fOKTHIA Klegans, in eo's, at32s.perl00. ," in 48'8, at £6 per 100. W. i'ceton has a' fine Stock of Asparagus plumosus nanus, in48'« andeo's; Pandanus Veitchii, Dracaena Lindenii, and Ficus elastica.— W. ICETON. Putney, S.W. CARTERS' INVICTA LAWN SEEDS Forms beautiful VELVET LAWNS In 8 to 12 Weeks. For making a New Lawn, order 4 lbs. of Carters' Invicta Lawn Seed, costing 5s. 6d., and 14 lbs. of Carters' Lawn Manure, costing 4s. 6d.,forevery 1,000 square feet. For Small Lawns order a Is., Is. 6d., or 23. 6d. packet. A Is. 6d. packet will sow 150 square feet of New Lawn. To Renovate or Improve a Lawn, order 4 lbs. of Carters' Invicta Lawn Seed, costing 53. 6d., and 281bs. of Carters' Lawn Manure, costing 78., for every 2,000 square feet. ABOVE PARCELS CARRIAGE FREE. CARTERS' PANIPHLET \i?Q\i THE MAflACEMENT OF LAWI4S, free for two stamps. ROYAL SEEDSMEN BY SEALED WARRANTS, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. 237 238 • SHRUBS and CONIFERS. — American Arbor-vita, H feet, 20s. per 100: Berberis aquifolium, 2 feet, 16s. per 100; Box Tree, IJ foot, 12s. per 100; Coto- neaster roicrophylla. 2 feet, 12s. per 100; C. Simonsii, 3 feet, 12s. per 100 ; Escallonia macrantha. pot, 2 feet, 24s. per 100 ; Laurel, Common, IJ foot, 10s. per 100; 2 to i\ feet, 14s. per 100 ; 3 to 3J feet, 2os. per 100 ; rotundifolia. 2 to 2J feet. 16s. per 100 ; Portugal Laurel, 2 to 2J feet, 22s. per 100; Rhodo- dendron pontioum, IJ to 2 feet, 2os. per 100 ; 2 to 2^ feet, 32s. per 100; 3 feet, 60s. per 100. full of buds; Yews, Eng- lish, li to 2 feet. 24s. per 100; 2 to 2J feet, 30s. per 100; Araucana imbricata, 3 to 3i feet, 30s. per doz. ; 4 feet, 40s. per doz., Oupressus Lansonii, 2 to 3 feet, 20s. per 100 ; 3to 4 feet, 30s. per 100 ; Erecta Tiridis, 2 to 2i feet, 30s. per 100 ; 3 to 3^ feet, 40s. per 100 ; Picea Nordmannia, 2 feet, 60s. per 100 ; 2i to 3 feet. 12s. per dozen ; Retinospora plumosa, 2} feet, 30s. per 100 ; 4 to 4J feet, 50s. per 100 ; Thuia Lobbii, 3 to 4 feet, 30s. per 100 ; 5 feet, 50s. per 100 ; 6 feet, 70s. per 100 ; 7 feet, extra, 80s. per 100 ; Thuiopsls dolabrata, 2 feet, 40s. per 100 ; 2J feet to 3 feet, fine specimens, 24s. per dozem ; 4 to 5 feet, 4s, RARLIES MTTCHF.LL. Nurseryman, Stranraer. JOHN GREEN, f.r.h.s., Has Now Heady 1,000,000 Good Things. BEST NOVELTIES.— See Illus- trated Catalogue. Best Chrysanthemuma.-New, lOs. ; ChoiC", B?- ; Good, :is. p doz. Best Black Cactus DaMia— "Black Prince." — Orders now being booked for Spring delivery, 1.. each. Best Cactus Dahlias.— 4s. per doz. ; best new. lOs. per doz. Best Pompon Dahlias.- 4s. per doz. ; best new, 6s. per doz. Best Show Dahlias. — 4s. per doz.; best new. 7s. ^rf perdoz. Best Fancy Dahlias. — 4s. per ___. doz. ; best new. 6s. P'-r doz. ILLDSTBATED ^ Best Single Dahlias.-4s. per doz. ; best new 6.. per doz. Best Begonias.— Single, 4s. (d., 6s., 9s.. and iL's. 6rf. per doz. ; Double, 10s. 6ii., 16s., 20s.and30s. per doz. Best Zonal Geraniums.— 4s., .5s., 7s tirf.. li'.s-.. and l;is. 6t/. perdoz. Best Fuch&ias.— 4s. and 6s. p. d z. Best ColeUS.— 2s. erf. per doz ; SEND FOR CATALOGTTE OF ALL THE BEST TeiNGS. besi . .=>s. r doz Beat Border Carnations.- 4s. 6d., ijs , and 10s. per doz Best Flower Seeds.-See lllus- 1 rated Catalojiue. Best Vegetable Seeds. — See Illustrated Catalogue. Best of Everything.— See Illus- trated Catalogue. The above prices are for J. G.'s Selection ; purchasers wishing to select for themselves, should send at once for Catalogue. JOHN CREEN, /^ll^... DEREHAM. EpSflSPECIAUTY iT^e finest 4 niost|nfef;esting Collectioain the Trade, ' ISPE