141; S-eA-Je-^ J

LIBRARY

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

1&4

December 58, 1901.]

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

^ MUrklj 3(Uu5trati:i JInurnal

OF

Horticulture and Allied Subjects.

(ESlABLlSHElJ IX 1«41.)

VOL. XXX.-THIRD SERIES.
JULY TO DECEMBEE, 1901.

LONDON :
41, WELLINGTON STBEET, COVENT GAiiDEN, W.C.

1901.

The Gardeners' Clirouit'le,]

no!

[December 28, 1901.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

JULY TO DECEMBER, 1901.

Abies bracteata, 5(1 ; A. (I'seudo-

tsuga) Douglasii seedlings, 313
Acacia armata seedling, 31i! ; A.

melanoxylon (?), 378
Acme Rose-bloom protector, 1!)
Adelaide Botanic Gardens, 301
Jiranthes grandiflorus, 220
Africa, flora of German S.W., 230
Africa, South, gardeners and gar-
dening in, 280, 4-50
Africa, the Tree Lobelias of

tropical, 116
Agave americana with flower-
spike 20 feet liigh and over 2000
flowers, 245 ; A. recurvata, 3<JC
Agricultural College, the Harper

Adams, 277
Agricultural College, the South

Eastern, 187
Alyssum argenteum, 441
America, agricultural education

in, 341
American notes, 352, 448
Amorphophallus titanum at Kew,

flowering of, 11
Anjectochili in Holland, 403
Anchusa sp., 0
Andre, M. El., an Officer of the

Merite Agricole, 115
Andrews, Mr. Jno., presentation

to, 82
Anguloa dubia, 100
Antirrhinum, malformed, 370
Apora arundiuaria, 378
Apiary, the, 100, 243, 355, 393
Apple AUington Pippin, 2S2
Apple-culture in Canada, 270
Apple-stems attacked by cater-
pillars, 50
Apple, the Ice, 100
Apple-tree blossoming thrice in

a year, 282
Apples and Peaches in United

States, 75
Apples, Tasmanian, 325 ; theft of,

206
Arabis alpina, double-flowered, 239
Arachnauthe Lowei, 200
AraucariaCookii,387; A.excelsa,32
Arbutus Unedo, fruits of, in

Covent Garden Market, 324 ; in

France, 353; fruiting in Bast

Lothian, 358
Ai'Ctotis grandis, 441 ; A. Gum-

bletoni, 177 ; A. stu"ohadifolia,

108, 369
Ardgowan House Gardens, 304
Aristolochia gigas var., 312
Asparagus Sprengeri, 419
Aspidistra lurida,the seeding of ,98
Aster Aiticllus, 309, 325; A.earnosus,

218 ; A. grandiflorus, 343, 441 ;

A. multiflorus, 218 ; A. sinensis,

232 ; A. Vilmoriui, 6
Asters, Cbiua, from M. Roemer.

115 ; perennial, 105, 380, 411, 427
Australian seed catalogue, an, 96
Avenue, a novel, atPaddockhurst,

429 ; the Hatfield, 435 ; plant-
ing an, 390
Azaleas and Rhododendrons for

northern smoky towns, 100
Azolla liliculoides, 378

B

Bacteria in plants, 325

Banana culture, sub- tropical, 232 ;

trade in Jamaica, 180
Barham Court, hardy fruit at, 255

Bark- stripping, 262
Barley, proliferous, 206
Barr, Mr. Peter, 40, 135, 321
Basic slag, uses of, 154, 170, 230
Bath, an improvised, 202
Bean, French Centenary, 153
Beans, garden, 74 ; Yeitch's climb-
ing French, for forcing, 400
Bedding, the, in Hyde Park, 210
Beech leaves, galls on, 313, 378
Bee-keeping in the "West Indies, 330
Beetle, the Colorado, 180
Begonia Forgetiana, 00; B. Ideala,

411 ; winter-flowering, 438
Belvedere House, ilullingar, 4 IS
Benevolent Institution, Gardeners'
Royal, 50, 90; next annual
dinner, 309 ; Prince of Wales
President of, 454
Berria ammonilla, 320
Birds and insect life, 358
Birds, the food of some, inhabiting

an orchard, 197, 217, 247
Blackberry, a white, 393, 41 1
Blackbird, the food of the, 107
Blackmore, the late R. D., raomn-

rial to, 393
Boat garden, a, 228

Books, Notices of : Agricultural
Bulletin of the Straits and Fede-
rated Malay States (H. N. llid-
leii), 311. 415; A Glimpse of
Cranbrook (W. S. Mariiii). 350;
A Practical Text-book c,f I'lant
Physiology (1). T. MardoiiuaU,
I'ii.l).), 307 ; A Symposium on
how to Grow and Show Tea Roses
{National Rose Sociffy), 415;
Botanical Magazine. 114, 187,
277,340, 435; British Trees, with
illustrations (Hon. fiiaiihopeTnl-
lemache), 75 ; Bulletin of the St.
IVtersburg Botanical Garden,
188; California Floriculturist
(Ernest Brannton), 415; Cassell's
Dictionary of Gardening, 202 ;
Cyclopaedia of American Horti-
culture {L. H. Baileij), 115; Das
I'flanzenreich(Pro/. Jiiif/fer), 415 ;
Dictionary, a new (Society of
German Engineers), announced,
135 ; Dictionnaire Iconogra-
phique des Orchid<5es, 253, 390,
430; Die Moderne Teppich Gart-
nerei {W. von Hampel). 367;
Fields, Factories, and Work-
shops (Prince Kropotkin), 95 ;
Flora Brasiliensis, Fasc. cxxv.,
20 ; Flora Capensis, 70 ; Flora of
Guernsey and the lesser Channel
Islands(E)'nestDcu'i(/il/((n;»inii/),
410; Flora of Troiiical Africa,
70, 205 ; Flora of the Malay
Peninsula {Sir Geo. Kimj), 436 ;
Flore Descriptive et lllustreede
la France, &c. (Abbe 11. Costr),
95 ; Flowers and Ferns in their
Haunts (Mabel Osgood Wliite),
70 ; It^owers and Gardens, Notes
on I'lant Beauty (Forces ITaf soh.
cd. bn Rev. Canon EUaconibe),
111; Formal Gardens (H. 1 Hi(jo
Trii/f/.s). announced, 415; Friiit
Trade News, 262 ; Garden Life.
277 ; Grasses, a Handbook for
Use in the Field and ijaboratory
(Dr. Marshall Ward), 30 ; Guide
to the Glasgow Botanic Gar-
dens, 108 ; Handbook of the De-
structive Insects of A'ictoria,
122 ; Hooker's Icones Plan-
tarimi, 325; Icones Selecta?

Horti Thenensis, 34, 115, 396;
Journal d'Agricultiire Tropicale,
202, 293 ; Journal de la Societe
Nationale d'Horticulture de
France, 115, 188 ; Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society,
204, 200, 220 ; Kew Bulle-
tin, 55. 180, 277, 308; La Bo-
tanique en Provence an XVle.
Siecle, 472 ; La Mosiiicultui'e
Pratique (Carpet bedding),
(Albert Maumene). 153; Le
Jardin des Plantes de Paris et
les Colonies Francaises, 95 ;
Lilies for English Gardens, &c.
(Gertrude Jekyll), 390; Lindenia,
86, 253, 420 ; Louis Wain's
Annual, 415 ; Memories of the
Months (Sir H. Maxwell), 183 ;
Nature Teaching (Imperial De-
partment of Aqriciiltnrefor M'est
Indies), 188 ; Notes of a Holiday
in South Sea Islands (R. Cheese-
man), 110; Poisonous Plants in
Field and Garden (Rev. Prof. <!.
Henslow),ZOS ; Pulilications Re-
ceived. 34, 56, 75, 96, 136, 1.53,
188, 229, 263, 278, 294. 309, 326,
342, 376, 396, 415, 457 ; Recent
Chrysanthemum Literature, 145 ;
Report of the Madras Govern-
ment Botanic Garden. 311 ; Re-
ports on the Administration of
Rhodesia, 1898 — 1900, 200 ;
Rhodes' Steamship Guide, 74;
Stray Leaves from a Border
Garden (Man; Pamela Milne
Home). 20 ; The Annals of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Cal-
cutta, 454 ; The Art and Craft of
Garden-making, ed. ii. (Thos. H.
Mawson), 05; Tlie Best Hardy
Perennials (F. W. Meyer), 390.
410 ; The Book of Asparagus
(('has. Ilott). 27 ; The Book of
Old-fashioned Flowers (Dr.HajTy
Roberts), 410 ; The Book of the
Vine {H. W. Ward), 455; The
Flora of the Presidency of
Bombay (Theodore Cooke), 288 ;
The Formal Garden in Eng-
land (R. Bloomfield), 390;
The <lardeners' Assistant, 259 ;
The Procession of the Months
(Walter and Beatriee Crane), 472 ;
The Story of Wild Flowers
(Rev. Prof. He>islow), 130; The
Suburban Garden, and what to
n-row in it (F. M. Wells), 75;
Vine-culture Under Glass, 7th
ed. (./. R. Pear.ton, revised 6i;
C. E. Pearson), 115; Wall and
WaterGardens(Gectr»tieJefci//i),
97 ; West Indian Bulletin, 396 ;
What is a Kindergarten (Geo.
Hansen). 75; Wiener Illustrirte
Garton-Zeitung, 245 ; Workmen's
Compensation Act (W. A. Wallis),

Books, sale of old gardening. 430,
455

Boston. U.S.A., horticultural exhi-
bition at, 54 ; Horticultural Hall,
71

Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, 311 ;
Brisbane, 161 ; Brussels, 320 ;
Madras, 311 ; Melbourne, 240,
337; Missouri, 135; Montreal,
221 ; St. Peterssburg. 395

Botanical specimens, 370

Bougainvillea glabra growing out-
of-doors, 205

Bourreria sueculcnta, 440
Boussingaultia baselloides, 155,

109, 191, 440
Boycott, the proposed Dutch, on

British trade, 414
Brazil-nut, germination of the, 11
Brisbane Botanic Gardens, 10 1
Brockwell Park, 202
Brodiasa crocea. 120
Bruges, horticultural show in the

market square, 219
Brussels Botanic Garden, 326
Bryonia dioica, skin irritation

from. 78
Budding, Rose-stocks and, 104
Bulb garden, the, 312, 388, 439
Bulbs, Dutch, in English auction-
rooms, 340 ; that have once
flowered, the replanting of, 22, 54
Bullfinch, the food of the, 98, 218
Bupleurum eroceum, 0; B. difforme,

Butter from Cocoa-nuts, 449

Cabbages bolting. 4, 12, 35, 78, 98

Cacti at Holly Point, Heaton Mer-
sey, 255

Calanthe < Veitchi and C. vestita,
446

Calceolaria polyrhiza, 0

California, notes from, 306

Cdlorhabdos cauloptera, 277

Calpurnia lasiogyne, 306

Campanula isophylla alba, a fine
plant of, 136 ; C. Grossekii, 398 ;
C. rapunculoides, 328, 398

Canadian Bulletin (Apples), 276

Canadian Roses, 8

Canna Mrs. Kate Gray, 227, 366,
446

Cannas, Orchid-flowering, 227

Cape Gooseberry, the, 221, 247,474

Capparis spinosa, 319

Carbide of calcium, 282

Cardiir library and horticultural
periodicals, 245

Carnation Sir R. Waldie-Gritlith,
114

" Carnation," what is?, 405, 435,
401

Cai-nations, border, SO ; diseased,
59

Carijenteria californica plena, 70

Cassia glandulosa, 439

Caste in the garden, 319

Castilleja virgata, 218

Catasetum fimbriatum, 220

Cattleya Dowiana auroa. 318 ; C.
Gaskelliana, 80 ; C. x Hardyana
Lindeni, 200 ; C. < Imperator,
Wigan's variety, 318 ; C. -, Iris,
318 ; C. "Jupiter," 4 ; C. labiata
and Warren House, Stanmore,
349 ; C. Mossiaj coundoniensis,
24 ; C. M. "Earl Loofric," 24 ;
C. Warscewiczii "J. Richard-
son," 86

Caucasus, gardens in the, 1 ;
notes from the, 70

Cauliflower, Sutton's Favourite, 80

Cephalotaxus druijaeea, tufted
branches in, 430, 456

Ceratostigma Polhilli, 6

Ceropegia. confusion in. 100 ; C.
stapelioides, 358

Certificated Fruits and Vege-
tables.— Apple Norfolk Beauty,
298; A. The llouWon. 402;
Blackberry Wilson Junior,

Tlie Gardeners' Chroniele,]

INDEX.

[December 28, 1901.

142 ; Bottle for Preserving
Fruits. 102 ; Cabbage Best-of-
All, 120 ; C. Little Queen, 120 ;
C. Improved Nonpareil. 120;
Gooseberry Howard's Lancer.
120, 142 ; G. Cobham (Gunner).
102 ; Grape Reine Olga, 330 :
Kidney Beau Fawn. 1'20 ; K. B.
Surrey Proliflc. 1"20 ; Lettuces
Xew York and Jumbo. 30 ; Melon
Victoria, 36 ; Peas Dwarf Tele-
phone, Danby's Stratagem.
Shai'pe'sQueen, Prolific Marrow.
The Sherwood. Sutton's Perfect
Gem. Defiance. Centenary. Duke
of Albany, Sutton's Prizewinner.
30 ; Pear General Wauehope,
463 ; Plum Brown's Crimson
Drop. 298 ; Potato Carltonia. 463 ;
P. Dobbie's Improved Kidney,
403; P. Early Ruby, 1'20 ; P.
Ellington's Prolific, 463 ; P.
Fylde Wonder, 40:l ; P. General
BuUer, 200 ; P. General French.
200; P. Glory of Denbigh. 1-20 ;
P. Ker's B, 403 ; P. King of
the Earlies. 1'20 ; P. Sbarpe's
lilxpress, 1'20 ; P. The Factor.
"200 ; Strawberry Givon's Late.
16 ; S. Queen Alexandra, 01

Certificated Plants :— Acer Xe-
gundo (var. aureuni Odessanum,
171 ;.Kranthiisdenticns, 10; Ama-
ryllis Belladonna maxima, 111;
Ar<toti.sgrandis,00; Astercordi-
folius profusus, •206 ; A. " En-
chantress," 200; Begonia Agatha,
402; B. Ideala.lOl ; B.Turnford
Hall, 330; Berberidopsis coiol-
lina, 200 ; Campanula lactidora
ccerulea, 00 ; Candytuft Rose
Cardinal, 01 ; Canna Mrs. G. A.
Strohlein, 111 ; C. Mrs. Kate
Gray, 11 ; C. Roichskanzlcr
Fiirst Hohcniohe, 200 ; Carna-
tion Chas. Martel, 101; C.
E. Crocker, 200 ; C. Ensign, 01 ;
C. Heroine, 101 ; C. Lady Bris-
tol, 101 ; C. Lady Constance
Buller, HI ; C. Mairgie Hodgson,
14; C. Mrs. Guv Sebright, 81 ;
C. Mr. M. V. Charrington, 81 ;
0. Mrs. S. J. Brooks, 2 10 ; C.
So3?inour Corcoran. 01 ; C. Sir
R. W'aldie - <;rinith, 141; C.
Wasp, 101 ; Cattleya x Hactia,
330; C. X Brownife " Veitch's
variety," 330; C. < fulvosccns,
2.'i0 ; C. gcrmania, 210; C. y.
Hardyana Roihfordiana. 210 ;
C. ; Iris, 2.'J0 ; C. x Iris var.
aureo-marginata, 297 ; C. labiata
G. G. Whitelegge, 330; C. 1.
glauca, 330 ; C. x Lady Ingram
" Maron's variety," 207; C. x
Lottie, 297 ; C. Luddcmanniana
Stanley!, 250 ; C. x mollis var.
Lois, 300; C. ■: Portia, 401;
C. Waracewiczii " Wigan's va-
riety," 3:10; Chry.santhemum
Bessie Godfrey, 314, 330; C.
Blush Canning. 422 ; C. Bronze
Soleil d'Octobre, 311, 330 ;
C. C. .J. Mee, 422 ; C. C.
i'enford, 331 ; C. Duchess of
Sutherland. 3.J9 ; C. Edward
VII.. 298 ; C. Ethel Kitzroy, 359 ;
C. Exmouth Crimson, 314, ;!30 :
C. General Ilutton, 383 ; C. Geo.
Lawrence, 332 ; C. Goacher's
Crimson, 209 ; 0. Godfrey's
King, 330, 331 ; C. Golden Prin-
cess Victoria, 402 ; C. Harmony,
200 ; C. Masterpiece, 200, 314 ;
C. Pet, 219, 200; C. Pride, 331 ;
C. Horace Martin, 219, 298 ; C.
H. E. Hayman, 331 ; C. Kim-
berlcy, 332; C. Little Jewel,
422 ; C. Mjidamo Herrewoge,
330; C. .May McBean, 402;
C. Miss May Williams, 330;
C. Mr. E. Hunnewell, 332 ; C.

Mrs. Geo. Lawrence, 332 ; C.
Mrs. T. W. Poekett, 296; C.
ilychett Pink, 206 ; C. Orange
Masse, 209 ; C. Pink Mary An-
derson, 314 : C.Pluie d'Or, 314 ;

C. Queen Alexandra, 298: C.
Robert Hairsine, 383 ; C. Rye-
croft Crimson, 298 ; C. Sensa-
tion. 298, 330 ; C. Triumph, 290,
314; C. Violet Lady Beaumont,
.■!32: C. William Higgs, 383:
Clematis Ville de Lyon, 171 ;
Cypripedium Helen, 401 ; C.
Hitchinsije, 401; C. :; Kimballi-
anum, 60 : C. Maudiie magni-
licum, 102 ; C. ■; Mrs. Alfred
Fowler, 401 ; C. :Mrs. Rehder
" Oak wood variety," 102; C.
Rolfei, 172 : C. ■ Salus, 401 ; C. :
Troilus, 462; C. L'nixia snperba,
172 ; Cyrilla racemiflora, 141 :
Dahlia Alpha. '209 ; D. Aunt
Chloc, 249 ; D. Beauty of Seven-
oaks, 249 ; 1). Clara Stredwick.
■249 ; D. Cleo. 249 ; 1). Columbia,
219 : D. Crusoe, '209 ; D. F. W.
Balding. 209 ; D. Florence, 249 ;

D. Freedom. 209 ; D. Gabriel,
•209; I). Genista. '200; D. Gold-
finch. 249 ; D. Hesperia, -249 ; D.
Khaki. ■200; 1). Lilac, 209; D.
Mmc. Luca. '209; D. Madge.
219; D. Maid of Athens. 219;
l>. Mariner, 219 ; D. Mars. 209 ;
I). Mildred, 210; D.Montague
Wool ton. 249: 1». Mrs. A. F.
IVrkins.249 ; D. Mrs.E.Mawley,
219; I). Mrs. H. A. Needs, ^249;
D. Mrs. H. J. Jones, ^209; D.
Mrs. Hobart, 219 ; D. Mrs. C.
Jlortimer, 219 ; I). Mrs. Win-
stanley. ■200 ; D. Merlin. 209 ; D.
Nana, 219; D. Ophir, '209. '249;
I). Richard Dean, 209; I). Ring-
dove, 219 ; D. Robin Adair, ^249 ;
I). Royal Sovereign. 249; D.
Sailor Prince, 249 ; 1). Spotless
Queen, 209 ; D. Standard. 249 ;
I). .Sylvia, 210; Diedalacanthus
Watli. 219; Delphinium Dorothy
Daniel. 14; Epidendrum purum,
210 : Gladiolus Due d'Abruzzi.
Ml: V,. (Childsii) Columbine,

171 ; G. hybridiis princeps. 171 ;
G. Lemoinei Eclipse, 171 ; G. hi-
mineux,ll 1 ; Gloxinia, 101 ; Gypso-
phila panicu lata, double-flowered
variety, 101 ; Helianthus mollis.
209 ; Kochia scoparia, "209 ; L.'clia

; Olivia, 330; D. Omen, 401 ;
Ln-lio-Cattleya Digbyana-Men-
deli, " Hessle variety," 300;
L.-C. Digbyano. Veitch's var.,
172; L.-C. X Galatea, 250; L.-C.

^ Ilarnoldiana, 172 ; L.-C. H.
Charlesworth var., 297; L.-C. ::
Ilionc, 401; L.-C. Luminosa,
3(i0 ; L.-C. Madame Charles
Maron, -2.50; L.-C. Ophir, .'!:10;
L.-C. : priBStans-bicolor, 250 ;
L.-C. Roliin Measures var. Ena,

172 ; L.-C. Semiramis supcrba,
101 : L.-C. Wilsonia?, 297 ;
Lilium : Burbanki, 01 ; L. con-
color Coridion, 01 ; Lonicera
Hildebrandiana, 141 ; Lycaste
X Tunstilli, 462 ; Montbre-
tia Gcrmania, 101 : Mormodes
Oberlanderianum, 250; Nelum-
bium speoiosum album i)U,'num,
171 ; N. speciosum roseum ple-
num, 171 ; Nepenthes ventricosa,
■290; Norine Mrs. Elliot, '206;
Nyiuphrea Dovoniensis, 209 ;
Odontoglossum bictononse al-
bum, 250 ; O. crispo-IIarryanuru
roseum, 3(i0 ; O. Crawshaya-
num, liO ; O. niaculatum Tliomp-
soniaiium, 00; O. Wallisii, 250 ;
Pelargonium Endlicherianurii,
141 ; Pennisetum RiippclianuTn,
219 ; Phragmitesconniaiiiis foliis
variegatis, 209 ; Pink Mrs. H.

Young, 14 ; Pleurothallis lato-
rltia, 297 ; Poppies, Shirley
strain, 14 ; Quercus dentata,
249 : Rose Bellefleur, 14 : R.
Eugenie Lamesch, 101 : R. ilme.
Berkley, 202 ; R. Salmonea,
209 ; S.agittaria japonica fl.-pl.,
141; Sarracenia :;Dornieri, 141:
Schomburgkia Thonisouiana, 15 ;
Scolopendrium vulgare var.
DrummondiiB supcrba, 401 ; S.
vul. sagittato-cri.statuni. 14 ;
Sophro - 1 attloya Nydia, 360 ;
Sophro-Lii'lio ■; Gratrixiie, 210 ;
Spirsea astilboides var. Silver
Sheath, 14

Ceylon. 371

Chama3rops humilis var. Birroo,
370; C. cocliinchinensis. 400

Cherry-tree. Jlorcllo. at Stone-
leigh Abbey. 117. 440

Cherry. MorcUo. the. 440

Christmas, Ivy at, 417 ; Roses,
474 : wares in the streets, 4.55

Chrysanthemums, a large grower
of, 472 ; germination of the
seeds of the. 204 ; literature,
recent. 145; ('.maximum "Lord
Roberts." '287; rust. 202, 4'20.
460. 474 ; C. R. Hooper Pearson,
sporting. 433 ; show of early-
flowering, at Tamworth. '20(1 ;
sporting, unusual. 293 ; culture
of, 2.56, 273. 4.58 ; in America,
448; insect powder from. ;!ll;
leaves withering from bottom to
top on, 277 ; new varietiosof, 3 12,
370, 458; preserving the blooms
of, 318; ripening the wood of,
"200 ; show, early, at Tamworth.
206 ; some continental varieties
of, 313; taking the buds of. 1-20;
the keeping of the blooms of, 305

Cineraria pentactina. 277

Cirrhopctalum append icidatum,
110

Citharexylum lucidum, 473

Citrus tril'oliata fruiting. 376

City gardens, 203

Clematis brachiata, 307 ; C. David-
iana, 210; ('. graveolens, 210 ; C.
smilaclfolia. 460

Clerodendrou fallax, 291, 311;
tricliotomum, 325

C'livia miaiala. well grown. 289

Cocoa-nut butter, 449

Cocos lilumcnavii. :!70 : C. cam-
pestris. 371 ; C. macroc;irpa,370

CoUetia Benthamiana. .•!78

Colonial notes. 180, 320, :!30. 371.
407. 439, 473

Colorado beetle, the, 180

Confusion, the manufacture of,
343, 440

Continental novelties, 224

Cook, presentation to .Mr. T. II.,
152

Cordia cylindrostacliya. 440

Coronation day, 4.'!5

Cosmos diversifolius atrosan-
guineus, 272

Cotoneaster horizontalis, 110; C.
microphylla, 313

Cotyledon nana, '270

Covent Garden Market at Christ-
mas, 451, 454

Crassula rubicunda, 170

Cratiegus, species of, 110

Crepin, Prof., 435

Crinum crassifolium, hardiness of.
-248; C. cra.ssipes, 417, 439; C.
seeds, 347

Crinums, hardy, and their cul-
ture, 221, 4;i9, 460

Crocuses from Greece, .'!47

Cryptomeria in Japan, 389

Cuckoo, the, and other birds, .'tlO

Cucumber disease, 313

Cucumber-roots, fungi attacking,
100

Cucumbers, culture of, 170; pro-
liferous, 229

Currants for Christmas, 456] ■ -^

Cymbidium giganteum. 318 ; C.
Lowianum ■ C. eburneum, 25

Cvpripedium Charlesworthi. 406 ;
'C. s Doris, 1'26; C. ■ I'Ansoni,
107 ; C. X Leeano-Chamber-
lalnianum, 86

Cypripediums, &c., from Mor-
peth, 406

Cyrilla racemiflora, 198

Dahlia Merckii, 304 ; D. show at
the Royal Aquarium. 233

Dahlia, the Cactus, and its evolu-
tion, 210

Dahlia viridiflora, 204

Dahlia with ray florets, bearing
strap-shaped petals at base, 153

Dahlias, Cactus, 231; D. Loreley
and Broma, 309 ; two new forms-
of, 200

Davallia bullata, made up into
balls in Japan. 304

Dean, testimonial to Mr. R., 309

Decorations, floral, 457

Delphinium scopulorum. 218

Delphiniums, Dorothy, Daniel, anil
William Kehvay, 1.19 ; from
Messrs. Kehvay, 34

Dendrobium cornutum, l(i2, '201 ;
D.mutabile. 102; D.nobile, 329

Devon, Notes of a walk in South,
275

Dianthus pelviformis, 07

Diascia Barbcra-, 278

Diiiiorpliantluisiiiainlshuricusalbo-
mariiinatus. 70

Dimorphism of the fruit of Pears,.
443

Dinner-table decorations, two Lon-
don, 57

Dogs, the muzzling of, 155

Draciena fragrans var. Lindeni,
108

Duranta Plumieri, 440

Dutch bulbs, proposed boycotting
of, 320

Dye plants, British, 313

Kauthwoiiji, the, 368

Edinburgh nurseries, some. 418

Edinburgh seed trade assistants,
43(i

Edinburgh's head gardener, a
morning with, 437

Eleodendron quadrangulatinii, 33(»

lOliii, weeping, with Ivy, 119

lOlm-beetle, the, 376

f'.rnigration, 55

iMiiiilics, -234, -244

Kti.lrlilTc Hall, Sheffield, 95

IJii lives. 180

IJivirdMuient, atmospheric, influ-
ence of, on plants, 325

lOremurus. a monograph of. 420

hj'ica Stuarti, 34, 100

Urigcron Coulteri, 08; IC. Neo-
Mexicanus, 218

Erythea armata in bloom in Cali-
fornia, 300

Eucalyptus cordata, I'], coccifera,
and 1']. Gunnii, 450

l':ucliaris grandifloi'a in Silwooci
I'ark gardens, 74

l':ur)>ypliia i)innatil'olia, 351

IOiiom'vmuis radicans, '205; E. r.
viiricgata, 384

I'lxorliiza Wendlandiana, 277

Kxportsof plants, bulbs, c'i'c, 90

FAl:Nl,l■.^• Hall Gardens, Straw-
berries and .Melons at, 130
Fenn, Mr. Robert, 208

J 3^^ ^

iv T)ie Gardeners' Cliroiiicle,]

INDEX.

[December 28, 1901.

Fennell, Mr., retiremeut of, from
Fairlawn, 202

"Fern-ball" industry in Japan,
304

Ferns at the Royal Caledonian
Sliow, 227 ; British, at flower
shows, 181; choice, 42H ; group
of, shown bv Messrs. J. Hill &
Sons, 186 ; the, 365

Fig-leaf ascidiform, 313

Figs, cropping of, in Isle of Wight,
119

Figs, fertility of, and their ijolli-
nation, 130

Fisher, Mr., retires from Flixton
Hall Gardens, Bungay, 228

Floral decoration, i'u

Floral Decorations Company, Ltd.,
the, 114

Florist, a veteran, 208

Florists' flowers, 79, 107, 200, 256,
273, 305, 318, 342, 370, 4.-)8

Flower garden, work in the, 8, 29,
49. 73, 99,113, 132, 152, ](iO, 185,
203, 225, 243, 258, 274, 291, 307,
322, 338, 354, 372, 393, 413, 432,
453, 469

Flower gardens, travelling, 472

Flower photography, 228 ; show
tents, 119, 136 ; bed, the mixed,
and its edging, 25

Flowers developed in the dark,
325; double, and their produc-
tion, 374 ; the production of
double, 324, 469

Flycatcher, the food of the, 197

Foreign correspondence, 110, 130,
165, 201, 224, 353, 369,416

Forestry, 4, 390 ; fancies and facts
in British, 368; the require-
ments of, 431

Forests, spontaneous groups of
seedlings in, 5

Frost in Northamptonshire in
.Tune, 12

Fruit and the wood, the ripening
of, 114, 156

Fruit and vegetable drying, 217

Fruit and vegetable show at Glas-
gow, 193

Fruit crops, over-sea, 135 ; frozen,
472 ; remarks on the condition
of the, 88, 94, 108, 127, 148, 164,
182

Fruits, acreage of small, in United
Kingdom, 309

Fruits — culture, hardy, and pre-
servation, 394 ; exhibiting, 358 :
growing in Cleveland. 231;
hardy, at Barham Court, 255 ;
preserving, 394, 398 ; preserved
in ice, 4l7 ; sales of soft, 5 ;
trade in Liverpool, 341 ; trees,
a new band for, 118 ; trees, espa-
lier or pyramids, 282 ; in pots,
219 ; renovating old, 2S2 ; ring-
ing of, 204 ; the winter washing
of, 278 ; unprofitable, 288 ; West
Indian, 395 ; new, 272 ; show of,
at Crystal Palace, Supp., Oct. 12 ;
trees, winter washing of, 400

Fruits under glass, management of,
9, 29, 49, 73, 99, 112, 132, 152,
167, 185, 203, 224, 242, 259, 275,
291, 307, 322, 339, 354, 372, 392,
413, 432, 452, 469

Fungus for destroying locusts in
S. Africa, 308

Galanthus Rachellre, 342
Garden annuals, 425
Garden City Association, 241
Garden, the, as a hobby, 420
Garden, your, may kill you, 396,

440
Gardener, an heroic, 32
Gardening for boys, 74 ; on London

roofs, 415
Gardens, and the Gardeners' Royal

Benevolent Institution, 155

Gatton Park. Orchids at, 351
Genista virgata, 119
Geranium ineisura, 218
Gerbera Sir Michael, 223, 378
German Import duties, 116
Ginkgo biloba, 474
(Uadioli, varieties of, 168
(ilasgow City gardens, 366, 391
Glasgow, show of pot-plants and
cut flowers at, 172 ; University,
oi)cning of botanical department
of, 5
Glasshouse, aspect of a span-
roofed, 376, 399, 419. 440
Goldfinch, the food of the, 217
Gooseberry Gunner, alias Cobham,

156, 169
Gourds and Cucurbits, ornamental,

457
Grafting, mixed, in relation to

the sex of plants, 371
Grahamstown, notes from, 371
Grape-cultivation in cool houses,

138
Grapes, a new, from the variety
Gros Coulard, 107; G. Diamond
Jubilee, 205, 231, 248, 204 ; G.
Kempsey Alicante, 398 ; G. Lady
Hutt, 232, 282; G. Prince of
Wales, 272 ; G. Ryton Muscat,
461; Vine-mildew on. 78, 98;
(i. Appley Towers and Lady
Hutt, 344, 377 ; at Chiswick, 188";
certificated by R.H.S. in forty
years, 285 ; old and new, 285 ;
prize, 189; select varieties of,
420; synonyms in. 420, 441;
tomtits devouring, 36 1
Gr.asses. 30

Greenhouse-heating, 12, 50
Green Woodpecker, food of the,

217
Gunnersbury Park Gardens, 190
Gypsophila, double flowered, 135

H

Habenaria Lugardi, 277

Hsemanthus, 114

Hailstorm, terrific, in the Hawick
district, 134, 138

Hampton Court, the bedding at,
l:!9

Hanbury Medallist (Dr. Geo.
Watt), 309

Hardv fruit garden, -work in the,
8, 29, 49, 72, 100, 112, 132, 152,
106, 184, 202, 225, 242, 259, 274,
290, 307, 323, 339, 353, 373, 393,
413, 433, 452, 468

Hirper-Adams Agricultural Col-
lege, 277 ; address upon nature-
study at, 125, 150, 102

Harper, Mr., and the drying of
fruits and vegetables, 217

Hatfield, the avenue at, 4.35

Hay, a fine late crop of, 414

Helenium pumilum maguificum,
170

Helianthus hybrid, 266; It. mollis
and H. tomentosus. 37:'.

Helleborus niger, 474

Hemerocallis aurantiaca major,
170, 190, 247

Henry, Dr. Augustine, 85

Herbaceous border, management
of the, 165, 183, 274. 287, 373;
plants, the ringing of, 204

Heresies not proven, 78, 119, 138

Hibiscus moscheutos, 293

Hoheria populnea, 374, 399

Hole, Dean, 455, 457

Hollyhocks. Messrs. Webb &
Brand's double, 134

Hooker, Sir W., and Glasgow, 5

Horse Chestnut-trees, magnificent,
441, 400

Horticulture in Japan. 319

Humphrey, Mr. G., presentation
to, 277

" Hurst & Son" musical society,
.357

Hyacinths, old, 309; Roman, 441

Hybridisation and Abbe G. Men-
del's experiments, 226, 308 ; and
raising of Orchids, 317

Hybrid-Conference to be held in
America, 33

Hyde Park, the bedding arrange-
ments in, 240

Hypoxis hemerocallidea (H. elata),
378

Imports of plants, bulbs, &c., g'>

India, flora of the South Lushai
hills. 130 ; Madras Botanic Gar-
dens, 311

Insect-powder from Chrysanthe-
mums, 341

In.secticides, spraying for Fungi,
&c., lecture on, 360

Ipoma?a aurea, or Rosa deSinaloa,
328

Iris Ksempferi. 208 ; I. tcctorum
in Japan, 415

Irises, a new race of hybrid
alpine. 397

Ivy and Christmas, 447

Jam factory, proposed, for Drog-
heda, 246

Jamaica Banana trade, 180 ; Pine-
apples. 33(i

Japan, horticulture in, 319; how
"Fern-balls" are prepared in,
304 ; Lily and other exports
from, 24 ; Lilies, 45 ; Paeonia
arborca in, 271

Japanese trees, dwarf, 395 ; vege-
table products, 110

Jelly fishes to destroy worms, 208

Jersey Potato crop, 109

Johannesburg, back at, 253, 450

Juglans cordiformis, 292 ; J. mand-
shurica, :'>02 ; J. nigra, 302,
358, 406 ; the species of, 331

Juniperus procumbens and J. Sa-
bina. Knap Hill variety, 428; J.
virginiana, 325

K

Kainit, 79

Kentish vineyard, a, 311
Kew notes, 239

Kew staff, recent changes, 292
Kew, the flowering of Amorpho-
phallus titanum at, 11; Royal
gardens at, 293
Kitchen garden, work in the, 8, 28,
48, 72, 100, 113, 133, 151 , 107, 185,
203, 225, 242, 258, 275, 290, 300,
322, 338, 355, 372, 393, 412, 432,
4.53, 409
Kochia scoparia, 359
Kolreuteria paniculata, 90
Krelage, Mr. E., death of, 421

Labels, tree and plant, 86, 120,

138
Labiate, a tuberous-rooted, Plec-

tranthus Coppini, 411
Lichnanthes tinctoria, 227
Lselia monophylla, 179 ; L. pur-

purata Kromeri, 4
Jjajlio-Cattleya x Admiral Dewev,

270 ; L.-C. X Aurora, 220 ; L.-C.

xClytie, 318; L.-C. Digbyano-

Mendeli, 201 ; L.-C. x elegans
var., 179, 220
Lagenaria fruits, method of cook-
ing, 110
Larch, the Japanese, 4.59
Larch-trees, squirrels and, 282

Law Notes. — Beisant v. Cale-
donian Railway Company (dam-
ages for destruction of Chrys-
anthemum blooms), 98 ; British
Hort. Assoc. Ltd. (bankruptcy
case), 118; convictions for Fern-
stealing, 29 ; Rand, Jas. Horatio
(bankrupt), 205; Rutherford v.
L'Horticole Coloniale (alleged
breach of warranty), 14, 35

Lawns, burned patches on, 204 ;
Yarrow on, 119, 138, 155

Laurelia aromatica, 378

Leguminosfe, 245

Leichtlin, Herr Max, presenta-
tion to, 375

Lettuces, 180

Lice plant, 214

Lilac forcing, 441

Lilium auratum, 208 ; the wild
habitat of, 2(il ; L. candidum, 41,
58, 170 ; L. giganteum, rooting
of, 56 ; in Greenwich Park, 58 ;
L. giganteum and L. cordi-
foliura, 164; L. elegans and L.
umbellatum,6(> ; L. Grayi, 69; L.
Humboldti and L. Washingtoni-
anum, 164 ; L. longiflorum and
its allies, 140 ; L. 1. var. Har-
risii, history of, 55 ; L. 1., re-
tarding bulbs of, 3.56 ; L. Mar-
tagon and candidum types, 41 ;
L. speeiosum with 208 open
flowers, 241 ; L. speeiosum and
itsallies, 23: L. snlphureum, 109 ;
L. tigrinum and its allies, 41

Lily, disease, 63 ; exports from
Japan, 24 ; fasciated, 376 ; fun-
guses, 59 ; the reign of the, 234

Lilies, and their culture, 22, 41, 62,
00, 129, 140, 104, 181

Lilies, and the Conference at Chis-
wick, 54, 01 ; Californian, and
their habitats, 40 ; Chinese, 02 ;
from seed, 208, 231 ; in a town
garden, 62 ; Japan, 45 ; Marta-
gon, in S.W. Scotland, 42 ;
miniature, 129; newly intro-
duced, 61 ; swamp or bog, 181

Linaria peloponnesiaca, 6

Linden, M. Lucien, 342; an officer
of the Order of Leopold, 375

Lindenbergia grandiflora, 378

Lismore Castle, 209

Lissochilus Krebsii var.pnrpurata,
106

Liverpool, gift to Sefton Park,
228

Livistona australis, 287

Lobelias, the tree, of tropical
Africa, 116

Locusts, how to cope with, 388

Logan Gardens, Wigtonshire, 126

Lonieera Hildebrandiana, 152, 254

Lotus glaucus, 378

M

MacDonalds, the (an Aberdeen-
deenshire family of gardeners),
261

Magnolia macrophylla, 69

Mandrake, the, 459

Mangos, 450

Manuring, 200 ; green, 330

Market, Co vent Garden, at Christ-
mas, 451, 454

Market gardener killed in a gun
accident, 12

Market gardening, 110. 438 ; pro-
duce by motor-cars, 245

Markets, metropolitan local, 188

The Gardeuers' Clii

INDEX.

[Dcccmhcrss, 1901.

Jlealy-bug, \Tt\

jMeehanism of plant structure, 381

iledal, eighteenth century horti-

•• cultural. 31

Meehan, Mr. T., death of, 383

^Melaleuca mieromera and Juui-

peru.s virginiana, 325
ilelbourne botanic garden, 24G,

!Melon Royalty, 231
Slelons, a jcood crop of, 230 : Canta-
loup, 465 : cropping freely. 119 ;
fruitles.s pursuit of English, 154.
190 ; home-grown and water, 201)
Jlelville, Mr. W., presentation to,

455
Mendel'-s law of hybridity, appli-
cable to ' ■ intermediate ' ' hybrids.
422 ; experiments, and those of
the late Mr. Laxton, on hybrid-
isation, 308
JFeredith, the late Mr. Joseph,

1(19
Metrosideros at Torquay. 399
Microlepia hirta criatata, 4.59
Midland Garden, a, 21, 07, 105,

177, 198. 280
-Mildew on Grape-vine, 78, 98 ;

treatment of, 254
Millinery, vegetable, 445
-Mimetic resemblances in plants,

325
JMimnlus Burncti :, 107
Missouri botanical gardens, 135
.Montbretia crocosmiieQora, 304 ;

-M. (iermania, 119
Montbretias, 420 ; hybrid, 388
-Montreal botanic gardens, 221
.Moore, marriage of Mr. V. W.,

3911 ; presentation to. 375
-Morcllo Cherry, the, 417, 440
Motor-cars and Strawberries, 32 ;

for market produce. 2 15
Mushroom, enormous, 282, 291,

312; glut of, 153
-Myrodia turbinata, 320

N

i\A RCIs.srs forcing, 312: N. King

Alfred. 74 ; N. Lcedsii Elaine,

2(11 ; N. Tazetta, a variety of,

flowering in winter, 378
Nasturtium (Tropjeolum), the

growth of a, 4:!(1
Nature study, 125, 150, 1(12
Neonichol.sonia Georgei, 178 ; N.

Watsoni, 17s
Nepenthes, digestive secretion of,

33 ; N. ventricosa,:il2 ; at Kew,

240
Newby Hall, Yorkshire, 2.57
Nicholson, Mr. G., private dinner

to, 320 ; retires from Kew, 54
Normandy, notes from, 338
North, a visit to the, 237, 280, 304,

326, 350, 3(1U, .391, 41H, 437
Northam House, Potters Bar, 93
Novelties, trad/-, 307
Nurecry, a flooded, 375 ; business

spread over three centuries in

one family, 328
Niirservmen, the oldest firm of,

291
Nurserymen's names, 325

Nursery Notes.— Austin & Mc-
Aslan, Glasgow, :!2(1 ; Dickson
& Co., Kdinbiirgh, 437 ; Dickson
& Sons, Newtownards, 10(1 ;
Dickson & llobinson, Manches-
ter, 153; Dobbie & Co., Rothe-
.say, 2S0 ; Draps-I)om, M., at
l.aeken, 97 ; Findlay, Bros..
liaiUeston, 350; Fisher, Son iV
.Sibray, Ltd., 110, 130 ; (Jodfrey,
W. J., Kxmonth, 335; Hartland,
W. Baylor (three centuries in
one family), 32X ; .Tones, H. .1.,
l-ewisham, 289; Laing & Sons,
-lohn, 77 ; Laird, R. B., & Sons,

Edinburgh, 418; Lister, Alex.,
& Sons," 281; Methven. T., &
Sons, 419; Pritchard, Maurice,
Christchurch, 222, 327 ; Sharpe,
Chas., & Co., Ltd., Sleaford, (1 ;
Smith & Simons, Glasgow, 32() ;
Sutton & Sons, Reading, 202,
398 ; Thomson, David W., Edin-
burgh, 418; Veitch, Jas., &
Sons, 78, 438 ; Webb & Son, Ed.,
Stourbridge, 237

Nuthatch, the food of the, 217

O.i.KBR00K, Sheffield, 50

Obituary. — Balchin, William, 383 :
Bastie, M. do la, 356; Bergman,
M. Ernest, 476; Bowie, Robert,
267 ; Button, T., 14 ; Colmciro. Don
Miguel, .50; Cuthbert, George,
.sen., 103; Cypher, James, 347;
Davidson, M.A., LL.D,, George
233 ; Ewbank, Rev. H., 314,
327; Gilbert, Sir H., 473;
Goethals, Archbishop, 135 ;
Hartig, Prof. Robert, 435; He-
neage, Y.C.. -Major, 461 ; Hill,
James, 314 ; Jacques. Mrs., 3s;i ;
James, Benjamin, 135 ; Krelage,
J. H,, 121 ; Meelian. Thomas, 383 ;
Meredith, A., 12i) ; Meredith,
Joseph, 140. 1(19 ; Middleton,
Dowager Lady, 295; Morris, Bar-
ney (age 1(19 years), llu;()rmerod,
Miss, HO; Patterson, Mr., 312;
Richards, James, 461 : Rochford,
Thomas, 295 ; Service. James,
314; Sim, John, 13: Skinner,
C. M., 234 : Smee, A. II., 3.5S ;
Squibbs, Jonathan, 12; Sutton,
Martin Hope, 279 ; Thomson, G,,
215; Waite, Alex., 1 is ; Wal-
lace, David, 103 ; West, William,
309; Widdowos, W. J., 12

October, weather lore for, 264

Odontoglossumaspidorhinum, 179 :
O. crispum " Margery," 1 : O.
c. Pittianum, 15:'>; O, Lindloy-
anum aureum, 237 : O. luteo-
purpureum, 100 ; <>. diseased,
232

Odontoglossums, group of, 94

<Knothera Cicspitosa, 287 ; <K.
spcciosa rosea, 287

Olearia stellulata, 200; in S.W.
Scotland, 294

Onobrychis viciicfolia, C

Open spaces in Kiilham, 436

Opuntias, outdoor, at Cambridge
Botanic Gardens, 1(1H

Orange-growing in (Irahamstown,
395

Orange, the Sylhet, 190

Orchard, the food of some birds
inhabiting an, 197

Orchards, protection of, from
frost, 341

Orchid-culture in England and in
France, 32

Orchid houses, tlio, management
of, 9, 28, 4H, 72, 9il. 1 12, 133, 1.50,
160, 184, 202, 225, 212, 259, 274,
290, .306, 32.!, ;!.W, 354, 372, 392,
412, 433, 452, 469

Orchid notes, 4, 24, 42, 86. 10(1,
126, 1,53, 162, 179, 200, 220, 237,
2.53, 270, 304, 318, 349, 305, 400,
420, 446

Orchid spot, 265, 295

(Jrchids, at Kew, 239 : at Gatton
I'ark, 351; from Sunnyhill, Llan-
dudno, 42 ; hybridisation and
raising of, 317, 422; imported,
and the removal of leading
growths, 409 ; in leaf-mould,
461 ; propagation of, 285, 312,
330 ; the air-roots of, 181 ; the

back bulbs of, 328, 330, 377, 399,

409: tree -leaves, use of, and

insect pests of, 343
Orobanche on Tropa?olum, 344
Orphan Fund's next annual

dinner, 309
Orris-root in Leghorn, 403
( )smaston Manor, 46
( ismunda regalis, new type of, 150
Otterburn Tower, 115
Owl, the long-eared, 218

P.v:ONi.\ arborea in Japan, 270; P.
follicles, 245

Pieonies, the planting of herba-
ceous, 274 : in Japan, 336

I'alms, at Bordighera, 472; Dr.
Dammer compiling a critical
synopsis of, 309 ; garden, 370, 406

Pansies, 107

Paris exhibition, the absence of
British horticulturists from,
205 ; report on the late, 131

Paris, notes from, 416; the " Pro-
fesseur de Culture " at the Jar-
din des Plantes in, 416

Park, a national. 245 ; the Arch-
bishop's, at Lambeth, 325

Parks and gardens, cost of na-
tional, 292

Parochietus communis, 37S

Pea ICxonian. 5(1; P. .Sutton's
Satisfaction, 80

Peas, a remarkable row of. 223 :
at Sleaford, 35; early. 111; in
1!)01, :!88; glut of. at Edinburgh,
115; late cropping, .'WS, 420,
410, 441, 173

Peach, a flne tree of Salway, 437 ;
curl, 308 ; P. Diichi^ss of Corn-
wall, 272 ; P. Eailv Alexander,
9S: P. Golden Kagle, 312 : P-
.Souvonir d'Edouard Pynaert,
272 : P. Thomas Rivers, 272

Peach - houses and Peach - tree
planting, 43S

Peaches and Nectarines on the
.same shoot, 214

IVai-lies, double -flowered, fruit-
ing. 262, 328 ; flne, at Warlies
Park. 190 ; silvor-leaf in, 220,
217,282: some excellent at .Moor
Parle, 1(19; in the U.S.A., 75

PearForelle, 282 : P. General Wau-
cliope, 17 1 : P. M adaini'do Madre,
271; P.Micliaclinas.\c'lis,272: P.
Mun/.o Apotliiker birne, 370;
tree, a wonderful, ;!4I ; Jar-
gonelle, a proliferous, 228

Pears, dimorphism of the fruit of,
413 ; late, from Devonshire, 472 ;
Senateur Vaisse and Beurre Mor-
tillet. 245 : shape of, affected by
climate, 272

Pelargonium Endlicherianiim, 1 19,
Klil

Pelargoniums, Ivy-leaved, '291 ;
leaf-striking, 313

Penicuick, 70

Pentstemon cteruleus, 0 ; P. spec-
tabilis, 218

Pcntstemons, 230

Phacelia Parryi, 439

Phalicnopsis Lowii, 304

Phloxes, herbaceous, 130

Phosphatic and potash fertilisers,
410

Phosphoric acid and potash, 281

Phyllostachys nigra, 358 ; in
flower near llaslcmere, 154

Phylloxera, a new remedyagainst,
395

Physalis Alkekengi at Worthing,
221 ; and P, Francheti, the cul-
ture of, 309 : P. edulis out-of-
doors, 328, 471

Piccadilly, the widening of, 116

Picotee, the yellow-flowered, 79

Pine-apples, Jamaica, 336

Pine-apple, culture of the Queen,

209
Pine-apples and Agave Sisal, 96
Pines and Thistles, "294
Pinks, autumn - flowering, 256 ;

perpetual-flowering, 309
Pinus austriaca, 376 ; P. Laricio

var. Moseri, 395
Pithecolobium Saman, 336
Pittosporum crassifolium, 431
Planes, 34
Plant-breeding, conference for,

1002, 205; lice, 214

Plant Portraits (references to) :
Agave Langlassei, 116; Alnus
occidentalis, 397 ; Apple Hoover,
397 ; A. SchiJner von Boscoop,
116; Arctotis Gumbletoni, 187;
Azalea iudica Madame Moreaux,
75 ; Azara microphylla, 397 ; Be-
gonia Caledonia, 75 ; B. Vernon,
248 ; Bowkoria triphylla, 397 ;
Bulbophyllumgrandiflorum, 114 ;
Callicarpa americana, 248 ; Can-
tua depondens, IKi; Cattleya
xcalun\mata var. (irignani, 253;
Calorhabdos cauloptera, 277 ;
CeanothusFendlcri, 248 ; Chelo-
nopsis moschata, 32 ; Chrysan-
themum Mme. Georges Mazuyer,
438 ; Cineraria pentactina, 277 ;
Citrus sinensis, 229; ( lianthus
Dampieri, 75; Colens thyr-
Koidous, 229 ; Corokia cotone-
aster, 397 ; Currant Fay's Pro-
line, 116; Cyanotis hirsuta, 32;
Cypella plumbea, 75; Cypripe-
dium BruxoUense, 253; C.
Exul var. aurantiaca, 2.53 ; C.
Glonerianum 426; Cyrtopo-
dium palmifrons, 435; Cyrto-
stachys Kenda var.Duvivioriana.
75 ; Epidendrum osmanthum,
187 ; Eucalyptus Gunnii var.
montana, 435 : Eucalyptus leu-
coxyloi\, :i07 ; Euonyinus varans,
397; Exorhiza Wciull.unliana,
277; Gladiolus sulphurous, 115;
Habonaria Lugardi, 277 ; llama-
melis virginiana, 329; llelichry-
suiu Gulielmi, 111; lin|iatiens
chrysantha,32;l. psittacina, 135;
l.Tliomsoni, 187 ; Irisihrys.intlia,
.■!2: I.Ewbankiana, 229; l.Tauri,
I.S7; Jacobiuiapolita.3!)7 ; Lu'lia
Lindeniana, 8(1 ; Lielio-Cattleya : ;
Aloschiaua, 426 ; L.-C. ■' Prin-
giersii, 253 ; Liparis tricallosa,
311 ; Ly caste Deppei var. puncta-
tissima, 126 ; Maranta lujaiana,
397 ; Megaclinium h'licochilnm,
l;!5; Musaoleracca, :!1(); M.sa-
pientinii var. saiiguiuea, 229;
Niittallia corasiforniis, 397 ;
Odontoglossum x Bneckmani, 86;
O. Wilckeanum, 438 ; Oncidium
stolligerum var. Ernesti, 86 ;
O. tlgrinum var. splendida,
253 ; O. varicosum var. I^in-
deni, 253 ; Oroopanax per-
mixtuni, 397 ; Oxalis dispar,
187; Pioonia lutea, 114; Peach
Comtosse Hervey de Goussen-
court, 397 ; Pear Fin de Siecle,
397 ; P. Madame de Madre, 248 ;
P. Nouvello Fulvie, 75; Pelar-
gonium ferulaceum, 397 ; Phlox
maculata, 229; Primula sinensis,
a white variety of, suffused with
yellow, 248; Prinos vorticillata,
.397; Raspberry Congy, 229;
Rhododendron ciliicalyx, 32 ;
Rosa licvigata var. Anemone,
438 ; R. macrantha, 438 ; Rubus
palmatiis, 277 ; Sarcochilus un-
guiculatus, 420 ; Schizanthus
Wisotonensis, 116 ; Sohubcrtia
grandiflora, 397 ; Seneciomagni-
flcus, 341; Spirwa Millefolium,
435 ; Strobilanthes gossypinus,
114 ; Syringa oblata, 311 ; Tacca
Chantrieri, 438 ; Trevoria chlo-

VI The Gai-aciici-.s- CIii

INDEX.

[December 28, Isiril.

ris, 341 ; Triohocentrum albo-
purpureum, 253; Vitis incisa,
229; Westringia rosmariniformis.
307 ; Zygopetahim Burti -var.
"Wallisii, 233 ; Z. x Clayi, 8G

Plants for winter flowering, 304 ;
how to select, 134 ; influence of
atmospheric environment on, 325

Plants, New or Noteworthy. —
Arctotis (4iimbletoni, 177 ; Aster
carnosiis, 218; A. multiflorus,
218 ; Begonia Porgetiana, 66 ;
Castilleja Integra, 218 : Cero-
pegia Lugardre, 302 ; Cotyledon
nana, 270 ; Cyi-illa raeemifiora,
198; Delphinium seopulorum,
218 ; Erigerou Neo-Mexicanus.
218 ; Geranium incisum, 218 ;
Hyssopus officinalis var. grandi-
florus, 380 ; Libocedrus macro-
lepis. 467 ; Lilium occidentale,
42; Monochoria vaginalis var.
Korsakowi, 467 ; Xeonicholsonia
Georgii, 178; N. Watsoni, 178;
Pentstemon spectabilis, 218 ; V.
virgatus, 218 ; Polygonum am-
plexicaulo album, 218 ; Semper-
vivum velutinum, 318; Silene
Fortune!, 198 ; Stanhopea Lang-
lasseana, 426 ; Stapelia atro-
sanguinea, 42.J ; S. incompara-
bilis, 405

Plants under glass, management

of, 9, 28, 49, 72, 100, 113, 133.

150, 167, 184, 202, 224, 243, 258,

275, 291, 306, 323, 339, 355, 373,

392, 412, 433, 453, 468
Plants which bury their seeds, 333
Plectranthus Coppini, 414 ; P.

sacoatus, 378
Plum, a new, 120 ; cots, 325 ;

drying, 247, 358 ; P. mirabelle,

370
Plum-trees, cordon, 473
Plums, at market, 188 ; dried, 344,

399
Polygonum amplexicaule album.

218 ; P. cymosum, 343 ; P. lani-

gerum, 293
Poppies, 138

Potash, manuring with, 248
Potato crops, the, 376 ; in Jersey,

169 ; disease of the. 204, 421, 4('3
Potatos, disease and the manuring

of, 473 ; planting, 208
Preserving fruits, 394, 398
Primula arctotis. new hybrids

from, 276
Propagation, autumn, of hardy

shrubs, 182
Prunes in Oregon, 293
Prunus. diseased, 266 ; P. Pissardi

fruiting, 170, 420
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, 313
Pteris tremnla, choice varieties of

428

Queensland, fruit growing in, 407
Quinces, the, .as ornamental plants,
43

Raffia, to render more durable.

261
Rail, farm and orchard, prodvuo

by, 95
Railway rates, excessive, for

goods, 342
Rain, and artificial watering of

plants, 329
Rain, after the, 79
Rainfall, from Jan. 1 to June 30

79
Ramsey Abbey gardens, 135
Raspberry - Blackberry , hybrid .

272
Raspberries in October, 325

Rawtenstall, the Whitalver Park

at, 201
Reminiscences, 459
Rhododendrons for northern

smoky towns, 460
Rhubarl), the Sutton Christmas,

460
Rhus C'otinus, 347 ; R. Toxicoden-
dron, 293
Rhynchostylis ccelestis, 126
Richardia Elliotiana at Milton

House, Salisbury, 34
Ringing of herl>accous plants, 204
Ripening of the fruits and the

wood, 150
Rochford, Mr. T., death of, 295;

a Scottish, 350
Rodgcrsia pinnata, 6
Rook, the food of the, 218
Root crops for seed, selection of,

168
Rosa cinnamomea, 369 ; R. ma-

crantha, a cross between R.

canina and R. gallica, 55
Rose blooms, protecting, 19 ; from

America, 473
Rose conference, arrangements for

the, 293 ; of the season, the, 306 ;

R. Jladame Jean Dupuy, 262 ;

R. Mrs. Oliver Ames, 473 ;

R.. Paul's Single White, 265.

295 ; proliferous, 120 ; stocks

and budding, 164
Roses, autumnal, 220 ; Canadian,

8 ; for autumn blooming, 250 ;

Gold Medal of 1901. 1.52 ; in the

Temple Gardens, 10; new, 386 ;

select, 344 ; single, 200, 246 ;

some good, 43 ; some wall and

other, 44 ; useful, 312, 328 ; va-
rieties of, 30
Rubus australis, 378 ; R. palma-

tus, 277
Ruellia macrantha, 467
Rumours, spreading silly, 292, 312
Rush matting, 110

Sacittaria .japonica fl.-pl., 190 ;

S. ,i., double-flowered variety,

170
Saintpaulia ionantha in open air,

370
Salads, winter, 180
Salvia Przewalskii, 0
Sargent, Prof., elected Doctor of

Laws, 55
Schomburgkia Lyonsii, 179
School gardens in Surrey, 376
Schotia brachypetala, 300

Scientific Committee. — Abies
Douglasii seedlings. 313 ; Acacia
armata seedling, 313 ; Aconite,
proliferous, 150 ; Agapanthus
umbellatus with ten leaves to
perianth, 265 ; Aloes, Lign, 421 ;
Apospory, a new case of, 191 ;
Apple spotted with funsl, 378 ;
stems attacked by caterpillars,
59; eggs on. 120; Apricot
splitting. 120, 191 ; Aristolochia
trilobata. 58 ; Armeria plauta-
ginea foliaceous. 421 ; AzoIIa
species, 421 ; Banana disease in
Egypt, 156,474; bark stripping
off Larch-trees, 232 ; Barley, pro-
liferous, 200 ; Beech-leaves,
galls on, 313, 378; Beech with
palmately nerved leaves, 58 ;
tree bug, 266 ; Begonia sub-
virescent, 232 ; Birch-bark, 347 ;
Cambridge Botanic Gardens,
plants from, 378; Campanula
fascia ted, 58 ; Carnations,
diseased, 59, 232, 421 ; Cattleya
Gaskelliana with yellow -
streaked sepals, 265 ; Ceropegia
debilis, 156; Cheiranthus al-
pinus with proliferous pods, 58 ;

Chermes fagi. 191 ; Club-root,
378, 475 ; Coccid, stellate,
378; Cotton-trees, 232; Cri-
num, " acotyledonous " germi-
nation in. 191; C. seeds, 347;
Crocus corms diseased, 156 ;
Crocuses from C4reece, 347 ;
Cryptomeria. proliferous cones
of, 58 ; Cucumber disease, 313 ;
C. proliferous, 120; Cypripedinm
insigne, malformed. 421 ; C.
scale, 347 : Daphne fasciated , 421 ;
Dye plants. British, 313; Epilo-
bium. monstrous, 232 ; Fern
fronds. .378; Fig-leaf ascidiform,
313 ; Fruit tree, roots diseased,
421 ; Gerbera, a new var., " Sir
Michael," 378 ; Gooseberry
shoots, 191 ; Gouty swellings
on a Silver Fir, 191 ; Grapes,
seedless, 475 ; Heliantbus, Hy-
brid, 120, 266; H., two-fold ,
191 ; Hawthorn shoots, dead,
312 ; Hartstongue Fern, abnor-
mal form of, 58 ; Honey causing
disagreeable symptons, 191 ;
Iris leaves, diseased, 156 ; La-
vender, failing. 59 ; Lily bulbs,
diseased, 421 ; L. funguses, 58 ;
L. hybrids, 59 ; L. of the
Valley, diseased, 2r>5 ; Lyeoris
squamigera, and other flowers,
150 ; Maize, witli twin em-
bryos, 265 ; Mandragora oftici-
nalis, 1.56 ; Maple branches,
coherent. 378; Medicinal plants
round old ruins, 191; Mendel's
law of hybridity, 422 ; Miltonia
spectabilis flowering from ter-
minal shoot, 205 ; Mushrooms
in coal cellars, 191 ; Narcissus
bulbs one above the other,
the lowest bulb being the
oldest, 475; Oak -leaf, galls
on, 205 ; Odontoglossum, dis-
eased, 232 ; Orchid - leaves,
spots on, 265 ; Orchids, effects
of London fog on, 378 ; O., mal-
formed, 58 ; Ornamental Grasses.
191 ; Osmunda regalis, new type
of, 150 ; Palms, flowering, 59 ;
Passifloras, hybrid, 59; Peach-
shoots, diseased, 175 ; Pear-
rind with grit, 347 ; P. mite, 120 ;
Pelargonium leaf striking root,
313; P. proliferous, 317; Pitto-
sporum crassifolium, fruiting
sprays of, 422 ; Poisonous
plants, 191 ; Potentilla with fo-
liaceous flowers, 232 ; Plane-
tree, leaves diseased, 266 ;
Plantago major, 156 ; plants
from Asia minor, 5!t ; Plasmo-
dium, remedies for, 421 ; Plum
I'oots diseased, 232 ; Prunus sp.
diseased, 200; lihododendron
fasciated, 475 ; Rhubarb, Aus-
tralian, 421 ; Rhus Cotinus, the
abortive hairy flower-stalks of,
347 ; root-galls, 313 ; Schinus
molle with fungus, 265 ; Scolo-
pendriura vulgare Drummondire
superbum, 421 ; S., proliferous,
347; Sedum seedlings, 232; Si-
lene and Anthyllis, 58 ; silver-
leaf, 191 ; Strawberry, Plymouth,
58 ; Stropharia jx^ruginosa, 313 ;
Sunflower, replacement of flowers
by scales in, 347 ; Tabasheer, a
secretion of silica and lime in
Bamboos, 347 ; Tillandsia sp.
(so-called Cape air plant). 313 ;
Trehalose, 347; Trinity College
Gardens, plants from, 378 ; To-
matos, hybrid, 205 ; Trop;eolum,
hybrid, 265; Tuberose diseased,
.59; Typha, four-spiked, 313;
Vetch leaflets, malformed, 232;
Vine-leaf, 378 ; Vine-leaves di-
seased, 317 ; Viola sylvatica
cleistogamous, 232 ; Violet dis-
ease, 475 ; Watsonia Ardernei,
206 : Wood attacked by bees,

474; Wood Leopard-moth, 120;
Worms in soil, 378 ; Xanthoxy-
lum alatum, 475 ; Yew diseased.
314

Scilla autumnalis, 208
Scolopendrium, proliferous, 347 ;

S. vulgare Daviesii, 71
Scotland, trees and shrubs in the

W. of, 370
Seed harvest in Germany, 229 ;

crops, the, in Holland, 254
Seeds, plants which bury their,.

333, 350 ; vitality of, 56
Selborne plants, 95
Selenipedium ■ grande, 162
Sempervivum velutinum, 318
Sherborne Castle, the lake at, 22 1
Shrike, the food of the, 218
Shrubs, hardy, autumn propaga-
tion of, 182
Silene Portunei, 198
Silver-leaf in Peaches, 220, 247,

282
Skin irritation from Bryonia

dioica, 78
" Sleepers " for Indian Railways,

440
Snowdrops, 342
Sobralia Lindoni, 318

Societies. — Aberdeen Chry.san-
themum, 423 ; Aberdeen Royal
Horticultural, 63 ; Altrincham
Gardeners' Mutual, 37, 331, 380
Ascot Chrysanthemum, 302
Barnsley Chrysanthemum, 382
Basingstoke Horticultural, 121
Beckenham Horticultural, 347,
380, 142, 470 ; Binfield & District
Horticultural Jlutual Improve-
ment, 441 ; Birmingham and
District Amateur (Jardeners',
()3 ; Birmingham and Midland
Counties Chrysanthemum, ."i03 ;
Bishop's Stortford Horticultural,
157 ; Boston and District Dahlia,
251 ; Boston Hortieultural, 102 ;
Bradford Chrysanthemum, 3S3 ;
Brighton and Sussex Horticul-
tural ilutual Improvement, 331 ;
Bristol and District Gardeners',
10, 102, 211 , 266. 331, 463 ; Bristol
Chrysanthemum, 381; British
Association, 251 ; British .My co-
logical, 299 ; British Pterido-
logical, 142 ; Bruges en Avant,
192 ; Bury St. Edmunds Horti-
cultural, 379 ; Cardiff and Dis-
trict Chrysanthemum, 301 : Car-
diff and County Horticultural,
82 ; Chelmsford Chrysanthemum,
402;CheltenhamChrysanthemum,
301; Chester Paxton, 380, 442;
Croydon and District Horticul-
tural Mutual Improvement, 251 ,
378, 314, 402, 441 ; Derby Horti-
cultural, 233 ; Devon and Exeter
Gardeners, 74, 121, 331, 302,
402 ; Devon and Exeter Horti-
cultural, 74, 121, 382, 442; De-
vizes Benevolent, 380 ; Dulwich
Chrysanthemum, 331, 402; Duni-
friesand Galloway Horticultural,
211 ; Dyson's Lane. Milllield,
and Fountain Nurseries Benefit,
375; Eaglesfield Horticultural,
233 ; Ealing Horticultural. 3< ;
Eastbourne Horticultural, 191^;
English Arboricultural, 157;
Finchley Chrysanthemum, :>60 ;
Garden City, 242 ; German Den-
drological, 202 ; Ghent Chambre
Svndicale, 55, 205, 292, 437 ;
(Jlasgow and W. of Scotland
Horticultural, 172, 193; Glouces-
ter and Cheltenham Royal Hor-
ticultural, 16 ; Gloucester Root,
Fruit, and Grain, 380 ; Glouces-
tershire Rose, 38 ; Hanley ( 'hrys-
anthemum, 378; Hanley Horti-
cultural Fete. 16 ; Harlow Hoiti-
cultural, 142 ; Hereford Fruit

The Gardeners' Chronicle,]

INDEX.

[December 28, isiul.

vu

and Chrysanthemum, 3l)"2 : High-
gate Chrysanthemum, 402 ; Hor-
ticultural Club, a-i. ; Hull Chrys-
anthemum, oSl; International
Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, Arts, and Edu-
cation, 11 : Ipswich Chr-santhe-
mum, ysi ; Irish Gardeners, 360 ;
Kingston and Siirbiton Chrys-
anthenuim, 301 ; Kingston C4ar-
deners, 83 ; Kirkcudbright Hor-
ticultural, 113 ; Leeds Paxton,
€3 ; Leicester Abbey Flower
Show. 122 ; Linnean. 303, 423, 463;
Liverpool Chrysanthemum, 381 ;
Loughborough (lardeners', 206 ;
Madresfield Agricultural Club,
142 ; Maidenhead Chrysanthe-
mum, 3S2 ; Manchester & North
of England Orchid, 16, 120, 232,
:J]4, 347, 379. 423: Manchester
Royal Botanical, 383 ; Margate
Chrysanthemum, 302; Marlow
Horticultural, 122; Mid-Annan-
dale Horticultural, 120, 233;
Midlanil Carnation and Picotee,
.SI , 120 ; National Amateur Gar-
<lencrs', 142; National Co-opera-
tive Festival, l.jC; Nat. Chrys-
anthemum, 17."), 206, 298, 314,
:J31, 311, 383, 423, 403; (Annual
Dinner), 401 ; National Dahlia,
212, 2."il ; National Rose, 17,
423; (Northern Exhibition), SO;
National Sweet Pea. 83; Newton,
Earlestown. and District Horti-
cultural, 211 ; Newport and
County HorticMltiiral, 102 ;
Noi'thampton Horticultural, 82,
;!62 ; North Warwickshire llorti-
cultui'al, 113; Portsmouth Chrys-
anthemum, 332; Potters Har
Horticnltiiral, 379 ; Preston
Horticultural. 211; I'ntney.
Wandsworth and District Chrys-
anthemum, 442 ; Rayleigh and
District Horticultural, 82 ;
Reading Cliry.santhemiim, 381 ;
Reading Gardeners' Mutual Im-
provemiMii. ;!7.s, 102, 441 ; Read-
ing Horticultural, 17."i; Rich-
mond Horticultural, 47.) ; Royal
Caledonian Horticultural, 213,
233 ; Royal Hort icultural, 11, .18,
101, 120, 141, 170, 209, 248, 26.">,
29.5, 312. 329, 3.-,9, 400, 4.-,7, 461 ;
(Lily Conference), 61 ; (Crystal
Palace Fruit Show). 298. and
Supplement, Oct. 12; Royal
Horticultural of Aberdeen, 210,
;!80; of Ireland, 37, 379; Royal
Scottisli Arboricultural, l.j7 ;
Sandy Horticultural, 211 ; Scot-
tish Horticultural. 382; Shef-
field Floral and Horticultural,
102; Shropshire Horticultural,
]o8; .Smithliold Club, 412;
.Smithsonian Institution, 261 ;
Societo Nat ionale d' I lorticulturc
de France, 192, 311, 416 ; South-
ampton Chrysanthemum, 301 :

Southampton Horticultural, 3( :
Southern Counties Carnation,
103 ; Sutton Rose, 37 ; Swansea
Horticultural and Gardeners',
174 ; Syndicat Centrale des Pri-
meuristes Frani;ais. 11-5 : Taun-
ton Deane Horticultural, 171 ;
Tibshelf Rose and Horticultural,
112; Trowbridge Horticultural.
112 : United Provident Horti-
cultural Benefit and Provident.
3S0. 435; Wargrave Gardeners'.
233, 331 . 378 ; Waterford Horti-
caltural. 475 ; 'Wellingborongh
Clirysanthemum. 380 : West
Derby Horticultural. 112 ; 'Win-
chester Chrysanthemum. 379 :
■Wolverhampton Floral Fete. 3S ;
"'I'ork Chry.santhemum. 402 :
Yorkshire Naturalists', 55. 75.
227, 282

.Soda and potash, 55

Solanum oapsicastrum, 473 ; S.

crispum, 411
Solidago c;esia, 287
South Africa, 371 ; forestry and

fruit-growing in, 428
Soy Beans, 110
Sparks and crops, .395
Sparmannia africana, a dwarf form

of, 272
Sparrow, the house, 12
Sc[uirrels and Larch trees, 282
Stapelia gigantea, 4"20
Stocktaking. 32, 135, 205, 277, 375.

436
Stangeria paradoxa, 377
Stanmore, The Grove, 41
Strawberry barrels, 98 ; S. Eleanor,
206; fruit weighing half-a-pound,
55; 8. Johann Count Harrach,
221 ; prolonging the season of
the, 24
Strawberry-tr'co (Arbutus), fruits
of, in Covont Garden Market,
324 ; fruits regularly in V.. Lo-
thian. 358 ; fruits of. in Franco,
353
Strawberry ,Veitch's Perfection, 5,

119
Strawberries, at Lamport, 58; in
1901 at Maidstone, 68 ; manur-
ing, 136; record wciglit for ten.
155; sweeb-fruitcd, 16!) ; various,
119
Stricklandia cucrosioidcs, 263
Suckers of woody plants, struc-
tures of. 95
Sugar-cane, sports in the, 130
Sulphur, mixing, with soil, 282
Shu flower, replacement of flowers

liy scales in, 317
Sunflowers, hybrid, 136
Surrey and Sussex woods, 05
Surrey flora, 98

Sutton, -Mr. Martin, presented
■\vith the Ordrc dii Merite Agri-
cole, 169
Sutton, Mr. M. H., death of, 279
Sweet Pea, the, 91 ; properties of

the, 78, 138, 245; disease of,
in America, 325 ; in the North, 200
Sycamore leaf-blotch, 308
Svnonvms are manufactured, ho'w,

■'190,'247

Vineyard, a Kentish, 341 ; the
Cardiff, 261

Violets, 440 ; Achillea ; ptarmlca
sold as, 277 ; not opening their
flo'svers, 399 ; iinsatisfactory, 420

Tar versus paint, 400, 474

Taxing gardens, 350

Taylor, Mr. Geo., presentation to,

472
Technical terms in horticulture,

228
Temperance drinks, 31
Thomas, address to Mr. Owen, on

leaving 'Windsor Gardens, 168
Thomas' D.iy, St., 476
Thrinax ^Morrisii growing in

Grenada Botanic Gardens, 353
Thrush, the food of the, 197
Thunia alba, 4

Tillandsia (Cape air plant), 313
Timber, and game preserves, 430 ;

British, transport of, 251
Tipton, Victoria Park at, 130
Titmouse, the Marsh, food of, 217
Tobacco in Connecticut, 390
Tomato, the (iooseberry, 232;
remarkable growth of a, 280 ;
two-coloured, 227 ; T. Cp-to-
Date, 313
Tomatos, cure for the black spot
in, 215; for 'winter use, 71;
field, 110; hybrid, 205; alterna-
tion in the Varietal characters
of, 105 ; in Guernsey. 375 ; large
crop of, 358 ; notes on. 312
Trade novelties, 307
Trees and shrubs, (i9, 251, 384,
128 ; in the W. of Scotland, 370
Trees, dwarf Japanese, 395 ; the
natui-alisation of foreign, 10(1;
town, 278
Tridax trilobata, 4;19
Trinity College (iardens, Dublin,

385
Tritoma Triumph, 287
Tulip Hrunhilde, 2-24. 312; T.
Iniquc, and its name, 217, 291

Variatiox and environment, 431

A' cgetable millinery, 115

Vegetables. 111. 388 ; botanical, (i

Veitcli, Mr. Harry, at home. 96

Veronicas, hybrid, 182

Veronica 'reucrium, 0

Viburnum Opulus, 09

Viburnums, the sp<^cies of, .•;20

Victoria, a Director of Agricul-
ture for, 215

Vilmorin, .\l. Philippe de, 135

Vine, grafting, to ensure oarli
ness, 95; cultivation of, in cool
houses (some heresies), 78, 119;
excessive heat lor, 282

W

"ft" ALL gardens, 119, 137, 150, 231
Walnut, uaturalisation of the
Black. 400; the Black, at Albury
Park, 358
Walnuts, large, 291 ; the species

of, 334
Waluewa pulchella, 365
Warren House, Stanmore, Cattleya

labiata at, 349
Wasps, 114, -200, 248, 204 ; the
season of. 138, 150 ; birds feed-
ing on, 231
Watering of plants, rain and arti-
ficial, 3-29
Weather and plant lite, 9
Weatlier, the, and the rainfall, 4 41
Weather-lore for August, 9S ; Sep-
tember, 190 ; October, 264 ; No-
vember, 356
Weather vagaries of 1901, 204
Welwitschia, " change hero for

the," 33
West Dean, 1

West Indies, the Imperial Depart-
ment of Agriculture of the, 245
Whiteway, South Devon, 238
Wilson, Sir Jacob, retirement of,

472
Winter activities, 387 ; consola-
tions, 447
Winter-flowering plants, 241
Wistaria sinensis, 3/7
Wistarias, 152
Woburn experimental fruit farm,

325
Woodhatch, Reigate, 281
Wood-structure, the study of, 434
Woods of Surrey and Sussex, 65
Worm killer, a new, 208
Worms of tlie garden and lawn,

310.308
Wye Agricultural College, 187

Xantiiociivjii's pictorius, 74

Vvitltow on lawns, 1 19, 138, 155
Year, the 'waning, 170

Zai scilNfSRiA californica, 183
Zygopetalum Mackaii, 466; Z.
xanthinum majus, 106

■^

Vlll Tlie Gardeners' Clironielc,]

INDEX.

(December 28, 1901.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

Acme Rose-bloom protector, 19
Adelaide Botanic Gardens, scene

in, 311
Arabis alpina, double-flowered, 239
Aravicaria C'ookii coning in Tem-
perature-house, Kew, 387 ; A. C.
upon Islet off New Caledonia, 387
Arctotis Gumbletoni, 178 ; A.

stoechadifolia, 109
Asterogyne Marti i, 179

B

Begonia Ideala, 411

Begonias shown by Messrs. B. R.
Davis & Sons, 337

Bombax malabaricum, fruit and
seed of, 447

Boston Hort. Hall, U.S.A., Orchid
exhibit in the, 71

Bougainvillea glabra growing out-
of-doors at Poole, 205

Brisbane, view in the Botanical
Gardens, 102, 103

Brodiiea crocca, 126

Bruges, horticultural exhibition
in Market Square at, 219

Calotropis gigantea, fruit and

seed of, 447
Calyptrogyne glauca, 179
Cambridge Botanic Garden, Opun-

tias in open air at, 409
Capparis spinosa, 319
Castlewellan, Eucryphia pinnati-

folia at, 351
Cattleya Digbyana X Mendeli, 207
Chamaerops humilis var. Birroo, 371
Cherry-tree, fan-trained Jlorello,

at Stoneleigh Abbey, 417
Chrysantliemum gueen Alexandra,

357
Chrysanthemums at Mr. W. J.

Godfrey's, Exmouth, 335
Clematis brachiata, 307 ; C. smi-

lacifolia, 400
Clivia miniata, fine specimens of,

in Nash Court Gardens, Favers-

ham, 289
Cocoa-nuts, gathering, in Zanzi-
bar, 449, 451
Cochlospermiim Gossypiuni, fruit

and seeds of, 4 17
Cocos Yatay, 370
Coix lachryma Jobi, seed of, 446
Colorado Beetle, the, 1H7
Copiophora cornuta, 124
Cryptomeria japoiiica near Yoko-
hama, 389
Cucumbers, abnormal growths in,

229
Cymbidium Lowianum x C. ebur-

noum, 25
Cynips aptera producing galls on

roots, 299
Cypher, portrait of the late

James, 347

Cypripedium x Maudife magnifi-

cum, 129
Cyrilla racemiflora, 199

Dahlia viridiflora, 294
Delphiniums Dorothy, Daniel and

William Kelway, 139
Dianthus pelviformis, 97
Diascia Barberse, 278

Earthworms, 310

Elfeocarpns Ganitrus, seed of, 440

Erigei-on Coulteri, 99

Eucalyptus cordata seedling
raised at Abbotsbury, 456

Eucryphia pinnatifolia at Castle-
wellan, 351

"Floral Aid," a device for the
arrangement of cut flowers, 4()3

Gall on Abies amabilis, 191
tiooseberry Cobham (= Gunner),

127
Gourds, some, grown by Jlessrs.

Cannell & Sons, 297
Grapes, exhibit of, shown at

Shrewsbury, by Mr. Cairns, 189

H

Helnella irispa, 208

Henry, Dr. Augustine, portrait

of, 86
Hunnewell, Mr. H. H., and Prof.

C. S. Sargent, portraits of, 23

Ilex Handsworthensis in the

Handsworth Nurseries, Shellield,

131
Ilex Wilsoni in ilossrs. Fisher's

Nursery, Handsworth, Sheffield,

117

Japan, field of Tree-Pfeonics in, 271
Japan, Lilium Alexandras and L.

longiflorum var. eximia, in the

Nurserv of Messrs. Boehmer &

Co., 140, 147
Juglans inandshurica, 302 ; J.

nigra at Fulham Palace, 303

KocHiA scoparia, 359
Krelage, J. H., portrait of the
late, 421

SUPPLEMENTARY

Adelaide Botanic Garden, View of Lower Creek in (October 20).
A Garden in Winter on the Riviera (December 28).
Canna "Kate Gray " (September 21).

DRAC.ENA EitAGRANS VAR. LlXDENI IX FLOWER, BARTUN HaI.L GARDENS,

BtiRY St. Edmunds (August 31).
Gourds, Ornamental, in the Cambridge Botanic Garden (Dec. 21).
Group of Perns shown bv Messrs. J. Hill & Son, Edmonton (Sept. 7).
Group of Hardy Azaleas (Rhododendrons) shown by Messrs

CCthbert & Sons (August 17).
H.emanthus, group of, shown by M. Linden (August 10).
HOHERIA POPULNKA, IT.OWERING SPRAY OF (November 23).
Iris, new Hybrid early flowering (November 30).
Juglans c jrdiformis (Japanese Walnut) (October 19).

LiLIUM .TAPONK'UM VAR. COLCHESTERENSIS (July 20).

Melbourne Hotanic Garden, Rockeuy in the (November 9).
jVarcissl.s KlN(i Alfred (July 27).

LiLICDis Alexandria and L. longi-
florum var. eximia in the Nur-
series of Messrs. Boehmer &
Co., Japan, 146, 147

Lilium giganteum, 51 ; L. gigan-
teum, bulb of, showing stem-
rooting, 61 ; L. Bakerianum, 45 ;
S. Grayi, 09; L. japonieuin var.
Alexandrfe, 54; L. neilgherrense,
53 ; L. Parryi, 57 ; l>. philip-
pinense, 47 ; L. pardalinum var.
californica (occidentale), 43 ;
L. rubellum as grown in Japan,
42 ; L. ;: Parkmanni, 52 ; L. spe-
ciosum with 208 open flowers,
241; L. Washingtonianum var.
purpurenm, .59

Lithospermum prostratum at
Whiteway, 238

Livistona australis growing in
Botanic Gardens, Sydney, 287

Locust, male and female, 123

Lunt, sen., Thos., portrait of, 305

M

ilAMiLLARlA Sulcata, 255
Mandrake, figures of the, 459
McMahon, portrait of Philip, 105
Meehan, portrait of the late

Thomas, 383
Melons, a good crop of, at Hill-
side, Groonibridge, 231
Meredith, portrait of the late

Joseph, 140
Metrosideros at Torquay, 399
Mimulas Burneti ., 107
Montreal, view in the Botanic
Gardens at, 221

N

Nepenthes ventricosa, 313
Newby Hall, Yorkshire, 257
Nyinph;ieas, group of, exhibited by
Mr. Leopold de Rothschild at a
meeting of the R.H.S., 155

Odontoglossum . Crawshayanum,
77 ; O. crispum var. Pittiauum,
154 ; O. maculatum Thompsonia-
num, 77

Opuntia clavarioides var. eristata,
255 ; O. Engelmanni in open air,
409 ; O. microdasys, 255 ; O.
moiiacantha and U. glauca in
open air, 409

Orchids, the air roots of, 181

P.EONIES, field of tree in Japan, 271
Palms, Date, at Bordighera being

bleached, 471
Peas, a remarkable row of, 223
Peach and Nectarine, composite

fruit of, 244

Pear, a monstrous, 284 ; P. General
Wauchope, 475 ; P. Michaelmas
Nelis, 273

Pelargonium Endlicherianum, 149

Plan of new Park at Tipton, 137

Poplar gall, the, 04

Rawtenstall, plan of Whitaker

Park at, 201
Rochford. the late Thomas, 295
Rose A. K. Williams, 2; R. Ben

Cant, 13 ; R. Conrad Ferdinand

Meyer, 3 ; R. Innocente Pirola,

5 ; R. Queen Alexandra, 27 ; R.

Soleil d'Or, 7 ; R. Susanne M.

Rodocanachi, 15 ; R. The Lion,

11
Ruellia macrantha, 467

Sagittaria japonica, double-
flowered variety, 171

Sargent, Prof. C. S., and Hunne-
well, Mr. H. H., portraits of, 23

Scott, William, :(0

Sobralia Ruckeri, 67

Stoneleigh Abbey, fan-trained
Morello Cherry-iree at, 417

Stopper, a, for preserve-bottles,
398

Stricklandia eucrosioides, 263

Sutton, Martin Hope, portrait of,
279

Sweet Peas of the century, 87

Taxus grandis, 116

Thrinax Morrisii in Grenada Bo-
tanic Gardens, 353

Tipton, the Victoria Park at, plan
of, 137

Tomato, remarkable growth of a,
281 ; T. Up-to-Date in an ama-
teur's garden, Derby, 343

Viburnum plicatum, 321

Views from the National Rose So-
ciety's exhibition, 31, 33, 35

A'iews in Mr. M. Pritchai'd's
nursery, Christchurch, 327

W

Whitaker Park at Rawtenstall,
plan of, 201

Whiteway, Lithospermum pros-
tratum at, 238

Whitton, James, porti'ait of, 391

Wistaria sinensis in bloom on a
wall at Wrest Park, 377

Xanthochymus pictorius, fruits
of, 76

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Odontoglossum crisitm var. ilRs. Brooman-White (August 3).

Olearia stellulata in Messrs. Veitch's Nursery (October 5).

Pineapples, group of, grown at The Hendre, Monmouth (October 12).

Rockery, Botanic Garden, Melbourne (November 9).

Rose Climbing Devoniensis (July 0).

Rose Countess de Nadaillac (July 0).

Rose Longwokth Fairy (July 0).

Rose Princess of Wales (July 6).

Rose Souvenir d'Elise Vardon (July 6)

Rose The Bride (July 0).

SOLANUM CRISPIM IN MESSRS. GaUNTLETT'S NURSERY, REDRUTH (DCC. 7).

Viburnum MAcitucKriiALUM in the Nursery of Mr. J. Russell,

Richmond (November 2).
View in the Mklbourne Botanic Gardens (September 28).
Wistarias, group of standard, grown by Messrs. Jas. Veitch &

Sons (August 24).

HRADliUnV, AciNEW AND CO., LIMD., PKINTEES, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.

July 6, 1901.]

THE G A K D ESER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

THE

JS'^o. 1^.— SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Amorphophallus Tita-
num, flowering of, at

Kew 11

Big Goosebern' season 11
Botanical vegetables... 6
Brazil Xut, germina-
tion of 11

Cabbages, bolting of i, 12
Canadian Roses ... 8

Caucasus, gardens in

the 1

Drill Hall meetings ... 12
Fatal pun accident at

Evesnam 12

Forestry- 4

Frost in June 12

Fruit Sales 5

Glasgow and Sir Wil-
liam Hooker 5

Greenhouse heating ... 12

House spaiTow, the ... 12

Law note—

OrchidWanantyCase

John Rutlierford v.

L'HorticoleColonialc

of Brussels U

New or notewortliy
plants—
Oaontoglossuni cris-
pum "'Margei-y" ... 1
Nursery notes —

I'eas at .Sleaford ... 6
Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
Cat tleya x Jupiter ... 4
Lielia purpurata Kro-

Mieri 4

Tliunia allja 4

Obituary —
Thomas Button

John Sim

Jonathan Squibbs ...

Plant notes-
Aster Vilmorini
Ceratostigma Polliilli
Pentstemon cceruleus
Rodgersia pinnata ...
Veronica Teucriuni...

Rose blooms, protect-
ing

Roses, Canadian

Roses in the Temple
Gardens ... 10,

Societies-
Bristol Gardeners ...
Gloucester Royal Hor-
ticultural

Hanley Horticultural
International Asso-
ciation for the
Advancement of
Science. Ai-ts, and

Education

Manclicster Orchid...

National Rose

Royal Horticultural 10,

Wcatlier and plant llXo

Weather, tlie

Week's work, the—
Flower garden
Fruits under glass ...
Hardy fruit garden...
Kitchen garden
Orchid-houses
Plants under glass ...

West Dean, Sussex ...

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Kosc Ben Cant

„ Conrad Ferdinand Meyer

„ Innoccnte Pirola

,, A. K. Williams

„ Soleil d'Or

„ Susaiinc-Maric Bodocanachi

„ The Lion

Rose-shade, a

Supplementary Illustbations— Various Roses.

WEST DEAN.
rpHROUGH the courtesy of W. James, Esq.,
J- the lovely grounds of West Dean are
open to the puhlic on Tuesdays and Thurs-
days during tlie month of June, when the
arboretum is in its pride and glorj'. Owing
to the unusually dry season, the show lias
this year fallen below the mark ; but a visit,
even under these circumstances, is greatly
to be desired. West Dean lies almost mid-
way between Chichester and Midhurst, on
the direct road leading from Selsey Bill to
Hazlemere and the North. As the house
and church have many interesting associa-
tions, the visitor whose tastes run in the
direction of archaeology and local history,
as well as natural scenery, l)otany, and
floriculture, will find much to please him
here. The situation is delightful, nestling
as it does in a charming valley or dene
(whence the name of the village), with
splendid forest trees, and a rich profusion of
wild plants on every hand.

Wfst Dean House was erected just a
centuiyago by the second Lord Selsey. It
is quit • hidden from view as one drives
along the road, and only the back or sides
can be seen when it is approached from the
church. The front faces the east, and looks

awaj^ across a magnificent domain, whose
charms are such that the King has found
delight in a visit here ; and the Duke of
York, in 1899, had some excellent shooting
on the estate. Behind the house the trees
form a charming background, as they cover
the rising ground to the west, and produce a
most pleasing effect by contrasting strikingly
with the white masonry of the mansion.

Supposing the visitor to approach the
village from Chichester, he will first drop
down the quiet lane which runs off at right
angles from the high road, and at a distance
of 100 yards he will find the church, with
the house adjoining. That there has been a
sanctuary here for many centuries is certain
from the fact that a doorway on the north side
of the nave is of the Saxon style of architecture,
and probably dates from the middle of the
11th century. The main part of the church
is in the Early English style, but it has been
frequently restored, especially during those
ages when architecture was little understood ;
hence it is wanting in that beauty which
many another village church can boast.
None the less, it has much of interest for the
antiquary. The tower is curious, and still
has its sundial on the south face, but at such
a height that the date caunot be made out
without the aid of field glasses. The main
feature within the church is the monument
on the north side of the chancel, with effigies
of three of the Lewknors. It was doubtless in
this neighbourhood that theroyalvillaofDene
was situated, at which King Alfred was wont
to reside. In 1.520 ^^'illiam Alewyn directs
his l)ody to be buried in the chancel of St.
Andrew, of West Dean, and gives to the
Silver cross of West Dean xxd., and to every
light being in the church half a quarter of
Barley.

Some memorable names have been in times
past associated with the manor. The Rev.
L. Vernon Harcourt for some time resided
here. Lord Selsey, who built the house, was
a memljer of the Peachey family ; the
Peacheys and Lewknors figuring largely in
the history of the district in the days of
yore. One Christopher Lewknor, M.P., was
Recorder of Chichester during the Civil
Wars, and had to suffer a good deal for the
part he played therein ; having Ijeen voted
guilty of treason to the Commonwealth,
his lands were ordered to be sold in
1651. Three quarters of a century earlier,
Thomas Lewknor of Selsey was suspected of
popery. It was for his charge against
Lewknor and others that Curtis, Bishop of
Chichester, had to defend himself in l.")77.

To visit the arboretum, one passes through
the beautiful gates of ornamental iron-work
which abut on tlie main road, and just
before reaching tlie house takes a footpath
across the fields facing east. Here, after
passing a little stream, the mansion comes
into full view. The naturalist finds himself
in the midst of a clioice variety of plants,
insects, and birds. The Downs run through
here, and yield the Rock Rose, several
Orchids, the wild Mignonette, salad Burnet,
steuiless Thistle, ('anterbury Bells, with
numberless flowers, slirubs and trees, which
the botanist delights to see. The Burnet
Moth and Humming-bird Moth abound, and
every tree is alive with feathered folk. The
preserves are extensive, and so well stocked,
that during the shooting season, waggon-
loads of game are brought into Chichester as
the result of a day's sport.

The present feature, however, is the ar-

boretum ; while it is chiefly attractive ou
account of its choice and varied assortment
of Rhododendrons, it does not lack other
trees and shrubs. The Pines seem rather to
encourage than hinder the growth of flowering
shrubs, and the following is a list of some of
the trees and plants which maybe observed:
the Rhododendrons, Lilac, Syringa, Labur-
num, Hawthorn of various colours, single
and double ; Horse-Chestnut and Gueldres
Rose blossom together. The Oak, Ash, Birch,
Copper Beech, Sycamore, a choice variety of
Conifers, including the Sciadopitys, Yew,
Crab, Box, flowering Currant, and Holly
with last year's fruit giving colour to the
sombre foliage, are carefully blended, and
produce a rich effect. The green sward is
lieautifully kept, and the whole effect on a
warm day in June is most pleasing and
refreshing. The people of Chichester greatly
appreciate the privilege of visiting these
lovely grounds. A Sussex Naturalisi.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM " MARGERY."
A VERY remarkable novelty in spotted
Odontoglossunis, and which, if not equal to
the Ijest in size and marking, it is wore re-
markable than most of them in the peculiar
form of its llowers, which is as peculiar as the
distinguishing features of O. c. Oakliold Sun-
rise, illustrated in the Qardeners' Chronicle,
March 24, 1900, p. 181.

The sepals are broad, and in form more like
the petals of the species usually are, being
crimped and slightly fringed, white, slightly
tinged with ro.se, and bearing distinct reddish-
purple blotches ; the lateral ones having also
red-purplo bands at their bases. The petals
in form are a wide departure from the typo :
at the ba.se they are slightly stalked, and
expanding into a broadly ovate blade, which
at the margin is incurved, the slightly apicu-
ato tips forming a cavity. The colour is parol
white, with an irregular row of reddish-
purple spots near the margin, which is bright
purple. The lip is very short, the marghi and
apex being slightly turned in ; disc and crest
yellow, margin marked with purple linos as
though made with a pen, and forming an
irregular band. The short space between the
front of the crest and the apex is occupied l)y
a brown blotch. The singular variety has
again flowered with Richard Ashworth, Ksq.,
Ashlands, Ncwchurch, Manchester (gr., Mr.
E. C. Pidsley), who sends a flower of it, to-
gether with the information that he obtained
the plant some time ago from Messrs. Back-
house, of York. J. O'B.

GARDENS IN THE CAUCASUS.

{Continued from p. tflO, vol. xxix.)
As I have already mentioned, good gardens
in Ghalchis are very few, and of those 1 visited
I will mention the principal ones, wlicro I
found PaliiLS and other trees and shrubs planted
out in the open ground growing to such per-
fection of robustness and height as I would not
have believed, unless I had seen it myself.
One of those few " naturalisers," who has done
anything in the horticultural lino in the Cau-
casus is Mr. Tartarinoff, of Suchum, a man
greatly interested in his work, and who at the
same time knows a good deal about plants,
botanically as well as geographically. Mr.
Tartarinofl's garden, with its many different
kinds of Palms, of which several reach the
height of from twenty to thirty foot, reminds
mo more of subtropical America than Asia.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July C, 1901.

Among tlic Piilms I noticed among others : —
Sabal l>lM(l<liiinii;ina, Trithrinax Mauritise-
folius, Rapliis t1al)ellitormis, Jubea speetabilis,
Cooos australis, Washingtonia robiista, Cocos
Gsertneri, Cocos Yatay, Brahea edulis, and
Lataiiia borbonica, not to mention Chamserops
humilis, and Chamseropsexcelsa. Of tlie other
trees I will mention, Acacia melanoxylon,
Magnolia fuscata, Magnolia grandiflora, Par-
rotia persica, Brachychiton acerifolium,
Rhus semialata. Eucalyptus coccifera, E.
Globulus, E. virainalis, E. mclliodora, E.

Pittosporum Tobira, Viburnum odoratissimum,
Liquidambar styraciflna, Cyeas revoluta, Loni-
cera brachypoda, Prunus lusitanica, and many
others.

Although Tai'tarinoff's garden is yet young,
and although it is very difBcult here to interest
people in horticulture, yet it has become a
real centre for the dispersion of subtropical
plants in this part of the country. His twelve
species of Bamboo, his Eriobotrya, and other
plants, are now appreciated in other gardens
also.

dens as those two above-mentioned, and more
good garcTeners ; or better still, were\it less
far from England, then I am sure that [the
shore of the Black Sea would quickly .have
been covered with villas surrounded with gar-
dens of fine Palms and winter-flowering shrubs,
and not any Nice in the world could in any
way have compared with the luxurious and
robust vegetation of the subtropical district
of Russia. But alas ! lovers of gardens and of
horticulture are here very scarce, and I can
only cite one more garden — that of Mr.

Fig. 1.— rose Alfred k. Williams (h.p.) : crimson.

polyanthemos, Photinia serrulata, Ilex
macrophylla, Mahonia Fortunei, Asiroina
triloba, Osmanthus, Callitris quadrivalvis,
Quercus glabra, Chamsecyparis obtusa, Pinus
palustris, P. macrocarpa, Phyllirea, Daphni-
phyllum. Thuja gigantea, Xanthorrhsea, Eurya
japonica, Coeculus laurifolius, Eiseagnus
pungens, Cinnamommn pendueulatum, lUicium
anisatura and I. religiosum, Psidiuni Cattley-
anum. Citrus Bigaradia, Acacia deiilbata and A.
Farnesiana, Daphne japonica and indica,
Choysia ternata, Jasminum officinale and J.
grandiflorum. Magnolia granditlora, M. fuscata,
M. pumila, M. Lennei, Olea fragrans ilicifolia,

Near the monastery Neu-Athas, there is a
really wonderful garden, especially celebrated
for its Cypresses, Phoenix dactylifera, ever-
green hedges of gigantic Neriums, Eriobotrya,
and lovely plantations of Oranges and Citrons.

To see the subtropical trees develop to their
highest perfection and fullest beauty, the gar-
den of Mr. Wodensky must be visited. Gigantic
evergreen Oaks, Thuja gigantea, Chamterops,
and Wellingtouia, besides the above-mentioned
trees, will prove that there is reason for the
question about naturalising subtropical trees
and plants here.

If Calchis had had more such lovers of gar-

Stajanow, not far from Chakva, the first
station from Batum. Here may be plainly
seen how the great humidity of the climate
favours the development of fine trees and
Coniferre, which have grown to such dimen-
sions that nothing like it can be found any-
where else in Europe.

Chamsecyparis pisifera. Gardenia florida,
Acacia dealbata, Cedrus Deodara, Pittospornm
Tobira, Melia Azedarach, Kolreuterii pani-
culata, Pinus Pinea, longifolii, canariensis,
Cunninghami, and lanceolata ; Aucuba japonica,
Cryptomeria elegans, Dracaena indivisa, Lager-
strcemia indica, and Phormium tenax, would

July 6, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

not be better in their native countries. Tlie
Camellias along the walks in the garden are a
v-ery interesting and pleasing sight when the
large bushes, some of which reach to the

garden where they can be planted out in the
open ground and grow into large ornamental
trees, covered with hundreds and thousands of
blooms, is ideal. Worthy of notice also are

Germany but as small plants grow here to^tho
highest perfection, and form very largo
specimens. The pyramidal Taxus are true
giants, like church-steeples.^TUo climate of

Fig. 2.— new rose, "conrad Ferdinand meyer": from a cross uinwiiiiN ii. rugosa and a h.p. colour light rose.

(3co p. 374, June 8 last; and p. 10 in present issue.)

height of from 15 to 20 feet, are covered with
their lovely blooms. Camellias were always
Hniversal favourites, and those little trees
which are cultivated in pots or tubs are a
delight to all who see them ; but to have a

Mr. Stajanow's Cryijtomerias ; Cryptomoria
elegans here reaches in ten or twelve years
between 20 and 30 feet in height.

Generally speaking. Conifers grow wonder-
fully well. Sorts never seen in England or

Datum suits the Eucalyptus. In England this
is a greenhouse plant, planted out in summer.
In Mr. Stajanow's garden 1 .saw groves of
Eucalyptus, some plants only five years old,
and from 60 to 70 feet high. A. K. Andenon.
{To be continued.)

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 6, 1901.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATTLBYA x JUPITER.
A FLON\T!R of a very sho-nj- form of this pretty
hybrid between Cattleya Warscewiczii and
C. Lawrenceana is sent ns by Messrs. Charles-
worth & Co., Heaton, Bradford, who have a few
seedlings of the plants, raised at their nursery,
flowering for the first time. The original
form, much lighter in colour than the present
one, was raised and exhibited at the Royal
Horticultural Society, October 13, 1896, by
Mr. T. W. Bond, gr. to C. L. N. Ingram, Esq.,
Godalming. The i^resent variety has flowers
as large as those of a Cattleya labiata, but the
lip, though larger and broader, is displayed as
in C. Lawrenceana. Tlie sepals and petals are
of a silvery white, tinged with purplish-rose,
and similar colouring appears on the side lobes
ot the lip. The disc of the lip is arranged as
in C. "Warscewiezii, the yellowish patches being
arranged on each side. Front and broad
margins of the side-lobes of the lip bright
inirple.

\jM\A\ puepurata Kromeri.

A noteworthy albino taken from an impor-
tation of Lffilia purpiu'ata received by Mr. E.
Kromer,RoraimaNursery,Bandon Hill, Croydon,
was recently in flower as a strong plant in Mr.
R. I. Measures' garden, Cambridge Lodge, Cam-
berwell. The flower is pure white, with the
exception of the inevitable fine dark lines
radiating to the centre of the lip, always
found in forms of Lselia inupurata ; these dark
lines change to a very slight pencilling of
pale rose colour towards the front lobe of the
lip, and a slight yellow tinge is noted at the
base ot the lip, but in no part of it is there
evidence of colour sufBcient to make it any
other than a white flower.

Thunia alba.
Flowers of this graceful and variable Orchid
are sent by Mr. John Cole, gr. to N. Small
Page, Esq., Craigmoor, Little Orme's Head,
Llandudno, who states that a niunber of plants
from an importation made by Messrs. P.
Sander & Co. ai-e now in great beauty there.
The flowers are in every instance of the same
form, and borne on drooping heads from the
tips of robust. Bamboo-like growths. The
sepals and petals of all are pure white, but the
lip differs in colour and marking, some having
the fringed lamellae on the disc of a yellow
colour, others having light rose strii^es, and
the form which is known as Brymeriana having
a very bright purplish-rose reticulation over
the whole of the front of the lip, and markings
of the same tint on the lamollfe, the base of
the lip being tingetl with yellow. Thunias are
very easy to grow and flower in an ordinary
plant^stove ; but after the leaves turn yellow,
and indicate that the resting season has come,
they should be jilaced in a cool greenhouse or
vinery, and kept dry until growing time.

CABBAGES BOLTING.

I itfET Mr. Pope of King's Norton recently,
and in conversation he asked me it I had seen
the cori-espondence in the Gardeners' Chronicle
on the bolting of Cabbages, including his
letter. I told him that I had not, for X had not
read my Chvonic\e for two or three wrecks.
Now, on my return home, I have just read the
first letter by "A. D." on the Reading trials
of Cabbages, and also Mr. Pope's reply, in
which my name is mentioned. They are both
written by very practical growers, and I quite
agree with the substance of "A. D.'s" re-
marks, that some varieties always bolt, such

as Early York, Large York, and all varieties
with York blood in them, such as Leeds
Market, &e., and Express.

Of course, I am now referring only to autumn
sowing (middle of July to August 8), for the
very varieties I have mentioned as sure
runners when autumn-sown are perhaps the
best, or at any rate the quickest to form
Cabbages, when sown in the spring ; and some
few other varieties, such as Ellam's Early,
Little Pixie, &c., are almost siu-e to have a
percentage, small or large, of bolters, while
others (if good, select stocks) are scarcely
likely to have any, or but very few. However
this, I am sure, depends considerably upon
seasons. I have known, as everyone with
much experience in Cabbage-growing nnist
have proved very often, that the same seed
sown two years running may not show a runner
the one year, and the other year 5, or even 10,
per cent, may run.

Old Mr. Kemp's secret of keeping his Cab-
bage-seed for foiir to six years under his bed
before sowing, recorded by !Mr. Pope, is inte-
resting, and I should be sorry to endeavour to
spoil Mr. Pope's pretty story. But certainly,
it would never do for a seedsman to sell four
to six year old seed, as it would be sure to get
him called to account for selling weak-growing
seed. Nor does my experience help me to
think it necessary, as unquestionably new
Cabbage seed can be had which does not
liolt.

It must now be close on twenty years since
I first sujiplied Mr. Pope with our Early
ilarket Cabbage, and which he has always
spoken of very highly, and has never yet com-
plained to me of its bolting ; nor do 1 find any
of the usual sorts of market-garden Cabbages
bolt if but one or two years old, and older
than this it is seldom sold, although I admit
that given a really good harvest, when the
seed has been well ripened in the sun, and
thrashed out and sacked in the sun. Cabbage
seed, like all oil seeds, will keep good for four
or five years. But, and it is a big but, if not
well harvested and thrashed, and it is sacked
in damp or foggy weather, now seed will not
grow nearly so well as that of a previous year's
good harvest, be it three or four or five years
old. Good seed years are generally good
vintage years, and vice versa. I think it was
in 1891, a very bad harvest year, when the ger-
mination of few new seeds was greater than
50 to 60 per cent. ; but some Brussels Sprouts
seeds I had in stock of 1886 harvest (a good
vintage year) then (in 1891) grew 85 per cent.
The one remark of Mr. Pope's I take particular
exception to, and I feel sure he has not con-
veyed his true meaning to, is that in which
he states, speaking of my "Early Market,"
" I rogued the entire bed, leaving about nine
plants for seed." This might be read to mean
that all the bed were rogues except the nine,
but 1 feel certain the meaning is this, that
they were all good Cabbages, but nine of them
took his facny as being something extra
special, and worth fixing for stock. This is
what, I presume, most growers do. "When I
select Cabliages for stock seed, I put sticks to
those which I consider the crime de la crime,
only the rest are cut for market, and these
with sticks are grown on for stock seed.

It is a pity that cheap Cabbage seed sliould
be a necessity in the trade.

All Cabbage for seed should be sown in July,
and what is called stump-seed, only produced,
but this takes twenty-five to twenty-six
months to produce, from July to the following
August or September two years, and every
stiunp being transplanted after the Cabbages
have been cut, at of course considerable extra
expense ; whereas, Cabbage seed can be got

(and must be got for cheap seed) by sowing in
April or May (not transplanted), and seeded
at the same time as the stump-saved-seed
sown eight or nine months previously, viz.,
in the following August or September twelve-
month, and possibly not having formed a
perfect Cabbage — only therefore taking six-
teen to seventeen months to procbice.
Naturally the seed in the one instance can be
produced much cheaper than in the other, and
the stump-seed must be the better because
perfect Cabbages have been produced on the
stumps, and all runners, it there were any,
were destroyed the first year. The ordinary
seed produced from March or April sowings
cause no tendency in the plants to run in the
cool autumn ; and when the following spring
comes they run of course for the seed crop.
Alfred Watkins, Tai'istock Street, London.

FORESTRY.

SPONTANEOUS GROUPS OF SEEDLINGS.

(Collliiwed/romp. 100, ml. x:rU.)

Those who live among the Beech-woods of
Bucks, or the heathy commons and wastes of
Surrey and Hampshire, are familiar with the
ease with which the Beech reproduces itself
in the former, and the Scots Fir in the latter.
There is this difference between the two in-
stances, however, that while in the former this
reproduction means the regeneration or
renewal of the wood, in the latter ease the
species only reproduces itself on bare ground
or heath, and not in the woods in which it was
first introduced, until these approximate to the
condition in which they formerly existed.
These two instances demonstrate the im-
portance of suitable conditions before natural
regeneration can be successful, and that these
conditions vary with different species. "We
might sow artificially Beech-seed on the heath
or Scots Fir-seed in the wood, but the results
would be equally disappointing on a large
scale. On the other hand. Birch, Chestnut,
Oak, and many other species, reproduce them-
selves as freely in moderate shade as in the
open, although they cannot stand such a pro-
longed spell ot shade as Beech or Silver Fir.
These peculiarities of different species have to
be studied wherever natural regeneration is
attempted at all ; but where attempted in
the presence of rabbits, something more is
necessary.

In the first place, germination of the seed
on the best possible seed-bed is of little use
unless some other growth is present to protect,
and hide the seedlings from the rabbits. Oa
bare ground every seedling is eaten off the
first winter, unless they come up in such
numbers as to literally cover the ground, as
we sometimes see Sycamore and Beech. The
present season is an almost unprecedented one
for Beech seedlings in the south of England,
the soil being literally carpeted with them,
wherever a Beech tree stands. On a square
yard of ground we counted no fewer than 1,000'
healthy seedlings, and in patches such as
these, there is every prospect of a proportion
reaching rabbit-proof size. In such instances
it would seem that their very number is a
protection in itself, for the rabbit is rather
an epicure than a goui'mand, and prefers
a choice variety to a surfeit of one parti-
cular food. Ash, again, sometimes comes up
in thick patches, and escapes general destruc-
tion from the same cause ; but the chief reason
why these dense clumps ot seedlings survive
where thinly scattered plants perish is because
they offer in their thickly arranged stems an
obstacle to the rabbit's progress through them.
This animal likes a beaten track, and rarely,

JlXY C, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

pushes its waj- through thick growth -nithout a
definite object. Unless compelled by hunger
therefore, stems -which stand only an inch
or two apart are avoided by them, or
only partially barked, if barked at all. But
away from these thick patches, which in the
ordinary course of things cannot extend over
a large area, the only chance of the seedling
escaping lies iu the x^rotective covering of
herbage. This must be something which
effectually covers the seedling, and is at the
same time not dense enough to smother it.
Brambles are of little use, for they become
hollow below, and rabbits can move about
freelv below their stems, ilost herbaceous

protection on account of its thorny growths
and low habit, but does not come up to the
grass, and both kinds are only found on fairly
good soil. A. C . Forbes.

(To be continncfl .\

GLASGOW AND SIE WILLIAM
HOOKER.

The new botanical department of the
University was opened by Sir Joseph Hooker
recently in the presence of a distinguished
company. Sir Joseph Hooker prefaced the
ceremony with a description of the work done
bv his father both before and after he became

KlG. 3.— IX.NOCENlli rilioL.V (T.).
Kcarly piue wliitc, oiciisioiially liiilcil with jiiiik : a very populiir cxliibitioii Rose.

growth dies down iu the winter when it is
most needed, and many kinds of grass do the
same. The best protective growth, according
to our experience, is foi-med by the Tussock
gra.ss (Aira cjespitosa), and the smaller varie-
ties of the Dog Kose, Oak and Ash being fre-
quently found in patches of these growths,
whicli liave grown up uninjured. The Tussock
grass is especially useful for this purpose, on
account of its stout growtli and erect position
through the winter. Old-established tufts of
it prevent the seed getting down, and liave
too strong a hold upon the ground to give any-
thing else a chance ; but when only a year or
two old, or thinned by taking out the old
tufts, it forms a good matrix for strong seed-
lings such as those. The Dog Kose acts as a

I'nil'es.sor of liotiuiy in tlio University in tlie
lirst quarter of tlic last century. Ho had not
been educated for the medical, or indeed any
other learned profession. Having inherited
ample means, and having boon from clilklliood
devoted to the study and collection of objects
of natural liistory, he determined to devote his
life and his fortune to travel and scientilie
pursuits. Early in 1820, reduced circumstances
rcfjuiring him to turn his botanical attainments
to material account, he obtained, through the
influence of liis friend Sir Joseph Banks with
(ieorgc III., the chair of Hegius Professor of
Botany in the (Uasgow University. J t was a bold
V(Miture for him to undertake so responsible
an iillici!, for he had never lectured, or even
attended a course of lectures; and in Glasgow,

as in all other Universities iu the kingdom, the
botanical chair was, and had always been, held
by a graduate in medicine. Owing to these
disqualiticatious his appointment was naturally
unfavourably viewed by the medical faculty of
the University. But he had resources that
enabled him to overcome all obstacles — famili-
arity with his subject, devotion to its study,
energy, eloquence, a commanding presence,
with urbanity of manners, and above all, the
art of making the student love the science
he taught. Continuing, Sir Joseph Hooker
said : —

If I were asked what I regarded as of most import-
ancc to the student iu Uie manner of my father's
teaching, I would answer that it taught tlie art o£
c.Kact observation aud reasoning therefrom, a schooling
of inestimable value for tlie medical man, and one that
is given iu no other profession, but wliicli ouglit to
come, in tliis country, as it does iu Germany, early in
tlic education of every child. I liave met many of my
father's pupils abroad, iu India and the Colonies, who
have told me that these botanical lectures gave them
I he lirst ideas they had ever entertained of there being
a natural classification of the members of the vegetable
kingdom. Then with regard to the results iu a
botanical point of view, the magnetism of the lecturer
aud tlie interest of the subject imbued many of his
pujiils with a love of science that proved permanent
and finitful. They made observations and collections
fur their quondam Professor iu the teuiiierate and
liopical climates of both hemispheres, some of them
throuchout their lives, which have very largely con-
tributed to a knowledge of the flora and vegetable
resources of the globe. After twenty years of pro-
fessorship my father retired, aud undertook the
diiectorship of the Koyal Gardeus, Kew, Since that
l)criod great changes have bceu introduced iu the
method of botanical teaching in all our Universities,
due, on the one hand, to a vastly advanced conipre
hcnsiou of the structure of plants and of the functions
of their organs; aud on the other, to a recognition of
the fact that the study of the animal aud vegetable
kingdoms cannot be considered apart. Furthermore,
chemistry, physics aud greatly improved microscopes
are now necessary for the elucidation of the elementary
problems of plant life. The instruction iu these two
sciences (chemistry and physics) has with all others
advanced in this University jiorj paasu with that of
botany, aud kept it iu the forefront of the educational
e.itabl'ishmcuts of the kingdom. The addition of the
liuildiug iu which wo are assembled is evidence of the
resolve that it shall not rchix ii.- riTM.N l.i ni.iiiihiiu its

well-earned position, aud vMil! iIh' v h i ilKittho

liotauical laboratory will ]'!■■■•.■■ m iin .il-iiM.' ^lid to
research under the iBgis of u,., duluiyniiliid .Inector,
I now, under his authority, declare it open, yatarc.

[In this notice but slight mention is made of the
many living plants introduced into the Glasgow
ISolauic Garden and described by Sir William Itookor.
Tliere are, we fear, many university gardens where now
plants from foreign climes are never introduced.)

rilUIT SALES.

Wu extract from a recent number of the
Kciilish Gazette the following particulars
relating to the sale of fruit on the trees, which
may be of interest to some of our readers : —

"Several of the leading (inns of am-lidiiccrs con-
ducted their annual sales of soti nmi. .iml .,n the
whole fair prices were realised. .M^ i i: Wiicrinan
& Sons, at their 32nd annual sale .^ i Mml inic, dis-
posed of liSO acres of Cherries and clli, r b..n iiuit for a
total of £2.500, which, considering the drought aud the
market prices, was very satisfactory. The previous day
Mr. W. R. Toinpsett, of Tonbridge aud I'addock Wood,
succeeded in selling a good quantity at I'addock
Wood. Buyers were somewhat backward in bidding
tor Cherries, but Black Currants sold well. .At Messrs.
Jackson & Sons' sale of Cherries in the Siltinubourno
district there was a better trade tlu i n i lli. case at
Newingtou. Only a few lots were p;i .<l IIm: i licrries,
it Stable Orchard, Milton (owned l.y Mr, .1 llindc),
made £u:t. Mr. J. Seager had an orchard at liordeu
which made £120. Mr. K. Chapman's Cherries at Chil-
ton Siltingbourne, made £101; and at M\irRton the

Clu'lTH, in 111'' i::'--l Iliill Mirli:,!,!- n,,li-r,l i:V<n. The
,;i,,.|.|.,,, ,,, PM-l.M 1. .,1. Ii.ii.], l:.Mi I,,, Ml, I, I, Mir £152.

Xh,. Chrl I IM- ,,l l;,l]...l,||,| MmmI< .i'.m, 1.1 Mcll lot.

Me.Sol.,. .\etlR:l'.-.ijle iV UMiliLjl 'iill Ih/M Hum' .miiiLll salo

of Cherries iu the Lynslod district on Wednesday, at
the ' Black Lion ' inn, Lynsted. The Cherries on the
well-known Nouds Estate made £2000 10«., which Is a
record price for the Numl. rbciiies.

Messrs. G. W. Finn .v ^.m Im hi llieir annual sale at
the 'George' inn, r.MirliiMn nn.lcr-Blean, when some
of tlie (iiii-"l ni i-liiinln 111 E:<r,[. Kent were olTcred. Trade
was i:i Hill, .11 III ii will be seen from the following flgui-cs

tli.-ii M I |,i 1 were realised ;— Cherries in Largo

Oi'cIlikI. ii]iiiiiMte Nash Court House, Boughton, £171;

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 6, 1901.

last two years, £98 and £153. Cherries in Small
Orcliard, £130; last two j-ears, £5B and £130.
Cherries in orchard at back ol Boughton Street,
£6.5; last two years, £B5 and £-io. Cherries in orchard
at back of Parsonage Farm (late Duncan), £61 ; last
year, £56. Clierries, Plums, and .\pples, in Old Orchard,
Ten-acie Field, Boughton ; and Cherries in Ten-acre
Field, £40; last two years, £27 and £28 lOs. Cherries
growing in Norhain Orchard, Selling Court Farm,
£2U10s. ; last two years, £160 and £140. Middle Orchard,
ditto, £85; last two years, £80. Lower Orchard, ditto,
£29; last two years, £31 and £.33. Cherries at Gosniere
Farm, Selling, £178; last two years, £122 and £110.
Cherries growing in Farnham Orchard, Stuppington
Farm, 'Canterbury, £109; last year, £90. Cherries in
Hog Orchard ditto, £40 : last year, £.31. Cherries in
Six-acre Orchard, ditto, £73; last year, £75. Cherries
in Poplar Orchard, ditto, £60; last year, £41. Cherries
in Cow Pasture Orchard, ditto, £168 ; last year, £120.
Cherries in Wood Orchard, ditto, £121; last year, £80.
Cherries in Twenty-acre Orchard, ditto, £122; last year,
£116. Cherries in New Pasture Orchard, ditto, £41 ;
last year, £.34. Cherries gi-owing in Merton and Eight-
acre Orchards, Canterbury. £60: last year, £60. The
Cherries growing at China Farm, Harbledown, £71 ; last
two years, £66 and £.t3. Cherries in three orchards.
Sole Street House, Selling, £80 ; last two years, £68 and
£84. Cherries in Lees Court Orchard, Sheldwich. £.58;
last year, £56. Cherries, Apples, and Pears in Large
Orchard, Staple Street, £255 ; last two years, £2.56 and
£180. ' Cherries, Damsons, Apples, Pears, and Walnuts,
Old Orchard, ditto, £74 ; last two years, £37 and £65.
Cherries, Pears, Ac, in Church Orchard, Hernhill. £75 ;
last two years, £47 and £60, Cherries, Apples, Pears,
Plums, and Damsons in Oast Orchard, Mount Farm,
£46 ; last two years, £40 and £43. Six acres Cherries,
Upper Ensing, Chilham, £41; last ye.ar, £4.3. Cherries
in IPreston Orchard, Faversham, £.59; last two years,
£86 and £1.3. Clierries in Poplar Hall Orchard, Good-
ncstonc, about 6f acres, £121 ; last two years, £130 and
£110. Cherries in Deanery Orchards, Cliai-tham, £22 10s. ;
last two years, £22 and £20. Cherries and Walnuts,
Wellbrook Orchards, Boughton, £49; last two years,
£33 and £39. Cherries, South Street Orchard. Boughton,
£42; last two years, £47 and £.30. Cherries in three
orchards at North Street, Sheldwich, £128; last two
years, £100 and £129. About 3 acres Black Currants.
next Farm House, Seasalter Cross Farm, Whitstable,
£28 ; last two "years, £22 and £25. Ditto, on another
3 acres, £28 : last two years, £19 and £24.

In East Kent the absence of adequate rains has
caused a large falling ofT in the promise of a plentiful
Strawberry crop. The show of Apples and Plums varies
a good deal in dilTerent districts, and Damsons will he
short. There are plenty of Cherries, Gooseberries, and
Red Currants ; but Pears only promise half an average
and Black Currants will be scarce.

PLANT NOTES.

VERONICA TEUCRIUM.
The brightest flower in Edge Hall garden
in the last week of June was perhaps V.
Teucrium (Linnieus). What may be taken as
the type is a plant of stiff shnibby growth,
and many divergent stems and branches,
covered with bright blue flowers borne on
small axillary spikes, each stem having a
terminal tuft of leaves. The height of this
type is about 12 inches. But V. Teucrium is a
very wide species, as anyone may see who now
visits the Veronica-beds in the hardy her-
baceous garden at Kew. There is a dwarf
prostrate Veronica, generally known as V.
prostrata (Liniifeus), and in nurseries by the
unauthorised name of V. rupestris ; this is
now called at Kew V. Teucrium var. dubia
(Chaix). Between this small prostrate form,
and a form with robust stems nearly 2 feet
high, and broad leaves, called V. latifolia
(Linnieus), there is every gradation in size,
and the leaves vary from narrow lanceolate in
var. dubia, to broad ovate in V. latifolia.
Seed ripens far too abundantly, and causes
some trouble in weeding ; but the brightness
of the blue in the flowers varies a good deal,
and it is a good plan to sow some in a spare
dry corner, and select the best colours. The
colours seem always better in dry soil,
especially on limestone or chalk. It is a great
merit that no variety of this plant ever
requires watering, or artificial support. I
have never seen more than one form with
white flowers — this belongs to var. dubia.

and was found by me fifteen years ago at
Gavarnie ; but though I have done my best to
raise a stock from it, it continues scarce and
" miffy." C. WoUeij Dod, Edye Hall, June 27.

Aster Vilmokini.
A fine dwarf A.stcr, from 14,000 feet altitude
in Western China. It differs from Aster alpinus
in the much bluer colour of the ray florets.
BUPLEURUM CROCECM.
A very showy plant from Asia Minor. The
flowers and involucre are bright yellow, and
produce an effect similar to that of an Euphor-
bia. I do not yet know whether it is hardy.

Cer.vtostigma POLUH-LI.
A dwarf-creeping plant from a high altitude
in Western China. I think this will be a very
notable shrub. The flowers have the delicate
lavender colour of Plumbago capensis. I did
not dare to trust my solitary plant out-of-doors
last winter, but as I have succeeded in striking
cuttings this spring, I shall test it next
winter. Coming, however, from 10,000 to
12,000 feet altitude, it is practically certain to
be hardy.

Calceolaria polyrhiza.

A dwarf, tufted plant from the Patagoniaii
Andes. The flowers are yellow, inclining to
orange. 1 have not yet tested its hardiness.

PeNTSTEMON CtERULEUS.

A hardy dwarf Pentstemon of great beauty.
The foliage is glaucous. The flowers at open-
ing have the tube suffused with an objection-
able mauve colour. Soon, however, this passes,
and the whole flower-spike becomes of the
exquisite colour of Delphinium Belladonna.
My plants passed through last winter unpro-
tected. 8eed can be procured from Mr. D. M.
Andrews, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.
RODGERSIA PINNATA.

This fine plant is one of Dr. Henry's Yunnan
finds. It differs from R. podophylla in the
leaves, which are hairy when young, more or
less pinnate, and in the inflorescence, which
is of a beautiful ro.se colour.

Onobrychis vici.efolia.
A dwarf, spreading alpine, with pinnate
foliage, and innumerable spikes of brick-red
flowers.

Salvi.4 Przewalskii.

A rather showy jilant, 3 feet high, with
numerous spikes of large purple flowers.

Anchusa sp.
This plant came to me from Mr. Smith, of
Newry, and seems to be quite one of the finest
of herbaceous plants. It has not here ex-
ceeded 1 1 ft. in height, and for a month it has
been loaded with flower-spikes bearing flowers
with a white eye, and with a limb of the
very purest and deepest gentian blue. In the
amazing mass of its splendid colour, I know
of nothing to equal it. It is hardy, and is
ripening seed in quantity.

LlNARIA PELOPONNESIACA.

Hardy perennial, 4 feet high, bearing closely-
packed spikes of very pale lemon -yellow
flowers. A. K. Biilleij, Neston, Cheshire.

Botanical Vegetables. — While almost
every kind of vegetable is enjoyed in Southern
Italy, cut into slices and fried in oil or fat,
Lagenaria longissima is preferred, the young
cylindrical fruits being cut into slices of an
uniform thickness, the easier to prepare them
for table. The varieties L. minima and L.
depressa make pretty climbers, and are extra-
ordinarily fruitful, and have a good effect.
The dried fruits are used to decorate the
windows of shops, and when cut in half to
form suitable boxes for the seedsman's writing-
table. Die Gartenwelt.

NURSERY NOTES.

PEAS AT SLEAFORD.

In the midst of a fertile county, that pn>-
duces an immense amount of seed for field and
garden crops, is the quiet little town of Slea-
ford, where Messrs. Chas. Sharpe & Co., Ltd.,
have their headquarters. To this interesting
place we were invited on June 28 to inspect a
representative tx-ial of culinary Peas.

The trials have been made on three acres of
ground that only two years ago was under
grass, and is situate just at the back of
the residence of Mrs. Sharpe, widow of the
late Chas. Sharpe, who died about four years
ago. There are 897 rows and 150 varieties of
Peas, some exceedingly dwarf in growth, others
as tall as Duke of Albany and Telegraph. There
are wrinkled and round, blue and white seeds,
and very considerable variation between varie-
ties in respect to the date at which they
commence to yield a crop.

But they had all the same appearance from
one point of view : they were equally well
cultivated, and notwith.standing the little
rain that has fallen during June, they were in
first-rate condition. The soil is sandy, about
2J feet deep, and though it is of a kind that
may be most easily worked, and in any
weather, it possesses a fair amount of moisture.
The first and second early varieties were sown
on March 14. One of the very earliest to
yield is Bost-of-All (McLean), of the type of
the old Sangster, but a fortnight earlier than
that variety. The haulm is 3 feet high, and
the seeds white and round. Next was Earliest-
of-All, very early, but having blue seeds, also
round ; it is of the type of Kentish Invicta,
and grows about 3 feet high. William the
First grows a little taller, but is not so good.

One of the first of the wrinkled Peas to yield
was May Queen, a very good variety with
greyish pods, channelled on both sides. The
first of all the wrinkled varieties was Oxonian,
which appears to be a selection from Alpha or
Dr. Hogg; it is a good variety, but has small
pods. Very little later is Gradus (Laxton),
and tliis has larger pods, which are much curled,
and very handsome ; it grows 3 feet C in. high,
and yields as early as May Queen, which has
white Peas, whereas those of Gradus are
green. Ameer may be regarded as a direct
successor to Eclipse, but it has bigger pods,
which are more curled ; the Peas are round
and blue, and the haulm about 4 feet high.
Bountiful is a light-coloured form of Ameer,
crops more heavily, and may be kept true
more easily. Duke of York is rather later
than Gradus, grows about 4 feet high, and is a
first-class Pea. Of the semi-dwarf wrinkled
varieties with large pods, Gradus was fit to
gather first, then came Duke of York, and
afterwards Prince of Wales. Prince of Wales
has a haulm of 3i feet.

We next looked at some rows of Serpette, a
French variety, something after the style of
the old Auvergue, and Scimitar, so named
because the pods resemble in shape the curved
sabre of that name used by the Persians and
other Mohammedan peoples. Messrs. Sharpe
& Co., who do a considerable business in
France, declare that the French like an attrac-
tive pod ; but the variety is of no use in Eng-
land, and was by no means ready to gather
when these notes were taken. A much better
variety than that noted above has been sent
to Messrs. Sharpe under the name of King
of the Serpettes, but this much resembles the
variety Gladiator, being at present indistin-
guishable from it. There is also a variety of
this French type which has blue Peas, and is
known as Serpette Bleu.

JtXY 6, 1901.]

THE GARDE^^ERS' CHRONICLE.

7

Next to these French Peas was the variety
Invincible, raised by Mr. Culverwell, late of
Thorpe Perrow gardens, and distributed by
Messrs. Sharpe & Co. twenty-three years ago ;
and Diclvson's Favourite, linown also by
several other names, the earliest Pea grown
by the Essex market gardeners for the London
market. Fillbasket was said to be a better
Pea than either Invincible or Gladiator, but
for some reason or other is not grown so
extensively. Supreme is a first-class round
white Pea, originally introduced by Messrs.

Sharpe declare that they obtained a parcel of
seeds of this variety from America, from which
there was only one true plant raised, all the
othsrs b:ing rogues, anl from that one plant
the firm's stock his been raised. .Sharpe's
Queen is a large-podded, blue, wrinkled Pea,
with a haulm of about '2\ feet high. It is
exceedingly prolific, and one of the best
of late Peas. Late Queen (Sutton) was also
bearing a heavy crop of pods, but they were
not filled. This variety appears to be of the
Omega type.

^wi, »j^ • •]

I'lli. 1.— KUM; SOLKIl. Il'ull (PEIiSlAN YKI.LOW •■ ANTOINE In i .
Keccivcd an .\«;ud of Merit at tlic Temple Sliow to Messrs. W. Paul A Son, :
also on Tliursday last. (See p. 10.)

Laxtoii. It is a most iliflicult variety to keep
true to type, and we have seldom seen so even
and true a sample. Triumph (Sharpe) is a
white wrinkled Pea, well known for the pecu-
liar shape of the pods, wliic-h have what is
termed a "linger mark" U|)on them. This
mallVirmation in the pods results in a smaller
nunilxT of Peas being develo|)ed, ami the yield
is therefore less than that of theJPrince of
Wales already mentioned, and of^thc same
type.

Fortyfold is a second early wrinkled Pea of
excc'Ilcnt croi»[)ing qualities, an improvement
I)robably on Champion of England. Messrs.

Of Beck's Cicra, or Tom Thumb, the best
selected strain apjjears to be one known as Nain
d'Annonay. It is a white, round-seeded variety
of very dwarf-growing habit, and one that may
bo recommended for cultivation in frames.
W'itham Wonder is a wrinkled Marrow Pea,
scarcely 2 feet in height ; it has pale gr<^<'n
liaulm and pods, the latter well tilled. W.
Hurst resembles the last variety, but is much
deeper in tint, and therefore more appreciated
by certain purchasers. English Wonder is of
the same type as Witham W^onder, but has
obtuse rather than pointed pods. Excelsior
(Sutton) was 2 feet high, and well cropped,

but the pods were not filled. It is a wrinkled
Marrow Pea; and Stanley is of the same typo,
but commences to yield a little earlier. Next
we saw Charles I., a good wrinkled marrowfat
Pea 3;- feet high ; and Blue Peter, a round-
seeded variety, useful for frame culture, not
yet fit to gather. Beyond these were rows
of a number of varieties of Peas introduced
last sea.son by various firms, such as King of
the Earlies (Carter), Daylight (Carter), Dy-
niond (Carter), The Herald (Barr), a dwarf
JIarrowfat 12 inches high ; Little Marvel
(Sutton), an excellent variety ; Green Gem
(Sutton), Nonsuch (Sutton), Nonpareil (Sutton),
Ideal, suggestive of Sharpe's Old Paragon ;
Acme (Veitch), an improvement uponExonian ;
Thos. Laxton, with square-ended pods, in
some respects much like to Gradus ; Incom-
parable (Hurst), and others.

The varieties we shall mention now were
sown on April 15, or rather more than a month
after those already mentioned, and conse-
quently few of them were full podded, whilst
otliers were just in profuse bloom. We re-
marked the popular Daisy (Carter), briefly
described as a valualile green form of
Stratagem, Telegraph, Telephone, Duke of
Albany, and Monarch, the variety last-named
being an improvement upon Duke of Albany,
ami a heavy cropper. Next was an excel-
lent sample of Standard, a variety raised
by Messrs. .Sharpe. It was sent to Chiswiek
for trial last year, and in the autumn was
awarded an Award of Merit by the Royal
Horticultural Society. It is a late-yielding
Pea of [strong growth, about 4i feet high,
branching habit, and bears very long pods,
usually produced in pairs. Of the Alderman
type, and therefore of capital flavour, this
\ ariety is one of the best lato yielding Peas in
existence. Other varieties included No Plus
ritra, and some of the same type ; British
Qiu'on, Veitch's Perfection, an bid semi-dwarf,
wrinkled Pea of good flavour; Nutting's Dwarf
Marrow, with five or more Peas in a pod;
Pioneer (Welili), a gcod Pea of the Gradus
ty|)e ;'aud Glory, a lihic Pea gr(\vn for use in
winter.

Messrs. Sharpe have grown for them a very
large quantity of blue Peas, and these are sold
for use when green Peas are not obtainable ;
but there is evidence of wliaf (lie restaurant-
keepers 'can do with soda and sugar, in the
la<'t that there is more demand for t lu'se dried
I'eas in June, when the earliest fresh Peas
should bo coming in, than at any other period
of the year.

La Hapide, from France, is an unusually
quick grower ; some that were sown on
April 11), were fit for gathering on June 20,
but tho pods are of very small size; British
Emiiireisamost distinct looking late Pea with
haulms and pods of sea-green colour, the
shape [of the pods being similar to those of
Telephone.

In addition to all these trials, there were
duplicate rows of most of tho varieties,
representing tho actual selected stocks of
each, which have been sent to different
localities to bo cultivated for seed, under
contract for Messrs. Sharpe & Co. The jjlants
in these rows were unusually even, it being
exceedingly difficult to find rogues. In a field
also, where there were larger quantities of
each variety, the same uniformity was
o))servable, and there was every evidence
t hat the firm seeks to keep every variety true
to name, and selection is continually practised
with a view to fixing and developing their best
characteristics.

The work of such wholesale firms as Messrs.
Sharpe, who cultivate and sell IV'as from so
many raisers, would be materially lessened if

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 6, 1901.

raisers refrained from distrilmting a variety
until it has been perfectly fixed.

A few rows of Peas that are the product of
cross-fertilisation showed a surprising amount
of variation in height and liabit of growth,
season of flowering, and other characteristics.

In a field wliere a number of varieties of
iPotatos are grown, we noticed Denbigh Castle,
.a first early kidney (A.M., Royal Hort. See),
and Early Peter (A.M., Royal Hort. Soc), a
,:seeond early kidney.

Messrs. Chas. Sharpe & Co., Ltd., of whom
Mr. Jessop is the principal shareholder, having
married the only daughter of the late Chas.
Sharpe, are mainly wholesale seedsmen; but
they have also a retail trade, especially in
Lincolnshire.

We are much indebted to Mr. Seymour, who
superintends the Pea trials, for the trouble he
(took to make our visit to the "Fens" as
interesting as i)ossible.

CANADA.

CANADIAN ROSES.
According to the recently issued supple-
mentary Report on Canadian experimental
farms, the Rose still enjoys a favoured place
an the flower-testing garden — the most recent
ami^ortations from the old homeland and the
■continent being regularly placed under trial
•with accompanying results. It would appear
to be a work of love — favourable results
lending beauty and charm to the home life.
Amongst tlio Roses held in high esteem by the
best amateur growers in Canada we find
Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford (pink). Magna
Charta, Ulrieh Bruuner, Mrs. John Laing,
"Gloire de Margottin, and Madame Gabrielle
Luizet. On a bush of Margottin, in the i)osses-
sion of Mr. Aldoi'man Black, of Ottawa, some
214 fully exposed blooms have been counted.
La Prance, dwarf, is also a favourite. By the
"way, Mr. Black's method of protecting Roses
In winter is worthy of notice — adopted, we
believe, at the Central Experimental Farm,
•where H. P. Roses have in the past suffered
;greatly in winter. After the surface soil
freezes, the Roses are bent down to the ground
.and securely boxed in between 16-inch boards.
Dry leaves are then packed loosely among and
over the branches and stems, and a cover
nailed closely to the sides. The plants are
thiLs completely encased, and snow and rain,
•which cause more damage than frost, are
excluded. The leaves and cases are removed
on the first warm day of early spring, and the
plants came out perfect iu their very latest
.growth, and quite uninjured by the mould
which has wrecked the hopes of so many
Rose - growers. Writing on cultm-e, an
American writer says: — " It is an astonishing
ihing to see that year after year the chances
of obtaining the most beautiful Rose-blooms
■are frittered away through unintelligent
pruning of the plant, even in gardens of great
reputation. There are thousands of Rose-
Ibushes all over the country which, in spite of
being found in spring to have made fine
growth during the ijrevious season, never
produce good flowers ; and the explanation is
generally to bo found in the fact that no
reasoiKiMe plnn is followed in pruning. The
•commonest misiake is the leaving of the older
braniliini; siioii:;- wood, which has already
■flowered. Dwarf Rose-bushes at the beginning
of the year generally consist of several much-
branched stems which carried bloom in the
previous siniimcr, with several strong straight
I'Oots S|)rin-in;;' Imm tho liasc of the plant.
In the case n[ llyljrid IVrjiet iials, these older-
branching stems should be cut completely out,
leaving only the new shoots from the 'base,
which themselves should be then considerably
shorteaied.

The Week's Work.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Ily <'. IlERKlX.

The Fig. — The shoots of out-door Fig-trees
have already grown to some length, and will
have been disbudded in some gardens, and
Fig-trees generally should have early attention
paid to this matter, as some reduction of the
number of the shoots will now be very
necessary. Those of which are short jointed
should be retained, and the long and sappy
ones removed. Each should be afforded as
much space as will allow full development of
the foliage without crowding, the leaves not
overlapping each other, or the wood will be
ill-ripened. Shoots bearing fruit should be
.shortened for the space of two or three nodes
beyond the uppermost fruits.

Ont-door Vines. — Regulate and stop all
leading growths, and keep all laterals pinched
to one leaf. Shoots bearing bunches should
be stopped at two joints beyond the bunches.
Make shoots secure to the wall or fence
against which the A'ines are placed, before
their weight causes them to bend downwards.
Where the main rods are luisightly, and the
fruit-bearing spurs of groat length, young
strong shoots coming from the bases of the
fruiting shoots should be laid in, in order
eventually to replace them. A little extra
attention in the early stages of out-door Vine-
culture will aid considerably in the ripening
of the fruit.

Summer PriinJHg.— ^This operation should not
be commenced too early, still some amount of
stopping and regulating of strong growths
may bo carried out forthwith. Plums may be
the first manipulated, the operation in their
case being carried out gradually, so that no
cheek is given to growth. Whore early dis-
budding was practised, the work of this kind
will now be of a light nature. Shoots not
rerjuired should be closely cut back, and fore-
right shoots for the formation of spurs
shortened to three or four joints ; and long
shoots should be temporarily tacked in, or
otherwise secured to the wall. The Plum crop
appears to be generally a fairly good one, and
in some instances a thinning of the fruits will
be necessary. Where the crop of fruit is not
a heavy one, only the thick clusters of fruit
should be slightly thinned. If rain is not
general and abundant, water should be
liberally afforded the borders, otherwise the
fruit will be of a small size, or drop off. Trees
carrying heavy crops will be benefited with
an alternate application of liquid manure. An
occasional washing of the foliage will keep
the trees clean and free from insects, and if
clear water fails to dislodge aphis, a weak
quassia-waterj or other insecticide should be
used for this purpose.

Gcneml Work. — The land on which are
Strawberry-plants for the supply of runners,
should be afforded water freely. Newly made
plantations of old forced Strawberry-plants
will also need copious applications of water
until re-established, and a mulch of short
manure will also be of much assistance.
Raspberry plantations should receive water
copiously if the weather keeps dry, otherwise
the fruit crop will be small.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

^' Winter-soivn" Cauliflowers. — Prom .seed
sown in warmth the third week in January last
we were enabled to cut useful heads at the
end of the month of May, or about four months
from the date of sowing, which is good work
for such a cold late spring as that of this year.
When the ground on which these grew is cleared
of the croj), it will be dug, levelled, trodden
evenly all over, and drills drawn at a distance
of 15 inches apart, and sown with Endive. Cauli-
flowers still to be planted should be afforded
well-manured ground, which should be made
firm before planting it. Do not let the plants

suffer from lack of water, or the produce will
not l>e worth much ; and do not neglect to
mould up the stems when the plants are about
half-grown.

Turnips. — A good breadth should now be
sown of the varieties Red Globe and Orange
Jelly, the drills being previou.sly moistened.
The ground for this sowing should be in good
heart, quick growth being very desirable as
affording a better chance of the plants to sur-
vive the attacks of the Turnip-fly. Then
earlier sowings before the plants become
crowded, leaving them at 0 inches apart.

Capsicums.- — If the climate is warm enough
for their successful cultivation, plant them out
rather than grow them in pots. For planting
out harden off the plants in cold frames, or in
some protected corner, and do not let them
lack water at the root. Having dug the ground
deeply at the foot of a south wall, or forming
a part of a south border, and made it mode-
rately firm, set out the plants at 2 feet apart,
and afford water copiously to settle the soil
about the roots, and afterwards whenever the
soil is getting dry. Those who cannot plant
out may grow them in frames, either in pots
or planted out, or in any spare forcing-house.
The plant is liable to be overrun with red-
spider if it be not frequently syringed.

Lettuce. — Make sowings at intervals of
fourteen days, where the plants may stand till
they are fit for consumption, moistening the
drills, dropping a few seeds in groups at a
distance of 1 foot apart. If the weather is
showery when thinning has to be done, the
thinnings might be transplanted, otherwise it
is wasted labour to plant in this month and
early in the next.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. H. Si.ADE, (i.irdcncr to Lord Poltimoi-c,
Poltimorc Park, Exeter.

Cistus, Rock Roses.^Rock Roses make a
pretty display where the soil is light and
sandy, the position open and sunny, and
the spot a fairly dry one in winter; they
are therefore most at homo on rockeries and
warm, dry banks. The flowers do not last long,
but they come in long succession, and are of
briglit and pleasing tints. The plants vary in
height from 2 to 5 feet, and the best are C.
laurifolius, white ; 0. formosus, yellow ; C.
ladaniferus, white ; C. albidus, rose. The
white -flowered species have their flowers
marked with purple, red, or yellow blotches,
and are very attractive, while the rose-
coloured flowers have a yellow centre, with
numerous stamens. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots will root without difficulty in a cold
frame, or under a hand-glass shaded from the
sun ; and if a few be struck annually, the loss
off a plant or two is of but little consequence.

T/ie Boy Garden. — Gunneras should have
their growths reduced, if encroaching on the
weaker plants. Patches of Tiarella eordi-
folium are beautiful oltjects when planted in
this part of the garden, and make lovely
masses ; it is a plant not often met with. The
brouzy-rcd leaves form a pleasing contrast
with the small spikes of white flowers. I have
it in different positions, but the plants are not
happy if in too dry a spot, or iu too light a
soil.

Phitadelphus.— young plants will not require
much attention in thinning the shoots, but
older flowering plants are the better for
having some of the older .shoots removed.
Philadelphus present the best appearance
when afforded plenty of space, or as soli-
tary specimens on the turf. Of newer
varieties, the following may be mentioned,
viz., P. graudiflorus, one of the best
and largest-flowered; P. Keeteleeri, a good
double variety ; P. Gordonianus is an excellent
variety; while the small flowered P. micro-
phyllus makes a small, neat bush. These
varieties are not so strongly scented as the
old P. coronarius; and all are worthy of a
place as solitai'v plaiils on turf, or planted
among lowgrowin- plants, where the branches
can arch over almost to the ground.

July 6, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHROXICLE.

Clematis. — Frequently regulate the grrowth,
for while they form jiretty pictures in tangletl
masses, they are more garctenesque when
their shoots receive some amount of training.
They are moisture-loving plants that suffer in
the size of their blooms if stinted of vrater at
the roots. A slight mulch also assists them.

Floiver-heds. — Peg down trailing plants,
previously stirring the surface of the bed with
a small single-handed hoe or hand-fork. If
the flower garden display is not required till
late in the season, remove the flowers from
Pelargoniums, Fuchsias, Tropseolums, and
fibrous-rooted Begonias.

Brampton Stocks. — Seed should be sown for
next season's flowering, sowing in pans or
boxes, and standing them in a cold frame till
germinated, and then freely exposing thcni.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. RoiiEKTS. flardcner to llrssF.Y Packe, Esc|.,
Prcstwokl Hall, Lout-'hborough.

Tlie Conservatory. — Continue to give regular
attention to tlio tying and regulation of the
growth of climbers, generally removing or
reducing the number of weak growths. Helio-
tropes and Pelargoniums growing against
■walls should bo pruned sparingly, so
that new growths will be made in good
time for flowering in the winter .season.
The Camellias, Oranges-trees, and other per-
manent opcu|)ants must bo kept clean, and
free from insects by sponging the foliage with
soapsuds containing a wineglassful of petro-
leum to 2 gallons of water. Achimenos in pots
and baskets may be brought into this house
when the first flowers open, and the remainder
of the plants in succcssional batches. Bego-
nias, Fuchsias, show and zonal Pelargoniums,
Celosia ])lumosa and otiiois. Balsams, and
Colons will now he available for decoration.
A weekly change r>f flowering plants is desir-
able at this season. Afford ventilation day
and night, more being applied by day.

Ivij-leaved Pclariionii(ms. — As the plants
grow in size, afford supports to tlie young
growths in tho form of neat sticks, for
which purpose a tripod of Bamboo-canes,
3 to 4 feet in height, is excellent it securely
tied together at the apex with tar-twine. By
the autunni such plants form pyramids of great
beauty for use in tho conservatory. Continue
to pick off all flowers from plants intended for
flowering in the autumn, and apply manure-
water after tlie i)o(s arc filled with roots.
Pinch the jtoinlsof the moi-e vigorous shoots,
and maintain a balanced growth by frequonlly
turning tho pots round to the light. Syringe
freely after hot days, using a little soft-soap
in the water occasionally to prevent infesta-
tion by thrips and aphides. Like zonal Pelar-
goniums, these plants are better for full
exposure out-doors at this seasftn.

Miiinonelle. — A sowing made now will be
ready for autumn flowering in large dS's, filled
with a compost consisting of good turfy loam
three-quarters, leal-soil quarter, adding a little
dry cow-manure rubliod to a fine powder, and
some mortar - rubble, ^fako tho soil very
firm, and fill to within an inch of tlie
rim. Sow a dozen seeds in a pot, and
when germinated, reduce to four or five ;
place in a frame, ami apply shade until tlu^
seedlings appear, affording water at all times
when the surface of the pots indicates that
the soil requires il. The plants must have
abundance of air, the lights at night being
pulled off. A .sowing may be made a month
hence. Pick off the flowers from the earlier
plants, and put sticks in tho form of a tripod
if pyramids are wanted. When plenty of roots
are formed, afford manure-water.

heat for as long a period as possible. The
chief essentials are a hot-bed made of leaves
and stable-mamire, a low pitched house or pit,
a steady bottom heat of 90" at C inches below
the surface, a few degrees higher (say 95') being
allowable at the start. The suckers should be
separated from the mother plants with a twist,
be divested of a few of their lower leaves
before planting them in 3 or 7-inch pots
according to size, and affording them water once
in order to settle the soil about them. Good
fibrous loam torn up by hand, and unmixed
with anything, is the most suitable compost.
It should be made firm about the sucker,
which will tend to cause speedier rooting.
The house or pit must be kept rather close and
humid for ten days or a fortnight, and the
suckers well shaded from the sun, and dewed
over with a fine syringe or water-can once or
twice a week, according to their needs. As
soon as growth has begun, ventilation should
bo increased by degrees, and less shade applied,
till the plants become inured to the sun, when
ordinary Pine-stove treatment should bo
afforded. The young plants should not be
allowed to become pot-bound, but the growth
should be accelerated so far as is consistent
with a sturdiness ; consequently there must
not be any delay in shifting into larger pots
immediately the roots have taken a firm hold
of the soil, and before they become matted
together on the sides of the pots, which for
Queens and Black .Jamaica may be 10 inches,
and for others 11 or 12 inches, using fibrous-
loam with the fine particles sifted out of it,
more hunpy than for suckers, adding a sprink-
ling of Thomson's Plant Manure; and to
prevent worms entering the pots, a handful of
fresh soot should besprinkled over tho crocks.

Water to Melons. — The soil of a Melon-bed
should not lack moisture, nor should ll)e
plants ever be allowed to flag from that
cause, as when this occurs a harmful check
will iiavo been given to the plants. Too
nnich watering is even more injurious, and
that being so, water .should not be applied
before tho soil has become too dry lor the sup-
port of tho plants, but before they flag.
Plants with growing fruits on them will require
water at the root once a week, even such as
have large rooting-spaco ; whilst those in
small, conlincd beds may need water twice a
week; plants in boxes on alternate days, or
still more often ; and those grown in largo
iwtswiil need water or liquid-manure once or
twice a day. Wlien setting the blooms, it will
be sunicieiit to keep the foliage from flagging;
and if water becomes necessary, it should be
applied without wetting the surface more than
can be helped. A poor growth is not good
eitlier for setting or ripening the fruit, but a
drier condition of the soil is more desirable at
tho.se times than when the fruit is swelling.

TRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIntvii!-:. 'iniclfiicr to .Sir fHA":
Tbnnant. Tlicr.lcn, IniifMlcilhcn, PccblesHliire.

Pine/tpplrs.—it will soon he time to take
suckers from off the simnner-frniting plants,
and make provision forthwith for rooting them,
so that they may have the benefit of .summer

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By II. J. CHAPMAN. Ciinl.ni r In K. I. Mfasihes. Esq.,
rmnbrirlfc LoilL-r, KI.kUU-u K.kkI, Caniln-rnell.

Cd/rtiil/ics.— These plants arc now at a stage
of their growth when means should be afforded
as will enable them to fully develop the
pseudo-bulbs. In some gardens, w-licre large
numbers of Calanthes are grown to furnish
flowers for cutting, no special facilities exist ;
hut the plants must be accounnoduted in
houses in a certain degree unsuitable, and 1
have often been surprised at the excellent
results obtained. It is true that the needs of
the plants when potted in the spring are
easily met, but it is when growth advances,
and more space is rcquii'cd, that ditliculties
oceur, and tho shelves in the houses are filled
with plantsthat are being forced, or with newly
propagated plant.s. It becomes necessary as
soon as space can be found to place tho
Calanthes in positions in which the maxiniuni
amount of light, coniliined with a liot, humid
.atmosphere, arc obtainalile, and the shelves in
vineries and other forcing-houses afford these
conditions. If the [ilants have been exposed
to plentv of light, lint little shading, if any,
will be <'-alled for, IjuI if ollierwise, tlie glass
slionlil 111' coated with wliil ing outside. Tli(!

plants, when thus grown, need considerable
quantities of water ; and when the soil is filled
with roots as often as twice or thrico a day
in hot weather. At that period clear, weak
liqtiid-manuro is of great benefit to them,
especially that from a farmyard, which may
be applied twice and thrice a week. In dull
weather care must be taken not to afford
excessive quantities of water, or the black
spots that gives so unsightly an appearance to
the leaves may make their appearance. This
spotting being also detrimental to growth>
should be avoided most carefully. A close
watch should be kept for red-spider and scale,
and as soon as either is apparent, the leaves
should be cleaned with a sponge dipped in
warm soapy water.

Seedluuj Orchids. — Tho seeds which were-
sown in the month of February, March, and
April, did not germinate so quickly as usuaV
owing proliably to the lack of sunshine, but
the plants have made satisfactory progress-
lately. The seedlings of Cattleya and Lfelia
should be removed as soon as they can bo con-
veniently handled, and transphinted into those
tiny pots that -.wr imrposcl y made for this kind,
of work. A leu siii;ill n-.i.ks .-liould be placed
in the pots, :iiul o\ cr ih.-c sonic finely chopped
sphagnum-moss and tiirly peat, in the proportion
of two of the first to one of tlie second, and to
this a little rough sand or finely-broken crocks
may be added. 1 find a pointed slick tho best
iniplcment wherewith to transfer tho seedlings,
from the seed-pan to the pots. The materials
should be pressed as firmly about tho roots as
is safe with such tender things. Apply water
with a fine spraying syringe, and |)lace thepota
where rapid growth may be assured. The plants,
will begin to make roots when the first leaf
reaches maturity, and sometimes sooner. Den-
drobiimis grow more quickly, but the seedlings
should be afforded exactly similar treatment to
Cattleyas, excepting that more light may have
access to them after the formation of roots has
begun. Millonias, Cymbidiums, Xygopetalums^
and Cypripediums are not .so difiicult to
manage, neither do they germinate to any-
thing like the same extent as Cattleyas; but;
the .seedlings grow more rapidly, and as a

isequence they are more easily lirought on^

Il is not advisable to remove these from the
seed-pan before the first leaf is matured or the-
roots have pushed forth ; they may be i)ricked
out a ntnnber together in a pot, although I
prefer to establish each in its own j)ot, doing,
this as soon as practicable, tho plants making
more progress by so doing. Bell glasses or
close cases may bo placed over the lendorer-
spccies, these affording more regtdar conditions
of heat and moisture. Precautions must bo-
taken to prevent theseedlings becoming dry, or
being washed out of the comjrost when api)lying.
water. In bright weather the .seedlings should'
be very lightly sprayed twice a day.

Weather and Plaist Life. — According to an>
elaborate report, based on the most I'CCent
knowledge, just issued by the United States-
Weather Bureau, it is actinism (the chemical
action of sunshine) that is tlie dmniiKint factor
in ))lant growth. "The lciii|irr,ii me of tho-
air," wo are told, " hasai)ii;inMill.v lit Me to do,
in and of itself, with the duralion oj lime from
sowing to ripening. This deiiends principally
on the sunshine. The temperature of the air
controls the chemical composition of the seed
somewhat, but the effective sunshine is ther
productive climatic clement, for it furnishes
the total energy at the dispos.al of tho plant."
An example is given in the case of Maize. Tho
teiiqierature of parts of England is quite as
high as in places in North Ameiica, where
Maize grows freely and ripens well. It is
regarded as absurd that such an insigniUcant
item as a deficiency of two degrees Fahrenheit
on the mean of a single summer month, as
compared with tho Western States, should
exclude this cro|) from the British Isles, where
il seldom matures its grain. The reason seems
to be, that the Fnglish climate is hostile to
tins plant solely owing to its greater amount
of cloinlincss.

10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 6, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly ohlige hy sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matterswhich it is desirable
to brhig under tlie notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for vnminiu should he addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.
Commnnications should be written on one side only of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— T/te Editor does not
undertake to pay for any contributions, or to return the
unused communications or illustrations, unless by special
arrangement.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUIN6 WEEK.

WEDNESD

SDAY.JuLYloi

rRoyal Botanical Soc , Meeting.
SATURDAY, July 6 < Society Fraucaise d'Horticul-

L tural de Loridres, Meeting.
SUNDAY. July 7— Ghent Horticultural Exhibition

TUE.SD\Y jujy (,/ Wolverhampton Horticultural

' ' I and Floral Fete (.3 days).

Horticultural and Rose Shows
at Tunbridge Wells, and
Formby, Lancashire.

THURSDAY, July 11 -I ^^V ^'°™^ ^^^'^ ^"'^ ^°^^
( allow.

/"Manchester Royal Botanical
SATURDAY, July 1,1-j and Horticultural Society,
I. Rose Show.

SALES.

TUESD.VY. July 9.— Sale of Orchids, Palms, Ac bv

Mr. Kendell, 36, Bucklersbury, E.C.
FRIDAY. July 12.— Sale of Orchids, at Protheroe &

Morns' rooms.

AvER.ioE Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
^'""' Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick

Actual Tempekatubes ;—

London.— /«(;/ 3 (6 p.m.) : Max. 73° ; Min. 57°.
Jiilj/ 4.— Fine, warm ; Rose-show weather
Provin-ces —Jul!/3(6 P.M.) : Max. 70°, Home Counties;
Mm. r.:r, N.E. Scotland.

Roses in We know the dire consequences
the Temple that ensued when Pl.^ntagenet

Gardens. plucked a White Rose from off
a Briar in tlie Temple Gardens, and Somerset
gathered a Eed Rose from a Thorn in the
same pleasaunce. Little could those war-
riors have anticipated a tented field in tlie
Twentieth Century put to such very dif-
ferent uses as those which the National" Rose
Society effected on Thursday last. Struggle
and rivalry indeed were there, but without
strife or ill-feeling. Red Roses and white
Roses were at the Temple in far greater jiro-
fusion and variety than they could have
been in Shakespeare's time, as' well as yellow
Roses, and Tea Roses, and Roses of forms
and hues undreamt of by him. Briefly, we
congratulate the National Rose Society on
the success of their enterprise, and we
heartily thank the secretaries and the execu-
tive for the excellent way in which they
fulfilled their arduous task. In another
column we give a Report of the show, and if
it is not so complete and free from error as
it might be, we must remind the reader that
these pages were actually passing through
the press at the time that "the show was held,
so that adequate revision was almost an
impossibility.

One most gratifying feature is the growing
tendency, as evinced at the Temple, to show
the flowers to advantage in vases and in
picturesque groups, as well as in the hideous
boxes, which, if it were possible, would de-
tract even from the beauty of a Rose. They
render a Rose-show as monotonous and un-
attractive to the public as a— well, as a
Dahlia show. Sympathy, intelligent admira-

tion, interest, and appreciation vanish at the
sight of those dreadful boxes. We have
always been told that the accurate com-
parison required by the judges can only be
obtained by following the old-fashioned
method. This is a dictum from which we
respectfully venture to dissent; or if it be
true, we should prefer either not to have
such minute analysis, or, if that is inevit-
al)le, that it should be done in private.
The glorious groups of Chrysanthemums,
and the beautiful arrangements of single
Dahlias, show what can be done without in
any way obstructing the scrutiny of the
judges.

The Temple Rose show was favoured with
l)rilliant weather, and was honoured with a
visit from H.M. the Queen. As was fitting,
a bouquet of Roses was presented to her Ijy
the granddaughter of Dean Hole, the Presi-
dent of the Society. The bouquet consisted
of the new Rose Queen Alexandra, raised
and supplied by the Messrs. Veitch, and of
the better-known Rose Her Majesty, raised
by the late Henry Bennet.

The show was very large, the special
features being the garden and decorative
Roses. Hybrid Perpetuals seemed to us to
be scarcely up to the mark, but Tea Roses
were in good form. Table decorations, too
often heavy or uninteresting, were on this
occasion very beautiful, as may be gathered
from our report.

When we heard of the enterprise of the
National Society in conducting a grand Rose
show in the Temple Gardens — an ideal place
to hold such an exhibition — we determined
to have a Rose show of our own, and to lay
before our readers illustrations of the very
newest Roses that are to be seen, and a
selection of exhibition Roses of such ac-
knowledged merit that they are to be met
with in every Rose show of the kingdom. In
carrying out this idea, we have to express
our acknowledgments to Messrs. W. Paul &
Sons, to Messrs. Paul & Son, Ben Cant,
George Prince, and to Miss Girdlestone,
who kindly placed at our disposal a series of
photographs from the collection of her late
brother — a rosarian as discriminating as he
was enthusiastic. Of the older well-known
Roses we need say little; let the illustra-
tions tell their own tale. Of the newer ones
a few notes of description are requisite.

The variety Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (see
fig, 2) was exhibited from the gardens of
Leopold de Rothschild, Esq. (gr., Mr.
Hudson), at a meeting of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on June 4. It is said to
have Ijeen raised by Dr. Muller, and \>y
successive crosses, in which were used
Gloire de Dijon, Due de Rohan, Marechal
Niel, and Rosa rugosa. It has bloomed
abundantly this season from the old wood,
and the flowers are nearly 4 inches across,
very fragrant, and of the beautiful colour
characteristic of La France. It is a strong and
clean grower, and throws up strong shoots
from the root stock. It is expected that the
variety will liloom in the autumn as well,
but this remains to be proved. The Floral
Committee of the Royal Horticultural So-
ciety awarded the variety an Award of
Merit by a small majority when it was
exhibited under the name which accom-
panied the variety from Germany, namely,
Rosa rugosa germanica Conrad Ferdinand
Meyer.

Soleil d'Or (see fig. 4) has been exhibited
liy Messrs. W. Paul & Son as plants in pots.

The variety was ol)tained by crossing Persian
Yellow and Antoine Ducher. In character
it most resembles a hybrid perpetual, and
produces double flowers 3 to 4 inches across,
of very deep apricot colour, shaded in the
centre with orange. The foliage is like that of
Persian Yellow, and the, variety will be found
a distinct and valuable novelty. It has l)een
awarded an Award of Merit l)y the Royal
Horticultural Society.

The Lion (see fig. 5), is a new large single-
flowered Rose, shown by Messrs, G. Paul & Son
Cheshunt, at the National Rose Society's show
at Richmond, where it was commended. In
colour it is bright rosy-crimson with a white
centre. It is a seedling from Crimson Ram-
bler crossed with Beaute Inconstante.

Ben Cant (see fig. 6), is a new H. P.
variety shown by Messrs. B. R. Cant & Sons,
and awarded the National Rose Society's
Gold Medal, The flower has exceedingly
liroad petals, a characteristic well displayed
in our illustration, and this virtue in com-
pany with its brilliant crimson colour,
shaded with violet, are the points that
obtained the Gold Medal. A good bloom
was shown at the Drill Hall on Tuesday,
2nd inst., in Messrs. Cant's 1st prize exhibit
of twenty-four Roses distinct.

Longworth Fairy, figured in our special
supplement, as its name implies, is a Rose
from Mr. Geo. Prince, of Oxford, who
succeeds so well with Tea scented Roses
generally. The variety we now illustrate is
a new Tea-scented Rose that blooms early,
is very deep pink in colour, approaching
that of Mrs. W. J, Grant, and very fragrant ;
it has very large rough-surfaced leaves. The
other Roses figured are Innocente Pirola,
The Bride, Souvenir d'Elise Vardon, Princess
of Wales, Climbing Devoniensis, A. K.
Williams, Countess de Nadaillac, and
Susanne-Marie Rodocanachi.

Royal Horticultural Society. — At a
general meeting of the Royal Hortieultiu-al
.Society, held on Tuesday, July 2, thirty new
Fellows were elected (making 614 since the
beginning of the present year) ; amongst them
being Lady Margaret BoscAVSTiN, Lady Bicker-
steth. Lady Tennant, Lady Whitehead, and
Surg. -Col. Arthur Sanderson, A.IM.C.

Lily Show and Conference. — The Royal
Horticultural Society will hold an exhibition
of Lilies in their gardens at Chiswick on Tues-
day and Wednesday, July 16 and 17. The com-
mittees will meet at 11 a.m., and plants, &c.,
lor Certilicate will be placed before them as
at the usual meetings in the Drill Hall. The
gates will bo open at 12 noon on July 16,
closing at 7 p.m. ; and at 11 a.m. on Wed-
nesday, closing at 6 p.m. Fellows admitted
free on showing their tickets. A Conference
on Lilies will be held at 2 P.M.

Crystal Palace Fruit Show. — Schedules
of the eighth annual fruit show to be held at
the Cry.stal Palace, Sydenham, on October 10,
11, and 12, are now ready, and may be obtained
on application to the Secretary, 117, Victoria
Street, Westminster, S.W. Applicants should
enclose a stamp.

The WEATHER.^We sometimes hear of the
weather " breaking-up " when a change is
impending. Now printers have found a method
of breaking the weather which sufferers from
climatic evils might envy. As our weather
paragraph was passing through the press last
week, "The Weather" was smashed in the
printing machine, and appeared in a maimed
condition in our last issue — another instanc»
of the power of the press.

JCLY 6, 1901.]

THE CARD ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

11

The International Association for the
Advancement of Science, Arts, and Educa-
tion, will hold its second international meet-
ing at Glasgow, in the University and to the
International Exhibition, from July 29 to
September 27, 1901. Besides serving as a link
among universities and learned societies, &c.,
one of the most important functions of the
meeting will again be, as at Paris last year, to
-stndy and interpret the matters of scientific,

Jlethods of Science Study, Modern Language
Study, Manual and Technical Education,
Museums, Geographical Education, History
and Organisation of Secondary Education, the
whole concluding with a series of conferences
on immediately "Realisable Progress in Educa-
tion." The General Secretary is M. Liard,
Permanent Secretary of State for Higher
Education, Paris; assisted by Prof. Patrick
Geddes.

FiC. 5.— NEW .SIN(;LE-FI.OWEUEr) ROSE "THE I.ION " : COLOUR ROSY-CRIMSON,
WITH A WHITE CENTRE. MIX'H REDUCED. (SEE P. 10.)

geographic, and other interest afforded by the
exhibition, by means of lectures and con-
ferences, with demonstrations and visits under
skilled guidance. The various national groups
which co-operated last year at Paris will again
\ie represente*! at Glasgow; and their lectures
and conlcionces, &c., will include Pure and
AppTicd I'hysics and Chemistry, Eloctricaty
and I^agiDeering, Agri(!ulture and Forestry,
Geography and Colonisation, Hygiene, Scottish
History and Archicology, Fine Art, &c. Much
attention is also being paid to education in its
many brajiehes— Child Study, Nature Study,

The Big Gooseberry Season appears to
have set in witli pri'iiiiituroness and severity.
In one provinci:il ji>nni;il we read of a cat
sitting on pigeon's eggs, having displaced the
mother on two occasions. In another — indeed,
in several (for the copyists rarely think either
of verifying their quotations or of substan-
tiating their " facts ") — we read that five per-
fect Apple-blossoms grew in the centre of a
Kose. The Apple-blossoms opened as the
petals <>( the Rose developed, the two forming
a Strang!" contrast. That is the statement of
fact — now for the hypothesis. It, that is the

Rose, grows near an Apple-tree ! One hypo-
thesis is as good as another till it is disproved,
and so we insert, as an hypothesis (not as fact),
that a horse belonging to one of our corre-
spondents has developed two horns and a dew-
lap from being kept in the same field with his
cow. The fi ve " perfect ' ' Apple-blossoms were
no doubt supernumerary flowers, such as cha-
racterise proliferous Roses. If the journalists
who are tempted to insert such statements
would previously consult some expert who
would give the information, if not as a matter
of professional courtesy, at least for a trifling
remuneration, how greatly they would add to
the confidence which their readers would
I'oposc in their utterances.

Germination of the Brazil Nut.— Mr.
W.^TSON describes in the Autmi.s of Botany,
March, 1901, the germination of the embryo
plants in this species. The fruit, as is well
known, is a globular, woody fruit with an
aperture closed by a plug formed by the
liardened calyx. The seedlings begin to
germinate within the fruit, and under natural
ciicumstances they disi)lace the plug and push
through the aperture. While within the bony
fruit there is a fierce struggle for existence,
and tho young plants become compressed as
they emerge from the aperture to such an
extent as in .some instances to die back.
Adventitious shoots were, however, formed ill
.some cases. Roots are sometimes not formed,
tho young embryos obtaining in the tirst
instance their nourishment from the kernel of
the nuts.

The Flowering of Amorphophallus
TITANUM at Kew.— Mr. N. E. IJROWN writes : —
" For the second and only times of its flower-
ing in Europe, visitors to Kew Gardens during
the past few woelvs have had the chance of
.seeing the flower of this giant Aroid divelop.
A full account of tho discovery and first
flowering of tho plant will bo found in tho
dardencrs' Vhyo)iicle ior 1878, x., p. D'.IU, 788 ;
for 1889, v., p. 750, figs. 110, 120; and vi.,
pp. 12, 19 — 21, figs. 3, 5, and 6, which may bo
thus suninmrised. It was discovered in 1878
by the Italian traveller, Dr. IJKCCARi, who sent
tubers and seeds of it to Florence. Owing to
tho absurd Phylloxera laws, tho tubers were
not allowed to enter tho country, and so
perished; but tho seeds germinated, and ono
that was sent to Kew in 1879, after ten years'
successful cultivation, flowered in June, 1880,
an achievement greatly to the credit of the
Kew staff, since all tho plants grown on tho
continent died without having flowered.
About two years after flowering, the Kew
l)lant also died, possibly because tho lin)it of
its existence had been reached. Tho tuber of
tho plant that has just flowered was received
at Kew two or three years ago, and this year
showed signs of flowering. At the beginning
of Juno tho flower-bud was only 3 or 4 inches
high, 13 inches on tho 8th, 44 inches on the
24th, and 49^ inches high on the day of open-
ing, Juno 28, the rate of growth being nearly
2 inches per day. It began to open in tho
afternoon, by 0 r.M. it had fully expanded,
and was partially closed the following morn-
ing ; as, unlike the other species of this genus,
it only remains fully expanded for tho one
night. The spathe of tho present flower whoa
fully open was 18 inches deep, and 2^ feet in
diameter; the outside is smooth, and light
green, spotted with whitish on the basal part,
above which it is strongly ribbed and deeply
fluted, the margin being irregularly plaited
and toothed ; the ribs are white, the folds
between them being light purplish. Inside
tho spatho is rich dark purple, overspread
with a "bloom" or velvety sheen, the basal

12

THE GAEBI;^^£E&" CHRONICLE.

[Jixv C, 1901.

part being smooth, and greenish-yellow in
colour. The columnar spadix is ^ feet long,
and 7 inches thick, of a dull olive colour,
bearing dark purple ovaries with long
styles, and yellow stigmas at its base.
As seen from above, tlie form and colour
of the spathe are very pleasing and effective.
The odour, however, is not quite so enticing,
being very disagreeable it the nose is held
directly over the spathe, and to some people
is nauseating if near the plant ; but it is not
nearly so offensive as that of some other
species. As evidence of this, I may say that
myself and four others, one of them a* lady,
were shut up in the house with and close to
the open flower for just one hour, whilst
photographs of it were taken, without feeling
the slightest inconvenience or trace of
nausea. The odour ceases when the flower
closes the next morning. "With regard to teuipc-
rature, the spadix and intci-ioi- of (h,. s|),i( he ^^.■l«
decidedly warmer than llic siii i (.iiinliii- ,iir,
but I am informed that a elinicil t iicinioiiii'lcr
only showed a difference of a few degrees, smd
it was certainly much less heated than I have
found several species of Philodendron to be.
From the dimensions given, it will be seen that
this flower is very much smaller than that of
1889. As it is likely to be rarely seen in flower
under cultivation, and then remains expanded
for one night only, very few people can hope
to see this giant Aroid flower in its most
perfect condition."

A Fatal Gun Accident at Evesham.—
Early on Saturday morning, IIehtha WiiiIk.wks
(twenty-eight), wife of Williaji Joseph Wiu-
DOWBS, market gardener, of Evesham, was
accidentally shot by her son Owen, aged
eleven, and received such terrible injuries that
she died a few hours later. Mr. 'Widdowks,
about seven o'clock in the morning, took his
gun to the garden adjoining the house for the
purpose of scaring birds. His attention was
called to the back of the house, and he placed
the loaded gun against a wall, telling his son
not to touch it; the boy, however, in his
father's absence, carried the gun to the house,
out of the way of his two younger brothers,
who were playing near, and as he was entering
the door, he states that the muzzle caught the
woodwork, and the gun was discharged. Mrs
WlDDOWES was sitting by the kitchen fireplace'
and she received most of the charge in her
face, both eyes being destroved. At the
Coroner's enquiry, held on Mondav, the jurv
returned a verdictof "Accidental death, "and
a vote of condolence with deceased's relatives
was passed.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

THE HOUSE SPARROW.-I quite Sympathise
wi_th_ my old Inend Mr. Harrison Weir in his
opinions concerning sparrows. I have watched
them somewhat carefully, and can onlv juit
down their depredations to a quarrelsome
temper, as I have frequently found feathers
scattered near where the flowers are bitter
the way that the pieces of Crocus, &e are
thrown about and not eaten, shows that it is
not tor food or medicine that thev bite them'.
When the weather is going t,, be colder thev
invariably attack the Polvantlnises and Prini'-
roses, as if the cold made them uncomfortable
and cross. But when the weather is warmer
it seems to bo more by way of mischief-
nothing but black thread keeps them off the
Crocuses. Two or three settled down one
morning on a patch of Arabis alpina. and
another of Alyssm,, sa\;itil.., ;,,id hen-in .,i,-l-

ing off the flow,.,s l,,„v..,._,„„|, and th',''w:

mg them about an, I ii,,i .Mlinn n,,.,,!. Anemone
angulosa has no ohaiice unless covered with
glass, so long as the air is cold. One day I

found they had bitten pieces out of a flower-
bud of the Tenby Daffodil ; and only a week
ago, I found they had got amongst the bog
plants that I keep in pots in a shallow tank,
and had pulled up and tossed about Illecebrum
vei-f ieillatum. That was the last straw. It is
niiw war to the knife! or any other instrument
of destruction that I can use against them.
The liirds were quite young sparrows, and
seemed to enjoy the fun. Greenfinches are
almost as bad, but do not visit me often. As
soon as 1 hear their dismal long-drawn screech,
I go out and stone them, as they have a habit
of pulling up and laying on the ground Lettuces
and other seedlings. With respect to other
birds, starlings, "thrushes, blackbirds, and
hedge-sparrows, all visit the garden, and 1
regard them as friends. The small blue-tit
never does any harm to the Currant or Goose-
berry bushes, as they bear quite freely after
it has visited the bushes in winter. I am not
sure which tit it is that samples the Pears
near the stalk before they are ripe, and spoils
niciii loi- k,.,.|.iiig; Imt I do not think It is the
small hlia- 111— pnibably the greater tit. But
1 sa\ ed my Doyenne du Comice last year (pyra-
luid tree) by tying a muslin liag roimd each
of the young Pears. The bullfinch has not
tried the fruit-buds since I anointed them with
a luixture of coloeynth powder and flour paste.
This I do before the severe frosts come in
December. Sevowaks.

BOLTING OF CABBAGES.— As John Pope, of
King's Norton, has fully let "Old Kemp's"
secret out, respecting the bolting of early
Cabbages, seedsmen will now be able to
dispose of their old stock of Cabbage-seeds
without going to the trouble of having them
piv'perly mixed with new seed. Out of a
hundred bags of seeds eighty are sold, and
twenty are left unsold, which are a consider-
able loss if not mixed with fresh stock.
Therefore there will be no difficulty of that
matter now. In my lifetime of over fifty
years a head gardener, having always dealt
with respectable seedsmen, I cannot say that
I have been much troubled with bolting
Cabbages. My sorts were generally the
following : Little Pixie first, then El'laiu's,
Sutton's Flower of Spring, and Enfield Market.
There use to be a Downton Hall Cabbage
supplied by the Dicksons, of Chester. Rather
a light green variety, a very tender and an
early sort, it never had many flaky leaves
about it. It began to heart at once. I grew it
as long as I could get the seed. I never yet
saw a bolter amongst them. The Messrs.
Dicksons must have known the scciil (hen,
that it is quite safe to sell old Calilia^c-^.eds.
It will be thirty years since this xaiieiv was
lost to the trade. I think the variety was
raised by the late Mr. JIackie, of Downton.
From the Banks of the Mole.

FROST IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE IN JUNE. —

On Wednesday, June 19, we registered 7' of
frost here, which blackened Rainier Beans and
second Early Potatos, also Dahlias, Helio-
tropes, Begonias, Iresine, Zinnias, &c., also
the top young growths of Laurels nearest the
water. The gardens round this neighbourhood
facing south-east have escaped, but facing
north-west they have suffered most, especially
in low-lying districts. On several occasions
we have had frost here in June ; for instance,
in 1892, on June 14 and 1.5, we had 5° and 7°
respectively ; in 1895, on June 15, there was
5° ; and 1898, on June 15, we had 4°. In
1892, when crops were more forward, they
suffered more than now. In 1895 all the early
Potatos and Vegetable- Marrows were cut
down, and likewise some of the bedding-plants.
My thernieiiii'ler stands ;; feet from the ground
facing iH.rtli-..as(, III leet above the water.
H. Ti(nici\Fiiir^li(i,le Ahbeij Gcmh'iis, Stnmford.

GREENHOUSE HEATING.— If petroleum could
be used in the simple manner explained on
p. 3ill of a recent issue, it would certainly be
a very great boon, and where the gardener has
not a large house or a number of houses to be
heated, it should, I think, amswer for small
boilers ; but I fear it would lie useless to nur-

serymen and others who have coke furnaces,
heating some thousands of feet of 4-inch hot-
water pipes. And, then, does Mr. Ward under-
stand he cannot obtain patent rights for a broad,
general idea, sucli as he sets out, and which I
doubt very much wouM he found to be a new
idea? When he liijusell lias tried the plan he so
well describes, and finds it to answer, he can
then take out a provisional patent and go on
experimenting with it until at the end of nine
months he ha.s to make a final specification,
stating exactly what he claims as new in the
apparatus. Unless he does this, someone else,
meanwhile, might take out a patent. Mr.
Ward has no protection in stating, as he does
in the last paragraph of his note, that "1
reserve to myself all rights, &c." Alfred.
Chandlo; Toi-qmnj, June 10, 1901.

THE DRILL HALL MEETINGS. ^ Under nO.

conditions of pressure could the walls of the
James Street Drill Hall expand and allow of
more room within that somewhat capacious,
building at the first June meeting, in spite of
every effort to crowd in all the material .sent
for exhibition, and as a consequence very
much had to be taken home again. That was
to be deplored, but under the circumstances
could not be helped, although much disap-
pointment and complaint resulted. If that
state of thing is to be often rejieated, it is.
evident that some drastic course will have to
be taken by the Council to meet the difficulty.
We may put aside the provision of a large HalL
at present. Even if iiracticablo, a long time
must elapse ere it could lie linnished. Then,
there is the cour.se open ol s.-cin ingtheadjoin-
ing large Drill Hall foi- the overflow of the
present Drill Hall. That may or may not be
practicalile. There is also a remedy tobe found
by holding the meetings weekly during some
three months of the year, and in preventing:
those persons who sent groujjs in one week
from sending in the ensuing week. This would,,
of course, be a matter of some expense, though,
not great ; but the chief difficulty would be
found in getting the members of the com-
mittees to attend so frequently. Failing that,
arrangement, there seems to be no other course
open but to intimate that only a certain space
can be allotted to any one firm or exhibitor at,
each meeting, taking care in that way that it
be not excessive. But it should also be
arranged that no entries will be received or-
space granted unless the entries were posted
not later than the Friday preceding. These
entries ought to go direct to Mr. Wright at
Chi.swick, for if sent to Victoria Street they
often do not reach Chiswick until midday on.
Monday — certainly much too late. A. I),

®bituar\>.

Jonathan Squibbs.— We briefly announced.
in last week's issue the death of Mr. Jonathan.
Squibbs and his wife Felicite Squibbs, who
died within twenty-four hours of each other
after fortj'-three years of married life, both,
having endured great suffering during the last
three years. The former was a member of an
old and well-known family of gardeners. He
was apprenticed and gained a material part of
his profe.ssional knowledge under a well-known
gardener, the late Mr. Cox, of Redleaf, Pens-
hurst. Prom thence he went as foreman to
Kimmel Park, Abergele, under Mr. JIumford,
which situation he filled most satisfactorily.
At the death of his father, William Squibbs,
who had been head-gardener at Rooksnest,
Godstone, for forty years, he succeeded him,
and remained there upwards of thirtj' years ;
and for ten years he was gardener to the late
Mrs. Wilkinson, of East Hill, Oxted.

Mr. Squibbs leaves five sons and two
daughters. Two sons follow their father's
profession, one being gardener to the Dowager
Lady W'ynn, at Llaiigsdwyii, and the other to
Sir Matthew Wilson, of Eshton Hall, Gargrave,
Yorkshire.

The deceased was for thirty-seven years a

Jrav 6, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

13

subsci'iberto the Garcleners' Royal Beuevoleut
Institutiou, and also collected a substantial
amount towards the funds of that admirable
institution. He held the certifleate of the
Royal Horticultural Society for having been

a highly successful florist and fruit-grower in
Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. Born in
1824, Mr. Sim chose gardening as his pro-
fession. Early in his career, he showed a
strong inclination for botany, and made an

nection. About forty years ago Mr. Sim
removed to Gateside, Strachan, on Deeside,
where he commenced on an extensive scale
the cultivation of Strawberries. So successful
was lie in his euteri^rise that his examjjle was

X ^

Fig. 6. — NEW H.P. »OSE "BEN CANT."

Awarded .National Hose Society's Gold Medal at the Riclimnnd Show, and exhibited at the Drill Hall, July a. (Sec \\ 1")

the first to flower Rhododendron argenteum in
England ; and was well known and sought
after as a judge at many provincial horticul-
tural shows.

John Sim. — The death occurred on Monday
evening, the 21tli ult., at his residence, West
Cults, a suburb of Aberdeen, of Mr. .John Sim,

exhaustive study of phanerogamic, and subse-
quently of cryptogamic botany, more espe-
cially of the sphagnums. Some forty years
ago ho published a complete botanical survey
of Sootston Moor (near Aberdeen), and Dr.
Alexander Walker, in his CommonUj of Per-
luinnes, makes hearty acknowledgment of the
valuable work done by Mr. Sim in this con-

followed by scores of fanners and crofters in
his district, who by these means discoxiuted
the severity of bad times, and gave the district
its present well-known reputation as a centre
of Strawberry otilturc. Remaining at Gate-
side for some twenty years, Mr. Sim purchased
a small property known as The Temple, near
Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, where he con-

14

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JlLY G. 1901.

linued his Inisiness of florist and fruit-grower.
In his botanical researches, Mr. Sim came into
contact with most of the prominent botanists
of the day, by whom he was held in much
esteem. His eldest son, Thomas, was educated
in botany at Chiswick, Kew, and afterwards at
Harvard University, United States. He was
appointed to the Forestry Department in South
Africa, wliere he was lately joined by his
brother James, who is also an enthusiastic
botanist. Another son has taken up the seed
trade. Mr. Sim, who wrote much on botanical
and kindred subjects, was an amiable and
attractive man, and his passion for flowers
remained with him to the end of his life. His
death will be regretted by a large and attached
circle of friends.

T. Button.— Thomas Button, thirty years
of age, and for some years foreman in the
Peach-houses at Mr. James "Walker's fruit-
growing establishment. Ham Common, near
Kingston-on-Thames, met his death on the
25th ult. under unusual and distressing cir-
cumstances. Deceased has finished his dinner,
then gone out on to the common close by,
■where some of his assistants were playing
Cricket. He asked to have a hit, and was
bowled to by young Mr. Hearsum, of Kingston,
■Who is a pupil under Mr. Walker. After
being served with several balls, one which
happened to be a full pitch, struck Button on
the side of his head just behind the car, he
having a habit of turning his head from the
ball. Deceased fell, and very soon expired.
Mr. Hearsum, who entertained for Button the
■warmest good feeling, was terribly distressed
at the unfortunate occurrence. At the
inquest lield two days later, a verdict of
accidental death was recorded. Mr. Walker,
in thus so suddenly losing his house-foreman,
merits much sympathy, for he has long been
Very ill. Deceased leaves a widow, but no
children.

LAW NOTE.

ORCHID WARRANTY CASE.
Mr. .John Rutherford, M.P., brought an
action in the King's Bench, on July 3, against
li'Horticolo Colonialc of Brussels, to recover
damages for breach of warranty of an Orchid
purchased by him four years ago as Odonto-
glossum crispum var. Rambouillet. He gave
£80 for it, but when it bloomed two years
later, it turned out to be a variety worth less
than £5. A verdict was given for the plaintiff
for £114 damages and costs.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

JttLY 2— Tlie Drill Hall had quite an unusual appear-
ance on Tuesday last on the occasion o£ the usual fort-
nightly meeting, for, excepting plants and fruits that
were shown for Certificates, the display was purely a
Rose show. On previous occasions when the National
Rose Society has offered prizes for Roses in connection
with the Royal Horticultural Society, there has been
such over-crowding in the Drill Hall as was inconve-
nient to everyone. To prevent a recurrence of such a
condition the Council this year resolved that apart
from the Roses, no exhibit would be received except it
was shown for Certificate, and therefore there were no
groups of plants.

The Orchid CojrMiTTEE recommended a Botanical
Certificate and an Award of Merit to plants shown by
Sir Trevor Lawrence.

The Floral Committee recommended a First-class
Certificate to the Rev. W. Wilks' strain of Shirley
Poppies ; and Awards of Merit to a Pink, a Carnation,
» Delphinium, a Rose, an Astilbe, a Canua, and a
Scolopcudriura.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee recommended
an Award of Merit to a new Strawberry.

Roses. — Tlie competitive classes for Roses were well
furnished with exhibits, and generally the quality was
high, but it was noticed that some of the blooms had
sustained injuiy by travelling, owing to tlie petals
having been softened by the recent rains. Tlie new
Gold Medal H. P. Rose Ben Cant (see fig. ti, p. 13), was
better shown by Messrs. B. Cant & Sons than at Rich-
mond a^veek previously.

Tlie Roses staged in vases presented a very much
more beautiful effect than those in boxes, and we hope
tlie;systeni will be extended. The only non-competitive
group of Roses was one from Messrs. W. Paul & Sons,
Walthara Cross, to which a Gold Medal was awarded.

In the afternooii an interesting lecture was delivered
by thelRev. Geo. Henslow, detailing the relations
between the appearances of plants and the conditions
in which they gi'ow, and showing that the same general
appearances were presented by widely different plants
if grown under the same circumstances.

Floral Committee.

Present : W. Marsluill, Esq. ; and Messrs. Chas. T.
Diueiy, II. B. May, R. Deau, H. Selfe Leonard, Jolm
Jennings, J. F. McLeod, W. Howe, J. Frascr, C. Dixon,
Jas. Hudson, Chas. E. Pearson, H. J. Jones, Chas. E.
Shea, W. P. Thomson, E. H. Jenkins, J. D. Pawle, Ed.
Mawley, and C. J. Salter.

Mr. Jas. Douglas, Edenside Nursery, Great Book-
ham, Surrey, exhibited cut flowers of Carnations and
Pinks, amongst which we noticed the following :— Old
Chelsea, white and purple-coloured Pink ; Exile, a
lovely rose-coloured Carnation ; Pearl, white, very good
form ; Tabley, vei"y deep crimson ; Don Carlos, yellow
ground, marked witli pink ; Cecilia, the large yellow-
flowered variety, frequently meutioned in these pages,
and some others.

Lilium elegans, variety Lady Pelly, shown by Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr., Mr.
Bain), was rich yellow-coloured, with a veiy few brown
spots.

Messrs. Barr & Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
London, exhibited several good varieties of Del-
phinium ; also Coronilla rosea alba.

Messrs. Kelway & Sons, Langport, Somerset, showed
some choice Delphiniums, including one named
William Kelway, a double flower of a delicate mauve
colour and a light shade of blue.

Several good varieties of Carnations were shown by
Messrs. W. Cutbush & Sons, one of which obtained an
Award of Merit.

H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gi-., Mr. W.
Noble), showed a plant in bloom of Amaryllis procera,
a piile lilac-flowered species (N'ote of Thanks).

Border Carnation Joseph Lawrence, shown by Mr.
Slieriff Lawrence, M.P.. Kenley, Surrey (gr., Mr. J.
Bannerman), is a good yellow ground variety, witli
reddish-purple marking in the form of stripes. A
group of plants was shown in pots, and they were very
well flowered.

Mr. H. Young, Pansy Nurseries, Cheshunt, exhibited
about a dozen pretty varieties of Pink, and several
plants in pots. One of the varieties is noticed under
Awards of Merit.

Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross Nurseries,
Herts, made a display of cut Roses on one of the side
tables, and on one side of a central table. There were
probably as many as one hundred varieties, and these
included a large number of the decorative Teas and
H. Teas. Messrs. Paul's new Tea Rose Boadicea, a dis-
tinct variety, colour pink and white, was represented
by a large boxful of blooms; Tennyson (H.T)., a large
pale blush variety; Blushing Bride (H.T.), Souvenir de
Catherine Guillot, white Maiuau Cochet, Exquisite
(H.T.), Empress Alexandra of Russia, Autoine Rivoire
(H.T.), Corallina, a decorative Tea Rose of very bright
but rich rose colour; William Allan Richardson,
Madame Jules Grolez, Clio (H. P.), blush, very pretty;
Mrs. Ed. Mawley, Enchantress, Clara Watcrer (H.T.),
pink and bronze colour; and Madame Abel Chatenay,
were some of the best Roses in this very large group of
cut blooms. A plant was shown of the new Rose Soleil
d'Or (see fig. 4), from a cross between Persian
Yellow and H.P. Antoine Dueher. This new Rose,
which is very distinct in colour, yellow, with orange-
shaded centre, was exhibited at the Temple Show, and
awarded an Award of Merit. In habit of growth it is
rather more rampant than is Persian Yellow (Gold
Medal).

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King's Roiid Nurseries,
London, exhibited two dozen bunches of blooms of
Rose Queen Alexandra, a variety obtaiued by crossing
Turner^s Crimson Rambler with Rosa multiflora

simplex. The inflorescence is much the same in
charjicter as tliosc of Crimson Rambler, but the blooms
are semi-double, some almost single, and rich rose
coloui-ed with wliitish centre. In growth it is quite iv
Rambler.

Messrs. "Veitch also showed a new single Rose
named Lucy, from a cross between R. niacranth.a and'
the variety Charles Lawson. Tlie blossoms are quite
four inches across, and rich pink colour. Also fine;
spikes of Delphinium Monument, semi-double, good
bold spike, and pretty mauve-coloured flowers ; and
D. Sti'ada, semi-double, large, and veiy rich purpl&
colour. Some inflorescences of Isatis glauca were-
very showy.

Awards.

Caiiiin Miss Kale Groi/.— This is a very tine variety of
the Orchid-flowei-ing section of Canna. It gi'ows froio
.3 to 4 feet high, and has very large showy flowers, witb
broad petals of much substance, and brilliant scarletl
in colour. There are yellow markings on the throat.
Shown by Mr. 11. J. Jones, Ryecroft Nurseries, Ilithci-
Green, Lewisham (Award of Merit).

Carnation Maggie Hodgson. — An exceediugly deep
crimson-coloured Carnation of the Souvenir de la.
Malmaison type, of large size and excellent form.
Calyx non-splitting. Shown by Messrs. W. Cutbush &.
Son, Higligate Nurseries, London (Award of Merit).

Delpkiniiim Dorothy Daniel.— A single-flowered variety,
more than 2 inches across, deep purple in colour, with
creamy-white centre. Shown by Messi'S. Kelway &:
Sons, Langport, Somerset (Award of Merit).

Pink Mrs. H. Young.— This is a large Pink of pale rose
colour, with deep purple band around the centre.
Shown by Mr. 11. Young, Pansy Nursery, Cheshunt
(Award of Merit).

Poppies, Shirley strain.— The Rev. W. Wilks, M.A_,
Shirley Vicarage, Croydon, exhibited two lovely
bouquets of the beautiful Shirley Poppies : and the
strain was awarded a First-class Certificate. The
flowers shown were of large size, some pink and soma
white ; all of them equally attractive.

Rose Bellejleur.-A semi-double Rose, 4 iuclies across,
of the colour of Paul's Carmine Pillar. From Mr. Geo.
Prince, Longivorth Nurseries, Berks (Award of Merit).

Scolopendrinm vidgare aagittato-cristatum. —This is a-
variety of the common Scolopendrinm, with two
crested lobes iit the base of each frond, and another at
point. Shown by Mr. C. T. Drueuy, 11, Shaa Road,
Acton (.\ward of Merit).

Spirxa astilboides var. Silver Sheath.— The correct name
of this plant is Astilbe japonica var. Silver Slicalli. It,
is a first-class variety of the plant known as Spirtea.
astilboides, grows 3J feet high, and has very freely-
branching inflorescence, with less dense spikes than
the type, and a faint shade of pink. Shown by Mr.
H. J. Jones (Award of Merit).

COMPETITIVE ROSES.
General Classes.

The 1st class for tweuty-four trusses, distinct, wasi
won by Messrs. B. Cant & Sons, Colchester, with a
collection of the following varieties. Back row: Gus-
tavo Piganneau, Caroline Testout, Ulricli Brunner,
Madame de Watteville, Maurice Bernardin, Catherine
Mermet, Helen Keller, Her Majesty ; middle row : Mar-
chioness of Downshire, Alfred Colomb, Mainan Cochet,
Ben Cant (the new purple-crimson H.P.), Tlie Bride,
Cointesse de Ludre, Inuoccnte Pirola, Comte de Raim-
baud; front row: Marie Verdier, White Lady, A. K.
Williams, Madame Hoste, Lady Helen Stewart, Ethel
Browulow, Horace Vernet, and Bridesmaid. Messrs.
D. Prior & Son, Myland Nurseries, Colchester, were
and, and included very lovely specimens of Maniaii
Cochet, and Gustavo Piganneau. There were two
additional exhibits.

Eighteen Single Trusses, distinct.— Mr. Chas. Turner,
Royal Nurseries, Slough, won the 1st prize in this class,
from two other exhibitors, showing a collection o£
bright blooms of moderate size. The prettiest were-.
Maiiian Cochet, Mrs. J. Grant, Caroline Testout, Gus-
tavo Piganneau, Marcchal Niel, Prince Arthur, Ulster,
one of Messrs. Dicksons' new Roses; and Bessie Brown.
2nd, Mr. GEO. Prince, Longworth, Berks, wliose col-
lection contrasted with that which obtained the 1st
prize, owing to the number of H.P.'s in Mr. Turner's,
stand and of H.T.'s in that from Mr. Prince.
Amateurs.

Eighteen distinct trusses.— The largest class open only
to Amateurs, was won by O. G. Orfen, Esq., W«st
Bergholt, Colchester, with the following varieties.
Back row: Mam.-in Cochet, very fine; Bessie Brown,
a lovely blossom ; Francois Michelou, Her Majesty,
Ulrich Brunner, aud Mrs. E. Mawley. 2nd row : Mar-

July 6, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

15

chioDCSs of Londonderry, Mrs. Jno. Laing, Mrs. R. G. S.
Crawford, Marquise Litta, White Maman Cochet, and
Madame de Wattoville. Front rmo : Killarney, a new
pink-flowerinf H.T. ; Innocente Pirola, Cleopatra,
The Bride, Souvenir de S. A. Prince, and Catherine
Mermet. Tlic Rev. J. H. Pestberton was 2nd, and
there were two unsuccessful exhihitors.

Twelve HngU trit^fe?. — Tliere were seven exhibits of
collections of twelve single trusses, and the 1st prize
was won by J. Halstead, Esq.. Oak Lodge, Reigate.
His selection was Caroline Testout, Etienne Level,
Marie Finger, Comte Rainibaud, A. K. Williams, the
lovely lemon-coloured K. A. Victoria, Chas. Lcfcbvre,

to a collection of blooms of Marchioness of London-
deny, shown in very fine condition by J. Bateman,
Esq., Kosevale, .\rchway Road, London, N. The Rev. F.
Page Roberts, Halstead Rectory, Sevenoaks, won 2nd
prize with his blooms of Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford.
The varieties Caroline Testout and Mrs. Jno. Laing
were also shown in this class.

TEAS AXD NOISETTES.

Opex Classes.

The 1st prize for eighteen trusses, distinct, was won

by Mr. Geo. Prince. Maman Cochct again showed up

to much advantage, as did the good and useful variety

Catherine Mennet ; White Maman Cochct, Bridesmaid,

Fig. 7.— rose "SLSANNK-MARIE ROI>f)C.\NACEH " (II. p.): BltKMlT KOSK COLOCR.
(kkk V. 10.)

Clio, Souvenir de President Carnot. Alfred Colomb,
La France, and Marchioness of Londonderry. The 2nd
prize was won by F. Wellesley, Esq., Westficld,
Woking (gi-., Mr. J. Gilbert).

The smaller class for six blooms, distinct, was won
by Mr. G. II. Baxter, Mutton Park, Brentwood (gr.,
Mr. II. llollow.ay).

Nine irinijle tnmges of any variety oj IT, P., U.T., or
11 II. — The 1st prize was won by five blooms of
llcr Majesty, shown by Mrs. Haywood, Woodhatch
Lodge, Reigate (gr., Mr. C. J. Sailer) ; and the
Rev. J. H. PEMHERTON.with the variety A. K. Williams,
obtained 2nd prize.

Hix trusses of any II. P., H.T., or II. H. Rote. -TUeie
were as many as thirteen exliibits in Ibis class, and
rather close competition. The 1st prize was awarded

.Mrs. E. Mawley, and Madame llostc were others in this
collection tlLatdesei-ve mention. 2nd, Messrs. U. Prioii
& Son, whose best blooms were Maman Cochet, Brides-
maid, and a very attractive blossom of Innocente
Pirola.

Amateurs.

O. G. Orpek, Esq.. won the class for eighteen trusses,
in not fewer than twelve varieties. There were beau-
tiful blooms of Maman Cochct and white Maman
Cochet, Madame Cusin, Comtcsse de Nadaillac, MarO-
chal Nicl, and Bridesmaid.

Twelve single trusses in not fewer than nine yars.— E. M.
IlKTHUNE, Esq., Dcnne P.irk, Horsham, Sussex, won
1st prize in this class, and showed a veiy large bloom
of Mrs. Ed. Mawley, Maman Cochct, very pretty; also
Messrs. W. Paul's Mcdca, a lemon - coloured Tea;

Catherine Mcrmct, <tc. The Rev F. R. Burnside, GreSt
Stambridge Rectory, Rochford. Essex, was 2iul. mid
there were two other collections.

A class for sLx single trusses, not fewer than four
varieties, was won by Miss Be.\trice H. Lanuton,
Raymead. Hendon, N.W., and she showed fine and very
pretty specimens of Mama.!i Cochet, White Maimtu
Cochet, Madame Cusin, Comtcsse de Nadaillac. Sylph,
.and Bridesmaid. Of seven other exhibitors, the suc-
cessful one for 2nd place was G. A. Hammond, Esq.,
Cambrian House, Burgess Hill.

Xinetrussesof one variety.— The variety Maman Cochct
wasawardcd 1st prize in this class, from Mr. O.G. Orpek;
and Innocente Pirola, from G, H. Baxter, Esq., was
placed 2nd.

Six Trusses of One I'arirti/.— Maman Cochet was again
awarded premier lionours, from E. M. Bethune. Esq. ;'
and Muriel Giahamc, a prettily tinted Rose, from the
Rev. F. R. Burnside, w.-is 2nd.

GARDEN ROSES.
There were two excellent displays made in the class
for thirty sLx distinct varieties, not fewer than three
I russes of each. The 1st prize was won by Messrs. Paul
tt Son, Old Nurseries, Cheshunt. Particularly notict-
ablc were Pink Reamer (Wichuriana), Leuchtstern,
Killarney, Marquise do Salisbury, Lady Battersea, Ma
Capucinc, Crested Moss, William .\llan Richardson,
Paul's Carmine Pillar, and Rosa Mundi. The bunche>!
were large, and most efFectivcly put -up, but too
crowded. Messrs. Frank Cant & Co., Braiswick Ni; «
series, Colchester, were 2nd. Very striking in tin.,
stand were the bunches of R. macrantha, a large single
blush Rose; and R. himalaica.

ROSES IN VASES.

There were four classes U\v Rose blooms in vases
shown with long stems, and they had a very pretty
effect. The 1st prize for nine distinct varieties, scvcii
trusses of each, was won by Mr, Geo. Prince, and the
collection was not to include any variety the National
Rose Society regard asbelonging to the garden section.
Tliose shown were Kaiserin .\. Victori.a, Marquise
Litta, Souvenir de S. A. Prince, Mrs. W. J.
'irant. Bridesmaid, Fisher Holmes, Bessie Brown,
Innocente Pirola and Madame Cusin, the flowers were
beaulifullr arranged and set ofT by a backing of black
velvet; 2nd, Messrs. B. Cant it SONS, whose gi'oup co;--
laincd much deep colour, there being the varieties
Uuke of Wcllinglon, General Jacqueminot, Fisher
Holmes, A. K. Williams, &c. Two other competitors
were unsuccessful.

■Six ili.ftinct varieties (.Iniafeiirs).— This class was won
by the Rev. J. II. Pemuehton, who had a very pretty
exhibit.

Teas and Noisettes.— Xn open class lor six distinct
varieties, seven trusses of ca<.'h (garden Rose excluded),
was^won by Mr. GEO. Prince, his varieties being
Maman Cochet, white Maman Cochet, Muriel Graliaire,
Comtcsse de Nadaillac, Catherine Mermet, and Inno-
cente Pirola ; 2nd, Messrs. B. Cant it Sons.

Mr. O. G. Orpen won a similar class open only to
amateurs. His flowers looked very pretty in tall glass
vases. IThc varieties were Souvenir do S. .\. Prince^
While Maman Cochet, Innocente Pirola, Anna Olliviir,
Madame lloste, and Madame Cusin.

The Orchid Committee.

Present: Harry J. Vciti'b, Es(|., in the Chair; :iiid
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), E. Ashworth, K. A.
Rehder, II. T. Pitt, J. Douglas, W. A. Bilney, T. W
Uond, J. W. Potter, II. J. Chapman, II. A. Tracy, W. II.
Young, J. G. Fowler, II. Ballantine, II. M. PoUett, and
W. H. White.

Sir TuEVOtt Lawrence, Bart, Burford, sent several
interesting things, one of which, Schomburpkia
Thomsoniana, sccm-ed an Award of Merit. Sclioin-
burgkia Thomsoniana fii"st made its ap])carancc
in a finclspcciinen exhibited by W. J. Thomson, Esq.,
Ghyllbank, St. Helens, at the show held at Liverpool
under the auspices of the Royal Horticultural Socicly
in 1880; and it was the nuist iutei'esting plant exhi-
bited. The late Prof. Rciclienhach described it in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, July 9, 1887. -Vt that time no
information was forthcoming as to its native habitat,
but since then it has been staled that it grows on the
Great Cayman, and possi'ily iu some of the other West
Indian Island.-*. The plant has, however, continued to
be very rare, and its reappearance at the Royal lloili-
cultural Society records it as the most botanical ly-
intcreBting plant exhibited for the second time. The
plant has hard, hollow stems, as in S. tibicinis. although
both the plant and the inlloiescence are smaller than hi

16

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July C, 1901.

lliiil s|)i\ie.s. The sepals and netals are iiiilc yellow, with
a liiiKeiii inu-ple on tlie revevsc side. Lip whitish a,t
Ihe base and side lobes, the Irout lobe being of a bright
pui-ple colour. Sir Tkevou Lawijence also showed
Kcnauthera. Imsc-liootiaua superba, with the large
lateral sepals of a rich riiby-criuison, getting lighter
towards the edges: Cypripcdium x Wicrtzianuin
" liurford variety," Sobralia niacrautha superba, a very
flue and riehl.v-coloured form ; and the very singulai-
^ranthu.sdentiens. with a curiously formed gi-eeuish
fiowei-, borne on .1. long slender stem (Uolanical
Certificate).

Sir FuEDEuicK WiUAN, Hart., Clare Lawn, East
Sheen (gr., Mr W. II. Young), showed Cattleya Mcndeli
albescens, for which an Award of Merit had formerly
been given. The plant bore a thrce-llowered inflor-
.cscence, the blooms being clear wlute, witli a scarcely
perceptible blush tint on the sepals and lip; also , a
splendidly grown Cattleya Gaskelliana alba, with nine
flowers, for which a Cultural Commendation was given.
Mr. Ed. Kuomek, Koraima Nursery, Baudon Hill,
Croydon, showed a good example of the dwarf Zygo-
petalum .xanthiiium (Promena-a citrina.), with eleven
bright yellow flowers.

J. A. TiJiMI.s, Esij., Sloue Hall, Oxted, showed Cattleya
Mossiai and (J. laljiala Warncri.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

. J'reseiit: Geo. Bunyard, Esq., Chairman ; and Messrs.
H. Eslings, Jos. Clieal, W. Farr, S. Mortimei', A. Dean,
W. Fytc, Geo. Keif, E. Beckett, A. Ward, Jas. Smith,
Edgar S. Blaker, H. Balderson, and Rev. W. Wilks.

Messrs. Laxton Bros., Bedford, showed a large
quantity of their new late-fruiting Strawberi-y, Clinuix, a
wedge-shai>ed fruit of large size and of a shining crim-
son hue, liaving the seeds embedded in the llesh. It was
obtained by crossing Latost-ot-Al,I with Waterloo. An
equal quantity of the new late variety Trafalgar, the
Iruit of which is cockscomb-shaped, obtained from
Latest-of-AU crossed with Frogiuore Late Fine uas
shown. It has a flavour reminiscent of British Queen,
due to the iuflupuce of Frogmore Late Pine. In shape
it is generally more wedge-shaped than conical, and the
colour is scarlet, the tip being of a light tint. Plants
of both varieties were shown, whicli indicated great
fruitfulness. A plant "1 lil,. wise. sliown of the variety
Fillbasket, a late-fruiiii,->,uiriv,wilheonically shaped
fruit, produced in i;i,,,i ,.1 ,.iuM..n. It has for its
parents Royal iSovercigu and Latcst-ot-AU.

Miss ADAMSON, South Villa, Regent's Park (gr., Mr.
G. Kclf), showed Strawberry Waterloo of large size ai}d
perfect in every point (Cultural Commendation).

Mr. Peters, gr. to R. P. Sturgis, Givons Grove,
Leathcrhead, showed a Strawberry = Waterloo crossed
ivith Latcst-of-AU as plants lifted from the opeu ground.
The first-named was the seed parent.

Messrs. Bunyard & Co., nurserymen, Maidstone,
showed a dish of Strawberry Latest-of-All, ivhicll
■consisted of extra largo fruits.

Mr. G. Wythes, gr. to His Grace the Duke of
KOETHUJiBERLAND, Syou House, Brentford, showed
Melon Victoria Wythes = Sutton's Epicure x Syon
House, a nice looking, netted, green flesh variety, of the
middle size.

Mr. Jas. Vert, gr. to Lord Bhavbrook, Audley End,
Saftrou Waldrou, also showed a grecu fleshed variety of
Melon. No award to Melous was made by the
Committee. '

Mr. R. Staward, gr., Daucsfield, Waltonon-Thames
shmved Pea obtained by crossing Perfection with
William I. The pods were large aud well filled, aud of
a dark green coloiu-, as was dikewlso the seed

Mr. E. Beckett, gr. to Lord Aldenham, Aldeuham
House, Elstrec, showed a new Pea Edwin Beckett a
very large podded variety, possessing uine and ten seeds
ill a pod (Cultural Conimcudation).

Awards of Merit.

R. P. STum;i.s. Esq., Givons Grove Gardens, Leather-
head (gr., Mr. Peters), showed Strawberry Givons Late
Prolific, a fine large cockscomb-shaped fruit, of a light
crimson colour, but as regards the flavour we u-e

luiabletu speak.

MeudeU "Wc^l Toiiil \in
Merit, it is a finr l:Mjr 11, m-
aud petals, tlir lip Uri,r^ m
dark lines runninL; Hire
yellow. Cattleya Mendeli '

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

June i'0.-'ri„.i.. «ms not a large mceliu" on this date
the mouths of June, July, and August being " slack ■'
months so far as Orchids go. '

S. GuATRix. Esq., Whalley Range (gr., Mr. G. Cypher)
exhibited luilf-a-dozcn good things. Cattleya Gaskel-
liana var. form o.sa from this collection, was very fine
and received a First-class Certificate. Cattleya

GLOUCESTER AND CHELTENHAM
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

June 2ti.— The annual show of the county of tliis
Society was held at the Montpelicr Gardens under
distiuguished patronage. Tlie groups of flowering and
foliage plants, arranged for efi'ect on a space of 200
square feet, were worthy of a clo.sc study, both for

'hrllr

.lir|,i|

ill IJI^

; Ml \.

taking I'ud l.hna^.auil Jlr,M>. I'aik.s ,^ Sii m; n: I „■, ,,.:
••ird. The prize for tlie amateur groiiji hi- .i«:i. ,1. M iT,

Mr. J. HOKLICK, of Cowley Manor (.1 ,M,r-hiiv

Mr. Cypher was also the leading exliibitur for stove ,.r
nil- io|icu), zonal Pelargoniums, group
'II' IimIs, aud a collection of herbaceous

greenhi

pereunj
Mr. II

or greci
1-vMaii
took sc'

•d IIk

uuuiis, zonal Pelargoniums, and herbaceous perennial

plants.
Messr
three cl;
Glouccslrr,
The ta.Mrlii
feature of tl

TowNSEND & Son, Worcester, took 1st in

Kuses; and Mr. Conway Jones, of

wn judge and exl ibitor, a2nd.

orations and boii uets were a

rll 1,1

/■n«(made a tempting display, aud Crloncl Rogers
was successful with Grapes, Peaches, aid Nectarines-
while Messrs. Hau, & Son placed on the tables some
monster Strawberries, and secured a justly deserved
1st prize.

Vcgetabks.-In this section the Rev. G. Covfntrv
nearly swept the board.

Misceltaueous.-Messvs. Heath & Son made n fine di -
play of flowers, not for competition ; and Mr J
Jackson showed a capital collection of fruit Me^s,-.
I'Ui.r.ER & Mavi.am also figured proinineutlyamonL' the
prize-winners Tlic show was regarded bveoiiipete.il
jud-es .'is the best the s,„-i,.|y has held for many years.

BRISTOL & DISTRICT GARDENERS'
MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT ASSO-
CIATION.

June 2;.— The monthly meeting of this Society was
held at St. John's Parish Rooms on the above date •
Mr. E. BiNFiEi.D occupied the chair. Tlie paper for
the evening was on the "Culture of Orchids," being
the essay that obtained the prize kindly given by Mr
iWfEKX, Redlaiid, and won by Mr. F. Lee, of Redland

as the rcason-

, " received an Award of
■r, witli pale mauve sepals
lilarly coloured with a few
-igh ; throat of lip very
West Point var. " received

1 Award of Merit, it is a finely-shaped flower with a
richly - coloured labellum. Cattleya Mossia; var.
Aruoldiana also received au Award of Merit ; the
sainc award going to Odontoglossum crispum West
Point var., a flower of good shape aud substance.

A. Wakuurton, Esq., Haslingden (gr., Mr. T. Loft-
house), received a First - class Certificate for Cypri-
pedium X Curtisii x Morgania>,a good hybrid between
tlie two above-mentioned parents.

Mr. A. J. Keelinu, exhibited a good group of plants,
comprising Cattleyas, Lo^lias, Cypripediums, &c.
Bronze Medal. P. v.

directions.

iiu-u tuey can now
rists to make themi
I'e a selection of tl
rudrobium, Cattlcy
le grown, together

HANLEY HORTICULTURAL.

July 8. l.-The exhibition in Haulcy Park on the
above dates was a magnificent oue in all respects
Every section of the show was admirably filled, and iu
many classes the competition was very keeu. Groups
were superb botli in the competitive and non-com-
petitive sections ; while fruit, with the exception of the
white Grapes, was splendidly staged. Vegetables, too
considering the weather aud tlic early date, were very
iliie. Pressure upon our space prevents our giviu"
notes of any, except the most important classes in the
open Section. Needless to say, the growers of Stafford
Chester, Derby, aud Salop, showed some siilendid pro-
duce iu all departments.

Open to all Groups and Plants.
The promoters of the Hanlcv Fete make a ^-reat
feature of their groups, for which they offer handsonie
prizes. Iho inanciiuil class 'is for a grouij of plants

in or out of bloom, arranged for efl'ect ou a space not
exceeding 300 square feet. There were four competitors,
of whom Mr. J. Cvpuek, Clicltenham, was an easy 1st
withagroup tlial u,i, uill up to his usual splendid
standard. Tlie an ,u,-.;ri,,,.|,i look the form of a central
mouudwithanohlr K. 1,1,:, ..,1 the summit. From the
sides rose Swam.,uiua.s Liliuui Harrisii, Ixoras, Cro-
tons, Caladiums, aud Ferns. There were four corner
mounds, each surmounted by a graceful Bamboo, and
Odontoglossums, Aralias, with
dribxiis. Tall specimen Crotons
"IV judiciously employed. Into
• III, «ith good effect, Nertera
li >K, Leamington, was 2nd with a
It of the customary foliage plants
1 1 jdrangeas, Cattleyas, "odouto-
llowers. Mr. J. Read, gr. to the
UN, Bretby Park, was 3rd. This gi'oup

having Caladiu
Ferusaud Aspar

aud Huillrj rh L':

the grouiuluurk

lacked bri-hlness.
In the

hlU

I group of Orchids, arranged in a
'cl. Jlr. J. Cypher was placed 1st,
ll.vlinn which included Cattleyas,
'I'lii'iiiitis grandiflcua, Mlltonias,
li "III viicllinum majus, and others.
I" u Thompson, Esq., Walton
. "I- Jinl, the group comprising

III iiic rhi,^ iMi Iu, ii, |. hints, six to be in flower,
Mr. J. CMHii; \\:i, ,,iMly 1,1, with Phcenocoma proli-

icra Bail!.,,], K, itiM i;,,| i-oaua, K. Forsteriana,

s-tatue pi. .III,.,, ciuiun yucen Victoria, C. Mortfou-
I liiMMvis, i\ii| ., talicifolia, Bougainvillea glabra. Erica
*'""|'"-| l^i'iliwelliaua, and E. Caveudishiana, Mr.
U.\Ars,.:„asl'ud.

The Orchids iu the class for eight distinct were
splendid. The premier prize went to Mr. J. Cypher,
who staged Cattleya gigas, C. Mossiie, Brassavola
l>i'--i<v:Mi;i cvuriiicilium Lawrenceauum, C. superbiens,
"''''''''■ mil n 1 puiii,O.Coradinei,andEpideudruiii

1' ' III Mr.-srs. JENKINSON & SON, NOW-

Mi'. J.

CvpUEu was 1st for six Palms distinct, with
grand examples of Keutia Belmoreiana, Latauia bor-
bonica, and Tlirinax elcgans, as liis best. Mr. W.
VAtjsE was 2nd.

Roses.
Seven classes were scheduled iu this section, and
coiisiilevinrr that tlic n)i(iiiii'4 day immediately pre-
cc'l'ii 111.' Triiiplr sii.Mvii.i Hi,- National Rose Society,
til'' ill pi." ^^.l- I Anllnii Ti:r principal class was for
seviiil\-iu.i chsliiM-i Miiyl,; trusses, and the premier
place was taken by Messrs. Alex. Dickson & Sons,
Newtownards, whose best blooms were Mrs. W. J.
Grant, Comtesso de Nadaillae, Ernest Metz, Muriel
Graliariie, Mil.hvd ';

■■-lolurlM, ilKli,,. \ ,11 ,1,
Mr-^l- ,1 T..UN-I Ml
and MrsMs. 11 M.KSKs

closely.

In the class for forty-eight distinct, the King's
.\ci!E Nursery Co., Ltd., Ifereford, was placed 1st,

Nil.hi

s^, iJcdalc, loUoHcd \ cry

id

..1 .-la

whi

.M,

Nil. Ill

iiil-ii , ,\li , 1
nl .Mcs-l -, l\\

h were very fine
Irs. W. J. Grant,
Ninveuir d'Elise
Notts, was 2nd;

Till- c'la-,-, ii.i- niiri\ -i\ iiii.ii's resulted in a win for
llessis. A. lUpKsdN ,x S(i\s, who were 1st ivitli flowers
tliat show-ed signs of the weather. Messrs. Harkness &
Son were a good 2ud, and the King's Acre Nursery
Co., Ltd.. 3rd.

Mc-si-s \. Iii(-K.s(iN ,t Sons were 1st for twelve new
R"M -. ililiihi. iiiiii. limed since 1898, or seedlings,
Willi -iMi.il uiiiiiiihil light-coloured varieties. Mr.

Fni-

Fill i\M u, ih^iiuct varieties Messrs. A. Dickson &
Sons \m i r 1,1-1 Iv 1st, with Gustave Pigauneau, A. Lind
sell, risi.-i. I:,-, sic Brow-n, Florence Pemberton, '^bm
Wood. Mildi-cd Grant, Mrs. W. J.Grant, Mamie, and
Chas. Lctcbvre. Mr. Frettingham w-as 2ud.

There was only one class for Teas, this being for
twelve, distinct, three blooms of each. Messrs. J.
TowNsEND & Sons were the only exhibitors, and
showed Ernest Metz, The Bride, Francisea Kriigcr,
Marie \'an Houtte, Maiuan Cocliet, and Inuoceute
Pii-ola.

For twelve blooms of any one variety Messrs. J.
TowNSESD & Sons were 1st w-ith Bessie Brown; and
Messrs. A. Dickson iSc Sons 2ud, with Mildred Grant.

New Century Class— British Garden Produce.

This general class called for nine dishes of fruit, not
fewer than six kinds; nine dishes of vegetables, not
less than six kinds ; nine plants in pots not exceeding
6 inches in diameter, with cut flowers to the taste of the
exhibit..!. Til.- ihr.-i' pi.iiil- ui-rc quality, harmonious
Irieiiiliiii; ..f .-..Liur. :,ii.l -j.-m-ral t-lVcct, A table space
15 feci l.\ I I. It H,i- iillinvcil There were three com-
petilois. Iiut -Ml. J. .MclNDuE. thi-ougli inadvertently
including one dish of fruit over the requisite number
was disqmalifled. He had a splendid exhibit, and a
special ].rizc ciiial iu value to the 1st will be awarded.
Till- pi. Mill m 11. 1 w.'iii to the Earl of Harrington,
Eh.i 11 Mi, |i. ii.\ iLjr . Mr. J. H. Goodacre), who
scoi' i ! - i ..III 1.1 a possible 1.51. He sliowed

Grapt,, 1 ,,..ui ., .•sL-vJlini,', and Black Hamburgh,
Peaches Prince of Wales and Dymoiid, Apple Lady

July C, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

17

Sudclcy, Fig Brown Turkey, Nectarine Lord Napier.
Strawberiy Koyal Sovereign, and Melon A 1. The
vegetables were Tiirnip Snowball, Tomato Ruby, Pea
Empress of India, Carrot Veiteh's Scarlet, Cauliflower
Pearl, Cucumber A 1, Bean Ne Plus Ultra, Asparagus
Reading Giant, and Globe Artichoke. The flowers were
Heuchcra sanguinea, Malmaison Carnations, Masde-
vallias. Sweet Peas, Thunias, and Roses. The plants
included Bamboos, Crotous, and Cypenis, with .\spara-
gus trails. The Earl of Carnarvon, Bretby Park (gr.,
Mr. J. Read), was 2nd with ninety-six points. He had
both fruit and vegetables in excellent condition.
Ctrr Floweks.
Prizes were offered for the best trade e.xhibit on a
tabic space not e.xceeding 20 feet by 4 feet. There was
apparently only one exhibit, tliis being arranged by
Messrs. Jenkinson & Sox, Newcastle, Staffs, who
received the 1st prize.

From a class for a collection of hardy tiowere, in a
space 12 feet by 4 feet, nurscrjTncn were excluded, and
Mr. .V. H. Hall was given the 1st prize. He showed
large bunches of hardy flowers.

In the classes for bouquets, vases, baskets, and stands
of flowers, the honours were divided principally be-
tween Messrs. Perkins & SOK, Coveutrj', and Jenkin-
sos & Son, Newcastle, Staffs.

Tliree classes were scheduled for Sweet Peas, and a
beautiful display was the result. Twelve distinct varie-
ties were called for in each case, but there was api>a-
rcntly no competition in one of the classes, and both
the others were easily won by Mr. W. Jones, Pell
Wall, Market Drayton, who staged magnificently.
Fruit and Veget.vbles.
Fl*uit made a vci*y considerable show. For a collec-
tion of nine dishes, the 1st prize went to Mr. W.
NlCHOLLS, who showed Grapes, Black Hamburgh and
Buckland Sweetwater ; Melons, Baroness and Countess :
Strawberry Royal Sovereign (apparently two varieties
in the dish) ; Nectarines, Early Rivers and Lord
Napier; Peach, Dyniond; and Fig, Brown Turkey.
The Exors. of the late J. Corbf.tt, Esq., Impney, Droit-
wich (gi*.,Mr. J. Jordan), were 2nd. His best dishes were
Grape, Black Hamburgh; and SIrawbeiTies, Mentmorc.
Lord Bauot, Rugeley (gi-., Mr. Thos. Banncrman),
was 3rd.

In the class for six kinds. Pines excluded, Mr. J.
McISDOE was a splendid 1st, with Grapes Black Ham-
burgh and Muscat of Alexandria, Peach Dymond,
Nectarine Stanwick EIrugc, Strawberry Royal
Sovereign, and Melon Yorkshire Beauty, The Earl
of Carnauvon was 2iid ; and Lady Beaumont. Carlton
Towers, Yorks (gi-., Mr. W. NiclioUs), 3rd.

There were eight entries in the class for four bunches
of Grapes, of whom Mr. J. Read was 1st with Foster's
Seedling, Buckland Swcetw.iter, Black Hamburgh and
Madrexlield Court. Mr. W. NicHOLL-S was 2iid ; and
Mr. Tiios. Bannerman .'ird.

For two bunches of Black Hamburgh, Mr. W.
NlCHOLLS was 1st ; C. Wateiihouse, Esq., Collar
House, Prustbury (gi-., Mr. A. H. Hall), 2iid ; and
Mr. J. 11. GoODACRE, 3rd. Neither White nor Madres-
field Court Grapes was well shown.

The Veoetabi.e section was made up largely by the
nursei-ymeii, who offered luizes under the customary
restrictions. In Siiltnn's class, Mr. A. H. Hall was Isl,
with Caulillowcr Wah-hcren, Onion Sutton's Perfection,
Marrow Long While, Polato Ninety Fold, Pea Duchess
of York, and Tomato Prince of Wales; Mr. J, Read
was a poor 2nd. Mr. J. McIndoe was Ist in Webb's
class, with Cauliflower Early Mammoth, Onion Reli-
ance, Tomato Viceroy, Celery Pearl White. Cucumber
Stourbridge GcMi, and Pea Talisman; Mr. J. Read was
2nd. Cumpctition was fairly keen in the remaining
vegetable classes, especially those for Peas, Onions,
and Potatos.

NON-COSrPETITIVE EXIIIItlTS.

As was hinted in the introduction, these were par-
ticularly line, Amongst the chief of them were the
following :— Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Chelsea,
miscellaneous plants; J. Peed & Sons, Norwood, Be-
gonias in )pot8; Harkness & .Sons, Bedale ; DiCKSONs,
Ltd., Cheater; White & Co., Worcester; and Weuh i
SONS, Wordslcy, hardy flowers, H. Low & Co., Bush
Hill Park, miscellaneous plants; Patierson .t SON,
Violas; and jones it .Son, Hinton Bros., Heniiv
Eckeobd, and R. Sydenham, Sweet Peas.

THE NATIONAL ROSE.

(IVIETROPOLITAN EXHIBITION.)
JlLV I.
The annual metropolitan exhibition of the National
Rose Society wa» held on Tliiusday la^t, in the gardens
<if the Inner Temple, Thames Embankment. Upon the
wliole, the show appeared scarcely so full as usual, and
there were fewer exhibits in the two large nursery,
men's classes. The display, however, looked much
prettier than it has done at the Crystal Palace, and there
was rather more room than was required in the three
tents, one of which provided a space of Kj.i ft. by 30 ft.,
and the other two KSO ft. by 40 f). each. The arrange-
ments were capital in the hands of Mr. Ed. Mawley,
assisted by JJr. Wright and Mr. Humphreys, from the
Koyal Horticultural, Society's gardens at Chiswick.

NURSE R-yMEN.

Mixed Roses.
The largest class for niirserymen was that in which
the Champion Trophy and Gold Medal accompanied
the 1st prize of £ii for the best collection of—

Seventy-two bloomf, dutinct rarielies.—Thcvc were six
exhibitors of such collections at the CiTstal Palace last
year, and on Thursday last there were five collections.
Messrs. Harkness & Sons, Bedale and Hitcliin, won
the 1st prize with a magnificcut lot of blooms. The
varieties were as follows :—Back row, Mrs. Jno. Laiug,
General Jacqueminot, Souvenir de S. A. Prince, Dupuy
J.imain, White Lady, Sir Rowland Hill, Marchioness of
Londonderry. Francois Michelou, K. .\. Victoria, Comte
de Raimbaud, Marchioness of Downshire, Ulrich
Briinner, Her Majesty, Paul Nejnon, Niphetos,
Gustavo Piganneau, Bessie Brown, La France
of '89, Madame E. Verdier, Eticnnc Level, Lady
Mary Fitzwilliam, Barthclemi Joubcrt, Madame
Joseph Bonnaire, and Duke of Teck. Centre row,
Alfred Colomb, Caroline Testout, Charles Lefcbvrc,
Ethel Brownlow, Marie Baumann, Ernest Metz, Louis
Van Houttc, White Maman Coehct, Horace Vcruet,
Innocente Pii-ola, .\. K. Williams, Pride of Waltham,
E. Y. Teas, Mar6chal Niel, Exposition de Brie, Maman
Cochet, Earl of Dufferin, Madame Hoste, J. S. Mill,
Souvenir d'Elisc Vardon, Prince .\rthur, Mnrici
Giahamc, Duke of Edinburgh, Mrs. W. J. Grant.
Front row : Mrs. Cocker, Hcinrich Schultheiss, Mcrveille
dc Lyon, Susanne - Marie Rodocanachi, Mrs. Ed-
Mawley, Captain Hayward, Mrs. F. W. Saudford, Tom
Wood, Madame Wagiam, Comtessc de Surcuiie, a
salmon-rose coloured flower; Dr. .\udiy, Mmc.GabricUc
Luizet, Duchessc de Morny, Gladys Harkness, Madame
Dclville, The Bride, Madame Cusin, Medea, Victor
Hugo (marvellous colour), Ulster, Duchess of Bedford,
Madame C'adeau Ramey.tiraudMogul, Caroline Testout,
and Fisher Holmes. The 2ud prize winners, Messrs.
It. R. Cant A Sons, Colchester, were exceedingly dose
in point of merit to the 1st prize exhibit, but on the
whole perhaps the blooms were a trifle less heavy.
.\ll of them were well coloured, and very bright and
fresh looking. .3rd, Messrs. Fbank Cant & Co..
liialswick Nursery, Colchester.

forty dMincl i'art««c»((c«We»).— In this class, requiring
as many as 120 blooms from each exhibitor, there were
(our collections, as comi)ared with Ave last year at the
metropolitan exhibition. The 1st prize collection came
from Messrs. Alex. Dickson it Sons, Newtownards,
CO. Down, and it lacked nothing in point of quality
The more effective varieties were Ulrich Brunuer, Jno.
Ruskin, Mildred Grant, Mrs. W. J. Grant; Tlie Dride.
Marquise Litta, Comtessc de Nadaillac, Mamie, Lady
Moyra Bcauclerc, Horace Vcrnct, Mrs. Jno. Laiiig,
Caroline Kuster, A. K. WlUianiB, Susanne -Marie Ro.
docanachi, I-a France, Countess of Caledon, Captain
Hayward, Alfred Colomb, Eticnnc Level, Bessie Brown,
itc. The 2nd prize .was won by Messrs. B. R. Cant Ji
Sons, and theirs was a vei-y bright eolleclioii of fresh-
looking blooms, smaller in size a little, than those in
the exhibit awarded a Isl prize. 3rd, Messrs. Frank
Cant & Co., Braiswick Nurseries, Colchester.

Forty-eight lHoomn, dlttincl iviriVMe*.— As many as four
exhibitors showed in this class, and the competition
was good. Messrs. J. Townsend & Sons, Lower Broad-
heath, Worcester, obtained the Isl prize. Their prin-
cipal variet ies were Ulrich Brunner, La France, Gustavo
Piganneau, Madame Joseph Coiirbct, Captain Hayward,
Mrs. W. J. Grant, K. A. Victoria, Innocente Plrola,
Caroline Kuster, Bessie Brown, Mrs. Ed, Mawley, Mrs.
Sharman Crawford, Robert Duncan, Killarncy, &c.
Messrs. J. Uuhkell it Co., Howe House Nurseries,
Cambridge, were 2nd ; and Messrs. G. & W, II. BuRCH,
Padolnic Road Nurseries, Peterborough, 3id.

There is always a brisk competition in Uie popular
class for—

Tinenly-fonr liloomt dittincl mrietieii, and on Tlmrsday
there were eight collections staged, though there had
been ten entries. The 1st prize was won by Mr. Geo,
Prince, with a nice collection of the following va-
rieties •.—Ilnck row : Bessie Blown, Her Majesty, Mamaii
Cochet, Bridesmaid, Horace Vernet, Muriel Grahamc,
A. K. Williams, Ulster. Second Row : Mrs. W. J, Grant,
K, A. Victoria, Louis Van lloutte, Mrs. Jos. Laiug,
Souvenir de S. A. Prince, Catherine Mermct, Madame
GabrioUc Luizet, and Golden Gate. TIUrdEow : Mrs. Ed.
Mawley, Tom Wood, Rubens. Prince Camille de RohnH,
La Fraichcur, Souvenir d'nn Ami, The Brido, and
Beauty of Waltham. Mr. Chas. Turner, Royal Nur-
series, Slough, who in previous years has frequently
won in this class, was 2nd, and showed rather smaller
blooiiu), composed chiefly of II. P. varieties; Mr. Jno.
Mattock was 3rd. - • .■-.i./...:

Twenty-four vaneties, distinct, trebles.— Messrs. Geo.
Cooling & Sons, Bath, won 1st honours tor twenty-
four trebles, and there were five other competitors.
Messrs. Cooling's varieties were Gustave Piganncaui
Mrs. W. J. Grant, Capt. Hayward, Mrs. Ed, Mawley,
Duke of Fife, Marechal Niel, Ulrich Bruniicr, Mar-
chioness of Londonderry, Countess of Caledon, Caro-
line Testout, La France '89, K, A. Victoria, Bessie
Brown, Madame Chas. Wood, Comtesse de Nadaillac,
Lawrence Alliin, Marquise Litta, and Ulster. Mr. Jno.
Mattock won 2nd prize ; and Mr. Chas. Turner 3rd.

Teas ^vnd Noisettes.
This section was shown well, and some of the blooms
were of fine size aud substance.

Tieenly-fonr blaoms, distinct. — The 1st prize in tho
largest class for single blooms was won by Messrs. D.
Prior & Son, Mylands Nurseries, Colchester; .and
the 2nd by Mr. Geo. Prince, Longivorth Nurseries,
Berks, and Oxford.

The 1st prize collection was composed of large and
cxceUent flowers, but it included few deep-colonred
varieties. The following varieties were staged ; Back
row : Maman Cochet, Souvenir de S. A. Prince. Ernest
Metz, Innocente Pirola, Madiime de Watteville,
Comtesse de Nadaillac, Souvenir dUn Ami, and The
Bride. Centre row : Mba Rosea. Catherine Mcrmet,
Fraucisca Kruger, Medea, Marichal Niel, Muriel
GraUame, Marie Van Houttc, and Cleopatra. Front
row: Souvenir d'Elise, Hon. Edith Gifford, Ethel
Brownlow, White MaiBan Cochet, Bridesmaid, Caroline
Kuster, Mrs. Ed, Mawley, And Madame Hoste. Mr.
GEO. Prince's stand contained fine blooms of Mrs, E.
Mawley, Madame Cusin, Maman Cochet, E. V. Her-
mauos. an orauge-colourod rose-shaded pink, not frc-
ciuently sc«n on exliibition stands ; and Ethel
Biowniow. 3rd, Messrs. B. R. Cant & SONS. Thcio
was one unsuccessful exhibitor.

There were nine collections staged in a class lor
rii'fii'e bloonw, dliUnct varieties, and the i)remier award
was won by Mr. Jno. Mattock. New lleadington Nur-
sery, Oxford, who staged splendid flowers of tho
following varieties. Back row : Comtesse de Nadailao
(grand petals). The Bride, Maman Cochet, Souvenir
d'Elise Vardon (with extraordinary petals). Cc/ilcc /'oio .•
Souvenir do S. A. Prince, Prince of Wales, Marie Van
Houtte, and M.-vdamc Cusin. Front Row : Calhcvino
Mcrmet, Muriel Grfthame, Ethel Brownlow, and Medea.
2ud, Messrs. J. BcnnELL & Co.. Howe llouseNurserics,
Cambridge. The following varieties were exhibited
well in this collection :— Maman Cochet, The Brido,
Muriel Grahamc, and Madame Cusin. Messrs. Hark-
ness .fe Sons, 3rd.

.'flxleen distinct rariel lei, treblcs.-Thc 1st prize in this
class was won by Mr, Geo, PniNCE.who showed trebles.
of good size, but many of the blooms had di.'ligmcd
peUlB, especially among the varieties Madame Cusiui-
Maman Cochet, and Mad.amc de Watteville; the 2nd
prize was won by Messrs. B. R. Cant &. Sons ; and the
:ird by Messrs, D, Prior & Son.

ROSES IN VASES.
There were two classes in the nurserymen's scclion
for Rose-blooma in vases, and the superior effect that
these have, compared with the old system of throttling
the blooms in boxes, should result in the system being
extended to other classes another year.
The flrsl of these classes was for—
Twelve Distinct Varieties,' seven l)U)oins ofeach,anO. theso
were to bo staged in a spftcc' not exceeding (i ft. by 3 ft.
Not more than six varieties of Teas or Noisettes were
permissible in this ■ class, aVtd tho blooms shown had
stems a foot or more long.. Mr, George Prince won
the 1st prize, and Hlagccl:the following v.irieties 1—
Maman Cochet, Bessi* Brown, Mrs. W. J. Grant, K. A.
Victoria, C.iroUnc Testout, A. K. Williams, Souvenir
(I'nn Ami, Capt, Hayward, Mar6chal Niel, Innocente
Pirola, Comtessc do Nadaillac, Fisher Holmes, and
Souvenir de 8. A, Prince, The Vases were staged on
shelves covered with black velvet, as were those in the
2nd prize collection, from Messrs, Harkness & Sons,
whose exhibit had a very glorious effect, and in which
the varieties Mrs. Wi J, Grant, Alfred Colomb, Madamo
Cusin, Ac, were grand.

• Nine distiiKl varieties 'of ' r*i« and Noisettes, seven bloomii
of each.— In this class', a«"in' the preceding one, ntino
but exhibition vai-teties' weVc permissible, and each
bouquet of seven blooms'*!ts judged as a single urtit.
The best exhibit wrtS again' from Mr, George Prince,
who showed Maman Cochet, Souvenir de S, A, Princ'C,
Souvenir d'uu Ami, White Maman Cochet, Mrs, E. Maw-
ley, lliridosmaid, Madiime Hoste, Bride, and Madamo
Cusin. Mr. Jno, MA'rrooK was 2nd, but the competition
■ was Very nncqu.al.

18

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jl;ly C, 1901.

GARDEN OR DECORATIVE ROSES.
The exhibits of this type of Rose, wliich includes
more variation tlian any of tlie types, become move
atti-active eacli year. So much attention lias been
given to tlie raising of brilliant Ramblers, Pillar Roses,
single-flowered, and Polyantlia Roses, tliat freedom to
flower and brilliance of colour characterise almost all
of them, and tliey ofler greater variety of colour also.
The be.st exliibit of—

Thirtij-gix distinct raridies on Tliui'sday were shown by
Messrs. Paul & Sons, The Old Nurseries, Clieshunt,
and they staged a magnificent display, in which the
following varieties were conspicuously effective,
Madame Fernet Ducher, Dawn (a lovely H. T., rosy-pink
in colour), R. macrantha, Gruss an Teplitz, Caiiioens,
R. lucida plena. Lady Battcrsea (richly coloured H. T-
Kose), Madame A. Chatenay, Old Red Damask, Madame
P. Cocliet, Reiue Olga de Wurtcniburg, R. rugosa atro-
purpnrea, Wallflower, Jules dc Mersant (Moss), &c.
Messrs. Cooling & Sons were 2nd, and had a very
showy display, inclusive of a considerable variety of
types. There were three exhibitors in the class, and
the remaining one, which was disqualified, owing to
an exhibition Tea Rose liaving been inadvertently
included, would possibly have been 1st, but for the
mistake.

Eighteen distinct parleties.— There were three exhibitors
in this class, and the 1st prize was won by Mr. Geo.
Prince, who had grand bouquets of tlie following showy
varieties : W. A. Richardson, Gu.stave Regis, Killarney,
Allister Stella Gray, R. Moschata alba. Turner's
Crimson Rambler, Papillon, Claire Jacquicr, White
Provence, Souvenir de Catherine Guillot, Rainbow,
Climbing White Pet, etc. 2nd, Messrs. Frank Cant & Co.-
a'ld 3rd, Mr. Charles Tdrner.

PREMIER BLOOMS.

The Silver Medals for the three premier lilooms in
the Nurserymen's Classes were awarded as follows :—
For the best H.P., a very fine bloom of Mrs. Jno. Laing,
shown by Messrs. D. & W. Croll, Dundee. For the
best H.T., Mildred Grant, shown by Messrs. A. Dickson
& Sons; and the best T. or N. Souvenir d'Elise Vardon
shown by Mr. Mattock.

OPEN CLASSES.

Open to all Nursekvmen and Amateurs.
Class 13.-Twelve blooms of Hybrid Teas, distinct
varieties. Six competitors staged in this class, Messrs
Alex. Dickson & Sons, Newtownards, Co. Down
winning with a good stand ; Caroline Testout, Countess
of Caledon, Mildred Grant, Mrs. W. J. Grant, Marquise
Lita, and Lady Mary Fltzivilliani, were the best flowers ■
2nd, Mr. Ho.:iH Dickson, Royal Nurseries, Belfast,!
3rd, Messrs. D. Prior & Son, Colchester.

Twelve blooms of any White or Yellow iSose.— The best in
this class proved to be the variety Bessie Brown, which
lias been shown well this season. These blooms were
from Messrs. D. Pryor & Sons ; 2ud, Comtessc de Na-
datllac, from Messrs. B. R. Cant & Sons; and 3rd.
Marie Van Houtte, from Mr. John Mattock. There
were fifteen entries in this class, but only ten exhibited.
Ttueh'C blooms of any light or dark crimson Rase.~ln this
class the 1st prize was won by the variety A. K
AVilliams, shown by Messrs. B. R. Cant & Sons; 2nd!
Captain Hay word, from Messrs. J. Townsend & Sons';
3id, Duke of Edinburgh, from Messrs. D. & W. Croll. '
Tweloe Blooms of any light-pink or rose-coloured Rose.—
The 1st prize in this class was awarded to excellent
blooms of Her Majesty shown by Messrs. G. and W. H
Burch, Peterborough. 2ad, Her Majesty from Messrs
Perkins & Sons, Coventry ; and 3rd, Caroline Testout
from Mr. Hugh Dickson, Royal Nurseries, Belfast.

Twelve blooms of any Tea or A'o«'se(te. -There were, as
many as seventeen exhibitors who entered in t'his
class, but not all of these put in an appearance
Excellent blooms of the variety Mrs. Edward Mawley
gained 1st prize, the dozen blooms being shown by
Messrs. Alex. Dickson & Sons; 2nd, the beautiful
variety Mainan Cochet, from Messrs. Harkness & Sons ;
and 3rd, the same, from Mr. Geo. Prince,

Class 18.-Nine blooms of any new Rose. A beautiful
stand of the variety Mildred Grant won for Messrs
Alex. Dickson & Sons, Newtownards, Ireland, the 1st
prize, and tlie National Rose Society's Silver Medal for
the best Hybrid Tea exhibited by a nurseryman a
beautifully-formed, blush-tinted Rose ; 2nd, F. Cant &
Co., Colchester, with Bessie Brown; 3rd, Messrs B
Cant & Sons, with Papa Lambert.

The next class for twelve blooms, distinct varieties
of Roses, ofl'ered for the first time in English nur
serymen's lists iu the spring of 1898, and subsequently
found Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons again to the front
with the following: Mamie, Lady Movra Beauclerc'
Robt. Scott, Mildred Grant, Bessie Brown, and Ulster'

among tlie best : 2ik1, Messrs. Perkins i Sons, Park
Nurseries, Coventry, Mrs. E. Mawley, Exquisite, Ulster.
Mrs. E. Garrett, and Bessie Brown, being the best in
their stand; 3rd, F. Cant & Co., Colchester, a bloom
of Killarney in this stand being very good.

GOLD MEDAL ROSES.

In chass 20, for new seedling Roses, or distinct sports,
there were two Gold Medals awarded. One of these
was to the fine pink-flowered Rambler Rose, from
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, described iu our report
of the Royal Horticultural Society at the Drill Hall, on
Tuesd.ay last (see p. 14). It is from a cross between
Turner's Crimson Rambler and R. multiflora simplex.
The other v.ariety .awarded a Gold Medal was the new
Tea Rose, Mrs. B. R. Cant, shown last year, and again
this, by Messrs. B. R. Cant &. Sons. It is a fine Tea-
scented variety of rich rose colour, and possessing
broad, good petals.

AMATEURS.
MIXED ROSES.

Speaking gener.ally, it can be said of the amateur's
Roses they were in not a few inst,ances deficient both in
size and colour. Those who grow on light lands
affected by the drought were the gi-eatest sufferers in
this respect; some residing in p.arts of the country
where there had been a gi-eater rainfall were able to
show fresher and brighter blooms, though large size
appeared to be the exception rather than the rule.

The class for 36 Blooms, distinct varieties, was entitled the
Amateurs' Champion CTass.— There were four entries.
Mr. E. B. LiNDSELL, Bearton, Herts, was placed 1st. His
blooms were clean and bright, but certainly below size.
Chief among them were Her Majesty, Manian Cochet,
Earl Dufferin, Marie Baumann, Prince Arthur,'
Innocente Pirola (T.), A. K. Williams, Comtessc de
Nadaillac, Madame dc Watteville, Madame Cusin (T.)
Merveille de Lyon, Dupuy Jamain, Bessie Brown (II.T.)'
Mrs. Mawley (T.). S. de Elise Vardon (T.), Muriel
GralLime, Mrs. J. Liang, The Bride, and Helen Keller.
2nd, Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Havering-atte-Bower,
whose blooms were somewhat uneven in size. Chief
among them were Ulrich Brunner, Caroline Testout
(H.T.), Marchioness of Londouderry, Fraiifois
Michclon, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria (T.), Aiiguste
Rigotard, Helen Keller, Xavia Olibo, Her Majesty,
A. K. Williams, Comte Raimbaud, Mrs. W. J. Grant,
Bessie Brown, Gen. Jacqueminot, Laurence Allan,
Souvenir d'Elise, Mrs. Sharmau Crawford, &c. 3rd,
Mrs. A. Slaughter, Jarvis Villa, Steyning.

Tiv'My-fonrBlooms, distinct varieties.— There were six
entries, and the competition was somewhat close, and
pointing had to be resorted to, and considerable time
was expended in doing so. Eventually Mr. W. Boyes,
Duflield Roa.i, Der'oy, was placed 1st with sin.all but
bright blooms of Comtesse de Nadaillac T., Madame
Eugijne Vcrdier, Gustave Piganneau, A. K. Williams.
Wliite Mamau Cocliet T., .\uguste Rigotard, Medea T.
Caroline Testout, Kaiserin A. Victoria T., Nlplietos T.'
Horace Vernet, Madame C. Rainey T., Mrs. W. J. Grant,
Madame G. Luizet, Innocente Pirola T., &_'. ; 2nd, Mr.
Conway Jones, Hucclecote, Gloucester, whose leading
blooms were A. K. Williams, Maman Cochet, Mrs. W.
J. Grant, Marchioness of Londonderry, Innocente
Pirola T., NiphetosT., Bessie Brown, Caroline Kuster
Medea, Horace Vernet, S. de President Caruot T.,
and Souvenir de S. A. Prince ; 3ra, A. Tate, Esq.
Downside, Leatherliead.

The next Class wa.^ also .for twenty-four Blooms, in which
the Ben Cant Memorial Prise was offered, and wos open to
all Amateurs.— In this were four entries, and here, as in
the previous class, the competition was very close, and
again pointing was called into requisition; with the
result that the 1st prize was awarded to the Rev. J. H.
Pemberton, who had bright, tliough generally small
flowers of Her Majesty. Comte Raimbaud, Mrs. J. Laing,
Francois Micliclou, Ulrich Brunner, Bessie Brown,
A. K. Williams, Comtesse de Nadaillac, Helen Keller,
White Maman Cocliet, Mrs. Sharmau Crawford, Mrs. W.
J. Grant, K. A. Victoria, Madame Hoste, Susanna-M.
Rodocanachi, .tc. 2nd, Mr. E. B. Lindsell ; 3rd, Mr.
O. G. Orpen.

Twelve distinct varieties, three blooms o'racA.— Here there
were five entries. Mr. E. B. Lindsell was awarded
the 1st prize, with good blooms of La France, Bessie
Brown, Mrs. J. Laing, Maman Cochet (T.), Her Majesty,
Madame Cusin (T.), K. A. Victoria (T.), Madame G.
Luizet, A. K. Williams, Innocente Pirola (T.), Madame
de Watteville (T.), and Ulrich Brunner ; the Rev. J. H.
Pemberton was placed 2nd. his leading blooms being
Mrs. W. J. Graut, Marchioness of Londouderry, Her
Majesty, Madame Hoste, Caroline Testout, Mrs. J.
Laing, A. K. Williams, and K. A. Victoria ; 3rd, Mrs.
Haywood, WoodhatcU, Reigate.

Twelve blooms of any /Jose, except Tea or Noisette, and
there were five competitors. The Rev. J. H. Pemberton
was placed 1st, witli /airly good blooms of Her Majesty.

Restricted Classes.
The following classes were only open to a'nateur growers
of fewer than 2,000 plants. The principal class, 30, was
for twenty-four blooms distinct, and there three eatriea.
Mr. E. Bethune, Denne Park, Horsliam, was placed
1st, with somewhat uneven blooms, chief among them
Mrs. J. Laing, Alfred Colomb, Madiine G. Luizet,
Mamau Cochet, Bessie Brown, Ulrich Brunner, Brides-
maid, Madame Cusin, Catherine Mermet, Fisher
Holmes, Margaret Dickson, La France, Co ntesse de
Nadailhac, Caroline Testout, The Bride, &?. ; 2iid, Mr.
A. Slaughter, Steyning, whose best flowers were Mrs.
J. Laing, Mainan Cochet, K. A. Victoria, Margaret
Dickson, Tlios. Mills, Marie Verdier, Killaruey, Marie
Rady, Medea, Ethel Brownlow, &?. ; 3i'd, Mr. W. C.
Romaine, Old Windsor.

Class 31 was for eighteen blooms distinct, and there
were three entries. Mr. R. Foley Hobbs, Thorneloe,
Worcester, was 1st with Her Majesty, K. A. Victoria,
A. K. Williams, Marddial Niel, La France, Bessie Brown,
Caroline Testout, Souvenir de S. A. Prince, wliite
Maman Cochet, Killarney, Horace Vernet, Innocente
Pirola, Wliite Lady, Souvenir d'un Ami, Medea, &c. ;
2nd, Mr. E. Mawley, Rosebank, Berkhamstead, who
had a fine bloom of Marechal Niel, Mrs. John Laing,
Ulrich Brunner, Marquise Litta, Marchioness of Down-
shire, E. Levet, Madame Jules Finger, &?. ; 3rd, Mr.
R. E. West, Wray Park, Reigate. The blooms in the
2nd and 3rd stands were decidedly uneven.

In the class for eight distinct varieties, three blooms
of each, there were six competitors. Mr. E. M. Bethune
was 1st with medium-sized blooms of Maman Cochet,
Madame Cusin, The Bride, Ulrich Brunner, K. A.
Victoria, Catherine Mermet, Camille Bernardin, and
Madame G. Luizet; 2nd, Mr. R. F. Hobbs.

Class 33 was for nine blooms of any Rose, except
Teas or Noisettes, and there were five competitors ; the
1st prize falling to Mr. R. F. Hobbs with Hsr Majesty,
in very good character ; Mr. F. VV. TATrEKSALL, Crook-
leigh, Morecambe, with Bessie Brown.

The two classes which follow were open only to
growers of not fewer than lOOO plants, and the leading
class was for twelve blooms, distinct, tlie 1st prize
falling to Miss Beatrice H. Lanoton, Raym^ai, Hea-
don, who had a very good dozen in Gustave Piganneau,
Caroline Testout, Captain Hayward, La France, Mrs. J.
Laing, K. A. Victoria, Mrs. W. J. Grant, Mainan Cochet,
Bridesmaid, Gen. Jacqueminot, Mrs. S. Crawford, and
Horace Vernet; 2nd, Mr. W. J. Piooe, Beeston, Notts;
his best blooms were Horace Vernet, Bessie Brown,
Mrs. W. J. Grant, Margaret Dickson. Marquise Litta,
K. Aug. Victoria, &.c. ; 3rd, Mr. John Bateman, Arch-
way Road. There were nineteen competitors.

In a class for six blooms of any one v.iriety, not T. or
N., there were nine competitors. Mr. M. Whittle, Bel-
grave, Leicester, was placed 1st, with capital blooms of
Her Majesty; Mr. S. Morris, Bank Street, Leicester,
was 2nd, with the same.

The three classes following were open only to growers
of fewer than 500 plants. The leading Class 36, was for
nine blooms, and there were sixteen entries. The 1st
prize was awarded to Mrs. E. A. Moulden, who had
bright, clean, even blooms of Comte de Raimbaud,
white Maman Cochet, Mrs. J. Laing, Innocente Pirola,
Dupuy Jamain, and the Hon. E. Gifford. Mr. R. W
BowYER, Hertford Heath, was 2nd; lis had smaller,
but charming blooms of Bessie Brown, Horace Vernet,
Caroline Testout, Mrs. John Laing, Uirich Brunner,
Madame Cochet, Comtesse de Turcnne. 3rd, Mrs.
Times, Bedford Road, Hltchin.

Class 37 was for six blooms, distinct varieties. Mr
H. H. Gilford, Edensor, Sutton, was placed Ist out of
fourteen competitors.

Class 38 was for six blooms of any one variety other
than T. and N. Mr. G. A. Hammond, Burgess Hill, was
1st, with Her Majesty; Mr. H. H. Gifford, Edensor,
Sutton, was 2nd, with Mrs. John Laing; Mr. R. W.
BowvER was 3rd. with Caroline Testout. There were
fourteen exhibitors.

E.\tra Classes,
In Class 39, for twelve blooms, distinct, Mr. C. J.
Grahame's Challenge Cup was competed for, and there
were fourteen competitors. The 1st prize was awarded
to Mr. W. Kingston, Waterloo Road, Bedford, who had
small but bright and well-developed blooms of Her
Majesty, A. K. Williams, Marchioness of Londonderry,
Charles Darwin, White Maman Cochet, Duke of Teck,
Mrs. J. Laing, S. de President Carnot, Caroline Kuster,

July 6, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

19

and Priucc Aitliur. Mr. T. Dennison, Handswortli
Wood, Blimingliani, was 2nd.

New Roses— The best six blooms of new Roses came
from the Rev. J. H. Pemberton. who had Shandon,
Bessie Brown, Killarney, Tennyson. Lady Mary Currey,
and Ards Rover. Mr. F. W. Tatteesail was 2nd. he
had Mrs. E. Mawley, Tennyson, Ulster, Bessie Brown,
Gladys Harkncss, and Killarney.

Maiden Exhibitors.

Class 44 was for six blooms for amateurs who had

joined the Society since tlie last exliibition. Mr. C. J.

Page, Enfield, was an excellent 1st; and Mr. T. H

Cooks, Colchester, 2nd.

METROPOLITAN' CLASSES.

Class 4.5 was for six blooms grown within 8 miles of
Charing Cross, and here there was a good competition.
Mr. E. R. Smith, Muswcll Hill, was 1st, with very good
blooms of popular H.P.'s; and Miss Beatrice H.
Langton, Hendon, 2nd.

TEA AND NOISETTE SECTION,
gome very beautiful blooms were staged in the fol-
lowing classes, but speaking generally a thinness of
flower was discernible, and in several the stormy
weall.er of the past few days ratlier detracted from the
beauty of tlic flowers.

ClofS i'l.—Eiijhteen Ifloomt diMnct varieties: Trophy
CfaM.— Four exhibits were staged, O. G. Orpen, Esq.,
West Eergholt, Colchester, coming 1st with a very
good stand, comprising Maman Cochct, Mrs. E. Mawley,
Clcoratra, The Bride, Ernest Mctz, White Maman
Cocliet, Innocentc Piiola, Souvenir d'Elise Vardon,
Bridesmaid, Mardchal Niel, Catherine Mermet. Madame
Cusin, Hadamc dc Wattevillc, Madame Cusin, Muriel
Grahamc. Souvenir dc S. A. Prince, Jean Ducher and
Sylph. The Silver Medal for the best Tea or Noisette
was awarded to Wliite Maman Cocliet in this stand.
A. H. Gray. Esq., Bealieu, Newbridge, Bath, was a good
2nd with a very clean stand of flowers of less weight;
3rd, Conway Jones, Esi|., Hucclccote, Gloucester.

Twelve Illnoms, distiiicl varieUes.—Si\ good stands were
staged, ALFRED T.tTE, Esq., Downside, Leatherhead,
gaining the premier position, liis best flowers were
Madame Cusin, Miss Ethel Brownlow, Tlie Bride, and
Souvenir d'EIsie. 2nd, A. H. Gray, Esq. 3rd, F. \V.
Flight, Esq., Twyford.

Some beautiful blooms were staged in the next class,
that for eiglit distinct varieties, three blooms of each.
I8t, A. H.Gray, Esq., liis Maman Cochct, Comtesse dc
Nadaillac. Catherine Mermet, and Mai-<Sclial Niel being
extra good: 2nd, O. G. Orpen, Esq.; 3rd, Mrs. F. W.
Campion, Trumpets Hill, Kcigate.

For nine blooms o/ any one nariely, O. G. Orpen, Esq.,
was 1st, Willi Wliitc Maman Cochet; 2nd, A. H.Gray,
Esq., with Maman Cochct (very good); 3rd, E. M.
Bethune, Esq., Horsham, with tlic same variety.

Open only to Growers ok Fewf.r than soo Plants
CF Teas and Noisettes.

Twelve lilunms, distinct varieties.— Four exhibitors, tlic
Rev. F. Page Roberts, Halstcad Rectory, Scvenoaks,
coming 1st, his best blooms were Souvenir d'Elise
Vardon, Comtesse de Nadaillac, Madame de Wattevillc,
Medea, and Maman Cochct; 2nd, the Rev. R. Powley,
Upton. Scudamorc, Warminster; 3rd, F. Wellesley,
Esq., Wcstficld, Woking.

In the succeeding class for nine blooms, seven ex-
hibitors ctimiicted, the 1st prize going to R. Foley
HOBBS, Esq., Tliorneloe, Worcester ; his Souvenir d'Ami,
Empress Alexandra of Russia, Cleopatra, Mrs. E.
Mawley, While Maman Cochet, and Marie Van Houttc,
being very pood ; 2nd, Miss B. H. Lanoton, Raynicad,
Hendon, N.W. ; .3id, Mahlon Whittle, Esq., Bclgravc
Leicester.

Thirteen stands of six blooms of any one variety
were staged, the Ist prize going to Conway Jones, Esq.,
for "The Bride" ; 2nd, R. F. HoBiis, Esq. ; 3id, Mrs. E
lloRNE, Park House, Reigatc.

Open only to Growers of Fewer than 200 Plants
ok Teas and Noisettes.

The small growers came out well, thirteen competi-
tors stiiging in the leading class for nine distinct
blooms. 1st, W. Upton, Esq., l«, Claremont Street,
Belgravc. Leicester ; 2nd, fi. H. Baxter, Esq., Hutlon
Park, Brentwood; 3rd, F. W. Tatfersall, Es(|., Crook-
Icigli, Morecambc. Nine exhibitors staged six blooms
of one variety in this section, the 1st prize going to A.
MUNT, Esq., Hedgerlcy, Slough; 2ud, Mr. MOULKS,
Hitchin.

C'lass .58 was devoted to amateurs who liavo never won
a prize at an exhibition of the N.U.S., and eight credit-

able stands were in competition, the 1st prize going to
T. B. Gabriel, Esq., Elmstead. Woking; 2nd, W. R.
HAMMOND. Esq., Burgess Hill, Sussex.
ROSES IN VASES.

Mne distinct varieties, five Blooms oj eocft.— Only two
exhibitors competed in this class, the 1st prize being
easily won by H. V. Machin, Esq., Gateford Hill,
Worksop ; 2nd, Mrs. F. W. Campion.

Six distinct varieties of Teas and Xoisettes, seven Bhioms
of eaeh.-lhis class brought four competitors, the 1st
prize going to O. G. Orpen, Esq., for six handsome
vases of blooms, Maman Cochet, Madame Cusin. and
Madame de Wattevillc being very fine: 2iid, .\. H.
Gray, Esq. ; 3rd, Miss B. H. LASGTOS.

DECORATrV'E CL.VSSES.

.V bowl of Roses lightly arranged with Rose-foliage
only, not more than thirty-six blooms to be used, but
small buds may be left on the added foliage. In this
class, Mrs. Lewis Pawle was 1st among three com-
petitors, with a bold stand of one variety, apparently
Caroline Testout ; 2nd, Mrs. O. G. Orpen.

The two next classes were open to ladies only. A
dccoi-ation of cut Roses for dinner-table, arranged with
any cut foliage. Ferns, or gi-asses, on a space 8 by 3 ft.
Nine exhibitors competed ; some vcit pretty airange-
incnts being set up.

tine Guinoisscau, Reinc Olga, Macrautha, Crimson
Rambler, W. A. Richardson, Homfere, Gustave Regis,
Marquise Balbrauo, The Garland, Hebe's Lip, Etoile
d'Or, Reve d'Or, Anna Marie Montravel, Rosa lucida,
Peile d'Or, and Gloire Lyonuaise ; 2nd, H. V. Machin,
Esq. ; 3rd, Mrs. F. W. Campion ; both of the last exhi-
bitors also staging well.

With twelve bunches, Mrs. A. F. Perkins, Oak Dene,
Holmewood, Surrey, was 1st, Marquis of Salisbury,
and Paul's Carmine Pillar, being very effective; 2nd, Mrs.
Dorothy A. Nestfield, Speldhurst, Tunbridge Wells ;
3rd. Miss Beatrice Langton.

Class 67.— Six vases of Sweet Briar Roses in six
distinct varieties. The 1st prize was well wou by Mrs.
F. W. Campion, and comprised the following varieties :—
,\nue of Gicrstein, Jeauie Deans, Lucy Bertram. Julia
Maiiucring, Lady Penzance, and Amy Robsort. A very
pretty exhibit. 2nd, O. G. Orpen, Esq.

Premier Blooms.

The Silver Med.als in the amateurs' classes were
awarded to Her Majesty, shown by Foley Hobbs,
Esq , as being the best Rose, other than H.T., T., or N. ;
to Bessie Brown, shown by G. Moules, Esq., Hitchin
as the Ibest Hybrid Tea ; and to a magnificent bloom o£
Maman Cochet, shown by Mr. O. G. Orpen, as the best
Tea Rose.

NON-COMPETITIVE EXHIBITS.

Mr. W. Si'OONER, Artliur's Bridge Nursery. Wuking,
showed a group of cut Roses, the three varieties, Her
Majesty, Victoria, and The Bride being in greatest
quantity. Bunches of the decorative section of Tea
Roses were pretty. (Silver Medal.)

Messrs. Geoimjk Jackman & Son made a very tino
display of cut Roses, showing H.P.'s and Ts and H.T.'s
ill great variety in boxes, also a line background of
decorative Roses in vases, with Gypsophila between
them. They made a very line effect. (Silver Gilt Medal.)

Mr. J. Pinches showed a wire archway suitable for
Hoses, also permanent labels for Roses, samples of the
Acme Rose Bloom Protector.

Messrs. Hugh Low, A Co., Bush Hill Park Nurseries,
Enfield, exhibited a collection of cut blooms in boxes,
which represented all the sections of exhibition
varieties. The blooms were very fresh and of excellent
colour. (Silver Medal.)

Messrs. Geo. Bunyahd & Co., Royal Nurseries, Maid-
stone, showed garden Roses in fine condition and a
large number of varieties. H.P.'s and Teas in boxes
wore also of commendable quality. (Silver Medal.)

Messrs. Jno. Laing & Sons, The Nurseries, Forest
Hill, London, S.E., showed some very largo blooms of
H.P.'s, the variety Mrs. John Laing being represented
ill quantity. The exhibit also included some garden
Viirieties. (Silver Gilt Medal.)

Messrs. Peed & Sons, Roupcll Park Nurseries^
Norwood, London, had an exhibit of H.P.'s, Teas, and
1 1. T.'s, the decorative Teas being very pretty. iSilvcr
Medal.)

Messrs. JAS. Vkitch A Sons, Royal Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road. Chelsea, exhibited bunches of their new
piiikcoloured Rambler named Queen Alexaiiilia, as
described in our report of Tuesday's show at the Drill
Hall, and which was represented in the bouquet pre-
sented lo ll'.e Queen on this occasion.

Mrs. O. fi. Orpen was awarded the 1st prize for a low
arrangement of single-white Roses (R. Iiiiiialaica)witli a
blush tint, a lew sprays of Rose foliage only being added,
a delicate, but not over light arrangement, and rather
too devoid of colour for the dinner table. 2nd,
Mrs. Arthur Cant, Reed Hall, Colcliestcr, with an
arrangement of the small Perlc d'Or and Cecil
Brunncr. .3id, Mrs. Lilian C. Fearon, Birdhurst,
Reigatc. In this arrangement a few colours of Tea
Roses only were used with excellent effect, with Smilax
trails on the tables. This was preferred by many to
the two preceding exhibits, and was decidedly very
effective.

Class (13 asked for a vase of cut Roses, lightly arranged
with any cut foliage. Ferns, or glasses. Mrs. Pawle
was 1st, with long sprays of Asparagus Sprengeri, and
the bright pink Mrs. W. J. Grant Rose; 2nd, Mrs.
Mawley, Roscbank, Berkhamsted ; 3rd, Mrs. Arthur
Cant.

Garden or decorative Roses, to be arranged so as lo
show as far as iiossible the foliage and habit of giowlh
of each variety, eighteen distinct varieties, not fewer
than three trusses of each. Four exhibitors staged in
tills class, the bright bunches of flowers forming a good
display. Alfred Tate, Esq., Leatherhead, came 1st,
with Gloire de Rosainencs, Alister Stella Gray, Augus-

PEOTEGTING ROSE BLOOMS.

TllosK who cultiviito Roses for exhibition, as
well as for the adornment ot their gardens and
homes, arc often compelled to use some kind
of ]>roteetioii in order that the flowers may
not be injured by wind or rain during the
time (hey are devehipinfc- If tbis m:it(er be
not attended to carefully, the flowers lose
much of their attractiveness, and the petals
are disfigured, conse<iuentIy they are less
likely to secure honours on the exhibition
table. The need for this protection is, of
cour.se, greater in some seasons than others,
but British weather is proverbially triw to its
reputation for inconstancy, and every Rose
grower knows this fact only too well. \\f.
have, therefore, pleastiro in illiisl rating in
fig. 8 a new style of protector for Roses and
other flowers, which has been invented by
Mr. R. E. West, of Reigatc, Surrey, well
known to be a successful exhibitor. The
covering material is calico, and the angle
at which the protector is made is said U)

20

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 6, 1901.

render it waterproof, as the most severe rain
is found to run off at the edge rather than
through the material. The height may be
fixed instantly by a galvanised steel spring,
and by means of a square socket and a square
stick, similar to that shown in the photo-
graph, a steel spring secures the amount of
rigidity that is essential to keep the protector
in position during high winds. It is durable,
portable, and very light, and js said to with-
stand winds better than any existing pro-
tector. These matters, however, may easily
be tested by Rose growers themselves, who,
we doubt not, may obtain particulars from Mr.
West.

'"P Jo C
ornnpondeni

Caenation Flowers op two Different
CoLOuns ON One Plant : W. P. B. This
form of reversion is by no means uncommon
in the Oa.rnation ; the reversion revealing
itself variously. The same thing occurs in
Chrysanthemums and other plants of com-
jjosite origin, and the " sport " remains
constant for a great number of years.

Galls on Hazel : No Note. These out-growths
are caused by the puncture of an insect,
which sets up irritation and over growth,
and provides a uest for the eggs and food
for the young grubs when they appear. If
you cut one open, you will find numerous
flies therein.

Grapes Diseased: Ailijous, A. U., J. M. S.,
G.M., Enquirer, and others. The fruit is af-
fected by the spot fungus, Glasospori um Iseti-
color. Cut out forthwith and burn every
affected lieiry. and thou apply sulphide of
pntassiiiiii (live]' (il sulphiu-) at the rate of
i oz. dissolved in 1 gallon of water, syring-
ing the whole of the Vines therewith,
repeating the application a fortnight later.

Insect on Hippeastrum Bulb: J. W. Miles.
The maggot on Hippeastrum bulb is the
larvfB of a species of dipterous insect or
fly, but of what species it is not known. If
you will send us a further supply we will
endeavour to rear the perfect insect, and
finally fix the species. The decay is probably
causetl by the maggots, and is not unlike
the decay caused by the Onion-fly, An-
thomj'a ceparum. R. N.

Insects: F.,Son&S. Undoubtedly a species
of Tortrix, and probably T. ribeana ; but the
specimens were so battered that it is impos-
sible to definitely fix the species.

Miller's Gardeners' Dictionary : J. 0. The
seventh edition is of little or no value.

Mulberry-tree not Pruitinc; : E. W. The
sexual arrangements are very variable in the
Mulberry. Sometimes the whole of the
flowers on a tree are male or wholly female ;
sometimes this occurs on only one part of the
tree. This may go on for years, and then alter
to the normal without apparent reason.
Nothing can be done that we know of.

Mushroom Spawn in Turf: Alplm. The
Z present season, when the soil is warmer
athan at any other, is the most suitable. It
need not be put deeper than 6 inches, as at
that depth the spawn would not be liable to
suffer from fluctuations of warmth and
moisture endangering its germinating capa-
bilities. Wet soils are not favourable to
ISIushrooms. The bricks of spawn should be
chopped or sawn into squares of 1| in., and
bo placed at the depth named (in heavy soils
at a lesser depth), and the earth returned,
and made firm in the holes. A drainer's
spade of the usual curved shape is a good
tool wherewith to make the holes.

Names of Fruit, Grapes: C. Abbot. Black
Alicante.

Names of Plants : Correspondents not ansicered
in this issne are requested to be so good as to
cons^llt the folloiving number. Roses : Cor-
respondents are requested to remember
that we cannot undertake to name Roses
or other florists' flowers. They should
be submitted to some specialist wlio grows
them on a large scale. — /. S. We cannot
imdertake to name Roses or other florists'
flowers. Send them to some grower. — Inver-
ness. 1, abnormal form of Calendula sp. (ma-
terial not sufficient to determine which) ; 2,
Crepis virens. — Chas. C. 1, Dianthus del-
toides; 2, Saxifraga trifurcuta; 3, Campanula
rhomboidalis ; 4, Anthemis moutana var. (dis-
coid form) ; 5, Linaria pallida ; 6, Aubrietia
deltoidea var. taiu-ica ; 7, Actena myriophylla ;
8, Sedum selskianuin ; 9, S. roseimi var.
linifolium ; 10, Saxifraga Geum. — J. E. H.
The cut-leaved Alder (Alnus glutinosa var.
laciniata). — R. Br. Lonicera Ledebourii.—
Cumbrian. Asperula orientalis. — J.M., Devon.
H«manthus magnificus. — J. T. B. Ver-
bascum Thapsus. • — Ji. T. 1, Comptonia
asplenifolia ; 2, Artemisia abrotanum. — S.
1, Streptosolen Jamesoni ; 2, Hieracium
aurantiacum ; 3, Too wretched a specimen
to be named. — F. F. 1, Cacalia fieoides ; 2,
Cupressus Lawsouiana ; 3, Sciadopitys verti-
cillata ; 4, apparently Diospyros Lotus. —
Major B. Diplacus glutinosas. ■ — J. T. 1,
Lycaste Skinneri ; 2, Vauda tricolor ; 3, On-
oidium luridum ; 4, 5, 6, varieties of Odonto-
glossum orispum. — F. J. M. Tsuga cana-
densis, " Hemlock Spruce." — Picea. 1,
Pseudotsuga Douglasii ; 2, Picea ajanensis ;
3, Pinus, we are not sure which one ; 4,
Pinus, send cones ; 5, Picea polita ; 6, Prum-
nopitys elegans, alias Podocarpus andina. —
W. & Sons. One of the numerous forms of
Pyrethrum frutesceus. — F. D. & Co. Hibiscus
rosa sinensis.

Pitcher Plants : Pitcher Plant. These would
be rightly shown in a class for foliage plants.

Rose W. A. Richardson : Alpha. See " Propa-
gation of Roses," p. 419, in our last issue;
by budding on the Dog Rose, La Grifferaio,
Manetti, or Polyantha Rose stocks in
August and September; or by cuttings of
ripe wood in sandy, loamy soil, 6 to 8 inches
deep, and protruding 2 inches from the soil,
inserted late in October, preferably whilst
with the leaf on, and thirdly, from young im-
mature shoots of forced plants, sti'uok in late
winter and early spring, in bottom-heat of 75°
to 80°, and top-heat of 60°, under a bell-glass ;
or better still, in a close frame. These various
methods are suitable for almost all sections
of Roses.

Scots Fir Shoot : (;. W. The larvse, pro-
bably of one of the Pine-shoot moths Retinia
buoliana or R. turionella. When the trees
stand in small isolated areas, the tips of the
shoots may be cut off and Imrned, and the
moths may be kept off small patches by
lighting smother-fires on the windward side

■ in the evening early in the present month ;

; as at this time of day and season the moths
lay their eggs. See "Report of the R.H.S.
Conifer Conference," p. 166.

Shrub: W. G. S., Swanley. We are sorry the
matter cannot be cleared up after this
laijse of time. Can you not send another
specimen.

Spanish Iris : O. H. We cannot name the
variety.

St. John's Wort and the Order of St. John
op Jerus.\LEM: R. Mcintosh. The connec-
tion of the St. John's Wort with the Order
of St. John of Jerusalem may have arisen
from the common practice in Germany of
wearing an amulet of the plant on St. John's
eve, the plant being credited with the magic
property of revealing witches, and of ex-
posing them engaged in their nefarious
calling. In Italy it is called the "devil-
chaser." In many countries it is supposed
to preserve the possessor from the evil
designs of witches, pixies, and spirits of the
air.

Stopping Chrysanthemum Plants ; C. B.

Paukouche, if^ struck in January or earlier,
if first crown buds are wanted, should not
Ije stopped. The others you name are better
from second crown buds, the colours being
better, and there is less coarseness than in
first crown buds, and the plants struck in
late December, or early January. If a
variety is apt to show an eyed flower from a
late bud, take up only on stem to the second
break, but in some varieties this causes
coarseness.

T\\'ELVE Exhibition Vegetables in Season in
August : A Nine Years' Reader. Peas,
Runner Beans, French Beans, Cauliflowers,
Cabbage, Globe Artichoke, Turnips, Turnip-
rooted Beet, Carrots long and short. Leek,
and Onion, Potatos, and Vegetable-Marrow,
which may take the place of the Globe
Artichoke and Leek if so desired. Herbs and
salad plants are not included, these not being
considered culinary vegetables in this
country.

Vine Leaves Spotted : lyuoramus. The leaves
are thin and weak, which shows that the
Vines are growing in a border deficient in
feeding properties, or that they have lost
most of their roots. There are two sorts of
spots on them — one due to the perforations
of an insect or insects, and the other con-
sisting of the excreta of insects.

Vines : Constant Reader. Scalding, brought
about by neglecting to afford ventilation
early in the morning, or by deficiency in
amount during bursts of sunshine. No
fungus or disease.

WiREWORM IN THE GARDEN : J. Millard. In
the early winter, dress the land heavily
with gas-lime, and trench it, most of the
wireworms harbouring near the surface
being shovelled off, together with the lime,
into the bottom of the trenches. Mean-
while, you might insert Carrot and Parsnip
roots into the ground where plants they
mostly infest are growing ; these will form
baits, and immense numbers can be caught
on them. Sowing Lettuce-seed alongside
such crops is another means of attracting
them, wireworms favouring Lettuce- roots.
Land heavily dressed with gas-lime should
not be cropped for four months, or a longer
time.

CojiMDNicATiONS Received.— W. & Son— S. B. S.— D. B.
Weekly Subscriber— J. C— P. S. & S— E. Molyneux,
with thanks, too full this week— R. J. L.— G. W., many
thanks.— W. Dafifurn— J. F. Simpson— T. W. B.— Kel-
way &. Sons— H. W.— G. Groves— C. H.— E. M.— A. W. G.
— B. Wynne- F. P.— J. OB.— E. C— W. K.— H. T. M.—
P. W.— W. Greeuawav— G. M.— A. H,— W. M.— A. D.—
W. A. C— A. R, P.— H, W — H. L.— L, Boehmer & Co.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mu, llENHV K. WuiTELAW, loT tlio past Souv and ;i lialf
years Head Gardener and Bailiff at The Priory,
Royston, Herts, as Head Gardener to Isaac Lewis,
Esq., Bedcebury Park, Goudhurst, Kent, entering
upon his duties on July 19.

Mr. G, Seppakd, tor the past live years Gardener to
the Rev. C. E. Roberts, U.A., The Chilterns, Halton,
Tring, as Head Gardener to L. M. Casella, Esq.,
Vachery, Cranleigh, Guildford.

Mr. E. Dee, for the past five years as Foreman in the
Gardens at Highlands, Mincliinliampton, as Head
Gardener to A. T. Pi.ayne, Esq., Longfords House,
Minehinhamptou, Glos.

Mr. W. H. Hawkins, until recently Foreman at
" The Graperies," Bishops Stortford, and two and a
half years previously at Hagley Hall, Worcester-
shire (uuder D. R. Dixon), as Gardener to C. K.
Prochownick, Esq., Avenue House, Hendon, N.W.

Mr. F. WOODFIELD, for the past three years Foreman
in the gardens at Berry Hill, Mansfield, as Gardener
to Walter Cunlifke. Esq., Headley Court, Epsom.

Mr. John Maclean was imauimously appointed, at the
meeting of the Paddington Borough Council, held
on Tuesday, to be the Head Gardener of Paddington
Green and St. Mary's Churchyard, in succession to
Mr. George Hurley, who is retiring. Mr. Maclean
Iiad been tor the last seventeen years Mr. Burley's
principal assistant.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

FOREIGN.

Herb & Wolle, Naples. Italy.

BULBS.

J. C. TissoT & CiE., 31, Rue des Bourdonnais, Paris. -
Horticultural Appliances and Sundries.

(For Weather and Markets see p. ix.)

o

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle," July 6, 1901.

Princess of Wales, T. : outer petals yelli )\v elushed with rose,

CENTRE petals GOLDEN YELLOW.

Supplement to the " Gardeners- Chronicle." July 6. 1901.

I.w s., >x . .,v , II 1-AIKY: sll.VDKI) KOSK.

July 13, 1901.]

THE GAllDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

21

THE

No.To'ii.—SATURDAY, JULY 13, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Books, notices of —
Botanical Magazine .
Flora Bi-asiliensis ...
•Grasses : n Ilandhiiok

for

1 tlio Field

Lalioratory
(Mar.sliall Ward) ...
Stray Leaves from a
Border Garden ...
The Book ot Aspara-
gus aiott)

Books, newly pub-
lished

Bulbs that liave once
flowered, replanting
of

Cabbages bolting

Cymbidiiini I-owianum
X eburneuni

Flower-bed. flie mixed,
and its edging

Horticultural medal,
eighteenth ccntui-y ...

Hybrid Conference in
America

Law note-
Rutherford V. I'Horti-
cole Coloniale

Leeds Park, the new
superiuleiident of ...

Lilies and thciroultnre

Lily and other exports
from ,T.ii)an

Midland garden, a

Motorcars and Straw-
berries

Nepenthes, digestive

! ' secretion of

' Obituary —

Scott. William
Opening of Boston
Horf. Hall, U..S.A. ...
I Orchidnotesandgleau-

i I Planes

Publications received .
' Richardia EUiotiana at
Wilton House
i Rose illustrations
Societies —
i Aberdeen Rnv. Ilort.
I , Ealing H.irticullural
■ : Gloucestershire H.i-e
: Roval HdrlicnUural .

> Roy. Hort. of Ireland
Southampton Hort...

> , .Sutton Rose

Wolverhampton Flora

I , Fdte

\ Stocktakiug

I Strawl)erry, prolonging
I tlic season ot the ...
Trees and Slirubs
) Week's work, t he-
Flower garden
! I Fruits under glass ...
! Hardy fruit garden...

1 Kitclien g;irden
\ Orchid-liouscs
1 Plants under glass ...
i Welwitsrliia, change

for.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Cymbidium Lowiannm X cl)urneum

Portraits of Prof. .Sargent and Mr. Hunnewoll »

the new Horticultural Hall, Boston, U.S.A.

Rose Queen Alexandra

Roses, exhibits of, at the National Rose Society

Exhibition in the gardens ot the Inner Tcinpli

A MIDLAND GARDEN.
T>ATHER too late in tli(> autumn of last
-tV yfai-, it was in the niiddlo of Xovcinher,
I plautod a bed of Xai-cissu.s l)ulbs, the
variety "Cynosure," for the imrposc of test-
ing the market value of the flowers in the
spring. Thev <li<l not t-onie into full bloom
till April 2;?, when I offered tlicin to the
leading florist in Leicester, and was told that
they were not worth more than a peiniy a
dozen wholesale price. At this figure 1
declined to sell, and gave them away to my
friends. A neighbour, wlio is a professional
market gardener, tells me that he grew the
same variety, but by forcing he got them
into bloom before tlie rush of foreign flowers
came in, and soUrthem in the retail market
at 2d. ])er single bloom, which jiaid well.
He says also that even after the foreigners
were in the market, his old 'customers pre-
ferred his blooms at a higher price, because
they were fresher and lasted longer. Cyno-
sure is a good sort, one of those with the
crown half the lengtli of the perianth; it
remains fresh for a fortnight if loft growing,
and for a week when cut. The Emperor is
also a good variety, one of th(^ Daffodil
section with a long crown; it is a large
lian ome flower.

f A tree about 12 feet high of the yellow-
berried Holly has been attacked by some
small inse t [Phytomyza ilicis, Holly-leaf-
mincr] which has laid an egg on neai-ly
every leaf, about the centre of the upper

surface. The egg has hatched into a grub,
and the grub has eaten the soft cellular
tissue under the skin, causing a whitish patch
of irregular shape about the size of a six-
pence, with a brown spot in it containing the
empty case of the chrysalis, about one-tenth
of an inch long, from which the fully-formed
iiisi-i-t. a small fly, has escaped. All the
nt h.'r Hollies, including the variegated forms,
have been partially disfigured in the same
wav.

The art of designing, whether in form or
colour or material, is to some extent a
natural gift ; but it may be largely cultivated
by tuition and practice. Do any of our
Schools of Art and Design teach landscape
hardening? It is a beautiful and most inte-
resting art. I remember reading long ago
of a small suburban garden so artfully laid
out with hill and valley, winding walks,
grass, shrubs, rockery, ponds, fountains, and
arbours, that in seeing it all you would fancy
you had been wandering over many acres,
instead of a few hundred square yards. To
produce an effect like this you want a long
purse, and the result is not quite satisfactory
after all. A well-designed garden requires
open spaces and flat lawns, as well as more
picturesque details. To design flovrer gar-
dens was a boyish anuisement of mine, ami
in the course of my life 1 have laid out per-
haps a dozen gardens for myself and fri(Mids,
in simple and inexpensive fashion; but 1
have had no tuition, and am not an " expert."
It greatly amuses me, however, in the
intervals of other work, to try on paper
what can be done within the limits of this
one-acre garden, to give it the greatest
possililo charm ; supposing always that I
had as many sovereigns to play with as
there are stones on the gravel walks, a
hundred different schemes occur to me.
Each has some desirable effect, but I have
never yet succeeded in getting all the
delightful things I should like to have into
this limited area.

I want a lawn with a few cut-out flower-
beds, surrounded with (lowering shrubs and
two or three shade tiers. I want a winding
walk wide enough for two abreast through a
thick shrubbery, and with a small arbour
overgrown with creepers, where you may be
(piite secluded, and see only leaves and
(lowers, and hear only the birds. I want a
rippling streamlet with grassy banks open
to the sun in some places and shaded in
others; and a quiet jmioI where the water
goes to slee]), anil wab^r-loving plants may
live and be hajipy. I want a sunny rockery
for alpines, and a shady wood for Blueljclls
and Wind-flowers, and plenty of fruit-trees,
and Strawberry-beds, and a picturesque
thatched fruit-house garlanded with Clematis,
to store the Apples and Pears in, cool in
summer, and warm in winter. I want a
fountain with golil-fish, and a quaint old
sundial, and a small conservatory, and some
frames and propagating-houscs. I do not
want a tennis-court. I hate to see the sweet
green grass scored over with chalky squares,
and I have not much sympathy with "games"
of any sort [for adults y]. They seem to me
to waste time so terribly. Physical exercise
can be got in much more useful ways.

What has become of the old-fashioned
nosegay ? It was a word familiar to the last
generation, but it seems to be obsolete now.
Every bunch of flowers used to be called a
nosegay, though the correct form was fan-
shaped, with a background of greenery.

Nosegaj' was a good old Saxon word, but
French has prevailed, and we call everything
now either a bouquet or a Imttonhole. Bou-
quets have various forms, but the fan-shape
is dead. In the country the approved form is
a hemispherical mass in the carpet-bedding
style, with the stalks tightly liound together ;
but in good houses there is much more taste
displayed thaii there used to be in the
arrangement of flowers in vases of many
patterns. A fine Rose with foliage never
shows better than in a specimen glass ))y
itself.

Both nosegay and liouquet seem to imply
that flowers represent fragrance as well as
form and colour, and indeed a fragrant
flower is like a smiling face, beauty crowned
with its divinest charm. Scentless flowers,
however lovely, seem always cold and formal,
like the waxwork Camellia, or the pep)H'ibox
doulilo Dahlia. It is a little surprising that
there is no recent work on sweet -scented
flowers. Sixty years ago my first literary ven-
ture was a small volume of 130 pages entitled
Flora Odorala. It has long been out of print,
and is rarely seen in the second-hand cata-
logues ; but so far as I know, it remains the
only work dealing with the sweet-scented
flowers alone. [See " Odorographia," by
.r. C. Sawer: Gurney & Jackson, Pater-,
noster Kow; and the "Art of Perfumery,"
bv G. W. S. Piesse : Longmans it Co.,.
London.] At that time the scientific cause
of fragrance was very little understood
I remember that though I was anxious to
put into my little book some explanation of
odour, I could find none, nor was I able to
make even a plausible guess at it. In Bal-
four's Cl(ts-i-]iook of Botanij, published ton
years' later, it is stated that " the sources of
odours in flowers arc very obscure." But
reference is made to some French experi-
ments in 1S27, showing "that though some
flowers seci'ete volatile oils which evaporate
and spread through the air, there are others
in which no such oil can be detected, and
whose fragrance can only be explained phy-
siologically, or, as we should i)rol)iibly now
put it, on the supposilion of some vil)ratory
emanation communicated through the ether,
as in heat and light. Neither in Slichs' Text
Book nor in Kcrner's Natural Hi.slory, is
there any reference to this subject. Whether
there is any truth in the physiological theory,
or whether all odours arc due to gaseous
emanations, I am still unable to say. An
attemi)t has been made to construct an
"odophonic" scale, like the musical scale,
and to show that certain odours harmonise
like the notes of a chord. This may be a
correct idea, but the present state of our
knowledge scarcely warrants such an attemi)t.

Among the few herbaceous plants that
will thrive and flower in shady ))laces, the
])retty Dicentra eximia may be included. It
does equally well in full sunshine, but a
rather heavy shade does not seem to aft'ect
it, so I am planting it in a "nuttery," where
the nut Viushes have grown tall, and the
ground below is bare, in company with
Anemone nemorosa, A. ranunculoides, Pcta-
sites fragrans, and Primroses. It is rather
curious tliat the Primrose loves the shade,
while its cousin, the Cowslip, will only
flourish in the sunny meadows, and thi;
hybiMil Polvanthus likes a little of each.

I sowed" our Scarlet Runner Beans on
May 10, in accordance with the popular
notion in these parts that this is the exact
date on which they ought to be put in the

22

THE G A R D ENER S ' CIIR 0 NI CL E.

[July 13, 1901.

ground. The Dwarf Beans were sown a few
days previously, after being soaked in cold
water for six hours. Our first Potatos were
planted on April 2, three sorts, viz.. Ring-
leader and Windsor Castle for kidneys, and
British Queen for round ones.

A well-kept garden is a great delight, but
it involves continual labour — digging, plant-
ing, sowing, watering, weeding, mowing,
rolling, pruning, training, protecting, gather-
ing and preparing for use — these, and all the
addenda which they imply, furnish occupa-
tion for every season, delightful occupation,
healthful and educational, both for body and
mind, but imperative and not to be neglected
with impunity. Old men who retire from
business and have nothing to do but eat and
sleep, and read the papers, die off rapidly.
They should take to gardening, and do part
of the actual work themselves. It is refresh-
ing and invigorating to ))e at work on the
fresh soil and among living plants. The
back may ache sometimes, and the perspira-
tion gather, but these little expiations will
be disregarded in the satisfaction of " some
thing attempted, something done;"' and in
watching for results the fact that we have
laid the train ourselves gives double interest.
" Genius, it has been said, is the power to
do more than the average of work. It is so,
because the more the work the intenser the
life, and genius is that which sees what is
admirable and burns to pursue it. No noble
soul desires rest. Labour is the joy of
existence, and he is the nearest to angelic
life who wastes no moment of time, who
needs the fewest hours of sleep, to whom an
easy chair is no luxury, who works per-
sistently with brain and hand for noble
purposes, rejoicing in his toil, sure that he
is doing holy service to his God, his brother-
man, and himself." F. T. Moit, F.R.G.S.,
Birstal Hill, Leicester.

THE EEPLANTING OF BULBS
THAT HAVE ONCE FLOWERED.

Colonel Wheatley, in a lecture delivered
before the Royal Horticultural Society on
June 18, gave the result of his experience with
regard to the use of bulbs for spring bedding.
I quote the following passage from the report
in the Gardeners' Chronicle (p. 414) :—

" Preparations for spring bedding were made
in the autumn, bulbs being planted in No-
vember, after the beds had been trenched and

manured Old bulbs ever so well cared

for were indifferent, and did not flower so
finely or so early as new ones did. After
blooming, they had to be lifted before the
foliage was matured ; hence were not capable
of giving good flowers the .second year."'

As a matter of practical gardening, it may
be admitted that this statement contains a
certain amount of truth ; but it does not by
any means finally dispose of the question.
The diflicidty which Colonel Wheatley describes
is undoubtedly real ; but it is one which I
think we may claim to have successfully sur-
mounted to a large extent at Kew ; and the
result of our experience may be useful to
others who wish to make a display of bulbous
plants in spring at a moderate expense.

I must premise that Kew being primarily a
scientific establishment, the funds available for
decorative display are very inconsiderable,
compared with those which Colonel Wheatley
commands. If we were to use each year
"new" (by which I presume is meant jjur-
chased) bulbs, the cost of the tens of thousands
which we plant would be enormous and pro-

hibitive. I took the trouble some years ago
to estimate at the current price, the cost of a
single bed of " Emperors," and found it ran to
£400 ; and even it we were willing to buy, wo
could not obtain in quantity the numbers of
the rarer and more valuable kinds, especially
of Tulips, which we require.

As purchase, so far as Kew is concerned,
is entirely beyond our means, we attain our
results by growing the bulbs ourselves. We
never purchase except to secure a stock to
breed from, and the entire cost of our present
annual display has been insignificant. When
we started in 1886 we made a very modest
beginning, mostly with small parcels of bulbs,
for which we were indebted to the generosity
of friends.

Mr. Herbst, of Richmond, gave us in that
year 200 Emperors. We now possess at least
20,000, all derived from the original stock.

As our Daffodils and Tulips at ICew have to
be replaced, as elsewhere, by bedding-out and
other plants, the bulbs have to be lifted when
the foliage is still green. They are then
" heeled in '" in beds of ashes ; this allows the
foliage to slowly ripen off. The nutriment
contained in the leaves is gradually trans-
ferred to the bull)s. The process is complete
when the leaves liave dried up to the con-
sistence of thin paper. The bulbs are then
lifted again, cleaned, and placed on shelves in
a dry and airy shed, where they remain till
they are planted in the autumn.

When the bulbs are cleared, the offsets, or
"chats," are carefully removed. These are
planted in a nursery, and after a year or two
are fit for use in the public grounds.

So far as my observation goes, I am unable
to see any deterioration in the quality of the
flowers produced now on the system pursued
at Kew. In the case of Tulips, I am disposed
to think that we even get better results than
with purchased bulbs. It is, I believe, well
known that in order that those may have a
taking appearance, they are put on the market
before they are thoroughly mature.

With Hyacinths we have not been so .suc-
cessful. Occasionally the bulbs will flower
fairly the second year, but after this, the
parent bull) breaks up, and the shoots require
many years' cultivation before they are good
for anything. Probably, however, in this case
we should have been equally successful were
not the young bulbs liable to be destroyed in
great munbers by winter frost.

But as regards Daffodils and Tulips I may
mention, as a proof that bulbs raised at Kew
are quite equal to t lie commercial standard, that
wo have frequently been asked to sell portwns
of our stock to the trade at remunerative
prices. W. T. riiisctton-Dtjer.

LILIES AND THEIR CULTURE.

(In anticipation of the Lily Conference.)
Lilies, long regarded among the most im-
portant groups of garden plants, practically
extend in their range of distrilnitiou through-
out the northern hemisphere, and are found
growing under nearly all conditions of climate
save the extreme arctic and tropical. The
plants are mostly bnind on cool sites, even in
sub-tropical countries, and in association with
trees and shrubs, which serve two purposes in
the interests of the Lilies — (1) they provide
them with useful sliade, a cool i-ooting medium,
protection from winds, and their leafy canopy
assists in keeping the atmosphere about the
plants damp and congenial ; (2) the roots of
trees, shrubs, and other vegetation play an
important part in preserving Lily-bulbs, by
encircling them and removing excessive
moisture; from among the scales. Moreover,

the falling leaves of trees, &c., form a new
soil, into which the stem-roots of the Lilies
(where such roots are present) could work,
and thus help them to build up the floral axis
without undue strain upon the bulb.

A few types grow on mountain slopes, in
schist and other debris of rocks, invariably in
cool rifts where the roots can find moisture,
even if the bulljs themselves are frequently
dry. Others grow on the banks of small
streams in such a manner that, whilst the
bulbs are but moderately damp from the
natural moisture in the soil, their roots are
revelling in the more abundant moisture be-
neath. Many of the so-called "bog" Lilies
grow in this manner ; and one reason why
these frequently fail to grow well and esta-
blish themselves, is because their bulbs, as
well as their roots, are continually very wet,
and that the moisture about them is stagnant
and sour. The bogs and swampy places in
woods in these islands may be accepted as
fair samjjles of the conditions under which the
American Lilies grow, and the margins of such
places afford excellent sites for plantations of
these charming Lilies.

The teachings of observant collectors, com-
bined with the experience cultivation gives,
eiial)le the cultural requirements of Lilies to
be summarised in a few words. They require
a cool rooting medium, shade from strong sun-
shine, and some means must be employed to
preserve the bulbs from injury whilst in the
soil, either by reason of lack or from excess of
moisture, or great heat ; furthermore, the
bulbs meet with enemies under cultivation
that would not be found in their native
habitats, and these must be guarded against.

Lilies cannot be established in every garden
unless special sites are selected, and special
soils prepared for them. Practically, they
may be flowered once anywhere, given a
sufficiency of water, if sound mature bulbs
are planted, but it will be at the ex-
pense of the bulbs. A few species have
powers of endurance sufficiently developed to
enable them to live for some years withouf>
suitable cultivation, but the majority have
not. The key to successful cultivation and
establishment of any species of Lily will
mostly be found in the formation of the bulb
and a study of its rooting peculiarities, and if
I dwell lengthily on the subject of roots. It is
because I feel certain that a study of the bidft
and roots of any Monocotyledon will help the
cultivator to understand its wants, the more
so if he is able to .seek the cause of this or
that peculiarity in the records of the climate
in which the jjlant grew in a wild state.

The North American Lilies require the shade
of trees and a peaty soil approaching wetness,
not a bog, iinless the bog be covered with a
layer, 1 foot or so in thickness, of clean,
sweet vegetable deposit. Lilies provided with
abundant stem-roots, are best planted so that
shade may be afforded for some distance up
their stems, in order that such roots may grow
and develop to the fullest extent. It is not^
necessary to shade the whole plant. Such
familiar types as L. auratum, L. speciosum, and
L. tigrinum, are examples of stem - rooting
plants which grow infinitely better with a full
exposure to the sun's rays, jirovided they are
moist and shaded below. In fact, the abund-
ance of stem-roots is governed by the degree
of shade in which they (the stem-roots) gi ow.

Lilies of the Martagon group, L. monadcl-
pbura, and L. excelsum, will frequently produce
serviceable stem-roots if planted a'n ng shrubs
in a cool .spot, or if grouped together in potr^
with a cool, damp atmosphere about the roots
and abundant sunshine overhead. Lilium
Browni and L. ortorum are particularly well

JCLT 13, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

23

served if given this kiud of treatment, sun-
shine above being essential to bring out the
warm colours on the outside of tlie flowers,
whilst the roots only thrive in a shady place.

The Kind of BtLB to Plant.

It is a remarkable fact that hundreds of tons

of Lily-bulbs are annually imported into this

countrj", and that our stock of established

plants does not niateriiUy increase from out-

for a temporary display a? pot plants ; they
force well, because they have greatest amount
of nutriment in their fat scales, and can produce
a stout stem and support it till it produces
stem-roots. A medium-sized bull), compact,
and sound in texture, is the best for general
planting. These have two or three years
ahead of them in which to reach their full
size ; they start to root earlier in the season
(as witness the behaviour of an offset growing

Fig. 9.— Pitof-Kssoi! c. s. sakcknt and mu. h. ii. iiinnkwki.l, at the opening oi'

THE IIOiniCll.Tl KAl, HALL, IIOSTON, l.S.A. (SEE 1'. 26.)
(The Professor is the riglitliaiid fifciu-e of the Illustration.)

ward sources. It was the ease ten years ago, as
now. Why this should be so is a little difficult
t) (letcniiiiie. Many, such as I., longiflorum
and L. aiiriitiim, were destiiu'd for pot -culture,
and shired the fate of Hyacinths grown for the
s;im > purpose. Some, particularly the large
bulbs, coidd not be expected to live long. In
tlic first i)l:ice, they had reached their largest
size; and secondly, those large bulbs fool tin;
removal, transportation, and incidental ex-
posure in )re s.nerely than those of a niediiun
size, most of the trouljU; being tlie decay of
the basal dis.-. Large bulbs are best adapted

beside, but detached from, its parent), and are
thiis able to replcnisli the food store as fast as
it is depleted by the ascending spike, and to
increase such store when the stem is sell-
supporting, or nearly so.

Lilies that produce no stem-roots, or very
few, should be planted as soon as growth
ceases, in order that the basal roots — their
only support — may make headway before the-
new axis starts to flower. They are the most
diflicidl Lilies to force on this account, and
are r.irely satisfactory in pots, unless they
are planted a year before they are wanted ;

the first year's inflorescence being reduced to
one or two flowers, or entirely removed to
I'eserve strength.

In order that the cxUtural requirements
of this large group of plants may be the
better understood, I propose to classify them
according to their requirements, disregarding
for the while the botanical groups based on
structure alonet for these groups frequently
contain two given species wliich, though
allied botanically, cannot po.ssibly be grown
together.

Pe.\t-loving Lilies.

The only members of this group are L. au-
ratuiu and its many garden forms. Lilium
auratum thrives in peat, it will also thrive in
a compost prepared to resemble peat as nearly
as possible. A suitable mixture would be the
sweepings of parks and roadsides — rough
leaves and grit — turned two or three times to
free it from worms and grubs, and mixed with
half its bulk of friable turfy loam. The posi-
tion in which to plant is of more importance
than the compost — a place among Rhododen-
drons suits them admirably, or a place among
other shrubs where the roots receive some
shade, and moisture is .available tliroughout
the summer. The beds or sites of the groups
should be dug fully 18 inches in depth, and the
liolo.s at planting time should be half filled with
the coiii|)ost ; tread this firmly, and place each
bull) oil a handful of sharp sand, and about 9 in.
distant from its neighbour, and cover all
with more sand or grit to keep away slugs and
any eelworms that may infest the adjacent
soil. Finally, fill in the remainder of the
compost, tread it firmly, and cover with a
layer of half-rotted leaves to keep out severe
frosts, and they arc safe for the winter.
Another layer of leaves should be spread over
tlieiii in May. to cover and feed the stem roots,
and occasional waterings should be afl'orded if
Ihe weather be dry. If necessarily ijlaiiled in
beds with a sunny exposure, a few low-
growing i)lants should bo introduced among
them, such as would shade the roots. Annuals
will do for the purpose. The garden forms of
L. auratum succeed under similar treatment,
among (hem we have rubro-vittatum, a grand
form with a bi'oad band of rich rod down each
))etal, and similarly coloured spots elsewhere ;
])i<-tiiiii, a similar flower, but with the band
coiiliiied to the apical half of the petals; and
AVittei, a pure white flowered variety, with a
central band of yellow — one of the most
beaut iful, liut of delicate constitution. The.se,
with platyi)hyllum, platyiiliyllum virginale,
and a new richly <-oloiired variety called
"t'rimson Queen," are the b<>st of the group.
Numerous forms occur in collections, scarcely
two being exactly alike in coloration and
si)otling. Grouped here and there among
Klioilodendrons, Hamboos, &c., they afford
glorious effects. Two years ago the now
Himalayan-house and the Rhododendroii-beds
beside the broad walk at Kew contained
iiunihers of these plants in fine condition,
their big .spikes of massive flowers, carefully
associated with the surrounding greenery,
were the admiration of all who .saw them;
moreover, it afforded a useful lesson of the
manner in which these plants should be grown
ami displayed to the best advantage.

TjIK SPECIOSl'M GROUP.

This is a group of Lilies well adapted for
general planting ; it includes L. speciosum,
L. tigrinum, and their beautiful garden forms.
All that they require is a fairly strong soil,
and plenty of water whilst growing ; a sunny
position suits them well, but if the I'oots are
shaded, either Jiy close planting or by inter-
spersing other jjlants among them, so much

24

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 13, 1901.

the better. They all force well, and may be
regarded as most accommodating Lilies, such
as the unskilled amateur may grow without
fear of failure. The bull>s should be planted
fully 6 inches deep in a well worked soil,
placing sand above and below the bulbs to
keep away slugs. The garden forms of L.
speciosum, numbering about a dozen, are very
showy plants, and are a great advance on the
old types imported from Japan twenty years
ago. The best of these is album novum, a
lovely pure white-flowered form with yellow
anthers and massive petals of great substance
and considerable breadth. It is one of the
best white Lilies in cultivation ; it succeeds
best when planted in a sheltered, warm spot,
as it flowers late in the year, and at a period
when cold nights may beexpec ted, such aswould
check its later buds. ]\Ielpomene is another
grand form with equally large flowers of a
dark crimson colour, elegantly margined, and
freely spotted with white or a pale shade of
pink. This is the best of the coloured forms,
the flowers being exceptionally rich and bright.
Scarcely less choice, and equally useful, are
such varieties as Krajtzeri, an improved album ;
macranthum, a large-flowered, rich-coloured
rosemn ; ijunetatum, a lovely white flower,
delicately-shaded and heavily-spotted pink. A
very dwarf variety named crueutum, is most
suitable for pot culture, or for planting in the
foreground of the taller groups ; its flower
resembles that of Melijomene, but it is not
nearly so large. The older forms of L. spe-
ciosum are too well known to need mention
here ; their hardihood, freedom of flowering,
and telling tints of colour, render them useful
for massing in large beds, and for more or less
" wild " gardening.

Lilium Henryi, a very fine Lily of recent
introduction, and one which possesses all the
good qualities one could wish for, and more
besides, belongs rightly to this group. Botani-
cally, it is nearest L. s25Cciosum, and by some
has been considered to be only a variety of
that variable species. As a garden plant of
exceptional merit, it has come to stay. It is
one oif the few Lilies that may be raised from
seed with ease, and once planted, it comes up
year aft«r year with increased vigour. When
fully grown, it attains a height of 10 feet (I
have measured one 15 feet high), and carries
an inflorescence of twenty or more elegantly
reflexed, orange-coloured flowers, on branched
pedicels, the centre of each flower being
covered with numbers of petaloid processes,
and the margins are handsomely spotted a
richer colour. Excepting a clear lemon-yellow
coloured flower, and practically all shades of
orange with much diversity of spotting, as well
as of leafage, no marked break of colour has
yet appeared, but each succeeding year extends
the range of colour this stately Lily manifests.
Culturally, it requires a strong, preferably a
virgin soil, and that the bulbs should be
planted 8 inches deep, with the usual envelope
of sand around them. In scores of Lily gar-
dens that I have seen throughout the country,
I have not met with a single plant of L. Henryi
doing badly, s:iv(.' where the mode of cultiva-
tion was (ili\i(msly faulty. One point in its
cultivalioii shiMiUl be remarked here. Its stem-
roots are very strong and numeroiis, and they
may be encouraged to form several inches
up the stem with the aid of a little
damp moss. They should bo covered early in
the season with rich soil and a mulch of very
old manure, the tall, strong stems depending
largely for their support upon these. More-
over, sucli a tall Lily as this, even when well
staked, of ten becomes loosened in windy and wet
weather, so that the better root-anchorage it
has, the better will it be able to bear the strain.

Hybridists should make note of the fact that
this Lily is an excellent seed bearer, and that
it has many good equalities few other Lilies
possess. Some work is already being done in
crossing this Lily with others, but of this it is
yet too early to speak. It forces well, and at
all seasons. G. li. Mallett.

LILY

lTi:heeuiitiitued.)

AND OTHER EXPORTS
FROM JAPAX.

I BEG to send you herewith a very interest-
ing statement showing the exports of horti-
cultural articles fe'om Japan during the last
twenty yi.-ai-s. Yon -will perceive therein that
tlir i\|i(.itai inn of Lily bulbs since 1890 took a
sudilcii iis(.', which was principally owing to
the greatdemand for Lilium longifloruni. Until
then there had been but little demand in the
European market, and what there was, Bermuda
supplied; but when the demand increased,
and the Bermuda Lilies showed signs of de-
cease, we began with the exportation of
L. longiflorum, which has increased from
year to year, and promises, as this statement
shows, to become of great value. The
second item of importance is Lilium auratum,
which is followed by Liliiun speciosum, the
white and red variety, and in addition to these
all the other Japanese'LiJies. Under the head-
ing of plants and trees come also trunks of
Cycas and dried Cycas leaves, as well as
the dried inflorescence of Eulalia, two articles
of which sometimes large quantities are
exported : —

Export.

a bright, light purplish-rose colour, but the
latter have a white midrib in the lower third
part, and silvery veining towards the edge of
the deeply crimped and slightly fimbriated
margin. The base of the lip on the exterior
is of the same colour as the petals. On the
inner side it is prettily marked with purple
and orange at the base ; the front lobe, which
is 3 inches wide, is marbled with violet-tinted
purple, deeply margined with a frilled irregular
band of rose colour.

Cattle YA Mossi.4) "Earl Leofric."
This is a most beautiful flower from the old
florist's standpoint, its segments being broad,
and forming a circular flower. It measures a
little more than 8 inches in diameter, and the
petals are 3J inches in width. The flower,
which has crimped and fringed petals and lip,
belongs to the light - coloured section, the
sepals and petals and side-lobes of the lip being
white, with a distinct shade'of pale lilac-pink
over the whole surface. The base of the lip is
purple, with a white veining ; the centre and
front of the side-lobes orange ; and the centre
of the front lobe of a light purple tint, with
marbling of a darker pvirple. tint, and the
margin of the crimped lip is white, tinged
with rose for about a quarter of an inch wide.
This very distinct companion plant to C. M.
coundoniensls flowei-ed with Geo. Singer, Esq.,.
Coundon Court, Coventry.

Year.

^'■rrecr'^ Yen. sen.

Lily
Bulbs.

Yen. sen.

1879

3,322- 68

4,933- 30

1880

2,338- 40

8,ll,i- 16

1881

3,316- 92

12,192- 40

1883

•1,590- 76

13,4.S4- TO

1883

4,983- 20

„

12,900- 05

1881

4,.-i23- 06

„

15,023 56

1885

5,290- 20

„

14,574- OJ

188li

6,562- 60

„

14.87.V 16

1887

8,568-90

„

la.ri;.-,' :io

1888

13,541- 78

„

16.8.'-1- -M

188',l

l-'.7r«- T6

25,029- 00

18SIII

17.231'- Ml

„

25,017- 42

18J1

„ lii,.iW Uo

26.639- 1.-.

1892

„ 18,493- 36

.■!;j,468- 15

1893

19,157- 01

.55,428- 06

1894

■JX.ljU- 82

68.223- 92

189.T

l':i.U25 10

,j

81,7iir 116

1896

„ 44,643- 52

„

102,2811- IL'

1897

41,691- 27

„

149,905- 74

1898

„ .53,971- 61

„

128,828- 24

1899

81.659- 89 '

259,563- 88

One yen or 100 .sen, equal to 2 shillings,
or 50 cents, in the United States currency.
Alfred Unyei; I'rojii'ietor (L. lioehmer & Co.).

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATTLEYA mossi^ coundoniensis.

A FLOWER of this extraordinary variety is
sent by Mr. Collier, gr. to Geo. Singer, Esq.,
Coundon Court, Coventry, who is the fortunate
possessor of the plant. The last plu'iiniueual
flower always appears to be the most wcnulevf ul,
but it is scarcely possible that any advance on
this one can be expected, for it is not only
of great size, but of a very rich colour. The
flower measures 10 inches across the extended
petals, each of which is 3y inches in width at
the widest part ; the sepals and petals are of

PROLONGING THE SEASON OF
THE STRAM'BERRY.

L.VTE Strawberries are always valued, and
specially so in a dry season like the present.
It is a praiseworthy practice to have beds of the
latest varieties on borders facing north, and
screened on the south by walls or tall hedges,
and where the plants do not suffer so much
from drought in a season like this one. Some
o£ the later varieties are not very strong-
growers at Sj'on. The soil in which Straw-
berries are grown here is suitable enough, and
is well manured, and not too clayey. For
many years 1 have relied upon young plants
for the earliest crops of dessert fruit, but ia
tlie case of the late varieties sufficiently good
returns are not obtained from these the first
season. The late Pine Strawberries do well
generally in the second year after planting,
l)eing mulched, and also afforded liquid-manure
when obtainable.

The l>est of British Strawberries may be
grown on a north border in a soil that would not;
grow them well in the more open quarters of
the garden. As most gardeners know, north
borders have drawbacks, such as loss of plants
in winter ; but this may be met by planting
rather closer than usual, or by filling up
vacancies in the lines witli strong reserved
l)lants. As regards cultivation, I have nothing
new to note, but will briefly jioint out ho-w
the Strawberry season may be extended
by growing certaiii varieties, and in diverse
positions. The perpetual fruiting varieties,
St. Joseph and St. Antoine de Padoue, will do
much to lengthen the season, though these
lack the size of the older varieties, and
Alpines, grown from seed annually, woulij
assist to extend the season till October.
Alpines are grown readily from runners, but
seedlings furnish the finest fruit, and as
Alpines are small growers, they may be planted
much closer together, say 9 inches by l^ft.

I have grown the variety Eleanor, syn»
Oxonian, for several years on account of its
lateness, not for its quality. It is large and
showy and useful. I do not know of any
variety later than Oxonian, and few are more
hardy, or that will succeed as well in the
autumn.

July 13, 1901.J

THE GAEDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

25

As late varieties of good quality, Filbert and
Frogmore Pine may be recomtnenclcd, the second
being the better fruit of the two, but it is not
so heavy a cropper, and at Syon it succeeds
only on a north border, owing to the lightness
of our soil. Tho Filbert Pine succeeds in
light soils, having ample foliage, and it
scarcely ever fails to fruit satisfactorily. In
order to do it justice, the plants should be
treated like British Queen, that is, a tiuarter
should be planted each year, and destroyed
after it has fruited for two years.

Doubtless the Latest-of-AU Strawberry has
come to the front quicker than any other, but
it is not suitably named, it being not so late
as several others. The fruit of L:itest-of-All

CYMBIDIUM LOWIANUM x
C. EBURXEUM.
Although crosses have long been known in
Europe between C. Lowianum and C. ebur-
neum, in which both have been used as the
seed-bearing parent, the one which we illus-
trate (fig. 10) in the present issue is the first,
so far as our knowledge goes, of a cross raised
and flowered in Australia. According to infor-
mation kindly furnished by Messrs. F. Sander
& Co., of St.' Albans, the seed of artificially-
fertilised flowers was sown by Mr. Godwin,
gardener to John Hay, Esq., of the Crow's
Nest, North Sydney, in "the month of July,
1890 ; and a plant of this sowing flowered in
April of last year.

Fig. 10.— cymridh'.m lowiancm x KBrnxErsf, in tiik gahden ok .i. hay, esq..

chow's NE.ST, NOUTII SYDNEY, NEW SOLTIl WALES.

is of good quality, resembling one of its
parents, viz., British Queen, which it exceeds
in size. Tiic plant not being robust, it shoidd
be planted ratlier close togiMher, and on a
heavy soil. It also succeeds lier(> on a north
border, being treated siniihirly to P.ritisli
Queen.

Another novelty is Ti-afalgar, and though
like Royal Sovereign in size, shai)i', and colour,
it is much later than tli;it variety, .ind
possesses a much finer fl.ivoin-. It makes also
a more vigorous ]ilanl .

My note would not be CDinph'te unlrss I
included Waterloo, although l.,atcst-of-AII and
Oxonian are preforrcjd here to follow the Pint-
Strawberries. The new ra<-o of ))<'rpetual
fruiters should give us fruit till Xovend)er, for
the fruit is prodM(;;>(l in snc<-ession on th(>
young growth. Though small, it is well
flavoureil. a. Wiflhrx, Nijon (Inrdeiis.

As Mr. Sunder remarks, " It is evident that
the- climate of Australia is favourable to the
raising of Orchids; and in fact, in this
particular iiislance, a record is established in
rapid growth." The flowers measured .5\ in.
across, which is quite eiiual to tlu; standard in
piiint of size.

THE MIXED FLOWER-BED AND

ITS KDtilNG.
Tin: s;Mno causes which led to th(^ substi-
tution (if plants in mixture for the massing
nu'thod of planting is now becoming apparent
in the sterootypingof the fashion of planting in
gardens gem-rally. There is far too nuich
unilormity of practice, so that go where you
may th(- vwltimjc is the same. As regards
the lieddiiig-oiil pursuefl by the various park
siipi'rilennd(-iits in the metropolis, the mono-

tony is fearful to behold, few of them having
the lea.st idea of altering their methods or of
striking out a line for themselves.

These beds being seen by country gardeners,
the latter straightway make copious notes,
and put into practice the same year or the
next, the methods observed, so that the
country gentleman's flower-garden is more or
less a replica of the beds in Battersea, Regent's,
Hyde, and other town parks. To my idea the
geometrical garden, if it be the only one, is a
mistake, its very formation, the relative small-
ness of the beds, and the narrowness of the
intervening walks and spaces of turf and gravel,
often compelling the gardener to employ dwarf
plants in order to preserve or indicate the out-
lines of the beds. Such a garden might be tole-
rated as an adjunct close to the house, out
of sight of the principal rooms, and away
from the main garden -front of the house,
constructed on a small scale, and having some
relation to the space at command, and sepa-
rated from the rest of the garden by an orna-
mental iron fence, covered with creeping
flowering plants, a low wall of au ornate cha-
racter, or one consisting of a balustrade
merely, or an evergreen hedge of Thuja, or
one of Pyrus japonica, or of climbing Roses,
Jasniinum oflicinale, or Honeysuckles.

To return to the mixed flower-bed, what can
lie more incongruous than a stiff, formal line,
.such as may be seen in every London park, of
Echeveria secuuda glauca, E. Peacocki, Sem-
pervivuin tabuhelorme, a stiff-looking grass, a
row of dwarf Lobc-lia or of Golden Feather,
and similar plants, which, whilst apjjropiiate
enough on a rockery, are out of place when
thus arranged as edgings to mixed flower-beds.
If the mixed bed bo adopted, let us have no
.s\ich incongruity as a formal line of these
plants, but rather sonu-thing which, whilst
dwarf of stature, shall fittingly indicate tlio
outlines of the beds in an irregular manner.

The edging that I would recommend for the
mixed bed are Pansies, Violas, Verbenas,
Arabis albida, Armeria cophalotes alba and
rubra, Aubrietias, Campanula isophylla, C.
pulla, C. pusilla, C. carpatica, C. garganioa,
Cerastium tomentosum, IJelianthemuins, Cory-
dalis lutea. Cyclamen europ;eum and C.
ucapolitanum, Dactylis glonu-rata variegata,
Draba aizoides, Gentiana acaulis, G. allinis,
O. bavarica. Geranium argonteuni, Hepatica
triloba in all colours, Heuchera sanguinea,
Iberis corrcasfolia, I. gibraltarica, and 1. sem-
pervirens ; Lithospe.rmumprostratum, Lysima-
chia Nummnlaria, L. N. anrea, Myosotis in
variety, Jfierembergia rivularis, the dwarfer
Oinotheras, as macrocarpa, marginata. Pil-
grim!, and taraxacifolia; the dwarf Phloxes,
as amujiia, subulata, procumbens, canaden-
sis, &c. ; Saponaria ocymoides, Polyanthus,
double-flowered Primulas, Violets, Pinks, and
Auriculas.

These plants should be planted sufliciently
wide apart for their full natural development,
ami should not be kept to rigid lines, either
within the boundaries of the beds, or when
allowed to grow beyond them if such luxuri-
ance met with approval. The flower-beds
1 have in ray mind, are such as consist
of suitable mixtures of hardy and half-
hardy annuals ; hardy herbaceoiLS perennials,
chosen for spring, early or late snnnner, and
autiiMin flowering, as may bo desired ; or beds
consist in:;- of one or at the most two species'.
Siili-li-opiral bedding lends itself to this kind
of treatment, but the plants being chiefly
tender exotics, many of which require housing
in roomy houses, scarcely como within the
scope of au ordinarv garden. Still, there are
many for which s|)aco <'ould b<- found, as for
example Cannas, lOuclisias, i'lumbago capensis,
without mentioning Wigandias, Hurnea, Hemp,
AmarantUus, Solan ums, &c. M.

26

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jlxy i;^, 1901,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

OPENING OF BOSTON (MASS.) NEW

HORTICULTURAL HALL.
The formal opening of Boston's splendid new
Horticultural Hall took place on the evening
of June 3, when one of the finest exhibitions
ever held in America was given. The arrange-
ments for the opening show were entirely in the
hands of Professor Charles S. Sargent (flg. 9,
p. 23), whose fame as a horticulturist and
arboriculturist is world-wide, and the result of
his earnest and persevering work was exhibited
in a very gorgeous, and at the same time
sesthetic flower-show we have ever had in the
United States. No premiums were offered by
way of inducement, Professor Sargent secured
all the exhibits from amongst liis personal
friends, and the best New England collections
sent their choicest material. No exhibitors'
names were allowed to appear, nor were any of
the plants named, the latter arrangement being
considered a mistake. The various Orchids,
Palms, &c., were utilised by those having the
arrangements in cliarge, irrespective of owner-
ship; all the pots, baskets, &c., having special
marks of identification. The result of all this
was a superb sliow, such as we are unlikely to
see in America for many years. That the Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Society has done
well in building new cxuarters was amply
demonstrated by the crowd of people who
attended on the opening evening, and by the at-
tendance of some 35,000 persons on the eleven
days the show remained open. Prices were '2.s.
until 7 P.M. ; from 7 till 10, Is. Tlie exhibition,
by special permit of the legislature, was
open from 12 A.M. to 10 P.M. on Sunday, June 9,
when nearly 4,000 attended. A specially pleas-
ing feature was the attendance of hundreds
of school children with their teachers, these
came in at reduced rates. The opening show
will long be remembered in the annals of
American Horticulture, and it will net a good
sum for the grand old society which has done
so much for its advancement.

The main feature in the principal exhibition
halJ, which Is 122 x 50 feet, and 43 feet high,
was a magnificent display of Azaleas from
Prof. C. S. Sargent, comprising some 200
plants, many of them specimen plants ; these
were sunk in the ground, tlic surface being
neatly turfed over, and being arranged in
large beds for colour effect (backed next the
walls with large Palms), they were very
effective. A huge sloping bank of Rhodo-
dendrons, some 20 feet high, from Mr. H. H.
Hunnewell, of Wellesley, Mass., was another
feature in the same hall. In the large lecture-
hall, a large group of immense standard
Wistarias also from Prof. Sargent, carrying
thousands of racemes of flowers, was greatly
admired ; as was a similar and fine group of
Tracheleospermum jasminoides from tlie same
gentleman, the latter specimens 6 to 8 feet
high, and smothered with bloom. A large
bank of seedling Hippeastrums from Dr. C. G.
Weld, Brooklin, Mass., of superb quality ;
also large disjjlays of Gloxinias, fancy and
^zonal Pelargoniums, and Hydrangea otaksa,
were shown in this hall.

In the small exhibition hall, which was
entirely devoted to Orcliids, arranged with
Palms and other foliage plants, was by far tlie
most extensive and choicest display of these
plants ever seen in the New World. Tlie
plants were arranged according to genera,
and made a much more impressive display in
this way, than when mixed up in promiscuous
groups. There were specially large and fine
groups of Cattleyas Skinneri, MossiiB, Men-
deli, and gigas, Ljelias purpurata and ele-

gans, Miltonia vexillaria, Cymbidiums, Odonto-
glossums, Dendrobiums, Epidendrums, and
Cypripediums. Scmie 600 .specimens in all were
staged. The leading exhibitors of these were
Mrs. F. Q. Ames, North Easton, Mass., and Mr.
H. H. Hunnewol I, Wellesley, Mass. (fig. 9, p. 23).
Smaller, but choice assortments came from
all the other leading New England Orchid-
growers, including Bayard Thayer, and E. &
R. Thaj'er, Lancaster, Mass. ; J. E. Rothwell,
Dr. C. G. Weld, and Prof. C. S. Sargent,
Brooklin, Mass. ; C. Lothrop, Esq., North
Easton, Mass. ; J. S. Bailey, Roxbury, Mass. ;
and W. P. Winsor, Fftirhaven, Mass. Many
rare and valuable Cattleyas, Laelio-Cattleyas,
Odontoglossuras, and other species were shown.

No faded or unsightly plants were allowed
to appear in the exhibition during the eleven
days it was open. As soon as any plant showed
signs of being past its best, it was removed,
and loads of fresh plants were added almost
every morning. The foliage on the hundreds
of Palms (many of them big specimens) was
frequently sponged, and everything possible
was done to make the exhibits appear inviting ;
the result being that most of the exhibits were
as fine on the closing as on the opening night.

No cut flowers, coloured leaf of stove or
greenhouse plants, fruits, or vegetables had
any part in this exhibition, which was rather
planned and carried out to show people how a
flower show should be arranged, and to endea-
vour to educate people above the formal,
stereotyped arrangements nearly always seen
on such occasions. While only a few varieties
of plants were exhibited, the whole space, 210
by 94 feet, was occupied, and the paths were
none too large for the peramlnilation of the
crowds which attended. Music was provided
by an orchestra in the afternoons and evenings ;
and a restaurant in the dining-hall on the
lower floor was well patronised. Altogether,
the opening of Boston's new hall, the finest of
its kind, we believe, in the world, was very
auspicious, and many of us trust that London
may soon possess a similar building. W. N.
Ciakj, North Easton, Mass., U.S.A. [On p. 23 we
give a presentment of Professor C. S. Sargent
and Mr. H. H. Hunnewell, to whom the chief
share of the success of the gathering was
due. Ed.]

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Stray Leaves from a Border Garden, by
Mary Pamela .Milne Home. With eight
illustrations, by F. L. B. Griggs. (John
Lane, The Bodley Head, London ; and New
York.)
Hard though the words seem, it must be
owned that there is little that is new to be found
in this book. Not that it is not original, so
far as it goes, but that there are already so
many similar records by ladies of their thoughts
and feelings in a garden. Lovers of flowers
and plants are many, but their observations,
unless chronicled with real inspiration and
adequate knowledge, are not particularly in-
teresting to others than themselves.

In these Stmij Leares we have the usual
remarks about the seasons, the plants and
their names, and habits and surroundings.
The following is an extract characteristic of
the book : — " Southey admired the Holly-tree
very much, and wrote a charming little poem
about it. It used also to be called Holme and
Hulver; this last is, I believe, a corruption of
the French word Olivier, a-s it did duty for
Olive branches in old church festivals. The
catkins are out in the lane now, how pretty
they are, like drops of snow caught on the
bare brown branches of the saughs ! This

word is probably a survival of the Anglo-
Saxon ' sealh-sallows,' a name, I think, from
the Finnish ' salawa.' ' Catlings ' and ' pussies'
the children here call them, and sometimes.
' goslings ; ' ' pussy willow ' is the American
name. It is odd that the German name should
be also Katzchen, or ' little cats.' In Hans
Andersen's Story 0/ the Year .... Fairy .Ander-
sen says, ' It was a beautiful spring, but the
Willow-trees wore woollen mittens over their
blossoms, they were exceedingly careful, and
that is tiresome.' • Mittens ' is an old Scots
term for woollen gloves, and woollen gloves
without fingers are called ' Doddie mittens.' "
So the author discourses concerning the
charact-eristics of the seasons. Much of her
experience has been gained in America, and
the book is filled up by chapters at the end
about her "Friends in their Gardens," these
" friends " being of various stations in life and
in widely separated localities. The illustra-
tions are rather pleasing than remarkable ;
and, to revert again to the text, the frequent
allusions to " boy" are scarcely interesting,
save to the mother of the young hero. The
chronicles of the Bonier Garden would, we
repeat, be more charming had they been the
first, not the latest of their kind ; as it is,
they will surely please the large and not too
critical public not yet satiated with this
style of book. There is an Appendix, with
lists of flower names, and of bird names, in
different languages, and a vocabulary of the
vernacular of the Border. These ai-e nofc
specially valuable nor exhaustive, but we are
bound to take the information uncritically as
it is humbly offered, " Hoping you will, of your
courtesy, gentle reader, give it gentle .iudg-
ment, remembering it hath been said, the pro-
vince of a woman is to chronicle small beer."

Flora Brasiliensis. Fasciculus exx v. Orchid-
acete vi. Exjjosuit Alfredus Cogniaux.
Pp. 181—384, tab. 50^—81.

All things must come to an end, and each suc-
ceeding fasciculus of this monumental work may
be regarded as a milestone marking off another
stage of the seemingly interminable .iourney to
the end of the Flora Brasiliensis. Of the part
under notice it may emphatically be said that it.
is well worthy of its predecessors, for it bears
on every page the most convincing evidence
of the patient and clever work bestowed
on it by Mr. Alfred Cogniaux, whose labours
on this portion of the monograph have been
rendered exceptionally arduous by the immense
amount of research and reference necessary
to produce such a complete enumeration of
varieties, the forms of Lselia purprurata and
some of the varieties of the Cattleya labiata
section each including from fifty to one hundred
names. The usefulness of the work is consider-
ably enhanced by the onuuieration of all pub-
lished varieties and sub-varieties, but the
amountof work entailed thereby is incalculable.

The genus Epidendrum is continued, and
Cattleya, Leptotes, Brassavola, Lselia, Schom-
burgkia, Sophronitis, Elleanthus, Sobralia,
Bletia, Cyrtopera, Cyrtopodium, Warrea, and
Govenia dealt with in the same exhaustive
manner as that pursued in previous issues,
description, all available references, synonyms,
habitat, time of flowering, &c., being given.

The greater part of the showier species are
well known, and highly appreciated in gardens
in Europe where Orchids are grown ; and the
enumeration discloses a large number of pretty
species not known in gardens, but which would
find favour if introduced.

The plates are excellently well done to
facilitate identification, analytical drawings of
the parts of the flowers being given in most
cases to the minutest detail. Manv of the

JlXY 18, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

27

subjects are familiar to us, but the singular
plant figured as Lfelia R?gnelli is interesting
on account of its remarkable structural differ-
ences from othci-s of the genus. The plants

L. flava, L. rupestris, L. cinnabarina, L. harpo-
phylla, Leptotes unicolor, L. Paranaensis,
Brassavolaflagellans, B. Gardneri, B. Martiana,
B. revoluta, KUeanthus erinipes, E. brasili-

Rodriguezii, S. 'yanapcryensis, S. pubescens,
Sophronitis coccinea,iS. cernua, S. Wittigiana,
S. rupestris,5 S. Rossiteriana, Schoniburgkia
crispa, and Warrea tricolor.

Fl«. 11.— NEW RAMBLKtl ROSE, "QUEEN AI-EXANDRA " : COLOUR, PINK WITH WHITE CENTRE.
(Awarded a Gold Medal of tljc National Rose Society, on July 4, wl:cn shown by Messrs. Jas. Vciteli i Sons. Sec p. 30).

illustrated arc Cattlcya elongata, C. inter-
media, C. Harrisoniana, C. Walkeriana, C.
velutina, C. Warneri, C. Eldorado, C. violaceii,
C. bicolor, Lfelia puniila Dayana, L. Regnelli,
L. crispa, L. amin la, L. longipes, L. caulescens,

ensis, E. b. var. llookcrianus, E. graminifolius,
Bletia Rodriguezii, Cyrtopera longil'olia, C. 1.
var. amazonica, Cyrtopodium yanaperyense,
C. Brandonianum, C. cburncum, (lovenia
(lardneri, Cyanseorcliis Arundinic, Sobralia

The Book of Asparagus. By Charles Ih.tt,

K.K.H.S.

TlliH is one of a series of handbooks oit

practical gardening being issued by John

Lane, The Bodley Head, London and New

28

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 13, 1001.

York. The author of this maiuuil has had a
long exjierience as a gardener, and is emi-
aiently qualified for the taslv iie has under-
taken. Recently he has been engaged by the
■County Council of Cornwall in exiJerimenting
•on a large scale, with a view to determining
the most suitable crops for extended culture
in that county, and the best methods of culti-
vation of those crops. His lectures through-
out that county have already borne good fruits.
An important chapter in his book is that
which is concerned with the cultivation of
Asparagus on various soil, good and bad. He
as, of course, in favour of soils that are friable,
porous, easily worked, and well enriched by
manure, and the deeper the better, as then the
plant is uninfluenced by drought.

Varieties such as Sutton's Perfection and
•Giant French, Late Argenteuil ^ (wrongly
■spelled Argentenil), and Early Argenteuil, the
author considers distinct ; but he thinks that
•cultivation has much to do with the so-called
varieties, with which remark we are in
agreement.

The necessity for sowing Asparagus seed on
•clean ground is very rightly enforced, the seed
.germinating irregularly in regard to time, and
land foul with weed seeds would give endless
trouble to free it from weeds without injuring
the small, delicate plants. The seed-bed
-should be dug in the autumn or early winter,
4ind the siu-tace left as rough as possible.
After January, it should be forked over with-
■out touching the manure, and the surface left
for the weed seeds to germinate. When the
weeds appear, it should be harrowed or raked
a few inches deep, and again left. If pos-
sible, allow a second crop of weeds to spring
tup, and proceed as before. Work the land so
that there are no clods underneath the surface.
•"Sow in March.

In a like careful, thorough manner the culti-
vator is instructed in every operation involved
5n the cultivation of the plant.

We gladly notice a tool used in Cornwall
for "getting out" drills in which to plant
.young Asparagus. It is in reality a small
spade, rather narrower at the mouth than at
the tread, made with a socket set at a conve-
Jiiently obtuse angle for receiving a straight
long handlp. With this tool the drills are
made of an uniform depth, as deep at the side
A9, in the middle, which is not possible with a
lioe.

After cultivation, wo find a chapter on
forcing, with hints on bundling ; a history of
fche plant, and methods of cooking.

Celeriac comes in for a chapter to itself, and
we hope Jlr. Ilott will get our countrymen to
take up the cultivation of this useful winter
•culinary or salad plant. Some chapters on
SScorzonera, Seakale, and decorative species of
Asparagus follow.

The Week's Work.

PLANTS UNDER GIiASS.

By D. RonERTS, Gardener to Hussey Packe Esq
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

Euphorbia (Poinnettia) imlchen-him.—PhmtH
-which were struck from cuttings early should
be shifted into large 48's, the potting-compost
•consisting of loam three-quarters, and leaf-soil
one-quarter. The potting should be firm, and
the plants placed in a pit having a temperature
<■! (.0 l.y Ill-lit, not necessarily from fire-heat.
All. .1(1 sln.l.; from bright sunshine till fully
re-es(,il,lis|jed, thou by degrees expose them
t.i the hi; lit, and -ive more air. The objective
<M tin- .nr.iwcr should be a dwarf plant and well
I'lpeued wood, which will furnish fine large
heads of bracts. Continue to propagate the
plant by means of cuttings till the required

number is secured, and shake out of the old
soil and place in smaller pots the "cut-backs "
of last year.

Chnjsanthemums. — Recently-potted Japanese
and incurved varieties should be carefully
afforded water, and after sunny days a heavy
syringing of the foliage several times a day.
During heavy showers of rain lay the plants
on their sides, or the soil may become sodden
at a critical season. Tie-in the necessary
number of growths after the natui'al break has
occurred, and in the event of black or green
aphis apiaearing on the points of the shoots,
sprinkle them in the early morning hours with
Tobacco-powder. Shoots of Pompons should
be stopped for the last time. The late-flower-
ing varieties of W. H. Lincoln, Princess Blanche,
L. Canning, and Niveiun, should be jiermitted
to grow without any stopping or pinching,
merely thinning the buds when the season is
more advanced. Early summer-flowering varie-
ties may now be afforded liquid-manure, in the
ratio of one of manure to six of water twice a
week.

The Greenhouse. — Hard-wooded New Holland
plants being at this season well advanced in
growth, may be repotted if this be required.
Before repotting any of these plants, loosen
the roots at the sides with a pointed stick,
doing this with as little injury to the plants as
is possible. After repotting, keep the plants
in close quarters for a few days, damping the
foliage twice a day, and keeping the air moist.
Afterwards they should be afforded more and
more air, and in a fortnight they may be
plunged in coal-ashes out-of-doors, or kept
under glass, as may best suit the locality.
Winter-flowering Heaths and Epacrises may be
placed outdoors in an open situation at the end
of the month, if not earlier; and such late-
flowering iilants as Pimeleas, Aphelexis, and
Leschenaultias, &c., which ai'e now out of
bloom, may be kept in a house facing north,
where they may remain till growth recom-
mences, affording the foliage a gentle syring-
ing daily. Pick off the remaining blooms, and
thin out the weak shoots previous to training
the plants at the finishing of their growth.
The growth of Lapagerias now being at an end,
the shoots should be trained previously to
flowering, and the plants afforded water at the
root as may be required and diluted liquid-
manure occasionally.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Maynk, Gardener to the Hon. 1Iai;k Rolle,
Bicton, East Budleigh, Devonshire.

Celertj. — The earliest rows will be all the
better for another stirring of the soil, and a
dusting of the tops with soot at weekly in-
tervals, catching the foliage when moist with
dew or rain, the Celery-fly usually making its
appearance at about this time. Examine the
leaves during the next three months, and
remove any parts in which the mining grub
is seen, throwing these into a basket for
burning. Celery should be planted for suc-
cession as ground becomes vacant, making the
trenches less deep than those filled with the
early plants.

Coleii'orts. — The first sowing being fit for
planting, afford the plants 1 square foot on
which to grow. Strew soot or wood-ashes
frequently on the later-sown plants, in order
to keep green-fly from them. Tlie bountiful
rain which fell a fortnight ago dislodged many
of these, as well as the Turnip-flea, and as a
consequence the plants are making progress.

Carrots. — The last sowing for the season
may now be made in the south, the land being
dressed moderately with soot and quicklime,
and afterwards dug one full spit deep, breaking
up all the bigger clods in the process. Make
it firm by evenly trampling it all over, and
sow in shallow drills drawn 1 foot apart. The
varieties Model, Early Gem, or Early Horn,
are suitable for sowing at this date.

Eiulire. — Thin out and transplant Endive at
1 foot apart, and make another sowing shortly.

Cahha<ie. — In northern districts it is usual to
sow about the l.Jth inst., but in Devon the

2.5th is soon enough, with another sowing made
fourteen days later. .Sow in shallow drills
made at 1 foot apart, awayfrom the shade of
trees ; and put a net over the bed, raised a foot
from the ground, as various kinds of birds are
partial to Cabbage-seed.

Shallots ami Garlic.^When the tops begin to
wither, i^uU up the bulbs, and place themou a
hard, dry path, or on boards, to dry, and after
a week's exposure, hang them up in bunches
in a cool shed.

Seakale. — The dry weather having been in-
jurious to this vegetable in many parts of the
country, it will assist growth if a light dress-
ing of salt be afforded the soil between the
plants, hoeing the ground afterwards to bury
the salt.

Late Broccoli and Sprouts should be planted
betimes, and in some gardens the old Straw-
berry-beds may be planted without much pre-
paration beyond that required for grubbing up
and clearing away the plants and the mulching
materials. The land already planted should
be well hoed before being earthed up, whilst
it is possible to do this.

Peas. — Owing to the long drought, thrips
made their appearance in many gardens, and
last week I saw a long row of Sutton's Im-
proved Duke of Albany completely ruined by
this pest. The recent rains have done much
good to the Pea crops. Where the rainfall has
been light, afford water copiously twice a
week, and a mulch of some kind. Where the
rows of Peas stand wide apart, and the inter-
vening space is cropped with low-growing
vegetables, the land under Peas gets a little
shade, which will have stood the Peas in good
stead during the late hot weather. The latest
sowings should be moulded up and staked.
The points of the haulm of those that have
reached the tops of their stakes should be
pinched oft' ; and this applies also to .Scarlet
and other Runner Beans.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measuee.s, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road, Camberwell.

Miltonia spectabilis is one of the most
beautiful of the late flowering Miltonias, and
requires warmer conditions and more sunlight
than most of the species to induce it to flower
freely ; the place our plants succeed best is
at the cool end of the Cattleya-house, sus-
jjended from the roof. Only .sufficient shading
is used to protect them from scorching
diu-ing the brightest hours of the day. The
natural colour of the foliage has a some-
what yellow tint, but this is not increased by
exposure to liglit, and the plants do not suffer
in any way from exposure to the degree of
light necessary to flower them satisfactorily.
During the present season the plants are
emitting new roots from the base of the
growths, rapidly maturing, and the flower-
spikes will soon be conspicuous. Any re-
potting that may be necessary should be done
now, and the plants will then quickly establish
themselves in the new material, and the flowers
will open without any apparent check. This
species succeeds best in well-drained baskets,
and the potting material should consist of
equal portions of fibrous-peat and sphagnum-
moss. The plants require an abundant supply
of moisture during the suuunor season, but
after they have finished their growth and have
flowered, let them be removed to cooler con-
ditions, and kept comparatively dry. M.
Moreliana, M. bicolor, and M. flavescens
require similar treatment to that advised for
the type. The smaller straw-coloured flowers
of M. flavescens are produced earlier in the
season than those of the other species, and
repotting should therefore be done earlier. M.
festiva, the supposed natural hybrid between
M. .spectabilis and M. flavescens, is very pretty
and distinct. It is somewhat rare, but should
be afforded a place where Miltonias are appre-
ciated. The other section of Milto'nias, such
as M. Candida, M. Clowesii, M. cuneata, M.
Regnelli, M. I'eetei'siana (which is a supposed
natural hvbrid hetwcen M. spectabilis Morel-
iana and M. UegneUi), and the rare and beautiful

July 18, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

29

M. Bluntii Liibbersiana, should be gro'wn in pots
or pans, using the compost already described, •
and should he afforded a light i50sition at the
warm end of the intermediate-house. During
the growing season the plants require the
same treatment as recommended for JI. spec-
tabilis, but they may be syringed overhead
two or three times a day iu warm, bright
weather. When growth has finished, treat
the plants in the same manner as JI. specta-
bilis. Care must be taken to keep the above
.sections of Miltonias free from insect - pests.
The greatest pests are thrips, which attack
the leaves in a very young stage. If once
they establish themselves in the centre of the
growth, they are very difficult to dislodge,
and may cause permanent disfigurement iu a
very short time. Where thrips are observed,
dip the plants in XL-All wash, which must be
diluted according to the directions on the
bottle. The house should also be fumigated
at regular intervals. The heavy rains during
summer are apt to dislodge tlirijjs fi-om outside
vegetation, and some being conveyed to the
interior of the house through the rain-water
pipes, get distributed upon the plants when
dipping them. It is a good plan to fumigate
immediately after summer rains.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Fif/s. — When the first crop of fruit has been
gathered, recommence to syringe the trees
twice daily, and spray the borders and other
surfaces as advised before the fruit commenced
ripening. Thin out the fruits in degree accord-
ing to the crop, removing tliose nearest the
base of the shoots. Stop and tie the growtlis
as they advance, removing those not required,
and regulitiiig those retained so that they
may receive the benefit of light and air. Tree's
tliat are planted in borders of limited extent,
having good drainage, will require abundance
of water at frequent intervals. On eacli
occasion use weak liquid-manure from warm
tanks, or guano at the rate of 1 lb. to
20 gallons of water. Reforc finishing the
watering, I generally afford the border a good
sprinkling of Thomson's Vine and Plant-manure.
This manure contains a combination of ele-
ments, as does the liquid-manure from stables,
&c., and it is safer than simple salts, such as
sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of potasli, and
nitrate of .soda, which promote too much leaf
growtli in the Fig. Maintain a circulation of
air in houses where the crops are riix-ning, and
keep the atmosphere warm atul rather dry.
Avoid wetting the fruits, but •■in occasional
damping of tlie house will benefit tlio foliage.
A modiTate degree of moisture in the soil is
necessary for ripening Figs, but excess must
be avoided. Trees in pots for early forcing
should be syringed occasionally, and" afforded
the necessary supplies of water and liquid-
manure.

Cucumbei-s. — The plants in the Cucumber-
house will now be growing and fruiting freely.
Spray the plants in suiuiy weather at least
twice a day, and stop the shoots as growth
proceeds, tying the bine to the trellis. Plants
in bearing will require to bo afforded liquid-
manure three tiiius a week. As soon as the
roots show theiiis.lv< s ilinmgh the compost,
afford a top-dressin- ni I,, am, with rotten dung
well incorporated. Tliis compost should l)o
made in readiness some days before it is
required. JIake fresh .sowings as required,
remembering that it is prudence to be provided
with suridus plants in pots in sufficient num-
bers to meet any probable requirements.
Plants that have been fruiting for some time,
and are nearly exhausted, should be turned
out, as it does not pay at this season to keep
those which have lost their vigour.

Hettiim Melons in Framex. — During moist,
warm ^veather the flowers do not .set freely,
especially when the plants are growing
strongly. A moist atmosphere, closeness, and
crowding the foliage or shoots are adverse to
a good .set. Keep the shoots rather thin by
removing every alternate lateral whilst quite
small. Ilemoviug them after they have grown

large often causes gumming and canker. The
laterals retained generally show fruit at the
second or third joint ; if not, stop them at the
second joint, and the sub-laterals will show
fruit freely, when water should be applied
sparingly, taking care not to wet the siu'face
of the bed any more than is necessary. Place
linings of hot dung against the sides of the
frames ; this will raise a gentle heat, and allow
of a small volume of air being admitted day
and night. Fertilise the flowers when fully ex-
panded, and stop the shoots one joint beyond
the fruit at the same time. Admit air freely
when weather permits, increasing the venti-
lation at 70°, allowing it to rise to 80° or 85°,
at which keep it throughout the day, and
closing at 80°. When the plants have set two
or four fruits each, and these are of the size of
a pigeon's egg, commence affording water by
sprinkling tlie foliage at closing time, always
keeping the water from the necks of the plants.
In hot weather afford plenty of water twice a
week, but once in the same jjeriod will be
ample in didl weather. When the fruit is ad-
vanced for ripening, keep the bed well lined
with hot dung or grass-mowings, and ventilate
the frames freely.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. II. SLADE. Gai-a.-iKT to Lord IV.ltimore,
Poltimoiu l»;irk, Exeter.

fijxmish Ii-i.s. — Clumps showing signs of
exhaustion will be benefited by being lifted
after flowering is over, planting the bulbs in
some other part of the garden. The plant
likes a moderately liglit soil, and one not too
wet during the wint<'r, and as it is not prudent
to disturb this section of the Irises often, the
ground should be well prepared, affording it a
liberal dressing of half rotten manure if it be
poor; and unless the soil is sanely, road-grit or
coarse sand should be incorporated with it.
The bulbs should be kept out of the soil
but for a short time, llie new growth starling
quickly after the flower-stems havedii'd down.
While they are ornamental as clumps in mixed
borders, unless the chimps are Uibelled in
some manner, the l)nlbs are liable to be dis-
turbed during the resting time. I prefer to
plant them in rows beliind the espalier fruit-
trees separating the vegetable (juarters, on
slightly raised ground by the side of the alley
or narrow path, and in this position on heavy
loam they thrive very well. If not shaded,
and they arc planted "a little higher than the
surrounding ground, the plants get the baking
or drying necessary for the ripening of the
l)ulbs, and essential lor their flowering. A
similar position will also suit the Englisli his,
but as the.se flower at a little later date than
the Spanish, any m'cissary planting will also
follow later. The Fnglish iris are also very
suitable for growing in pots.

Ddhlidx. — These will now be growing apace,
and if the plants were of a good size when
planted, some disbudding of the shoots should
be done wliero large fine blooms are wished
for. The plants sho\dd bo forthwith staked,
and the main shoots made secure. It is a
prudent course to put several stakes to a
plant to make them quite secure against wind,
and admit sunlight to t tie inner growths. The
stakes .should be high enough to afford support,
but not to be theniselves prominent objects.
The plants should i>e liberally treated in
regard to manure and manure-water.

Cnrnntionii. — Those plantsin beds or Itorders,
nnless "coil" stakes are used, should have?
their flower-stems fastened to thin painted
sticks, and for large lilooms the flower-buds
shoidd be freely thinned. When in flower,
some slight protection against hot sunshine is
needed, or the blooms will endure Imt for a
short period of time, and for this purpose light
tiffany stretched on two wires and secured to
])osts placed at each corner of the bed or
border is as good as any.

Wallflowcrx, a ml oUiev Sprituj-florverinci Via nts.
— Myosotis, Limnaiithes, andSilene, if .seed was
sown at the time advised, will now be largo
enough for transplant ing into nurse-beds, in
rows at 1 foot apart, and 6 or 8 inches from

plant to plant in the rows. If the seedlings
are left in the seed-bed, thin them to about
6 inches apart. The early planting of Wall-
flowers is necessary if really good bushy jjlants
are desired, for small plants make a poor dis-
play iu the spring, and during the winter they
make little or no growth.

General remarks. — Take cuttings of choice
Antirrhinums. The rain which fell last week
was very acceptable to the gardener, and al-
though the storm destroyed many of the
flowers in the herbaceous perennial l)order, it
saved many more which must have perished
if the drought had lasted much longer. Remove
spent flowers ; keep the soil stirred. Asters,
Stocks, and early Chrysanthemums give pro-
mise of a fine display. Bedding plants which
have not yet been allowed to flower are much
improved since the rains, and are going to
flower profusely.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN".

Uy C. HERRIN.

LatieriiKj Strawberries. — The time has now-
arrived when layering must be carried out,
if good plants for forcing or for making new
plantations are to be obtained. Providing-
Strawberry plants were planted last autumu
specially for the production of ruiniers, the-
blossoms of which have been pinched off, and
water afforded occasionally during the dry
weather, there should be muvierous layers,
ready at this date. For cultivating in pots,
the layers, if placed on 3-inch pots, will be fit
for the fruiting-pots as soon as the laycring-
pots fill with roots, that is, at the end of the-
present month or early in the next at the
latest. For forming permanent beds, or
for treatment on the ainnial system in the
open, the middle of August will be soon enotigh
to .sever them from the mother plants. The
latter method should be adopted, on a small
scale at the least, in every garden where
early fruit is required, as fruit can be obtaineA
thereby quite ten days in advance of that
from plants of the same variety that have
been iu bearing for several years. Pots and
layering-hooks should be got in readiness as.
soon as possible, it being well to have every-
thing needed in readiness for a start. The
soil used in the layering-pots should be a
rather adhesive loam : tlutt wliieh has grown a
crop of Melons, together with some spent
Mushroom-bed manure, will answer very welK
Let it bo sifted through a sieve having an.
J-incli mesh, and use the sittings for placing-
at the liottom of the jjols. The soil should bo
pressed firmly, and an incli deep below the
rim, so as to allow of ])lenty of space to hold
water. The pots may lie plunged in single or
double lines in alternate alleys, and to the-
extent of half their depth. The strongest
plant on a string should be selected for the
layer, and the others removed. If the weather-
is dry, afford water as soon as a number-
of layers are laid, and keep the soil in
the pots uniformly moist. When well rooted
remove the layers, and stand them for a
few days in a shady place. Let no secondary
runners remain on the young plants.

Affordiny IWilcr (o Peach Borders. — The fruit*
of Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots are, in
tlic case of etirly varieties, approaching ripe-
ness. Although .some rain h.as fallen recently,
it in quantity is insuiricient to reach the roots,
of the trees, more especially those of wall
fruit-trees, and while the fruits are still capable
of growing in size a heavy application of water-
should be afforded the bord<.'rs once or twice a»
week. Where the trees are heavily cropped,
liquid manure maybe afforded alternately with
clear water.

Convictions for Fern Stealing.— Two
men, named WiLLi.VM KlNG and BuNJ.VMiV
llAi.l.,, were recently sentenced at Ashtow
County Police Court to three months' imprison-
ment for stealing ferns from the gardens of
C. T. Bit.VDnURY, .I.P., at Ki vers vale, oi«
June 28.

30

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 13, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Local rAevis.—Corrc^pondfiits will greatly oUige by sending to
the Editor carlii uiidligencc of local events likely to he of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

4-etters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41. Wellington Street. Covent Garden, London.
CoTmrntnicat lo Jis sho^lld be written on, one side oNlt of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— TAe Editor does not
■undertake to pay for any C07itributi07is, or to return tite
unused communications or illustrations, unless Vy special
ai-rangem^nt. ' ^ .

tllustrations. — 7^ Editor will thankfully receive and select
photographs or drawings, s^litable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, Jlowers, trees, £c. ; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injtiry.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should he
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY, July 1

THURSDAY, Jul

^Royal Horticultural Society,
I Exhibition and Conference on
TUESDAY, July 16-{ Lilies at Cliiswick (2 days).

I Kidderminster Horticultural
^ and Rose Show. ,
/"National Rose Society's Nor-
tlioni Exhihition iit Ulver-
. I >toii. in oiinoiti.in with the
' "i Nortli Lonsdale Rose S.i.ietv.
Carditl' and County lloi-ficul-
V tural Society's Show {2 days).
„ ( Royal Botanical Society, Meet-
^1 ing.
( Natio!
Soci
i Pala

SALES.

FRIDAY NEXT.— Imported Odontoglossum crispum, in
tine condition ; Cattleyas, OnCidiums, Ac, at
Protheroe & Morris' Rooms. — The beneficial inte-
rest in lease of Edgwarebui-y Farm, Edgwarc. Mr.
J. B. Slade, for Protheroe & Morris, at the Mart,
at 2 o'clock.

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Cliiswick
-634".
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— /«;v 10 (6 p.m.) : Max. 82° ; Miu. 57°.

July 11.— I^ine, warm.
Provinces— Jiifi/ 10(6 P.M.): Max. Tr.Home Counties;
Min. .57°, N.E. Scotland.

Tho.se who have been witnesses
Gr.asses. of the manner in which lads

from the village school-room at
Harpenden can pick out and identify from a
heap of hay, put before them for the purpose,
practically all the fragments belonging to the
particular species constitutinj the sample,
must have looked with an envious eye at the
keenness of vision and accuracy of determina-
tion possessed liy these trained though un-
tutored lads. It will be remembered that
there is a large number of grass plots at
Rothamsted, each treated with a different
kind of manurial agent, with the exception of
one or two control plots left in their natural
condition. At stated intervals a careful
analysis is made of the hay grown on tliese
plots, with a view of ascertaining what plants
are favoured by particular manurial coml)ina-
tions, and what are unaffected or injured by
them. This analysis is made by the. lads afore-
said, who separate each little fragment of hay
.and allot it to its proper species, so that, at
the end of the analysis, few indeed are the
morsels that are left undetermined. Most
professional botanists, we venture to say,
would be quite unable, without preliminary
training, to approach the accuracy and
rapidity witlrj which] the^^separation is

thus carried out. Speaking generally,
we may add that the separators are not
always able to say why they select this or that
scrap, as it seems to be chiefly a matter of
accurate vision. When, however, the results
are checked by the more critical methods of
the botanists, it is found that the work of the
lads is surprisingly correct. In like manner,
the farmer experiences no difficulty in dis-
tinguishing the young seedling plants of
Wheat, Barley, Rye, or Oats, which the
ordinary botanist, unless his attention has
been specially directed to the subject,
would not find it easy to do. What the
Rothamsted lads or the farmer compass by
the eye alone. Dr. Marshall Ward now
instructs his pupils to carry out by more
critical methods. His book, entitled. Grasses,
uHiiiulhunlf,,,- ,ixr hi Ihr Fiihl fi ,„! Lnl.oratnrij,
pul>lish(Ml by Cl.AV A Sons. A V.' .M;iri:i 1.;iih-, is
intended tn furnish stuilents with n [naiticnl
handbook, by the assistance of which they
may recognise the grasses of the field, study
tlieir internal structure, arid co-relate that
with the conditions under which the plants
grow. In successive chapters the outward
conformation and the classification of grasses
are first dealt with. The internal structure
or histology is then review'ed, and another
mode of classification given, founded on the
anatomical conformation of the leaf. Grasses
in flower and fruit are treated in a similar
manner, a third system of classification
being likewise given from this point of view
also.

We have thus three systems of classifica-
tion from three more or less different stand-
points, which seems a purely artificial
arrangement, useful indeed for practical
purposes, but relatively imperfect from a
scientific point of view. Glancing through
the little volume, we find many " char-
acters " or points of distinction mentioned
which are not included in the ordinary
text-books; such, for instance, as the' form
of the leaf-shoots when seen in section, and
other matters which betoken careful per-
sonal observation rather than systematic
compilation from other books, which is what
we are usually furnished with in t)Ooks on
wild plants.

The chapter on anatomy and histology is
particularly valuable, as we do not know any
liook in English that furnishes so many
structural details. The relation of structure
to functions and to external conditions of
soil, climate, &c., is a fascinating study for
the student, and the results should have
great practical value.
' Chapter IX,, in which the forms of the so-
called " seeds " are described and figured,
will be valuable to seedsmen and others, to
whom the identification of the " seeds " of
grasses is a matter of cardinal importance.

If a second edition could be accompanied
liy an atlas of plates showing the charac-
teristic mode of growth of the several grasses,
ami their general appearance, we should have
an " up-to-date" grass manual of the utmost
utility. In the meantime, we think students
are under such a great obligation to Dr.
Marshall Ward for what he has already
given us, that we heartily commend his little
))ook to their notice ; the more so as it
is usefully illustrated, and possesses ■ an
adequate index.

O'JR Rose Illustrations. — The illustra-
tion'5 of Rose? we publish in our present
issue, were taken from exhibits at the'National

Rose Society's Show, in the gardens of the
Inner Temple, of which we gave a fall
report last week. Fi.c;, 11 represents the new
piiik-lluwri-ccl Kamlj'lcr Itos-, iiinii-d after
Her Miiji'sty (^lii.^en Ai,i:\ VMU: \, jnd slmwii by
Me.ssrs, .l.\.Mns Vi:nvii \- Snxs, (_'hclsi-a. As
we have already stated on p. 14, this variety
is the result of a cross Ijetwecn Turner's
Crimson Rambler and Rosa multiflora simplex,
and it appears to posse.ss much the same habit
as Crim.soii Rambler, but has flowers of pink
colour. Thevariety was recommended a Gold
Medal by the National Rose Society's judges,
and it received the notice of Queen Alex.\NDRA.
The illiLstratiou on p. 31, shows a group of
twelve varieties of Roses, exhibited in vases,
by Messrs. Harkness & Son, Bodale and
Hitchiii. It will be seen from otir report on
p. 17, tliat the varieties " Mrs. W. J. Grant,
Alfred Colomb, and Madame Cusin, were
grand in this cxlubit, which had a very
gloriovis effect." Those who were present
and saw the exhibits of Mr. Prince, and of
Messrs. Harkness, in classes nine and ten,
could hardly .have failed to recognise the
better effect produced by staging the blooms
in this way, rather than in flat boxes arranged
in lines, where the flowers are brought down
to a level, and natural grace is displaced by
a flat monotonous arrangement. The beauty
of the single flowered Roses, and their useful-
ness for decoration, is shown by the tasteful
arrangement exhibited by Mrs. O. G. Okpen,
.see fig. 14, in a class open only to ladies, and
which was awarded 1st prize among nine com-
petitors. The varieties shown are those of Rosa
liiacrantha and Moschata alba, the flowers of
which are almost white, but have a delicate
blush tint. It is noteworthy that when most
of the Roses in the exhibition showed evidence
of suffering from the intense heat in the tents,
these fragile-looking blossoms ajjpeared the
freshest. The remaining photograph, see fig.
13, shows a 1st prize collection of twelve
Ijlooms of the Tea Rose Mrs. Edward Mawley,
a very beautiful variety named in compliment
to the wife of our valued cori-<'spon(hMit Mr.
Mawley, one of the Secretaries to the Xational
Rose Society. The exhibit obtained l.st prize
for the best twelve blooms of a Tea or Noisette,
and was shown by Messrs. A. DiCKSON & SoNS,
Newtownwards, Ireland. Our publisher begs
iLs to say that copies of our Rose Supplement
can still be had on application.

Pleasant Gathering at Norwich. — On
Thursday, July 4, Messrs. Daniels IJiios., Ltd.,
Norwich, entertained at dinner upwards of
200 of the leading gardeners in the Eastern
Counties. The occasion was that of the
Norwich Rose Show, which was this year held
in close proximity to the nurseries. The
visitors, after inspecting the show, visited
Messrs. Daniels' trial grounds, and were
there shown upwards of 100 of the newer
varieties of Sweet Peas, grown in separate
rows, and with the names attached to each row ;
after that a visit was paid to the culinary Pea
trials, of which there were noticed over
150 varieties ; but owing to the lateness of the
season only about eighteen or twenty of the
earliest ones were in full character. The
visitors afterwards walked round the nursery,
where there are fine breadths of fruit-trees,
and a collection of zonal Pelargoniums in full
flower. At 6 o'clock the company assembled
at dinner, and the chair was taken by Mr.
Chas. D.vniels, managing director ; supported
by Mr. W. RotiEUS Smith, secretary ; Messrs.
Watson, Letteii Gardens; Mr. FiELD, Ashwell-
thorpe ; Mr. Clkments, gr. to Lord Battersea ;
Mr. Musk, gr. to Lord de Ramsey ; Mr.
Batchelor, Catton Park; Mr. JONES, Carrow
House ; an I about 1.50 others. ; .

July 13, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

31

32

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 13, 1901.

" Botanical Magazine." — The plants
figured in tlie last i^ai't of this publication,
edited by Sir JOSEPH HoOKISli, are —

Hliododendron ciliicaly.v, of Franchet, tab.
7782. A Chinese species allied to R. formosum.
Kew.

Chelonopsis moscliata, of Micxuel, tab. 7783.
A Japanese and Chinese herbaceous plant,
similar in appearance to our Melittis Melisso-
phjilum, but differing from it in structural
characters. Introduced to Kew by A. K.
BULLEY, Esq.

Iris chrysantha, of Baker, tab. 7784. A fine
self colonrcd yellow Iris of the bearded
section, introduced by M. Van Tubergen, but
of uncertain source.

Cyanotis hirsuta, Fischer and Meyer,
tab. 778-5. A Tradescantia-like plant, with
linear ciliate leaves, pinkish flowers, and blue
stamens. It lias globose tubers about the
size of a Chestnut, which are eaten by the
Abyssinians.

Iinpatiens chfysantlia, of Hooker, f., tab.
7786. A yellow flowered annual species ;
native of the Western Himalayas. Kew.

The Stockport and District Chrys-
anthemum Society has just issued a schedule
of prizes to be offered for competition on
November 14. The show will be held in the
Volunteer Armoury, and will remain ojien for
three days. The Secretaries are Messrs. W.
Ralphs and J. M. Hawkes, St. Peter's Square,
Stockijort.

An Heroic Gardener.— A courageous at-
tempted rescue of two persons from drowning,
by Mr. J. Cavan-ac;h, gardener, of Blarbey,
CO. Dublin, deserves to be recorded. A little
girl was taken off her feet by the ebbing tide,
and a governess who attempted to save her
was likewise carried away, and iMr. Cavanacjh,
seeing their danger, ran 200 yards down to
the beach, and plunging in just as he was, he
managed to bring them to the shore, but
unfortunately life in both cases was extinct.

Royal Nurserymen. — Jlessrs. William
Paul & Son, of Waltham Cross, who for many
years held the appointment of Rose-growers to
her late Majesty Queen Victoria, have now
been appointed by Royal warrant Rose-
growers to His Majesty King Edward VII.

Royal Seedsmen.— The King has granted
Messrs. Jambs Carter & Co., of 237, '238,
and 97, High Holboru, London, the vrar-
rant of appointment as seedsmen to His
Majesty.

The Tillies of July 6 announced that

Messrs. Sutton & Sons, who have been seeds-
men to the Crown for many years, have now
been appointed by Royal "Warrant seed
merchants to His Majesty King Bdwakd VII.

Orchid Culture in England and in
France.— A writer in the Heviie HoHicvIc,
dealing with the Orchids staged at the last
Temple Show, considers that the French
Orchids exhibited at the Tuileries Show in
Paris were superior in point of culture to the
English-grown plants, but that the British
collections were superior in " richesse des
lots."

Stock-taking: June. —The Trade and
Navigation Returns for the past month do not
afford much encouragement, there being a
lessening of the values of both imports and
exports, though both are easily accounted for.
Imports have decreased by £305,209, and the
value of our exports has decreased liy
£2,450,911, as compared with those for June,
1890. Given the factors of actual warfare and
the pressure in the political atmosphere, and

the figures quoted are easy of understanding.
The imports for last month foot up at
£41,711,038, again.st £42,016,307 — decrease
£305,269. The following figures are extracted
from the "summary" table iisually quoted
here : —

IMPOETS.

WOO.

1901.

Difl'ereuce^

£

£

£

Total value

42,01lj..307

41,711,038

—305,269

(A.) Articles of food
and dviak— duty
free

14,226,476

14,141,.343

—85,133

(B.) Articles of food
ttdriuk— dutiable

3,164,739

2,582,721

—582,018

Raw materials fur
textile uiauufac-
tures

4,137,522

5,-529,694

■fl,.S92,172

Raw materials for
sundry industrios
audmauufactuics

6,298,953

5,671,081

—627,872

(A.) Miscellaneous
articles

1,378,167

1,320,834

—57,333

(B.) Parcel Post ...

82,574

78,767

—3,807

The reader will find the "differences" in the
table connected with the imports of fruit,
roots, and vegetables of even more than
ordinary interest : —

Imports.

1900.

1901.

Difference,

Fruits, raw :—

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt,

Apples

16,269

24,014

-f7,745

Apricots and Peaches

2,074

2,076

-1-2

Bananas... bunches

124^816

197,416

-1-72,600

Cherries

113,891

124,467

■flO,.'>7«

Currants

6,663

4,990

—1,673

Gooseberries

16,574

14,809

-1,747

Grapes

467

689

-f232

Lemons

74,980

103,393

4-28,413

Nuts— Almonds

2,019

2,424

-1-405

Otlicrs.uscd as fruit

49,188

53,965

-f4,777

Oranges

182,620

182,577

—43

Pears

346

983

-(-6.-i,S

Plums

10

25

-t-15

Strawberries

39,0-SJ

28,304

—10,748

Unenumevated.raw...

I,.^5

11,297

-t-3,912

Fruits, dried ;—

Currants, honic con-
sumption

45..331

26,429

—18,9(15

Raisins, ditto

18,7.10

12,388

—6,342

Vegetables, raw :—

Onions bush.

475,018

182,583

— 292,4:!.->

Potatos cwt.

1,533,300

1,570,064

-1-36,764

Tomatos

123,032

100,738

—22,294

Vegetables, raw, uu-
cnumei'atcd ...value

£80,927

£45,.332

—£35,595

The total imports for the past six months are
placed at £262,-506,790, against £255,656,999,
or an increase of £6,840,791. Of cour.se, re-
verting for a moment to the decrease on the
month, it must be understood that values arc
frequently affected as well as bulk ; but these
are matters not strictly in any way either
horticultural or agricultural. Passing now to
the—

Exroirrs,

we come face to face with the great industries
of the country, .some of which have to face
competition on the part of the I'liitcil .Slates
and Germany. That great altriaticns will
have to be made in some of our bu^ill<■ss modes
is admitted to be true ; also that some are
already made, and others are about to be made.
Manufacturers are busy with labour-saving
machinery ; and more consideration is now
bestowed on the tastes, habits, and customs of
foreign buyers, and the belief is getting
iirmer hold of capitalists, manufacturers, and
traders that at the very least we shall hold our
own the world over by-and-by. The exports
last month reached a total of £22,444,424,
against some £24,895,335 for the .same

period last year — showing a decrease of
£2,4,50,911. In the past six months a loirsof
£5,-580,366 has to be recorded, the figures
being £144,376,764 for the first .s-ix mouths of
last year, against £138,796,398 for the same
period in the present year of grace.

Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— Hcf
Majesty Queen jVlexandiia has graciously con-
sented to continue the jiatvonage to the Royal
Gardeners' Orphan '.Fund, whieii Her Majesty
formerly extended to the Institution as Princess
of Wales.

Trees and Shrubs.— Messrs. Houguton,
Mifflin & Co., Boston, U.S.A., have arranged
to begin during 1901 the publication of plates,
accompanied by brief descriptions, of new or-
little known trees and shrubs. The work will
be edited by Professor C. S. Sargent, the
author of the SUca of Noi-t/t America, and the
Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
University, with the assistance of a number of
specialists ; and the plates will be reproduc-
tions of original drawings made by Mr. C. E.
Faxon, whose work is familiar to the readers
of Prof. Sargent's Silva and of Garden and
Forest. The material which will serve as a
basis for this work will be derived largely
from the living collections and herbarium of
the Arnold Arboretum. The book will not be-
confined wholly to North American plants, but
will include also the woody plants of other
regions, especially those of the northern
hemisphere, which maybe expected to flourish
in the gardens of the United States and
Eurojie, and those of siiecial commercial or
economic interest and value. The work will
be puljlished in parts at irregular intervals.
Each part will contain twenty-five plates, and
a volume will consist of four parts, of which it
is hoped that at least two will appear each
year, the first in the faU of 1901. The parts,
will be sold separately. A title page and index:
for each volume will be fiu'nished with the
fourth part.

The Temple Show attracts attention on.
the Continent as well as here. The current
number of Moller'S Deutsdie Gartner Zeituny
contains a freely illustrated acr-ount of the
exhibition.

Battle Abbey. — Owing to the death of the
Duchess of Cleveland, this estate will shortly
be .sold.

Araucaria excelsa. — Among the. more
cheerful green foils to ttoral decorations in
apartments and shop windows, and even on
the cills of windows, during the summer-
season, we would recommend this handsome
Conifer. The habit of the plant is compact,,
the tiers of branches being separated by only
4 to 5 inches of stem, which is densely clothed
with needles, and the branches possess a
pleasing semi-drooping pose. With ordinary-
care the plant endures for a long time in a
room during the warmer months. If much gas
is burnt it injuriously affects the plant.

Leeds Parks. — We understand that Mr.
A. J. .-VllsOI'P, formerly head gardener to Vis-
count Portman, has been appointed Superin-
tendent of the public gardens of Leeds. There
were no fewer than 218 candidates for the post.

Motor Cars and Strawberries.— It will

doubtless be of interest to purchasers of the
luscious " Eiigli.sh-grown " Strawberries from
jMessrs. Ke.\RTLAND Mole to learn that the
fruit, which finds so ready a sale at the well-
known fruiterers in the Crescent, is conveyed
direct to the shop from Parndon day by day in
a motor van. The utilisation of this new means
of conveyance for the carriage of such a perish-
able product as ripe Strawberries is the best

July 13, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

possible proof of the wisdom of the contention
of automobilists that for moderate distances
from great centres the motor van, car, or
waggon is invaluable, serving the purpose to
•which it is put most effectually. By the system
adopted with regard to the transportation of
the Farndon fruit direct to the city distri-
butor, the Strawberries avoid the injurious
handling necessitated by railway conveyance ;
and what this means, can be understood by
remembering that the fruit would be loaded
on to carts, wheeled to the station, unloaded
direct into the railway waggon or on to trucks
prior to being stowed on the waggon, run
through with the incidental jars of a railway

great amount of material in this country which
required codifying, and that since the Loudon
conference on similar lines it was advisable
that the work should be done without much
delay. The feeling has been tliat what was
accomplished in London was but a starting
point of what might be done in America. It
will be recalled that the suggestion was
thrown out during the conference in London
that a similar event could, with advantage to
all concerned, take place at some convenient
point in America. The matter has not been
allowed to drop, and at the suggestion of
influential horticulturists and investigators
the Horticultural Society of New York has

urns, is neutral to reagents, but shaking the
urn, or introducing any foreign substance,
renders it acid. The zymose which takes the
active ijart in the digestion, must be regarded
as a pepsin rather than as a trypsin. Biol.
Centnilbl., 21, 23 {Pharmaceutical Journal).

Change Here for the Welwitschia. —
An interesting incident in connection with
Welwitschia mirabilis is recorded in the
Deiitscheii Rundschau fiir GeogvapMe und
titatistik {23rd year, 5th part), by our corres-
pondent Herr Karl Dintuu, the Superintendent
of the Station Brakwater, near Windhoek, in
German Soutli-west Africa. While Herr

FlO. 1.3.— GROUP OF TWELVE BLOOMS OP IIOSK ".MRS. EV). >L\\VLEV " E.\I1II)1TEI) I)V MKSSKS. ALKX. DICKSON AND SONS.
(From a pliotognipli taken at llic '•Tcniiilc" Rose Show. July 4. Scop :tii.)

journey, unloaded from the railway van into
carts or trucks, which in the latter case neces-
sitates extra handlings, and finally arrives at
the store to be sold. As it is, the baskets arc
loaded on the motor car at the Strawberry
beds, and are delivered into the hands of the
shopkeeper. This trial will doubtless lead to
a wide adoption of the system throughout the
district. lAcef)Hi(,l .Joiirunl of Commerce,
JuhjH, 1001.

An American Hybrid-Conference.— What
it is Jiijped may be a very material coutrilui-
tion to American horticultural knowledge
should be the outcome of a decision taken by
the Horticultural Soci(>ty of Xew York at its
meeting recently. American Gardenimj tells
us that the society, on the suggestion of the
■council, has instriu-tcd that body to take steps
towards the holding at some fiituri^ time of an
international conference on hybridisation as
applied to horticulture. It has been felt by
American horticulturists that there was a

decided to take the initiative in this way.
The possibilities of gathering together the
results of economic hybridisation as practised
in America should present a fascinating Held,
and it is hoped that from this preliminary
announcement, those who can lend their aid to
this scheme will not fail to do so. The
<-ouncil of the society will meet very shortly
for llie piu-poseof eIal)or;it iiig a i)lan of action,
which will 1)0 upon the liniailcst lines possible,
as as to iiisiii-r universal co-operation.

Digestive Secretion of Nepenthes.— A
series of experiments carried on by the late
M. Claitkiax on two species of Nepenthes in
their native country, Java, seems to have set
at rest t lie controversy respecting the digestive
propi'rties of the fluid contained in their
pitchers. He states that the bodies, of insects
tcmiiil in these urns are more or less completely
digesled, and that not by the agency of
microbes, which were excluded during the
experiments. The fluid, while still in the

DiNTKli was botanising for a few weeks in
February, 1900, along the desert near the
Sw.akopnuiiid-Windhoek railway, ho reached
th(! station Upper Ivan, so called, but very
inconveniently, to distinguish it from Lower
Kan. The upper station is the only point on
the railway which traverses the habitat of
one of the most wondeiful plants of the world
(Welwitschia mirabilis), the original mention
of which was made in our own colunnis on
.lainiary 2tS, 1801, p. 73, 1007. This highly
intcrcstiMg i)lant grows in a narrow tract
extending from Walvischbay in the south
to Cabo Negro. At this latter place the plant
was discovered in 1860 by the late Dr.
FliiKDiiicil WKLWnscil, and it was named by
Sir .losKi'ir IIooKUll in his honour. Sir JOSEPH
HooKKK tells us in his memoir of this plant,
that when Wklwfisch first discovered it, and
.soon afterwards learnt its nature, as he knelt
before it on the desert sand, in his astonish-
ment he could scarcely believ(! that it was not
a figment of his imagination. When Herr

34

THE GARD ENER S ' CUR ONI CL E.

[July 13, 1901.

DiNTER reached Swakopmund in his wanderings,
he had the opportunity of persuading Major
POPHALL, the railway engineer, to alter the
irieoiivenient name of tlie station to " Wel-
witsch." His suggestion was duly considered,
and before many months had passed, the
change of name was approved by the Imperial
Government, and the station is hereafter
always to be known as Welwitsch. The news
will be received by all the botanical world,
and more especially in Austria, with great
satisfaction. Welwitsch was born in Maria
Saal on February 25, 1806, and died in London
on October 20, 1872. He worked with un-
remitting energy for five years on the flora of
the Portuguese possessions on the west coast
of Africa. His tomb in Kensal Green Ceme-
tery, where he was buried on October 24, 1872,
is decorated with a Welwitschia in relief, and
runs : — " Prbdericus "Welwitsch, M.D.,
Botanicus eximius, Florse angolensis investiga-
torum princeps, nat. in Carinthia, 25 Februar.,
1806, ob. Londini, 20 October, 1872.

ICONES Select/e Horti Thenensis.— This,
as wo have before stated, is a series of 8vo
illustrations of plants cultivated in the garden
of M. Van den Bossche, of Tirlemont. The
representations are excellent, and the text,
which is supplied by Dr. Ejr. DE Wildeman, of
the Brussels Botanic Garden, is so conscientious
and accurate, that it will be of great service
to botanists. We have before us the third and
fourtli fascicles of the second volume, and the
plants figured will be enumerated in our list
of " Plant Portraits."

Erica Stuarti.— Mr. Lindsay kindly sends
us s])eciinens of a plant gatheied in C'onne-
mara, during an excursion to that district, of
the Scottish Alpine Club in 1890. It is named
after Dr. Stuart, of Chirnside, Berwickshire,
who found it growing in proximity to B.
Mackaiana. This last-named plant is con-
sidered by some to be only a variety of E. te-
tralix. The present plant also looks very like
E. tetralix, but differs from it, the hairs of
the stem not being gland-tipped, and the
leaves are almost entirely destitute of hairs.
The flowers are in rounded, somewhat secund
clusters. The oblong acute sepals are ciliate
at the margins, and about a third of the length
of the pink corolla. The corolla-tube expands
above, and then contracts abrui)tly into a short
limb, whose oblong or rounded lobes are in-
flexed. The flowers are protorogynous, the
Stigmas protruding from the tube of the
corolla. The anther-lobes are purplish-brown,
prolonged at the base into small whitish tails.
Prom the general appearance and the shrivelled
condition of the anthers, the plant has the
appearance of a hybrid.

Flowers in Season.— Messrs. Kelway &
Sons, Langport, send us flower - spikes of
Delphiniums of great excellence, of which we
make mention of the finer varieties, viz. : —
Gen. Baden-Powell, single-flowered ; Ccerulean
Blue, a long spike, and flowers of IJ inches in
diameter ; Blanche Fitzmaurice, also single-
flowered, rather brighter than the former ;
Lilla Mayo, semi-double, a light blue and
violet flower, a large spike and flower ;
C. B. Pry, a semi-double flower, with outer
petals of a deep shade of blue, and inner
petals of a lilac tint ; Imperial Majesty,
slightly double, in'colour royal purjile, flower
spike short ; Clara Stubbs, single-flowered,
bright blue in tint, a telling flower; Seneca,
a semi-double flower, the lower petals of which
are bright blue, and the inner ones of a deep
violet tint; and The Queen, single flower of
large size, blue. We think that; no border of
hardy herbaceous perennials is complete with-
out these splendid flowers. For planting by

themselves in beds they are not so suitable,
the flowering of the plants being of very
short duration, and ugly gaps are apt to occur.
The plants produce good effects planted on the
banks of lakes and streams in good-sized
clumps, the contrast of the blue spires of
bloom with the level surface of the water
being striking, and in such situations when
the flowering season is over, they are not
greatly missed.

Eighteenth Century Horticultural
Medal. — A medal was struck in the year 1700
in honour of Agneta Blok, for growing Pine-
apples in her grounds at Vyverhof, near
Amsterdam. This medal was struck in silver
and in copper. M. Van Hiltheji saw one in
1826 in the possession of M. Douninck de
Devenitsr, memlier of the States General of
Holland. On one side is the portrait of a lady
with the inscription : AfiNETA Blok — Flora
Battava ; on the reverse, a woman in an an-
tique dress, her bust bare, and supporting on
her arm a horn of plenty in the middle of a
garden of flowers. Beside her is a pot with a
Pineapple plant with ripe fruit, and another
pot in which is growing a Melocactus. Above
the medal may l)e read : Vijcerliof, and on the
rim, Fei't or.syiic lahovque quvd natui-a itcgat,
MDCC. We extract this from the Ueotie de
VHorticidtn re Bclcie, who asks if other examples
of the medal are known ?

Croydon and District Horticultural
Mutual Improvement Society.— Mr. .Ioiin
GUfXiOltY, Secretary, desires to inform our
readers that a meeting will be held at the
Sunflower Temperance Hotel, on Tuesday even-
ing, July 1(1, when a paper will be given by Mr.
MASLENon ■' Winter-Flowering Pelargoniums."

Newly - Published Books. — Among the
works on our table awaiting notice are : —
F/oioer.s o)i(J Fei-its in their Hiiiiiitx, by Mabel
Osgood Wright (Macmillan & Co.) ; A (lurdeii
in the Suburbs, by Mrs. Leslie Williams (John
Lane) ; Fields, Factories, and Workshops, by
Prince Kropotkin (SwanS'onnenschein & Co.) ;
La Mosaiculture Pratique, by ALBERT Maumene
(84, Rue de Givnelle, Paris); The Story of
Wild Flowers, by the Rev. Professor Henslow
(George Newxks) ; Floirers and Gardens, by
Forbes Watson, edited by the Rev. Canon
Ellacombe (John Lane) ; M'all and Water Gar-
dens, by Gertrude Jekyll (George Newnes) ;
The Art and Craft of Garden Making, by T. H.
Mawson : Second edition (Bats1''0RD).

Publications Received.— .t/j^jciKh'.v to tlie
Report of the Minister of Acjricultn}-e, Ottawa.
Experimental Farms. Reports of the Director,
Agriculturist, Horticulturist, Chemist, Ento-
mologist, and Botanist, Poultry Manager,
Supt. Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S., and
Horticulturist, Nappan ; and of the Supts. of
the Experimental Farms of Brandon, Man. ;
Indian Head, N.W.T. ; and Agassiz, B.C. For
1900.— A Paper on "The Nareissus,'' read at
the Gardeners' Institute, Darlington, May 2,
by Mr. B. S. Beckwith.— UV.st Indian Bidletin,
Vol. II., No. 2. Contents : — Agricultui-al Con-
ference, 1901 (continued) ; Bush Fires, Rubber
Planting, Marine Resources, Pineapples, and
Cacao Drying. — Michigan State Aurieuttiiral
Colletie Experiment Station, Hortiriiltnral De-
partment. lleiH.rt of Sontli Uaren Snb-station.
"With the exception of Cherries and (irapes,
air kinds of fruits on trial bore heavily during
the past season. Early Plums and Peaches
were badly atTected during the middle and
latter part of summer by rot, induced by un-
usually heavy and protracted rains, which
occurretl during that period. . . . Spraying-
has been attended by umusually good lesults,
especially in the control of the leaf-curl of the
Peach, and tlie scab and codling-moth of the
Apple and Pear. Arsenlteof lime proved more
satisfactory tlum Paris Green, heretofore
used."

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

RICHARDIA ELLIOTIANA at WILTON HOUSE,

SALISBURY. ^ Although the above plants,
strictly speaking, cannot be classed as sub-
tropical, yet, when used as such they are
eflective, espe<'ially when planted in proximity
to ( 'annas, to Hicinus Gibsoni, and other plants
having dark-coloured leaves. The brilliant sun-
shine of the last three weeks has not affected
these Richardias in the least degree. H. J. H.

CHERRY-LEAF DISEASE.— I wrote you on this
subject on March 10 (vol. xxix., p. 191). We are
now in the midst of the Cherry-gathering, and
I am glad to say that not only is the crop a
magnificent one, both as regards quantity and
quality, but also that the trees attacked by
Gnomonia, and which retained their leaves^
throughout the winter (indeed, many of these
are still to be seen on the trees), do not appear
to have had the fruit affected in any way.
A. 0. W., Maidstone.

PLANES. — I send you with this two branches.
of Platanus, and ask you to kindly name them
for me. No. 1 is a very large tree ; it stands
by the edge of a pond. 1 send the dimensions :
— 10 feet 0 inches lound the trunk 1 foot from
the ground ; 10 feet 6 inches round trunk 6 feet
from ground ; divided at 7 feet 6 inches from
ground into eight branches 4 feet 6 inches to

8 feet 2 inches in girth at their base. Esti-
mated spread of branches, 90 yards. Bark
iniicli rougher than in younger trees. Age
niikiiown. Tradition says it was brought over
by tile Knights Templars, who had a preceptory
here. Heiglit estimated at 72 feet 6 inches.
Platanus No 2: Girth 1 foot from ground,

9 feet a inches ; 6 feet from ground, girth
7 feet 6 inches ; divided into two le.ads, 9 feet
(i inches from the ground. Spread of branches.
4.') yards; estimated height, 68 feet. This tree
was planted between 40 and 50 years ago.
Jolin MeClelland, RUiston Hall, Yorks. [No. 1
is P. aci'rifolia ; 2, P. orientalis. Ed.].

AN INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBI-
TION.— It was hardly a matter for surprise that
with such a siileudiil open expanse and abun-
dant elbow-roiiiu, tin- subject of a great Inter-
national Exhiljition, its successor after the
lapse of nearly forty years of the great one of
1866, should have cropped up in the Old Deer-
Park at Richmond the other day. It was a
matter of intense satisfaction to find how
unanimous were all interested in the subject,
and in wishing to see in London one more
of these grand reunions of the world's,
horticulturists. Naturally, the Council of
the Royal Horticultural Society is looked
to, to lead in this matter, but failing
such movement, it seems likely that, as hap-
))ened in 1866, a lead will be given from
outside. That may either conduce to un-
pleasant complications, or force somewhat
sluggish hands. If the Council really desire to
give effect to the general wish, it cannot indi-
cate such intention too soon. A powerful
committee must be formed, on which the
Council shall have representation ; but to
conduct so big a thing worthily, not only is a
big general connnitfee of one hundred mem-
bers needed, l)iit that t liis liody should be broken
up into some lialf dnzen sub-committees. That
Royal patronage could be secured for the
exhibition should be assured ; and with the
wonderfully favourable conditions which now
exist as compared with those in 1866, the show
siiould be a magnificent function and success.
But fully two years arc needed to elaborate
it. To hesitat-' is to be lost. A Fellow.

TEMPERANCE DRINKS.— It is often a matter
of reproach to tcnqjerance workers that they
fail to provide any substitutes for the alco-
holic drinks which they decry. The charge
is in some sense a just one, and the C.E.T.S.
has therefore spent coiisiderable effort in popu-
larising cheap, easily-made beverages, which,
though not intended to supplant other drinks,
yet form effective thirst-quenchers, which
will allow young mea and wemen to keep from

July 13, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

35

beer in the harvest and hay-flelds, &c., (luring
the hot weather. They are nourishing, are in
no sense injurious, and may be freely partalfen
of. Barlikos is especially suitable for house-
hold use, while cyclists, cricketers, and others
will find it most palatable. The following are
the recipes : — 1. Take 2 oz. Robinson's Patent
Barley, 7 oz. sugar, one lemon. Mix the Barley
to a smooth paste with a little cold water.
Add the sugar and the juice, and thin rind of
the Lemon ; then pour over it a gallon of boil-
ing water. Stand till cold. Cost 3d. per
gallon. More Lemon or sugar may be added.
This preparation of Barley is also sold, ready
flavoured and prepared by most grocers, in
3d. and 6d. packets, and is known as " Bar-
likos." This is by far the most convenient
form of the beverage, being made in exactly
the same way as a cup of cocoa. It may be
prepared in large quantities with very little
trouble. 2. Take 2 oz. fine oatmeal, 0 oz.
sugar, one Lemon. Mix the oatmeal to a
smooth paste with a little cold water ; add
the sugar and the juieo and thin rind of the

now scarcely needs rogueing. In the remarks
about Early Peas, Best-of-AU should read
First-and-Best, which is the earliest white Pea.
May Queen has white pods, but the Peas are
parti-coloured, the same as ( ; radus,aud Supreme
is a Blue Pea. iSliai-les Hhariie & Co., Ltd.

THE LAST SHOW AT THE DRILL HALL. — Seeing

that the Rose men were to have a big innings at
the Temple on the 4th, there was hardly need
for a minor show at the Drill Hall two days
previously. Roses are very well for those
who specially admire or win prizes by them,
and rosarians are in relation to prizes just as
human as other florists, if not a little more so.
But we are not all mere rosarians. Some of us
think quite as much of other things, and like
to see everything possible that may be in
season ; but there is more. How greatly
indebted is the Society as such first, and
horticulture generally second, to all those
many large-hearted persons or lirms who
exhibit so liberally at the Drill Hall all the
vear round, and for no prizes whatever. Is it

from seed supplied by a firm in tho
midlands, whose stocks of Cabbages are
second to none. Four acres were planted in
September last, and the remainder between
September 25 and October C, all in the same
field, and from the same seed-bed. In the
early planted portion at least 50 per cent, had
run to seed, but in the remainder of the held
only about 1 per cent, showedthe leasttendeuey
to do so, the remainder showing tine solid hoa rts.
I feel convinced that if the following points
are carefully observed, it is possible in nine
years out of ten to secure a crop of Cabbages
early in the spring without any bolters in the
crop, always supposing that the seed is of th-;
finest stmiv. and has been saved from stumps.
(1) Sow Myalt's Offenham, Ellam's Early, or a
cross between the two, called .lohnson's
Market Garden : (2) Sow the seed from July 2ri
to August 10 ; (3) Transplant the first week in
October. This enal)les the plants to make a
fair amount of growth before severe weather
arrives, so that in the spring they l;avo
little growth to u:ake liefore they form

Fig. 14.— a prktty dinner-table decoration by mrs. o. o. orpen, colciiester.

(From a pliotogi-apU taken at the "Temple" Rose Show, July 4. Sec p. 30.)

Lemon, then pour over it 1 gallon of boiling
water. Stand till cold. Cost, 3d. per gallon.
More oatmeal may be preferred, especially for
workers, d'coi-i/c /}. t'/uir/e.s, C/cric<i( Serri'larij,
Ciintei-bunj IHocfsan C.E.T.S.

PEAS AT SLEAFORO. — In your notes on
" Peas at Sleaford " (p. (i), you say : " The first
of all the wrinkled varieties was Oxonian."
This is apparently a slip of the pen, and meant
for Exoiiian. You then proceed to remark
that " it ajjpears to be a selection from Alpha
or Dr. Hogg." It is, however, a full week or
ten days earlier than either ; the Peas are
more tightly packed in the pod, and it is quite
as good a bearer as Dr. Hogg, and better than
Alpha. "When generously treated on good
soil, Exonian becomes robust, attains a height
of over 4 feet, and is one of the very best of
all the wrinkled first earlies. A. H. ["Ex"
not "Ox" was intended. We recognised the
better qualities of Exonian than Alpha or Dr.
Hogg, but nevertheless it appears to possess
some of the characteristics of both those
varieties. Ed.]

We have read with interest your able

report of our Pea trial-grounds. The para-
graph in relation to the sending out of new
see<lling Peas is very much to the purpose. Jf
the raisers would but keep them for two or
three years until thoroughly fixed, it would
save tho trade a great deal of trouble. For
instance, Dr. McLean sent out by Turner many
years ago. This Pea has been nearly perfectly
true ever since it has been sent out, and even

good policy to shut these out at a July
nuH'ting just when so many of them may liav<'
something of excJ'jitional interest to show,
and is if fair? 1 hope the mistake of the 2nd
will not be repeated. .1 Felloic.

BOLTING CABBAGES.— This subject has been
well discussed in the horticultural papeis
every season I'lir many years past, but I di> not
reuu-mber having before seen it stated that lo
HOW old seed is a preventive against Cabbages
bolting. Although this theory may hold good
with regard to certain other crops (Mangels
for Instance) where the i)rocess of saving seed
differs from that adopted for Cabbages, it
would surprise me very much to see next May
that .s<-ed of. say, Myatt's Offenham Cabbage,
harvesteil in liWO, and sown this month, pro-
duce a crop showing a greater tendency to
bolt than one from seed harvested in IKIMI in-
lH!)7,and saved from the same stoi/k. 1 do nut
agree with Mr. Watkins with regard to Ellam's
Early, which he says is almost sure to have a
percentjige of bolters. In my opinion, this
variety as originally introduced, does not show
a tendency to run to seed, and in this respect
is equal to Myatt's Offenham, Early Maiket,
or Wheeler's Imperial (Wtirminster strain).
There is, howc'ver, one jjoiiit which I think has
not yet been touched upon, and that is, that tlii'
time of planting affects the ultimate result.
About two months since 1 inspected a field of
fifteen acres of Myatt's t)ffenham, near Boston
(in which district hundreds of acres are
grown for the noi-tlu-rn markets), grown

a heart. If planted earlier, they become
tcio forward in thr autumn, and the spring
growth starts them to seed. I shall be
pleased lo sen<l fi-om 1 to 4 oz. of seed of
Jiihnson's Market (larden Cabbage to anyone
who will sow it on these lines, and report the
results to me nex^ spring for inserting in
the (liinl. Chmn. IC. .l.Dctil, Gcitenil .l/.ii.ii./.r,
W. \y. .loliiisuii A- Son, Ltd.. lioslou.

LAW NOTE.

KrTHEUKOUDi'.LHOHTlCOLECOLOXIALK.

JlIllllMEKT,
Wk have already chronicled the result of
this case, but in view of the great importance
or the judgriient both to seller and buyer, we
think it desu-ai)le to print the summing-up of
I he Judge in full, from the shorthand notes,
which have been placed at our disposal.

Mil. Justice Hhuck:— Tliis isan action in wliU-li tho
plaiuliir seeks to recover <ian>a(.'es for hrencli ot a
warranty on tlie |)iii.1i..-r •>< ■, |.I:iii(. tli.- fir .riplion oE
wliichis-Oilonl.it'hi-uii, Ti il ■■ K "n[llct,

for the sum of 1;ki. Tl,r .Llnniinl ' .•:■■., .■..iM-MIlt.eo
or warranty lliat llu: |.luiil v\a,, Imr <■, ,1 ■ ri iplion.
Tlie iiliiinliir alleges that the plant is not true to
clr-eiiptioii ; that tlie plant delivered to him was not
anOdonloglossumof tliedcseriplionTriompliedeRam-
houillet-not an (Jdontof;los«iim at, all (? Ed.], but alto-
L'ctlier an inferior pl:int, ami not worth more than £.5
or £ti at the most, wlicrejs the plant, had it l)een
ac.'ovdin); lo llie dejeriptioii, would have been ol ^rfat

36

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 13, 1901.

Now tlic question really turns on the plant as
delivered to the plaintiff. It seems to be admitted that
the plant produced is not an Odoutoglossum [? Ed.],
but a plant of an interior character. Tlie question is
whether the plant produced in Court to-day is the plant
that was delivered by the defendants to the plaintiff.
The defendants say it is not, and the plaintiff says it is.
Tliat is the main question for me to detcru>ine.

Having regard to the evidence given on behalf of the
plaintiff, I tliink there is no doubt that the evidence
given on behalf of the plaintiff is suflieient, if not
displaced by the evidence given on behalf of the
defendants, to prove the plaintiff's case. The plaintiff
speaks of the plant arriving. Mr. Rutherford was
called and he said he saw the plants arrive. They all
had labels; he produces the labels which were upon
the plants when they arrived, and he saw the plants
with the Rambouillet labels on them at the Orchid
house. He says that the pot in which the plant now
is, is the same pot as that iu which it came. It is a pot
of Belgian make, and the plant has never been removed
from that pot. Mr. Rutherford and his gardeners keep
a regislri Tlie jihmt was entered in the register, and
notoiil> >\,>- ii ,'nirred but it was described, and the
numlu'i 1,1 iiiilh- iv.is given. It had si.\ bulbs, and it
wajs ciiUiKi in the register as a plant with si.x bulbs
with the label on '■ Odoutoglossum Triomphe de Ram-
bouillet." Mr. Rutlierford paid £80 for it, and therefore
It was carefully watched, and it did not flower until
January, ifloo. Tlien beyond all douljt it turned out
that the blossom was not true ; tliat it did not answer
the warranty. Mr. Luptou, Mr. Rutherford's gardener,
was called. Ho said he met the plants at the station,
took thorn I,, Mr. KullnM-ford's place, "Beardwood,"sent
word tc. .Ml-. KuthcriHid that the plants had arrived,
and uiipiicked tliciii in his presence. The particular
plant in question was put into the house where the
Odontoglqssums were kept, and ho put on it a label,
and made the entry in the book, and jiul a Ia))el on tlic
pot. Now. accoixliii^: lo IIkiI i-vid.-iirr ii is rl,-ir tint
tliey have watcli.'.l Ih.il i,|;iiil ,-v['iMncr ni,|',i i,',
never been tr;iiis).|,inl.'(i, \,,iv if (l,;il ex i,!, 'ii,r i, i rii.'
undoubtedly the plaintiff has proved hi.-, c■a^L■ tliat lie
received from the defendants a plant wliicli does not
answer the description given in the warranty. Now is
that displaced by the evidence of the defendants ' The
deteml:,,,!,. ,-;,ll m,- Il;nin„.nl„ wlio is, I understand,

Jl^'^ ^"1"'' "'I''"' -li.-uHui-e to tlie defendant

uoin|.,ni) II ,|,,r, ,,,ii :,,, ,„.,,, I iKit any register of the
plant \v.i.s kept tluie. The defendant Comi.anv do a
very large business, and have a very V.\v<,- nunilier of
Orchids, and send out a good mauv llinus,iii,l-: in the
course of a year or season. The defeiuhmts' witness
says he took the pariir,,!;,, |,i.,,„ fvom a house where
only Odontoglossums „r,v I,,-,,! ,,,id he putalab'el on
It, and the wooden ImIhI „.„ „ „ i„|,a,wn when the other
label was put on. Thci liesa.d-andthiswas important
-that when the plant was sent off it had four bulbs
and a growth. That seems to go to show that the plant
which had four bulbs and a growth was not the same
plant which had six bulbs when it arrived at the
plaintiff's house. Therefore, in some way or another
there was a mistake, and it the plant which the
defendants IIioul-1,1 Ihi-v sml „|T .s a i;,-,„,lM,„iii, ,, „!,,
a plaiil Willi iiiiM- liiill,, ;iii,i , ..I,,,, III ii ,, I .1

pi-i »in,.,i:,ni.,,i, III I,:' ,:,,-';■;;;;. y;«

bulbs ,„i. As I iKuc .aul. Ihc d.i.-u.LiU. keep 10
register, and the evidence on their part depends
entire y on the memory of Mr. Hanmont, or almost
entirely upon his memory. It appears that his at en-
tion was not ,-:,Il,-,l |„ ine matter until a long ttae
afterwards, ami In- ,„ay well be mistaken. It seems o
methatlouKi. M iin,l ,i, favour of the plaintiff upon
tins part o tlic ca..,c, that the plant piodnced in Cour
was the plant sent to him as the Tiiomphc de Ram
bouillet; and as it is admitted that II,,- plant is not a
plant Which answers the description, the'warranty 1 as
not been complied with.

I may mention another circumstance with reference
to that, which I ought to have mentioned before The
plant that was sent would, iu the ordinary course have
flowered in the following spring. This plant dM not
flower for two and a half seasons or more, and there-
tore It IS not likely to be the same plant. It is
suggested by the defendants that it was not propei-ly
vM„!3f\f ' f"^ "■''■'' *"" "''"* °f cultivation wZ d
thedofoulnnr?''"" I,^° "°^"»"k that is open to
cas^ an" n,nf alum";;'', "7 ""'' "=»'1'"«>^" «'«

dn^n-H.,'.'"' "",'>■ '1'"'^""" lemainiug is_ the question of
wil,,'!" ; ■', '■"","'^l'"''-'''''c body of evidence of

witnesses produced on behalf of the plaintiff who sav
that this plant, if it answered the description, would
be of tlie value of 1.-.0 guineas. Mr. Cowni gives

evidonce to dial rIT.-.-l. lir l,,,i, -u rs rvi,I,.|i,- . t Al „t

effccl.-aiid Ml- ,lr l;, , ,,i |^l^ ..„,.,.,,,;

that rlli-rl. Til. -v. Ml, ,11 -,,-,],,,,',., ,",':|,^*''
speakvcl-ypu.Uiw-K,i M . I „- m I ,.,- ,' i a 'pi ;,;';,f U Ms
description. On tlu ,,ii„ , h,,,,,,, m,. .-vilenee of c

Witness for. the dc- ,.i-. m, ..,-,iii.u,; Ts Ihat e

value of an Orchi.l ,ii ih,, ,1,.,,-, i|,|,„„ would not be
mn, 111,1,1 .i'~i, 1 1,, .11 iiioi-e is the evidence of Mr.

'" "- "'"' '■ ""■ '''''''"dants' solicitor, but who sa.ys

'"■'"■''"' I "'^' "" I'll! f^i-ovver, and lie says he would
nu siici;,.uioi ll,L- on-hid. There is a great conflict
of testimony. I must deal with it in the best way I can
and, when I find on the one |hand tlie witnesses for the

plaintiff saying tliat the plant is worth £150, and the
witnesses on the other side depreciating that value, I
am inclined to assess the value of that Orchid at £120.
I think there is no doubt at all about the principle
upon which I should assess the damages in a case of
this kind of breach of warranty. It is the difference
between the value of the article as it is, and the value
it would have been if it had answered the description.
In my opinion it it had answered the description it
would have been worth £120. The present value of the
plant I understand to be not more than £5 or £6.
Putting it the highest, £6. That leaves the amount of
£114, at which I assess the damages.

There will be jud,L,'ment for the plaintiff for £11 1.

Mr. HoREiDfiE : .-Vud the costs, my Lord ?

Mr. Justice Bruce : Yes, and the costs.

Iu reference to this matter we have received
a letter from I'Horticole Coloniale, of -which
the following is a translation : —

"The judge has given his decision. It seems to us
that common sense has also a woi'd to say, and that
this question concerns a large number of your readers.
We sold four years ago to the plaintiff some fine
varieties of Orchids, among them the one which formed
the subject of the recent judgment. The daily journals
have recorded the facts that one of them was taken
back by us and the money refunded ; and that another
having flowered, was retained by the purchaser
because it was worth the money; and that as to the
Triomphe de Rambouillet it was not worth more than
£6. When the purchaser returned to us the first
variety, we refunded the money witliout comment.
When he sent ns a liower of Triomphe de Rambouillet,
-this was so unlike what it had been with us, and with
the French unrseiymen from whom we purchased it,
tliat we were unalile to recognise it, and refused to
takeitback. The plaintiffthreateneduswlthalaw-suit.
\\,-aliuu<,l l,iui to carry out his threat not only that
", nil.; I ,1, ,, ,id our rights, but because there was an
1,11. I,. -I ill- h L„l point to establish. We sold four years
ayi) a laic vaiit-ly for £80. The plant was in good con-
dition, as are all those which we grow at Moortebcek.
All our visitors know the good order which is there
maintained. We are certain that we supplied the true
variety ; but an abnormal circumstance occurred
which ought to have influenced the judge and the
three expert witnesses. The plant has ouly flowered
on one occasion, throe years after the purchase in the
purchaser's Orchid-house, and this gentleman asserts
that the plant is still at the present time in the same
materials and in the same pot. How could it flower
well in such circumstances ?

"Our counsel suggested to the purchaser that he
should deposit the plant in the hands of a good
cultivator, who would repot it and grow it on. In this
manner it could bo ascertained if the bad flowering of
last year was due to degeneration. We are inclined to
Ijelieve iu this degeneration, because elsewhere properly
cultivated, our varieties have always improved, as the
following instances show : —

"We sold to Mr, W., also after an inspection of the
illustration in tlie Lindenia, three celebrated varieties
of Odoutoglossum crispum at a very high price—
Luciani, Lindeiii, and Moortebeekiense. Siuce tlien
they have been so much admired at the meetings and
exhibition's in England that it was clear that their
beauty ; was not exaggerated in the Lindenia. Let
Mr. W. tell us if the varieties Ami Charles and
Kegeljani, wliich we sold him when in flower, have
degenerated under cultivation, or whether they have
not become more beautiful.

" Wc sold also to Mdlle. B. B. three years ago, after
an inspection of a plate in the Lindenia, the Odou-
toglossum Fairy Queen. When it first flowered,
Mdlle. B. B. was dissatisfied; when it flowered a second
time in sprini.'. the plant was superb, and obtained
aFirst-cl.-msr.-rl.n.-at.-al Man.-h.-sler.

"Last y.-,ii- ui- ,-\hil,ii. .1 ai III.- T.-iiiple Show Odouto-
glossum i-ri^|.iiiii ('..iilL-lii, ulii.-li ohiained an Award of
Merit. Wc t,uld it to Mr. L, hIio cultivates it admir-
ably. He showed it in his turn last spring in London,
and obtained a First-class Certificate. Arc these facts
conclusive ?

" But this is not the only point in which the judgment
is extraoi-diuarv It is so, cspc.-iallv by icas.iii of the
fact that the i>laiiitiff called thri-e cxi.eits lo testify
tliat if the vai-i.-lyhad been ill conformity with the plate
in the /.("./f-"/.i. ii w<mld have been worth not £8U, but
£1.50. The 11,1.-.- witnesses were unanimous on this
point, a 11.1 ]ia\ .- Hills confirmed what we allege on every
page of ourratal.iL'ue, that we sell 60 per ceut. cheaper
than other establisliments.

"In condemning us to repurcliase the plant at a
higher price than we sold it for, the judgment has
.„,i .. .-, .,-,i|,jj ])recedent alike for amateurs and

I I" Ih.- 1: .li sii.-h a ,ill.lf;iii,-,it the

reated

for nui's.-i-vii,,
seller 1 1 1 1 ' ,
the dill, I .

inipro\-,'- I

crispuiii r.iii,,
when w,- s,il,l i
it is wtirth liiai

"What w,i,ii,
a case cam.- 1.,-
differeiic- [.-ni,

"Wc sh.iiil.l
be altcri-.I \vli.
to be altered wh.

1,1, .111.,-!.,

cty

hove mentioned was worth £200,
year, all connoisseurs admit that
at amount now.

ic verdict of the same judge if such
ilcmanded to-day the

©bituar^.

William Scott.— Tltere was laid to rest on
Saturday, Ctli inst., one who for many years
was an interesting figure in the IS'ortli of
Scotland. Born iu Peterhead in 1822, Mr.
Scott during his long life played many parts,
and in the horticultural world lie was well
known as an ardent cultivator of Ferns, com-
peting most successfully for many years at
the principal Scottish horticultural shows.
He was also a naturalist and botanist of no
mean ability, and was at one time a valued
correspondent of Mr. Harrison Weir, the well-
known artist and naturalist. Mr. Scott knew
intimately the flora and fungi of Biichan, and
also the beetles and moths of that district,
and where to find them. A poet, too, of no
mean order, Mr. Scott finds a niche in
Edwards' Minor HcotUsh Poets. For several
years past he had resided at St-oneywood,
about five miles distant from Aberdeen. His
social qualities endeared him to many ; he
was a bright and keen conversationalist,
brimfid of his native, pawky humour ; and he
was equally esteemed for his sympathetic,
kindly, and genial disposition, which was one
of the prominent traits iu his character. He
is survived by a widow and one son and two
daughters. The 'son is a gardener in New
Zealand.

Ml

t. It the price can
ned, it ought also
i increased. This
, Sir, i&c, Vllorlicole

SOCIETIES.

EOYAL HORTICULTURAL,
CHISWICK.

JULV :.. — Ou this date a meeting of tlie Fruit and
Vegetable Committee was held to examine Maincrop
Peas and Lettuces. Mr. G. Bunyard was in the Chair ;
and also present were Mr. W. Marshall, Messrs. W. Farr,
H. Esling, S. Mortimer, W. Bates, W. Pope, A. 'Ward,
G. Wythes, J. Willard, and A. Dean.

Mr. G. Wythes presented two fruits of a new green
fleshed Melon " Victoria," raised from Syon House x
Sutton's .Epicure, of good size, and well netted. They
were of such delicious flavour, that an Award of Merit
was unanimously given.

Some seventy-five stocks of mid-season and late Peas
were then seen, dwarf and tall, and all finely grown
and cropped. Of these, one, Sutton's Prizewinner,
3 feet, a splendid long-podded, and good-cropping
wrinkled Marrow, received the honour of a First-class
Certificate.

Awards of Merit were made to Dwarf Telephone,
2 feet high, heavy crop ; Danby's Stratagem, late, 3 feet,
excellent variety; Sharpe's Queen, 3 feet, one of the
best old late Peas ; Prolific Marrow, 3 feet, a splendid
cropper; The Sherwood, 2 feet, a capital cropper, and
good successor to Chelsea Gem ; Sutton's Perfect Gem,
25 feet, great cropper ; Defiance, 2J feet, heavy crop ;
Centenary, 3 feet, very fine podder ; and the well-known
Duke of Albany, which had uot previously received
any award. Previous awards to that grand Pea Alder-
man ; to Mansfield Show, and Glory of Devon, were
confirmed. The [old Omega was here in capital
condition, as also was the much older and heavy-
cropping Prince of Wales. An Award of Merit was also
given to a purple-topped, stump-rooted or Navet
Turnip, long and oval-shaped, certainly earlier, finer,
and sweeter than is the white Jersey Navet. Similar
awards were given to green Cos Lettuces, Jumbo
and New Yorker, both first-rate forms; sweet, crisp,
hearting finely, and standing well. Mso to curled
Cabbage Lettuce Duke of Cornwall, and a high com-
meudation to Cos Lettuce Harbinger. Tlie Committee,
desirous of marking their sense of the general
excellence of the Pea trial, and the high cultivation
shown in connection with it, took the unusual course
of passing a resolution of special commendation to
Mr. S. T. Wright and his staff for the admirable work
shown. A suggestion made that the gathering of the
Committees at Chiswick on Tuesday next, should be
taken advantage of, to obtain from tlioin an unoflicial
expression of their views with respect to the provision
of a proper trial-garden for the Society, was heartily
endorsed, and it i hoped will be generally agi-eed to.

July 13, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE.

37

BOYAL HORTICULTURAIi OP
IRELAND.

July 2.— The anniKil exhibition of this society, held
cntheabove date, in Mcrriou Square, Dublin, was vei-y
successful, and the Roses were numerous and of high
quality. Carnations were a good feature; hardy
flowers were very weU shown ; Begonias and Sweet Peas
were b.ickward, and exliibits of fruit were not numerous.
Strawbenies were coarse, and in judging these, flavour
appears to count for little in Bublin. Plants were
shown well, but competition was not keen. Vegetables
were of good quality, and there were many exhibits of
them.

Roses.

For a collection of thirty-six blooms, in not fewer
than twenty-four varieties, tor the Dicksons" Challenge
Plate, value £2.5. the best exhibitor was Mr. Grant, gr.
to F. T.\TrERSALi., Crookleigh, Morecambe. The fol-
lowing blooms were superb : Mrs. W. J. Grant, Ulrich
Brunner, Marchioness of Lonsdale, Mrs. Juo. Laing,
Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford, Madame C. Rcmy, Bessie
Brown, A. K. Williams, Gustavo Piganneau, and
Duchess de Morny ; the 2nd prize was won by Mr.
Colohan, gi-. to F. \. Miller, Esq., Windsor House,
Monkstown.

In a class for Teas and Noisettes, comprising eighteen
blooms in not fewer than twelve varieties, the West
Challenge Cup, value ten sovereigns, was also won by
Mr. Grant, who bad a veiT choice collection; the
following blooms were best :— Mi-s. Edward Mawley,
Madame Ciisin. Cleopatra, Innoccnte Pirola, and
Ernest Metz. Ernest Bewley, Esq., .5, Cowper Road,
Rathmines, was 2nd.

Tlic best cxliibit of three bunches, in three varieties,
Mr. Kicl]ardson,gi-. to Major CusACK,Abbeyvillc House,
Malahiilc, was an easy 1st ; the best bunches were
Souvenir de S. A. Prince and Marie Van lloutte.
E. D'Olier, Knoeklinn, Bi-ay, co. Wicklow (gr., Mr.
Harvey), was 2nd.

For a stand of twenty-four blooms in not fewer than
eighteen distinct varieties, J. Campbell Hall, Esq.,
Rowantrec House, co. .VIonaghan, was an unquestioned
1st with tine blooms of Marquise I-itta, Mrs. Ed.
Mawley, Ulster (exceptionally good), Mrs. John fjiing,
and white Manian Coclict, &c. F. W. Taitehsall
Morecambe, was 2ud.

The best exJiihit of twelve distinct Roses, was from
E. D'Oliek, Knoeklinn, Bray, who showed .\nna
Olivier, Medea, Mamau Cochet, &c. R. T. Harri;,,
Esq., Killiney, was 2nd.

For hybrid Teas, Ernest Bewlay, Esq., Cowper
Road, was 1st, for six blooms of La France. Mr.
O'Lcary, gr. to J. Hume Duikjeon, Esq., Mcrvillc,
Booterstown, was 1st with excellent blooms.

For a stand of twelve blooms, .-it least eight varieties,

for competitors never awarded a prize, Cecil Bur-

eooghes Roche, Esq. (gr., Mr. Tyndall), was an easy

1st. '

Other Cut Flowers.

The classes for Carnations included twelve single
Carnations or I'icotces; twenty-four bunches, consist-
ing of three sprays of one variety, for a Cliallingc IM.atc
value ten sovcicigns ; a collection of twelve bunches,
three sprays with own foliage to form bunch, for the
Watson Silver Challenge Cup ; and a stand of twelve
single blooms of Souvenir do la Malmaison varieties.
The premier honours in the above classes were won by
Mr. W. .J. Mitchison. gr. to Colonel Criciiton, Mull.i-
boden, Hallymnre Eustace. The flowers were almost
perfect specimens. The following are a few of the va-
rieties staged :— Ellen Terry, Duchess Consuclo, Loveli-
ness, Lady Milbank, Voltaire, and the pleasing Picotec
Lady Ardilaun. Mr. Rigg. gi-. to Lord Cloncurry,
Lyons, Hazlehafch, Co. Kildare, won several 2nd
prizes.

For a stand of twenty-four biiiicIieB of hardy cut
flowers, herbaceous or bulbous, for the Challenge Cnp
presented by Major Domvile, J. P., Lord Ashtown
Woodlawn, Co. Galway (gr., Mr. Porter), was Jst with a
well-arrayed exhibit, the colours evenly blended com-
posed of Irises, Gladioli, Lilies, Ornithogalum, Del-
phiniuiris, and Orchis foliosa. 2nd, Lord PLUNKErr,
Old Conii.iiight H(.UBc, Bray (gi-., Mr. Webster), consist-
ing of Verbena vciiosa, Heleniums, Erigei-on, Irises in
v.anety. and Delphiniums.

For the Kelway Med.als for hardy herbneeous per-
ennials, in forty vases, Mr. Porter again took ist place
for Lord Ashtown.

Froit and Ve<ietaiii.e.s.

In the Grape classes Mr. W. Tyndall, gr to Cvcu
Burroughs Roche, Esq.,GiIltown, Co, Kildare was'lsl'
The best Melons were shown by the Eaii of Dhookkda
Moore .Vbbcy, Monasterevan (gi-., Mr. Whitelaw) '

Mr. Tyndall, gr. to Cecil B. Roche. Esq., was 1st
with a disli of Leader Strawberries ; Colonel CHicirrn v
Mullaboden (gi-., Mr. W. J. Mitchison), was 2nd with'
Royal Sovereign. '

Mr. Webster, gi-. to Lord Plunkett, Old Connaiieht
House, Bray, was 1st for Peaches, with superb fruits of
Alexander. CheiTies were well displayed by Mrs
Rowan HAMiT.roN (gi-., Mr. Morton).

For a collection of vegetables in nine distinct kinds
for the Toogood Medals, C. B, Roche. Esq (gi- Mr
Tyndall), t....k the Silver Medal; and Lord Ashtown
(gr., Mr. Porter), the Bronze Medal.

Trade and Other Exhibits.

Messrs. .\lexander Dickson- & Sons, Newtownards,
Co. Down, staged Roses, in brilliant style, and in their
allotted classes were awarded premier place. They had
also a collection of hardy flowers.

Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Belmont, Bclf.ist. had a
fascinating array of Roses.

Messrs. W. Clibban & Sons, Altrincham, had a taste-
fully displayed stand of hardy cut flowers.

Messrs. Dickson & Sons, Chester, had a nice group
of Irises, Roses, and Delphiniums.

Messrs. R. Haktland A Sons, had a gi-and display of
Begonias, both single and double-flowered, likewise a
collection of zonal Pelargoniums.

Messrs. C. Ramsat & Sons, Ballsbridge, had a goodly
array of decorative plants.

Messrs. Drummond & Sons had a fine collection of
hardy stuff, some fine Irises ; I. violacea deserves
mention ; colour deep blue, segments of flower of large
size and substance ; also hardy Azaleas and Tritomas.

From the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, came an
immense bank of stove floweringand decorative plants.

C. Tyler, Esq., St. Bernards, Carrickmines, showed
some hybrid Carnations.

Dr. Marcus Hautog, Queen's College, Cork, dis-
played hybrid AbutUous.

Onion, Eclipse Tomato, New Red Intermediate Carrot
and Magnum Bonum Cauliflower. Mr. E. Beckett, gr,
to Lord .\ldenham, .•Udcuham House, Elstrce, who
likewise staged well, had to be content with the 2nd
place, and Mr. Ho%veioian with :!rd.

SOUTHAMPTON HORTICULTURAL.

July 2, .'i.-.Vs usual, the >uniiiiei- exhibition w:is lield
on the Royal Pier. Koses were finely leprcscnted by
bright-looking, fresh bhioiiis of the fullest size. More-
over, the plants shown were creditable productions of
the gardener's art, and the vegetables were remarkable
for good quality and unusual abundance.

Not the least intcresling part of the display weie the
non-competitive exhibits of nurserymen and seedsmen,
local and from a distance.

ROSES

were amply provided for in the schedule, and the
principal class was one lor thirty-six blooms, dis-
tinct. Fortius prize there were four competitors, the
pride of place falling somewhat easily to Messrs. B. H.
Cant & Sons, Colchester, for a box of superb blooms,
of which the more noteworthy were Mrs. E. Mawley,
Countess of Caledon, Counters Roscbery, Uuchessc de
Morny, Francois Michclon, Helen Keller, Gustavo
Piganneau, Alfred Colomli, Elieune Level, Caroline
Teslout, and Mrs. W. J. Grant. Messrs. 1). Prior it
Son, Colchester, wore 2nd, with an even set of blooms
of a smaller size.

Messrs. B. K. CANT were also successful in the class
for twelve triplets, with very Hue specimens of Mrs.
W. J. Grant, Comte de Kaimbaud, Madame Eugene
Verdicr, Uclcu Keller, Be^sie Browu, and Ulrieli
Brunner. Messrs. Prioh were 2iid.

Mr. G. Prince, Oxford, was 1st for twelve Tea or
Noisette Roses, with bcauliiul fully-developed blooms
of Bridesmaid, Innoceulc Pirola, C. Mermct, La Boule
d'Or, Comlesse de Xadaillae, The Bride, Souvenir
d'Elise Vaidon, Ernest .Metz, and Mamaii Cochet.
Messrs. B. Cant <Se Sons were 2ud.

Gentlemen's Gardeners and jVmateurs.
In this division the competition was spirited, and
flowers excellent. For the best eighteen distinct va-
rieties, sliown in single Iru.-ises, as also for twelve Tea
or Noisette Roses, distiuel, .Mr. G. U. Kent, gr, to
Major E. C. Murray, Perivale, Kydc, was Ist, with a
really fine stand; and .Mr. .Neville, gr. to F. W.
Flight, Esq., Twytord, Winchesler, was 2nd, with very
excellent blooms.

Hardy Border Flowers,
shown in vases, made a bright display, and for twelve,
distinct, Mr. B. Ladhams, nurseryman, Shirley, South-
ampton, was an easy Ist, staging Coreopsis Eldorado,
Gaillardias Brilliant and Sulphur Queen, Helenium
niagnificuni. Anncria giganleu, Heuchcra sanguiuea,
and Iris Lovely. Mr. M. 1'richakd, nurseryman,
Christcliurch, was 2ud, his llemerocallis Thunbergl,
Clematis recta, and Delphinium Fantom d'Orient being
notable species and varieties.

Exhibits of bundles of Sweel Pea blossoms alTordcd
.an attractive item of the show, the exhibitor being
Mr. E. Kemp Toooood, tlie varieties being those
included in his 1st prize collection of nine.

Many good plants were shown, and for specimens
and for a group of miscellaneous subjects arranged for
effect, Mr. E. Wills, nurseryman, Shirley, secured the
leading awards.

Fruit.

Mr. BOWERMAN, gr. to Lord Bolton, Hackwood Park,
Basingstoke, took all the leading prizes for Grapes,
with fairly good bunches; and Mr. T. Hall, gr. to Sir
S. Montague, Bart., South Stonehara House, was Ist for
two and for one dish of Strawberries, with remarkably
fine fruit of Webb's Refresher, Sir J. Paxtou, and Royal
Sovereign.

Vegetables.

In the class for six kinds, for which Messrs. Sutton &
Sons, of Reading, provided liberal prizes, there were
no fewer than sl-xteen comiiclitois. The 1st prize went
to Mr. J. cabson, gr. to 1{. W. Hudson, Esq., Danes-
field, Great Marlow, for capital dishes of Sutton's Ideal
Potato, Selected Duke of Alliany Peas, Wliile Italian

ALTRINCHAM GARDENERS' MU-
TUAL IMPROVEMENT.

July 3.-Tlie meiiilieis and friends of tlie above
Society paid llicir annual visit to the nurseries of
Messrs. W. Clibran & Son on the above date. The
party, numbering close upon 100, were driven in brakes
from Altrincham to the tree, shrub, conifer, and fruit-
tree grounds at Hale, Returning to .Mtriiieluiin, the
alpine and herbaceous plants, stove, greenhouse, and
other subjects in the Oldfield Nurseries, were in-
spected, and afforded great pleasure to the visitors.
The tour of inspection over, the remainder of the
evening was pleasantly spent in an inforuuil smoking
concert, held in one of the large packing houses
attached to the nurseries, light refreslnneuls being
provided by Messrs. Clibran,

EALING HORTICULTURAL.

July .-i.-The annual exliibition of this Society was
held in the ncwly-ae(|uircd Wjlpole Park, on the
above date, in brilliant weather, and there was a
large attendance. Five large tents were required to
accommodate the exhibits ; one of them was filled with
excellent produce from the allotment gardens, of which
there Jire nearly 300 in Ealing; and in the nuitter of
vegetables, many of the exhibits wore the equal of, it not
superior to those sh.oMi by lh,> LMidriici-. \ i.h a.iys

previous to tlie sh.i\> \\i,- jllol inrm 'jiuO.tis «,T,.

inspected (Ui Ijelmli mi i h,' s, M'iny Oy >b ■-.!■- .1 I In. I -on
andR. Dean, and some tliuiy luo lim-.. -, ^^, i , ,in;n.led
to those in which the crops were of \\\.- in i ,|ii,ilMy,

combined with good tillage, and proyi,-i ,1 i;. e.-'s-

sional produce. Flower gardens are jiul'.;,il m \\\r -:nne
niauuer, and several prizes were given; sonii' of the
allotments are patterns of good management. The best
on the St. Mary's allotments is in the hands ol a brick-
layer; the best of the Killing Dean allotments is worked
by a platelayer on the Great Westcin Railway. i

Mm-eUaneom exhibits were a leading feature. Mr.
Geo. Reynolds sent from (!unni-i-sbnry I'iuk, ruul Mr.
J, Hudson from Guuiiersbury llou-r.i,MM unl inUin^.
groups of |)lan(s, tin; latter InuMu i\,i,il |.,mi ,,,i ihc
newer har<ly Water Lilies. Wi', en vi.i i - I'l i.xin .,.nt

npol J.iiMoe,.,' .M.iplos.
IS. II. B. SMITH, a local
11 nd various designs in

if s,i,

In the floral deem n

florist, had bonc|n, i o
flowers, all of lii;.'h . i:i--

Gmnps of Plant!! mrinimU far effect were shown in
two classes : Mr. .\. G. Dixon, Ealing (gr,. T. R. Hogg),
was 1st, with a large group showing good prodiico
tastefully arranged; Mr. J. Harris, Ealing (gr , W.
Uolierts), was 2nd. With a smaller group, Mr. 11. W.
I'eal (gr., C, Edwards), was 1st, very well set up; and
Mrs. Pkai. was 2nd.

.Specimen riantn.—Thc destruction of some of tho
principal places of resideneo in Ealing for building
purposes has operated In reduce the numbers and

quality of the s|.ee n pljnls shown. Of those in

flower, a very lliir |.i. Nnniiii Oleander and oncof

Solanum jasuiinnnl. (^n, ii,,- must proiniueut. Some
excellent bushes ol t'lielisias ennie lr,,ni Mr. E. I'.

Oakshott; and Mr. M. lliunrii •■;, -ml, with

some well grown standard Iraiin.l |.[ on i-loxiiiias
were in good character; andsMii, -i i ino.,;o pus from
Mr. A. G. Dixon were very lim ilinn .m,! quality
beingalike worthy of praise. I-'mI,- , nl.no w.i-e fairly
good, and Ferns on the whole lin hi . 1 1 .hiiiile,

noses wrvr ,i 1. .mIImv f, .ilniv in Ih, ,-iil ll, in r r ,lrp;i|-|-

inent, as i 'l.. • .n, ..i.n, Iiull r.nnn - Mr -rs

G. & W. Ill I . II !■■ '■ il ■■h, ^^^lr Ih. ■, liul'...'1'V-

i exhi

varieties, for twenty-four varie' i. ,i n
and Noisettes, having good bloom . \\
scanned by tlie exhibitors. Tbr immi
good llowersalso. II, I'. I:.. .■ i ,rm , ,, I

seeiiiii its most brilli.-inl .In- - ,

shown by Messrs. Hl'lien, mli , I;.
less of Caledon, Mi.ss Elliei l;uii.iiU
found many admirers.

Cut flowers were represented by stove and green-
house subjects, hardy plants, and collections of Sweet
Peas.

Fruit and vegetables wore fairly well exiiiliited.

a oiii.

SUTTON ROSE.

July (!.— Though the Rose show at Sutton, Surrey,
cannot be class 'as amongst the larger ones, it is
always interesting, and invariably brings some good
flowei's and keen competition. There arc classes for
nurserymen, for amateurs from all parts, and for local
growers, and the ((uality was fairly good throughout,
Mr. G. V. A. ScHoi-'iELD was the most successful' local
exhibitor; while Messrs. B. R, Cant & Sons were
strongest in their division.

38

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JULY 13, 1901.

Nurserymen's Classes.
Tlioif wfi-n four competitors in tlie clnss for tliirly-

si\ (listiiH-1. ^111(1 I'lr i.r.-mi.T ).MMlion w:is soi-nrcd by
Mr,~;r. I ; I: ( ^ m .^ S, .s s. I'm], ■li,'st<T, win. s.' stand
c.nhiiiicfl Mi„r ,.\r.>llrnl linurr,, il irl n.l I im CluirleS

],ete!jvir, .Mi,. (.'ockcT i,,uiicrb), Souvi'iiir (I'Hlisr Var-
doii, Tlie Iiridf. Mrs. Joliu -Luing, A. K. WiUiams,
Eticnue Levet, Her Majesty, Mai-ie Bauniann, Tom
Wood, anil Madame Ho.^te. The 2nd prize went to
Messrs. iim^knkss & Son, Bedale, wlio sliowed splen-
didly, and 1(1 not IniTO been many points hi'liind.

Somcol tlic;i he, I were Bessie Brown, Mari-rljal Niel.
Tlio Bride. Mrs. Ed. Mawley, Fislier Uolincs, White
Mam.an Coeliet, Madame Joseph Bonnaire (superb), and
Her Majesty. Messrs. D. PfiiOR & Son, Colehcster,
were ord.

Mes

1-t

Mrs. W. J. Grant, Tom Wood, Mildred .Grant, and
Countess of Caledon.

Messrs. X>. PuniK & Son of Colchester, and Mr.
G. Prince of ciM..ia. wm- ;iN" ,ilrr,',„fnl rxhi-
bitors; the Tea Kii-^'- -Inmn l.v thnn lirin- ;i ML^llt

which onee seen n.it r.Milily I" lir loi -^..i im CiMiiins,'
nearer to Glonr.-irr. ilie w.ll known tiin.., oi Mc^,6rs.
jEi'h-RiES ct Son. I ir.-nr,-i.r ; Pkwtress Bros., Here-
ford; Crosslin.. "1 r.naiili. and Messrs. S. Treseder
& Son of Cardili. ^ill ixliiljited in excellent form.

AM.iTEUR's Classes.
With regard to amateurs, the classes were represen-
tative in every sense of the term. The largest amateur
Tea Rose enltivat.n- in the kingdom, Mr Hill Gray of
Bath, had to take L'nd place to Mr. Conway Jones, of
Unc.-lecrrtp. fllnnrr^ler. wlin scrni-ed the two i.r.miier

four (ItMlh. IMlh ii l.n^lil. r\,Mi. jnil rl.Mli :,I,IM.I. Ill
Wllich .Ml .■ ' Mrl,,'!-, I'liiirlr, l.rlrl.MV, Mr- .In] 111 l.iin-.
and Fi^,li,-i lli.linei-, were c.ni:.|ilelluil«. Meh:,!^, ll,vl;i;-
NESS & Son and D. Prior & Son were 2nd and 3rd
respectiv.'ly.

Fortwelv,' Tens and Nohsettcs, Messrs. I). Prior A
Son were 1-t. with one of the finest lioxrs in lln- slmw
itcomprisc 1 Ernest Metz, The Briilr, Miiiiiini r,„ Ih-i
Mrs. Ed. Ma-.vley, Innoeentc Pirola, Ui iili-^iiiiini, .Mnn'
Clicil Niel, Wliil',- Maiinn Coi-lii't, Mede.-i, Milllel ItIh-
liamc. M.nl. nr (11-111, Mill s.iuv.-nir de S. A. Prince.
The slaiHl J, -I imi .-,111111111 ,1 ivally weak fiower. Messrs.
B. R CAN! ,y SoN.s were -'nd, with a very strong box :
and Messrs. F. Cant iSs Co., Braiswiek.Xursory, Col-
chester, 3rd.

• • Amatelir's Classes.

. The open amateurs' class for twenty-four distinct was
won by Mr. W. Mease, gr. to Alfred Tate, Esq., Dowr.-
side, Lcatherhead, whose flowers were somewhat under-
sized, lail l.ii-lil and clean. Mr. E. M. Bethune.
llorsliiiii, u:i- I'ml ; and Mr. P. G. C. Burnand 3rd.
Tlic oiilM.I. 1- wi Tc Mr. O. G. Ohpen, who had a few
fine IjIooiu-. and Mr. J. Slauohter, Steyniug, who was
much below liis proper standard.

Mr. O. G. Orfen, West Bcrgholt, Colchester, was
easily 1st for eiglit trebles, showing Maman Cocliet.

Miirii'l i.,,il 1." Wliiir Mam, 111 Co.-li.-l, Ernest Metz.

JMlldMi'l i-iii a- In- li.-f , M.--I - 1' G. C. BUR-

NANl) Jii.i I, M, l;i,l lliNh mir .■ml .mil :\r,\.

For IwtU, Tcar-and ^oi^,l•l li--. .\li':-,-i ,-, K M Hkthune,
W. Mease, and O. 6. Orpen s.nii.Mi I In- luv.inU in the
order in which their liam.- are li.iv i:i\.ii The
winners' blooms were Madame ('usin.Calhriim- Mermet.
Ethel Brownlow, Maman Cochet, Bi-idesmaid, Jean
Dnclier, Ernest Metz, Madame dc Wattevillc, The
Bride, Etoile de Lyon, Comtesse de Nadaillac, and
Medea.

In the local classes some splendid flowers were shown
liy Messrs. G. V. A. Schofield and Keppel H. GiFFORr,
who shared the honours.

For iinir ,|i-iiiu-t. the 1st prize (the Alex. Clark
Challe iLr li.ivli Mr. ScHOKiELD was 1st, with Mit.
John l.iiiij \ K Williams, Etienne Level, Mer Majesty,
Fishci IImIim-. Utiimy Jamain, Ulrich Brunner, Due
d'Orlciiii , III Sii-anne-Marie Kodocanaehi. This was
aslniiij ,111. 1 .Mr, Iv. H. GiFFORD was 2nd; and Mr.
K. W. M i LI KH ;<!.'.

Mr, (.iiioRU was 1st for the Ladies Challenge Bowl
wiili a lovely six, including Fran<,;ois Michelon, Her
M.'ijcsly. Mrs, John Laing, Marchioness of Londonderry,
Horace Vernet, and Etienne Lcvct. Mr. SchofiEld
was 2nd : and Mr. Miller 3rd.

For six Teas and Noisettes. Mr. Schofield was 1st;
Mr, F .T Ilciii,,\\p'2iid; and Ml- R. FARDEN3rd.

For -p., -.1 Miiii-tv Ml I. II i.ino was 1st, with Mrs.

Jolni l.iih^ Ml, W I'M Mil, jihI, withLa Fr.ance; and
Mr. I-' 1; I IF, I MAN ;iiil, with Mr-, John Laing.

Tiie two Silver Medals for the best H.P. or H.T. .and
for the best Tea in the local section were won by Mr.
G. V. A. Schofield, with Mrs. John Laing, in the first
case, and Marie Van Hontte in the second.

il Iv

Mr

b,-ingexccodingly attr.active. ami his staging in excel-
lent taste. Mr. V. W. Tattersall, Morecamhe, well
maintained the success he achieved at Dublin last

large specimen stove and greenliouse idantswere to the
fore. Mr. W. Vause, with very good examples, was
2nd. , ,

Mr F Davis, Persliore, was 1st in the class for a col-
lection of plants of one kind only, having superb
double Begonias of his own raising. Mr. H. Lovatt
took the 2nd prize with well grown and bloomed
Cannas.

Palms were a fine feature, shown by Messrs. Cypher,
G. H. KENRICK, and H. Lovatt, Bushbury (R. Sharp,
gr.), the prizes heini.' awarded in the order of then-
names for collect inn- -Imwn in sixes.

ii-enis— Very tin.- .-\;. iii|.l.-- .if Exotic Ferns came
from Mr, G. H. Kenki, k. win. to..>k the 1st prize for six
specimens ; Mr. H. Lovatt was 2ud.

OrcAKls-,— With a collection of Orchids, Mr. Cypher
was at'ain 1st- he had Cattleyas gigas and Mossia>. Den-
ili-Mliiuiii Di-an-i, Cypripedium Fawn-neeannm. Odonlr-
.-h,.-iii.i- (lii.-i.liiilii- .^.- iii.-.-lvair;ii|.-i-.l Willi iMJiage
:,:ii,l- ".M.-.-r- M .Iknk,n,.,'n ,X ^.in. N.-u.-;.:-tlc,
.suilN, wcr.- .ai.l, ami -li..w,-.l a val.iahl.- .-..Ih-.-Uun,
PhaUenoi>sis amahilis being in excellent cliaracter.

GLOUCESTEESHIRE ROSE.

July SI.— The lliiilcenlh annual exhibition of Roses
of the Glimceslershire Rose Society was held in
glorious weather in the Spa Cricket Field, Gloucester,
on the above date. Taking the show as a whole, with
the exception of the National Rose Society's exhibition
a few years a.?o, Tuesday's meeting was generally pro-
nounced to have been the best ever held in Gloucester.

Taking some of the classes separately and individu-
ally, the exhibits were markedly better than they were
when the National Society paid their visit to the city.
Needless to say, the exhibits of the celebrated Irish
firm of M.---I - .\ir\ rii.KsuN ,t .^.in w.ll sustained

t.hcir reimi,: 1 ;-- , nli m ,ii..i ■ ,iiiil nn-.-r- ..f new

varic'.ies. i ,!i l >.iii.j ihi.Hi-jli 1 Ik- w 1miI<- oi tbc show-
there was lii.iilh a .-uiylc .sl.iliil where one could not
find a H.,- nid Perpetual, or a Hybrid Tea, that had not
1 eon rai^ed l;iyMr. Alex. Dicksonor his brother George.

Nurserymen's Classes.

In the winning forty-eightvarietics, shown by Messrs.

A. Dickson & Son, more than onc-thii-d might be

justly tei-mcd '-Dickson's Roses," to wit, Ulster, Mrs.

Edward J^awley, Lady Moyra Beanclerc, Bessie Brown,

.-.--rl,-. ,1
Willi

id mI^-

iiple

11' county and city
:,iii,,h.|ir. 111! l^lll.il Mr, riiNH\\ l.iNES and Mr. T. A.

WAsHiiiiniN rrlii il (i-i'iii .-Nliibiling, with a view of

encouraging otlicr hx-al cultivators to enter the flel.d
with a better chance of success), the entries were most
encouraging. The Corporation prize, a handsome
solid silver Rose-howl, given for twelve vai-i.-ties, was
secured by the Misses Pike. ..I . ihiu.-.-t.-r : an.l lln-
piece of pl.ate given by the .iiy lh---li .-^li.-nil was
awarded to Mr. Charles IIoihiiouk, lliicclenilc.
Gloucester, for a tine stand of twelve varieties. Tlie
silver medal given l)y the society for the best Hybrid
Perpetual exhibited by any amateur was won by Ml-.
Conway Jones with an ideal specimen of Bessie
Brown ; and the silver medal for the best Tea or
Noisette went to Mr. J. Middlecote. Maison, near
Gloucester, for a grand bloom of Mardchal Niel. The
Mlv.iL-ilt iii.-.Ial offered by the society for. twelve
v.niiii.--, ..p. -a to Gloucestershire amateurs, was
.-.-.-111 c.l bv Ml, E. Poole, M.atson.

In the cottagers' classes it was refreshing and en-
cour.agiug to find that rapid advances had been made,
not only in beauty and form of the flowers staged, but
in the selection of the varieties grown. The silver
modal given by Messrs. W. J. Jetfries, Cirencester, was
awarded to Mr. J. B. Clark, Newnham.

For tabic decorations there were ten entries (a
record), the arrangement of the various tables being
delicate and elegant in the extreme.

WOLVERHAMPTON FLORAL FETE.

ith

JCLY SI, 10, 11.— In glorious wcathei
Large tents filled in the main with exhibits of a very
high order of merit, Wolverhampton held its thirteenth
annual exhibition on the above dates in its beautiful
West Park. This noble heritage of this important
town was seen at its best under the able superintend-
ence of Mr. Webster, and its tasteful floral arrange-
ments are only equalled by the admirable order in which
the park is kept. Mr. Webster had in one of the large
tents, as an exliiliit by the Park's Committee, a very
large and gran.l bank ..f Cala.Ii.iiiis, to whi.-li .me of
the highest awan I- ma.l.- 1.. -lab .-\liibils was f;iv.-ii,

Withcominen.i.-.i.I.- pr..iii|.iitii.l.- lb.- Sliow ('..miuillce
were able to ch-ai llie tentb at tlie announced Uiue,
and there was no delay in commencing the judging;
and though the services of a dozen geutlemeu were
called into requisition, the duties were very heavy, so
excellent was the cumpetition all round.

Groups for Effect and Specimen Plants.
Groups of plants arranged for effect, each group not
to exceed 3o0 superficial feet, made a fine display.
Again the highest honours went to Mr. J. Cypher, of
Cheltenham, for one of those original arrangements in
which every detail seems perfect that are set up by this
well-known exhibitor. If imitation be the siucerest
flattery, then as Mr. Cypher's style is so closely
imitatedby others, tribute is paid to the Cheltenham
designs. Many will learn with regret that the veteran
exhibitor is lying seriously ill, and will hope for his
speedy restorati.ni to health. Mr. G. H. Kenrick,
Edgbaston (gr., Mr. J. McDonald', was a very good 2ud
indeed; and Mr. W. Vause. Leamington, .3rd.

Mr. Cypher was 1st, with six(i:.-n stove and green-
house plants. There were, i- u-iial. noble Palms at the
back, towering up al.ili m -i-l. u.lul proportions, and
such fine flowering s|..ciiii. 11- 1- linugainvillca glabra.
Erica vcntri.-.isa li.itliwcllTana, a very fine piece;

Static 's iiil. T .1 ' . ,ind S. profusa, Allaniandas nobilis

and H.ii.l.-r-..i.i, .\.-, Mr. W. Vause was 2nd, having
very g.i.i.l sp.-.-mi.ns.

With twenty plants in 8-inch pots, Mr. CvPHERscored
another win. He had brilliant Crotous, Statice, Ixora,
Erica, Acalvpha hispida, <S:e.,all in the best condition.
Mr. P. A. MuNTZ, M.P., Rugby (H. Blakeway, gr.), had a
very good collection, which gained for him the 2iid
prize.

Mr. Cypher was also 1st with twelve specimen
plants, six of them in Ijloom. Here flue Palms and

Roses

m in keen

were excellent, the giants in tin- 1 1 mh
rivalry. There were four coll.-.l i-.n
varieties, and it was a very close ii,-lii b.-iw.-.-ii M.-^srs.
B. R. CANT & Co,, (■..l.-h.-st.-r, aii.,1 Me----,rs. A. Dickson
& SONS, NcwtoKiL. 1.1 -. i;.-lr:.-i. a resort to pointing by
the judges showin-j bm ,1 ii:iii..w margin of difference ;
tlie verdict Roin... 1.. lb.- 1. .11.1.-1. who had in e.xcelleut
,-lK,i-i„-t,-r the van. -I I.- 1-..--I.- I'.n.wii. H..race Vcniet,
Jlu.-b.'s-.- .1.' M.iniv. Man.- Ka.iy, S...iv.-liir il'uii -\liil,
lIi-i.l.-Miiai.i, It.-ii Caul .111.111. U- b.--l i.inui. (■..iiil<--se
dcNadailla.-. ri-l.-i, l':aii ui K..»ebery. Elhcl Brownlow,
Fisher H..I..1.--. I'l \iidry, A. K. Williams, Madame
Crapelet. .Mm. \. i.li.-r. Reynolds Hole, K. A. Victoria,
Marie Banmanii, .Ml-. ,1. Laing, The Bride, Lellavre,
Ernest Metz, R. Duneau, Auguste Kigotard, D"ke ȣ
Welliugton, Madame Victor Verdier, Souvenir d Elise
Vardon, &.c. 2nd, Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons, who had

well devcl.M..''l bb'.'ins .'i Mar. -hi --s ..f Londonderry,

Duchess ..I la. 11. .1.1, l-:n..-l M-"- Maman C.chet,-
Beauty ol \\ all bun, .Mmi'l ' ■ r-. b,. iii.-. C.nuitcss Ot
Caled.ni, Medea, lUul.c^s ul I'ortlaii.i. Mrs. W. J Grant,
Lady M. Beauelerk, Ac. ; 3rd, Messrs. Harkness A Sons,
Bedale. , „

Willi forty-eight varieties, Messrs. Harkness & son
were 1st, and it was a near thing b.-lw.-.-ii tbein and the
Newlownards firm ; the former b:..l 1 a|.iaiii Uayward,
Ca'hcrinc Mermet, Marie Bauiii.iin. .Mis. Cocker,
\lli-ed Colomb, Rubens, Bessie Brown, Madame G.
Luiz.-I, Duke of Edinburgh, Her Ma esty. Lady Mary
Fitzwilliani, and Cointc de Raiinbaud ; 2nd, Messrs. A.
Dickson & .Sons.

With three blooms each of eight varieties, Messrs.
A. Dickson & Sons were 1st, with the following 111
capital formi-Iler Majesty, Alice Lindsell, Florence
Pciiib,-il..ii, \lfi.-il r.ilomb, Mrs. E. Mawley, Gustavo
PiLjaiiii. ,..i.Mil.li.-.l ..rant, and Ulster. Messrs. B. R.

Ko.ii-= in buiK-liI-s made a very fine feature indeed,
but seeing how unequal in size were the bunches in one
exhibit to those in another, it seems as if some limit
in size is necessary, in order to place exhibitors 011
something like a footing of equality. Mr. J. Mattock,
nurseryman, Oxford, was 1st, with superb bunches ot
Pana Gontier \niia Olivier. Perledes Jardins, Crimson
RViiibb-r Im'-ida plena, Maman Cochet, The Bride,
j.',i.l..ii I'l.b M,-.n.- \:.ii n..iilk-,&c. Messrs. Harkness
^^'.i,,^ n,i-.- '11.1 II. .-,v iii.lii.b-'d Madame A. Chatenay,
Cniii-.iii Uariibb-r. ciiiiibini; White Pet, Mrs. W. J.
Grant, &c.; Messrs. Gcnn i: Son, uurserymeni Olton,
were 3rd. -. .

With twenty-four Roses, Mr. Hugh Dickson, nurscj-y-.
11,111 h.'lfasl «as 1-t; his leading blooms were C. ,^
T.'-I..iii \Vliii.' I.a.lv, Victor Hugo, Bessie Brown',
ili.liiii. IM-Ivilb- M.olame Cusiu, Catherine Mermet,
11,-1 .Mijc-ty l.a 'France '89, Daisy, &c. ; 2ud, Messrs. '
J. TowssEND .t Son, Worcester; .3i'd, Messrs. Pebki-ns

Witli twelve new varieties, Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons
were 1st, chief among them Bessie Brown, Mrs. E.
Mawley, Teuuyson, L'Exquisite, Madame E. Boulet,
Bertha Gemas, Daisy, &c. ; Messrs. F. Perkins & Sons
were 2iid. ., -

The best twelve blootus of a dark Rose were those ot
\ K Williams, from Messrs. B. K. Cant & Co., very
good indeed ; Messrs. D. & W. Croll, Dundee, commg
2ud, with M. E. Y. Teas.

The best twelve blooms of a light Rose were Her
Majesty, grandly shown by Messrs. Perkins & Son ;
Mr. lIuiiH Dickson was 2ud ; and Messrs. A. Dickson &
SONS 3rd, with Bessie Browu:

Tea-scented Roses were sliown in fine charactci.
Messrs A Dickson &. Sons were again 1st. Their best
blooms were S. d'Elise Vardon, Mrs. E. Mawley, Ernest
Metz, Niphetos, Madame Cusin, Muriel Grahaine, White
Maman Coeliet, Medea, &o. Mr. J. Mattoch: was 2nd,
and Messrs. D. & W. Croll 3rd.

lu the amateur division, the Rev. J. H. Pemberton,
Havering, was 1st with thirty-six varieties, with
twenty-four, and six varieties, three blooms ot each ;
but eame in 2nd with twelve varieties. Messrs. W.
BOYES, Derby, and M. Whittle, Leicester, also showed
well. Mr. Whittle had the best twelve Tea-scente-t
Roses.

JlLY 13, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

39

Floral Decohatioss, Ac.

Messrs. M. JESKINSOS it Son had 1st prizes for a
bridal and also for a hand bouquet, beautiful Orchids
adiuii-ably arranged predominating; Messrs. E. & G.
SUTCLIFFE, Wolverhampton, had the best brideniaids"
bouquet. The dinner-table arrangemeuts were charm-
ing, and occupied a tent which was thronged by ladies :
Messrs. M. Jenkissos & Son were 1st ; and Messrs.
W. T. GUNN & Co., 2nd ; a 3rd and an extra prize was
also awarded. There were also attractive collections
of plants and cut flowers for decorative effect, hardy
border flowers. &c., all of a veiy elaborate character.

In tlie way of florist's flowers, there were veiy fine
fancy Pansies, channing sprays of Violas, laced Pinks,
Carnations, &c.

The Veitch Memorial Medal, offered for a collection
of hardy garden flowers, was awarded to Mr. J.

SALMON.

Tliere were large collections of flowers and plants
competing in certain classes, but at the time our notes
were taken some of these prizes were not awarded. For
the same reason other classes have to be passed over.
Several valuable Medals were awarded, but the returu
had not been made in time for us to make a record.

Feuit
was fairly well represented. The txjst four bunches of
Grapes came from Mr. T. Bannerman. gi-. to Lord
B.AGOT. Rugeley, who had the varieties Muscat o( \\c\-
andria, Duke of Buccleuch, Madrcsfleld Court, and
Black Hamburgh; 2ud, the Earl of Carnabvon (gi-., J.
Read), who had the same black Grapes, but his white
varieties were Foster's Seedling and Auckland Sweet-
water : J. COBBETF, Esq., Impney Hall, Droitwieh (gr.,
F. Jordan), was 3rd.

Mrs. Dabbv, Baschurch (gi'., R. I-aird), was 1st with
two bunches of white Grapes, having Muscat of Alex-
andria; and Mr. W. W. F. HAVHUKST(gi-., G. Brcmmell),
was 2nd.

The Earl of Shrewsbury (gi-., F. Somerford), was 1st
with two bunches of black Grapes, having Black
Hamburgh.

The best giecn-fleslied Melon was a seedling; the
best scarlet-fleshed Gunton Orange,

Mr. Bannekman was Ist with six Pc.iches, having
good fruits of Royal George ; the Earl of Lathom (gr.,
Mr. Ashton), was 2nd.

Mr. Jordan was 1st with six excellent Lord .Vapier
Nectarines.

Mr. Jordan was also 1st with three dishes of Straw-
bcnies, having brilliant fruits of Waterloo, Latest-of-
All, and British Queen. Sir D. L. BoudHTOV, Bt. (gi-.,
Mr. Winchfleld), was 2nd, with Waterloo, Royal Sove-
reign, and Louis Gauthicr.

Mr. J. H. Goodacre, gr. to the Earl of Har-
rington, Elvaston Castle, Derby, was Ist with eight
dishes of fruit, staging in excellent character Canon
Hall Muscat and Black Hamburgh Grapes, Royal
George Peaches, Violctte Hative Nectarines, beautifully
finished ; Lady Sudeley Apples, Royal Sovereign Straw-
beri-y, Brown Turkey Figs, and a Melon; Mr. Banner-
man came 2nd, he had Black Hanilnirgh and White
Muscat Grapes; Royal George and Violette Hativo
Peaches; Violctte Il.ativc Nectarines, Ac.

In the restricted division for six dishes ot fruits,
Messrs. Bannkii.man, Jordan, and Goodacre, were
placed in the order of their names, all having veiT good
produce indeed.

VEfiETAIlLES.

Some vei-y fine vegetables were staged, and Mr. J.
Gibson, gr. to R. W. Hudson, Esq., Danesficid, shone
conspicuously as a producer of splendidly-finished
specimens. He was 1st in the open class tor ten varie-
ties; Mr. W. L. Bastin, gr. to A. Henderson, Esq.,
M.P., was 2nd.

Mr. Gibson was also 1st for Messrs. Sutton & Sons'
special prizes, with a half-dozen dishes; Mr. J. Read
was 2nd.

In a similar class tlie special prizes given by Messrs.
Webb A Sons, Mr. Bastin was Isfr, with an excellent
exhibit, and Mr. Read 2nd.

Tomatos were on the whole handsome and well
coloured.

MlSCELL.ANEOUS EXHIBITS

made a great show in themselves ; there were so many,
and they were so widely distributed, that it is possible
some may have been overlooked. Messrs. H ill A Sons,
Lower Edmonton, London, had a grand bank of Ferns,
20 yards long, and of extremely interesting character.
Messrs. Hinton Bko-s., Warwick, had an extensive col-
lection of Sweet Peas, set up in a faultless style; and
the same can be said of one from Mr. Henry Eckkohd,
of Wem. Mr, K. Sydenham. Birmingham, also had a
very fnif (li-|^l:iv in f:"'t. Sweet Peas met one at all
points, .M. r , I M,M \\ ,^ Co., Chard, had Sweet Peas,
Roses, I'.cL'.iiii I hmI -,iii. I .Mit flowers, in good variety.
Messrs, i; ,^MMii .^^ <n . ilic Nurseries, Worcester, had
a very large group of varied plants; Messrs. Harri-
son A SONS, Leicester, had Sweet Pcaa, Lettuces,
Peas, Ac. ; Messrs. T. DOBBS A Co., Wolverhampton,
had an imposing slaiul of designs in cut flowers of an
clahoralci-liiu-iictcr. Mr, W. L. P.vrnsoN, Shrewsbuiy,
hiid a lartie collection of sprays of Violas; Mr. H.
Devekii.i,, I!anl]»ry, a collection of cut hardy flowers;
Messrs. Jones A Sons, of Shrewsbury, Sweet Peas, Ac,
nicely arranged ; Messrs. Dicksons, Ltd., Chester, a
representative .display of cut; subjects, arranged in

panels, and so all the more instructive. Messrs. Webb
had a colossal exhibit, consisting of Lilies, Sweet Peas,
Delphinivims, Gloxinias, Ac, arranged in |tue same
manner (large Gold Medal). Mr. B. R. Davis, Yeovil,
had a superb collection of liis Begonias, a strain of
gi'eat excellence.

Amateurs.
The amateurs and cottagers tent was a charming
flower show in itself, and at the time of staging it was
full of busy, anxious exhibitors. Plants, cut flowers,
veiy numerous ; especially in tlie form of baskets,
vases, bouquets. Ac. Hardy fruits and vegetables were
excellent. A leading and most excellent featui-e was
the collections of wild flowers, quite rich in variety,
admirably arranged, and correctly named— worthy of
a place in a Temple Flower Shovr. The amateurs
and cottagei-s of Wolverhampton appear to be admirable
gardeners.

tTNITED HOETICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

The monthly Coiuiiiittee iiicctiug of this Society was
held on Monday evening last, at the Caledonian Hotel.
Seven new members were elected. Nine members
are on the Sick Fund at the present time. Mr. John
Fairey (No. 2.39), was granted £1 10«. from the Con-
valescent Fund. K letter of thanks was read
from Mr. G. Clinging for assistance from the Conv;,-
lescent Fund. \ cheque for m -if. lid., being the amount
standing to the credit of the late Rkhakd Smart
(lapsed member), was giantcd to his widow. Cheques
»verc granted to Messrs. G. MoRELANDand J. M. Barry,
being quarterly allowances from tlic Benevolent Fund ;
also cheques for Messrs. Pollett's account and the
Secretary's salary. The Treasurer reported that he had
£187 3?. 6'/. in hand.

MARKETS.

coye:^t gardes, jvly ti.

[We cannot accept any rcsponsiliility fcr the subjoined
reports. Tlicy arc furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the luin-
cipal salesmen, who revise the list, and who arc
responsible tor the iiuotatioiis. It must lie iciiicm-
bercd that these quolalioii.~ <lo not n^i'icsinl the
prices on aiiv particular d;iy, but only the j;eiicral
averages for the week i.reeeding tiie dale oi our
report. The prices depend upon the quality ot
the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand, and they may lluetuate. not only from day
to day, but often several times in one day. LD.j
Vegetables.— Average Wholesale Prices.

».d. e.d. «.d. s.d.

Artichokes, Globe, I Mushrooms, house,

per dozen ... 1 «- 2 « per lb. ... 6 0-10

Beans, Channel ' Onions, eases ... 70 —

Islands and - new, bunches,

home, dwarf, i per dozen ... 3 0-40

new, per lb. 0 I- 0 « Parsley, per doz.
— Broad, Engl., hunches ... 1 «- 3 0

' ■ . . - - Peas,Bluc,p.bush. 3 0-40

— bags .5 0- .■> B

Potatos, Channel

Islands, per

ewt 6 0- « «

— Bedfovds ... VM —
Radishes, p. doz.

bunches ... 1 U —
Salad, small, pun-
nets, per doz. 1 3 —
Shallots, per doz.

2 6-30

3 0-40
16-30
0 6-09

bundle

— jicr lb.
Spinach, English,

bushel
Tomatos, English,
per doz. lbs.

— Channel Is-
lauds, per lb.

Turnips, new, p.

in busiiel
Beetroots, new, in

Hats

Beet, per dozen

bunches
Cabbage, tally ...

— dozen

CaiTots, per doz.

hunches ... i a- j u

Cauliflowers.doz. 2 0-30

Cress, per dozen

punnets ... 16 —

Cucumbers, doz. 16-30

Endive, new

French, doz. 16-19

Garlic, per lb. ... 0 3-04

Horseradish, fo-
reign, bunch 16 —

Leeks, per doz.

buncnes ... 10-30 au, .,.[..:., ..,-", i

Leltuce8,Cabbage, doz. bundle

per bushel ... 16-20 Vegetable - Mir

— Cos, per score u 2- 1 0 rows, per do
Mint, per dozen i Watercress, pi

bunches ... 3 0 — 1 doz. bunchi
Fruit.— -Weragk Wholesale Pmc
g.d. s.d.
Apples, Austra-
lian, (South),
Victoria, and
Tasmanian.p.

case !■'' 0 —

Apricots, per box 0 9-16

— sieve 7 0 —

Bananas, bunch .'j 0- 8 0

— loose, p. doz. 10-16
Cherrics/persievc 2 0- .5 0

— May Duke ... 4 0-50

— Biggareaiis ... 4 0-60

— English White
Heart, sieve 2 0 —

— Black Hearts 3 0-40
Currants, Black,

per sieve ... 6 0-06

— Red, per sieve 3 0 —

I 6 —

0 3 —

2.J- 0 4

Figs, per dozen ... 2 0-40
Gooseberries, per

sieve 16-30

Grapes, Muscats,

home-grown,

per lb., A. ... 3 0-40

— — B 10-16

— Alicante, lb. 10-16

Grai>cs, Gros Col-

iiiar, per lb.

— Hamburgh, p.

2 (I- 3 0
U 9- 1 3

0 C- 1 0

B

— ficlgian, blk.,
pcrlb.

Lemons, case ... 10 0-25 0
Lvchees, new, per

" pkt 0 10 '

Melons, each ... 10-16

— Valencia, case M 0 —

— Rocks 3 0-40

Nectarinc8,A.,doz. 9 0-12 0

— B., per dozen 2 0-50
Oranges, case ... 10 0-40 0
Peaches, A., doz. 1.5 0-21 0

cues. A., QOZ. l.T u-zi u
H., per dozen 2 0-50

Pines, each ... 3 6- .5 0

Raspberries, per

lb 0 4- 0 6

— ill tubs, cwt. 20 0-22 0
Sapiicaianuts.lb. 1 0 —
Strawberries, per

punnet 0 4- 1 0

— pecks 10-20

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.rf. s.d. I .-^.d. s.d.
Adiantums, doz. 6 0- 7 0 I Ferns, small, per

Arbor-vitiE, var., 1 100 4 0-60

per dozen ... 6 0-36 0 Ficuselastica, ca. 16-76
Aspidistras, doz. 18 0-36 0 Foliage plant!-..

— specimen, ea. 5 0-10 6 various, cacii 10-50
Cauuas, per doz. 18 0 — Lily of Valley, ea. 1 »- 3 0
Crotons, per doz. 18 0-30 0 Lycopodiums, p.

Cyclamen, p. doz. 8 0-10 0 dozen 3 0-40

Dracaenas, var.. Marguerites, per

per dozen ...12 0-30 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

— viridis, doz. 9 0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz. 6 0-90
Ericas, var., doz. 12 0-36 0 Palms, var., each 1 0-15 0
Euouymus, var., — specimen, ea. 21 O-tS 0

per dozen ... 6 0-18 0 Pelargoniums,

Evergreens, var., scarlet, doz. 8 0-12 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 — Iv>'leaf, per

Ferns, in variety, dozen 8 0-10 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 Spiraaas, per doz. B 0-12 o

Cut Flowers, Ac
s.
Asparagus ' Fern,'

biincii

Carnations, per

dozen blooms
Cattleyas, p. doz.
Eucharis, p. doz.
Gardenias, doz.
Lilium Harrisii,

dozen blooms
Lilium Kancifolm,

album, p. doz.

blooms
Lilium rubruiii,

per dozen ...
Lilium longiflrm.

per dozen

.Vvebage Wholesale Prices.
s.d. I s.d. s.d.

Lily of Valley, p.
1 0- 2 0 I doz. bunches
Maidenhair Fern,

1 0- 2 0 j doz. bunches
9 0-12 u Mignonette, per

2 0- 3 0 I doz. bunches 4 0- i
u 6- 1 6 Odoutoglossuins,

per dozen ..

2 0-40 Roses, Tea, white
per dozen

— C a t li c r i n e

16-30 Meriiiet, per

doz

3 0-50 Smilax, p. bunch
Tuberoses, per

2 0-40 doz. blooms

6 0-12 0

4 0-80

2 6-60

10-30

0 4-06
Remarks.— Bombay Mangos, 4s. to 6s. per doz. The
Australian Apples are in tlie hands of a few dealers:
Cherries are abundant; Strawberries are coming of
small size in pecks ; some in punnets are very good.
Vcsctable-Marrows are down in price; Lettuce Cos
from 2d. score ; Green Walnuts, for pickling, arc now
expected.

POT.ATOS.

St. Malo, Cherbourg, Jersey, 6s. to Us. 6d. ; Bedfords,
110.1. to I2()s. Juhn Bath, :« & 31, K'eUiiiijton Street,
CotrtU iiardt^n.

CORN.

,\vki<ai:e Phicks of British Corn (per imperial (|r,),
for the we.-k ending July 6, and for the corresponding
IKiiod of liHHi. together with the dilTerciice in the
qiiotiitions. These figures are based on the Oflicial
\\eekly Return :—

Description.

1900.

1901,

Difference.

Wheat ...

Barley ... ...

Oats

1. d.
27 10
22 10
19 6

s. d.
27 8
21 0
19 10

s. d.

— 0 2

— 1 1

+ 0 5

,3 _

METEOROLOGICAI OBSERVATIONS t il ( ii 111 the
Royal Horticultuial Sodctys (I iidcnsal chiswuk
Londcui, for the period June 30 to July 6, 1901.
Height above sea-level 24 feet.

1901

d

0
z
0

1

TEMPERATURE
OV THE AIR.

Tempera-
tube OFTHB

SOILatPA.M.

0

H

« -
0

L
B

-

At9A.M.

Q

^5

d 0.
-d "d
1 1

d
■a

1

■3
&

1

1

1

n

3

w

t 0

ti

»i

60 bi)

ob

eii

■S

•0 "O

■0.

■0 S

•a

•d

Sun. 30

E.S.E.

60-2

.57 '0 70 '2

65 •40 -90

66 -2 61 -5 .56-8

62 ■«

MON. 1

S.E. '

61 4

59 -8 70 '2

68-5 ...

63 -4 61 -3 57-0

67 '5

TUES. 2

S:E.

68-7

60 -9 69 -3

.56 -8^0 -18

63 -2 61 -0 67 -2

49-8

Wed. a

E.S.E.

62-7

60 -0,73 -5

56 'o

62-3i60'7 67-2

.52-9

Thu. 4

N.E.

.59-9

57 -0,78 •»

56-6

63 -8 60 -9 57 -2

.50-5

FRI. 5

N.W.

7f8'65-0'81-fi

.58 ■2

66 -6 61 -6 57 -3

57-0

Sat.' 0

N.N.W.

«8'8J63-b71-5

.58 '0 0 -02

67 '8^62 -5 .57 '5

52:3

MEANS

64-8

60'4|73-|

|Tot
57 -01 -10

64 -6 61 -4 57 -2

.53-2

Remarks. — A. week of rather dull', pleasant weather
Haiu fell on three days.

40

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[July 13, 1901.

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.

A VERY warm week. On four days tlic liigliest tem-
perature in shade exceeded 76°, and on the hottest of
these days rose to 82°, making this the higliest shade
reading as yet recorded here during the present suni-
nver. The nighls ivi.Kiiii.Ml wavi.i iiiilil the 8th, but

during tljel;isl two ihljIiI- II x|i".iil Ihermometer

lias fallen rc^jn ci i\ .li' in wifim, -, ,nul 8° of the
freezing-point. .\l 2 iecl deep tlic giouiid is at the
present time -4" warmer, and at 1 foot deep 6° warmer
than is seasonable. About one-tenth of an inch of raiu
fell on the 3rd, but since then no rain at .all h,as fallen,
and for ni.nc limn ;i month no rain-water whatever has
come llii'iiuli Ihr iKire soil percolatioir gauge. The
record 01 lirj'jlii Minshiue during the week proved rni-
usually fiuod, jvcriiL'ing seven hours a day. The wind.s
were very light, and tlie air, on tlic whole, exceptionally
dry.

June.

Taken MS wiinlc, lliis was .1 mi.nlh of about average
temperalui c, 'I'll.' days wnr, .1, a rule, unusually warm,

while tla iii;;l]l icadinyn, i>n tl ther hand, proved as

unseasonalily cold. As regard.-i temperature, the most
marked feature was a week of continuously cold
weather in the middle of the month, on the last night
of. which the exposed thermometer showed 3° of
frost, making this tlie coldest night experienced
here in June for six years. Kaiu fell on only
ten days, the total measurement being less than au
inch, whif'li is less than half the June average, and
i'i|ni\al.nl Ici a watering of only about 4 g.allous on
cirli -i|n Hi yard of surface in this district. No raiu-
u.ilii at all came through the per.colatiou gauge on
which short grass was growing, and no measureable
quantity through the bare soil gauge after the first
week. Tlie sun shone on an average seven and thi'cc-
i|n,irlrr licnii':, a day. which is about one and a half

li .1 da\ in r\(.',s of the mean for the month. The

sli'iiudli .11 III! iMiid was, as a rule, about seasonable ;
on the -';ird, lioHcMr, a strong westerly wind was blow-
ing, the mean velocity in the most windy hour reaching
17 miles. The amount of moisture iu the air was excep-
tionally small ; indeed, in only two previous Junes
during the last fifteen years has the atmosphere been
as unusually dry. E. J/., Berkhamslcd, July 9, 1901.

iorrupordent^

Addenda.— IlANLKY Flower Show.— Wc arc
infonuea by Messrs. R. Hartland & Son,
Lough Fussey, co. Cork, that they were
-awarded a Gold Medal for Begonias at the
Hanley flower show, of which award our
reporter failed to make mention. The firm
received a similar award for exhibits at the
show of the Royal Horticultural Society of
Ireland (Dublin), last Tuesday. Of course,
we*do not undertake to mention all exhibits.

AsPAKAdi s WITH Beetles : S. A. C. This
pretty insect is known as the Asparagus
Beeth' (( riocciis asparagi), and was figured
and described in Giirdencrs' ChronicJe,
January 8, 1870, p. 44. Be careful to burn
the Asparagus growths when you cut them
<lown, as the stems will contain myriads of
eggs. Some of the growths affected worst,
should be removed at once. Syringe the
Asparagus at the present time* with hot
water, which will make the Beetles fall,
then scatter soot or imslaked lime over tliem
whilst upon the soil.

Asters -. H. & &'. Wc can find no evidence of
beetle or fly. Probably the injury is due to
the Aster-worm (Eachytrasus parvulus),
figured and described in Ganlenci-' Chrouidc,
August 14, 1897, p. 97.

Correction. In our report of thoNational Rose
show last -week, the name of W. Upton, Esq.,
was printed as 1st prize winner in the
amateur's class for nine blooms qf T.'s or N.'s
(distinct). It should have read AlMunt, Esq.,
Templewood, Hedgerley, Slough, who also
won the premier honour for six blooms of
one variety iu the same section, i.e., for
growers of fewer than 200 plants.

Cucumber Stem Decayed: W. G. The plant
has .succumbed to a malady common to the
Cucumber and the Melon, and it is usually
.set up by excessive wetness of the soil round
about the stem, and by constantly pouring
water against the latter. In order to avert it
the bed of soil should be in the form of a

mound when the plants are set out, and the
soil that is added afterwards should be
sharply sloped away from this part. When
canker is first noticed, apply charcoal-
powder to the spot.

Cucumber-leaves Spotted: R. P., Woi-thimj.
The angular dry leaf-spots are indicative of
the downy mildew, and this fungus was
recognised after keei^ing the specimens
moist for some time. This is not easily
checked after first appearance, although
Bordeaux Mixture has given good results in
early stages. Water laying on the foliage, or
want of ventilation, would favour the
disease.

Diseased Peaches : H. W. The stone is split,
and the kernel is in a state of decay. The
causes which lead to the splitting of the
stones of Peaches, &e., are not known with
certainty. It is usually supposed to be due
to the absorption of excess of water by the
roots, following on a very dry state of the
soil. This in some instances may cause the
bursting of the stone, admitting moisture,
and causing decay of the immature seed,
and thus ujisetting the whole economy of
the fruit, arresting its growth to a certain
extent, and usually bringing about a fissure
in the flesh round about the stalk. Some
varieties of Peaches, and some kinds of
stocks, may be predisposed to the malady ;
and where that is the case, it is the better
policy to replace these trees by others than
to waste time in attempts to cure it. Again,
splitting may be due to the imperfect setting
of the flower, which seems a probable cause,
not all the fruits on a tree being similarly
affected. There may be malformations in,
or imperfections of, the organs of some of
the flowers, which hinder conii)lcti' fer-
tilisation, ofa kind met with in I In- llnwcrs nl
some varieties of the Grape-Viiic. As a iMcans
of arriving at a more correct knowledge
of the causes the flowers of varieties liable
to have split stones might be artificially
pollinated with other pollen than their own.

FitiS : G. H. We do not think proximity to the
gasometer has caused the fruits to fall. The
first crop of Figs is frequently a source of
anxiety to the gardener, and very little pro-
vocation IS needed to cause some of the fruits
to fall. The best means to prevent them doing
so, is to so attend to the details of affording
w.iter, heat, and fresh air, that the plants
will suffer no check. Another means of
preventing them is that of stopping the
shoots when they have made six inches or
so of growth. You might try this in respect
to some of the shoots, and note the result.

Insect : J. Madmr. Sirex gigas (giant
sawfly).

Iris Diseased : 0. M\ Dod. The fungus
Helminthosporium found on specimens last
year could not be recognised. The numerous
black bodies embedded in discoloured parts
are sclerotia of a Botrytis fungus, the active
spore-bearing stage of which is abundant on
the specimen. There is no good method of
treating this fungus directly. It generally
indicates dtimimess, either in air or soil. A
heavy soil with poor drainage causes a
similar disease to Tulip, Narcissus, and
other bulbs. Lime added to the soil should act
beneficially, if it is not already present, but
any means to open out the soil should be
helpfid. Of course, I do not know what the
.soil is like ; the above remark is only sug-
gested by specimens. W. G.

Melon and other Leaves : C. C. W. M. Sun
scorching. The Carnation leaves have been
punctured by green-fly, bacteria come after-
wards. Chrysanthemum : the leaves ha^■e
suffered from some errors in cultivation, such
as lack of air, brought on liy over-crowding,
lack of water, or excess of it at the root.

MELON-LEAVES: H. D. K. The leaves are
scalded ; perhaps they have been syringed
while the sun was .shining.

Najies opPl.^nts : Correspondents not ansivered
in tliis issue arc requested to be so good as to

consult the foUoiving number. T. B. D. A
form of Delphinium ajacis, common Lark-
spur. - — Enquirer. Lilium monadolphum
Szovitzianum (syn. L. colchicum). — A. H.,
Lonyliboro. We cannot undertake to name
varieties of Roses or other florists' flowers.
— G. F., Northampton. 1, Pteris cretica; 2,
Pteris tremula ; 3, Adiantum hispidulum ;
4, Pteris cretica albo-lineata ; 5, Pteris lon-
gifolia. — K. B. The Odontoglossum Vuyl-
stekeanumis the true plant going under that
name in gardens ; the variety of O. crispum
very distinct, and one of the other Odonto-
glossums has a crest much like O. Ander-
sonianum. The other, with a more spiny
crest, seems near to O. x Adrianse. — C. K. JD.
1, Silene Armeria ; 2, peloriate variety of
Linaria vulgaris ; 3, Hydrangea quercifolia.
— D. K. L. 1, Corydalis lut«a ; 2, Linum usi-
tatissimum ; 3, Oinothera Lamarckiana; 4,
CoUomia grandiflora ; 5, Lychnis chalcedo-
uica ; C, Veronica spieata. — G. R. W. 2,
(Euothera Yoiuigi ; 3, Stenactis speeiosa ; 4,
Coreopsis ; 5, Polemonium coeruleum ; 6,
Agrostemma coronaria ; 7, Morina longifolia ;
8, Campanula trachelium ; 9, Heleniuui au-
tiimnale ; 10, Lychnis viscaria, double. Ano-
ther time do not send more than six, and pack
and label them more carefullj-. Try and think
what the specimens will be like when they
reach us, and when they will perhaps have to
wait a long time before we can look at them.
— Lewis. Both varieties of that form of Cat-
tleya labiata known as C.Warneri. — H. A. H.
Oncidium crisi^um — a very fine variety. —
W. R., Preston. 1, Hippophae rhamnoides
(Sea Buckthorn) ; 2, Elymus arenarius (Sand
grass) ; 3, Olearia Haastii ; 4, Glaucium
luteimi (Horn Poppy). — Herbaceous. 1,
Agrostemma coronaria ; 2, Stenactis speeiosa;
.-1, Hclenium autumnale ; 4, Lysimachia thyr-
silloia ; ,5,.Silphium ; G, a very fine Potentilla,
not known to us. — S. W. Azara mierophylla.
— Cumbrian. 1, Solanum Dulcamara; 2,
Pyrola secunda ; 3, Rhinanthus crista-galli ;
4, Pinguicula vulgaris. — Tk.vks. Specimens
insufllcient ; 1, Eugenia ? send in flower ; 2,
cannot be named from specimens sent ; 3,
Diplopappus ; 4, Podocarpus sp. ; 5, Syringa
Josikea, probably, send in better condition ;
C, Bupieurum friiticosiuu ; 7, Calceolaria
violacea ; 8, Spiraea opulifolia. — W. H. B.
Ruscus androgynus.

Pea : M. J. W. The spots on the leaves are
apparently the result of the sun shining
through drops of water, such as dew. The
Beans arc affected with a fungus Uredo.

PelarconiI'm : C. T. There is no trace of
either fungus or in.sect work. Are not the
black patches caused by contact with some

? fertilizer ?

Primrose Leaves : P. R. C. We see neither
fungus nor insect. Is it from drip, or have
you been using some insecticide carelessly ?

Tax on GLA.SSHOUSES : Bristol .Jach. See p. 416
in our issue for June 22 of the i^resent year.

TruI'I'XES : Berks. The .specimens .sent are
true TruflJes.

Vine Le.\ves Flabby, &c. : Constant Reader.
The flabbiness of the leaves is due to the
presence of too much moisture in the house
at times, and to lack of sufficient ventilation.
Air should be admitted, and the moisture
removed from the leaves before six iu the
morning.

Vine with Discoloured Le.wes : G.W. (Reader).
The fungus is not the Cladosporitim ; it is
the mildew, which has often been referred
to in these ijages.

White-i'lowered Stock : -1. E. T. A fine and
beautiful variety of the Intermediate Stock.
Good for beds and borders, or for growing
in pots for greenhouse or window decoration.

COMSR'XICATIOXS RECEIVED.— J. F. S.— P. L. UudSOU—

W. G. S.-W. S.— H. J. C— C. T.— C. I). W.— K. M.—
W. M.— V. D. K.— H. K.— H. M.— J. O'B.— H. W. W.—
D. R. W.— G. W.— H. W.— E. M. H.— W. W. J. & Son—
W. X. C— W. 11.
Photogeaphs, Specimens. &c.. Received wrru Thanks.
— H. J. C.

July 20, 1901.]

THE GAEDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

41

THE

No. -im.—SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Abies brae teata . . .
Bair, Mr. Peter...
Book notice—

KewBulletiu...
Bulbs, the replantln

of .

SO

Colraeiro, death of Don

Migtiel 50

Dinner - table decora-
tions, two London ... ^'

Emigration .%5

Exhibition, the late, at

Boston. U.S.A. ... 50

Flowers in season ... 5.1
Carden plants, new, of

1900 .M

Oreenhouse heating ... .^(j

<irovc, The, Stanniore . 44

Harvard University ... .w

ILiliesandtheirculture 41

Lily, the Easter 55

Eilics. Cnlirnrniaa,aud

their habitats 46

Jjilies, Japan 45

Lilies, Martagou, in

S.W. Scotland 42

Lilium candidum ... 58
Liliuni giganteuiu ."W, .M

Lily Conference, the ... Hit

Lily-pond at Berkswell oti
Nicholson, Mr. George,

retires from Kew ... :^i
Oakbrook, ShefTield ... a>i
Orchid notcsaud glean-
ings—
Orcliids from Llan-
dudno 42

Osmaston Mauor, Ash-
bourne

Pea Exonian

Plants, new or note-
worthy—
Lilium occidentale ...

Publications received .

Quinces as ornamental
Plants

Rosa macrautha

Kosaiy, tlic—
Roses, some good ...
Varieties for walls,
<fcc

Science and industiy...

Seeds, vitality of

Societies —
Alrerdecn Hort,
Birmingham Gar-
deners'

Ghent Cliambre Syn-

dieale

Leeds Paxton

Yorkshire Natural-
ists'

Royal Horticultural ...

Soda and potash

Strawberry Veitch's
Perfection

Strawberries at Lam-
port

Week's work, the —
Flower garden
Fruits under glass ...
Hardy fruit garden...
Kitchen garden
Orchid-houses
Plants under glass ...

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Lilium glgantcuni '

,, giganleuiu, showing basal roots y>erforating
the scales

,, ^aponicum var. Alexandra?

., ia|)oiiicum colchesterensis (Supplement).

,, Bakerianum (Lowii)

,, neilgherrense

,, pardalinum var. califoruica

„ X I'arkmanni

„ Parryi

„ Philippinensc

„ rubcllum as grown in Japan

„ Washingtoniauum var, purpureiim

Poplar gall, tlie

LILIES AND THEIR CULTUEE.

{Continued frump. 21 )
rilllK TIGRINTM GROUP.— Lilies of the
-'- tisriniim group suecced under conditions
favourable to L. speciosum and its varieties.
Tiger Lilies are very telling in the mass,
particularly the late - floweruig variety L.
Fortunei, and its form gigantcum ; this
latter, a plant with spikes of from thirty
to fifty flowers, each of a "mixed" ground
colour of yellow, orange, and red, heavily
.spotted with chocolate. It is distinct whilst
in growth in its markedly woolly stems.
This variety likes a strong loam and generous
treatment when growing ; well grown speci-
mens attain a height of C feet. L. tigrinum
si)lendens, the earliest of the Tiger Lilies to
flower, and a splendid forcing variety, has
by far the finest flowers of all ; the colour
is of a brilliant orange tint, spotted on the
inside of the long, elegantly-recurved petals
with purplo-red or black. These and the old
double Tiger Lily, one of the few Lilies that
are really donbh; and handsome withal, com-
prise a group which may be planted in any
w.-ll-tilled soil with a certainty of success.
Once acclimatised and fully established they
will tike care of themselves; and if it is
desii^able to increase them at any lime, scores
of small blackish bulbils will be found in the
axils of the leaves. If these are encouraged

to develop fully by removing the inflorescence,
and are planted when ripe enough in a light,
sandy soil, they will grow awav- freely, and
develop into flowering bulbs in the fourth year,
reaching their maximum size in the sixth and
seventh. The flowers of the old Tiger Lily
have been described as dull and uninteresting ;
such cannot he said of its garden varieties.
For instance, a group of L. tigrinum spleiidens,
seen at their best at the close of a warm day,
produces an effect such as could not bo
obtained from any other Lily outside
the auratum group ; whilst Fortune's giant
Tiger Lily, with its erect spike of forty
or more handsomelj'-spotted flowers, and long,
bright, yellow and red-tinted biuls, and grey
pubescence below, is really a noble Lilj- when
well grown, Lilium Loichtlini, a slender
growing Lily of the tigrinum type, with buff-
yellow flowers, spotted with orange, and 1^.
Maximowiczii, a similar plant, with orange-
coloured flowers, spotted a darker tint, grow
well with the Tiger Lilies. Neither are gene-
rally cultivated, possibly because their flowers
axe less showj' than many others.

MAUT.VGOS and CV.NDIDUM TVPES.

These Lilies are distinct from the preceding
ones in one important fealiiro, which bears on
their cultivation, viz., they have no stem-
roots, or but few, and, as a general rule, they
do not flower well the first year after planting.
Should they tend to produce a big inflorescence,
it is advisable to remove it till root-action is
stronger. They should all be planted as early
iu the autumn as is possible, even before the
loaves die down, for these will help the bulbs
to re-establish themselves before winter sets
iu. In removal, every piece of root should be
preserved intact, and the bulbs planted in
their new quarters forthwith. Orders for new
stock should be placed by September at the
latest, if even a partial success is wanted
the first season. If for various reasons
they are obtained later in the year, it is
advisable to stratify them in damp sand,
and to place them in a teinperatc-housc, in
order that they may make roots an inch or
so long before they are planted out ; a very
light compost .should be i)laced beneath the
bulbs to encourage further root-action, Lilium
candidum, L, excclsiim, and L. Hansoni, do not
rcfiuire to be started before planting out, their
root-action being much quicker than that of
others. This group of Lilies is generally
adapted for planting in the herbaceous border,
for, once established they do not require any
particular treatment ; a well-cultivated soil is
best for them, planting the bulbs fully .5 inches
deep, not forgetting the usual envelope of
sand — an imi)ortant measure in the planting of
all Lily bulbs. It the subsoil is light, poor
and dry, it should be removed, aiul a good
dressing of turfy loam, old cow-mannre, sand,
and vegetable refuse placed 4 or .5 inches
below the bulbs, deep cultivation being as
essential to these Lilies as surface cultivation
is to stem-rooting kinds. A light, porous soil
is best above and around the bulbs, but a
stifler, more or less retentive soil is best below
them, for it is here that the roots will feed,
and at a time when droughts may bo expected.
Surface mulchings, or manure applied in any
form at the surface docs more harm than good.
In watering those Lilies the surface soil should
be loosened with a digging-fork, in order that
moisture may quickly pass to the subsoil —
having regard to the fact that the feeding
extremities of the roots are some 9 inches
below the surface.

Those Lilies which grow well in a sunny
position are the old purplish " Turk's Cap,"
L. Martagou, L. M. dahnalicum, a Iiandsomo
stronger-growing form, with richer purple

flowers on stems 0 feet high, and its black-
purple colom-ed form Cantani, Lilium mona-
delphum, a charming free-flowering Lily, with
twelve to twenty yellow reflesed flowers, the
filaments of which are united in the lower
third ; and its variety Szovitziauum, with larger,
citrou-yellow, less reflexed flowers, which
open a week or ten days later, and have free
filaments and crimson anthers, are two Lilies
which should be represented in every garden.
Their handsome spikes of bell-sliapod flowers,
produced iu early June, are of a pleasing ap-
pearance on the plant ; but their heavy, some-
what sickening odour, detracts from their
value as cut flowers. L. pyreuaicum, a kindred
plant, dwarf and sturdy-growing, with six or
eight greenish-yellow, spotted flowers sur-
mounting a stem densely clothed with a mul-
titude of ample leaves, is another sun-loving
species. Its habit is quite pyramidal and
distinct. L. caruiolicum, L, chalcedouicum,
and L. porapouium, are all sun-loving "Turk's
Cap " Lilies, with graceful, nodding flowers of
some fiery tint of red, scarlet, or crimson.
They are among the most charming and showy
of Lilies, and are worth every effort that can
be made to establish them. Lilium x Dal-
hansoui (JIartagon dalmaticum x Hansoni) is
a hybrid, prodvicing a dozen or more flowers
of the deepest maroon colour imaginable ; the
inside of the flower is slightly marked with
yellow. L. x Marhan (Martagou or Martagou
album X Hansoni) is a similar plant, with
larger flowers, orange-j'ellow and star-like,
densely and minutely spotted with rosy-red on
both surfaces.

Lilium Martagou album requires a shady
place ; not that it minds sunshine, but its
leaves are liable to bo scorched. It also likes
a cooler rooting medium than most Martagons.
It is a difllcult plant to establish outside,
for some inscrutable reason ; on the other
hand, it establishes ilsolf in pots phiiiged in a
cold frame nuu'li quicker than other Marta-
gons, hence I would recommend that this plan
ba adopted, turning the plants out into the
open ground when root - growtli has well
advanced. It is a very pretty Lily, and one
of the most popular of the Martagou group.

li. Hansoni is a particularly good "doer,"
and one I can recommend strongly for general
planting. It grows fully 4 to 5 feet high, and
jiroduces two to four stems from each strong
bulb, and five to ten flowers on each stem. The
flowers are of a rich shade of orange-yellow,
and are spotted chocolate. The petals arc
very stout, being nearly as thick as thoy are
broad, by reason oC the projecting keels on
the backs of the segments. The buds have a
massive chubby appearance, and the spikes
are somewhat crowded with flowers. The plant
lo.ses in this latter respect the grace of the
true Martagons, but tho individual flowoi's of
L. Hansoni last thrco times as long as those of
L. Martagon. When given a good soil, it will
make both kinds of roots, and grow with great
vigour; it requires shade in the middle of the
day, as the flowers are very liable to scorch.

L. candidum (tho Madonna Lily) aiul L. testa-
coum (excclsum), the finest hybrid Lily yet
raised, practically close the list of border
Lilies which have no stem-roots of importance.
L. candidum is difficult to obtain free from
disease, the dilliculty being aggi'avated by
tho wholesale importation of cheap French
bulbs, which, when they do flower, pro-
duce miserable sj)ikes of disease - stricken
flowers — mere ghosts of what L. candi-
dum ought to produce. Moreover, it is
almost impossible to establish these French
bidbs, and their continued importation
merely serves as a source of contagion to
home-grown established plants. Horae-growu
bulbs, when free from disease, are far bettor

42

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JLLY 20, 1901.

material to plant, and they only cost a trifle
more tlian French bulbs. Tliis disease, despite
rigorous measures in weeding out affected
plants, is on the increase; and unless some
concerted measures are adopted, L. candidum
is likely to follow in the steps of L. Harrisii —
a plant that is to all intents and purposes
" dead " to cultivation. The clever Japanese
speedily filled the [place of L. Harrisii with L.
longiflorum giganteum, so that it was not
missed to a great extent. A healthy sub-
stitute for the cottager's glistening white
candidum would be more difBcult to obtain.

Lilium testaceum, an excellent border Lilj',
is somewhat particular as to its situation, for
if planted in a sunny position it loses many of
its lower leaves before the flowers expand,
and the plant is'^thus robbed of much of its
beauty. It likes a cool shrubbery, with a very
light canopy of foliage overhead, best of all.
There its early growth is protected from
severe frosts, and its^'stems are guarded from
injury by violent winds. Planted in the open
it has rather a lanky appearance, and the
flowers pass awaj quickly"; but when grouped
among the ornamental foliage with which so
many old gardens abound, its handsome,
reflexing, apricot-tinted flowers, with their
brick-red anthers, are seen to the best
advantage. Their pleasing odour, most
noticeable at evening, is an additional merit.
The plant forces well and at nearly all seasons,
but it requires careful watering in pots.
Existing colonies of this Lily should be
cherished with great care, as it is becoming
very scarce. Like L. candidum, it much
resents disturbance once established. G. B.
Malleti.

(To be colli iiiiied.)

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

LlLlUM OCCJDENTALE.

We are unable to refer to the published
description of this Lily, but owing to the
kindness of Messrs. R. Wallace & Co. we are
in a position to quote the following particulars
from a letter of Mr. Purdy : —

Eureka Lily (Purdy). — A graceful Lily, in
bulb and foliage much like L. maritimuni ;
bulb rhizomatous, one stalk to a bulb only ;
flowers few to many, iiendulous or horizontal ;
the lower part of the segments conniving into
a constricted tube, from which the upper two-
thirds at first spread broadly, then the outer
three become closely revolute, while the
inner third remain spreading (all of the
flowers reaching me did this, and my infor-
mation is that this is the rule). They are
brown, spotted in the throat ; and the spread-
ing segments are dark crimson, as in L. mari-
timuni. Growing in rich, moist lands and
around peaty bogs. A much larger and
showier Lily than L. maritimum, but with its
peculiar colouring ; the form of flower is
verv distinct.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ORCHIDS PROM LLAXDUDNO.

Prom Josepli Broome, Esq., Sunny Hill,
Llandudno (gr., Mr. Axtell), comes an in-
teresting lot of flowers, as usual bearing
evidence of the pure air of the district in
which they are grown. Specially attractive
are an elegant spi'ay of Oncidium pLilchcllnm
bearing over twenty beautiful Ijlush-white
flowers, and an equally fine example of the
carmine-crimson Broughtonia sanguinea, both
natives of Jamaica, and both needing very

careful culture. Lycaste Deppei is'represeuted
by two distinct forms, the one having white
petals, and the other having them densely
spotted with crimson. Odontoglossums are
represented by a fine O. crispum, with heavily
spotted sepals and lip ; O. triijudians, O. x
Andersonianum, and the form of O. gloriosum
known as albidum, but which is often pur-
chased (as it was in this case) as O. uieviura
majus. The Cattleyas are a very large and
richly coloured C. Warncri, a summer-flower-
ing C. labiata ; a very distinct C. Mendeli,
with white sepals and petals and yellow disc,
and purple front lobe to the lip; and a very
handsome C. Warscewiczii, in which the purjile

grown as any hardy border flower about which
no doubt exists in people's minds.

It is, however, sometimes true that what
gives no trouble in one garden will fail in
another, and some references in the charming-
articles of Rev. D. R. Williamson may carry
the impression that the Martagon Lily is
troublesome to cultivate in the south-west of
Scotland, although I feel certain that your
contributor does not intend his remarks to.
bear such a broad interpretation. I have a
good many opportunities of seeing the various
forms of Lilium Martagon throughout a great
portion of the south-west, particularly within
a radius of about 30 miles round Dumfries, and

Pig. lo.— j.ii.il.m lauKLUM as ckown t\ japan, (skis r. 45.)

front lobe of tlie lip is much enlarged, and the
yellow blotches usually seen on each side of
the tube much reduced. The flower measures
9 inches across the petals. Also included are
good Cypripoiliiuu bellatulum, C. Mastersi-
anum, C. ■: JIadame Barbey (tonsuui x Law-
renceanum), and a curious pale yellow Anguloa.

MARTAGON LILIES IN SOUTH-
WEST SCOTLAND.
The Lily Conference will serve a good
purpose even it' it only i;ivc an impetus to the
cultivation of this exi|"i^il'' :iiid noble flower.
There seems an im]ii<'ssioii abroad that it is
difficult to cultivate, and that all the species
require careful treatment, while the fact
remains that uuny of the Lilies arc as easily

niy observation convinces mo that it is a dis-
trict in which all the forms almost invariably-
do well with a minimum of care. [We have
known it and its white variety do well in
a smoke - begrimed garden in eastern-most
London. Ed.]

All the recognised garden and other forms
of L. Martagon recorded in Dr. Wallace's
Notes on Lilies, with the exception of L. M.
cattanise, which I have not met with imder
that name, if distinct from L. M. dalmatieum,
are to be found in one or more gardens, and all
are doing well. It is almost impossible to
come across anyone who has experienced con-
stant failure with any of them. Instances of
bulbs being lost the first year are not un-
common, but that is a frequent experience
with all Lilies almost everywhere.

July 20, 1901.]

THE GAED EXEE S ' CUB 0 XI CL E.

43

The ordinary coloured forms of L. Martagon
■are very vigorous in some gardens, and in
■several, notably in that of Mrs. Max-well-
"Witham.of Kirkeonnell, the old double variety
IS very7plentifiil. In tliis garden it has g^o^^^l
from' a time beyond the recollection of the
present o«-ner. Tiie white Jlartagon is also
fairly plentiful in the district ; but one meets

graceful in its foi-m of spike, while the other
keeps dwarfer, and gives a large proportion of
fasciated stems, some of ^vhioh are positively
ugly, SO great is the -niilth of the flattened
stem, and so unattractive ^the ■waj' in ■which
the flowers are produced.

I should be glad to hoar what other Lily
admirers have to say upon the question of two

FlO. IC. — LILIUM P.\RDALlNi:.M VAR. CAMFOnNICA, SO.MI'M'I.MKS CALLKI) VAIt. OCCIDKNTALIH,

■with far more plants of the foriu whicli so
frequently ])rodiices fasciated Adwi^fs than of
the more graceful variety wliicli retains the
•elegant liabit of the great<^'r minibcr of the
Martagon Lilies. Some may question one's
distinction between these white plants, but
from a good deal of careful ol)servation, and
from enquiry from otlu^rs who have grown the
white Martagon, one linds that these two
j-emain distinct in several gardens, the one
never giving fasciated stems, and being more

forms of the white Martagon. I recently saw
a row consisting of about one hundred plants,
all of the fasciated type, and giving some ex-
tremely pronounced examples. In the same
garden there were clumps of the other form,
which had never shown this feature. L. Mar-
tagon dalmaticum also does well in the few
gardens into which it h.as found its way, but it
increases but slowly ; it is a handsome variety,
with its tall, strong stem and dark-coloured
flowers, .v. Arnott, Cur^ethorn, liij Dumfries,
N.Ii.

THE QUINCES AS ORNA.MENTAL
PLANTS.

An interesting memoir of the Quinces,
by Dr. Alfred Burgerstein, appears in the
June number of the Illiistrirte Garten Zeituncj.
The list of species and varieties given includes
the cjmmou Quince, Cydonia vulgaris and its
varieties, the Portuguese C. lusitanica, the
Pear-Quince, C. oblonga ; the Apple form, C.
maliformis ; the pyramidal Quince, the viirie-
gated variety, C. marmorata, with white and
yellow leaves ; the Japan Quince, C. japoniea,
introduced as a decorative plant from Japan
by Sir J. Bulks in 179C, and now found to the
number of twenty-flve to thirty varieties in
gardens ; the alpine Quince, C. Maulei, intro-
duced in 1874, and origiiuiUy described and
figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Dec. 12,
1.S71, i., p. 740; C. Sargenti, also Japanese,
and named by Lemoine in honour of the
celebrated American Dendrologue, Prof.
.Sargent ; and lastly, the Chinese Quince,
C. sinensis. C. sinensis indicates close relation-
ship with other species of the genus, as,
for example, in the form and outline of the
leaves, and the anatomical formation of the
wood; it is near to C. japoniea, and in the
backward-inclined, woolly-felted tips of the
calyx, the number of the stamens, and in the
free base of the style, it is related to C. vul-
garis, and in heterodynamy, it recalls C.
Maulei.

Dr. Burgerstein believes that by careful cul-
ture, judicious select ion, and artilicial crossing,
it is certain that new and l)cautiful decorative
forms could bo oljtained ; and it was with this
intention that he penned the little article
from which the above extracts were taken.

THE ROSARY.

SOME GOOD ROSES.

Vaiuktiks of Roses have .so much increased
during the last few years, that the nur-
.seryman's list is apt to perplex the or-
dinary cultivator, and I make it difllcult for
him to find a suitable selection. Several
aibnirablo new varieties, as well as others of
less merit, have been added to our list of
Roses. The tendency in the novelties is
towards light colours. I believe that if the
.same amount of interest were bestowed on old
as on new varieties, and they were tended to
with an equal amount of care, gardeners would
discover they were much finer than many of
the newer varieties. Some of the most beau-
tiful among now Roses are Bessie Brown, a
very large creamy-wliite flower, of good sul-
stance, and strongly fragrant; Mildred (Jrant,
a blush tinted flower; Mrs. Edward Mawley,
carmine shaded with salmon, a perfect flower ;
n. n. Cater, bright magenta, a very ftuo
flower, of good shape and largo size ; Shandon,
a flower of deep carmine, with a flno form, and
bush of a good habit of growth ; Killarney,
which changes from flesh colour to white, haw
exquisite buds, and the bush is a continuous
bloomer and robust ; White Maman Cochet, a
beautiful flower, a white sport from Maman
Cochet; Tom Wood, is another very fine Rose
of ceriso tint, a .solidly built flower; Clio, of
flesh colour, is very large and well formed ;
Cleopatra, is a flno Rose, of a pale pink hue ;
Souvenir do S. A. Prince, is one of the finest
of Roses, pure white ; Souvenir d'un Ami, is a
salmon-pink Rose, of good form ; Sunset resem-
bles Madame Falcot, and is a lovely flower in
the bud.

Mrs. John Laing, of a light pink hue, is a
very largo flower, and the plant an abundant
bloomer; Mrs. W. J. Grant is a flower of a
rich pink tint, a lovely very largo Rose;

44

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1901.

Marjorie, of salmon-pink, is a fine free bloomer.
Marie Van Houtte, Jyellow, changing to white,
is a charming variety ; Margaret Dickson is a
white flower, having a pale flesh-colonred
centre, is of a very largo size ; Bridesmaid is
said to be an improvement on Catherine
Mermet, but it retains colour longer than that
variety.

Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, cream, is a dis-
tinct Rose, with the perfection of shape ;
Francisca Kruger has flowers of a coppery
tint, shaded with yellow, a fine Rose ; Grand
Duchess Victoria Melita, is creamy white,
with light gold centre, a free bloomer in the
summer, and again in the autumn. His Majesty
has flowers of flattish form.

The above-named Roses were seen last year in
great perfection, and there are several liesides
which I may mention that will remain unbeaten
for a long time, viz., Alfred Colomb, A. K.
Williams, Anna Ollivicr, Boule de Neige, Ches-
hunt Hybrid, Captain Christy, Comtesse de
Nadaillac, General Jacqueminot, La Prance,
Ulrich Brunner, Baroness Rothschild, Duke of
Edinburgh, Viscountess Folkestone, Marquis
Litta, Caroline Testout, to say nothing of ]Mare-
chal Niel and Niphetos, which are two unique
varieties for in or outdoor culture. Here we
are seldom without flowers of Niphetos.

I favour the planting of Roses in the early
autumn or in March, early or late, accordingly
as the weather is favourable or otherwise.
There is much advantage derived by planting
Roses whilst the ground retains some amount
of warmth, as is the case in the autunni. Land
for Roses should be deeply dug or trenched,
some good manure being incorporated during
the digging. Shallow planting is to be pre-
ferred, taking care to make the plants secure
against wind-rocking by staking them.
_ Tea Roses should be afforded a warm posi-
tion, especially the more delicate varieties,
and if they can be artificially shaded from hot
.sunshine when in flower, so much the better,
as this very much prolongs the season, and
also the delicate colours.

All persons interested in and intending to
■buy Roses should visit some Rose shows
or nurseries where Roses are a specialty. My
advice to those who do not know much about
Roses is to go to a trustworthy nursery-
man, explain their requirements, and allow
him to make a selection. It may cost a few
shillings more money, but it is better than
attending sales and buying promiscuous lots,
which may include what they have already
got. W. A. Cook.

SojiE Wall Roses, and Others.

At the meeting at the Drill Hall on June 18,
1 showed two Roses, with the object of ascer-
taining their names, as I had not got them.
Mr. Paul, of Messrs. Paul & Son, kindly gave
me the name of one of them, viz., ReincJIario
Henriette. This is an admirable wall Rose. I
have never seen it at any of the Rose shows.
^Mr. Paul, in his catalogue calls its colour
' deep carmine ; " while Mr. George Prince
calls it "cherry-carmine," and very "sweet
scented."

The colour of the one I possess, when the
buds are opening, is of a beautiful and pure
carmine, which 1 do not think any cherry ever
possessed. As to scent, I have not discovered
any in its flowers, and Mr. Paul does not men-
tion any seent. Pi-obably no two persons smell
identically, or give the same name to the
different colours they see. This Rose pro-
duces long shoots, fitting it for training on a
wall, with long flower-stems, with never more
than two buds, and generally only one. On
the whole, it is a very .satisfactoryRose, both
for wall and cutting.

The other Rose I showed, Mr. Paul appeared
to have some hesitation in naming. He thought
it might be "Paul Perras," which I could not
find in any catalogue ; but in posting him two
other Roses, tlie names of which I had notgot,
I included a third, to which ho had previously
given the name of "Paul Perras," for further
consideration. He very kindly replied, "We
take it (Paul Perras) to l)e H. E. Charles
Lawson.

Whatever its name may be, it is a very fine
wall Rose, with plentiful and beautiful foliage
aiul abundant inflorescence. I first saw it in
Scone, near Perth ; and there it was called the
"Old Cabbage Rose." It covered the whole
face of a cottage, and was most effective with
its hundreds of flowers. I never saw it any-
where else, and never met with it in any
exhibition. I obtained some pieces of it, and
am now the possessor of several specimens of
it. It thrives as well here as in Scotland, and
presumably it would flourish at all inter-
mediate .places. Its flowers are 3 inches
across, of a deep rose colour, and very full,
and scented. The first buds (owing, I sup-
pose, to vigour) have a blemish in a green
heart, which later on disappears. One of its
main features is, that it is covered witli foliage
and flowers from top to bottom, while others
become leggy and bare below, and furnished
only at the top.

A good trellis Rose now in flower is Bouquet
d'Or ; it is like a second edition of Gloire de
Dijon, but its whole colour is more of a buft'-
yellow, and witliout that charming mixture of
pale pink and apricot of the Gloire. This
Gloire de Dijon is said to be one of our finest
and best varieties ; but,' curiously enough,
mine do not answer to this description. I
have five — one ou south, two on west, and
two on east walls; and in June, the "Rose
month," I rarely ever get a decent bloom out
of any of them. Four flower profusely in June,
but the largo majority of blossoms before they
open turn brown and fall off. Mr. George
Prince calls it " the hardiest of all the Teas,
will grow in any position— a grand old Rose ! "
One of the two on an east wall is a curious
anomaly. I had it muUv glass, and it got
covered with mildew, and it never flowered.
I took it out and planted it on an east wall.
This spring it made a show of vigour, and
gave a number of young shoots, but soon the
whole plant became again covered with
mildew, and no blossom appeared. I have a
suspicion that the Gloire de Dijon does not
nu\eh like the sun of the south of England. Off
two which are in partial sliade, I got some
fine blooms last autumn. I shall give it a
trial on a north wall.

Then at the meeting of June 2 I took up
three other good Roses, with the oljject of
getting someone to tell me their names. One
is of a shell-pink when it first opens, and turns
paler the next day. It is of the flat-surfaced
variety, and has the scent of the Otto Rose.
At the meeting one gentleman said he was sure
it was a form of the "York and Lancaster
Rose." Another shook his head when I told
him' so. A third said it was related to the
" Centifolia;" and four different persons asked
me for cuttings of this Rose-tree. Evidently
the scent and its colour took their fancy, as it
originally did mine when I first saw it as a
bush with hundreds of flowers on a lady friend's
lawn at Scone.

The Encijclopirdia Britannica says that the
Otto Rose is Rosa Damascena, and my Rose is
much like the Otto Rose I had seen in Luck-
now, only the latter was more strongly
scented. Messrs. Paul & Son give the Otto
Rose in their catalogue under the name of
"Kakanlik." This is no doulit a misprint for

Kazanlik of Bulgaria. They call it " Pi'ovense
Rose," but not improbably it got the latter
name from being largely grown in Provence for
perfumery.

Anyhow, the Rose of the meeting is a very
decorative one. Its effect is very beautiful,
especially after sundown. As I have twenty-
five pillars of it, the place looks like numerous
constellations. The effect is enhanced by the
colour turning paler the day after the flowers
open. Moreover, it is never touched by frost,
not bothered by fly, and thrives under the
rudest cultivation both in the north and south
of Britain.

The second Rose of the last meeting is a good
climber, probably of the Polyantha section, for
I counted as many as eight buds on one stalk.
It has fine foliage; its flowers are 2! inches
across, of a deep rose colour, turning purplish
as its prime passes. Some one wrote on the
card I put to it, " De la Grifferaie," but this
name is not in any catalogue I have. [It is
used as a stock for other Roses. Ed.]

The third is a very interesting and ex-
quisitely tinted Rose. It is flat, and about
•! inches across when fully developed. It has
a pure white border, and a beaiitiful shell-
pink centre, Avhich colour does not fade even
when the Rose is cut and placed in water. It
somewhat resembles the colour of Psyche, but
the pink centre of the latter fades. This is, I
think, a great merit. The plant is almost
thornless, only a thorn here and there. It is
not a climber, but makes a good pillar 3 feet
high.

These beautiful ancient and hardy Roses
are being swept out of existence by modern
rivals, which are often tender, and often
difficulty to grow in perfection. Would it not
be a good thing if some wealthy person were
to devote a couple of acres to a sort of
archfeological museum of Roses which are
now rarely seen, and found only here and
there in cottages and old gardens? Many of
them are very beautiful, and worth preserving
from extinction. E. Bonavia, M.D., Worthing,
JkIij i, 1901.

THE GROVE, STANMOEE.

Sheltered by the noble trees and shady
dells which summer and winter give such
beauty and variety of scene in Mrs. Bright-
wen's garden, the many tender plants which
it is her delight to acclimatise, or to use to
beautify the garden, are favourably situated,
and few of them turn out entire failures. The
chief floral display lately was furnished by
Rhododendrons and other shrubs, by Pjeonies,
Iris, Roses, and others ; but it is not to such
plants that the visitor to The Grove has his
attention called by Mr. J. W. Odcll, the
gardener there, who is most interested in
uncommon species, on which he can exercise
his knowledge of botany and of vegetable
physiology, which has been a .special study
with him for many years.

One interesting bed has Iris Isevigata,' and
a collection of hardy terrestrial Orchids,
among which Cypriiiedium spectabile and
Orchis foliosa have each had many spikes. At
l>resent in bloom are several forms of Orchis
latifolia, Listera ovata, Gymnadenia conopsea,
Habenaria bifolia, and some other species. On
the rockery near by, among fine patches of
many alpiues, are two of Linntea borealis, the
Norwegian and the Canadian forms, the latter
having tlie larger and rose-tinted flowers.
Among all the showy PiBonics, P. albiflora, a
large single white with bright yellow centre,
is a prominent object ; Orolianche speeiosa is
starting well as a parasite on a Broad Bean
l)lant jjlaced for it to grow upon, and other

Jdiy -20, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

45

species of Orobanche are thriving ; the Aqui-
legias are verj- beautiful and in great variety ;
the Tangier Pea, and Lord Anson's Blue Pea
as it is called, are in great beauty ; the sweet-
smelling Martynia fragrans, with its Gesneria-
like flowers, are now not common in gardens,
but are here very effective ; Nemesia struniosa
of various tints make beautiful undergrowth to
a, bed of China Roses ; varieties of Schizan-
thus are going to be very showy, and Heuchera
sanguiuea, Primula japonica, Galas aphylla,
the Rock Roses, especially the double red ;
the varieties of Gum Cistus, Campanuhi,

house, and partly in a cold frame. Disa gran-
diflora and D. racemosa have bloomed well ;
the pretty little white and lilac Disa sagittalis
has bloomed annually for many years. Several
of the Satyriums are about to flower : S. car-
ueum, S. coriifolium, and others, and the
white and fragrant S. acuminatum has been
in bloom for several weeks, and is still good,
a 2-feet spike rising above its singular fleshy,
prostrate leaves. Utricularia moutana is about
to flower, and patches of the blue Pinguicula
grandiflora in flower, and of Drosera rotundi-
folia represent interesting British plants.

JAPAN LILIES.

I BEO to enclose a i)hotograph showing five
spikes of Liliiun rubellum (fig. 15, p. 42),
which were cut on May 15 from plants growing
liere in my Lily farm. The bidlis of these
Lilies were only the remainderor refuse of oiu'
last year's exports, and I was surprised to
get lovelj- flowers from such shrivelled, un-
saleable bulbs. Lilium rubellum grows in the
northern part of the Island of Nippon, from
W'here come all the rubellum bulbs which are
exported. Needless to say, the climate there

^il^*'*

FlU. 17.— LILU M BAKKKIANUM = LOWH.
(See Royal Horticultural Society's "Lily Confcreiicc Report," p. 61.)

Saxifraga, &c., all give fine displaj-s of
flowers. Among the hardy Primulas, I', fari-
nosa is well in bloom.

In one of the plant-houses is a batch of
Disa tripctaloides, a charming sjwcios, each
plant having five or six elegant sprays of
blusli-white flowers, one form being unspotted,
and the other densely spotted with rose
oolour. This species, licre so beautiful, is
often considered a small -flowered kind not
worth growing, but evidently the quality of
its flowers depends on tlie grower. As seen
here they make a cliarming display. Mr.
Odell Is v(!ry successful with Cape terrestrial
Orchids, growing them partly in a light cool-

Overhead iti one house, Aristolochia orni-
thocephala and A. trilobata have many of
their singular flowers ; and among other
l)lants remarked were the singular-looking
Ccropegia dcbilis, recently illustrated in the
i'.nrdc.Mcrs' Chronicle; C. Woodii, the purple
typical form of Swainsoiiia cOronilliicfolia,
and its commoner white variety ; Lotus
.lacoba-us with l)lackish flowers, and a number
of interesting things not usually seen in
gardens, together with some of the showy
species of Orchids, among which some very
large specimens of Dendrobium Dalhousieanum
have each had a profusion of their large,
showy flowers.

is nuieh cooler than here in Yokohama, and
therefore these Lilies are particularly well
ada|)tcd for our home climate.

Mr. Peter liarr, (ho famous Narcissus culti-
vator of London, who, during his stay in Japan
made a special study of Lilies, in a letter to
mo .says:— "When in New York, 1898, I saw
The Gcirilri, plat.- of this Lily. I thought it
a form of Liliinn Kranierl, Init since seeing
Lilium i-ubcllum flowcii-ing in Japan, 1 consider
it a good S|)ocies, and am sure it will be exten-
sively cultivated when better known and its
culture understood. I cannot conceive of
anything more beautiful than a 5-inch pot with
three plants of this lovely Lily in flower in the

46

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1901.

month of April, or early in May. It is one of
the carlicMt Lilies, flowering a month earlier
than Lilinni Kranicri. It grows about 1 foot
high, eoiniiact and elegant, the eolour of the
flower is more or less that of Lilinni Kr;inieri,
but the height is aluiut oiu-tliird, and (he

leaves are shorler and paler green 1 feel

therefore no hesitation in recommending that
Lilium rnbelluni in pots should he grown in
poor, stony, sainly hiain, with at least 2 inches
of drainage, and very judiciously watered from
the time of potting. The soil must he kept
moist, but never wet, and success will lie sure
to follow. Out of doors I would i-ecmuMiciid a
northern or eastern aspect, and failing this,
plant under deciduous bushes where the roots
in winter will Keep the buUi.s comparatively
dry, and shade the plants from the hot sun-
shine in April and May.

"I think yon should "caution your readers
against exi)Osing the bulb to a dry atmosphere,
the scales are thin ami soon shrivel, therefore
if they cannot b<> pot ted-up or iilanted out at
once, they should lie buried in dry soil or
placed out of doors in a northern asjiect , where
they will take no injury from the weatlu'r, and
thebullik.'pl |ilum|i." Mji-edVniji'r {!.. lUn-hmcr
tfc Co.), Yukotianm, Jufmn. [Lilium nihclliim
■was originally figured incur columns in 1808.
Eo.]

ME. PETER BARE, \M.YL.

(Victorian Gold Medallist in Horti-

cuLTiiRE, London).

Thkhk iue tnivclIoiB anil tiavelleis, tlicrearc visitors
niul visitors. Of one cliiss it may be said tlicy conic
and go, and are rciiicnibercd no more, nor do tliey
remember mueli licsidcs the names of tlic liotels at
wliich they liiid j;c)ocl dinners. Tlieie :ui-, liowiver.
travellers who liincl iind visilois who Visil niid'
wlicrcver they jro ll„.v s,-,. s,„„i.| liiiif;, llirv l,-.in, some-
tiling, and ll.cy tciicli ..llieis to see. They take away
treasures of knowledge, and they leave behind pleasant
"memories of their sojourn, however short it may he.
To tlic latter class Mr. Peter Barr most undoubtedly
belongs; but, "who is I'etcr Ban-, anyway?" some
readers will ask with or without the inelegant Ameri-
canism, and they shall be answered.

Mr. Peter Barr is agcnial, sprifrhtlv .Seotehnian who
wears a Tam O'Shanter cap and h.oks like a man of
fifty, but tells you lie is sevcni.v-live ve:irs old. He is as
active and alert as a youngster, and as full of iuforma-
tion as a sage. He is as ready with anecdotes as an
American, and as fond of a joke as one could well lie
who owns to having been born near (rhisgow. By the
way, he explains that the common idea that a Scotch-
man cannot sec a joke is quite wrong, and merely
applies to the joke of an Knglishmau. In writing an
account of an interview with him, an American florists'
paper quoted from the " Sticket Minister " to the effect
that "it is to be hoped he h.as been given the fear of
God, for of a truth the fear of man has been withheld
from liiiu." If one may judge the honesty of his
opinions by the candour of his criticisms, the .\merican
interviewer was aliout right.

Mr. Barr was brought up as a frnitcrcr and seedsman
in Glasgow, and eventually became the head of a seed
and bulb business in London in ISiil, About two years
later he connnenced to work on bulbs, and became an
enthusiastic gardener, devoting his .attention cspeci-
.ally to haidy garden plants. Lilies, Scillas, Hellebores,
Funkias. and I'aciues. Ho did much to make Lilies
popular, liul his name has lieeii more prominent in
connection with lialTodils tliaii in connection wiili
anything else, and he is known tlmninliout the Inilli
world as the "DatTodil King." He cxi>laiiis the origin
of that designation, of which he is as proud as a modest
Scotchman can be of a. deserved honour, in this way
When he was in the full Hood of his work with tlic
DatTodils, Dr. Masters, the editor of the dtirdeners'
Chroiiick, visited his nursery to obtain twelve of the
very best Daffodils for description. Mr. Barr took his
knife and said: "Well, you must select them, for I
really do not know which arc the very licst. I have
over 800 species and varieties, and several millions of
bulbs." They started round, and the Doctor selected
this one and thatuntil the IuImK Hrr,c'\lKin-.tod Then
the assistant had t.. i.-,t a l.,i\ ,,m,I ;, ,„■« sni.i.ly of
labels, and when l)i-, M.isi.r-. li.i.l i.i I. n ,■ !,■ cateli his

train lie had a liox full ol tlic " very I., i. 1 IkhI been

about half way round. In next issn.-. ni^lc;i.l of a,
description of a few of the best DatTodils, ili. lo .ii.iM:ircd
an account of Mr. Peter Barr and his work luutcv the
heading of " The DalTodil King."

Tlirce years since Mr, Barr liandcd over his London
seed, bulb, and plant business to his sous, and has

spent the time in travel in Japan, America, tlic South
Seas, New Zealand, and the Eastern Stnfos of Australia,
I'rcvions to tliat he had travcllcil :ill over Kurope col-
lecting wild Narcissus and Picoinc,. .uhI had devoted
special attention to Spain and I'oilu^'al, wlici-c lie was
icwiiidcd by discovering some beautiful species of
N.ncissus.

Mr Harris a traveller with many interests and un-
llagging energy. He has been in ,\delaidc nearly a
month, and every day has been occupied giving and
receiving information. The Garden and Field, Adelaide.

OSMASTON MANOR, ASHBOURNE.

Thk .seat of Sir Peter W.ilker, Bart., is a
place which may well claim the attention of
all lovers of natiiial and artistic beauty, as
both nature and art here combine to
make the place what it is. The massivo
grandeur of the Iniilding, picturesque situa-
tion, and tine surroundings, cannot fail to
impress all visittirs. In the writer's opinion
there is no other gentleman's residence in the
fine county of Derby, taking into consideration
all its features of interest, which can claim an
enuality, of course leaving out t'hatsworth,
The Palace of the I'cak.

At the recent reopening of the gardens, all
who entered were at once impressed with the
beauty of the scene which opened out before
their vision. On gaining the front of the man-
sion, a magnificent stretch of scenery opens
out before the eye. In the distance are two
fine stretches of water, abounding in fish and
aquatic birds of various kinds. On the other
side of these lakes are woods, covering
from laO to 140 acres, the trees of which
approach close to the verge of the water,
lieneath these trees and forming an extensive
undergrowth, arc thousands of magnificent
duiniis <if l{li(i<lo<leudrons and Azaleas, which
in early summer furnish a gorgeous mass of
colour.

At the Osmaston entrance to the paik is a
tine avenue of Lime-trees ; and dotted about
the park are clumps of ornamental trees,
among which the dotible pink and new sciirlet
and whitc-llowercd Thorns figure proniiiicntly.
The scarlet Chestnut, Aria Thcophrasti,
several pretty varieties of Ilex, some splendid
groups of Copper Hocch, Castanea vesca,
Turkey Oaks, and many others ; tlie.se all add
features of interest to the landscape. There
are also some line specimen Conifers which
claim notice. Amongst them I noticed .some
fine trees of Abies noliilis. Sequoia gigantea,
Abies Nordmanniana, and some grand specimen
Deodars. On entering the ornamental grounds,
we llnd thiit great alterations and improve-
ments have been effected. As yon pa.ss in
there isa border of scarlet-flowered Hliododen-
drons which has a pleasing effect. Then the
judicious planting of ornamental foliage and
other plants, such as the Laburnum, Cornus
variegata. Thuya aurca, some flne varieties of
Japanese Maples, the white Persian Lilacs,
Deutzia, &c., are prominent and striking
fetitures. The new Rose-garden, planted with
new and approved varieties of Ko.ses,
exhibits the plants in the best of health.
From the front of the mansion the scene
presents many line features. On the terraces
are planted choice Hhododendrons, Azaleas,
&c., in fine variety. In the park, below the
terraces, is to be found the noted herd of
wapiti, elk, and red deer, and on one of the
opposite hills Japanese deer may be seen,
these animals really appearing to be accli-
matised in their new home.

The rock garden is a jiretty and very natu-
rally constructed feature of the place, as is
also the greenhouse fernery, built of tufa. A
border was remarked which is also dotted with
Japanese Maples and early-flowering Rhodo-
dendrons, having Lilacs in the background,
anl Myosotis forming the elging.

The large conservatory contains flne plants
of Palms, Orange-trees, Yuccas, Tree Perns,
and others ; and climbing plants are profusely
made use of. At a little distance from the
conservatory, on the front wall of the mansion,
is found one of the largest Rosa Banksite in
the county.

The ))ljicc is well found in vineries and other
forcing-houses, pits for Melons, Cucumbers,
for (ilants, «&c., and all the usual appurte-
nances of a country g<'ntleman's well-ordered
establishment. Mr. liardney is the gardener.

A. w. a.

CALIFORNIAN LILIES AND
THEIR HABITATS.

Thk native haunts of the wild Lilies of Cali-
fornia are, with one exception, conflned to
the mountain regions of the State, that excep-
tion being the .seaside-dwelling L. maritimum,
which occurs in swampy soils only along the
coast-bluffs. Unlike some other of our Cali-
fornian Liliaceous genera, these plants are
never met with in the rich alluvial bottom-
lands of large and fertile valleys.

To|>ographically, the State of California may
be described as consisting of a great central
v.alley, about 400 miles long, and from 40 to
CO miles wide, surrounded by high mountain
chains; that on the east, the Sierra Nevada,
being the highest ; those on the west, the
Coast Ranges, being lower, and often cut up
into subsidiary ranges, separated by com-
paratively small longitudinal valleys. The
region south of the southern end of the Great
Central A'alley, and separated from it by a
western coiitiniiat ion of the Sierra Nevada,
known as the Tehachapai Mountains, is cli-
matically and pliytologically distinct from
the rest of California, and is generally dis-
tinguished under the name of Southern
California. The flora of this region has pro-
nouncedly distinctive features, xorophytic
plants occupying a iirominent place in the
vegetation, which evidently forms a part of
the same flora which covers a large part of
adjacent Mexico and Arizona, and extends
eastward through New Mexico to Western
Texas.

On account of the largo area of the State of
California (about 750 miles long, and 200 miles
wide, covering in all some 158,000 square
miles), and its peculiarly varied topography,
the writer has not yet enjoyed the privilege
of visiting all of the Lilies in their native
haunts ; he has therefore been obliged to draw
freely from the observations and records of
others.

Only one species of Lilium is found to occur
over the whole of the State from north to
south, and east to west, and that one does not
occur in the great v.alley regions. The re-
maining eight or nine epecies are peculiarly
restricted in their distribution; two are
strictly confined to the coast range region of
middle and northern California, and may bo
called maritime species ; three are confined to
the Sierra Nevada of middle and northern
California ; two are strictly southern, belong-
ing to the flora of .southern California, Arizona,
and Mexico ; and one, though apparently most
abundant in southern California, is also found
in the foot-hill region of the northern Sierra
Nevada.

Maritime Species.

1. L. maritimum, Kellogg (" Coast Lily"). —
Apparently restricted to the immediate vicinity
of the ocean, on the coast bluffs from San
Mateo CO., near San Francisco, to Humboldt
CO., and said to be seldom found further than
2 miles from the ocean. Its habitat is peat
bogs or moist sandy soils, often in company
with Iximaria spicant. It flowers from May

July 20, 1901. J

THE GARD EXER S ' CHRO XI CL E.

47

to August. The height varies usually from
1 to 3 feet, but it is occasionally only 3 to
4 inches, and .sometimes as much as 5 feet ;
the flowers are usually one to Ave, occasionally
ten to fifteen, of a deep hlood-red spotted
with purple, yellow, and more decidedly
spotted below the anthers with cinnamon-
coloured pollen.

2. L. yubescemt, S. Watson (" Redwood Lily ").
— Restricted to the narrow strip of const-
range mountains for about 200 miles north of
San Francisco, where it is found on wooded
BJopes or high, dry, and scarcely accessible

the summit as many as twenty-five flowers ;
these arc at first pure white, dotted with
purple, but soon take on a metallic lustre, and
begin to turn to a delicate pink, which gradu-
ally deepens into a ruby-purple. Carl Purdy
mentions having seen a specimen 9 feet high,
bearing thirty-six Dowers.

Sierras Species.

3. L. H'dsdiiigtoiiiniiKni, Kcll. (" 'Washington
Lily," "Shasta Lily ").— Restricted to the
Sierra Nevada Mountains and Mount Shasta,
from about 3,000 to 0,000 ft. altitiule, in loose

time, where the streams, fed by the snow
lying in shadowy mountain fastnesses, guslh
through emerald meadows, starred with mil-
lions of Daisies, and bordered by luxuriant
t,inglcs of Larkspurs, Columbines, Monks-
hoods, Lupines, and a thousand other charming
plants — a veritable flower-lover's paradise.
Here, from the thickets, standing with their
roots in the rich, loamy soil of the brook-
side, gleam the small orange-blossoms of the
little Alpine Lily — little only in flower, for the-
slender stems often rise to a height of 0 feet»
producing several whorls of rich green leaves.

Fic. 18.— Lii.n .M I'liii.iiriMiNsi:: ii.owi.iis wiini',

mountain ridges, among brush, or beneath the
Live-Oak (Quercus agrifolia) or Redwood
(Se<iuoia sempervirens). Of this species Miss
Parsons writes in Wild Flmverx of Ciilifoynitt :
— " This is the most charming of all our Cali-
fornian Lilies, even surpassing in lov<'linesK
the beautiful Washington Lily; and it is said
to l)e the most fragrant of any in the world.
It resembb-s the more familiar l>. Wasliing-
tonianum, but its flowers arc fuller in form,
■with wider i)etals and shorter tube, and it has
a smaller bulb. It sends up a noble shaft,
sometimes 7 feet high, with many scattered
■whorls of undulate leaves, and often bears at

soil im rather dry ridges, or lightly shaded
hills in open coniferous woods. The steins arc
about 4 fc(!t high ; the flowers swoet-sceuted,
at first pure white or s|iaringly and finely
dotted, becoming purplish in jigi' ; flowering,
July.

4. L. lutrriim, Kcll. (" Little Alpine Lily ").
This has ;ilrnost the same range as L. Wasliing-
tonianuni, but at higher altitudes in the moun-
tains (1,000 to «,000 ft.), and in moister situa-
tions. " I'assing from the parched and dusty
plains of our central valleys in .luly and
August," writes Miss Parsons, "we are trans-
ported . . . into a heavenly region of spring-

Tliese Lilies are but an inili or an inch and 11
half long, with their periandi-scgnuMils yellow
or orange below and <lee|ier orange-vermilion
above, their tips only being rolled liackwar-d."
In his charming hook, Tlic Mountains o/
California, John Mnir describes the habitat of
the alpine Lily as follows :— Speaking of the
great coniferous forests of the Sierra Nevada
he says, " It is in these woods the great
granite domes rise that are so striking and
characteristic a feature of the Sierra; and
here too we find the best of the garden
meadows. They lie level on the tops <)f the
dividing ridges, or sloping on the sides of

48

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1901.

them, embedded in the magniflecnt forest.
Some of these meadows are iu great part
occupied by Veratrium album, -which here
grows rank and tall, witli boat-shaped leaves
13 inches long and 12 inches wide, ribbed like
those of a Cypripedium. Columbine grows on
rthe drier margins, with tall Larkspurs and
Lupines waist-deep in grasses and sedges ;
several species of Castilleia also make a bright
.■show in beds of blue and white Violets and
Daisies. But the glory of these forest-
oneadows is a Lily — L. parvnm. The flowers
are orange coloured and quite small, the
smallest I ever saw of the true Lilies ; but it
is showy nevertheless, for it is 7 to 8 feet high,
and waves magnificent racemes of ten to
twenty flowers or more over one's head, while
it stands out in the open ground with just
enough of grass and other plants about it to
make a fringe for its feet, and show it off to
best advantage.

"A dry spot a little way back from the
margin of a Silver Fir Lily garden makes a
glorious camp-ground, especially where the
slope is toward the east, and opens a view of
the distant peaks along the summit of the
range. The tall Lilies are brought forward in
all their glory by the light of your blazing
camp-fire, relieved against the outer darkness,
and the nearest of the trees with their whorled
branches tower above you like larger Lilies,
and the sky seen through the garden opening
seems one vast meadow of white Lily stars."

Lilium parvum appears to be the Sieri-an
counterpart of L. maritimum of the coast ; it
flowers in June and July. A variety luteimi
was described by Carl Purdy in Erythea,
v., 105 (1897).

5. L. columbiamim, Hansen, has a more
northerly range than either of the two last
named, being of frecxuent occurrence in the
•States of Washington and Oregon, and extend-
ing southward into the middle Sierra Nevada
of California. It flowers in August.

Species occurring in both the Coast Ranoes
AND Sierra Nevada.

The most abundant and widely distributed
species in California is (0) Lilium pavdalimim
<see fig. 16, p. 43), the " Californian Tiger
Lily," Kellogg, which, unlike the other species
referred to, is common alike in the coast range
mountains and in the Sierra Nevada. It is
found along shaded streams, the bulbs being
■often deep-seated among rocks and debris
brought down by the streamlets. It occurs
from about sea-level up to 4,000 feet altitude,
and flowers in July and August. .

The variety L. angustifolium, S. Watson, is
characterised by its very narrow leaves, and
though not commonly met with, appears to
have a wider range than the more typical
form, occurring from Southern California to
Oregon.

7. L. occidentaJe, Purdy, Erijthea, v., 103,
1.897, is a little-known species. (See p. 42.)

Southern Californian Species.

8. L. HiimbohUi, Roezl and Leichtlin.— The
complete range of this species is not yet
recorded, but from the data at hand it appears

to be one of those southern jjlants which occa-
sionally find their way north along the dry
foothills of the Sierra Nevada, in what has
been called the upper Sonoran zone ; it has
been reeordetl as occurring in dry open locali-
ties of the foothills, froni 2,500 to 4,000 feet
.altitude, as far north as Butte co. It flowers
in July.

9. L. Parnji, S. Watson ("Parry's Lily,"
"Lemon Lily") (see fig. 19, p. 57), appears to
be more strictly Sonoran in its distribution,
apparently Jjeing restricted in California to

the San Bernardino and San Jacinte Mountains,
and extending eastward to Fort Huachuca in
Arizona. This beautiful Lily is of a clear yellow
colour, sometimes dotted with deeper yellow or
with small purple-black spots, and has very
fragrant flowers. Unlike L. Humboldti, it
luxuriates in moist, rich humus, along shaded
stream bottoms, in cool canons, or in marshes,
and is said never to occur on dry hillsides, nor
even on meadow bottoms ; it is found at higher
altitudes than L. Humboldti (6000 to 8000 feet),
and flowers in July and August.

10. L. Clecekuidi, Greene, is a little-known
species, apparently recorded only from one
locality, viz., Laguna, San Diego co.

E.XTRA Californian Species.
Of the conditions under which the following
extra-Californian species occur, the writer is
unable to speak ; they are merely enumerated
here for the convenience of some lovers of
Lilies who may wish to make a collection of all
our forms from western North America.

11. L. PiinJiii, Waugh (L. Bakeri, Purdy,
Ei-i/thea, v., 104, 1897), is recorded from Wash-
ington State and British Columbia.

12. L. BoZfiHt/ei-;, S. Watson, a little-known
species, was described from material collected
in the coast range, Mts. of Oregon.

13. L. montaniim, A.Nelson, BuU. Iowa Bot.
Club, xxvi., C (1899), is described from Willow
Creek, Wyoming. Jos. Burtt Davy, Assistant
Botanist, University of California Aqricnltnral
Experiment Station, Berkeley, California,
U.S.A.

them to a cooler house as soon as flowering is
over, iu order to prevent a second growth.

Cypripediums. — For these plants a mild
moist season is more beneficial than one that
is bright, dry, and hot. There are, however,
a few exceptions to prove the i-ule, viz., C.
Rothschildianum, C. Stonei, C. Isevigatum, C
Lowii, and the hybrids that have been derived
from these. East Indian Orchids, viz., Yandas,
AiJrides, and Phalsenopsis, succeed under
moist external conditions of the weather.

The cool division.— The difllculty has been
hitherto in keeijing the houses cool enough ;
but where the houses are situated on the
north side of a wall, the difficulty is much less
than is the case with houses having more sun-
light. Hous&s not shaded by a wall should
have the glass white-washe<l, in addition to
iising the ordinary blinds, and it mats be
placed on the roof during the hottest parts of
the day the inside temperature will be lessened.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Temperatures and Ventilation. — The almost
tropical heat that has prevailed has its
beneficial as well as its harmful effects upon
Orchids. It is favourable to Dendrobiums,
provided enough humidity is maintained by
d;\mping the floors, staging, &c., and fre-
quently syringing the plants. It is a difficult
matter to meet the requirements of all sj^ecics
of plants growing together in a house, and to
guard against a cheek being given by the
fluctuations of the temperature. A low degree
of warmth witii liut very few exceptions has
ruled by night, and much care has been called
for in maintaining the desired amount of
humidity by day ; and, on the other hand, to
prevent injurj' from an excess of it by night.
1 have only been able to afford the proper
conditions by a))plying a little more fire heat
at night. This averts any drop in the tempera-
ture, when the plants are wet at the roots and
the air is loaded with humidity, a fertile cause
of a black spot. Let any deciduous Dendro-
bium once commence to "sjiot," and it will
generally be found that little progress is here-
after made by such plants, which generally
finish up their growths almost directly in an
unsatisfactory manner ; and growths thus
checked often produce new growths at the
base of the last one made, which usually
appear when the days are getting shorter.
Owing to the lack of light at that season, such
growths generally mature badly ; and when
the flowering season arrives they yield but
few flowers, and the succeeding growth
suffers to a corresponding extent.

Cattleyas. — Cattleya Warseewiczii (gigas), C.
Dowiana aurea, and C. Gaskelliana, derive
benefit fi'om a period of bi^ight warm weather
whilst making growth, and I would recommend
that the plants of these species be placed
luider brighter and warmer condition from the
time growth begins ; and I find that our plants
are much benefited by being placed at the
warmer part of the Cattleya-house. Under
this regimen flowers are produced earlier in
the season, and it becomes necessary to remove

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Maynk, G.irdcuer to the Hon, Mauk Rolle,
Bictou, East Budleigli, Devousliire.

Mushrooms. — Collect fresh horse - droppings
and short litter for making beds towards the
end of the present month. Only the dung of
horses fed largely on Oats is of any use. I
prefer to add two wheel barrowfuls of soil to
six of litter and dung when making up tho
bed. At this season beds may be made in any
outbuilding or shed, and not necessarily in
tho Mushroom-house ; also out-of-doors beneath
trees, &c.

Pot Herbs. — Those dried herbs which are
most in request during the winter should now
be gathered, made into small bunches, and hung
u]) i n an airy shed or seed-room. Even when not
i^cqnired forwinter use, the beds of Spearmint,
l'ei)i)ermint, Marjoram, and Sorrel, are the
better for being cut over at about this date,
new gro-srth soon pushing up and becoming fit
for use. The flowers of Camomile should be
plucked as soon as they expand, and be
placed in the shade thinly to dry before being
stored in bags. Other herbs are the better for
not being allowed to form flowers before they
ai'e gathered for drying.

Autumn-soivn Onions. — Bend down the tops
of the bulbs, and in about a fortnight after-
wards remove and dry them before storing.
The vacant land may be planted with Cole-
worts at 12 inches asunder, and iniless it be
very hard, no digging will be necessary.

Tomatos. — Plants growing in pots or boxes
will require close attention in affording water,
two or three times a day being not too often
during hot, sunny weather. Plants on which
there are fruit may be assisted with manure-
water. All side-growths, and any foliage that
overshadows the fruit should be removed. If
space can be found for a top-dressing of loam
with a little bone-meal, it will be of great
benefit. The outdoor plants are doing well
this season ; we have gathered several good
fruits already. As soon as from four to six
trusses of flowers have formed, nip out the
leading point, and generally treat the plants
in the manner directed for those under glass.
Repot seedlings raised last month.

Borecole and Savoy Cabbrnje should be planted
by the end of the month, affording them water
until they are established.

Cc\ery. — The earliest plants are ready for a
slight earthing-up, but previous to doing this,
thoroughly saturate the soil in the trenches
one day previously, and remove lateral growths
and suckers, with a few of the bottom loaves,
and afford a dressing of lime and soot to the soil.
In earthing-up a double row,oneman should draw
up the foliage of the plants close together, whilst
two men, one on either side, jiuts the soil
round the plants with the hands or a trowel,
the soil being made fine ; on no account should
thesoil be placed higher than the heart-loaves.
The suceessional crop should lie ))lanteil within
the next ten days, or the produce will lie poor.
All unmoulded Celery should be afforded water
twice a week, excepting when much rain falls.
Moulded-up Celery may not require water

JlXY 20, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

49

oftener than once a week, but it depends on
the nature of the soil how often wator mnst be
applied ; the lighter, the more water.

THE HARDY PRUIT GAEDEN.

By C. Herein".

Slimmer Vrunimj. — The summer pruning of
the Pear should now receive attention, earlier
pruning not being advisable in view of a
probable second growth being made ; but after
this date any danger of this kind will ))e small.
During the late warm weather, growth has
been rapid and strong in general, as with
many kinds of Pears the crop of fruit is a light
one. With a view of not inflicting a severe
check on the trees which the removal of much
growth causes, the pruning may be carried out
in two or more operations, a good plan being
to take the upper half of the trees first, where
the strongest growth is usually found, and in
a week or ten days later the lower portions.
Cut, or rather by pressing the slioot with
the thumb against the pruning-knife, sever
the shoot with a sharp twist at about the
fourth leaf from the base. The exceptions are
leading shoots, which should be left at full
length. Should moist, warm weather in the
months of August and September cause a
second growth in the pruned shoots, it will
occur in the upper buds, while the basal two
of the four may be trusted to remain dormant.
Cordons should be similarly treated, the
leading growths being secured in an upright
or oblique direction, as the case may be,
before it gets damaged by the wind. The
leading shoots of fruit-trees growing on walls
and fences should also be secured with shreds
or bast, in order to secure symmetry in the
tree, and prevent loss by wind.

Aj)ricoi, Peach, and Nectarine. — Tlie leading
shoots should be made safe with nails and
shreds, or bast ties, and the lateral ones by
means of straight lengths of Privet, Willow,
&c., thrust behind the older shoots. The
shoots should l)c laid in so as to allow of the
full development of the leaves. In very hot
weather tlie sun is liable to s<-orch the fruits
when close training is carried out ; therefore
it will be advisable only to secure the shoots
from breaking by a temporary fastening, and
allow the points to droop, which will .tflord
sufficient shade to the fruits witlu)Ut spoiling
their colour. The final thinning, where
necessary, of lat-o varieties should now be
done. During hot, dry weather the trees
should be syringed once a daj-, either in the
early morning hours, or after 5 o'clock P.jr.
To do this will keep the trees free of red-
spider and aphides. If the ))ests are now
present on any of the frees, in addition to
syringing with clear water, make use of the
quassia decoction ; but do not make use of
this on any trees on which there arc fruits
that are colouring, which therefore cannot be
well and often syringed with clean water
after the quassia has been eniploj-ed.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. KdiiKiMs. (l.nili-iicr la lli'ssKV Packe, Esfi.,
I'lcslwcltl Hall, LiillHlilxnoilfc'l].

Brick I'itK and Cold Frumcu. — The plants
occupying those structures, chiefly those which
will flower in the winter, will need attention
in various directions. Cyclamens, as the
foliage develops will want more space to
develop it, and until the end of August a cold
frame will suit them. .\ITord the plants a daily
syringing, apidying the water to the lower
sides of the leaves, give more air than hitherto,
and slightly shade tlie plants in bright wi>at her.
Great care should bo taken not to let the
plants get dry at the root at this season, or
they will fail to throw up their flowers well
later on. Win tor-dowering zonal Pelargoniiuns
must bo stood thinly in the frames, and all (ho
trusses of bloom should bo removed as fast as
they appear. When the pots fill with roots
afford weak manure-water once a week, and
stand the phints in an exposed sunny spot.
Plants of Campanula pyramidalis may be
shifted into .ti-sized pots, which to some may
ajjpcar a largo shift for a plant in a small 60,

but with good management it may be safely
given, and obviates repotting, and is a saving
of labour. Afford the newly -potted Cam-
panulas during sunshine shade for a few days,
and afterwards stand them in an open posi-
tion. Surplus seedlings may be planted in
firm, rich soil, where they should remain till
the spring. They will give a succession of
flowers to the plants earlier pott^ed.

Primula stellaia and P. siiiciisfs. — The former
and the double-flowered Primula are now ready
for repotting, this time into the flowering pots ;
but do not let them get pot-bound first, or they
will bloom prematurely. A suitable size of
pot is a large 48, and the potting-soil should
consist of loam one half, leaf-soil one half, with
powdered charcoal and sand to give porosity.
Let the balls go suflieiently deep to prevent
rocking without using pegs, and put the
plants in a frame turned towards the north ;
keep the frame rather close for a few days,
then afford air more freely, and on fine nights
for a period of two months remove the lights
from the frames. Pot oft' the remaining stock
of seedlings of P. sinensis, place them in a cold
frame, and generally treat them like the larger
plants, syringing them late in the after-
noon if "the air is hot and dry, being
careful not to afford an excess of water — this
remark applies to all species of Primula.
Prick off seedlings, affording them genial
conditions, and a temperature at night not
higher, if this be practicable, than i>7)' to (iC,
and keep the frames moist by damping down
the bed of coal-ashes and the sides of the
frames.

lietiouia Clloirc de Lorraine. — This plant
should forthwith be potted in 48's, the size in
which they will flower. In ]iotting, employ
tiirfy-loam"in a rough state, half leaf-mould, a
quarter spent hops, with a little charcoal and
sand. Make the soil firm, and to each plant
put a small stake, to which the main growths
should be fastened. A pit or frame having a
temperature of .j.j° to (10 at nights, and 70" to
7.")" during the day, will suit this plant. Keep
the frame close for a few days after repotting ;
syringe lightly several times a day, and shade
whenever the" sun is bright. Remove every
flower as it appears, and encourage growtli
until about a month before they are wanted.
Do not crowd the ]>lan(s together, but keep
them by themselves, and allow each ample
space. Keep a sharp outlook for'yellow thrips,
and vaporise the plants occasionally as a
jireventive to aphis.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. II. Sl..\i)E. Caidfiioi- to Lord Poltiiiiorc,
I'ollimorc Pai k, Exeter.

Fnnkiax. — These plants areu.sefnl for forming
edgings to large beds, and as clumps in the
l)Ieasiirc-grounds aiul in the wild garden ; and
the best species is K. Sieboldi, which is in
flower at the present time. Its striking large
foliage and creamy-lilac flowers, borix! on
spikes well above the foliage, make it a con-
spicuous i)lant when planted in masses. In
some situations it shotdd be mixed with otlK'i'
plants of an evergre<'n character, as when its
leaves ripen off in the autumn the soil is ex-
posed to an undesirable extent. The larger
growing species are very effective for planting
where they can be viewed from a distance, as
their bold appearance makes them more notice-
able than woulil be the case with smaller-
leaved plants. Some of the smaller growing
l<'unkias arc useful and effective as edgings for
large beds, especially the variegated kinds,
such as F. lancifolia, albo marginata, undulata
variegata, and uni-vittata; there is also a
variegated variety of Sieboldi. Species which
flower late in the year are P. ovata and !•'.
graiuliflora. i\ll the species arc easily in-
creased by division in the autumn or late
winter, and they thrive in any fairly gootl
garden soil, but attain their largest dimensions
in a deep, fairly moist soil, and they will grow
satisfactorily in moderately shady places.

(Iladlohix arc showing for flower, and should
1)0 made secure to neat upright stakes, the
flower-shaft being easily broken off. If pos-

sible, afford them liquid-manure at this stage,
as by so doing the sjiikes are greatly improved
in strength, and the flowers in size.

Specimen Pltints. — Hollies, Sweet Bays,
Thuias, &e., may be pruned into shape, ram-
pant shoots and rival leaders being shortened
with the knife. It may in some cases be
prudent to secure a leader to a thin stake
fastened to the stem, so as to prevent the bird.s.
from snapping it off. Plants growing in tubs,
will require water frequently, and a light
mulch of spent JIushroom-bed dung, which will
save much labour in applying water, and at the
same time afford a safe kind of nutriment.

Siimnicf Bedding. — The recent rains have-
benefited the plants exceedingly, but they will,
have caused the soil to cake, hence the hoer
should be got to work wherever possible^
Beds in which are plants that require to be
pegged down to the soil should have the sur-
face loosened first. Pinch the shoots of Pyre-
thrum, Alternauthera, Colons, and other plants
of low growtli, whether planted in carpet-beds
or as edging. Kiiniga nuiritinia vai'iegata is a.
plant that shunld not be pinclicd, as each
shoot produces flowers, and pincliiiig woidd.
remove the terminal flower-heads. Kegulato-
and peg down the shoots of Ivy-leafed Pelargo-
niums frequently, so as to get the l)eds covered
quickly.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Mai.i'olm Ml'Intvkk. (lav.l.-mn- to Sir CUAS.
"Tknnant. The GIcu, IniievluillicM, Pecblessliirc.

Vines ill Pots for Karlij Foi-eiiif/. — Vines being
required for fruiting next year should havo-
completcd their growth by this date, especially
those for fruiting early, which should have no-
more water than will prevent the foliage from
becoming limp, and should be exposed to the
fullest sunlight. Red -spider will probably
appear on tlii> leaves, and these must bo
syringed occasionally in order to cleanse them,
it being of importance that the leaves remain,
in a healthy state to the last. After the Vines,
have become brown and firm, stand them against
a south wall, to which make them secure.

The earlicxt-friiitinn Vines should now bo
afforded a dry atmosphere to ripen the wood,
but artificial "heat will not bo necessary, suf-
ficient heat being obtainable by regulating
the ventilators according to the state of (he-
weather. Avoid a close atmosphere, especially
by night, .as this woidd have the elTect o£
causing laterals to push, and keep the laterals-
anil all late? growths checked, and compel com-
l)le(e rest by keeping the vinery cool and dry.
.V drier condition of the border at this season,
is likewise desiralile, although the soil should
not become parched, which however is riot
likely to happen if a mulch has been afforded.

A/i(.sr(i( Vinea irilh Uipeniwj Fnii(.— Theso-
will need fire-heat to insure a temperature of
70' to 1',' bv night, and 8.V to 90" by day, with,
air in abunclance. The air in the house should
be kept drier, as under no other conditions;,
will the fruit acquire that rich golden (int
that accompanies fine flavour. The Muscat
Vino requires aliundance of water at the root^
and so far as my experience goes, more than,
any other kind of Vine. I know of gardens in
wllicli Muscat Crapes are grown of the finest
quan(i(y and quality, that have the borders-
flooded with water almost every week when,
the fruit is swelling, and during the early part
of the finishing stage ; indeed, they can hardly
bo overdone with water at the roots after th(<
leaves have reached their full size until the
firapes are well advanced towards ripening,
provided the border has thoroughly good
di'ainagc. Attend, therefore, to airording
waler to inside and outside borders lu dry
weather. Much aerial moisture in the vinery
is injurious to Muscat Grapes when ripening,
causing them to spot ; and it is very necc'ssary
to apply a gentle artificial heat and a sinall
amount of air constantly, to prevent moisture
sett ling on the bunches. After the final appli-
(•ation of water, afford a layer of a few inches,
in thickness of dry bracken or Oat-straw.

50

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
/fte Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for namitig, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.
Communications should be written on one side only of
THE PAPEK, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— Tfe Editor does not
undertake to pay for any coyitributions, or to return the
umi3ed communications or illustrations, U7iless by special

Newspapers.— Correspondents sending newspapers should be
careful to mark the paragruj^hs Iheij wish the Editor to see.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY, July

CDmliani, Xortli. niui Ncwoastlc-
oii-Tync Botanical and Horli-
eiiltural Society's Sliow (two
days).

/"Boston (Lines.), Horticultural
Show,
Messrs. Johnson's Culinary and
■WEDNESDAY, JfLY24-I Sweet Pea Show (two days).

I Southern Counties Carnation
I Society's Exhibition at South-
V amptou.

_ (National Sweet Pea Society's

THURSDAY, July 25? Exhibition at Royal Aqua-
( rium, Westminster.

SALES.

FRIDAY NEXT.— Iniportctl and Established Orchids,

and Palm Seeds, at Protheroe it Morris' Rooms.

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observatious of Forty-tliree Years at Chiswick
— 63■4^
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— /«(« 17 (6 p.m.) ; Max. 84- ; Min. 60'.

Juli/ IS.- Fine, hot.
Provinces— J«(u 17(6 p.m.): Max. sr.HomeCouuties;
Mm. 61', N. \Vales.

Conference.

At the present time the species

Lilies and the c t -i ' T ' - i------

3 ot Lily, properly so-called, ex-

clusive of varieties, and culti-
vated in British gardens, amount to about
fifty, and there are several more awaiting in-
troduction. LiNN.EUS (17o.3) knew but seven.
All are interesting, and most of them l)eau-
tiful. There are but few which the fastidious
cultivator would care to eliminate. Some of
them are easily grown— some are difficult.
Some are recognisable with facility ; of
others, the determination is puzzling. Is'ow
that cultivators, like Burliank, have l)egun
to hybridise them, the puzzle will become
still greater.

In addition to the hybrids known in
Europe, which are few in number, the great
Californian hybridiser announces in his
catalogue for 1901, that he has ten thousand
hybrid Lilies produced on his grounds ! It
IS really consoling to know that only the
best of these are now being selected, for
under the name Burbanki x various forms
have been introduced. One of the very
'finest hybrids, L. x Parkmanni, figured oil
p. .52, is, we fear, no longer in existence.

The great impulse to the cultivation of
Lilies was given by Mr. Elwes, whose
sumptuous monograph published in 1880,
is a model of what such a publication should
be. Mr. Elwes is a gardener, and an
observant traveller, as well as a botanist.
He has recognised the immense importance
of studying the living plant in all the phases
of its existence, as well as in all the details
of its structure, and of observing the
" evolution " which takes place when the
plants are brought under cultivation. There

are some, indeed there arc many, plants that
cannot bo satisfactorily studied in herbaria.
Imperfect skeletons or mummies are not
enough. The whole life history requires to
1)0 known, especially for purposes of cultiva-
tion ; and this is especially true of bulbous
plants, and of Lilies in particular. Urged
by considerations like these, and aided by
the counsels of Baker, Duchaetre, and
other specialists, Mr. Elwes set to himself
the task of cultivating all the species he
could obtain, of describing them, and of
getting them figured by the skilled pencil of
the late W. H. Fitch.

What has been done since by himself and
others was detailed at the Lily Conference
held on Tuesday last, at Chiswick.

Apart from the fine collection of Lilies
shown by Messrs. Wallace, of Colchester,
at Chiswick, on the 16th instant, the exhibi-
tion was not specially remarkable. Messrs.
Veitch & Sons and Barr & Sons showed Lilies
proper, and Water-lilies which are, of course,
not Lilies at all. Messrs. Ware, Amos Perry,
and others showed herbaceous plants in
variety. But the chief interest centred in
the luncheon given by the President and
Council, the only opportunity which occurs
in the year for the Council to meet officially
and thank those committees who throughout
the year, in season and out of season, give
their services without fee or reward. Sir
Trevor Lawrence appropriately expressed
the thanks of the Council, and Mr. A. Dean
tactfully responded for the committees.
This function over, the tents were cleared
for the meeting of the Conference, which
was presided over most fittingly by Mr.
Elwes. Our report will show that the pro-
ceedings were of a very interesting and
valuable character.

Mr. Baker gave a summary of the botany
of the genus since the publication of Mr.
Elwes' Monograph. Dr. Henry, the in-
trepid explorer and indefatigable botanist,
gave a most valuable account of the Lilies of
China, and the conditions under which they
grow. He was followed by Mr. Yeld, who
contributed a paper on the cultivation of
Lilies in the open, which, like that of Mr.
WALL.4CE on pot Lilies and their culture
under glass, will be of the greatest value to
cultivators. Captain Saville Reid followed
with a similar pnper, which growers will
study with interest; and Mr. Massee, in
somewhat too satiric vein, considering the
occasion, amused his audience by discoursing
on the diseases of Lilies and the "best methods
of prevention.

We have always looked on these confer-
ences as the direct outcome of the Botanical
Congress held in London in connection with
the memorable exhibition of 1866, from
which also the Scientific Committee may be
looked on as a direct derivative.

Be this as it may, these conferences, of
which there have now been many, decidedly
constitute the greatest claim which the
Society will have on the gratitude and
admiration of posterity. Chiswick trials
will be relatively valueless in years to come.
Temple shows, Drill Hall meetings, and
other exhibitions are of service for a very
short period only, and must be constantly
superseded by others; but the conferences
and their record in the Journal of the
Society, constitute a permanent body ot
information practical, scientific, and his-
torical, the like of which it would lie impos-
sible to find elsewhere.

An Amateur's Successes.— Mr. Osmond
G.Orpex, West Bergholt, Colchester, Secretary
of the Colchester Rose and Horticultural So-
ciety, and well known as an exhibitor of
Roses at the National Rose Society's and other
shows, informs us that his record in six
shows this .season amounts to thirty-one prizes,
composed of twenty-three Ists, six 2nds, and
two 3rds. At Woodbrigo Mr. OliPEN won 1st
prizes in four of the leading clas.ses for
amateurs, and one 2ud prize.

Don Miguel Colmeiro, founder of the
Botanical Cardi'ii at Seville, and later Director
of the Botanical Garden Jlaclrid, and Professor
in the university of that city, who was also the
author of .several works on the flora of Spain,
died on June 21st of the present year, aged
eighty-six years. In former years the Professor
occasionally contributed to this journal.

The "Temple" Rose Show.— Wc are glad
to hear that the financial report is .satisfac-
tory, and that the guarantors are not likely to
be called on for any contribution.

The Replanting of Bulbs.— Col. Wheat-
ley ■v\'rites : My remarks on this subject were
incorrectly reported in your issue of June 22.
What I actually said was as follows : —

" A large number of new bulbs are purchased evei-y
year, the quantity required may be imagined wlieu I
tell you that to fill some of our beds 4,000 Tulips ai'e
required, and from 2,000 to 3,000 Hyacinths. In the
case ot the beds iu Park Lane new bulbs entirely are
necessary. New aud old cannot be mixed, as the latter
come into flower so much earlier than the former, and
the result is that the cost of our bulbs in Park Lane
alone is usually between £300 and £400 each season. ,

" I may here mention that we have always to take
out our bulbs before they have properly ripened and '
died down iu order to get in our first summer crop,
and consequently we lose a large number that might
otherwise be saved. Every care, however, is taken to
preserve them. They are arranged in shallow trays in
a dark, well-ventilated shed, and in the case of Tulips
they are covered with ashes to check evaporation
during the summer. These old bulbs are used prin-
cipally next season for herbaceous borders, &c."
It should be understood, as regards the annual
co.st of new bulbs in Park Lane, " between
£300 and £400," that the principal portion is
for Hyacinths, which, as Sir William Dyer
admits, cannot be grown at Kew. M. J,
mieiiilcij.

George Nicholson.— The news of the
retirement of this gentleman from the Curator-
ship of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on
the score of impaired health, will be received
with more than ordinary concern. His wide
and accurate botanical knowledge, his skill as
a gardener command universal respect, whilst
his qualities as a man and a colleague have
long since won for him the affectionate regard
of all who have come in contact with him.
That such a man should be leaving Kew, for
such a reason, is truly distressing. Some
means will, we hope, be adopted of testifying
the admiration felt in the horticultural world,
for one whose long career at Kew has been
one of sympathy and well doing.

The Late Exhibition at Boston, U.S.A.
— Prof. S.\RGENT writes, concerning the show
which inaugurated the newly-erected hall : —
" There were some novel and to me interesting
features in this exhibition. The chief of these
was the voluntary sinking of all individuality on
the part of the exhibitors, that is, they put their
plants in ray hands, and allowed me to arrange
them with reference to the best general effect,
without any reference to ownership, which in
no way has appeared in the exhibition. All
the Orchids from a dozen owners were massed
together in a way to produce the best possible
effect, and the same is true of other exhibits.
The new halls worked well as to light, venti-
lation, and temperature ; and the scheme of a
dirt floor in the large hall, into which teams

July 20, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

51

LILIUM OIOANTEUM— IIEKIHT KIXVEN tKKT : I'l/JWHIlS WHITE.

52

THE GAUD ENE RS' CHKO NI CL E.

[Jlxy 20, 1901.

LILIUM X PARKMANNI— A IIYBIUI) BBIWEEN L. AUHATLM AND
L. SPECIOSUM: FLOW'EltS CRIMSON ON A WHITE GROUND.

Jlly 20, 1901.]

THE GARDENER 8' CHRONICLE.

LILIUM NEII.UHEHUKNSK : Kr.OWKHS CREAMY-YKLLOW.

54

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1901.

LILIUM OAPONICUM VA.R. .aLLEXANDR.B : FLOWERS WHITE.

July 20, 1901.J

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR OKI CL E.

55

with the jilants are driven directly from the
street, is an admirable one, and permits the
exhibition of much hirger plants, and a moi'C
natural arrangement than has been possible
tefore in this country. This idea I borrowed,
of course, from Ghent. The higli and well
ventilated hall with electric fans is a great
improvement on a tent, which generally
becomes unbearable in the middle of the day
from our hot sun, and in which jilants do not
last so long as they do in this new hall."

Harvard University. — Here isanannouncc-
ment which will give the greatest pleasure to
those on this side of the Atlantic who have
had the opportunity of appreciating the work
of Professor Sargknt. At the " Commence-
ment" held on July 1, President ELLIOT con-
ferred the degree of Doctor of Laws on various
men of eminence, including " Ch.\rles Spuagl^
Sargent, first Director of the Arnold Arbo-
retum, that precious living treasure which the
last quarter of the nineteenth century has
provided for later centuries ; author of the
monumental SUva of North America. And in
the name of this society of scholars, I declare
that they are entitled to the rights and privi-
leges pertaining to their several degrees, and
that their names are to be for ever borne on
it.s roll of honorary members."

Soda and Potash.— Experiments made at
the New York Agricultural Station show that
a deficiency of available potash greatly de-
pressed the growth of the plant even in the
presence of an abundant supply of soda .salts.
A lack of soda in the presence of potash suffi-
cient for the plant's needs seemed to have no
deleterious effect whatever upon growth.

Rosa macrantha is supposed by .some to
be a hybrid lictween K. canina and R. gallica,
but its real nature is a matter of controversy.

New Garden Plants of 1900. — Appen-
dix III. of the Kcw liulletin for 1001 contains
a list of the novelties introduced into British
gardens during the year 1900. The plant
ligured in our columns as Cryptostemma lusi-
tanicum is referred to as C. calendulaccum.
This list is very serviceable for reference.
No autliors' names are given, and this omission
is, under the circumstances, not to bo re-
gretted, as the names given in the horticultural
periodicals are the names under which the
plants have been shown at various exhibitions,
or have been offered in commercial catalogues.
In only a few cases have the names been
given or verified by competent authority in
association with an adequate description. It
is a great pity that provisional names intended
for garden use only should be written in Latin
in imitation of botanical names.

The Easter Lily.— The Lily commonly grown
as L. Harrisii has no right to a specific name,
it being merely a variety of the Japanese L.
longifloruin. According to an article by Pro-
fessor JJailey, this variety was introduced
from Bermuda to Philadelphia alxiut the year
187.J. A woman returning from Bermuda
brought two flowering-bulbs to a Philadelphia
florist, who recognised their value, propa-
gated them till he had got a stock, which ho
.sold to Mr. W. K. Harrih, who distributed the
plants in 1882 as Lilium Harrisii. Had ho
called it the Harris Lily, no mischief would
have been done, but the application of a Latin
name [is incorrect and misleading. How or
when this Lily was introduced into Bermuda,
we do not know.

Flowers in Season. — We have received
from Mr. Eiiknezkii I'otten, Camden Nurseries,
Cranbrook, Kent, a considerable number of
seedling varieties of Delphinium. They are

numbered but unnamed, and it would serve no
useful purpose therefore to refer to particular
numbers, suffice if wo say that there are single
and double varieties, and much variation in
colour, including shades of blue, purple, and
mauve, white being occasionally united with
one of the colours already named. They are
good bold spikes, and the flowers are of
commendable size.

Meeting of the Ghent Chambre Syndi-
CALE. — \t a meeting;- on July 8 of the Chauibre
Syndicale des Horticulteuis Beiges and of the
.Societe Royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique
of Ghent, the following awards were made : —

Certifiades of Merit. — For cut flowers of
Iris Ksempferi, from M. E. Bedixghaus
(a I'unanimite) ; for Pteris Wavrini hyb. Pteris
cretica x P. umbrosa, from M. Arth. Vanden
Heede; for Dracsena " Pere Charon," from
M. L. Draps-Dom, of Laekeu, Brussels ; for 'a
cut flower of Gardenia Bonflgliolii, from the
last-named exhibitor ; for Gloxinia Mme.
Fierens, from M. E. Fierens ; for a Gesneriad,
from M. L. De Smet-Divivier ; for Compteris
Brazziana, from the French Congo, from MM.
Duriez Freres; and for Htemanthus mirabilis
and H. fascinator (par acclamation), from
M. L. Lixdex.

Certificates for Flowering -were awarded for
a set of H;emanthus, from M. L. Linden {par
acclamation) ; and for a set of flowering
Gloxinias, from M. E. Fierens {par acclama-
tion et avec felicitations du Jnrij).

Hononrable Mention for flowering was
allotted to a set of flowering Gloxinias, from
Count J. I)K He.mitinnk; and Honourable
Mention for the Variety for Kentia Forsteriana
var. pendula, from M. Ki). Pynaert Van Geeiit.

In the second section of the meeting Certifi-
cates of Merit were accorded for Lfclia grandis
tonebrosa, from M. E. Phaet; for Cattleya
Mendeli var. Mine. Edg. Wartel (<( I'lnuini-
mite), and for C. Mendeli var., from M. M.
Vehkonok ; for C. Mossi;e, and three speci-
mens of C. Mendeli; for Lfelio - Cattleya
Valvassori nat. hyb. C. labiata Warneri x
Laelia purpurata ; for C. labiata Warneri, C.
(iaskelliana, C. MossiiB var., C. Mossire
((V ('lOKiiiimift'), and for C. Mossia; again; all
those from the Marquis DE Wavrix.

A Dotaniral Certificate was awarded to
M. M. Vekikjxck, for an Orchid imported from
Madagascar ; and Honourable Mention for
Flowering to M. L. De Smet-Diviviek, for
Cymbidium tigrinuui.

The Ceylon Government Entomoloqist.
—The Barclay Medal of the Koyal Asiatic
Society of Bengal has been awarded to Mr.
E. E. GitEKX, Government Entomologist, Ceylon,
in recognition of his work on the insects of
Ceylon and India.

Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. — The
159th meeting will be held at Wetherby, for
the investigation of the Wliarfe, from Colllng-
ham Bridge to Flint Mill, Stockeld Park,
Linton, itc, on Saturday, July 20, 1901 (Mon-
day being found extremely inconvenient, the
date is altered). Through return tickets at
pleasure party rates will be issued at all
stations on the O.C., G.X., H. & B., L. & Y.,
h. & \.W., Midland, and N.K. Railways, which
have booking arrangements for Wetherby, Col-
lingham Bridge, or Thorp Arch, to members
and Associates showing their signed card of
membership at North-Eastern Stations, or (at
other companies' stations) surrendering the
certificate noted below. Tickets taken on
Friday or Saturday, July 19 or 20, will bo
available for return any day up to Monday,
July 22. Where through bookings are not in
operation, members may book to most con-

venient junction, and re-book to destination ;
the reduced fares being available for each
stage of the journey. The railway booking
clerks will only grant these reduced fares to
members and Associates producing a special
certificate signed by the Secretary of the
Union (except at stations on the North-
Eastern line, where production of card of
membership is sufficient). Members and Asso-
ciates wishing for this certificate must apply
to Mr. Hawkeswouth, Goodman Street, Huns-
let, Leeds, for it at least two days before the
date of the excursion, and must enclose a
stamped directed envelope and their current
card of membership of the Union, which latter
will be returned with the certificate. In case
of no through booking, members must apply for
an additional certificate. Permission is kindly
granted by Col. Sir Robert Gunter, Bt., M.P.,
for his Wetherby estate ; Mr. George Paber,
for the Ainsty estate ; Mr. Robert J. Foster^
for Stockeld Park ; and Mr. T. B. Matthews,
for the grounds and woods of Thorp Arch
Hall. Permission is granted with the express
condition of there being no disturbance of
game, nor pulling] up roots of Ferns or rare
plants. The N. E. Ry. Co. have also givea
permission for the geologists to~exaraino the
sections at the Wetherby Now Station works,
at their own personal risk. A detailed account
of this' excursion will bo ])ublislied in the
Naturalist as soon as possible. Mr. P. ARNOLD
Lees, Meanwood Lodge, Leeds, who will write
it, will be glad to receive, not only the official
reports of sections, but any other information,
which should reach him within a week.

Something like a Strawberry 1— A fruit
weighing half a pound all but thrcequarters of
an ounce is what the boys "call a " whacker,"
which it is, in more senses than one. Yet WQ
read in the Dili/;/ Mail of July 2 that a fruit of
this weight was gatlieredjby Mr. Verk Jones,
of Parkflehl, Low(>st oft, Norfolk, this .season.
A fruit of Keen's Seedling, of which we
possess a record, weighed Ij oz., and was
7i inches in circumference. Query: What
would be the size of that half-a-pound fruit ?

Science and Industry. — "I am convinced,"
said Mr. CllAMBElil.AiNj at the University of
Birmingham theXother day, " that unless wo
overcome the innate conservatism of our
l)eople in regard to the application of the
iiighest .science to tho commonest industries
and manufactures in our^laiul, we shall cer-
tainly fall very far behind in the race." This
is a statement which tlioso who arc conversant
with what is being done in Germany, and tho
United States especially, will thoroughly en-
dorse. "A University," says Mr. CHAMBER-
LAIN, "should bo a] place where_knowlodgo i.s
taught, tested, increased, and applied." A
great deal of tho teaching could be done in
schools, but the Increase should bo tho special
work of tho University, and its application
that of teclinlcal .schools and practical es-
tablishments.

Emigration.— The circular last issued by
the Emigrants', Information Office, 31, Broad-
way, Westminster, S.W., states that this i,H
the best season of the year for emigration to
Canada. There is a good demand for com-
petent farm-labourers in nearly all parts,
except British Columlna. There is a good
demand for coal and other miners, more
especially in IJritish Columbia and Cape Breton,
Nova Scotia. There is a fair demand for
general labourers, and for certain mechanics,
such as carpcntt-rs, blacksmiths, and iron and
steel workers, but not at St. John, Now
Brunswick ; or at Winnipeg, Manitoba. There
is a good tlemand for female servants overy-
wliore, both on farms and in towns. Owing to

56

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JuiY -20, 1901.

drought and scarcity of employment, emigrants,
other than female servants, are not recom-
mended to go to Queensland at present, unless
they receive nominated passages, or take a
little money -with them. Work at the mines
and on farms and stations has been serioiasly
injured by want of water. Plentiful rains,
however, have recently fallen in parts of the
colony, so that prospects may be expected to
improve a little. In Western Australia, at
Jarrahdale, there is a steady demand for saw-
mill hands and fellers. In many parts of the
south-west, as at Toodyay, Perth, Katanning,
and Pinjarra, there is a scarcity of farm hands,
and of general labourers such as fencers and
axemen. There is a good demand for female
servants everywhere. In Tasmania the supply
of labour is generally speaking eqvial to the
demand. In iVew Zealand competent general
labourers are always able to obtain employ-
ment ; at Timaru " there is a keen demand for
ploughmen and farm hands, who seem very
.scarce ; " and at New Plymouth " boys or men
to go milking cainiot be got at any price."

Oakbrook, Sheffield, enjoys the distinc-
tion of possessing seven memorial trees planted
by Royalty. In 1875, when King Edward and
Queen Alexandra visited SliotHeld as Prince
and Princess of Waies, to open a park for the use
of the people, the donor of that first park, the
late Mr. Mark Pirtii, resided at Oakbrook,
and to commemorate the event of their T.R.H.'s
visit to the town and to Mr. Mark Firth's
residence in particular, four golden-leaved
Irish Yews were planted upon the lawn on
August 18. The trees planted hy the Prince
have made much the better use of their time,
but this may not be due so much to a more
proper metliod of planting as to the choice of
a more suitable position, a circumstance with
which probably neither the Prince or Princess
had anything to do. Prince Leopold on Oc-
tober 22, 1879, planted two Oaks upon the
same lawn, and these are succeeding well, as
they .should, seeing that they were planted at
the most suitable season of the year for sucli
an operation. On August 7, 1879, the Crown
Prince of Sweden planted a Golden Queen
Holly. Mark Firth is now only a name
for grateful remembrance in the town, and
Oakbrook is the residence of Mr. W. S. Lay-
COCK, one of Bheftield's foremost industrial
men, who naturally places very great value
upon the Royal trees that have come into his
possession. When we visited the place on a
recent occasion there were many signs that
Mr. Laycock intends to make Oakbrook as
attractive as possible, by developing several
features the natural conditions of the place
render possible. Then will the present gar-
dener, Mr. P. Massey, liave a better chance to
perfect his Peaches. Though Oakbrook is a
considerable distance out of the town, and
.adjoins the late Sir John Brown's residence,
Endcliffe Hall, tlie excellent system of electric
tramways, of which SheBield is justly proud,
is just being extended beyond both places.

Vitality of Seeds.— Sir W. T. Thiselton-
Dyer and Professor Dewar have shown us
that the vitality of protoplasm is not im-
paired by the almost inconceivably low
temperature of liquid hydrogen. Dr. Henry
Dixon, of Trinity College, Dublin, has re-
cently been experimenting in the opposite
direction, and in Nature for July 11 he
narrates the results of some experiments that
he made with dried seeds, from which he con-
cludes that in every ease they can resist
surprisingly high temperatures. For instance,
in Medicago, 10 per cent, of the .seeds germi-
nated after an exposure of one hour to 110° C,
and then to another hour to 121° C. The effect

of exposure to high temperature is, however,
noticeable by the marked retardation of ger-
mination, and by the extremely slow growth
afterwards. Seeds that resist, as many do, the
action of poisonous vapours owe their im-
munity, not to the quiescence or j^ower of
resistance of the protoplasm, but to the im-
perviousness of the seed-coat, for if this be
punctured before the seeds arc exposed to
poisonous vapours or liquids, then the per-
nicious efEect of the poisons is rendered
evident, as the seeds do not germinate.

Royal PuRVEYORS.^Mr. Charles Turner
of tlie Royal Nurseries, Slough, has been
appointed by royal warrant Nursei-yman to
His Majesty the King.

Her Majesty Queen Alexandra has

been graciously pleased to appoint T. Jannooh,
of Dersingham, near Sandringham, Florist to
Her Majesty.

■ Messrs. William Wood & Son, Ltd.,

have been appointed by royal warrant horti-
cultural specialists to His Majesty the KiNC;.

Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Insti-
tution.—At the Bath Rose show, on July 11,
a stall was provided for the sale of spare Roses
and other flowers, which were kindly given by
the exhibitors and others for the benefit of the
Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, in
connection with the Bristol and Bath auxiliary
branch. The sale and collection realised the
sum of ill.

Abies bracteata. — This beautiful and
extraordinary species, by some called A.
venusta, was supijosed to be confined to a
limited area in the Santa Lucia Mountains,
California. We now learn from Mr. Burtt
Davy, that he has discovered five new stations
for the tree, by which its northerly range is
increased bj' some 250 miles. This tree Is
somewhat spring tender in this country, but
we owe to the courtesy of Mr. Coleman some
fruiting specimens from Bastnor Castle, Here-
fordshire, one of which was figured in our
colunms in 1889, vol. v., p. 211.

Fruit Prospects in Spain. — We are in-
formed that the prospects of the Orange crop
in Spain are of the " record " order ; also that
the Grape yield is expected to be a lai-ge one.

Rooting of Lilium giganteum. — Mr.
Mallett writes us : — "lam sending you an
interesting root of Lilium giganteum (fig. 21,
p. 61), showing that this Lily is stem-rooting
to a marked extent, and illustrating how the
enormous stems support themselves when the
bulb has gone. You will notice the basal
roots which supported the i)lant before it
flowered, some of which have perished with
the bulb, and that those proceeding from the
flowering stem liave pierced the bulb scales in
all directions, and destroyed them. A few
offsets will be noticed around the basal disc,
which will survive the old bulb, and live on
its dea<l tissues for a year or two. I have
never seen a more thorough annihilation of a
liulb by its own flowering axis in any plant I
have examined hitherto ; not only has the stem
exhausted the bulb, it is also feeding on its
dead tissues. I have removed a number of the
old scales because they were quite rotten, and
unfit for the post.

Publications Received.— .JonniaJ of the
Board of Aiiricnlture (Messrs. Laughton & Co.,
1, Essex Street, Strand), June. Contents:
Gooseberry Mildew, Handling of British Wool
for Market, by J. W. Turner; Canker Fungus,
Feeding Experiments with Sheep, Insecticides,
Manuring Swedes and Potatos, Pasteurisation
of Milk and Cream, Cold .Stoi-age and Trans-
port in Canada, Agricultural and i\Iiscellaneous
Notes, &c. — West Indian Diillethi. Contents:
Agricultural Conference, 1901 koHtiiiucd),

Legislation to Control Bush Fires, by H. A. A.
Nicholls ; Treatment of Soils in Orchard Culti-
vation in the Tropics, by the Hon. Francis
Watts ; Rubber-planting in the West Indies,
by J. H. Hart ; Pine-apple Cultivation in Anti-
gua, by the Hon. Francis Watts; Marine Re-
sources of the British West Indies, by T. E.
Duerden ; Cultivation of Onions at Antigua^
by W. N. Sands ; and Artificial Drying of
Cacao, by G. W. Smith.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

PEA EXONIAN. — I was pleased to see A. H.'s?
remarks on this fine Pea, p. 35. I have grown,
it every year since it was sent out by R. Veitoh
& Sons, of Exeter. It does well in the^^west,.
and has this season been good at Dropmore.
As the haulm is not very robust, I find it is
best to sow the seed about the end of the
month of March. Those who have not as-
yet grown Exonian, would do well to try
it next season. (.'. Page, Dropmore Gardens^
Maidcnliead .

greenhouse heating. — Mr. Alfred Chand-
ler (see p. 12), while being of opinion that
petroleum used in a small boiler would answer-
where " there was not a large house or a
number of houses to be heated, fears that it
would be useless to nurserymen and others-
who have coke furnaces heating some thou-
sands of feet of 4-inch hot>- water pipes." In
reply, they seem to say that it was the " coke-
furnaces heating thousands of feet of 4-inch
pipes," which I had in my mind's eye at the:
time I penned my note on the above-mentioned
subject. Taking it as a fact that a cycloid of
given dimensions filled with petroleum, and,
IJlaced inside a small boiler, will efl'ectually
heat the water contained therein, together-
with that in a given inimber of feet of 4-inch
hot - water pipes attached. Thereto, the
question of heating by the same means the
water in a coke furnace, say a horizontal
tubular boiler, 9 feet C inches long, with from
2,000 to 4,000 feet of 4-inch hot-water pipes,
connected therewith, simply resolves itself
into a sura of "simple proportion" ; the
heating capacity of a petroleum stove or-
cylindcr being governed by size and the
number of burners provided therein. For my
own part, I do not see any diffleulty likely to.
arise in the way of heating glasshouses by
means of petroleum employed as described by
me in the Gardeners' Chronicle for June 15.
last, p. 391. It would be interesting to hear
what mechanical engineers may have to say on
the subject. In futiu-e, petroleum will pro-
bably be more generally \ised to supply the
motive power than is thought of now. At
present cars and carriages on both pleasiire-
and business bent are driven by it, as also are
the Great Eastern Railway Company's express
trains from Harwich to Liverpool Street, and.
vice versd. In conclusion, I beg to thank
Mr. Chandler for the remarks with which he
concludes his note re patent rights, which
however I was not altogether unmindful of
when I penned the words " I reserve to myself
all rights," &c. H. W. Ward, Lime House,.
Raijleigh, Jalij 0, 1901.

lily POND AT BERKSWELL, COVENTRY.

Having given an account in the Gardeners'
Chronicle of September 1, 1900, p. 172, of the-
first year's flowering of my Lilies, I now give
the result of their second year's flowering,
and I am pleased to say they have grown and
flowered quite to my own and to everyone
else's satisfaction who have sor far had the
pleasure of seeing them, which is proof .sufli-
cient that they enjoy and delight in the slimy
porous clay in which they were planted, the
leaves of some of the stronger-growing plants
occupying a space in the poad of fully 5 feet,
in diameter, so that the native aquatics which
spontaneously grow up in the pond are now, I
hope, in a fair way of being overgrown and
eventually altogether expelled. Nymphsea
Gladstonei ;; , which did not flower last year,
has amply made up for it this year, by sending
up magnificent white blooms four and five at

SXJLY 20, 1901.J

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

WI-

a time, larger flowers, and of apparently with
more substance in the petals than those of N.
albida, althongli the latter runs it close in its
habit of free-flowering. N. odorata excxnisita,
which did not flower last year, is still a weak
plant, and flowers sparingly, sending up not
more than two flowers at a time. Tlie flowers
are of good size, neat, and of a slightly pinkish-

Some of the plants send tlieir blooms well up
above the water-level, whilst others seem to
prefer to rest upon it ; but of this I am not
prepared to give any decided opinion, as my
pond, notwithstanding much puddling, has a
leak somewhere, and the plants are in rather
low-water sometimes. When planting, one of
the mounds happened to be macle a little higher

average day's list of their flowering : — N.
albida, two plants, eight flowers ; N. rosea,
one jilant, five flowers ; N. Gladstone! x , two
flowers ; N. Dr. Paimco's Seedling, two flowers ;
iV. Robinsoni x, three flowers; N. Marliacea.
ignea, two flowers ; N. chroraatella x , four
flowers ; N. Laydekeri x liliaeea, two flowers ;
iV. flammea, two flowers ; N. sulphurea, two

Pig. 19. — LILIUM PAKItYli: FLOWERS YELLOW. (SEH P. 48.)

white, 'but not of a very fascinating colour;
its name implies perfume, but of this 1 discover
very little. Br. Paiince's seedling is a very
strong-growing plant, having dark green
leaves,* and sends up fine bold flowers of a
pinkish tint, which stand well out of the water.
Tills Nymphtea is a favourite in ray pond,
although it does not appear to send up its
flowers 80 freely as N. albida or N. rosea.

^ It ia tlic Gladstonci wliosc leaves arc tinted with
nroKiL

than the others, on this a plant of N. chro-
raatella was placed ; when the water happened
to get low, its crown was almost above watci'.
To ensure its safety, 1 took a strong crooked
fork having a long handle to it ; this inijibv
ment was fixed well under the plant, which
was dragged witli sundry strong pulls into
deeper water. The roots luid strong hold,
and many were broken, but the plant,
after a short season of sulking, is now growing
and flowering freely. Subjoined is about an

flowers; N. oxquisita odorata, one flower. These
flowers are always at their best during the
hottcrst part of the day. \V. Miller, Berkswell,
Jiilij 11.

TWO LONDON DINNER-TABLE DECORATIONS.
— Having )jci-n riuililed r'ccciilly to inspect
Iwo lalilc deeoratioiis carried 'oul, by Mr.
Hacon, gr. to W. W. Astor, Esq., Cliveclen, at
his town house, at Carlton House Terrace, a
few notes thereon may be acceptable to somo

58

THE G A R D EN Ell S ' CJIJi ONI CL E.

[July 20, 1901.

of the readers of this .ioiirnal. The tables
were hxid for about fifty imtsohs, and wove
conset(UcnMy of considerable leiif?(li, and re-
quired a Inrge quantity of niiitei'ial. In these
liecorations Mr. Maeon uses, as lai-as is iiessible,
one flower, and these of imi' cdlour, t hose al- the
time of my visits liciiif; Malniaisou (_'ari\at ions
on th(i llrst oeeasion, and on the second Crini-
ROn Kainl.ler Itosos. Vov the inirpose of elTee-
tively decorating the table on these occasions,
Mr. ISacon lias made .a series of wire shapes of
various designs, and these are very liglitly
dressed with greenery, and the selected
flower. Some of these shapes represent
baskets when dressed, others epergnos, hoops
'with three feet on which to stand, &c. They
are fitted with very small egg-cuii-shapcd
receptacles at convenient points, and these
ai'e filled with damp clay, into which the
flowers when wired are stuck. Smilax is
Used to cover the framework of t\\v. shapes,
and it is kept in position by a few tics hero
and there. Much of this woi'k, and the wiring
of the flowers, is carried out on the pre-
vious day, and the flowers preserved fresh in
water. The Mahnaison ((link) Carnation formed
a pleasing and elTi'cl ivedispl.iy, over a thousand
blooms lieiiigns<'<l, inelnding a couple of shapes
dressed with the variety Miss .lolifte. Four-
teen of these shapes were used, besides some
low glass vases cm either side the whole
length of table, aiul a few well-grown Dra-
caenas stood between the shapes in the centre.
Besides the trails of Smilax, the shapes are
also lightly dressed with spi-ays of Asparagus
Sprengeri, and the flowers thinly introduced
afterwards. Beautiful as the Malmaison Car-
nations were, for effect they were far behind
the Crimson Kambler, the colour of which
when lit tip by electric-lami)s was vivid and
reflective. Besides the Rose foliage, spikes of
Kulalia .japonica variegata were tastefully
introduced. These shapes are of Mr. Bacon's
tlesigning, .and are very useful where lightness
in tlie work and an unobstructed view across
the table are sought for. Rambler.

STRAWBERRY VEITCH'S PERFECTION.— Having
JCrowii this strawberry for three seasons in
different asp<'(ts In the gardens here, 1 have
formed a very high opinion of it. Strange to
say, the first plants 1 had of it did not prove a
Buccess. In July, 1899, 1 had a nundier of
runners layered into 4-inch pots, and frt)in
these plants, which were planted in the end
of August of that year, we had last year one of
the finest crops of dessert fruit we have had
lor years. I had runners taken from these
plants in 1900, and planted in August, which
have produced a magnificent crop of fine fruits
this season, and ai-e now, July 4, a sight worth
seeing. 1 consider it a grand Strawberry for
a second early, or mid-season variety ; the
fruit being large, handsome, produced in
rjuantity, and the flavour is excellent. 1 learn
from my note-book that plants were planted
on August 17. The plants which were
planted in August, 1899, are producing a
very heavy crop of fine fruits, which shows
that it is a Strawberry that will crop
lieavily when either one or two years old.
1 may here state that aft*^ many years'
experience in different soils and districts, I
consider it a mistake to destroy the plants
after one year's fruiting. The young plants
produce fine fruit the first .season after plant-
ing, buti the quantity bears no comparison to
that prodnced t he second year ; and I assert
that in deeply cult ivated, heavily manured land
jnost varieties of Sti-awberries may be retained
with advantage for three years. On thin,
light soils the case is different ; but then the
Ktrawtien-y being so much esteemed as a fruit
for <Iesseif and other uses that it is well worth
t'Xtra attention, and where thin soils have to
he dealt with, I know of nothing better than a
thick coating of good farniyard-nianuro well
incorporated with the soil during the winter
))fOvious to planting for gett ing such soils into
a condition to grow Strawberries ujjon them.
My practice is to plant a bed annually, and to
tlestroy one annually, so that we have always
abundance of fine fruit to meet all require-
ments. I have observed during recent very

trying summers that autumn mulching is very
nuicli ])releral)le to mulching in the spring,
especially on light soils such as we have here
I'csting on gravel. Diwhl Kctiip, Slokc I'lirk
(•'(tn/ciis, i>/oi(y/i.

STRAWBERRIES AT LAMPORT.— This year has
been the best season for many years for Straw-
bei-ries in this district, and Uw soil at
J>aniport being a retentive loaui, the plants
withstand drought well. Fruit- iiicking was
begun on Sunday, July 9, the variety being
Laxton's No. 1. The fruit of this variety is
not so good looking as some others. Royal
Sovereign, besides being one of the first to
ripen, is a great acquisition. The variety
Laxton's JVo. 1 fruited on young i)lants on a
warm border, and side by side with Royal
Sovereign, the latter being also young plants,
layei-ed in pots last year, and plantod as soon
as ready. This is the second yi-ar that 1 have
grown Laxton's Xo. 1, and it is the t'arliest I
have, but is of very little use the si'cond year,
and it is not advisable to grow a huge i|nant ity
of it. One thing in its favour, however, is that
it is good for preserving, for the colour and
quality of the preserve cannot bo excelled.
The next variety to fruit was Royal Sove-
reign, on young plants as above mentioned ;
the fruits from those plants were of large,
good shape, and fine flavour, but for preserving,
it is inferior. I have several lines running
across the garden of varieties of two-year-old
plants. Royal Sovereign amongst tlieni, which
have borne a very heavy crop of fruit ; also
Laxton's Monarch, which has this year proved
to be a superior fruit, having size, weight,
flavour, and firmiu-ss. I am much pleased with
Monarch this year, and intend to give Royal
Sovereign and Monarch a fair trial in order to
see which is the better variety. Sir Joseph
I'axton is later than either, and 1 have just
started picking the fruit, and 1 may have
something to relate about it shortly. The
varieties Mentmoro and Leader have heavy
crops ; Loxford Hall Seedling and Latest-of-
All are just ripening. H. A'eiiip.s/id//, Ldiiijiorf,
JkIij 10.

LILIUM GIGANTEUM. — Cirowiiig in a deep
jieaty bed, amongst Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
and Kalmias, in the Royal I'ark at tireenwich,
m.ay just now be seen in all its glory an
unusually large and well-developed sjiecimen
of the king of Lilies. It is fully 9 feet high,
bears twenty-one flowers, and has a stem cir-
enniferenc<' of fully U inclies. Rarely in these
Isles has a larger specimen of this Himalayan
Lily been reciu'dcd. Thesituation iseertaiidy
peculiarly suited for the growth of this plant,
it being low-lving and protected on all .sides
by full-grown" trees. A. D. W.

LILIUM CANDiDUM. — No doubt the fungoid
disease which attacks this popular Lily will be
much discussed during the Lily Conference of
the present week. [See Mr. Massce's paper,
p. C3. El).] I have had just recently in
diverse parts of Surrey ample evidence that
the disease has not by any means exterminated
this Lily. One of the finest clumps seen in one
cottage garden, on the leafage of which there
was not a trace of fungus, had fifteen strong
stems in full bloom, and the bulbs were so
crowded, that the central ones were forced
quite out from the soil, and were fully ex-
posed. It is commonly assumed that such
exposure of the bulbs checks the progress of
the fungus. But then I found in many other
gardens this Lily in luxuriant leafage and
bloom, the bulbs of which Were quite buried.
For that reason, it does not do to construct an
hypothesis in relation to the fungus from two
or three cases only. It seems odd that whilst
in literally myriads of gardens white Lilies
should thrive so well without any treatment
of a remedial kind being applied, in others no
remedy, however strongly recommended, seems
to be effectual in combating the fungus. We
may say almost the same thing with reference
to the Hollyhock, as now and then in cottage
gardens quite a charming show is made. But
Lilies should lie much more amenable, when in
the resting stage, to remedial treatment than
arc Hollyhocks. .1. D.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

.Iui.v2.-Pwf«r- Hr. M,T. MiistiTK, F.K.S.,iutlioCliiLir:.
Messrs. Odell, CliapuKiii, Saundurs, Holmes, liowles.
Dnicry, and Worsdoll ; l)r6. Muller, Cooke, and Reiidlo :
Prof. Boulger, Rev. W. Wilks, and Kcv. G. Hciislow,
Hon. Sec.

Orchids, Malformed.— Dr. Masters reported on the.
flowers sent to the last meeting. He found the Cattleya
to be dimerous, and the Odontoglossum to have five
perfect stamens, the other parts being variously twisted
and deformed,

I[<irhlnii!jue, (ibiioriiKd .form.— Mr. Druery exhibited :v
plant with the fronds variously modified, being sub-
hastate, cmargiuate, sub-pinnate in places, and nnioh
ci-estcd. It was a seedling of doubtful origin ; but ik
similar plant had been found wild many years ago.

AriflolocMa trilubata.— Mr. Odell showed flowering
shoots of this species, remarkable for the form of the
flower, in that the calyx closely resembled a pitchei-
of Nepenthes, having a lid provided with three lonp
pendulous streamers.

Cheiranthiis alpiinis, pods proliferous.- He also showeci
specimens of this, not uncommon monstrosity in
certain Crucifene. The pods were swollen at one
place, within which was a double flower having several
crumpled yellow petals and abortive stamens iu the;
place of an ovule.

Silciic mid AnIhyUis.—Mr. Holmes found that the
specimens sent to the last meeting proved tg be.
S. hirsnta, and a variety of A. vulneraria.

Campanula, fasciated.— Mr. Holmes exhibited a large
terminal flower of the common Canterbury Bell.
It consisted of a " multifold " flower of numerous,
parts ; also a flower of l"aris quadrifolia, with six
leivves to the whorl, l)ut having the usual 4-nicrons
perianth,

Plymouth Stratvberrt/. — Mr. Holmes also brought
specimens of the "I'lymouth Strawberry," which he
has had growing for ten years. It is remarkable f»L-
having a foliaccous flower, the petals and stamens
being represented by numerous small leaves, as in the
(a-eeu Rose and Alpine Strawberry; while each carpej
on the receptacle consists of a three-pointed leaf,
or rather petiole, rolled up upon itself. There is no.
trace of an ovule within it.

Ileech with palmatehj-ncrocd leaves.— He also showed
specimens of this peculiarity, apparently due to some
insect attack. Mr. S.tUNDEUs undertook to examine it.
Proliferous Corns of Cryptomfria. — Mr. Worsdell.
brought specimens of this monstrosity ; which Dr. Mas-
ters observed was not an uncommon production in
that tree.

Lily funguses. — Dr. Rendle showed stems badly
attacked by a fungus. Dr. M. C. Cooke reports as.
follows upon it :—

"It may be reasonably assumed that the Lilies
exhibited were sufTering from the attack of the " Lily
disease," so called by Marshall Ward in his memoir (in
the Annals of Botany, vol. it, p. 319, pi. xxii. to xxiv.,
1889). This is stated to be due to a white mould, of the
genus BotiTtis. Most of the species being only .t
conidial stage of a trumpet-shaped fleshy fungus called
a Peziza in past times, but now diguified by the name
of Sclerotinia, because. tlie cups arc developed from at.
hard sclerotium, which is the hybcrnating mycelium
of the mould. In the present instance I am not aware
that the sclerotium has been observed, and certainly"
not the Peziza ; hence it would be rather premature toi
give the supposed Peziza a name, before its existence:
has been demonstrated. Moreover, Marshall Ward has-
not given a specific name to his Botrytis, although he has-
described it with its clusters of egg-shaped conidia
Berkeley described, in 1881, a species of white mould!
growing upon Lilies, which hecallcdOvulavia elliptical
from its elliptical conidia (Gardeners' Chronicle, Sept. 10;.
1881, fig. 66). This nevertheless is a species of Botrytis,
since called Botrytis cUiptica, and probably is Marshall
Ward's species. Long previous to the above, Cordb
figured and described a white mould, with ovate
conidia, in glomcrules, which was found growing on
immature fruits of Lilies, in Bohemia; afterwards cited-
in other parts of Europe. This mould he called
Polyactis caua, but during the recent revision of all
species of fungi, by Saccardo, it has been called
Botrytis canescens. Whctlier it is different from-
Botrytis elliptica I cannot s.ay. Another species o£
Botrytis has been found in Britain and Holland, on
leaves, stems, and flowci-s of cultivated Tulips. It la.

July 20, 1901.]

THE GAUDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

59

called Botrytis parasitica {Civara App. Put. Veg., 10,
tab. vi., figs. I to 4). This is probably different from the
Botrytis on Lilies, although it is not improbable that
it jniglit develop upon Lilies if it came in conta<'t with
them. Having in view the conference which is shortly
to take place, it may be interesting to allude to all the
fungoid diseases of Lilies which have come under my
notice; and, in this connection, it is satisfactory to
learn that the number of pests is below the average of
piants so largely cultivated. No other parasitic mould
has been recorded, and. only recently, one species of
Mucor which attacks Lily bulbs raised in Japan for
exportation to Europe. This species is Kbizopus
nccans, described by Vassec (A'cic Bulletin, I8ii7, p. ^'7,

To these must be added the brands with two-celled
tcleutospores, although I am not aware that I'vicciuia
liliacearum, notwithstanding its name, has been found
to attack Lilies, although it is known in Britain on
Gagea and Ornithogahnn. Two other species, Puccinia
Tulipa! and Puccinia fallaciosa, attack Tulips, so that,
on the whole, the Lilies are favoui'ed by almost immu-
nity from these forms of fungoid pests.

The last group or sectiou of parasites to which I need
allude are the leaf-spots caused by incomplete fungi,
called the Sphojropsidea?. Here, again, the lirilish
cultivator may congiatuLate himself, since Phyllosticta
liliicola, on the leaves of Lilium candidum, has not ex-
tended beyond Italy: and Phyllosticta lilii, on I.ilium

Fig. 20.— lilium wa8iiin(;tonianbm vah. purplrkim.

(SEE p. 48.)

with plate), and att<icks the bulbs which soon become
rotten, and exhibit clusters of tiny fihamcnls with black
heads, like miniature pins. These heads enclose
minute conidia, whilst resting spores or zygospores arc
produced within the tissues of the decayed bulbs,
and thus jierpetuatc the species after a period of
rest. The section of fungoid parasites which in-
clude the smuts, rusts, and brands is represented,
although there is no smut such as infests Erythroniuni
or Ornithogahim. The cluster cups of the Lily of (he
Valley (^cidium convallariaj), has occurred on Lilium
canadcnsc, and another cluster cup (.Kcidium)
occurs on Martagon Lilies in Siberia. Of the brands
with simple telcutospores consisting of a single
cell, the most common is Uromyccs Erythronii on
Lilium canadense, in Europe ; and another, less
common, jirobably unknown in Europe, Is Uromyccs
Lilii, described as a pest of Lilies in the United States.

8upcrbum,i8.it present confined to Canada. There is an
allied parasite, with some technical dlfTcrcnces, called
Cylindrosporium inconspicuuin, found on leaves of the
Martagon Lily, but at present confined to Switzerland.
Altogether, this report should give courage to the Eng-
lish cuUiv.ator of Lilies, in-asmuch as the ' Lily disease '
so called, associated with Botrytis, is the only one
whieli need cause anxiety."

Mr. Wii.KS observed that the best remedy was to
place the diseased Lily bulbs in a bag of sulphur in
some hot place in a greenhouse; then to replace them
in the ground, but not too deeply.

A un.aninious vote of thanks was given to Dr. Cookk
foj- his report on the fungus sent to the last meeting,
as well as on the present occasion.

lAly nijhrhlH.—l/iv. Bowi-Ks exhibited blossoms of L.
Dalhansoni, the result of L. dalmaticum x Hansoni,
to show the difTcrence in colouring.

Hijbrid Pttssion-Flowers.—Dv. J. H. W11.SOX, St. An-
drews, sent specimens of a hybrid between P. alba and
P. Constance Elliott.

Tuberose Diseased.— Some specimens were riccivcd
from Mr. C. M.\Eiis, Hockley, Essex, upon which
Dr. COOKF. reports as follows :— " In the decayed crown
of the corm I find no mycelium, or evidence that
the decay was caused in the first instance by fungi ; but
plenty of insects were present." Dr. Masters observed
that such decay was iisually at the base, not '.t'. the apex,
of the corm, as in the present instance.

Carnations Diseased.— ySi: G. RoBEiiT3, of Exton Park,
sent sonic plants which were in a failing condition.
Dr. Cooke examined them, and reports as follows:—
•■ The Carnations evidently sulTercd in the first instance
from worm at the roots ; afterwards, whcu the foliage
was failing, they became attacked by the Carnation
mould (Hetcrosporium ecliinulatum (ligured iu <iiw('.
Chron., -Vugust 21, 188ti, fig. 50). It is doubtful whether
these particular black moulds will attack healthy and
vigoi-ous plants; but when they are weak, sickly, or
injured, they then become a ready prey."

Apple-stems attacked 6y (Vilcrpiifnrs.— Specimens were
sent by Mr. W. Camm. of the Abbey Gardens, Battlr,
Sussex, upon which Mr. S.\unoeus repoi-ts as follows :—

" The Apple-stems from Mr. Cauim arc. I should Siiy,
undoubtedly bored by the caterpillars of the 'Wood
Leopard-Moth' (Ze\r/.era sesculi). The entrance to the
gallery may Ik; easily found by examining the tree, and
if moisture is seen to be exuding from any part mixed
with sawdust like particles of wood, there the hole will
be found ; a sharp-pointed wire should then be passed
in as far as possible, so as to stab the caterpillar. If
this cannot be accomplished, the entrance should bo
somewhat enlarged, and some tow or cotton-wool
steeped iu tar or paralBn oil should be pushed iu as
far as possible so as to stific the insect. When no more
can be got in, the entrance should be closed tightly
with nell-kncadcd clay or wax. If a large grey and
white moth with dclicatelyspoltcd wings is found on
the trees, it should be killed, as it is probably the
parent insect."

Palms flnwerin;/. - Mr. A. Demi, »!, Allcyn Road,
Dulwich, sent a portion of the umlc inflorescence of
Chaniffirops Kortunci. The plant is described as beinlg
some 4 feet high to the top of the crown. Another
plant has Howered at Chlslehurst this season, and a
third elsewhere. Lastly, n fourtlr has lloweied after
an interval of twenty-seven years. This summer has
therefore appeared to be particularly favourable to the
llowcrlng of Palms in the open.

PlaiUsfrom Asia .UiHiir.— Miss Wii.mot sent sjiccimens
of a while-flowered Larkspur, and a golden-yellow
Ccniaurca, both of which appear to be new to science^
and at present unnamed.

lAicender, /niliHi/.— Plants were received from Mr.
A. 11. Smee which failed to produce their flower-spikes.
The stems were remarkable tor the largo size, and Hat
form of the leaves ; the leaves on the lower part being
small and with serrated margins. This feature appeared
to show that the plants had grown in too moist a.
locality, the vegetative vigour being abuoi-mally
stimulated ; this and possibly a frost had arrested
the flower-spikes.

COMMITTEES AT CUISWICK.
July 11), 17.— On Tuesday last the Royal Horticultural
Society's Committees met in the big vinery at Chiswick
(iardcns, and a Conference on Lilies was held in a tent
on the lawn, 11. J. Elwes, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair, at
which a number of papers were read by Dr. Henry, the
great Chinese traveller; Mr. J. fi. liakor, Mr. Yeld, and
other gentlemen. The company was for the season
disappointingly scanty, and the display of Lilies
smaller than had be«n hoped lor, the best and fullest
collections cojniug from Messrs. Wallace & Co., Col-
chester, and Messrs. J. Vbitch «t Sons, Chelsea. Other
floral items of nu)st interest were Swoct Peas, and mi."
cellancous hardy herbaceous ]>cronuiaIs iu much
variety. Orchids wcic few, ami tinit w:,^ m..i al,uii<l:int.

Orchid Committea.

July 1«, ll.—PrCHeHt : Harry J. Veitch, Emi., in the
Chair; and Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), II. T. Piti,
dc B. Crawshay, W. II. Young, A. Hislop, E. Hill, W.
Thompson, II. J. Chapman, and T. W. Bond.

Messrs. Iluoii Low & Co., Bush Hill Park, showed a
small group in which were La-lia X lona (tcnebrosa x
Dayana), with rather small flowers, in forui like
L. tcnebrosa, in colour bright rose-purple with maroon
front to the lip ; Cypripcdium x LawrenceanoCharlCs"
worthi, having a strong resemblance to C. Charles-
worthi in form, but with rose-purple lines and tlngq.

60

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 20, 1901.

in the uiiikt fcpal ; C. X Frau Ida Evandt (lo grande X
Youugianuin, C. X Goweri magnificuin Scliofield's
variety, a very largo and finely-coloured form, C. x
Kiinballianum, Low's variety, and two fine varieties
of Cattleya Gaskelliana.

Reginald Young, Esq., Linnet Lane, Sefton Park,
Liverpool (gr. , Mr. Poyutz), sent CypripediumxTautzi-
anum Youngii (barbatum grandiflorum X uiveuni),
diflfering from the original in being larger and more
xiniformly puriJle tinted.

Sir Feede'hick Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen
(gr., Mr. W. II. Young), showed flowers of the natural
hybrid Cattleya X Whitei (Schilleriana X labLata).
Flowers large, bright, dark rose coloured, with purplish-
rose front to llie lip.

E. KOBERTS, Esq., Park Lodge, Eltliam (gr., Mr. Carr),
showed a finely grown plant of Anguloa Ruckeri, with
sLk flowers of excellent quality; yellow uniformly
spotted with pale rcd-browu.

Awards.

First-class Certificate.
Odontoglossum maciihitum Tlioinpsonianum. from W.
Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, StafTordshire
<gr., Mr. W. Stevens). A remarkable and gigantic form
of this pretty Mexican species. The inflorescence was
very stout, over 20 inches iu length, and bearing eight
Jarge and finely-formed flowers, far superior at all
points to any previously seen. Flowers .3 inches
■wide across the petals, and Sh diagonally across the
■sepals; petals H incli wide; lip Ij inch wide; sepals
salmon-brown, margined with yellow; petals and lip
3>ale yellow, blotclicd with browu.

Award oi Merit.
OdontoglossumxCrawshayanum,irom de B. Chawshay,
Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr., Mr. Stables).— A very
tine and distinct hybrid, well intermediate between the
parents. The cross was made July 7, 1894, O. Hallii
toeing the seed-bearer, the other parent O. Harryanum,
•and the plant flowered July 12 this year. The form of
the flower is nearest to O. Harryanum, but the colour-
ing and spiny crest and apiculate wings to the coluniu
are strongly indicative of O. Hallii. The ground colour
•of the sepals and petals is of the palest greenish-yellow,
with a nearly white area at the bases. The sepals are very
heavily Ijlotched with chocolate-brown, and the petals
similarly but less profusely marked. Lip large and
■concave at the base, as in O. Harryanum, and with
a bristly crest dotted with brown. The basal half is
■cream-while, spotted with purplish-brown ; the front
unspotted, rolled inward at the sides, and apiculate.

CypHpedmm x KimbalHanum, Low's var., from Messrs.
Hugh Low & Co.— The plant was illustrated but not
-described in the Gardeners' Chronicle, June 2'J, 1895, p. 801 ,
iroin a garden-raised specimen, raised between C.
Rothschildlanum and C. Dayauum. That shown by
Messrs. Low was an imported natural hybrid. The
•present variety Is the largest and best, and the most
liearly approaching C. Rothschildianum in form and
colour. Upper and lower sepals large, cream-white,
heavily striped with purple-browu ; petals long and
extended, whitish, spotted with purple-browii ; lip
tinged wifli reddish-biown.

Floral Committee.

present: W.Marshall, Esq., Chairman; and Messrs.
R.Wilson Ker, W. J. James, R. Dean, S. A. de Graaf,
E. H. Jenkins, W. P. Tliomson, W. Bain, J. Jennings,
C, R. Fielder, Chas. E. Pearson, C. Dixon, C. E. Shea,
Chas. T. Druery, Geo. Paul, H. Turner, R. C. Notcutt,
O. Thomas, Jas. Walker, George Gordon, J. Fraser, and
J. F. McLeod.

Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Kilnfield Gardens, Col-
chester, showed extensively Lilies in variety (fifty-seven
species and varieties) admirably grown, and many gi*ow-
ing in pots, and others wore cut stems merely. The
group, a semi-circle in form, was placed at the head of the
ceiitral mass of exhibits. The pieces de resistance con-
sisted of L. Browni leucanthum, L. auratum var.Wittei,
a delicately-coloured variety, white, with a yellow band
on eauh petal; L. auratum, with evenly-distributed purple
spots, and the usual yellow baud ; L. a. rubro-vittatum,
of which there were several examples, the central band
on the petals being of a reddish-purple tint, and half
au inch in width, and the spotting as in the type. L.
Browni was shown as a cut flower, massive looking
blooms, white on the inside and dull purple outside ;
L. superbum, an orange and yellow-coloured flower,
with purple s)iotting, and a Turk's cap as regards form.
Sonie' of the flowers of tills species shown presented
brighter tints than otiiers. L. Thunbergianum var.
Orange Queen, au erectly-poised flower, C inches in

widtli and orange-coloured, witli a few difi'used spots
over the surface; L. T. var. atro-purpurea, a flower
of a dull crimson tint, having narrow petals, and a
flower not more than 4 inches iu diameter ; L. T. bi-
color, with a flower of orange scarlet colour ; L. T. E. L.
Joerg, similiir, but the petals tipped with crimson ; L.
Huraboldti, an orange-coloured Turk's cap, and set ofi'
by bold spotting, a plant very free to flower ; L. Grayii,
a small drooping flower of orange-scarlet, which does
not open widely ; L. concolor, brilliant scarlet ; and
L. c. var. luteum,aplant of small growth, flowers erect,
both apparently delicate, but really of easy cultiva-
tion ; L. pardalinum var. californica, a very brilliant
scarlet and orange-coloured " Turk's Cap," with petals
which completely reflex; L. longiflorum foliis albo-
marginatis, the leaf variegation being in the form of
longitudinal lines of a creamy white ; L. 1. giganteum,
with much larger flowers, of purest white. Of the
handsome L. excelsum (testaceum), several well-
bloomed plants, and also cut stems loaded with
flowers, were .shown. The colour is buff of a pleasing
sliade, and it is a, plant of easy culture in most soils
and situations; L. Hansoui, an orange-coloured, mal-
odorous flower, which iu the present season is about a
a month too late. L. croceum, so-called; L. tigi^i-
num splendens, an orauge-scarlet flower; L. can-
didnm, the painter's Lily, a plant which iu some
soils succeeds like a weed, aud in others will not grow
for any length of time ; L. chaleedonicum macuLatum,
L. speciosum album, and L. rubrum, both well-known
species for market-garden work and in pots and
borders; L. Henryi, a magnificent, tall-gi-owiug species,
with large flowers, 5 inches in diameter, lightly disposed
on long petioles ; the stems of the plants exhibited wore
7 to 8 feet in total height. The Colchester firm showed
likewise the lovely Mariposa Lilies (Calochorti) in
variety, Hemerocallis luteola, a late-blooming species,
ot a pure yellow tint (Gold Medal).

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Royal Exotic Nur-
series, Chelsea, staged in formal manner cut blooms of
a large number of species of Lilium. The back line
consisted of L. longiflorum ; the next toward the front,
L. llansoni, L. excelsum. L. Purple Martagou, L. excel-
sum in duplicate examples ; the third row L. elegaus
sanguincum, L. umbellatum fulgidum, which difi'ers
from the type iu its more fervid tint ; L. elegaus fulgens,
L. croceum, L. candidum, L. Browni, and L. umbellatum
var. ineomparabile. Other species, some scarce, were
L. Washingtouianum, white, faintly spotted ; L. super-
bum , L. canadense flavum, with small flowers of au
orange tint, having recurving tips to the petals ; L.
concolor, L. croceum, L. chaleedonicum Heldreichi, a
brilliant crimson '• Turk's cap ; " L. canadense rubrum,
L. dalmaticum, with deep pui-ple flowers, covered with
densely-set hairs ; L. venustum macranthum, L. cana-
dense flavum, &c. A most interesting because compre-
hensive collection (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. Veitch & Sons showed Buddleia variabilis,
a plant having long racemes of pale blue flowers of a
small size, but showy withal.

Mr. Henry Jones showed a few nice blooms of
Lilium Browni, L. pardalinum, L. elegans, and others,
merely describing them as having been grown out-of-
doors in Surrey.

Capt. Reid, Yalding, Kent, showed Lilium Browni,
L. Sczovitzianum, observed in uo other colleetiouat the
meeting; L. X Burlianki, audL. candidum.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking,
showed L. Parryi, a seedling from L. Martagou album
(see fig. 19); L. Burl)aukix(Award of Merit), and L. Huin-
boldti Bloemenaviana magnifica, an orange-coloured
'■ Turk's Cap," with crimson spottiug over the entire
surface of the petals.

G. S. Patey, Esq., Newton Abbot, showed Lilium
chaleedonicum, common Martagou, and Martagou
album; L. candidum, L. dalmaticum, L. croceum, L.
Burbankix, L. excelsum, and L. caudidum var. llore-
striato, a white flower mainly, with lilac-coloured
stripes towards the tips of the petals.

Messrs. Barr & Sons, 12 aud !.■!, King Street, Covent
Garden, Loudon, showed well a number of hardy
perennial plants as cut flowers, including excellent
Phloxes, Water Lilies, Delphiniums, and Pentstemons.
Their Lilies included several of the more common
species, besides L. canadense rubrum, L. pardalinum
Michauxi, L. p. parviflorum, and L. Browni (Banksian
Medal).

Mr. John Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Richmond,
set up a gi'oup ot foliage plants, including Caladium
Russelli, a big - leaved variety, pale pink, mottled
ground, green veins ; C. Gaurema, C. Sir Julian Gold-
smid, C. Orphee,'C. Exquislta, &c. ; Alocasia [Sauderi-

ana, A. gandaveusis, A. argyra?a, aud A. mortfontain-
eusis, very striking : and numerous Crotons. Alto-
gether a very showy group (Flora Medal).

Messrs. Thos. Ware, Ltd., Hale Farm Nurseries,
Feltham, exhibited a mixed group of plants and cut
flowers of hardy herbaceous perennials, including a
few species of Lilies, such as L. pardalinum, L. Hum-
boldti, L. Browni, L. chaleedonicum, L. odorum, L.
longiflorum, and L. Henryi. The group was rich in
shrubby Phloxes, Iris Kajmpferi, Gaillardias, Cam-
panulas, Alstrosmerias, Heleniums, Cannas, Chrysan-
themums, succulents in vai-iety. Water Lilies, Statice.
Special mention may be made of Campanula mirabilis,
with a drooping habit of growth, aud palest of blue
flowers (figured iu the Gardeners'. C'AronJc!e,1898,vol.xxiv.,
p. 33) ; Ornithogalum lacteum, leafless plants, having
spikes of pure white blooms 6 ins. in length, on slender
stalks 2 feet high ; Ajuga metalhca, with crumpled
moss-green foliage, as large as a florin, the habit of
growth dense and lowly ; Lythrum roseum superbum.
Chrysanthemum W. Henshaw, a flower having white
rays and a yellow disc ; Acanthus longifolius, Semper-
vivuin HeufTeri, having yellow flowers ; Erigeron glau-
cus, pale violet rays aud yellow disc; Pentstemon
Ueterophyllus, with bright blue-coloured flowers ; Del-
phinium chinense, deep bine flowers ; and D. c. album ;
Statice incana rosea, Heuchera Zabbeliua, pale pink
(Banksian Medal).

W. Fromow & Sons, Sutton Court Nursery, Chiswiek,
exhibited an extensive collection of Japanese Maples as
examples, rising iu height IJ feet to 6 feet. This group
was enlivened by the insertion of Lilies in bloom iu
variety.JAcor sangnineum is a remarkably dark-coloured
variety, new to us, the prevailing tint a claret-purple
and rosy-red, making it an cfTective plant. It is, so far
as we know, quite the darkest of the ornamental-leaved
section of Japanese Maples (Banksian Medal).

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., showed small plants
iu 48's, of Nerium roseo-splendens, flowers rather larger
tlian is usually the case with Nerium Oleander. They
likewise had a good exhibit in a shady nook on the
lawn, of a number of Nynipha;as in pans filled with
water, the plants being in most cases well in flower,
The species consisted of N. fulva, N. Marliaeea albida.
N. M. chromatella, sanguinea, ignea, carnea, and
flammea, N. Seignouretii, N. Aurora, N. pygina?a liel-
veola, N. Robiusoni, N. EUisiana, N. tuberosa, N. Lay-
deckeri fulgens, N. L. purpurata, N. L. lilacea (Silver-
gilt Flora Medal).

Mr. Ed. Laidla-w, of the Roker Nursery, Sunderland,
showed a white sport from Pelargonium Madame
Thibaut, useful if a late bloomer.

Percy Waterer, Esq., Fawkham, Kent, made an
excellent display of Sweet Peas, the lea^ay of the
blossoms being greatly enhanced by a light green
groundwork of crumpled muslin on which the flower
glasses were placed, aud against which flowers of
almost every tint sliowed to perfection. We do not
s appose tliat this sort of setting admits of improve-
ment. AU the best varieties were sliown, aud if a
selection must be made, we would, among blues, name
Begorra, deep purple ; Captain of the Blues, Navy Blue,
C. E. Wilkius, and Duke of Westminster. Of pinks,
CDCcineus, Lady Mary Currie, Countess of Powis,
Triumph, Lord Kenyon, George Gordon, Chancellor,
and Oriental. Other fine varieties were Salopian,
Oriental, Aurore, Prince of Wales, Mars, and Firefly
(Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Mr. J. Douglas, Edensidc, Great Bookham, showed
Carnations and Picotees, including many very choice
and pretty novelties ; besides those that received an
Award of Merit. Seymour Corcoran is a primrose"
yellow flower, with regular, smooth edged, cupped
petal, a circular bloom with unsplit calyx. Ensign is
similar in every point, but is white ; the grass being of
moderate strength iu each case.

Mr. G. Yeld, Clifton Cottage, York, showed Hemero-
callis Pioneer x H. Thunbergi, and H. disticlia, single
flowered species of a bright orange tint.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., showed Spirasa caUosa
punicea, of a deeper tint than the type; also Heben-
streitia comosa, having an inflorescence similar to the
New Zealand Veronica- a South African species.

A^wards of Merit.

Arctotis omndis.—Tlowers nearly 3 inches across ;
florets white, shaded with heliotrope on the outside,
with yellow ring around the disc, which is of deep
heliotrope colour. Shown by Mr. A. W. Wade, River-
side Nursery, Colchester.

Campanula lactiflora ca;riUea.— Some exceedingly strong
flowering growtlis of this were shown by Mr. Amos
Perry. Tlie colour of the flowers is like that of
Lavender, with nearly white centre.

Jt-LY 20, 1901.]

"HE GAnDE2\ERS' CIIROXICLE.

61

Candyiitft "Rose Cardinal."— This variety was giown
in Cliiswick Gardens from seeds supplied by Messrs.
Watkins it Simpson, Tavistock Street, Strand. It lias
a veiy goodbabit of gi'Owth,and branches considerably.
Tlie colour is rich rosy-carmine.

Carnation Ensign.— X vei-y fine white border variety
of large size, with exceedingly good petals, minutely
fimbriated at the margins. Tlic calyces are not so good
as they might be. Shown by Mr. DonOLAS.

Carnation Sei/mour Corcoran. — .\ first-<^lass border
variety of buCF-yellow colour. Shown by Mr. Douglas.

Lilium X Burbanhi. — Flowers of this variable Lily
were shown by Sir Trevoe Latvrence, G. S. Patet,
Esq., Newton Abbot, Mr. Amos Peret, and Messrs.
Wallace & Co. From the appearance of these flowers
it would seem obvious that the name Burbankii has
been given to hybrids of different parentage, or
from vinselected varieties from the same seed-pod. Mr.
Perry's flowers were not strikingly good, but resembled
a poor form of L. pardalinum, except that the growth
was stronger and bore more flowers upon veiT long
pedicels. Those from Sir Trevor ta^vi'ence were quite

From the Horticultural College, Swanley, Kent, were
shoivu some large Melon-fruits of several varieties
Cultural Commendation).

H. P. Stuegis, Esq., Givans, Leatherhcad, Surrey
(gr., Mr. Vi'. Peters), exhibited fimits of Strawberry
Givans' Late Prolific, which was recommended au
Award of Merit at the last meeting of the Committees
at the Drill Uall.

A collection of fruit giowu within two miles of
Charing Cross, was of exceptional interest atChiswick,
because it showed that very fine results are possible of
attainment, even so close to the heart of the Metro-
polis. There were six Melon traits in several varieties,
not of large size, but capitally finished ; Tomatos
Golden Jubilee, Sunbeam, and Perfection; fifteen
dishes of Gooseberries, two dishes of Red Currants,
one dish of Plums, obtained from a pot-tree, which has
ripened the fruits in the open ; about twenty good
fruits of Dyraond Peach, and a dish of Superlative
Raspberiy (Silver Knightian Medal).

Lord Llangattock, The Ilendre, Monmouth (gi\, Mr.
T. Coombci-), exhibited a collection of eighteen cxcel-

FlO. 21.— mi.D OF LILR'M GIGANTBUM. (SEE P. 5C.)

distinct, being larger in size and more attractive in
colour. While some flowers in the show seem to be the
result of across Iwtween L. pardalinum and L. Wash-
ingtonienee, those of Sir Trevor Lawrence suggested
L. Pan-yii and L. pardalinum. At present purchasers
of this Lily should buy the plants wliilst in flower, that
they may get the type they wish, as the confusion will
be great, especially as each type shown can claim to
have received an Award.

Lilium concolor C'orWi'on.— Much like concolor, except
that the flowers are yellow instead of red. The variety
shown on Tuesday had minute spotting. Height about
1.5 inches. From Messrs. Wai.i,A( K it Co.

Pnxit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : A. Dean, Rev. W. Wilks, and Messss. F. Q.
Lane, George Wythes, G. F. Miles, S. Mortimer, W. Pope,
Jas. It. Vcitch, George Kclf, E. Beckett, W. Fyfc, Thos.
Cooinlwr, Jno. Baslian, J. Willard, H. Baldcrson, Jas.
Smith, Geo. Woodward, Henry Eslings, W. Poupart, W.
Bates, C. Herrin, and W. H. Divers.

Mr. A. Pettigrew, gi-. to the Marquis of liUTE, Cardiff
Castle, exhibited four large fruits of Melon Royalty, a
white fleshed variety with yellow exterior, netted white.
It was awarded an Award of Merit by the Royal Horticul-
tural Society last year, and is of very good flavour.

lent Piuc-apples. Tlie fruits, Ihongli not ol extraordi-
nary size, were of comuicndablc avci'agc, and excellent
quality and " finish " (Silver Knightian Medal).

Messrs. Geo. Uunyard .t Co., Royal Nurseries, Maid-
stone, exhibited a few fruiting branches of varieties of
Cherries, to show how bountiful the crop has been in
Kent this season. TIic varieties were Black Eagle,
Flemish Red, Old Black Heart, Kent Bigarrcau, and
Waterloo Heart.

Four fine Pine-apples were shown by Barou
Nathaniel de Rothschii.I), llohc Warte, Viennatgr.,
Mr. Roberts). Three of these fruits were Queen's, and
the other Brackamoriensis, a variety little giown in
this countiy. The fruit of tliis sort weighed 10 pounds
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. W. Ray & Co., Mount Pleasant Nursery.
Teynliam, Kent, cxliibited a vciy good collection of
Chen'ies, the fruits being of good size. The large uew
variety Noble was represented. There were about
seventeen varieties shown, including Frogmore Bigar-
rcau, Black Eagle, Black Tartarian, Waterloo, Bigarrcau
Napoleon. Fruiting syrays illustrated the exceptionally
good crops the trees have yielded (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Mr. Geo. Wythes, gr. to tlic Duke of Nobthumbeii-
I.ASD, Syon House, Brentford, exhibited tliree fruits of

Melon Victoria, from a cross between Syon House X
Sutton's Epicure. It was recommended an Award o£
Merit at Chiswick, see p. 36 of our last issue.

Eteagnus edulis in fruit was sliown by J. T. Strange,
Esq., Aldcrraaston, Reading. Tlio reddish fruits were
exceedingly acid.

Messrs. R. VEiTCH it Son, Exeter, cxhiljited pods o£
Pea Glory of Devon, a good main crop wrinkled Marrow
growing about 1 feet high. It was recommended an
Award of Merit by the Royal Horticultural Society on
July 11, 1899.

Mr. Alex. Wright, The Gardens, Bucklobury Place,
Woolhampton, Berks, exhibited n. fruit each of Melon
Best-of-AU, a green-fleshed variety; nud Melon Royal
Favourite, with white flesh.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch it Sons, Royal Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road. Chelsea, exhibited fruits and foliage of
Strawberry The Khedive, a deep red-coloured fruit,
with prominent seeds and good flavour ; it is the result
of a cross between Lord Suflield and British Queen.
AWAED OF Mekit.

Strawberry Queen Alexandra, exliil)ited by Mr. Alex.
Wright, Mundsley Road, North Walsham. Tlicre wero
no fruits for iuspeotion after tlic Commii;ec luul risen.

The Lily Conference.

This most important feature of the da.y's procecdinga
proved to be very interesting. Mr. H. J. Ehves presided,
and amongst those present were Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S.,
Dr. Henry, Geo. Massee, Capt. Savillc Reid, G. Yeld^
R. Wallace, F. W. Moore of Glasnoviu (Dublin), and
George Nicholson. '

In opening the proceedings, Mr. Elwcs said II at
when he was abroad, and it was unctrtain whetlier or-
not he would he able to be present at that function, ho
had been allotted the task of writing a paper upon tl:o
new Lilies that had been introduced or discovered
since he published his book upon these plants. Mr.
Baker, however, had written such a paper, and he had.
the greatest pleasure in calling upon that gentleman
to address the audience in his stead.

Me. Baker on NewlyIntroduckd Lilies.

Mr. Baker said that the publication of the excellent
monogi-aph of Lilies, written by the President ot that.
Conference, constituted an eVa iu the history of the
genus. Nothing of the same character had been doncs
since the pulilication of tliatwork. In the paper troni
which he was aliout to read extracts therefore, he had
menlioued the Lilies that have been discovered since,
or that from some reason had not been included in Mr.
Elwes'book. Ho proposed to give a description of tho
characteristics of each, and some information as toi
their native h.aliitats. Instead of reading Hie detailed
descriptions ot them in full, however, ho hoped tliat
liis paper would be thought sulTleiently interesting to
be printed in tlie Society's Journal, with a report of tho
Iiroceediugs of tliat Conference.

The two countries that h.ave contributed new Lilies
during the last twenty years or so were Upper Burmah,
from which an excellent collection, including Ihrcor
new Lilies, liad been brought home l)y Sir Il.ColUlt
and Mr. Boxall ; and Central and Western China, which
was undoubtedly exceedingly rich in Lilies. Fortu-
nately, Dr. Henry, who had l>eeu so successful in intro-
ducing Lilies and otlier species ot plants from that.
region, was present that afternoon. His collectifin
included l3,ito numbers, but amongst these, of course,
were many duiilicates of species and varieties collected
from different localities or habitats or iu dinvn iit.
stages of growtli. Some Lilies had also been culhilnL
iu Western China l)y the French, Italian, and Gcnu.ajv
missionaries.

Mr. Baker enumerated the new species in tho order
familiar to botanists, commencing with the sub-genus.
Cardiocrinum, of which the old species, cordifoliuin,
(Japan), and gigaiiteum (Himalayas), were well known.
During the past twei>'y years tliis group has been en-
riched l)y two new species. Tho late M. Franchet, vi
the Jardindes Plantes, Paris, describedtwo newspecies.
One of these is L. iniralnle, which resembles gigaiiteum
andcordifolium iu itsgencral habitandcharactcristics,
grows strong and high, and bears as m.any as liflccii
flowers upon a stem, having broad ovale cordate k'avcs.
A curious feature of this Lily is, tliat coulrary to otlier
species which have centripetal inflorescences this ono
is centrifugal, consequently the uppermost flowers
are the first to expand. The other new one was L.
Glehni, from tlie island of Sachalin, which differs from
L. cordifolium in several respects, one difference being
tliat the valves of Iho capsules possess but one nerve.

Passing to suli-gcnus II. (Eulirion), which includes
candiduin,Browiiii,.aud longillorum, Messrs. Low it Co.
Iiad introduced a Lily under tho name of L. Wallichl-
anum sulphureum. This was discovered by Boxall in

62

THE G A RDE NER S ' CIHl 0 NI CL E.

[JixY 20, 1901.

Ilie Slian States of Upper Bunnali In 1801. and was
nearly allied to, but distinct from, L. Wallicliianum of
the Himalayas. It lias yellow (not white) flowers, and
the plants produce bulbils in the axils of the leaves.
L. primulinum is not so abundant as the Inst-nouicd
plant. It was figured in the liolimical Mann--iiie. and
differs from L. Neilgherrense, in having shorter and
more expanded flowers. Sir H. CoUett collected the
plant in 1888 in'the Shan States.

L. Bakerianum (fig. 17, p. 45) was originally collected
by Sir H. CoUett, and was figured in the Journal of the
Linnean Society. Another Lily was known as L. Lowi, both
of them havir g been collected first in Upper Burmah.
Since, however, they have been discovered in larger
quantities in China, and have become better known,
it is thought that they will prove to be insuSaciently
distinct to rank as separate species, and L. Bakeri-
anum, having the claim of priority, would have to
.stand for both, and tlie name Lowi abandoned.

L. rubellum (see fig. 1.5, p. 42) is a very pretty species,
with widely expanding flowers about 3 inches long, and
(luito unspotted. It was received at Kew in 1898
from Messrs. Bunting, of Chelmsford. It is allied to
L. japonicura, but has smaller, piiik flowers.

L. japonicum var, Alexandra (see p. 51) was intro-
duced from Japan by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons and
Messrs. Wallace, and was exhibited in 1893. It has pure
white flowers, glows very tall, and has a habit similar
to that of L. japonicum.

L. leucanthum was discovered by Dr. Heniy near a
gorge where the great river o£ Central China breaks
through and forms a beautiful ravine. It is near to L.
Brownii.but has white flowers, and produces axillarybul-
rbils. L. formosum is only a variety of L. longiflorum.

In the Gardeners' Chronicle of 1891 there were five
varieties of L. Brownii described. One of these,
Chloraster, is only slightly brown on the outside, and
has a green star, which is noticeable inside and outside
the flower. L. odorum or colchestcrense may prove to
■ be distinct from Brownii. L. myriantliuni, from W.
•China, is near to L. longiflorum, but differs in possess-
ing narrow segments, and in otlier details.

The subgenus IV. (Isolirion) had been enriched by a
new variety of L. elegans. known as Batenianniic ; it
has large, clear, apricot-yellow-coloured flowers, quite
free from spots, and was collected in Japan. Future
experience with the plant may prove it to be a hybrid.
P.assing to the Arehclirion section, much praise was
given to Liliuiii Henryi, a m.agnificent garden Lily, and
satisfaction was expressed that its name commemorated
Dr. Henry's labours. Combining some of the charae-
1>eristics of L. sp eciosum and L. auratum. the plants
grow 10 feet high, and flower rather late in the season.
Tbe flowers are very distinct, and are bright red or
orange in colour. It " is one of the very best and dis-
tinct acquisitions " during tlie period under considera-
tion. Collected in China, in 1888, the plant appears to
adapt itself perfectly to the British climate.

Of Lilium auratum, &c., two noteworthy varieties
had been introduced, namely, tricolor and platyphyl-
lum. The variety tricolor differed from the type in
being more robust, having broader leaves, more veins,
no spotting in flowers, but copious papilla?. Platyphyl-
lum, from Central China, is very large in size, and
richly spotted with brown.

L. oxypetalum, which has been introduced since the
publication of Mr. Elwes' Monograph, lias been trans-
ferred to the Fritillary genus.

L. Delavayi is near to Fritillaria, and was found in
Yunnan by Father Delavay, It has erect flowers, which
expand widely, in colour winy-red, and spotted.

L. yunnanense is a very distinct species, collected by
several persons, has a widely-expanded perianth, some
\h to 2 inches wide, and is of reddish colour.

Turning to the Martagon group, Mr. Baker went on
to say that the majority of the new Lilies for the
past 20 years belonged to this group. L. Heldreiclii
(Greece, 1880) is allied toL.carniolicum, has bright red
flowers, distinct, 2 inches long, and , like all of the
Martagon group, the petals reflex.

L. gchraceum, from Yunnan, is near to L. moiia-
dclphum Szovitsiauuni, but would prove to be distinct.
It has yellow flowers. L. Janka" is near L. pyrenaicum.
Several other species, inchiding sutehense, Wallacei,
Duchartrei, papilliferum, L. Fargesii (nearly allied to L.
tcuuifolium), were mentioned before Mr. Baker referred
briefly to—

New American Species.

Regret was expressed tliat Carl Purdy, who knew
more about American Lilies than anyone else, was not
present. L. nitidum, with bright yellow flowers, was
introduced by Mr. Bull in 1880. L. Grayi was collected
in Virginia and in North Carolina, and has reddish-
orange coloured flowers, with spots. L. oecidentale of
Purdy is near to L. parvura.

Summing up, Mr. Baker said at present it appeared

there were thirty-five distinct species and varieties of
Lilies that were not included in the Mouogi'apli. Many
of .them are not at present in cultivation, and though
some of the West China Martagon species may prove to
be synonymous, most of the Lilies mentioned would
probably be found to be true and distinct. The two best
of (ho nc<niisitions were L. Henryi and L. rubellum.

The C'HAIUM.VN said that all had listened with very
great pleasure to Mr. Baker's paper. Mr. Baker, by
publishing his excellent "Synopsis of Lilies" in
the Gardeners' Chronicle in 1871, had enabled the
Chairman to write his monograph upon that founda-
tion. It was not sufficiently recognised by horti-
culturists how deeply they were indebted to botanists ;
and there were some botanists who failed to appreciate
that the opposite was also true. In the work of de-
scribing new plants, especially Monocotyledons, as
Lilies, Irises, Orchids, &c., it was very necessary for the
botanist to have before him living specimens. In pre-
paring his monograph, Mr. Elwes had made it a point
to exhaust every possible means to obtain fresh speci-
mens, and of the fifty-two known species then sup-
posed to be distinct, he had forty-eight in a living state.
Of the new Lilies Mr. Baker had described, there had
been introduced to cultivation only seven or eight ; and
Mr. Baker had shown that much work still remained to
be done. Mr. Elwes believed that in W. China and
Thibet there was a vast amount of horticultural
novelties awaiting collection. Messrs. Jas. Veitch &
Sons had there at the present time a capable man
(Mr. Wilson), and great results were expected. After
enumerating some of the diiflcultics and dangers
that collectors had to face, Mr. Elwes declared that the
difficulty in cultivating many Lilies in this country
arose from circumstances of climate, rather than of
soil. Without wishing to dishearten any cultivator of
Lilies, he could but admit that unless one's garden
enjoyed an exceptional situation, success in respect of
many of the species would be veiy difficult of attain-
ment. Since removing to his present residence, he
(Mr. Elwes) had lx>en unable to cultivate any Lilies
perfectly !

Dr. IIexrt on Chinese Lilies.
Dr. Henry, who, as already mentioned, is thoroughly
acquainted with the li,abitats of native plants in
Western China, said that when in that country he was
seeking plants of all description, and therefore did not
pay special attention to Lilies. Most of the new Lilies
of China collected by French niission.aries were col-
lected at great elevations on the mountains, which
were richer in species than the district examined by
Dr. Henry. Alluding to the fact of Mr. Wilson collect-
ing in tlie neighbourhood of Y Chang for Messrs.
Veitch, Dr. Henry said that there was ample work
for a hundred collectors in the mountain district of
W. China and in Thibet, where in every valley there
was a different flora. Y Chang was 1,000 miles inland,
but at an elevation of only 70 feet above the sea level,
so that the Yantze Kiang River afterwards flowed
1,000 miles througli a vast alluvial plain, falling only
70 feet before it reached the sea. The mountains, on the
other hand, attained a height of from 6,000 to 25,000 feet,
and presented tliousands of mountain chains. and spurs
continuous with the Himalayas. The summer tempera-
ture of Y Chang is as much as 100' Fahr. in the shade,
and in winter fell to 30°. In the deptlis of some of the
glens, L. Browiii was common, and showed a large
amount of variation, L. tigrinum Dr. Henry only saw
in a cultivated state near to Y Chang. L. HeniTl
occurs only in two localities near Y Chang, growing on
grassy slopes up to 2.000 feet elevation, either on con-
glomerate or limestone soil Unlike L. Browui it
always grew in exposed situations in a considerable
degree of cold. In the inland mountains at a height
of 6,000 to 10,000 feet, grew a small Lily, L. tenuifolium,
or perhaps L. Fargesii. L. giganteum occurs in the
depths of high mountain forests, and never on exposed
grassy slopes. The flowers vary in colour, but are
generally nearly white. L. leucanthuin occurs in the
province of Yunnan at an elevation of 4.000 feet. In
the same district L. nepalense has been collected
recently by Mr. Wilson at an elevation of 4,000 feet.

Mr. Yeld on Lilies in a Town Garden.
In this paper Mr. Yeld gave details of his experience
in the culture of Lilies in a town garden in York. His
garden possesses all the usual characteristics of an
ordinaiy northern site, except that it is provided with
effective shelter from winds. L. Martagon varieties
succeed well, and do not 'object to shade even under
Pear-trees. L. Hansonl does well, but commences to
grow early in spring, and is liable to be injured by frosts.
L. tcstaceum, chalcedonicuin, Humboldti, canadense,
and Washingtoniauum, do fairly well. Tliero is one

clump of L. chalcedonicum in a neighbouring garden
that has been in the same position for twenty years, and
still thrives. Amongst many other Lilies alluded to,
L. coleliicum was mentioned as the finest of all, and
though it was ten or eleven years before flowering, the
subsequent result fully compensated for that delay.
Referring to the cultivation of Lilies generally, Mr. Yeld
said that under general circumstances better results
followed the planting'of bulbs amongst tree roots than
in ground by themselves, but this year the rainfall
had been so inefficient that those in such a position had
fared worst.
Mr. Wallace on the Culture of Lilies in Pots.
Mr. Wall.ace's paper contained an enumeration of
those species that are most valuable lor cultivation
uuder glass, whether for forcing to flower in May or
June, or to be encouraged gradually in cool houses, a
method by which such fine Lilies as L. speciosum and
auratum can alone be grown to their very best condition.
In such houses also, the Lilies may be planted in clumps,
in tubs, or in similar large receptacles, or they may be
planted out amidst species of gi'eeuhouse ornamental
foliage pliints, as in the new wing of the temperate-house
at Kew. A good example of growing L. auratum iu the
manner described above was figured in the Gard. Chron.,
February 15, 1873, p. 215. The specimen bore 225 blooms.
Among the Lilies recommended for May flowering were
L. Thuubergianuin, and L. nmbellatum. Of the former,
sucli varieties were mentioned as atro-sanguinea. Prince
of Orange, and Orange Queen ; and of the latter, erectnm.
Cloth of Gold, &c. L. tenuifolium was of great use, but
required to lie started into growth over a little bottom
heat. After mentioning L. excelsum, L. Hansoni, and
L. Dalhansoni, Mr. Wallace said that the new L.
rubellum was a perfect pot plant, and that growers of
this Lily must not be discouraged it the plants appear
very weakly when pushing through the soil ; it is a
common circumstance. L. Henryi must be started
earlier to get it into flower at the same season. It is
suitable for the purpose, but grows very tall. When
the flower-buds show colour, remove the plants to a
little shade, and the colour will then develop more
perfectly. L. giganteum must not be afforded much
heat, especially if moisture be lacking. If placed in a
cool vinery, where they will progi-ess gradually, a good
result will follow. L. odorum [= japonicum colches-
tcrense, see supplemental illustration in the present
issue], if gi'own iu much warmth, has no external
colour on the flowers, but it will develop colour
if the plants are removed whilst in bud to a cool
frame, and slightly shaded. L. Browni should be
treated quite similarly, and will bloom early in
June. L. longiflorum was mentioned as the one Lily
most suitable for greenhouse culture. If very early
flowers are needed, the variety Harrisii must be used ;
but for all other purposes the Japanese bulbs will give
best results. L. Martagon and some others of the same
type, need to be established in pots for a year before
forcing them. Tlie variety album might be used with
the type, but all the Martagon Lilies, though ;vcry
suitable for culture under glass, were not the best
adapted for early forcing.

Mr. Wallace proceeded to speak of the advantages to
be obtained from the cultivation of Lilies in unheatcd
glasshouses for blooming in the summer months. L.
auratum and speciosum, pardalinum, tigrinum, chal-. —
cedonicum, are all suitable tor this purpose. As a pre-, '
paration for flowering Lilies in May, thorough good' .*
bulbs should be potted up in eai-ly autnnin, and placed
in cold frames, from which they can .be removed to
heat in batches as required. The general conditions
governing success iu the matter of Lily culture in pots
were as follows :— Keep them cool at the roots, afford
requisite shade, .and plenty of ventilation, taking care
at the same time to avoid cold draughts ; frequently
syringe the plants, and damp the exposed surfaces in
the house, as walls, Ac; afford each plant;sufficient root-
room, using over-sized pots rather than any tliat are
in the slightest degree too small. Put the bulb in
centre of the pot. A good soil for Lilies is one of 2? parts
friable loam and i leaf-soil. Species that produce basal
roots require soil of a stiffer nature. Fumigate the
plants with a safe vaporiser as often as is necessary to
keep them quite clean. Weak liquid cow-manure will
be beneficial to the flowers, and lime and soot-water is
useful to keep the leaves in good condition.

The Chairman said a few words in recommendation
of the greenhouse system of culture, and referring to the
manner in which Ithey are flowering in the temperate-
house, Kew, said that if a house was devoted to Lilies, ho
thought the result would be acceptable to anyone. He
(Mr. Elwes) emphasised the importance of having other
plants mixed with their Lilies out-of-doors or in tem-
perate-house borders. Out-of-doors, such vegetation

JUtY 20, 1901.]

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

63

prevented the soil getting water-logged in winter, or
dried up in summer.

Mr. E. H. Jenkins also spoke strongly in favour of
the practice, and referred to some successful results he
had at Sydenham Hill with L. gigauteum and other
species. He recommended that bulbs of L. longiflorum
should be planted 8 to 12 inches deep, and that plenty
of sand be used about them. Mr. Jenkins had been
pleased to hear from Mr. Yeld a reference to the
culture of bulbs from seeds, and the new species, L.
Heur.vi, yielded seeds freely, so that the system could
be easily tried in that case. L. pardalinum and others
of the peat-loving section required strong shade, and
it was recommended tliey should be planted 9 inches
deep, and deluged with water and manure. Mr.
Jenkins declared that we had been too timid in the use
of manure for Lilies, and said that X. giganteum, and
some other species, would consume it gi'cedily.

Captain Saville Reid on Lilt Disease, &c.

Captain Saville Keid read only a very few extracts
from his pai)er. Speaking of the white Madonna Lily
(L. candidum) disease, Capt. Reid said that six years
ago, when removing to his present residence in Kent,
he found the garden well stocked with L. candidum
along the grass border. Afterwards he found that a
disease attacked them, and caused the leaves to wither
from bottom to top. Upon reading a letter in the
horticultural Press upon tlic subject, Capt. Reid dug
up the whole of his 2-50 bulbs in the autumn, dried and
cleaned them a little on the floor of a vinery, and shook
them up ill bags containing sulphur, about four or six
in a bag. They were out of the giound not more than
forty-eight hours, except several bulbs which were
forgotten, and here was an unexplaiuablc incident.
The bulbs that were forgotten, and remained in a bag
of sulphur for a month or si.x weeks, were finally
planted in an odd corner of the garden, and they grew
and flourished better than those which were returned
to the ground immediately ! The others, however,
did sulliciently well to prove that the sulphur had
destroyed the fungus pest. Two years after the sulplmr
treatment, there were fifteen flowers on some of the
spikes.

Capt. Reid had found that L. monadelphum Szovit-
siauum succeeds best wlien planted in a position
where tlie morning sun will find it, as a soutli-custerly
position. A curious incident was related about the
little L. Parryi. Capt. Reid, with several other gen-
tlemen, bought some bulbs of L. Parryi from Carl
Purdy. They had six each, and all of them proceeded
to imitate the natural conditions in which they sup-
posed this "Bog Lily" to grow. But Capt. Rcid's
water-pipe, which he supposed would deliver water
and keep the situation damp, got stopped, and this liap-
pcncd in conjunction with excessive drainage he had
provided to carry away sonic of the water thus artifi-
cially brought ! However, it appears that Capt. Rcid's
bulbs flourislied, and those belonging to his friends
did not. He liad thirty-five flowers upon one spike,
and one year had 105 flowers from his si.x bulbs. Tliis
year they have ciglity-seveii flowers, but it is evident
the bulbs are breaking-up into ofl'-scts.

Tlie Chairman said that lie had visited tlie site in
South California wliere L. Pari->'i had been discovered,
and though it was justifiable there to describe the
species as a bog Lily, it was misleading to English cul-
tivators, inasmuch as from March until Octoiicr there
fell next to no rain in that district. He (Mr. Elwes)
did not think that all the Lilies were truly perennial.
Some of Ihein were only tlirec years from seedlings-
before they flowered, and this circumstance, together
with the fact of so many species (as L. tcnuifolium)
dying after producing seed, seemed to prove them not
to be long-lived perennials.

For twenty-five years past Mr. Elwes had grown L.
concolor, and all the time the plants had gi'own well, yet
have they never flowered. He cannot flower the
species, nor has he yet succeeded in kil ing it. Should
it flower and perfect seed, Mr. Elwes believed the
plants would die. Cultivators were advised to sow
seeds of Lilies as soon as they ripen. Most of tlicin
will then commence to glow in the following spring,
but those of L. candidum will commence to gi-ow
during the same year as sown, at the same lime as the
older plants produce their autumnal leaves.

Mr. Massee on the Diseases of Lilies.
Mr. (ico. Massee, of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens
Kew, siiid that in all there were forty or fifty species of
fungi that delight to feed upon Lilies, and declared in
the midst of a company of Lily admirers, (hat many of
the fungi were very much more I.eautiful than the

Lilies ! The cultiviitors present must have been' some-
what relieved, however, when Mr. Massee proceeded to
state that one fungus only was of much importance
ill this country. This mildew (Botiytis sp.) was
first described by Professor Marshall Ward, and
Mr. Massee supposed that everyone was familiar with
it now. The fungus can exist perfectly without the
Lily, meeting with all that is absolutely necessary to
its life in the humus of the soil itself ; but after re-
maining in the soil perhaps for many years, and a Lily
bulb was put near to it, the fungus found that the food
it required was provided in a much more concentrated
fonn, and Mr. Massee said that the fungus having
some degree of discrimination, proceeded to feed in
the best larder. The remedies recommended were
purely those of prevention. When the fungus has got
into the tissues of the Lily jilant, it could not be killed
and the Lily saved. A method of protection recom-
mended was that of planting the bulbs with a few
inches of sand sun-ounding it, and the sand might bo
mixed with a little sulplmr. The growing tip of the
fungus on entering the sand would find no food, and
would be unable to proceed further towards the bulb.
Then Mr. Massee described the effect of kainit(Stras-
burg Fertiliser), which he said woidd kill the mycelium
of any fungus known. Gardeners were therefore
recommended to remove the surface soil from their
Lily beds every year, and top-dress with fresh soil, with
which should be mixed a little of this fertiliser. The
second fungus, a sort of rust (Uryniyces eiTthrouii),
was present on most lilaceous plants, but it had not
attacked Lilies veiy commonly in this country; and the
third species was a disease prevalent in Japan, which
got' good hold of some of the bidbs during the passage
from Japan to Europe.

\Vc have some sympathy with the feeling that
prompted Mr. Massee to the use of some satire at the
expense of cultivators. He declared that many kiiow
the common remedies, or easily might do so, but most of
these were possibly objected to through their very
simplicity. Our experience shows that there docs not.
lack foundation for such a statement.

After Mr. Maasee's reckoning with the gardeners, the
Chairman moved a Vote of Thanks to the Council of tlie
Royal Horticultural Society for providing the means
for holding the Conference, and after well-deserved
thanks had been accorded to Mr. Elwes, as President,
the company separated.

The literature of the Conference, when published i»
ejdenm in the Society's Jnnrniil, will be a further valu-
able contribution from Chiswick, where so much infor-
mation upon many subjects has from time to time been
gathered.

BIRMINGHAM AND DISTRICT
AMATEUR GARDENERS'.

A rAi'KU was given at llic.luiic mccluiK of the llir-
ininghani and District .\maleur Gardeners' .Association
by Mr. 11. T. Mahtin, of Stoncleigh AbbcyGardens, and
there was a splendid attendance of members and
friends.

Mr. Martin chose for his subject " Hardy and Green-
house Climbing Pl.ants," and the information he gave
about the habits and peculiarities of each variety was
most interesting, and could not help but be of benefit
to those amateurs who are eiuhavouring to glow some
of the.^e truly beautiful plants, many of llieni, it is
feared, under rather adverse ciicumslances.

The lecturer gave a list of those plants in both sec-
tions most likely to thrive in or on the oulhkirts of a
largo town, and strongly rccoiiiiiiendod everyone,
before planting, to properly prepare the border or bed.
Want of attention to this point was the cause of many
failures.

At the conclusion of the paper, a hearty vole of
thanks was rendered to Mr. Martin for his very able
paper.

ABERDEEN ROYAL HORTI-
CULTURAL.

Not a little soreness oi f^-fliiig has been engendered
in horticultui'al circles in .\l>crtlccushirc at the action
of the Aberdeen Town Council towards this society in
the matter of granting it the use of the Duthic Public
Park for its annual show next month. Some time ago
the directors of the society applied for and were
granted the use of Gordon's College grounds for their
show, but it was afterwards discovered that the per-
mission thus given did not, as in former years, include
the use of rooms in the Art Gallery, which abut on the
gl'ounds. Under these circumstances the directors
asked of the Council the sole use of the Duthic'Park
for three days. This was refused unless the society
enclosed that part of the park required.- To have
done this would have cost £100, and besides, the

society would not have had the advantage of the use of
the park as a whole. The Council contend that they
have no right to restrict the public use of the park,
and that it would be perfectly legitimate for any rate-
payci III ]iriM-iil himself at the gntes uuil ilemand ad-
iiiisMiiM uii]iiiut luiyinont. This is ;iU vi-ry true, but
in till- in-i \vli.-n the use has Itcon gi-:mtcil. that rate-
payer has iic\ ci yet presented himself. The society is a
purely educational, and not a mouey-making conoern.
indeed, its finances have been ou the wrong side for many
years. Two years ago it experienced a never-to-be-
forgotten catastrophe, when a hurricane levelled the
show with the ground. The Society was only saved a
serious loss by there having been no coiupctitiou ;
hence, no prizes had to be paid. Keverthclcss. the efl'cct
was apparent on the show of last year, which resulted
in a loss which the esteemed Chairman of the Society.
Mr. William Pypcr, of Hillhead, most generously nuule
good. Under all these cireumstauces, the Society are
not to bo blamed if they looked for more generous
treatment at the bauds of the Council than has been
mceted out to them at this time.

LEEDS PAXTON.

July 10.— The members of the above Society had their
annual excursion conjointly with the Horstorth Gar-
deners' Society on the above date, when a visit was
made to the nurseries of Messrs. Cluiuan & Son,
Altrincham. The party, numbering about one hundred
persons, arrived at Maii.-licslcrat ivriii a.m.. Ii-omw-lience
thcv were driven tn Miimi. hum l.\ Mi--m- ii iukan.

The branch lUii-M-nr- ;il I l.il,- « i-i v lir-l m-ii.-i1. which
contain fruit and Iimwi n.-i-s. |,,.iiL-i- iin.l .-i.M-it plants,
conifers, shrubs, Ac. From Hale, the party were driven
to the Cemetery Nurseries, where there are more fine
conifers, and to the Stamford Nurseries at Howdon.
Here are houses i i.ui.iinini; r.-nis. Fii-u-. As|.iaisti-a,
some fine Lapa;:i-i i i-. ■mil --mnr si-i-i-inu-n-- oi iliat
lovely plant, Lurnh.i -ji .il i--nii:i. (inl-i.li- will- noted
some rare shrulis, i-muk i s. .uul otlu-i- rlmii-c siiccii's.
Luncheon was provided at the Unicorn Hotel, Altrin-
cham, the chair Ijcing taken by one of the representa-
tives of the firm, in the unavoidable absence of
Mr. Cliuran.

After the visitors and hosts had toasted the Royah
Family and cacli other, the Oldtleld Nurseries were
visited, where, amongst other things, some fine
specimen Hollies were noted.

Despite the intensely hot sun, the contents of the
numerous glasshouses were inspected, much adinirii-
tlon being expressed at the Crotons, Hoses, Carnations,
Vines, and Figs. There arc also collections of stove,
greenhouse, and indoor plants gcuei'ally. Out-of-doors
were noticed alpine and herbaceous plants, the latter
being in full beauty. The altcrnoon was now lav spent,
and the visitors regretted that time would not peniiit
Ihcni to visit the "Carrington" grounds, where such
subjects as Khododendrons, Privet, and Poplars, are
grown in large numtiers.

After taking tea at the Unicorn Hotel, and allowing
the claims of the inevitable camera, the party rejoined,
the conveyances, and subsequently left Manchester for
Leeds at »,27 P.M., after spending a profitable and
enjoyable day.

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN, JULY 18.

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. f.d. I s.d. s.d..

Adiantums, doz. 5 0- 7 0 i Ferns, small, per

Arbor-vitie, var., j 100 4 0-00

per dozen ... 6 0-36 0 Ficuaolastiea, ea. I (I- 7 (i
Aspidistras, doz. 18 o-.'Wi 0 Foliage plants,

— specimen, ea. .'i 0-10 (i various, each 1 0- ,1 0
Cauiias, jicr doz. 18 u — Lilyof Valley, ea. 19-30
Crotons. per doz. 18 0-30 0 - Lycopodiums, p.

Cyclamen, p. doz. 8 0-10 0 I dozen 3 0-4 0-

Di-acicnas, var., ! Marguerites, per

per dozen ... 12 0-.30 0 ' ■ dozen P 0-12 o

— viridis, doz. » 0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz. (i u- ii o
Ericas, var., doz. 12 p-38 0 Palms, var., each I "l.'i i)
Euonviiius, var., ' — specimen, ea. 21 o-n;i o

]ii-i- dozen ... 0 0-18 0 Pelargoniums,
l':v(-rj;ii-c-ns. var., scarlet, doz. 8 0-12 0

pi-r ilozcn ... 4 0-18 0 — Ivylcaf. per

i'erns. ill variety, dozen 8 0-10 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 Sjiirffias, per doz. B 0-13 0

Cut Flowers, ifcc— Avpracie Wholesale I'rices.

s.d. s.d. «.<'. s.d.
Asparagus 'Fern,' Lily of \:illi-v, p-

biiiicli 10-20 / liiiiii I" - tl 0-12 0-

Ciirnalions, per Mimii iiImm 1 ■ in,

,loz,-i, bli s 10-2 01 doz, I III-. 10-80

CaliliMi , |. ili.z. (I 0-12 0 ; Mignonette, per

lOiii iini ] ii,z, 2 0- 3 0 1 doz. bunches 4 0-0 0-

loinliiiLi , iiiiz. 0 6-10 Odonlogloasums,

Liliiini 11,1111 li, per dozen ... 2 6-6,0

dozen lilooiiis 2 0- -t 0 Roses, Tea, wliite,

Liliumlaiieil'oliii. per dozeii ... 10-30

alliuiii.p. duz. — i;atlierino i '

,- blooms ... 1 6- .1 0 Meriiiot, per , -, ,

Lilinm riiln-uiii, doz 2 0-40

jicr dozeii ... :i 0- ."> o Sniilax, p. bunch 3' 0- .5 0
Liliumloiigillnii. Tiilicroses-, per

per dozeu ... 2 0-40 doz. blooms 0 1- 0 (5

64

THE G A R D EXER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[July 20, 1901.

Fhuit.— Atebagb Wholesale Pkices.
s.O: s.d. I I

Aijples, Austra- Grapes, Ham-

Jian, (South), I burffli, lb., A.

Victoria, and
Tasmanian.p.

ease 10 O-IJ 0

Apricots, per box 1 C- -' !•

— sieve 7 0-10 0

Bananas, buncb 6 0-80

■ — loose, p. doz. 10-16
Clierries, per sieve 2 0-50

~ Biggareaus ... 4 0-60

— Black Hearts 3 0-40
Currants, Black,

per sieve ... 6 0-70

— Red, pcrsieve 2 6-36
Figs, per dozen ... 2 0-40
Gooseberries, per

sieve 1 C- 3 0

Grapes, Muscats,
home-grown,
per lb., A. ... 3 0-40
B 10-16

— Alicante, lb. 10-16

— Gros Colmar,
per lb. ... 10-30

B 0 9-13

— Belgian, blk.,
per lb. ... 0 6-13

Lemons, case ... 10 0-13 0
Lychees, new, per

pkt 0 10 —

Melous, each ... 10-20

— Valencia, case 10 6 —

— Rocks 3 0-50

Nectarines, A., doz. 9 0-12 o

— B., per dozen 2 0-50
Oranges, case ... .30 0-35 0
Pcaehes, A., doz. 15 0-21 0

— B., per dozen 2 0-60
Pines, each ... 2 0-50
Raspberries, per

lb 0 4-06

— in tubs, cwt. 22 0 —
Sapucaianuts, lb. 10 —
Strawberries, per

punnet 0 6-10

— pecks 16-26

Walnuts, p. busli. 5 0 —

Vegetables.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d s.d.

2 0-30

3 0-40

4 0-46

2 6-40
16-30
0 6-09

1 0 —

Mint, per dozen

bunches
Muslu'ooms, house,

!.fZ.

per lb
Onions, cases ...

— new, bunches
per dozen ...

Parsley, per doz.
bunches

— loose, in sieve 1 0
Peas, Blue, per

bushel

0 9-10

3 0-40
16-20

0 23-0 3

Artichokes, Globe,

per dozen ...
Ueans, Channel

Islands and

liome, dwarf,

new, per lb.

— Broad, Engl.,
in bushels ...

— Engl., dwarf,
per sieve

runners,

per sieve
Beetroots, new,in

Ijunches, doz. 2 6-40
Deet, per dozen

bunches
Cabbage, tally ...

— dozen

Carrots, per doz.

bunches

Cauliflowers,doz.

Cress, per dozen
punnets

Cucumbers, doz.

Endive. new

French, doz. 1 6 —

Garlic, per lb. ... 0 3-04

Horseradish, fo-
reign, buncli 16 —

Leeks, per doz.

bunches ... 2 0 —

Lettuces,Cabbage,

per bushel ... 16-26

— Cos, per score 0 2-10
Remarks.— Some Melou-Pears from Madeira in boxes

have come to hand, and fetch 2s. Plums and Gages,
foreign, in boxes; the first sell from 8d. to M., tlie
Gages at from Is. 6d. to Is. 9rf. Good Lettuces are
gelling sliort, owing to tlic drought. Vegetalile-
Marrows are plentiful and cheap. Walnuts for pickling
are now in season, and there should be no delay in
obtaining them, as the nuts soon get hard shells, and
are then useless as a pickle.

POTATOS.

St. Malo, Cherbourg, Jersey, 80s. to 100.?. ; Bedfords.
■90s. to 120s. John Bath, 33 ct 31, WcUiHgtoH Street,
Coveiil Oarden.

3 0-46

4 0- 6 (1
Potatos, per cwt. 6 0- 7 n

— Bedfords ... 5 0- 7 o
Radishes, p. doz.

bunches ... 16 —

Salad, small, pun-
nets, per doz. 13 —

Shallots, per lb....

Spinach, English,

bushel, halves 2 6-30

Tomatos, English,

per doz. lbs. 4 0-50

— Channel Is-
lands, per lb. 0 35-0 4

— French, crates 4 u —
Turnips, new, p.

doz. bunches 4 0 —
Vegetable - Mar-
rows, per doz. 10 16

— in pots ... 2 0-26
Watercress, per

doz. bunches 0 4-06

THE WEATHER.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in tlie
Koyal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Chiswick.
London, lor the period July 7 to July 13, 1901.
Height above sea-level 24 feet.

TEMPERA- 2

Temperatdke

TUKEOFTHE O

1901

a
z

or THE AIB.

SOILat9A.5I.|a

^

1

o

7,
O

At9A.M.i ►;

<

ft

W

2

2

s

P.

8

13

ii

M

o

1

1

SS^i

xi

S 1 •

s

p g

a

3

■s

^

•,*

^

fc

<

<!

<

a

0

^ i rt 1 a

bb

u u

bb

oi

a>

u

M

ti

■a

■a w

■a

•53

■o

"3

■s

Sun. 7

E.N.E.

60 7

56 7 67-0

57-0

65 -8:62 7

57-8

56-1

MON. 8

E.N.E.

60-9

56 -8 74 -2

46-2

63 -0 63 -4

58-0

38-3

TUES. 9

S.E.

63-1

.57 -0 77 -4

45-5

63 -5 61 -9

.58-2

37-9

Wed. 10

S.E.

65-7

60 -8 81 -5

49-5

... |64-o!62-l

.58-2

42-2

Thu. 11

E.S.E.

69-9

64 -5 85 -8

56-3

66 -8 62 -6

58-2

49-6

Fri. 12

S.E. -

77-5

67 -8 86-0

56-6

...

67 -9 63 -0 68 -3

49-2

SAT. 13

X.E.

63 '9

59'5[68-5

57 7

...

67 -5163 -5 .58 -5

48 -5

Totj

Means

66 0

60 '4 77 -2

52 7

... 65 •5,62 '6 68 '2 46 '0

and (Ml Ih.' I:

penilui-i' wii:-. i\'. !• •■ •
none of the ])rcviiH,-
reading been reconl'
n ights were rather c " I >
temperature was on m

THE WEATHER IN WEST IIERT.S.
The present spcU of warm weather lias now lasted
nearly a mouth, Itut the highest temperatures of this
])eri(Kl wcic :r I h , ij (luring the past week, for on
three (l:i\^ 1 Im I ' I iiidings in shade exceeded 83°,

• rose to 87°. This high tem-
od in July last year, but in
tci'll \c:m's 1i;is sucli a high
■ic ill' .1 111'. \s some of the
f hr liiii.- Ill \ cir.the range in
il (>ci;i-i(>ii- iiMusually large,
andon one day tlie difference lictwceii tlie lowest and
liigliest readings in shade amounted to as mucli as 39°.
The temperature of tlic soil is now singularly higli, being
as much as 6° warmer tlian is seasonable, tioth at 1 foot
and 2 feet deep. On the 11th the reading at 1 foot deep
at 9 P.M. was 76F, which is the highest I have ever
recorded at this deptli at any period of the year. On
the 12th came a most gi'acious rain, for between 6 p.m.
and midniglit as mucli as IJ In. oi iiiiii Icll during a
thunderstorm. This is the heaviosi iill ici m .h d here
in any one day for six years, and i- i i|ui\ jlint tea
watcrinir of iicailv i; gallous of wiiicron cucli stjuare
yard ol mul.c- - LMixhjii. A- lln- d

at!

■ivedtho
however,
iii^'li the
although

full bciidil (■■ : . , "!(■ ol il, Ni.l ;i ilr

of tins lien:, i,,:l iM,^ lis yet i..-

percolation gauge covered witli .short gr;
nearly half of it passed through the bare soil gauge.
Previous to tills tlumderstorm, only Ij inch of rain had
fallen in tlie preceding nine weeks — whereas a season-
able quantity for that period would be about 4J inches.
The sun shone during the week for about four hours a
day in excess of tlie average. For the past ten days the
atmosphere has been unusually calm, the mean rate of
movciiieiil at .III leet above the ground being a little
more tliiin :i mile ;ni hour. The air has again been very
dry.aiHl on tile mil tlie difference between the readings
oian ordinary thermometer, and one with its bulb kept
constantly moist, amounted to nearly 20° at 3 o'clock in
tlie afternoon. E. M.. Berkhamsted, July 16, 1901.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apple-trees Newly Planted Failing to Grow
OR Bloom : A. H. O'K. We can only .siigge.st
the drying of the roots iu the jieriotl between
the digging ui) the trees at the nursery and
planting them in your garden, or too severe
mutilation of the roots.

CcLiNARY Peas: R. M.,Newhunj. Tlie.samples
.sent were excellent, but showed the ripening
effects of the hot weather.

GivoN's Late Prolific Strawberry: W. P.
The fruit had travelled well, packed in a
single layer, and were exceedingly juicy
and refreshing, and of large size, but not of
high flavour. It is worthy of a place in
gardens.

Hybrid Cactu.s: H. J. C. The flower was
very richly coloured, but we are unable to
say if it is better than what we have
already.

Iron Tank : ir. B. If you have reasons to
suppose that the water is injurious to the
Orchids, you might give two or three coats
of hot lime-wash.

Lime Lb.^f : A. H. The Nail Gall, caused by
a fly or midge.

-THE POPLAR GALL.

Eemarks.—The weather during the past week hi
been very hot and dry, Tlio mean temperature for
three days was 84'4°.

Poplar galL: IsJeworth. The galls are pro-
duced by an aphis (see fig. 22).

NAMES OF Fruits : G. R. Your Strawberry
fruits arrived iu a condition altogether
unsuitable for identification.

Names of Plants : Correspondents not ansioered
in this issue are requested to he so good as to
coHf.ult the following number. — J. B. S.,
Caterhttin. Catalpa syringifolia. — IV. S. 1,
Rhus typhina ; 2, Colutea arborescens ; 3,
lionicera Ledebourii ; 4, Berberis buxifolia ;
S, Spirsea Fortune! ; 6, Berberis vulgaris ;
7, Spirsea opulifolia. — D. B., Irelaud. 1,
Phlomis fruticosa ; 2, Hedysarum multiju-
gum ; 3, SjiirEea cauescens ; 4 Sophora micro-
phylla ; 5, Sophora tetraptera ; 6, Quercus
glabra. — Grasses : T. C. 3, Festuca ovina ;
1 and 2, not recognised ; send when in
flower. — J. W. L., Ltd. Oncidium hastatum,
sometimes called Oncidimn stelligerum, and
Odontoglossum hastatum.- — T. F. B. Den-
drobium chrysanthura. — J. U., Leicester.
Cattleya Warneri and Brassia verrucosa. —
P. L. li. Bifrenaria racemosa. — A. W. Schom-
biu-gkia Thomsoniana ; see report of the
Royal Horticultural Society's meeting, iu
the Gardeners' Chronicle, July 6, p. 15. —
P. F. Galiimi verum. — Hughes. 1, Poten-
tilla garden var. ; 2. Liatris spicata ; 3,
Lysimachia clethi'oides ; 4, Dicentra eximia ;
5, Helianthus mnltiflorus, double fl. ; 6,
Tradescantia virginica.— J. B. Adiantum
ciineatum grandiecps and Polypodium
aureum. — W. D. Tijne. 1, Adiantum formo-
sum ; 2, Ptcris Wim.setii ; 3, Adiantum
capillus-veueris ; 4, Adiantiun concinntun ;
.5, Adiantum eoncinnuui latum ; C, Selaginella
Wildenovii. — A. D., Brentwood. Salvia
leucantha. — Bob. 1, Philesia buxifolia; 2,
Ceanothus azureus ; 3, Thalictrum majus;

4, Galcga officinalis ; 5, Spirasa callosa ;

0, Sidalcea malv£eflora. — A. E. L. 1, Veronica
jVndersoni ; 2, Dicentra eximia ; 3, Centran-
thus ruber ; 4, Spiraea ; '5, Rhododendron
hirsutum ; 6, Astrantia major. — F. W. C.
Lychnis chalcedonica and Galega officinalis,
var. alba. — W. T. 1, Magnolia cordifolia ;

2, Castaneavesca (Sweet Chestnut). — W. M.B.

1, Taxodiuui distichum ; 2 and 3 not recog-
nisable ; 2 looks like a leaf of one of the de-
ciduous Magnolias. — G. H. Galium verum. —
Mrs. A. P. C. Ficus repens, also called sti-
pularis. When growing against a wall it has
small leaves, and does not produce fruit.
When grown as a standard, the leaves alter
iu form and fruit is produced.— J. McG. 1,
Inula Helenium ; 2, Alstroemeria pelegrina ;

3, Malva moschata; 4, Catananche coerulea ;

5, Helianthemum ; C, Campanula pusella alba.
— F. ,S'., Birkenhead. Olearia macrodonto.

Payjient in Lieu of Service : H. H. If what
you say is correct, the would-be employer
is not entitled to a halfpenny.

Potatos : J. D. I. The tubers have most likely
been induced to make fresh growth by the
liquid manure applied.

Ro.SE-BUDS not Expanding : S. D. Very dry
weather checks growth as much as does cold
at times. The Roses have probably suffered
from both causes in your case.

Tomato Plant : Elmsimod. We can see neither
fungus uor insect. Have the leaves been
wetted while the sun was shining.

Vine-le.vf: Browett. Materials insufficient
for the purpose. Send better and more
leaves as well as shoots, and state where
grown, and how.

Violets in Fr.wies: Alpha. A mixture of
loam, run through a half-inch meshed sieve,
and finely sifted, well-decayed leaf-mould in
about equal proportions. Failing the leaf-
mould, employ well-rotted stable dung, or
disused hot-bed materials, and peat toler-
ably free from sand, in about equal pro-
portions. We are unable to decipher the
whole of your second query ; please repeat
in legible handwriting.

COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.— C. Tyler ^England Bros.,
Ltd— G B. M. — Midland Carnation and Picotce
Society.— S. A.— A. E. O'N.— A. C. F.— W. E G.-G. Bun-
vard — D R — R. D.— E. Coleman, no space this week.
— E C— J D G.— W. J.G.— F. T. M.— D. R.W.— J. J.W.
_G W — W. Gartou, junior— T. E. Henwood— Messrs.
Stilwell and G. H. Davis— W. Gardiner— E. C. Cart-
wright.

specimens, Photographs. Ac. deceived with Thanks.
-A. C. F.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle," July 20, 1901.

LiLIUM JAPONICUM VAR. COLCHESTERENSIS.

1901.]

THE GAUDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

65

THE

No. 1&\.— SATURDAY, JULY 27, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Book notices, ... 74, 7-5,
Boston, Horticultural

Hall at

Bryonia dioica causing

skin irritation

Beans, garden

Cabbages, the bolting

of

Caucasus, notes from...
Eucharis grandiSora...
Florists' flowers—

Border Carnations...

Yellow-ground Pico-
tecs

Heresies, some

Kainit

Lilies and their culture
Midland garden , a
Mildew on Vines
Narcissus King Alfred
New or noteworthy
plants —

Begonia Forgctiana .

Sonralia Ruckcri ...
Nursery notes—

Laing, Jno., & Sons...

Veitcli, Jas., & Sons..
Obituary—

Onncrod, Miss

Penicuirk

Plant brtieding, coming

conference on

Plant portraits

Publications received .
Kain, after the

Rainfall near Maidstone ;

Scolopen drium vulgare

Daviesii ;

Societies—

CarditTHorticultural i
Kational Carnation

and Picotee (

National Rose ... i

National Sweet Pea... t
Northampton Horti-

cultuiul (

YorkshireKaturalists i

Strawbcnics at Maid-
stone in 1901 f

Sweet Peas 7

Toniatos for winter use i

Trees and shrubs—
Carpenteria califor-

nica plena ... ... 7

Diniorphantlius niand-
sluiricus albo-niar-

ginuUis ?

Magnolia macrophylla t

Viburnum Opulus ... U

Vegetables S

Week's work, the—

Flower garden ... 7

Fruits under glass ... 7

Hardy fruit garden... 7

Kitchen garden ... 7

Orchid-houses ... 7

Plants under glass ... 7

WooJ.i of Surrey and

Sussex, tlie (■

Xantliocliymuspictoriusi

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Boston, U.S..\.. Horticultural Hall, i)art of ...

Fruits of Xantiiochymus pietorius

LUium Grayi

Narcissus King .\lfred (Supplement).

Odontoglossum x Crawshayanum

Odontoglossum maculatum Thompsouiauum
Sobralia Ruckeri

THE WOODS OF SUEEEY AND

SU.SSEX.

IF the regeneration and re-stoeking of
woods be necessai'}' anywhere in Eng-
land, it is in tliese two counties. Tlie
Surrey and Sussex w'oods are typical ex-
amples of tlie underwood system, and so
far as timber crops are concerned, are
probably the least valuable in Great Britain
at the present time. I have lately seen
many woods in the above counties, and
have been struck \>y the excessive quantity
of underwood everywhere, and the thin
•sprinkling.s of timber amongst it, consisting
mostly of Oak, and some Asli. On nearly
every estate it is the same, and the problem
of n -stocking the woods in these counties is
likel .■ to be a difficult one. The undcrwoo<l
is worihless, or next to it, as it cannot bo
got rid of, even to pay expi'iisos, and it it
were removed the timber trees left would
not constitute a quarter of a crop, and they

could not be removed without denuding the
landscape.

In the north of England and in Scotland
there are plenty of woods consisting wholly
of timber trees more or less thick on the
ground ; but south of London, and far to the
west, it is almost everywhere standards over
coppice, and the standards are far apart,
from 10 to 20 yards in many instances. The
Surrey Oak, too, is small for its age, the
trees containing aliout as much top-wood as
trunk, or more. In a mature wood of Oak,
where the underwood had been cut for
generations, the trees were not worth more
than £2 each, valued at the highest price
per foot. On the good land of Surrey and
Sussex, in a favourable climate, one might
expect to see fine Oaks if anywhere, but as a
rule they are small. The trees are not
dying, but they are stunted to a degree not
general elsewhere. The branches have
numerous ramifications, and the annual
growths are very short, denoting slow growth.
Wherever the Oaks have been grown with
underwood they are short stemmed. They
have kept a clean trunk to the height of the
underwood, having been drawn up to that
height by the latter, but above that they
have spread out into broad tops of the
roughest description. In some woods
between Horsham and Brighton, what are
called wood surveyors, had been at work
valuing standing Oaks, and I found that
nearly the whole of their valuation lay in
the trunks of the trees, very few of wliicli
exceeded 1.5 feet in height, all the rest being
top, worth next to nothing.

The periodical cutting of the underwood
appears to have had a bad and retarding
effect upon the tinil)er trees, which have
been subjected to alternate periods of shelter
and exposure. The rule everywhere appears
to be to sweep away the whole of the
underwood at pciiods ranging from seven to
twenty years, and I can conceive of nothing
more naked-looking and exposed than an
Oak-wood quite cleared of its underwood,
nor of any practice more likely to injure the
timber trees. .Vfter the underwood has
reached a certain height, it affords just the
kind of protection to tlie trunks of the trees
and soil that they need, and what continental
foresters aim at l>y density of canopy ; but
when the underwood is cleared away, the
effects of exposure to drought in summer and
cold in winter must be disastrous, and may
be compared to the exposure of a plant
brought out of a hothouse without being
" hardened off" to the open air. I am much
mistaken if this sy.'^tem of sweats and chills
is not the cause of the slow growth in the
Oak-woods of Surrey and Sussex, and their
peculiarly stunted tops.

The difficulty now with these woods con-
sisting of standards over coppice is to deter-
mine what to do with them, as in most
cases that I have .-cen they are in a worse
plight than woods that are undercropped
but not encumbered with worthless under-
wood. The latter the owner has but to
regulate, clean, and plant up to the full
crop condition ; but in the case of the
former the underwood is in the way, and
cannot be got rid of without much trouble
and expense, while the standards are already
too few on the ground to constitute a crop,
and replanting in a dense jungle of copi)ico
is impracticable.

All that can I)c done in such a case is to
convert the underwood into timber trees

by thinning and regulating on the plantation
principle, but that can only be done where
the underwood consists of the right species,
such as Ash, Sycamore, Elm, or Oak, or any
other species that will grow into trees.
Fortunate indeed, by comparison, are those
owners whose underwood consists of these
species, for on some estates there are hun-
dreds of acres of underwood that consists
chiefly of Alder, Hazel, withy-wood, saughs,
and the like, that cannot be converted in the
way suggested, and the owner has no alter-
native but to clear completely and sow or
replant.

But even where the underwood does con-
sist of timber-tree species, care and judgment
are required in thinning and regulating. I
find it is a very common opinion in the
south that " stools never produce trees," and
there is a good deal of truth in the saying.
Still, the fact is w-ell known that second and
even third crops are often got from old stools
of such species as Oak a^^d Ash, for example,
although it is also true that trees from old
stools are often hollow at the bottom. The
decay from the old stool seems sometimes
to extend to the base of young trees that
spring from it, although the trees may be
healthy at the top. I have often seen
mature Oaks from old stools, not one of
which was quite sound at the base. In
underwoods, however, much depends upon
the age of the stools. I would not like to
say how old some underwoods are that I
have seen, l)ut acres upon acres are to lie
found on many estates where the stumps are
from 3 to 4 feet high, and which, it can be
seen, have been cut over at periods of from
fifteen to twenty years for generations.
Such stools or stumps, I can well believe,
never produce trees. So rotten are some of
them, that the foot can be shoved through
them; the living branches just spring from
any portions that are alive. This is untler-
wood in the last stage, and tlio only trees
that may be originated from such stools are
those that push strong from the base of the
stool close to the soil. These arc always
the strongest, and produce independent
roots of their own. I have seen nice Ash
and other poles that have grown up l>y
chance in such cases, containing from (i to
10 cubic feet of timber, but shoots produced
higher up on old stools are worthless and
short-lived.

In underwood culture there has been
much bad work, as in other matters con-
nected with forestry. Careless cutting, and
the leaving of long snags annually, have
produced tall, weak stools ; but in some
parts where close cutting has been the
rule, the stools hardly stand above the
ground level. These produce the strongest
under -wood and the Isest trees, as all
tlie growths arc produced from close to the
soil.

To clear worthless underwood crops com-
pletely off the ground preparatory to re-
planting is expensive work, as it means
stubbing up the old stools. That would be
the best plan, however, as it would tho-
roughly clear the ground and leave it fit for
l)lanting, and few soils are in Ijettcr condi-
tion for sowing or planting with timber
trees than such as have l)oen long cropped
by coppice, as the surface of the ground con-
sists of a deep rich layer of vegetable
mould, and is often quite free from any
kind of vegetation likely to interfere with
young forest trees. \\\ old coppice the

63

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July

1001,

stools are often so rotten that tliey would
not be difficult to knock over level with the
ground, and if these with their tops were
Ijurnt, the ground would soon be cleared for
planting; while the future growths from old
weak stumps could be kept down easily till
the young trees grew up. So unsaleable is
the underwood on some estates that owners
would burn it as it stands, if they dared, in
order to clear the ground. In cases where
the crop has not been cut for a good while,
Alder and Birch have attained to the dimen-
sions of pit-props — as clean samples of the
kind as I ever saw, and for these, in the
south-west of England, a very considerable
market has been found in the Somerset and
Welsh coal-pits, 20«. to 22s. being got per ton
at the pits. It is the practice there to sell
the timber by weight on the weigh-bridge,
and when it is cut and sent off green a ton
goes into little bulk, the wood being heavy.
In Yorkshire a ton is taken as equal to
40 cubic feet, wet or tlry. /. Simpson.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

BECiOXIA FORGETIANA.*
This is a pretty species, similar to B. luulu-
lata, figured in the Botanical AUajazine, plate
2723, but decidedly of a more ornamental cha-
racter. It is a native of the province of Rio
Janeiro, Brazil, where it was discovered by
Mr. h. Forget, who was travelling for Messrs.
Sander of St. Albans, and sent it home in
1898. The original plant is bushy in habit,
having about a dozen stems, the tallest nearly
2 feet high, and more or less branched. It is
almost glabrous throughout, and somewhat
fleshy, and the internodes are shorter than the
leaves, and at first completely enveloped by
the membranous stipules. Leaves fleshy, in
two rows, obliquely lanceolate, the largest
between 6 and 7 inches long and 2 inches
broad, semi-cordate at the base, tapering to
the top, margin wavy and curled, with a few
very small teeth, glabrous on both surfaces,
except a few bristles along the midrib on the
under surface, glaucous above. Flowers pink
and white, about an inch in diameter, borne in
axillary clusters, ecxualling or overtopping the
leaves ; male aud female usually intermixed.
The flower-buds are at first enveloped by
large, pale, membranous bracts, similar to the
stipules.

In a genus so rich in beautiful species it is
diBicult to appraise the ornamental value of
any given one, but B. Forgetiana, although
not one of the showiest, is very jiretty, even
when not in flower. It is of elegant habit,
and the glossy green leaves, and large sheath-
ing stipules, render it decidedly attractive.
W. Bottimj HemsJeij.

» Becjoma Forgetiana, Hemsley. sp. n.— Suffrutex vel
lierba subcaniosa, fere omnino glabra, a basi ramosa,
ciii-iliv l.iiHMiiilis, i-amis rectis rubesceutibus, inter-
iHHiii- (|u;iiM imIus raulto brevioribus prinium stipulis

""'"'" "I '- ^iiiiplexicaiilibus vagin.antibus vestitis.

FulKi e.irnu.„i,aisticlia, suberecta, brevissimepetiolata,
leviter oUi,|ne lanceolata, in ramulis florigeris usque
ad «— 7 poll. longa et li— 2 poll, lata, basi semicordata
apice acuminata sed vix acuta, luargine uudulata
Tcl primum cvispato-undulata et remote denticulata,
utrinque glaberrima, supra glauca, subtus secus costam
paucisetosa. Pednnculi axillares, vubri, tolla wquantes
vel inpci-antfo, p:mi'iflnri, moiioicivel unisexuales,
l"'''"'"'^ ■'"''' I -'■iiiii"''InMrihus. Bracteai spatli-
■"■' ' I'll 'I" 'Mi' ;;|'i>l - -iiaillima?. flores omnino
Tc-tii:i',rii,,,i, ri,in:r j-].,!..- rosBo-albi, circiterl poll,
diametro. Pciiantliii segmenta 4 (an semper in fl
fern. ?), exteriora late ovata, iuteriora minora angus-
tiora, in fl, masc. fere linearia. Stamin'a circa lo
filamcutis brcvissimis liberis. Capsula triloculavis'
imequalitei' .-J-alata. placentis intcgris; styli 3, bifliU
lobis tortis. W. B. U. '

SOBRALIA EUCKEEI.

Our illustration represents a flower of a
very fine and richly coloured Sobralia, shown
by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart, (gr., Mr. W. H.
White), under the above name at the meeting
of the Royal Horticultural Society, May 7 last,
when it was accorded an Award of Merit. It
is much dwarfer than Sobralia macrantha, and
bears smaller but better-formed and more
richly coloured flowers than those of that
species, the substance of the flowers also being
firmer. The species is rendered somewhat
difficult to decide by the name erroneously
appearing to other species in some botanical
works, notably in the case of the plant figured
in Xenia Orch., i., t. 42, which has been
referred to S. rosea.

The name appears in the catalogue of the
fine collection of CI. W. Schiller, of Hamburg,
1857, and it was in Mr. Rucker's collection ;
but how those plants would compare with
the species here illustrated (fig. 23) it is not
possible to say.

In any case, the plant in Sir Trevor Law-
rence's collection is a very fine and distinct
flower, differing from any of the large number
of .species in whose company it is now growing.
The sepals and petals are pale rose-purple ;
lip white at the base, and with a conspicuous
dark yellow plate running up the centre ;
front of the lip dark rose-purple.

LILIES AND THEIR CULTURE.

(Continued fr^in p. 42.)

The Elegan.s and Umbell.vtum Types.—
These are very hardy plants, of dwarf stature,
producing erect, cup-shaped flowers, either
solitary, or in umbels of several, coloured some
shade of yellow or red, or both. Their bulbs
are below the average size, and are generally
compound, i.e., they have several crowns
each, and produce a corresponding number of
flower-stems. They like a warm situation and
a well-tilled soil, especially aroxuid and above
the bulbs, for these plants produce stem roots
which can be encouraged to form perfect
masses, thus adding to the strength of the
flower-stems, and helping to preserve the
bulbs from undue stress. As pot plants they
are very useful, and the plants flower without
fail under ordinary treatment the same season
in which they arc planted ; they force well
early in the year. Tliey may be grown in a
small pot, planting as many bulbs in each pot
as will cover the surface of the soil in the case
of the elegans group, and three bulbs to a
G-ineli pot in the case of umbellatums. The
elegans group make excellent pot-plants for
table decoration, or for the decoration of
apartments generally ; their flowers are of a
rich colour, they last a week in good condition,
and their odour is not so pronounced as in
many forms — in some cases it is entirely
absent. As border plants they are invaluable
for grouping in the foreground of taller plants ;
they are also effective planted in beds in asso-
ciation with a few ornamental grasses, or some
such lighWoliaged jilants, which would help
to break up the flat sheet of colour. These
Lilies should be planted in a light soil as soon as
procurable, but in heavy, wet soils planting had
better be deferred till spring. The bulbs should
be planted 4 inches deep and 4 inches apart ;
their stems will then cover the ground and
keep it moist, so that the stem-roots may be
encouraged. Lilies of the umbellattnn group
should be .planted fi or 8 inches apart, these
growing to twice the size of L. elegans, and
their inflorescences are also much more
branched.

Lilium elegans embraces some twenty gar-
den forms, all showing distinctive characters
both in growth, leaf, and flower. I have only
space here to mention the best of them :
Prince of Orange is a dwarf, early-flowering
l)lant, a foot high, each stem bearing three or
four flowers of a rich orange colour, spotted in
the lower half with linear crimson spots. The
anthers contain coffee-coloured pollen, and
the stigmas are tinted a similar colour ; It
makes a capital beddcr. Alutaceum opens its
flowers a w-eek later ; they span 6 inches
across, are of elegant shajie, and are coloured
orange-red, shading to a rich apricot at the
apices of the petals, and a rich yellow at the
middle, the basal half being covered with
linear crimson spots, these being smallest near
the claw. The outside of the flower is flushed
a silvery-orange. Both this and Prince of
Orange have large, glabrous buds. Van
Houttei is a taller plant, with rich sanguineous-
red flowers, the outside being feathered and
flecked buff or jiale crimson ; the filaments ant!
styles are crimson-tinted, and the lower half
of each petal is markedly ridged, the ridges
terminating in a few black-crimson spots on.
raised processes resembling hairs ; the buds
are green and glabrescent. Atro-sanguineum
has darker flowers than Van Houttei, heavily
spotted on the inside the lower two-thirds of
their depth, the apical third alone being free
from spots ; a very rich-coloured, popular
variety.

Marmoratum aureum has two or three-
flowered stems li ft. high. The buds and
young growth are covered with a woolly
tomentum, which is retained on the stem,
leaves, and on the outside of the flower till
they ultimately wither. The flowers are very
full, of an orange-yellow tint, occasionally
flushed with red ; the whole flower is heavily
spotted blood-red, save for the extreme tips
of the petals. The middle of the flower is
markedly ridged, the ridges aggregating into
a median process at the base of each petal,
entirely covered with a multitude of whitish
hairs ; it is one of the best of the elegans
group.

Semi-plenum is a rare form, two or three-
flowered, the bud and young stem being
covered with loose tomentum. The flower
resembles Van Houttei in colour, shape, and
spotting, but the filaments are .shortened, and
have lateral appendages, which form a mass o£
red petaloid growths in the centre of the
flower. The upper half of these petaloid
filaments and the anthers (which do not con-
tain pollen) are coloured white or pale rose,,
giving the flower a bright yet singular
appearance.

Orange Queen is a grand new form, with
large flowers of a rich orange tint, shading to
apricot at the margins of the petals. The
petals are very stout and broad, spoon-shaped,
with eniarginato apices, which give the flower
a full, rounded ajjpearance. The anthers arc
unusually large, and contain coffee-coloured
pollen.

Alice Wilson is a similar plant, with flowers
of a clear lemon-yellow colour, shading to a
soft apricot as the flower ages. These twa
forms represent the cream of the elegans
group.

Lilies of the umbellatum group are rather
better known, few gardens being without a
few representatives. The three best reds are
Inconiparaliilc, a very free-flowering plant, with-
splendid flowers of glowing red ; grandiflorum,^
a similar plant, with orange and red flowers off
larger size ; and erectura, a form in which the
flowers are red, flushed with yellow in tie
basal half. Of good yellows, Cioth of Gold is
best, it bears grand flowers of old gold colour.

July 27, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

67

six or seven ou each spike ; Tottenhamense is
another good yellow-flowered form, the flowers
being slightly spotted red ; Aurantiacum has
orange-yellow flowers, shading to retl as the
flower ages. These three yellow forms are
supposed hybrids between elegans, a good
species, and umbellatum forms — these latter, a
race of Lilies of garden origin, probably derived
from L. bulbiferum or L. davuricum, or both.
Wlium croceum, a well-known border plant,

which I suppose they must belong, as they are
listed as varieties of L. elegans in the Kew
hand-lists. Both plants attain a height of
from "2 to 4 feet, and bear several flowers
on each stem. These flowers are about
midway between the elegans and Martagon
types in shape, in that the petals are more
reflexcd than in L. elegans, but not to the
extent of the turbinate flowers of L. Martagon.
Lilium Batemaniaj has lovely, rich apricot

A MIDLAND GARDEN.

I HAVE been measuring the height of some of
ray taller trees by their shadows, and find
that the figures given previously (Qtirdeners'
Chronicle, November 24, 1900) were too small.
They were only estimates by the eye. The
Lombardy Poplar is 65 feet instead of 50 feet,
and the Tulip-tree is 32 feet instead of 25 feet.
The measurement by shadow is easily accom-

FlG. 23. — ,<!0BR4LIA RL'CKERr. (SEK P. CO.)

with large spikes of orange coloured, heavily
s*I)otted flowers; and L. bulbiferum, a smaller-
growing plant, with rich orange and scarlet
•owers produced early in June, practically
complete the list of early-flowering types
which thrive together.

Two other fine Liliea, which, though known
long ago, are not nearly so much grown as
their beauty would warrant, are Lilium Bate-
nianiie and L. Wallacci. Both are late flower-
ing plants, requiring a rather moist .soil in a
.«fheltered spot, as they are likely to dry out
when planted with the elegans group, to

coloured flowers ; those of L. 'Wallaeei aro
coloured orange-red, and are copiously spotted
with purple. They aro excellont bedding
plants, and are useful for planting in the front
of L. auratum and other tall-growing Lilies.
They do not force well, being more or less
moisture-loving, and resenting heat ; nor are
they likely to be wanted as forced plants, for
many dozens of Lilies flower naturally in
advance of these. Their affinity with Lilium
elegans will not b<! very apparent to culti-
vators of these plants. O. li. Mallett.
iTo be curUinufd.)

plishcd whenever the shadow is clearly de-
fined on a flat surface. Take a stick of
measured length, say 3 feet, set it upright,
and measure its shadow. Suppose the shadow
is 4 feet ; then measure the shadow of the
tree. If it is 80 feet, a simple rule-of-three
sum will show that the tree is 00 feet high.

Some persons imagine that the garden Blue-
bell is the same as the wild one, only altered
a little by cultivation. This is not so. They
are distinct species. The wild form, with
which all our midland woods are painted blue
in the month of May, has the flower-spikes

68

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 27, 1901.

drooping at the tip, the perianth segments
strongly recurved, and the leaves rarely more
than I inch wide. This woodland beauty has
never held the same scientific name for more
than a generation or two. It has Ijeen tossed
about by the botanists like a shuttlecock
between Agraphis, Hyacinthus, and Scilla,
and has at last found rest, it is to be hoped,
as Scilla festalis. The garden form, of which
the flower-spikes are always upright, not
drooping, and the leaves wider, is Scilla
hispaniea, a native of Spain. I have both
forms growing together, and some that look
like hybrids, having intermediate characters.
Also a single plant of a very fine pure white
form, with leaves IJ inch wide, and very large
flower-spikes.

Bulbous-rooted jjlants supply many of our
most beautiful spring flowers, but they are
troublesome things in the garden. Most of
the smaller bulbs are best left undisturbed in
the ground for several years, but after the
flowers are over the leaves remain for a long
time, and have a very untidy appearance, just
when you want to plant out thesuuiiuer things
and clean up the beds. To cut them off injures
the bulb. To tie them into bunches is not
much improvement. I know of no means of
getting over the difficulty. I have planted
out the Pelargoniums, [&c., disregarding the
bulbs as much as possible, and as soon as the
leaves are yellow they will be pulled off. One
of the most untidy of them all is the Star of
Bethlehem, Ornitnogalum umbellatuni. It i.s
pretty, but it only opens while the sun shines,
and it has a terrible number of leaves.

The rhyme of tlie Oak and the Ash has many
forms, here is one: of them : —

" If the Oak is in leaf before the Ash,
You'll mebbe get nought but a bit of a

splash ;
If the Ash is in leaf before the Oak,
Look out, my lads, for a jolly good soak."

This last spring the Oaks in this district
were clothed with their yellow-green foliage
long before the Ash woke up at all. We ought
therefore to expect a dry season. But I have
very little faith in that dictum. Aly belief is
that the Oak is always before the Ash. I have
taken notice of the point for many years, and
though I have made no records I do not
remember ever to have seen the Ash in leaf
first. The Ash is about the latest of the wood-
land trees to put out its leaves, and the first
to drop them in the autumn. Rural wisdom is
not always to be trusted. I was once told by
an intelligent old countryman that Elm-trees
were never struck by lightning, but I have
seen several witli the bark ripped down from
top to bottom, evidently by lightning.

I have not yet arrived at any conclusions
with respect to the twist sometimes observable
in tree-trunks. More observations are wanted
on this subject. A friend who has lately been
staying in the New Forest tells me that he
could find no such twisted trunks there, which
is a remarkable fact if correct. In the grounds
at Frogmore, there is a good example of it in
the trunk of an evergreen Oak opposite the
"Queen's Tea Room." I lately visited the
park at Rothley Temple in this county, and
observed four distinct cases of twist, viz., a
Wych Elm, a Turkish Oak, and a Sycamore, all
from left to right ; and a common Oak, from
right to left. The tree which shows it most
frequently is the Horse-Chestnut, and always
from left to right. ■

Not a single caterpillar of any kind has
appeared on my Gooseberry-bushes this year.
All the leaves are sound and healthy, and the
crop is a heavy one. I have coimted fifteen
large berries on an 8-inch spray.

The entire absence of grub is remarkable.

If there are no grubs this year, where are next
year's flies to come from? The saw-fly is not
extinct. I liave seen its caterijillars in a
garden 2 miles distant. Probably the chry-
salids under my trees did not develop into
flies this year, but, remaining in the ground,
will develop next season, when I shall see
enough of them.

I do not know whether the brown-leaved
Prunus Pissardi has ever ripened its fruit in
this country. Its rather recent introduction
has hardly given time for much experience of
its capabilities, and as it comes from the
warmer climate of Persia, it would not be safe
to prophecy. I have just found under the tree
on my lawn a fully formed but unripe fruit, of a
deep red colour all over, about the size of a
boy's marble, only oval instead of globular. I
cannot see any more such ou the tree, but this
exactly corresponds to the descriptions of the
fruit of P. Pissardi. That it should be dropped
in an unripe state seems'to indicate that it
would not ripen.

We have a fine crop of Strawberries this
year, but as soon as they began to ripen they
disappeared mysteriously; and for the first
week we were not able to gather any for our
own use, the blackbirds and thrushes had
them all. To these sweet songsters we do not
mind paying a fair price for their music, but
it is possible to pay too" dearly even for a
blackbird's whistle, and as these, depredators
will not content themselves with a share, we
have Iiad to shut them out altogether Ijy
netting the bed all over. But this involves
the trouble of lifting oil the net whenever you
want a Strawberry. It is a good plan to fix a
stout stake in the middle of the bed and
fasten the centre of the net to this. The
edges can then be pulled tight in all direc-
tions. Good strong netting may be bought
for about a penny a square yard. For the
protection of seeds I have found the following
"scare" effective, and I shall try it next
year for the Strawberries : —

Get two stakes about 4 feet long, and stick
them into the ground at about 6 inches apart,
and sloping at about 45°. From one of these
hang by the neck a glass bottle of any sort,
and from the other a good sized piece of
broken window glass ; every breeze makes
these two clinli together,' and the sound
frightens away the birds. F. T. Mott, F.R.G.S.,
Birslal Hill, Leicester.

(To be confiiiMd.)

STRAWBEREIES IN 1001 AT
MAIDSTONE.

TirE Ijlossoming season was a very favour-
able one. In this district we had a fine rain in
the first week of May, which gave the plants
a good start. We began to pick from our open
fields on June 15, being much later than usual ;
but the season generally has been nearly a
month later than ordinary years for all crops.
As regards Strawberries, this is unfortunate
for our Kent growers, as they prefer to clear
the yield before the Cherries ripen. The
earliest to gather was Royal Sovereign, Vi-
comtesse Hericart du Thury being a few days
later ; but the former had a more sheltered
position.

As far as garden varieties are concerned,
the crop has been very satisfactory. Here and
there a variety has not turned out so well as
usual ; but as we grow for the plants, and only
fruit a portion of the two years' stools, it may
be tliat those which failed were weakened by
the strain thrown upon them in producing a
heavy crop of runners. This was noticeable
in British Queen, a variety for which there is
always a strung demand.

The most remarkable feature in this year's
culture has been the wonderful way the plants
have stood the long drought and excessive
heat ; entirely because the land was deeply
moved, and heavily manured for the new plan-
tations. Late sorts have been exceptionally
fine, because in mid-June we opened a trench
with the spade between the rows, about
6 inches deep, by inserting the spade and.
working it to and fro, so as to form a v-shaped.
aperture, and in this we poured a liberal'
suijply of liquid manure, raking down after-
wards. Our beds being very wide between,
the rows, the liquid did not taint the straw-
round the plants. This enabled those treated
to feed their rootlets at a critical dry period,
and we commend this idea to growers, not
that it is novel, but because it is more honoured
in the breach than in the practice. As we
write (July 15), the following are giving us
fine fruit daily :^ — Waterloo (the black Straw-
berry) ; Laxton's Latest - of - All, immense
berries, of the best flavour we ever tasted ia
this sort ; Elton Pine, Eleanor, Filbert Pine,
enormous crop, rich flavour ; Frogmore Late
Pine, large fruit, of exquisite flavour ; NewtOB
Seedling, large supply for preserving ; and
Queen of Denmark, an enormous crop of
highly flavoured, small Ijerries.

Of the new autumnal kinds, St. Antoine de
Padouc has produced fine globular fruit ; but
the best flavolired is La Constante d'Automne,
an improved' St. Joseph. These tliree, with
Oregon, ' are now blossoming again, and
promise a fine yield up to the November frosts.

The July crop on the Alpines has been un-
usually good. Among the older kinds, Presi-
dent holds its own as one of the most reliable,
and has been grand in flavour. Yicomtesse
H. de Thury is as fine as ever, and its distinct^
rich flavour is always appreciated, while for
jam it is perhaps the best. Stirling Castle for
all practical purposes is the same variety.

Dr. Hogg maintains its place as the richest-
flavoured, and the next best is Countess ;.
British Queen follows, and for flavour also
Queen of Denmark.

The most noticeable has been the pink-
fruited Louis Gauthier, justly admired by all
visitors. The crop has been enormous ; the
whitish-pink fruit laid in handsome clusters,
all round the foliage, some berries being
almost circular, and up to 2i oz. in weight.
The flavour is rich and refreshing, but the
fruit is soft, and as such is only suitable foi-
home use. It also fruits again in the autumn.

Sir Joseph Paxton has been very prolific, and
having both autumn and spring-planted beds,
the picking has lasted over a long period, the
spring bed being ten days later in use thai*
the other — a hint that growers might like to
know ; we refer to two-years' beds, as we do
not keep any older than this.

The older varieties have kept their good
characters ; and among the newest ones we
consider Trafalgar the most promising. We
must have greater experience Isefoi'e we ven-
ture an opinion on other varieties. We might
mention that Edouard Lefort is certainly an
improvement on La Grosse .Sueree for the^
earliest forcings.

In conversation with a London salesman, we'
learn that the market Strawberry crop has.
been an abundant one, but prices have ruled-
low, because the fruit has not reached buyers;
in first rate condition. There seems to be an
tendency, possibly stimulated by the com-
petition of the railways above London, to
favour the consignments to distant places,
to the prejudice of the bulk intended for
London consumption. It is allowed to stand
in the trucks at the collecting stations while»
the "foreign trucks" are despatched;, ofteur

JCLY

1901.J

THE GARDEXERS' CHROXICLE.

69

for'three or four hours in the broiling sun ; this,
added to the jolting to the station, takes the
freshness off the fruit. Why do not the railways
paint these fruit-trucks white (and also the
meat-vans), this would be some advantage.

The [fruit, generally, has been smaller than
Usual, ^but after the rain on the -18th of June,
it] was 'distinctly better, but naturally rather
.soft ^to] ^travel. We hear the eai'ly crops
near Southampton have been .vvery large,
40,000 gallons leaving Swanwick station in one
day. Georije Bunijard & Co. >•, . .. r ! .

TREES AND SHRUBS,

This truly beautiful dijciduous, slirub, a
nativ.e of Britain and .-^'ortll Auieric_a, is not
gro\Yu nearly so much as it sl><^ild be. ,To^find
it, apd to enjoy it,, we have-to go^out into. the
woods, the highways, and the bj-.ways, ^ivre
it gr(,iws and luxuriates : — often unsooii.'-T in
a wild state; the run being generally ,on

plant does not go out of flower so very quickly,

^s whilst some flower?

(^oming on. There ui>' i

grounds ; one is lU iVim
, tliis, I shotild oMciitiiMi
. more tljan one root-stn.-

._ These plants, as iri;;i
-, take pot-Uu-lc with sen

which fovmoily fnin).',
., hc(|ge. Whon'ihr J.iUl
:. ilpllics w.-iv Jiji. juil ti
. suuuy .siilf. tin- \ il.i.ii^iiiiu

llr

'ft', others are
Ill's of it hi my
At, liut to form
rtppears to be

rds I'liot-feed, have to

r Uu-r H/.lly-l)UshcS,

liLU'( ol' ;i i|iiickset-
V \'. as tsrulilietl up, the
Mil iiuder these, on'the
IS :;ix'\v aud flourished.

FlO. 24.— LII.H'M GRAVI : FLOWERS REDDISII-CHIMSON.

LILIUM GRAYI (S. Watson).
This is one of the newer Lilies sliowu by
Messrs. Wallace at C'hiswick on the occasion of
the Lily Conference. It is evidently closely
, allied to L. canadense, but the flowers arc more
funnel-sliaped, and the segments less recurved ;
, the colour, too, which is probalily variable, is
more crimson than in L. canadense. Our
illustration (fig. 24) is from a sketch taken at
C'hiswick for us by Mr. W. <i. Smith. The
plant is a native of the Alleghany Mountains
of North Carolina, where it was originally dis-
I'overed by Dr. Asa Gray in 1840, and found again
by him in company with Prof. Sargent in 1879.
It is quite hardy. For fuller liotaulcal details
we may refer to the BoUinical Maijazhie, t. 7234.

v. sterile and V. jdicatum, which, owing no
doubt, to their large, globular blooms, are on
•that account more popular.

Let anyone give V. Opulus a fair trial on a
well-prepared bed of, say, 10 feet diameter to
begin with, of ordinarily brown loam ; and the
sooner to have tlu- bed well furnished with
l)lant and bloom, place thereon live plants,
which in two or three years, loss or more, will
grow into one at least of the glories of the
glade around. The scent is simply delicious
— so much so, that neither the V. sterile or
V. plicatum can, so far as sweet ))erfumo
goes, come near it. A handful of sprays iii
a bowl before mo not only scents the room,
but ahso permeates the whole house. 'I'lie

Hesidcs the above, 1 had almost omitted
to mention the beautifully red, translucent
, berries and tinted leaves which are left to
adorn the iilaut during the autumnal months,
which have tlicii' naturally fading glories, in
contradistinction to the revivifying glories of
the spring. W. Miller, BcrksweU.

MAONOLIA MACnOPUYLLA.

Messrs. J. Voitch & Sons have sent us a
flo\vej.' of this noble tree. The leaves mea-
sure about 1.5 inches by 8 inclies.in width,
with a leaf-stalk of 3 inchcfi. In form the
leaf-blade is oblanceolate, with two rounded
l(ili<!s at the base, and with- an acute apex.
'J'lie upper surface is green, the lower face

70

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 27, 1901.

laucous. The flowers are 6 to 8 inches across,
petals leathery, creamy-white, with a deep
purple blotch at the base. M. macrophylla
occurs about the base of the Southern Alle-
ghany Mountains from N. Carolina to Florida,
inhabiting, according to Sargent, sheltered
valleys in deep rich soil, protected from wind
by forests of swamp Chestnut, Oaks, Gum-
tree;-', Hickories, and Dogwoods. It generally
grows in isolated groups of a few individuals.
It is by no means so generally cultivated as its
merits demand. M. T. M.

CaRPEXTERIA CALirORNICA PLENA.
I have found an almost fully double flower
on my big bush of this most beautiful shrub.
It was the only flower left, all the others
which this year were rather sparingly pro-
duced, having fallen some time ago. It was also
the only flower on the end of the shoot, though
they are usually produced in threes. I shall
be glad to hear if any of your shrub-loving
readers have ever noticed a double flower on
this shrub.

DiJIORPHANTHUS MANDSHURICUS ALBO-
MARfilNATUS.

This is quite one of the most evenly varie-
gated and handsomest new hardy shrubs I have
seen for some time. It originated from a sport
of dimorphism occurring a few years ago in the
garden of a Frenchman named Gouchault, and
was at once propagated by grafting it on the
roots of the ordinary green-leaved variety,
which is, I believe, the largest leaved of our
deciduous shrubs. It was distributed last
year by M. Leon Chenault of Orleans, who
exhibited a fine specimen of it at the Paris
International Exhibition, where it was much
admired, and was awarded the first prize as the
best new hardy shrub of the year. My plant
has now ten tine leaves, which are from
2 feet e inches to 2 feet 9 inches long by 2 feet
across. They will doubtless attain a larger
size when the plant is fully established, as
tlie leaves of the type form often reach 3 feet.
W. E. GiimWeton.

NOTES FROM THE CAUCASUS.

{Cuiicliidrd from p. 3.)

NlTRSERiES.— One of the principal of the few
nurseries in the Caucasus is that which belongs
to Mr. Nojev, in Alaskan. This nurseryman, be-
sides other specialties such as cool Palms, which
thrive in the open ground, has started bulb-
growing, and had already (at the time of my
visit in 1808) a large field of old and young
bulbs of Tulips, Hyacinths, &c. Considering
the great masses of bulbs which every year
are imported into Russia, it is really a good
plan for the Russians to try to grow their
ovv'n bulbs, when they have within their own
boundaries a climate suitable for the purpose.
It is important to find out places fit for such
cultivation without entailing large expense.
If the land is too low it is often too moist,
and causes the bulbs to rot. If, again, the
ground is too heavy, sand will have to be
carted on to it, which is very expensive,
especially if the land is situated at a distance
from the sea.

To give an idea of other parts of South
Russia, I will just say a few words about the
climate in Charkow. When this is compared
with that of the above-mentioned part of the
Caucasus, a great difference is found. Al-
though this town is at about the same latitude
as Paris, we usually get the first frost in
the middle of September, but severer frosts
seldom set in before the end of October. In
winter the temperature often sinks 15° to

20' Reaumur. Occasionally in some years it
may fall to 25°, or even more. In March the
weather gets milder, and in April the real
spring begins. This is very short, and the
warm weither often sets in all at once.

I liave known years when we one week had
north wind, and from 10° to 1.5° R. of cold,
deep frozen ground, and much snow ; the next
week a south wind, and 15° to 20" R., with
bright, warm sunshine, which in a few days
melted the snow, thawed the ground, and
everything turned green in no time. Such a
climate makes much difference to the work in
a garden, when everything must be done at
once after the ground has laid frozen all the
long winter. Different, for instance, from
England, where it is often possible to work in
the garden nearly all the winter, and although,
as I mentioned before, this part of Russia lies
further south than Paris, yet most of the best
foliage and ornamental trees cannot stand the
climate. The reasons for this are principally
three, viz., drought, cold, and sudden changes.
Summers with little rain or humidity in the
air, scorching sun, and strong, dry winds
across the large and bare plains, dry the
ground up to a great depth, fostering many
insects, such as greenfly and others ; then
comes the winter with severe cold, often
before any snow has fallen, and the ground is
frozen to a great depth, and the trees have
their stems and branches withered.

Sudden changes injure many plants severely,
and wo often in February and March have
hard frosts in the night, and in the day a very
cle.ar dark blue sky with bright sun. It may
be from 10° to 15° or 20° R. before the suii
rises, but only a few Iiours after, the thermo-
meter, if hung in the sun, may register from
10° to 15° or more above freezing. This causes
the bark of the trees to crack in all directions,
from the ground right up and along the
branches to the crowns. In this way many
different trees are spoiled or killed ; for in-
stance, choice varieties of Ulmus, Acer, Tilia,
^Esculus Hippocastanum, and others, not to
mention the tender and finer sorts of fruit-
trees, especially Pears, on which the bloom-
buds turn black wholesale as soon as the
severe winter comes, and even the young .
branches turn black and are killed. Populus
and Salix are trees much used for planting in
the streets for shelter. Evergreen Conifers,
such as Thujas, Cypresses, and others, suffer
mueh in spring from the sun, frost, and drying
winds. Choice varieties of bluish-grey Picea,
such as P. Paryana or P. pungens, Engelmani,
concolor, and Abies amabilis, grow very well,
especially if given plenty of water in summer.
A. K. Aii(/c/'ssoH.

P E N I C U I C K .

This fine Midlothian estate came into the pos-
session of the Clerks some 250 years ago, the
present representative of the family and owner
of the property being Sir Geo. D. Clerk, Bart.
It is extensively wooded, the river Esk making
its noisy way through the groiuids or down deep
glens, the steep, sloping banks of which are
clothed with thinly plante<l trees, which again
in some portions, mainly near the house, spring
from an undergrowth of Rhododendrons, great
masses of these coming within range of the
vision from many points of 'vantage. Much
of the older wood is Beech, than which in early
May there is no tree with foliage quite so
tenderly green, nor so lace-like as in its half-
expanded state it shimmers in the sunlight or
dances at the passing of the slightest breeze.
The Silver Fir is another of the original trees ;
these, with the Beeches, are also not far
distant from the house. Many handsome

specimens lie recumbent, laid low by a fierce
gale of the past winter. It was sad to see
these otherwise fine trees affected with rot,
though their age cannot extend beyond 150 to
170 years at most. ,

The house, which unfortunately was gutted
by fire at a recent date, is delightfully seated
on a nearly level lawn, with the easiest slope
to the east, while to the west the ground slopes
rapidly downwards, forming a vast natural
amphitheatre lying in a hollow, with the Esk
winding in a curve in the distance ; and nearer
the spectator a lake of some extent cuddling
the base of the half-hidden slope. Down here,
also, the old gardens are situated, the river
flowing close past them. At one time these
were somewhat famous, and Loudon mentions
the glass erections, early in last century, as
being extensive. The walls are low, and
arranged with an absence of mathematical pre-
cision that appeals to the present-day observer
as remarkable. One of the most noted gar-
deners connected with this old garden is Mr.
Henry Eckford, of Sweet Pea fame, who some
fifty years ago served his apprenticeship here
to the calling he has since done so much to
adorn and to advance.

Mr. Buchanan, who manages this large
estate, reminded me, when walking round the
]iolicies, of another famous Scotsman who has
still a visible connection with Penicuick, in the
form of an obelisk erected to his memory by
the third baronet. This was Allan Ramsay,
of Edinburgh, periwig- maker, bookseller,
dramatist, and poet, the forerunner of Fer-
guson and of Burns, and whose characteristic
Scottish dialect still appeals to a numerous body
of readers. Ramsay and Sir John Clerk, the
second baronet, himself a poet and a man of
most liberal views, were fast friends, and not
unnaturally the "fam'd and celebrated Allan "
spent much of his leisure time at Penicuick.
Ramsay was in some things in advance of his
day, and objected to herbs and roots being
exposed for sale on the streets "on stalls
unclean." He seems, also, to have dreamt of
the North Loch being improved and the grounds
in its vicinity adorned with flowers and troer.
He, too, incidentally mentions Apricots and
Peaches as having been cultivated in his day
on walls, but not Grapes.

Returning to the more imme:liate subject of
these notes, an enclosed American garden,
near another lake of large extent, bears
evidence of the dampness of the climate, many
of the deciduous plants being covered with
moss. Here are some large and healthy bushes,
of Andromeda floribunda, not so very long ago
admitted to greenhouses as too tender to exist
out-of-doors in Scotland. The plants flower
here profusely, but the racemes arc naturally
much smaller than one sees them growing in
England. Here, too, are some large specimens
of Himalayan Rhododendrons, raised some fifty
years ago from seeds sent from India by Lord
Dalhousie. Spring frosts are inimical to the
development of the flowers, otherwise the high,
position and cold climate do not affect the
plant* injuriously.

New gardens were formed about thirty years,
ago, and are situated near the house, but on a
slightly higher level. The ground is naturally
cold, and vegetation in spring is late. The
appointments of the garden are all of a high-
class order, the fruit-walls being construete<l
of bricks of a special manufacture, and buiJt
hollow, to ensure dryness and warmth. It is
disappointing, therefore, to find south waUs
devoted to the culture of Plums, and culinary
Apples established on others. Possibly the
old gardeners, who laid out their gardens in
sheltered, low-lying positions near streams,
. were wiser in their generation than we some-

JCXY 27, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

71

times are, who oonlcnm th?ir views as un-
sound.

In the gla.ssh(ius?s Mr. Angus, who controls
the garden, has a lot of very flue Mignonette
in fall flower ; and in anotlier structure, and
very appropriately, a quantity of Eekford's
Sweet Peas flowering in pots. In one of the
fruit^houses trial is being made of Strawberries
planted ont in bonlers instead of in pots for
early fruiting.

Mr. Angus speaks very highly of the good
points of an American-cultivator employed in

PLANT NOTES.

SCOLOPEXDRIUM VULGARE DAVIESII.

Thk lovers of Ferns may be pleasetl to hear
that anotlier discovery of a variety of Scolopen-
driura vulgare, with toothed margins, and witli
lines on each side of the frond from the base to
the point of the frond. Some of the fronds are
multipidenium, &e., and as far as it is arc
unrecognised in the Sc.ilopondrium class. I
wish to claim its name through your columns.

together by Prof. Sargent to inaugurate the
buildin:jj. The nnmerous photographs sent us
all give the impression of a vault-like struc-
ture, but we are assured that ventilation and
light are well cared for. The cost of the
building was "285,000 dollars, to which has to
be added the cost of the land, "225,000 dollars.
The main exhibition hall is 122 feet x 50 feet,
and 43 feet in height. If the Boston Society
can do this with a membership of a thousand
fellows, we ought to be able to do at leastt
six times as well.

Fic. 25.— A ronrioN or tiii- oucmiu i:\iiiiin in nii: nkw ihiutki ui uat, hall, nosroN, u.s.a.

the kitchen garden (|uarters. as a hoe mainly.
For efficiency combined with rapidity of a<-ti(iii
it api)ears to occupy the same position with
regard to the Dutcli-lioe that the lawn-mower
doe-s to the scythe.

I shall just add, that one of the nicest
pergolas is in course of construction as a
covered way to the entnnu'C of the bijiiding
which at present is doing duty as i; dwelling
instKul of the ruined house. Host's appa-
rently are being largely depended on to
furnish clothing to it, and alongside ( ne of
its flanks a little garden of Roses has lieen
arranged. li.

Scolopendrium vidgarc marginatum, werefoiuid
in the county of Brecon. i». Mijrdilin Diicics,
linjnnuiwr, Jii/y 10, 1901.

THE HORTICULTURAL HALL,
BOSTON, U.S.A.

We have on several occasions lately, alluded
to the spacious hall erected in Boston for the
Horticultural Society of Massachusetts. We
have done so with the view of .stimulating our
fellow countrymen to follow the example set
by our transatlantic bi'clhreu. We have also
referred to the magnificent exhibition got

TOMATOS FOR WINTER USE.

With abundance of fruit at the presentt
time, it may seem out of place to call atten-
tion to future supplies. Still, the gardener is
obliged to take time by the forelock, and to
begin to prepare in .Tuly or early in August.
In the earlier stages, winter Tomato plants,
cost but little labour to grow them, a cold
frame sulliciiig forlluur needs, and after being;
potted or ))lanteil out., no forcing is necessary
till November and l);'cember, and then only
suflicient heat is needed to develop the fruit.

The chief point is to obtain a heavy set of
fruit early in October. My practice is to saw

72

THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 27, 1901.

in July, and repot the plants till they roach
8-inch pots — the final potting. Tlie plants are
accomraoclatecl and fruited in low-roofed pits,
of which the sashes are left open at. night,
indeed, are entirely removed in fine weather to
get a sturdy growth, no warmth being applied
till the date named. I prefer pots to plant-
ing out, the growth being more compact, and
the set better. As a potting soil, good turfy
loam and some bone-meal are employed, and
this is rammed into the pots, ample space being .
'iaccorded for holding water. Larger pots than
8 inches may bo used, but much will depend
■upon the growth of the variety. .Smooth,
ihandsome Tomatos of the Perfection type are
aiot the best for winter-fruiting, as they do
mot set freely, the ribbed kinds being better ;
inoreover, the flavour of the ribbed fruit is
•equal to the other.

I used to grow Conqueror for winter fruiting
4^a good -flavoured, prolific variety; also
Prggmore Selected, which is a good setter,
.^nd of middle size and shai^ely. Sown now,
this variety will give a full crop at Christmas,
jpuring last winter I gave Sutton's Winter
Beauty a trial, and was satisfied that it is a
.good grower at that season, and a heavy
bearer, and tlie fruits of good size and flavour.
It ^s the best late-setting variety that I know
«of ; and it is equally adapted for early spring, as
is likewise Early Beauty, (i. Wijtiies.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mavne, Gardener to tlie Hon. Mark Rolle,
Bictou, East Budleigli, Devonsliire.

Potatoa. — The earlier varieties should now
lie lifted, the good shapely tubers selected as
jsets, and stored in a cool, fairly light place ;
-and those for consumption placed thinly in a
•dark root-store or cellar. If the tubers of
these early varieties are left in the soil and
much rain fall, they would sprout, and in con-
sequence be greatly impaired in quality. After
•clearing away the rubbish, apply a light
■dressing of quick-lime or of soot to the land,
.and dig it one spit deep.

TiicHt'ps.— Potato-land is very suitable for
Turnips, and a good breadth may now be sown,
-after trampling the ground to give it firmness,
anA raking it to an even surface. Sow in
.shallow drills drawn at 15 inches apart, which
moisten a few hours before sowing. Having
:S0wn the seed, rake the land to cover it in, roll
lightly or trample it again, and finish off with
.a.nother raking. Thin the advancing suc-
cessions after affording water in order to
soften the earth.

Spinach. — A sowing may now be made with-
out there being so much fear that it will run
to seed, the ground being prepared for this
vegetable as for Turnips.

Appli/iiig Water to Crops.— On [light soils.
Peas, Beans, Lettuce, Celery, Turnips, Cauli-
Iflower, and Broccoli, all need much water if
vegetables of good quality are e.xpected ; and
if to these applicatious of water, liquid-manure
in a weak state can be added, the results will
ibe still better. Where mulching is practised,
the litter should be pulled aside before water
as applied, and be replaced afterwards, or a
little fresh soil may be pulled over the watered
ground so as to conserve the moisture.

Globe Art ichokes. — As soon as all the heads
are cut, remove the stalks close down to the
ground-level, and apply plenty of water, and a
mulching of rich dung.

Work in Generah—Cleav off exhausted crops
■of all kinds, and prepare the ground for
planting and sowing. Gather Beans and Vege-
table-Marrows, and keep the hoe plied among
the various crops wherever possible. Sowings
may be made weekly of Radish and Mustard
and of Cres.ses in variety on a north border.

THE OBCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapjiav. Gardener to R. I. Measuees. Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road, Camberwell.

Repottintj. — The repotting season, excepting
for a few species of Orchids, may be con-
sidered closed, and no plant should be dis-
turbed unless there is an absolute necessity
so to do, and I would advise that in all cases
repotting be deferred till the beginning of
September. The chief work" meanwhile will
consist in cleansing the plants.

Cleansimi the pki iifs.— The leaves of Cat-
tleya labia ta autumnalis are expanding, and
the flower-sheaths pushing up. It will gene-
rally be found that after this plant has Ijeen
imported about two seasons, it becomes
infested by a small white scale insect, com-
monly found on the young developing growth
inside the leaves, even before these expand.
It is desirable that these pests should be re-
moved without delay. This operation requires
care, as the leaves when young are easily
scratched, and thus permanently disfigured.
If the scale be not removed quickly, they
give a spotted and unsightly appearance to
the leaves, and the creatures increase so
rapidly that other plants in the house quickly
become infested. A weak mixture of soft soap
and rain-water is a good solvent and safe
means of removal. It should be applieil with
a sponge.

Cymhidiiims, if grown with the Cattleyas, or
in a dry, airy house, .should be kept under
observation, red-spider soon infesting them in
warm, dry weather. If any traces of this
acarid be noticed on the leaves, the latter
should be sponged, and their undersides
often syringed. Tliis is best done early in the
day, and when outside conditions are favour-
able. The pseudo-bulbs are equally liable
to be infested by scale, which are found on the
inside of the old leaf bracts. Masdevallia
Chimpera, and those of that section, whose
new leaves are now appearing, are likewise
liable to be attacked by red-spider in hot
weather, and it is well to stand the plants on
the floor of a house and syringe them once
daily for several weeks, and afford air by the
lower ventilators, shading the plants heavily
during the brightest hours.

Seedlings. — The raising of seedlings has re-
quired much more attention this year than
u.sual. The cold drying winds prevaleiit in the
spring, having delayed germination for a long
period of time, and the weatherof late has been
.so warm and dry, that it was a difficult matter to
keep the surface of the seed-pans in a desirably
moist condition ; and when the seeds have
at length germinated, they have not made
rapid progress. This, of course, is my experi-
ence here, situated as I am with dry brick
walls closely surrounding me. I have never
had Orchid-seed to germinate more freely than
this year, but the progress of the seedlings
has been very slow. The seedlings of Dendro-
bium are the only ones which have grown
a pace. Seedlings older than one year have
made good progress, and in many cases the
plants will require to be repotted soon. The
plants which have become well rooted, must
not be allowed to remain in a dry state for any
length of time ; and the cultivator should
examine his plants twice daily in very warm
l)ri_ght weather. Guard against any excess of
moisture at the roots during dull weather.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C Hekris".
Cieanimi the Strawberrij Qiuirter. — The
drought has almost brought the Strawberry
season to an end, and the fruiting of all early
and midseason varieties is finished. The plants
should now have the dead and exhausted foli-
age removed, together with the runners which
have formed, if these be not required for in-
creasing the stock of any variety. Remove also
the mulching materials, then slightly hoe the
alleys, and afford a light top-dressing of spent
Mushroom-bed or hot-bed materials, after-
wards applying water copiously. Any beds

older than three years, unless there are good
reasons for retaining them, should be cleared
away, and the ground utilised for some other
crop. Where plants that have been forced
are planted out, they should not be left to
carry fruit for a longer period than two
years. iVot much being gained by summer
digging land in times of drought, but rather
injury is done by dissipating what, little
moisture is found in the soil, it will be
found quite suitable without digging or
manuring for Broccoli, Kale, Savoys, &c.
Failing heavy rain to soften the soil, it may be
necessary to use a crow-bar in making holes
for the plants. The plants necessary for
forming new Strawberry quarters should be
layered forthwith into 3-inch pots, if it has
not been performed previously. It is always
advisable to plant one or two new quarters
annually, as from these younger plants the
earliest and best fruit is obtained. These
rooted runners should be ready to plant before
the middle of August, if fruit be expected next
year. [The Hautbois Strawberry, whose pe-
culiar flavour is much liked by some persons,
should also be planted at an early date on a
partially shaded border, at 18 by 12 inches
apart. The runners must be taken from a bed
that contains a mixture of male and female
plants, the species being more truly dioecious
than other garden Strawberries. Ed.]

Fruit Protection. ■ — The birds are more
troublesome this year than usual, and Goose-
berries and Currants will have to bo protected
by fish-netting, or very thin canvas. The
latter affords a slight shade to the fruit, very
welcome in this sunny time. Before the nets
are put over the bushes, the longer shoots
should be shortened to half their length.
Where Gooseberry and Currant-bushes grow
together in a square, it is an advantage to
have the plantation permanently covered with
wire-netting.

Insects. — American blight is much in evi-
dence this hot year. In a Middlesex garden I
noticed recently some old Apple-trees, the
main stems of which were whitened over with
this pest, and nothing apparently was being
done, or any notice taken of it. A strong lather
made with Gishurst's Compound Soap, applied
with a stiff painter's brush, or a little methy-
lated spirits carefully applied in the same
way, will destroy all the aphides with which
it comes in contact; but to eradicate this
pest where very abundant on the trees,
winter dressings are required, and these
should be very thorough. Green and black
aphis are destroyed by the quassia mixtm-e, or
the XL-All insecticide ; but the former cannot
be used where fruits are ripening, it being
intensely bitter. Red-spider on Peach and
other fruits may be kept in check by fre-
quently syringing the trees with clear water
with some force.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Palms and Cijcads. — Any of these, whether
repotted lately or not, which are in full
growth should be copiously syringed night and
morning, and have weak manure-water or
clarified soot-water frequently applied at the
root. At this season, artificial heat is not
needed by these plants, and it will suffice if
the plants are syringed and the house closed
about 4 o'clock, after a good damping down of
the floors, &c. It is an advantage when some
of the inmates of the Palm-house proper can be
placed, during their season of growth, in other
glass-houses, as this will usually admit of
affording those that remain and those that are
placed elsewhere more space in which to de-
velop their new leaves. Palms being liable to
infestation by scale insects, should at this
season receive a thorough cleansing with an
insecticide, applied with a rather hard brush
to the stems and ribs of the leaves, and with a
soft rag to the tender parts of the leaves. A
Palm is never thoroughly cleansed at one
operation, but it should receive two or three

July 27, 1901.]

THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE.

73

before being arranged in its proper place for
the winter. The remedy for scale will be
found in one of my former Calendars.

Ferns. — At this dry season, Ferns growing
in baskets should be dipped in vessels of water
twice a week. As the potted Ferns increase
in size, let them be affoi-ded plenty of space,
so that their fronds may become firm and
properly matured, as unless this be done, the
dry air of the apartments in which they may
have to stand will greatly injure the fronds.
Xow that growth is more or less complete,
manure-water may be afforded at the rate of
one of manure to twelve of water. The fronds
of most species should now be apjiroaching the
mature stage, and these alone will remain in
good condition in the winter ; late-formed
fronds, on the contrary, suffer from damp
during the winter.

Camellias and Smilnx. — Where these plants
are grown on the walls of forcing-houses, the
foliage must be kept in a clean condition by
the use of the syringe, and the shoots regu-
lated, thinned, and fastened in neatly. Smilax
should be afforded a top-dressing of soil and
manure, and tlie growths preventetl from
running into tangled masses.

Winter-flouvritig Stove Plants. — Thyrsa-
canthas rutilans, Aphelandra aurantiae.i
Roezlii, Clerodendron fallax, and Erantliemum
Andersonianum may now be placed in the pots
in which they will bloom, viz., 4 to (i-inch pots
for the first two, and 8-inch ones for the others.
The compost used should consist of mellow turfy
loam, rotten stable-manure and leaf-mould, a
small quantity of steamed bone-meal, and
silver .sand. The plants may be kept close for
a week in an ordinary frame, being afforded
shade in the brighter parts of the day,
syringing them, and closing the frame from
3.30 to 4 P.M. When quite re-established,
more air should be afforded, and the frame
kept moist by wetting the coal-ash floor
occasionally.

Propagation. — Acalypha musaica, A. hispida,
and Abutilon Sawitzii may have the tops taken
from plantsthat liave become shabl)y, inserting
these singly in small pots, and placing in a
frame or pit having a bottom-heat of 75' to
80", and in which moist conditions are main-
tained. In about a hionth enough roots will
have been made to warrant a shift into larger
pots.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Evergreen Hedges. — Those consistingof Holly,
Laurel, Thuias, .Sweet Bay, Juniperns viginiana,
Phillyrea, <tc., should now receive theirannual
pruning, using the knife in the ca.se of those
with large loaves, ^'special care being taken to
preserve a level face on the visible side. De-
pressions can bo matle up by leaving the shoots
of greater length than elsewhere. As a rule
for general oliscrvance, the plants of which a
hedge consists slioiikl lie cut in harder at the
top than at the Ixiltom.

Deridiious Hcdrjes may be trimmed with the
hedging-shears, and those consisting of Roses
or Sweet Briar should be trimmed more than
once during the season. A China Rose hedge
should have frequent attention, and after a
large number of blooms have been cut or have
faded, is a suitable time to regulate the growth
and shape, as by carrying out the operation at
various times a hedge does not present so stiff
or shorn appearance, as is the case when
closely trimme<l at one time with a pair of
shears.

Border Carnations. — Tlie layering of the
plants should not be delayed after the chief
flush of bloom is past. Some gardeners have
reserve plants in the vegetable or the reserve
garden from which they take layers in prefer-
ence to obtaining them from plants in the
flower-garden or dressed border ; and it is a
good plan where it can be carried out. Before
commencing to layer, scrape away the soil

around the plant in order to make space for
some new compost, consisting of fine, sifted,
sandy .soil, sea-sand being used if readily
obtainable. The lower leaves for a space of
three knots should be removed without tear
ing the skin of the shoot, then with a sharp
knife cut half way through the shoot just
below a joint, and make an upward slit so as
to form a tongue ; and having made a shallow
bed around the plant, gently bend down the
layer into this, and fix it with a wooden hook
or a layering pin of iron, the slit being kept
open whilst doing this. The layer being tixetl
should be mounded up with the prepared soil,
and so on with all the other layers round a
plant. Apply water to settle the soil, and
afford water daily in hot, and less often in
dull weather, lu a mouth or six weeks the
layers will be. sufficiently rooted to warrant
removal. When a layer is prepared, the tips
of the "grass " shoidd be cut off.

Pinks. — These may be propagated by pipings
inserted in light, sandy soil, placing a hand-
light over them until rooted; but they root
more quickly when layered and treated like
Carnations.

Tlie Budditig of Rose-stocks. — The present is
a good time to begin the budding of dwarf
and standard Rose-stocks, the operation being
carried on for the greater part of the month of
August. If the bark will not run readily,
deluge the soil after slightly loosening it with
a digging-fork or a crowbar, and wait for a
few days for the sap to rise. Dog Rose stocks
for standards should have had three of the
stronger shoots selected in June, and the
other removed or considerably .shortened.
Stout dormant buds from the base of strong
young shoots of half-ripened wood should bo
taken of the varieties of which it is desired to
increase the stock, and care taken when strip-
ping the rind from the woody portion not to
pull out the heart of the buds. The buds
should be inserted in a T-shaped slit made
with the young shoot of the Dog Rose-stock
close down in the fork, and should be forth-
with bound in with worsted or fine raflla. In
the case of dwarf stocks of the Seedling Briar
and Manetti, the buds are inscrtecl low down
below the ground level, and the soil is l)rought
up and slightly aijove the inserted bud. All
buds inserted should l)e examined in a fort-
night after the operation, and tight ligatures
loosened and rofastcncd.

Standard and 7)i(vir/ /foscs. — After the first
flush of bloom is passed slightly shorten the
longer shoots, remove all weak and blind,
that is, flowerlcss shoots, but do not denude
the plants of too many shoots, or harm will bo
done instead of good.

Anemone coronaria. — S<>cd may now be sown
on rich soil in a sunny jiosition where the
plants can remain to flower. Before sowing,
mix the seed which is woolly with some damp
silver sand by rubbing it between the palms;
sow in quite shallow drills or binadciisl , and
cover with half an inch of .soil. The .seed may
be sown in pans or in boxes, and the seed-
lings transplanted, but the former method is
preforable.

Hiyits on Routine. — Mow lawns, cut grass-
edgings, roll walks after rain, and maintain
neatness and good order in every part of the
garden and pleasure-grouiuls.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIntvuk, Cunlcncr to Sir Chas.
Tennant, TlicGleii, Iniicilcitlicn, PccbleBshirc.

Scaldiwi. — This season it has been a common
occurrence for the foliage to scald, and the
berries al.so, to a greater extent than usual.
This mishap generally prevails in vineries
in which the rods are too near to the roof,
and the ventilation is inadequate ; but it
occurs also from neglect to give air early in the
day and afford a gentle heat in the hot-water
pipes, and thereby obtain a more buoyant at-
mosphere. Scalding of the fruit has been
assigned to a variety of causes, but there can

be no doubt that it is brought about by the
same conditions which cause the foliage to
scorch ; and it can be arrested by paying-
timely attention to the ventilation and tempe-
rature of the vinery. Air should be admitted
rather freely, especially in the early hours,
and a small amount at night, together with
genial warmth in the heating apparatus, main-
taining a temperature of 70°. It is a very
prevalent malady with Lady Downes' Seed-
ling, and in lesser degree with the Muscat of
Alexandria — and the Black Hamburgh will also
get scalded, especially when the bunches are-
exposed to powerful sunshine after a period of
still, cold weather. It always occurs at the-
end of the stoning period, i.e., about three^
weeks before the berries change colour. In
modern vineries, having large panes of glass,.-
a slight degree of shading is called for at this
period, and during the early stages of riiiening.
For Muscats, a double thickness of herring-
nets drawn over the roof is of great service in
breaking the rays of the sun from mid-June to-
the latter part of July or beginning of August,
accordiiig to the time at which the Grapes;
finish stoning. Some Vines in vineries glazed
with large panes of glass are the better for
a slight amount of shade during the hotter
months.

Peaches and Nectarines. — ^Barly varieties that
were started during December, as for example,
Alexander, Early Beatrice, and Waterloo, el-
even later ones, as Hale's Early, Dr. Hogg,
Royal George, and Stirling Castle, from which
the fruits have been gathered, may now bo
pruned to the extent of removing from them^
the shoots which have borne fruits, and any
others that are obviously not needed. A
greater degree of light and air will thus be
admitted to the trees generally. If the roof-
lights are removable it is better to take them
away, but if this cannot be done, to throw
them open as widely as possible. Keep the-
trees perfectly free from insects, using insecti-
cides for this purpose if necessary. Afford
water to the ronts as often as is required, and
to weakly trees alToi-d weak manure-water. A.
mulch may be applied in order to keep tho-
border moist. Syringe the trees once or twice-
a day.

Succession Houses. — The fruits on trees which
were started early in li'ebruary will now be-
ripening, and as soon as thesi; have been,
gathered, prune the trees as doscribod above
and syringe them daily. Slop .-ill laleralsback
to one joint, or allow an extension if the budf?.
are in an .advanced state, and prevent prema-
ture ripening of the foliage by encouraging-
continued root action. When the buds are-
well formed and the wood well maturi'd, admit
all the air possible by day and niglil . If scale-
be found on any of the trees, and these are-
cleared of fruit", they may bo dressed with
petroleum emulsion and water, stirring the-
liquid well wlieu using it. Keep the border-
moist, and afford manure-water to trees that
show signs of weakness, or which have carried
a heavy crop of fruit.

Late Houses.— M it is needful to accelerate
the ripening of the fruits, ventilate the house-
freely up to 1 o'clock in the day, then reduce-
the ventilation gradually .so that at i P.M. the
temperature may be 80' or 85" when closings
the house. Syiirige the trees well at this,
time, and allow llic li-inporatiirc to rise to 'M)'..
About C o'clock ailniil a lilt le air, so that some of
the moisture in I lie lioiis<! may escape, and the
temperature gradually cool down. Tic in the-
shoots as occasion rc(|uires, and retain no more-
of them than are necessary. Keep laterals-
stopped back to one leaf, but allow a lit.tlo-
growth to encourage circulation of the sap.
If gross shoots push laterals from their leaf-
buds, cut thtjra back to where the buds remain
imdeveloped ; or if likely to disarrange the-
balance of the tree, or the distrilmtion of the
sap, out them oil .■ill.>gcllicr. Draw away tbc-
leaves' from bcfoi-c the fruits, and raise tlu^se
up to the light as much as ])ossil)le. I'eacheK.
are not much prized unless coloured. The
flavour of Peaches is generally good in propor-
tion to the amount of colour they possess.

74

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 27, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Cecal UcM^.—l'orri-ipoiiilvnts. will ffrr<ifhi nl.li.jr h>i si'inli ixj to
the F.<h(ur nirhi iiitr!!i<in,n- o/'lor.d cr.wi.M Uh-hj to hr of
intiTt'st t'l our rnnliT^, or of any matters which it is desirable
to hriiuj uiuiv.r thr mitice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for wniihnj, i^huuld hr addrrsacd to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. London.
Commuiiinihtni^ >,lii>iilil In- written on dsv. hidk onlv of
THE rAi'KH. snit "s mrl'j in thr wck uh j^ossihlc, and duly
si'jned hi/ thr vu-'iU'r. 1/ desintd, the signature will not be
printed, but kept (ui a guarantee o/ good faith.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— 77i« Editor does not
undertake to pay for any contributions, or to return the
unused communications or illustrations, unless by special
arrangement.

fiewupaipers. —Correspondents sending newspapers sTiould le
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to sec.

Illustrations. — T/w Editor will thankfully receive ayid select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, Ac. ; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEN.

cnllr'i-tcd ;it Troy by ViKCHOW. Wlicneo
tlicn (lid it come? Some say from tlu;
sdutliiTii shores of the Ccasi)iaii. Hookeu,
in thi' Fliirfi <if Jlriiish India, i., 179, suggests
thiit, \'i(ia naihoncnsis, a Mediterranean
and ori(Miti\l s|io<'ios, was the source wlience
the eiiitivatiMl bean was derived. Tlie native
country of tlw^ Haricot and of tlie Runn(>r
Beans is likewise not known with cc'rtainty,
hut sucli evidence as we liave i)oiiits in no
uncertain manner to tropical South America.
Curiously enough, Alphonse db Candolle,
in his Oriiiin of Cultivntfd I'lfnilx, makes no
mention of I'. Tuultiflorus.

I Rovnl Iliirliculfiir.il Snciplv's
TUESDAY, .Iiii.Y :!0. (■.iimiiitlcos, Meolingat West-

( iiiiMMtcr,

/ Mi(II:tn(l Ciinintion and Picofoft
WEDNKSr)AY,.IiJi.v:il-' «"i;i''ty« Exhibition, in tlio

( Ilii-niingiiiini(2 clays).

FRIDAY NEXT.-Inipoi-lciI nnd EslablialiPd Oreliids :
Oic'iiids in llovvcr and hnd, at I'lotlioi'oe & Monisi'
Rooms.

AvERAfiE Temperatuhe for tlic onauing week, dcdnecd
from Oliserviitiona of Forty-tlircc Years at Chiawick
-83 2'.

ACTi'Ar, TrsiiTiiMi'iJES :—

I.oNfii.N ,//i/« I'l 111 P.M.): Max. 7'i': Min. .18°.
■ l"lii ' ' Hull, s(Mnc rain, tliundor-Htornis.
Phov in, i.:s .hihrJUnp.M.): Max.i!7°,llonioCounties;
Will. ..:i, Sli.'lland.

In the twelfth annual report of
^oaliT ♦''*' Miss<i'i'i Botanical Garden,
Mr. H. ('. Iiusii has ]iulilished a
Tcry complete and elaliorate account of the
garden Bi^ans cultivated as esculents. This
was foui\iled upon the comparative examina-
tion of all the v.iricties iirociu'cd from
loading Aniriiciiii nml European seedsmen,
and cultiva,tcd in the Missouri Botanical
Garden at St. Louis. The varieties arc
classed under five genera, Phaseolus, Vieia,
Dolichos, Vigna, Glycine, of which the three
last are not nuich grown in this country.
Three species of Phaseolus are recognised,
viz., P. lunatus, P. vulgaris, and P. multi-
florus. P. lunatus is a native of Brazil,
•while the other two hav(> not yet been found
■wild. P. lunatus fuiriishes the Linia-heans,
but is not much grown in this country.
'Under P. vulgaris, the Haricot-bean, mon^
tJian 130 varieties are enumerated and
described, mostly of interest to American
growers; but many, such as thi" INIont d'Or,
Sion House, Long Negro, K(Mitucky Wonder,
Veitch's (/limbing, are well known on this
aide of the Atlantic.

Of P. nudtiflorus, the Scarlet Itunner
liean, oidy seven varieties are enumerated,
Tiz., Black Runner, White Runner, Mammoth,
Chelsea, Scarlet Riuiiu-i-, Best- of -All, and
Tainted Lady. It apiiears that these are
comparatively little grown in the States,
■where the Lima Beans are preferred.

The Broad Beans, of which some four-
teen are enumerated, are all varieties of
Vieia Faba. It was cultivated by tin; ancient
Egyptians, as appears from the discoveries
of Fi.iNDEKs Petiue and others. It is not
<-onsidere(l to have been a native of Kgypt.
WiTTMACK found the sec-ds anu)ng those

Narcissus King Alfred. — This magnill-

eeiit viu-iety, :i |ili(itonr;i|ili (if wliicli I'orins the
subject ot our Sii|ipleniciit lliis week, \v;is pi'o-
duced by Mr. 1'. J. Kkndai.i,, of Newton
Popplcford, near Ottory St. Mary, Devon. It
was awarded a l''irst-class C(!rtillcato by the
Koyal Horticultural Society in March, 1899,
and has al.so been awarded First-class Certili-
catcs this sprint; l)y both the Midland DalTodil
and the Cornwall Daffodil Societies. 'I'lie llowei-s
are of a very deej) rich yellow, and of remark-
able substance. It is one of the largest
varieties in existence, and is a very strong
grower. I'ul'ortunatcly, the initial letters of
Mr. Kkndali/s Christian names are incorrectly
given in our illustration.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting of the Conmiittt'cs will be held on
Tuesday, .luly ;10, in the Drill Hall, liuckiuK-
Iiam Gate, Weslmiuster, when ,-i leclun- en
" Some of t he IMants Exhibited " will be given
bytlioR.'V. Professor ( I. lIHNsi,oW,M. A., Y.M.H.

Our Rose and Lily Numbers.— Whilst wo
are regularly and properly remiiuled of blunders
and shortcomings, from which no .journal can
be entirely free, it is UTUisual b)r us to receive
letters of thanks and contcratulation on our
endeavours to plea.se oiu^ clients. On this
occasion our elToils seem to h;ive be(>ii clowned
with luiwoiited success, and we liave to acknow-
ledge with fjri'at gral ilication the numerous
appreciative letters we liav<' received.

" Rhodes's Steamship Guide."— Edited by
Thomas Kiionns (London: (Jno. I'liiMP & Son,
32, Fleet Street; Liverpool: Philip, Son &
Nepiiuw, 1.")— .")I, South Castle Street). A
fascinating hook for the armchair traveller,
and a useful guide for Uw intending globe-
trotter. It has alphabetically arranged lists
of ocean .services, ships, and ports; with
information under each lieadiiif;-. The present
(1901 — 2) eilition is iiatur;illy fuller than
previous issues, and the low price brings it
within the reach of all cla.sses.

Royal Appointment.— Wo learn that a
Koyal Warrant has been granted to Messrs.
Wkuh & Sons, of Wordsloy, Stourbridge,
appointing them seedsmen to His Majesty the
KiNi;.

Royal Nurserymen.— Messrs. Hunii Low
& Co., liush Hill Park Nursery, Knfiold, inform
us that they have received Special Appoint-
ment of Nurserymen to His Ma.jesty the Kino.

The Louqhborouoh Gardeners' Associa-
tion journeyed to Alton Towers on the IDth
inst., ami ins|)eeted the many features of lute-
rest in those beautiful gardens. Mr. (iiLMAN,
Lord SiiHKWsiu itv's head gardener, showed
the company of seventy-three persons every-
thing that was to be seen, and U[ion returning
homo, after a most enjoyable day, the visitors
felt much indebted to that gentleman for the
trouble taken to make the event a memorable
one.

EUCHARIS grandiflora.— Notwithstanding
the rav.-iKes of the IjiiII) mite, t his invaluable
stove-llowering species is still cullivated witll
unqualified success in some gardens. We have
recently received a photograph from Mr.
PA(;e, Silwood Park Gardens, Ascot, of !i plant
bearing sixty flower-spikes, and about 300
flowers. What a wealth of pure white blo.ssoras
from a single pot of bulbs ! The plants appear
to be in the best health, aiiil liav(? large,
strong leaves. We only refrain from publish-
ing the photograph for the reason that we
have already illustrated many other instances
of success with this plant.

The Devon and Exeter Gardeners
Society, whose members had their annual
outiiin' Ihis year to Cardiff, enjoyed their visit
l>crl'octly. The party of nearly one hundred
persons journeyed fi-om Exeter on the 17th
inst., and were invited to visit the aiuuial
exhibition of the Cardiff and County Horticul-
tural Society then being held in the Sophia
Gardens. By permission of the Marquis of
Uute's agent, an inspection was made of the -
interior of Cardiff Castle, many of the rooms
in which were built and furnished in oriental
magnificence by the late marquis. Mr. A.
Pui'TKilcnw conducted the party through the
R-ardens and pleasure grounds, where many a
hint was obtained in the successful cultivation
of fruits and vegetables. Mr. A. Hope, secre-
tary, and his committee, were much gratified
that the arrangements worked so smoothly.

XanthOCHYMUS PICTORIUS. — Under this
name we have receiveil from Mr. (Im'UlDdE,
Curator of the Liverpool Hotanic Gardens,
handsome goldeu-yel low fruits (see illustration
tig. "iti, p. 7(!, ill our pre.sent issue), wliich are
evidently allied to those of th(^ plant yielding
(iamliotic. Mr. GUTTItHHiE tells us that the
jilant fruits freely every year, and that young
l)lants are freely obtained from seed.

Cassell's Dictionary of Gardening is
nicely got up, and the cultural details are very
serviceable for reference. The illustrations,
are useful, but require some indication as to
the actual size of the flowers, thus, at p. 72,
Aristolochia tricaudata is shown as if larger
than the gigantic Aristolochia gigas var.
Sturtevanti.

Plant-breeding. — An International Con-
ference on riant-breeding is, as we have pre-
viously announced, likely to be held in New
York, U.S.A., some time during the year 1902.
The preliminary steps for the event are being
made by the Horticultural Society of New York,
and persons in any way interested should com-
municate with the Secretary, Lkonaud Hauuon,
whose address is 130, Liberty Street, New
York City, N.Y. The Hybridisation Conference
which was held in London two years ago was
attended by several horticulturists from
America, whoso presence was highly appre-
ciated, and the suggestion was made at that
time to continue the work across the water.
Itritish representatives may be sure that they
will receive a hearty welcome.

Gardening for Boys. — A contemporary
informs us that " good gardeners are deplorably
rare." Well, this is bad news, but the panacea
is produced in the fact that the l.«ndon
County Council has offered to London boys an
opportunity of getting a thorough training in
this branch of industry. The Council's
Technical Education Board offers scholarships
to boys who are leaving public elementary
schools, so that they may go through a
thorough course of training at the School of
Pnictical tiardeiiing, now established by the

JULT 27, 1901. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

ti

Royal HDtanic Society in Regent's Park! The
pupils Avlio left the school last summer have
obtained snaiX situations. The gardening pro-
fession will now rejoice and be exceeding glad.

Apples and Peaches in the United

States.— According to the latest information
we lc;uii that the aver.ige condition of the
Apple crnp is. on the whole, favourable, though
in sorae of the larger producing States the
condition is .somewhat below the ton-year
average. Of the Peach oro|), wc are told, that
present (irospects are highly favourable. In
every important I'cach-growing State the
crop is considerablj' above the average —
«xcept in California.

Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. —The
100th meeting will be held at Masham, for the
investigation of Colsterdale, Birk Gill, Arna-
:gill, and the district adjacent to the conflu-
<encc of the Burn with the Yore, on Saturday
and Monday, August .'1 and ."), 1001. Permission
has been kindly grant<»d by Lord Mash.im to
■visit Swinton Park and his estate ; also by Mr.
ThOs. Aiiton, for the Tanfleld Lodge estate.
Members must take great care not to disturb
*he game, and in accordance with the policy
■of the Tnion, they must not take the roots of
Perns or rare plants. Being so near Aug. 12,
the permission does not extend to the moors,
Jind members arc requested t^ confine their
attention to I ho li>w grounds. The tract of
country appointed for examination is Colster-
dale, the valley of the river Burn, with its
two m.-iin feeders, Birk (iill and Ariiagill,
ttho full leiiglh of the stream being about
10 miles. It s(!ems to be an absolutely unin-
vestigated and therefore virgin soil for the
Wnion, which has never before in its history
appointed a district for an excursion altout
•which so little is known. "On the south of
tthc river [Yore] we have an undulated moor-
land gritstone country, sloi)iiig suddenly
ttowards the cast, and penetrated by a dale,
•the stream [the river Burn] of which runs
ifrom west to oast, and has numerous
branches. It is about 10 miles in length,
4ind the dale is called Colsterdale. The
town of Masham stands upon the banks of
iits stream, not far from the point where it
Joins the Yore, the latter being here 2.'jO fe(>t
Jibove the sea-level, and lh(> top of the ridge
which sejiarates Colsterdale from Covordale
(l)eing upwards of l.")00 feet above it." Mr.
Wm. Cauteh, senr., writes that the flora of the
•district is fairly extensive, but of cour.so in
August the wealth of flowers is overpast. The
iollowin- are the most notable jilunts that
occur: — li;pi|)actis latifolia, K. palustris,
■Orchis ustulata, O. pyramidalis, (lymnadenia
«onopsea, Ophrys nuiscifera, O. apifera, Nt>
ottia sjiiralis, Listera nidus-avis, Paris quad-
Bifolia, Primula I'arinosa, Parnassia palustris,
Trollius europit'us, Orosera rotundifolia (D.
anglica used to occur, but is probably now
■extinct), Actiea spicata. Leopard's Bane,
"Wintorgrccn, Oak Fern, Beech Kern, and
Moonwort. Infonnalion as to routes and pro-
gramme of meeting may be obtained from the
Hon. Secretaries, W. 1). RonmcK, 2.')0, Hyde
Park Koad, Leeds; and K. IIawkkswokih,
Ooodman Street, Hunslot, Leeds.

Publications Received.— From the
Western Tv'ow York Horticultural Society.
I'rureed'DiiiHof the Forty-nixlh Annual Meelinn,
HoclieHtcr, N.Y., .January.— From the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Central Kxperimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada: Aiijilr <'iilti(n-nii<l Lht.t
nj A]>i,l,-H suitable for Onbirio hihI Qnrhce, willi
Ai'sd-iiilinn of Vnrirtirs. By W. T. Macoun
<BulletiM No. :J7, April, 1001). — From the
Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto :
i-:£,'cntk Annual Ueportof tin; Fruit Experiment

Stations of Ontario. Fruit-growing lias become
of great importance in Ontario, and the Secre-
tary of the Department has iK'guii the work of
illustrating and tiescribing the fruits, and
invites notes of criticism from pomologists
generally. — Thirtii-ro'i-dinl Annual Report of the
Fruit drowerx' Axxoriation of Ontario, 1900.
Published by the Ontario Department of Agri-
culture, Toronto. Much attention has been
devoted to means for checking the spread of
the San Jose .scale, and there are also hero
Notes on New Fruits, Experiments in Fruit-
growing, Canadian Fruits at Paris Exposition
and in liritish Markets, &c. — 7'r(iii.s((cfi()».s of
the ManKachusrtlx llorlirultnral .Soricti; for
1000, Part II. Contains the reports of meetings
and of committees.

PLANT rOETE.\lTS.

.\2.\I.KA INDIIA MADAMK MOHEAt'X.— Douhlc flowCrS,

wliitc, Willi deep rose-coloured centre, some of the
pet.Tls spotted. It is said to liiivc originated as a sport
from .\. Impcratricc dcs Indes. Revue de I'llurticiillure
ilelge, June.

liEGONiA Cai.kdoma, Kcvm dt V IloriicuUure Beige,
June.

Ci-iANTHUS Damimkhi, /.<• Jarrfiii, July I.>.

C\PKi.i.A PLUMiiKA. (lanlen, July B.

CVHTOSTACHV3 Kenda vah. DuviviEuiANA, Revite de
V IlorlicuUnre llelge, July. — A low-growing Palm Willi
pinnate foliage, the pinmc linear, the petiole and racliis
of a rich crimson colour. Native of Malaya. The plant
figured was a seedling raised by M. De Siiiot-Duvlvler.

PEAn NocvEi.i.E FnviK.— First exhibited in IS.M ;
characterised hy heauty. cxocllcnce, late ripening, and
productiveness. ImU'lin <r.\rhi)rtnilliire,Ac., June.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

British Trees, with Illustrations. By the

Hon. Stiinhopi-Ti>IU'iiuiche. (Sampson Low,
MarstiHi & Co., St. Diinslairs lions.',
Ix>ndon.)
TlIK chief attraction of this book consists in
the illustrations, which arc from photographs
of trees uixm the same .scale of magnitude, and
taken with the sanu! camera. Forest-trees in-
digenous, or such as have been naturalised to
(ireat Britain, arc? alone dealt with, and their
|)ort raits certainly form a fine book of beauty.
The modern custom of illustrating natural
history Iwioks with actual rej)rodncl ions of the
subjects is a great improvcMiient upon theori.'n
idealised representations and ski'tchr's for-
merly used. So we have hero this portrait-
gall<!ry of forest favi>urites, and to each like-
ness is appended a simple description of the
characteristics of the species, with as much
information an to its habits, uses, &C., as tin'
average amateur is likely to need. The book
is not encumbered with scientific iletails,
though th<! names and plain statements are
a<'curately given, and it is pleasant to miss
the historical traditions and half-verified folk-
lore which, given in patronising language, too
often spoil a "popular" book. Mr. Tolle-
mache's hand.sonn? volume is well suited for
refer»-nco when the iiami-s of trees are under
discussion, though it must be noted that the
illustrations show only the growth and fijrm
of typical examples of growing trees; hut no
details of foliage or flowers ari- appeiiiled to
assist in the delermiiiation of cut specimens.
The book has no scientific pretension, but
nevertheless a few errors may bo i)oii)ted out.
It is a mistake to .say, as at p. 40, that tlio
Occidental PlaiK? is t lu! one generally plant(!d
in lOnnlaiid. Th<^ reverse is, of course, true.
"Betulus" should be Betula. The term
" British " is maile to include many ti'ees criil-
tivated in Britain ; Init that only ad<ls to the
attractiveness of the volume. The representa-
tions of the Coniferous trees are specially
good.

The Suburban Garden and What to Grow
in It. I!y K. M. Wells. (London: Kjimp-
son Low, Marston t>t Co., St. Diinstan'a
House.)

This book has one distinct re<'onnnendation ;
it is written from exiierience, not compiled
from books and catalogues. It is what ifa
claims to be, a simply -written treatise on
suburban gardens, with advice concerning
their laying-out and planting. The author.
like every other intelligent plant- lover, is
much averse to the ordinary s(|uare or oblong
garden-patch, with four paths and four borders
outlining a small lawn. Objection is also
made to the too exclusive use of connuonor
l)lants, and to the universality with which
those varieties are employed. But there ia
this cxcu.se for such want of enterprise : (hab
the tenant of the ordinary suburban hou.so ia
rarely a resident therein for many years, and
is naturally disinclined to incur the expense ot
reuuiking his landlord's garden, and slocking
the same with choice and rare plants.

Still, the counsel given in th(> book is all
good for those who have means to abide by it,
and time to await thiv results of their laliours.
There is a description of the author's half-t
acre patch, and of the pains taken with it.
Wisely indeed docs the writer .say that " it is
worth a good d<-al to realise one's limitations,
and to abide by thi'in," not striving for moro
beauties than space permits, for forest trees in
limited areas and for a display of many styles
where there is room for lint one.

lu the few pages befoi-e us, the (|uantity
and quality of the cultural instructions are
naturally small, so that the gon(>raI advice
is more original than are the detJviLs ;
the chatty part being acceptable, in Hi)ito of
the un^orlunal<^ intrixluction of "my lady."
Thi'se side allusions to nnonymous pf-rsona
liavi' become a weariness in inodein gar-
den lit<?rature. We prefer practical hints,
such as the following: — "There is another
point that should never bo lost sight of in
these very small gardens. The own<>r of each
one should aim at striking a distinctive note.
He should introduce sonu; one fealun- or plant
that shall raise it above the monolonous same-*
ness of these suburban strips of gardens."
Quito so: one Hue shrub or climber; (ino welU
filled bed can be made the first step towards
improvement, and I he substitution of rare for
common sorts of other i)lants may or may nob
be gradually made afterwards.

"Teiqnmouth: its Past History and
Present Interests." -I!y I!i:ai'iii\ K. (,'i(ks.s-«
WKI.I-. Illustrated by tiollDO.N IloMi: (London :
The St. Bride's Press, Ltd., 24, Bride Lane,
Fleet Street, E.C.). This is No. M of a,
familiar sc-ries of guide books that, as the
prospectus truly .says, " treats of a charaiing
Devonshire sea-side resort and its equally
charming surroundings." An interesting lite-
rary association liid^s T<!igiuuouth with Mack-
woktii PllAKi) and Kkats, tlio latter having
issued Kiidyinion while lodging in this town.
This handbook contains a 1-inch Ordnance
Survey map of Ti^ignmoulh and its surround-
ings. A chapter on driving and cytding in the
ncMghbourhood, and somh^ notes on tlu! natural
history of Teignmouth, completes a very handy
little volume. The Natural History Notes are
rather scanty ; but this must bo forgiven in a
book that makes no claim to being compre-
hensive or scientific.

"What is a Kindergarten ?"— By Oko.
HaNSKN (D. p. El,l>i;it and MoiKiAN .SlIKI'AIlD,
San Francisco). Each of us has his or her idoiv
concerning the proper training of children ;
and Mr. Hansen has put his theory into Words,

76

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 27, 1901.

la trying to answer his own question, he "feels
it his duty to buihl upon ancl l)uild out Prosbel's
Jino.s with the aid of Iiis professionalism."
The kindergarten, then, is an actual recreation-
ground, phinted and laid out according to the
refjuiremonts of the children. " The teacher
sh;i,ll not attempt to explain any of the
habits of tliose plants with which I insist the
child sliould be surrounded. . . . Remember,
every child in your charge is an Edison, every
tot a Columbus ; and the idealising disposition
of all of them sees a Garden of Iklen in a
vacant lot. I insist upon more association of
plants and children." Mr. Hansen is indeed
very positive. He gives schemes, with illus-
trative plat«s, for laying out gardens of various
sizes and shapes, and is quite certain which
plants should be cultivated and which excluded.
It is all meant for the best : for the good of
the children, and tlie author has quite a right
to his own ideas, and to express them if ho
wishes to do so. Those specially interested in
the education of children by a syst<^m, will
like to read the instructions hero given, and
may glean hints even if they cannot agree
with the entire scheme. There is, at least, no
doubt on the one main point : that association
•with plants and with Nature generally cannot
but be beneficial to the little ones as well as
to those of larger growth.

"Workmen's Compensation act. '— ]\ir.
W. A. "Willis, of the Inner Temple, has pub-
lished through BuTTERWOR'ni & Co., tlie full
text of the Wovlnnen's Compensation Acts,
1897 and 1900, together with notes on those
Acts, as well as on the Employer's Liability
Act of 1880. This edition, the seventh, con-
tains notes on the Act of 1900, which extends
the principal Act to " employment in agricul-
ture, afifecting thereby not only farmers and
market gardeners, but a largo number of
persons who up to the present have not re-
garded themselves as engaged in agriculture."
The expression "agriculture includes horti-
culture, forestry, and the use of land for any
purpose of husbandry, inclusive of the keeping
of live-stock, poultry, or bees, and the growtli
of fruit and vegetables." A copious classified
index is appended.

Messrs. Lee & NitJUTiNOALE, 15, North
John Street, Liverpool, have also pub-
lished a mnuhj Guide to the Workmcn'A
Compensation Act. This pamphlet] contains
explanatory notes for the use of farmers and
others, and should be useful iu elucidating the
verbal technicalities of the Act. Mr. Jo}in
Griffiths, solicitor, says in the introduction,
that:—" Briefly, the purport of this Act is to
give to every farm-labourer and others in-
cluded in the Act, compensation at the rate of
half his weekly earnings, so long as he is inca-
pacitated by an accident befalling him durin"'
his employment. In case the accident causes
the man's death, it provides that his de-
pendants shall receive compensation on the
scale of three years' earnings, if the deceased
has been so long with his employer, or £150
at the least. This compensation is to be paid
whether or not the accident has been caused
by negligence, unless it can be shown that it
was directly due to the serious and wilful
misconduct of the injured man." This is the
gist of the subject in a nutshell ; the details
are not less carefully dealt with. The pam-
phlet is obtainable from Messrs Lee &
Nightingale, 13, North John Street, Liverpool.

'■ Flora Capensis.— " Flora of Tropical
Africa." — Botanists will learn with great
satisfaction of the publication recentfy of
another instalment of each of these important-
works. The fifth volume of the Cape Floia

opens with an account of the Acanthacese, by
Mr. C. B. Clarke, an order which is largely
represented ; Selaginaeefe, treated of by Mr.
ROLFE, is also a large order ; Verbenacofe,
enumerated by Mr. H. W. Pearson, includes
likewise a large number of species. The Flom
of Tropical Africa is now in its eighth volume.
The most important orders monographed in
the present part arc the Commelinacefe, by
Mr. C. B. Clarke; the Palmacese, by Mr.
C. H. Wright ; the Aroidaceae, by Mr. N. E.
Brown, as well as some smaller groups.

We are grateful to miss long speec-hes from
would-be "characters" with wonderful names,
and to find the whole book, though naturally-
limited in scope, practical in design. Garden
books by ladies have multiplied greatly
lately, and we recommend every ardent ama-
teur to write one. It is not necessary to pub-
lish it in an over-crowded market, but friend.st
would like to interchange their diaries and;
ideas while these are yet in manuscript. Not
that the Garden in the Snhnrhs is unworthy
ot publication, but that it lias h.id many

Pig. 26.— fruits of xanthochvmi's pictoriur : yellow.

(See note on p. 74.)

"A Garden in the Suburbs," by Mrs.
Leslie Williams, with illustrations. (John
Lane, The Bodley Head, London, and New
York.) Here is another gardening book from
a lady's pen, and it is gratifying to read that
it is the "outcome of some happy years of
garden work," not a mere product of armchair
theorising. Suburban gardens certainly de-^
serve the attention now bestowed upon them by
wi-iters, for they suffer from the drawbacks of
both town and country plots. There is the
inevitable "dear pussy" (the writer's term),
often a heavy soil and much .smoke, yet plenty
of bird and insect enemies to be defeated.
Mrs. Williams gives pretty illustrations of
well managed nooks and corners, and a plaii'
of a small plot showing what can be done with
it. The chapters are, some of them, nauied
after the months of the year, and the friendly'
hints incoi-poratod will help many an amateur,'
whom more formal information might disniav.

forerunners. We commend it to suburban
gardeners, to leaven the dulness of heavy'
treatises and of catalogues with mere epitomes
of routine work.

" Flowers and Ferns in their Haunts." —
By Mabel <^)S(iOOD Wright. With illustrations-
from photographs by the author and J. Horace
McFarlanI) (^few York: The Macnilllan Co.
London: Macmillan & Co.). This is es-
sentially a "pretty" book, sent out by an
enthusiastic lady whose acquaintanceship is
chiefly with the country on the further side of
the Atlantic. She sagely, but without much
originality, considers that wild flowers are
never so perfectly charming as when in their
natural habitat. " The flower in its haunt is-
a part of the landscape, a tint on Nature's
palette not to be heedle-ssly removed." But
she knows little of the botanist, confusing
him with the mere collector : hints that his

JCLT 27, 1001.]

THE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE.

77

NURSERY NOTES.

■*^"^

Fig. 27. — ODONTOGLOSSUM X CRAWSIIAYANUM.
Shown by Dc B. Crawsliay, Esq., of Roscfleld. Sevcnoaks. at tlic meeting held at Cliis'
Tuesday and Wednesday, July IS and 17. when it leeeived an .\ward of Merit.
<Sec Report, p. 60. iu previous issue.)

^jhict glory amid lovely sconory is the adding
■of some treasure to his vasculum ; but the
same lady whose opinions are as above quoted
tias dedicated her book to a pony, and treats
«is to the usual feminine digro.ssions concerning
Slower Hat and Time o' Year. These nick-
named characters are no doubt useful in
making a little Iwok into a large one, but iu
gardening and country matters generally wo
fcavo long ago heard all they have to say. So

that Flowers and Fermt is not to be taken too
serioiwly. It is pleasant enough reading, when
the authoress keeps to her subject, for it must
be a bad book indeed on such a topic that
cannot be made interesting. The illustrations
(on nicely toned paper) are delightful, again
not specially original or .striking, but a series
of really pretty pictures, which we have
pleasure in turning over. To iion-scientilic
readers the book will l)e specially acceptable.

Fig. 28. — odontoolossum maoulatim tiiompsonianum.

ivn l)y W, Thompson.'Esfj .of Walton Orange. Stont!, at the meeting held :it Chiswick on Tuesday
.inU VV,eaiie9diiy, July Id and 17 last, when It received a Firat-clnsH Certificate.
(Sec Report, p. 60, in previous issue.) .

JIESSRS. J. LAliXG & SONS.

FoiiEST Hill, Catford, and the southern
slopes of A'orwood Hill remain in spite of the
busy builder, comparatively rural, and the
resident nurserymen, unlike their confreres
nearer London's centre, have not considered
that the time has come when they must go
further afield. Fogs are thick at times,
and the " blacks" are not unknown, but
the suljihurous fumes of Ijondon smoke are
diluted with Sui-rey air as to bo compara-
tively innocuous. Indoors plants, such as
Streptocarpus, Gloxinias, Begonias, Orchids,
and general nursery stocTv in the houses and
grounds were looking clean and vigorous on
the occasion of a visit of inspection made on
the invitation of Mr. H. Ijaing a fortnight ago.
It is well to be accurate as n^gards the date,
for the reason that the tuberous-rootod Be-
gonias, for which it is almost needless to
remark that the firm of Laing & Sons has been
celebrated for almost a generation, would not,
as we were informed, be really at their best
for a week or ten days. Nevertheless, the
.show of bloom would have satisfied anyone
less critical than the present head of tho
firm; and although there were great numbers
of expanded blooms, there were many more
buds coming on.

Some so-called "frilled" Begonias, some
white forms having the fragrance of tho Violet
or Marechal Niel Rose, were remarked. Bouble-
nowcred, named collectively Duplex, in very
biilliaiit colours, are becoming common, not
pur))iwely worked for by the cross-breedor, but
iiidividiials which have apjjcared fortuitously
among the so(;dIings rai.sed at this nursery,
and now being turned to good use. They have
just enough doubling of petals, or to speak
more correctly, petaloid forms of stigmas, in
the blooms to impart .solidity without destroy-
ing the characteristics of the Begonia, and
making it look like a Carnation or a Camellia.
Some of these " Duplexi " have frilled edging,
similar to the Carnation at present en voyite in
the United States of America, which certainly
adds to their attractions.

The i)ose of all tho Begonia flowers to-day is
much better than I'ormtjrly, and they look you
in the face without tho support of a concealed
.stick — a decided gain from the decorative
gardener's point of view, but not .so for basket-
work, for which drooping Begonias are most
suited, and of wliich there is no lack. One of
tho largo span-hou.ses was filled with plants
in pots of double-flowered varieties, of which
extremely lino ones were iioti^d in Quoen
Alexandra, a very big ceriso-coUuii'ed flower ;
in Lord Uoborts, White Swan, and Duke of
Fife. Out-of-doors beds of tho u.seful red-
coloured Begonia Bavaria were noted — a dwarf
form of the floribunda type.

The Streptocarpus have been very fine, tho
blossoms largo and prettily marked. Efforts
are being made to secure otiier and brighter
tints ill blue and purple, of which as yet there
is a dearth ; and by cross-lirocding from varie-
ties showing moderate leafage, a neater form
of leaf is being sought for. Of this last, at tho
present day, there is no evidence. In some
few instances a doubling of tho flowers was
remarked, an alteration which scarcely looks
like an imjirovement, although it is sure to
come. The plants are now being fei-tilisod,
and the main flora is over for 1901.

Gloxinias occupied houses to tiiemselvcs —
an excellent strain, with pendent heaves and
clear, distinct colours. Caladiums have been
a specialty hero for many years, and wo en-
tered a house filled [with those plants,'with a

78

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JlTLY 27, 19(W.

line liit of Gloriosa siiperba, well flowered,
growing on a trellis erected over the entrance.
We may specify C. Alexander 111., which is
the finest t'ark crimson, in leaf, form, and
habit a fit cojipanion to the well known C.
argyrites ; C. Lord Rosebery, C. ornatnm, C.
iUustris, a pale tinted leaf, with red veins ;
Lord Derby, Golden Queen, Madame Cociuelin,
llose Laing, and John Laing.

In another house numerous large and small
examples were observed of the creamy-
White variegated CordylineaiLstralis variegata.
The firm engages rather extensively in the
cultixa'ion of Vines for fruiting as pot-plants,
and likewise for permanent planting. The
stock, consisting'of every popular variety, was
remarkable for the strength and moderate
length of the rods, and the closeness of the
nodes. The Vines for fruiting in pots have
already finished their growth, and are being
very gradually ripened off. Out-of-doors Car-
nations, Picotees, and Pinks occupy a great
deal of space, but the plants were not gene-
rally in good bloom, and sesmed to need a
foriniglit more time to perfect them, so that it
must suffice if we indicate them.

The Tree Nursery.
tn this department, not having visited the
nursery since 1897, we noted very considerable
additions, ornamental (picture trees and
shrubs) as well as common species and varie-
ties, fruit trees, and fruit bushes, being found
in greater quantity ^than heretofore, and in a
thrifty state. Of rarities of Conifers, we may
Blention Picea pungens Kosteri, a variety with
yellow variegation, and Picea alba var. aurea.
Acer califoniicum [?] aureum is a satisfactory
variety, with telling foliage ; as are likewise
Cerasus Mahalcb variegata, Catalpa bignon-
ioides var. purpurea, the colour being
especially good.in the young leaf ; Cratfegus
Oxyacantha variegata, Cornus brachypoda
'aureo-variegata, Robinia aurea, R. angusti-
folLa elegans, very fpretty leafage, and R.
inermis variegata, Fraxinus novfe-angliie,
Pyrus salicifolia, a weeping Morus nigra in
fruit, Caragana arborea pendula, quite a hand-
some variety of a very stiff-habited species ;
Uliuus minor, misnamed, probably a form of
the Japanese U. parvifolia ; U. umbraculifera,
Populus trichoearpa, new. The fruit-trees
an;l bushes have made, notwithstanding
the dry weather, [excellent growth in this
heavy land ; and most varieties of Apples,
Plums, and Pears on Quince stocks, were
abundantly fruited. Every popular variety
of Apple is grown on the dwarfing and tho
fiej stock, and even young trees on the latter
W.-re noted tliat were heavily laden with fruit.
Dw,irf-t rained Peaches, Nectarines, and stone
fnlit generally make thrifty, but not too
vigorous growth, and the trainers were busily
engaged in " tying them out."

Roses.

Of those considerable breadths were re-
markecl, and ^on enquiry, Mr. Laing told us
that he grew about 10,000 dwarf, and 14,000
Standard Roses annually. The dwarfs were in
full bloom, and so good were they that in
selecting a winning forty-eight, one would not
have foimd it needful to search very far.

We remarked a Clematis'paniculata with the
gcn?ral appearance of C. flammula, and with
the same grateful aroma, but which is in
fltW.^r at this season.

Two thousand Chrysanthemums, inclusive of
the newest varieties, are being grown in pots,
strong, stocky plants, full of promise. A col-
lection of fifty species and varieties of Ivy
is well worthy of inspection ; as, indeed, is
the entire collection of plants grown for^sale.

Messrs. J. Veitch & [Sons' Show of
Carnations and Picotees.

The hot weather has not been favourable to
these beautiful^ flowers anywhere in the south,
the colours paling and the flowers withering
almost before they are fully open. Tlie late
rains will, however, have done much to restore
freshness in the blooms, and prolong the
season of flowering.

The usual] quadrangle between the glass-
houses was devoted to the plants, and here we
found the long, rectangular beds filled with
the choicest varieties, and the sun-heat at
mid-day in that walled-in space at about 120°
Fahr. We were enabled to inspect the fol-
lowing novelties of 1900 and the present year,
viz., Alcinous, a flower having a lemon-yellow
ground colour, marked heavily with purple ;
Bertie, a'pinkish-white flower, heavily marked
with crimson, and the plant vigorous ; Etarre,
a flower of a soft apricot-yellow tint, very free
and vigorous ; Lady Jane Grey, said to be the
best lavender-coloured Carnation, the flowers
large, and of capital form ; Mrs. Prinsep, a
large yellow self of good form — a variety good
for planting in the border.

Among recent introductions, we may name
Banner, a fnll-sized brilliant scarlet flower,
which received an Award of Merit from the
Royal Horticultural Society ; Comet, a plant
of dwarf habit of growth, maroon-crimson,
with smooth petals ; George Maquay, a very
useful hardy border Carnation, pure white
flowers of perfect shajje, and circular petals ;
Isinglass, scarlet, of much brilliancy — received
an Award of Merit from the Royal Horti-
cultural Society ; Rizzio, a large, full, bright
yellow self; and Sweetbriar, a pale scarlet-
coloured variety, of beautiful shape.

Among yellow-ground Picotees of recent
date, we may mention Caracci, with a bright
rose edge ; Daniel Defoe, with a rose-red edge ;
Edna May, bright yellow, with a broad pink
edge ; and Falkland, with a bright rose edge,
and perfect calyx, the plant of vigorous
growth. Bendigo, Joe Willett, Ketton Rose,
Jlephisto, Mrs. F. W^att, and numerous old
favourite varieties, were noted.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

SOME HERESIES. — A fcw days ago in Godal-
ming 1 passed through a vinery 40 feet long
which was erected by Boulton & Paul. The
place had changed hands, and the present
occupier having no regard for indoor garden-
ing, had allowed hot-water pipes and boiler to
got out of order. Consequently, the Vines
had received no fire- heat for three years.
The vinery is a mixed one, containing Black
Hamburgh, Lady Downes Seedling, and
Muscats. The Muscats and Lady Downes had
set equal to many 1 have seen where fire-heat
is used. They were what might be termed a
good set, and the Vines were healthy. When
the Vines were in bloom, the temperature had
for many nights fallen to 45°. The ventilating
apparatus at the top of the vinery was out of
repair, and so was always open. This seems to
suggest that a high temperature is not always
required for Muscats when in bloom. In the
same garden a Royal George Peach of bush
form was growing at the foot of an east
wall ; its head rises above the top of the wall,
and it has received no pruning, and is in no
way protected. This tree had several dozen
of fruit on it, and was quite clear of green-fly,
curl, or any of the maladies to which Peach-
trees are subject. This tends to show that
the town garden is favourable to the growth
of tlie open standard Peach-tree, as well as
many tender and choice flowering shrubs. I
have seen a plant of Choisya ternata planted
out on the open lawn full of blooms with no

protection whatever. When planted in the;
country in a warm, sheltered spot, I have seen
this plant cut by frosts. W.

MILDEW ON VINES. — I noticed in a recent
numlier of the Gardeners' Chronicle a corre-
spondent, " W. M.," is in diffieulties with
mildew on his Vines. For two or tlnee years
I had mildew very badly in a vinery here, and I
tried all I could to check and prevent it, but.
to no purpose. At last it occurred to me that
perhaps there may be something lurking above
the Vines on the roof-glass that may cause it-
The following winter, and each winter since,
I have had the inside roof-glass wiped over
with clean water only, and am glad tt) say that
I have not seen a trace of mildew in the house-
since doing so. If " W. M." could only sponge
his glass over now it may check the pest-
s'. M'illiamx, Hodiiet Hall, Market Draijton.

THE BOLTING OF CABBAGES.^I am much
interested in the correspondence that has.
appeared in these pages on this subject-
While I admit that some varieties are more apt.
to bolt than others, and that it may be caused
by .sowing at too early a date, these are, in
my opinion, not the only causes. My practice
is to plant autumn-sown Cabbage on the ground
occupied by the spring-sown Onion crop, the
ground not being dug for the Cabbages, but-
merely hoed, and the rubbish and weeds raketl
off. Then drills are drawn 3 inches deep, and
at suitable distances the Cabbages are planted
in the drills. The hoeing that the land re-
ceives during the autumn fills in the drills,
and growth is steady. Early in the month of
February, according to the weather, the land
is lightly top-dressed with nitrate of soda and.
basic slag or superphosphate of lime, and the
ground dug with a fork, and three weeks-,
later another sprinkling of nitrate of soda is
applied ; if necessary, the ground being,
stirred once a week with the hoe. It is vaie
that any of the plants bolt, and I am of the^
opinion that bolting is more frequently causedi
by a too rapid growth during the autumn andl
mid-winter, owing to the land being manured,
and dug previous to planting. T. H. Slade.

SWEET PEAS. — Plants that were turned out
from pots have been flowering here grandly.
In order to prolong the blooming of such
plants they should be well mulched withrotteu
manure, and if this material be objectionable,
grass mowings may be used in the fresh state.
Afford the plants occasionally some artificial
manure-water, such as guano, using about a.
handful to a 4 gallon water-pot, or Clay's
Fertiliser at about the same strength; soot.
and cow-manure liquid is very beneficial.
Gather the flowers as fast as they begin to-
open, and never allow them to remain long on
the plants unless an effect is wanted in the^
position where they are planted. Syringe the
])lants with the garden-engine underneath the-
foliage. Successional sowings will need atten-
tion in the matters of staking, weeding, and.
affording water. If gathered in the bud, and.
placed in a cool structure, Sweet Peas may be-
retarded a little ; or they may be hastened by
gathering them whilst in the bud, and placing-
them in a warm structure— buds will open,
beautifully in one night and have good colour.
M\ A. Cook.

FRUIT PROSPECTS IN IRELAND.— The CrOpS

of Strawberries are heavy, though the fruit is.
much smaller than last year's. Cherries are
fairly good, and of the commoner varieties-
they are very good. Apples are an luieven
crop, a good crop in some districts, and bare
of fruit in others. Out-of-doors Peaches and
Pears are similar. A. O'N.

SKIN IRRITATION FROM STEMS AND LEAVES

OF BRYONIA DIOICA. — The following case has
come under my observation : Several plants of
Bryonia dioica, the upper parts of which a
lady wished to remove, were growing round
trees in a garden here. She pulled away the
stems and leaves with her hands one afternoon
last week; the work only occupied a few
minutes. In the evening both her hands were
covered inside and out with innumerable red

July 27, 1901,]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

79

spots as if from the stings of nettles ; by night
all her fingers tad' swollen, and the spots had
turned to convex, confluent blisters, with an
irritation that nothing at hand would allay,
and which caused a hopelessly sleepless night.
After three days the skin of both hands peeled
away. W. G. S., Dunstable.

RAINFALL FOR SIX MONTHS FROM JAN. 1

TO JUNE 30. — The following is a register of
the rain that has fallen at Rumwoo<l, Langley,
Maidstone, in six months : —

Januaiy 086 inches.

Februai-y 118 „

March 2o7 „

April 2 16

May 1-42

June 078 „

Total 8-97

The heaviest fall in twenty -four hours was 0*o6
of an inch. Rain fell on seventy-one days.
The rainfall here seems to get less during the
spring months, and consequently it is becom-
ing a serious matter with us. We live on a
plateau with a valley on cither side, which
seems to get the rain more frequently than wo
do at the top. W. J. Could, ijr., Lamjieij,
Maidstone.

KAINIT.— Mr. Massee, at the Lily Con-
ference, describing the effect of kaiiiit, called
it Strasburg Fertiliser, and you have it so in
your report ; but it ought to be .Stassfurt,
and not Strasburg. Hiitjo Miillcr, Crosbij Hill,
Caiiibeilcij.

AFTER THE RAIN. — We have at last had
some heavy thumler-showers after a long spell
of dry weather, which made itself severely
felt on the pastures, reducing the feed of
cattle so much that many farmers were obliged
to open their gates and let their stock pa.ss iiit >
the meadows which were nwi^rved for hay. This
will, of course, cause hay to be scarce, which
will tend materially to raise the price thereof
during the ensuing winter and spring. This
state of things may probably be modified by the
import of hay from Canada and other griuss-
growing countries, which will no doubt he ad-
vised of the situation in this country. Oats,
Wheat, and Barley, are all shoi-t in the straw;
the rain may help to till the ears, but it has come
too late to add any appreciable length to the
straw. Great breadtiis of Turni|)s and Man-
golds arc a failure, but there are instances
where the land has been in extra good cultural
condition. There is still, with these timely
rains, fair hope for good crops. Potatos will
yet respond in renewed vigour with change of
weather. Yesterday I saw a large field v.hich
for good cultivation and signs of liealth and
vigour could not be beaten even in the palmiest
days of .Sc(jttisli Potato-growing. These are
on the farm of a Mr. I'ostletliwaite, a west
Cumlierland man, which is |)eili.ips the neatest,
cleanest, and best cultivated I'ann in Warwick-
shire. Beans are in flower, Ijut tliey, too, are
short in the haulm; and black iiphis has
apjieared among them, but the rain, let us
hope, may stop the spread of this pest,
(iarden crops were showing signs of the
drought, but being more in liaiid than field
crops, have not taken much harm. Ap|ilica-
tions of water in the evening, together with
nuilches of short stable-litter and some crumbs
of soil drawn over that, saved crops of Cab-
bages, Cauliflowers, Peas, and Beans, from
harm. In gardens that are well looked after,
and especially if the soil is retentive, the
diought has not done much harm. Speaking
personally, my Strawberric-s, which are grow-
ing on a strong, friable loam, are excellent. I
use stable-manure, which costs me, delivered
at the railway station close by, is. por ton.
This consists of wooil - sawdust, which not
only enriches, but has also the effect of
making strong land work freely, allows rain
to pass down, engendering a general moisture,
which is not so obtainable by the use of
artificial manures, and not being grown in
" fungophobia," 1 do not drtvad any evil c< n-
sequeuc.es from its use. This manure is largely
used by fanners in this neighbourhood. It .
Millet; licikstvcU, Waiwiiksliirc.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

THE YELLOW-GROUXD PICOTEE.

A oooi> deal has been written about the
V'ellow-ground Picotee, its antecedents, and
its present position in the world of florists. I
can remember it fifty years ago, but more par-
ticularly aljout the year 1858, and I think it is
quite safe to say that no good yellow-ground
Picotee had been cultivated in England until
that date. The coloured plates in the books
published by Mr. Thomas Hogg of Pa<ldington,
Paxton"sHor(ici(((i(r(i! Mdyazine, and the F/ori-
cultiiral Cabinet, are not to be trusted— the
yellow colours are laid on too deeply ; but
even if this were not the case, they had not
the properties desiderated in the florist's type
of a yellow-ground Picotee. My friend, Mr.
Simonite, can well remember the fine yellow-
ground Picotees exhibited by Mr. Richard
Smith, of Witney, Oxfordshire, in 18.18. -Mr.
Smith exhil)ited his flowers in that year, and
they came very nearly to the florist's standard
reached in the white-ground varieties he was
able to send out. A variety named Consola-
tion was the bsst, and second to it wius Dr.
Horner. There were a number of others, but
their names are of no importance, as they
have all gone out of cultivation. There was
some correspondence in thcGossipo/ tliedtinlen
on the production of these flowers, but except
for the statement that Mr. Smith had been work-
ing up the yellow-ground Picotee for tt-n years,
and wiselydestroyed hisinferiorvarieties until
he was able to shine forth in such fine varieties
as unexpected Ur. Horner and Con.solation.
Ur. Horner had written ahont the develop-
ment of the yellow ground Picotee, and Mr.
Smith was in a fair way of verifying his pre-
dictions. It is on record that his work was
greatly hindered by the lo.ss of most of his
finest seedlings by wireworm. He planted his
seedlings in bods 18 feet In length by H feet in
breadth, and from two such beds he trapped by
means of carrots alwutllOO wireworms. Doubt-
less while this trapping was going on, the Car-
nations were rapidly tlisappearing. It would
surely be lietter in such circumstances to take
the plants away from the wireworms rather
than by the much slower jjroce.ss of getting
the pests away from the plants. Experience is
worth more than a great deal of theory on this
((uestion. I have trap|)ed the wireworms with
carrots buried in the ground, but they attacked
the Carnations (luite iis frc<'ly as they Iniried
their slender bodies in the carrots. Now in
the case of valuable plants, it is much better
rather than lose them, to dig up and pot them
or i)lant out it it were possible on ground
where there are no wireworms. The line
varieties raised by Mr. Itichard Smith its
above are not in existence. If they had been
taken in hand by someone when Smith was
unable to carry on the work, we might by
this time have been in the possession of yellow
ground Picotees of as high quality as the
white ground, and as varied in the colour
margin.

No yellow-ground Picotee known to me lias
served its purpose in life so well as Prince of
Orange (Perkins). Maybe the rai.ser was
indebted to the Witney varieties to seed from.
1 do not know the year it was sent out, but I
had it in cultivation about the year ]8f)7— 8 ;
and it was a singular co-incidence that the
late Mr. John Standish, of Ascot, should intro-
duce about that time another very fine yellow-
ground ■ Picotee under the name of Ascot
Yellow. But this variety, alt hough it was very
fine in quality, and won the First-class Certi-
ficate of the Royal Horticultural Society, had
a very poor constitution, and it soon died out ;

whereas Prince of Orange had been grown for
over thirty years. This variety is the original
parei\t cf all the yellow ground Picotees now in
existence. The late Charles Turner, of Slough,
was the first to raise seedlings from it. Ho
had a very fine lot for decorative purposes;
but one at least of them, Ne Plus I'ltra, was
free in growth, and was a nearer approach to
the florist's standard than Prince of Orange.
From this Ne Plus Ultra I raised a fn.c lot
of seedlings from this variety by cross-fer-
tilisation. The.se again were a great advance
on the set raised by Mr. Turner, and a second
batch of seedlings produced such standard
varieties as Jlrs. Robert Sydenham, Countess
of Jersey, Mrs. Douglas ; and one which the
fanciers thought superior to any of them was
named Remembrance. This variety was a true
yellow-ground Picotee, with a narrow margin
of deep red or scarlet, without any markings
of any kind on the petals. The nearest to this
variety in quality is Mrs. Robert Sydenham.
This is also a very good representative of the
broad-margined variety ; it is of a pleasing rose
or pink tint, but the yellow colour w.is
not so deep or decided as in the variety
Remembrance.

In recent years, Mr. Martin R. Saiith has
boon most successful in raising fine varieties
of the yellow-ground Picotee. The Hayes
seedlings arc disfinguished in the first place
by a vigorous constitution, and a great variety
of colour-margin. Of tho.se in general culti-
vation, Eaipress Eugenic is a goo;l representa-
tive of the narrow-margined varieties, although
there are many others, such as t)uida, Carracci,
II. Falkland, lleleodorus. Lady St. Oswald, and
Luwzan ; these arc tlu- brsi ol' Llie <|uite new
variel ies. Of older ones Borderer, Day Dream,
Hygeia, l.idas, Mr. Vigel, Mohican, Professor,
and Wanderer. Many prefer the varieties
with broad margins. TIrj best of the newer
ones are Daniel Defoo, Eilna May, and Lady
Bristol. The older ones are Countess of
Jersey, Dervish, Hivttlicr Bell. Mrs. D.iuglas,
Mrs. Tremayne, .Miss Alice .Mills, Miss Violet,
Stanley Wrightsoii, and .Mrs. Dranlielil. The
above is a list of the b("st of the yellow-ground
Picotees. Their culture docs not dilfcr in
other respe;'ts from that of oilier Carnations,
and, with a few (<xce|)tions, they m ly all Ik;
treated as ordinary border Carnations.

Many persons scout the idea of growing
liorilcr Carnal i( n-i in flower-pot'-. They reason
thus: the Carnation i < a hardy garden plant,
and should be treated as such; and if It nv
qiiires greenhouse culture, it cannot be truly
described as a border Carnation. This is
arguing on wrong premises. Yellow-ground
Picotees, and certain choice border Carnations,
are not grown iii pots because they will not
grow in the open border, but beeau.se the
quality of the flowers is much bettej-
from pot plants, and if phu'cd in a green-
house and sliailed I'roiu hot sunshine, they
retain their beauty much longer. More-
over, if some plants are retarded, and others
put in a house with some warmth, they
give a succession of bloom; and surely it is
more profitable to fill a house full of Car-
nations than it is one of scarlet Pelargoniums
and such-like flowers — but in this matter
allowance must be made for individual fancies.
I know many gardens where the best green-
houses and the best attention is given to Car-
nations. On the other hand, I saw .some of
the choicest border Carnations growing splen-
didly and flowering beautifully in a famous
garden in Sussex in August last. Most of
them were jilanted out ; but .some of them w((ro
growing in vases In the open garden, these
latter being allowed to hang over the sides of
the vases, and in that way they bore beautiful
flowers.

^80

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 27, 1901.

I never use artificial manure of any kind for
Carnations. Good loam three parts, one part
decayed manure, some, mortar rubbisli or
pounded oyster-shells being, used , instead of
sand to keep the material open. .
. J Tlie size of iiower-ijots is not of very great
importance ; but ovecpotting in- this, as in
most other, thing's, is to be avoided. Cleanli-
pess, abundance of light and air, are the
requisites for success, fas. Douglas.

B »ni)ER Caenatioxs.
There is to bo seen in bloom, a fine
and interesting set . of border Carnations
at Chiswick. Possibly the collection may
:|.ncjude some varieties to Avhich the term
border may be thought objectionable, as they
may be of the florists' section. But at least
at Chiswick they all come into the same
category, being there subjected to out-of-
door conditions only. The plants generally
seem to havewintered well, the district having
during the dull months been singularly free
from fogs. It is too much to hope that this
indicates permanent imjjrovement. The Car-
nation collection includes many .seedlings,
forms always full of interest because no one
knows before flowers open what qualities they
may exhibit. There are also some named
varieties. When this collection is gone over
by the Floral Committee, it is to be hoped
that under no circumstances will any variety
with split calyces obtain an award, unless they
possess very great fragrance as a compensa-
tion for this imperfection. It is luiiversally
admitted that Carnations of all descriptions
now have little perfume. The breeding has
been rather in tlie direction of form, size, and
colour, and -whilst pod splitting has been
freely tolerated, the absence of perfume has
been ignored. We badly need a race of
free-growing border Carnaticms that bloom
freely, are not specially amenable to fungoid
attacks, and have rich scent. We have in
new and old, an endless succession of what may
be described as house, pot, or show forms of
Carnations — practically, we have enough of
them. The Chiswick trial should do some-
thing to show what varieties are to be very
.specially recommended for planting in borders.
1 am not sure whether the Council of the Royal
Horticultural Society would not do well to
iuvite for next autumn -planting pairs of
strong layers of any variety, which they
find to be in constitution, "free blooming,
good habit, and sweet perfume, a good, hardy
border variety. There may be in gardens
about the country numerous good ones of that
nature, and which it would bo most interesting
to have tested at Chiswick. In some places.
Carnations planted out on a carpet of Violas
are used as bedders. These are seldom a suc-
cess. Carnations need supports, and netting
can keep the sticks from being seen. The
body of bloom produced at any one time is not
such as to give a good effect ; the flowering
season, also, is far from being early or pro-
longed. Carnations never look better than
■when planted in small clumps of some half-
dozen plants, in mixed bordei's and on good
soil; also if not too close to^iethor, and there
. i^ ample room for layering tliom in the autumn,
o;ie-li:ilr (lie looted layers being removed for
plantiiiu I'l-, ■where, the rest being left and
top-dressed with old i)ot-soil, to bloom the
following year, tln-ii ;i v.tv line l.,)dv of bloom

results. The transj.h il l.iy,.is should be

allowed to make siiiiihii- sec. ,ii(i-scasou clumps,
the old ones being lifted and cleared out, other
new plants taking their places. That is the
way to keep up a fine show of Carnations in
our garden borders ; but to have strong plants
for removal, layering should be done early.
This sea.son, for instance, there seems to l)eno
reason why that work sliould not be completed
by the end of Jul V. .1. D.

VEGETABLES.

I MAKE it a practice to grow several va-
rieties of early Peas every year. So far I have
found none to equal Sutton's Early Giant.
Sown at the same time as William the Firist, it
i.s fit for consumption at about the same date.
The variety has much larger pods, and the
Peas are of tine quality. The haulm grows to
the height of 1 ft., and the plant is a heavy
cropper. Sown on February 26, pods were
gathered on June 14. I have sent a few pods
for your inspection. Wm. Daffurn, Elmestree
OarcUns, Tetbiinj. [Very fine, well-tilled pods.
Ed.]

Pea Sutton's Satisfaction.

This variety of Pea has done remarkably
well here this season ; the pods have filled
well, and the quality when cooked is good.
So far the haulm is free from mildew, and
notwithstanding the drought the plants are
cropping excellently.

Caixiflower Sutton's Favourite.
I have grown this variety by the side of
several others, and am more than satisfied
with the way it has turned in. The curds are
solid, white, and of excellent quality. It is of
moderately dwarf habit, and can l)e planted
somewhat thickly in the rows. It forms a
capital succession to the dwarf Erfurt type,
coming tit for use before the Walcheren. To
grow good Cauliflowers, especially in dry
seasons and on light soils, the land must bo
broken up to a good depth, and there should
be plenty of manure worked in several inches
beneath the surface. Plants put out on deeply
worked land need little care and attention
compared with those growing on shallow
cultivated soils. Within the last two years I
have had the greater part of the kitchen-
garden here trenched, and we are being well
rewarded for the labour by the fine produce
obtained. H. M., Wrotham Park.

©bituar^.

Miss Ormerod.— The death on the 19th
inst., at St. Albans, of j\Iiss Eleanor Ormerod
removes from among us one who rendered
great ser.vice by making the knowledge of the
men of science available for practical purposes.
Indeed, her life was for many years devoted to
the interests of agriculturists. She was the
youngest daughter of George Ormerod, D.C.L.,
P.R.S., of Sedbury Park, Gloucestershire, the
well-known author of the Histonj of Oieshire.
Three-and-thirty years ago she gained the
Silver Flora Medal of the Royal Horticultural
.Society for specimens, drawings, and models
illustrative of insect depredations. In con-
junction with the late Andrew Murray, she
formed the collections of economic entomology
now in the Bethnal Greeu Museum. She was
the first lady Fellow of the Meteorological
Society, and edited a mass of important docu-
ments relating to weather and plants. Her
Manual of Injurious Insects, and Methods of
Prerention and Remedy for their Attack on
Food Crops enhanced her reputation ; but she
will be, perhaps, best known by her Ann imi
Reports and Observations on Injurious Farm
Insects, which she first began to i.ssue a
quarter of a century ago. She acted for many
years as Consulting Entomologist to the Royal
Agricultural Society, and wa^.lately Addi-
tional Examiner in Agricultural Entomology at
Edinburgh University ; and rather more than
two years ago the Societe Nationale d'Aceli-
matation de France awarded her the large
silver medal bearing the portrait of Geoffrey
Saint Hilaire. The University of Edinburgh
conferred on her'the degree of LL.D, ; and the
Royal Horticultural Society comparatively
recently awarded her a Victoria Medal of
Honour. For .some years past Miss Ormerod
had been an invalid, and for upwards of a
month had been seriously ill.

SOCIETIES.

NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY,
Northern Exhibition, Ulverston.

JuLV 17.— Owing to cool, diill weather up to uoon, tlie
Roses in all classes were preseuted iu iiiaguifieent con-
dition. Hybrid Perpetuals were grand in the winning
stands, of immense size and high colour. Teas and
garden Roses were also exceptionally good. It was,
without a doulit, tlie finest Rose show o£ the season in
regard to the quality of tlie blooms. Tlie arrangements
were well carried out by the local committee, and the
meeting of rosariaus was an extremely pleasant one.

Jubilee Thophy.

Ill the Jubilee Trophy Class for thirty -'six dUtinct,
Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons, Newtownards, were 1st, with
one of the finest stands ever staged for this trophy.
The quaUty of the flowers was exceptionally good,
Horace Veruet, Her Majesty, Etieune Levet, Mrs. W. J.
Grant, Star of Waltham, Reynolds Hole, Prince Arthur,
Bessie Brown, Madame Crapelet, Dupuy Jauiain, and
Souvenir d'Elise, being the most remarkable, Messrs.
Harkness were and, showing grand flowers of Her
Majesty, Madame Eugfene Verdier, Comte de Raimbaud,
Helen Keller, Reynolds Hole, and Mrs. W. J.Grant;
.'!rd, Messrs. Perkins, of Coventry.

Foriy-eiyhl distinct.— 1st, A. Dickson & Sons, a fine
stand ; 2nd, Messrs. Harkness ; 3rd, B. R. Cant & Sons.

Twenty-four trebles.— 1st, A. Dickson ,& SONS, having
Bessie Brown, very fine ; Duchess of Portland, fine ;
Horace Veruet, Mildred Grant, Mrs. John Laing, and
Ulster, very good ; 2nd, B. R. CANT & SONS.

For thirty-six disiinct.—lst, G. Pbince & SONS, Oxford ;
2nd, J. BuRRELL ifc Co., Cambridge.

For eighteen Teas t(i.?(iHc(.— Messrs. Prince were 1st,
with a fine stand containing Mamau Cochet, awarded
the Silver Medal for the best Tea in the nurseiymen's
section. Other excellent flowers were Souvenir d un
Ami, Mar&hal Niel, Princess of Wales, Bridesmaid,
Golden Gate, and The Bride; 2iid, A. Dickson; .3rd,
Messrs. Croll, Dundee.

Twelve Teas.— 1st, Mr. J. Burreli, ; 2nd, Mr. J. Mat-
tock ; 3rd, Messrs. Harkness.

For twelve new Koses. — Messrs. Dickson were 1st,
showing good examples of Mildred Grant, Mamie, Mrs.
Mackwreth, Ulster, and Robert Scott— a fine stand ;
2ud, Messrs. Perkins. For twelve blooms of any white
or yellow Rose, the three winning stands all contained
Bessie Brown ; 1st, Messrs. Dickson ; 2nd, Messrs.
Prince ; 3rd, Messrs. Perkins.

For twelve o.f any Pink or Light Rose.— 1st, HUGH Dick-
son & Son, Belfast, having Her Majesty; 2ud, Mr. D.
Croll, with Mrs. W. J. Grant; 3rd, A. Dickson, with
Mildred Grant.

For twelve of any Crimson Jlose.— Messrs. Perkins were
1st, with a grand box of Horace Veruet, for one of
which was awarded the Silver Medal for the best hybrid
perpetual in the trade section, a flower of great size
and exquisite finish; 2iid, Hugh Dickson, with Capt.
Hayward ; 3rd, B. R. Cant, witli A. K. Williams.
Garden Roses.

There was a veiy flue display of garden Roses, which
attracted a great crowd througliout the afternoon
before both the open and the amateur exhibits. In the
open division Mr. J. Mattock was placed Ist, for a grand
exhibit of eighteen bunches, especially noticeable being
macrantha, lucida plena, Perle d'Or, Cecile Brunner,
and Souvenir de Catherine Guillot. Messrs. Paul &
Son were a close 2nd, with Griiss an Teplitz, Marquise
de Salisbury, W. A. Richardson, Madame E. Resal, and
Lady Battcrsea, as the best; 3rd, H. V. Machin.

Ahiateurs.

/k the Amateur Division, the Jubilee Challenge Trophy
for tweety-four distinct, the competition was very close,
and grand hybrid perpetuals were staged in the winning
stands. Mr. E. B. Lindsell was placed 1st, showing
excellent flowers, both iu form and colour, his best
being Her Majesty, Horace Veruet, Due d'Orleans,
Fisher Holmes, Bessie Brown, and Maman Cochet;
2ud, Mr. F. W. Tattersall, of Morecambe. His box
contained some grand Iiloouis, two of which won the
Silver Medals for the best H.P. and H.T. in this divi-
sion, viz.. Captain Hayward and Bessie Brown; equal
."irds were awarded to the Rev. J. H. Pemberton and
Mr. Boyes.

For thirty-six distinct.— 1st, Mr. E. B. Lindsell ; 2nd,
Mr. H. V. Machin ; 3rd, J. H. Pemberton.

For eight trebles.— 1st, Mr. E..B. Lindsell; 3ud, Mr.
F. W. Tattersall; 3rd, Rev. J. H. Pembertqn; 4th,
Mr. H. V. Machin. ^

For nine blooms of one variety, except' Tea. — l^t, F. W.
Tattersall, \yith A. K. Williams: 2nd, H. V. Machin,
with Her Majesty; 3rd, Rev. J. H. Pemberton, with
A. K. Williams.

For growers of fewer than 2,000.— Mr. Foley Hobbs, of
"Worce'ster, was 1st in.all three classes. For growers of
fewfir than 1,000, Mr. Mahlox Whittle, of Leicesteri
occupied the premier position.

July 27, 1901.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

81

Inthe Amateur Ten and Xoisette Section, for twelve dis-
tinct.~lst. Mr. Conway Joses : 2nd, Mr. A. Hill Geat ;
3rd, Mr. H.V. MACHiN.the last-named winning the Silver
Med.ll with Maman Cocliet for the best Tea. The win-
ning exhibitors in the remaining Tea classes were
W. BoYEs. Foley Hobbs, Mahlos Whitti.e, Rev. J. H.
Pembertox, W. Uptox, S. Mohris, J, H. MiDGLEY, aud
H. P. Landon.

For twelve bunches of Garden Soms.—U. V. Machin was
1st. and Rev. J. H. Pemberton 2nd. Mr. E. Mawley
being 1st for sLit bunches.

Tliere was a strong competition in the local section
for the Oiallenge Trophies offered to the members of
the Nortli Lonsdale Rose Society, and the Uowers ware
of a high standard throughout.

NATIONAL CARNATION AND

PICOTEE.

SOTTTHEBN SECTION.

July 19.— Tlie annual exhibition of Carnations and
Picotees was held at the Ciystal Pahico on the above
date, and the flowers were arranged in the Central
Transept, opposite to the organ. Just as was tlic case
last year, the weather was exceedingly hot, and the
flowers very soon lost the freshness and fragrance so
necessary to their attractiveness, the blooms shown on
paper collars being the first to suffer.

Mr. Martin R. Smith, the popular Pi-esident of tlic
Society, who lias done so much to encourage the
cultivation of Carnations, and has raised so many
excellent border varieties, exhibited veiy largely ;
and in Division I., exhibits from his garden at Hayes
won tlic cup offered by tlie President to the competitor
winning the greatest aggregate of points in that
division. Ilelow will be found tlic names of the other
winners of cups also offered by Mr. Smith.

The Society's Certificate of jfeiit was recommended
to three varieties described below, which included a
yellow-ground Fancy, a yellow-ground Picotee, and a
pink-colourcd self.

The schedule included three Divisions, .ind exhibitors
could only show in one of these. The classes in tlic
Second Division called for a smaller number of llowcis
than the first, and those in the Third Division tor a
smaller number than those in the Second Division.

In some extra classes, exhibitors of the Third Division
could show, but not those of Divisions I. and 11.,
whilst other extra classes were open to all.

The arrangements made by Mr Henwood, Seciclary,
and the Committee were excellent.

Self-coi/)ured carnations
made a glorious show, and the Ist prize for twcnty-fonr
blooms was appropriately won by Mr. Martin R. Smith,
Hayes, Kent (gr., Mr. C. Hlicki. who has raised so many
of the best varieties in this section. We noticed very
fine flowers of the f*>llowing vai-ictics in Mr. Smith's
exhibit :— Cecilia, lovely shade of yellow colour, very
large size: Etna, bright crimson; Ensign, Agnes
Sorrell, vei-y deep crimson ; Sultan, deep crimson ;
Daffodil, yellow; Mrs. Eric Hambro, white; Chcv.
D'Eon. fine pink; Falcon, yellow; Enchantress, rose
colour; Sir Hevys, maroon, lit witli flashes of crimson ;
Orpheus, pale rose <oloiir : Much the Miller, while;
Barras, rose colour; Frcdegonde, rich pink; Eva,
palest blush ; and Fouchc. Jlr. C. TURNER, Koyal
Nurseries, Slougli, creditably won 2iid prize. The
variety Benbow, j)ale salmon colour, a shade not in-
cluded in the 1st prize exhibit, was noticed amongst
those from Slough; but. generally. Mr. Turner's
flowers lacked size and substance. 3rd, Mr. CJ. Chauuy,
Oxford.

Mr. R. Smith had the best six blooms of a variety,
showing the fine Cecilia ; 2nd, Mr. C. A. Tate, Dulwich,
Willi Hendigo, purple; and 3id, Mr. (i, Chaudv, with
a white seedling.

In Division 11, Mr. F. A. Welleslev, Woking, won
1st prize for twelve sells, showing the varieties Mrs.
Eric Hambro, Sultan. Britannia, Mrs. J. Douglas, Gcr-
mania, Midas, Tabley, Trojan, Bomba, Benbow, Lady
Hindlip, and a rich purple sport from Gordon Ixwis ;
Messrs. Thomson it Co., Birmingham, were 2nd; and
Mrs. Wuitbourne, St. Gearics, Ilford, .Ird.

The best exhibit of six flowers of any self Carnation
(Division II.) was from Mr. F. A. Welleslev, who had
the white variety Mrs. Eric Hambro ; the same variety
obtained 2nd prize for Messrs. Thomson & Co. ; and
Comet, rich crimson, from Mr. A. J. Rowberkv was
3rd.

In Division III.. Mr. E, Charhinoton. Chislehurst,
had the best six blooms, including the variety Mrs. Guy
Sebright, a beautiful pink flower, with fine smooth
petals; Mr. A. B. Brown, Birmingham. Mr. R. C. Caht-
wbioht, King's Norton, were 2nd and 3rd respectively.
Picotees.
A vciTT pretty exhibit of tMcnty-fonr blooms from
Mr. Mahtin Ssirni t-aincil the 1st prize in the class for
twenty-four blooms of wliiic ground Picotees, repre-
sentative of not fewer tlian twelve varieties. We
noticed vci'y pretty specimens of Mrs. Beswlck, Beau
Nash, Mrs. Barron, Lavinia, Miriam, Grace Darling,
Edith D'Onibrain, Favourite, Mrs, Kingston. Amelia.
Bessie, &c.; Mr. C. Turner and Mr. G.CiiAUDYwere
2nd and 3i'd respectively.

-Vn exhibit of twenty-four Picotee blooms, yellow
ground, from Mr. Martin R. Smith was very fine; and
we noticed the following varieties as heing particularly
attractive :— Badminton, Gronow, Lady St. Oswald,
Onda. Lauzan. Svlvia, Franklin. Gertrude, Grisi.
Faiiy Queen, and Childe Harold: Mr. Chas. TrnxER
and Mr. F. Hooper. Bath, followed in this order. The
yellow ground Picotees are much more effective than
those with a white ground.

Mr. Martin Smith had the best six blooms of a
yeUow ground Picotee, showing Childe Harold, a lovely
flower with thin wire edge; Mr. C. A. Tate. Dulwich,
was 2nd with Countess of Jersey; and Mr. G. Chaudy
.3id with the same variety.

In Division II., the best exhibit of twelve white
giound Picotees was shown by Mr. F. A. Welleslev,
and he showed the following varieties, all of which
have a white giound of absolute purit}'. Fanny Tett.
Little Phil, Lavinia. Gauymcde. Mrs. Barron, T. William
Fortrose, Mrs. Sharpe, Brunette, Xellie, Mrs. Burnett,
and Amy Robsart. Messrs. Thomson were 2nd; and
Mr. X. J. RowBERRY, Sid.

Mr. F. A. Welleslev had also the best exhibit of
twelve yellow gi-ound Picotees in six varieties, the
gi-oundcolourdiffeiing In some of them almost asinuch
as the coloured edging. The deepest giound colour
variety was Lady Oswald, and one of the palest Lanz;in ;
Badminton, Daniel Defoe, and His Excellency were
pretty. Messrs. Thomson & Co. were 2nd; and Mr.
A. J. ROWBEHRY. 3rd.

The best six blooms of a yellow or buff ground were
of the \'aricty Voltaire, exhibited well by Messrs.
Thomson & Co., Birmingham : Mr. F. A. Welleslev,
with Moiiareli, came 2nd ; and Mrs. Whitbourne,
Great (Jcarics, Ilford. .')id, with Lord Quex.

The best six blooms of a yellow gi-ouud Picotee came
from F. A. Welleslev, who had T«ady St. Oswald ; 2nd.
Messrs. Thomson i Co., Birniiiigluam, with Empress
Eiig<;nie; and 3rd, Mi's. Whitbourne. with His
Excellency.

In Division III.. Mr. S. Went. Tliaincs Dillon, won 1st
prize for a collection of six Picotees (white ground),
dissimilar; and Mr. .V. R. Brown, Birmiugliain, was
2iid ; Messrs. W. Pemberton A .Son. Walsall, .'lid.

The iK'st six blooms of ycllow-gioniid varieties were
from Mr. J. J. Sheldon, S. Woodford; Mr. S. Went was
2nd, and Mr. E. Cuarrinuton 3id. ..

B17.ARIIES and Flakes.

It was in these flowers (hat the old school of florists
look the gicatcst interest; and though at the present
day almost everyone admires the self-coloured Cnriia-
iioiis and Picotees, it may be grateful to some to hear
th.-kt Mr, Martin K. Smith is engaged in the work of
raising new varieties of the types pei'uliiirly beloved by
the florists.

Mr. M. Rowan won the leading prize for twenty-four
blooms, in not fewer tliaii twelve varieties, showing
Admiral Curzon, Merton, Valkyrie, W. Skirving. (Jco.
Melville. Jno. Buxton. .Sportsman, Master Fred, Sarah
Payne, James Douglas, Thalia. Robert Houlgrave,
Mars, J. S. Hcdderley. Gordon Lewis, itc. Mr. C.
Turner. .Slough, won 2iid priz<'. and had several very
good flowers; and Martin R. Smith, Esq., Hayes, was
3rd, showing .-v largo number of now seedlings,

lu Division II., Mr. F. A. Welleslev, won 1st honours
for twelve blooms distinct, shmving G. Melville. R.
Lord, J. S. Hcdderley, Gordon lA'wis, Mrs. Shaw, Master
Fiod, George. J. W. Bcntley. W, Skirving, Sportsman,
Merton, and R. lioulgi'avc; 2iid, Messrs. W. Tuom.son
it Co.. Biniiiiigham; and .'trd, Mr, .\. J. Rowberry,
Stamford Hill

111 Division III,. Mr.RC.CARTWRKiiiT, King's Noiioii,
won the 1st prize for six blooms, showing Gordon Lewis.
J. S. Hcdderley, Jno Wormald, and a good tricolorcd
sport from this variety ; Tlialia. and W. Skii-ving; 2iid.
Mr. J. J. Keen. Southampton ; and 3rd, Mr. D. Walker.
Kilmarnock, N.B.

Fancy Varieties.

The beet collection of twenty-fcMir lilooms of fancy
varieties, not fewer than twiU. \ ui.tn-, was shown

by Mr, C.Turner, Slough, II. 1 1 iliwcrs of the

following flrst-cla.ss varieties. \; . lUi.i -imit). Goldi-
locks, Voltaire. Elaine. Eldoi ...l,,, .Vgl.iia. . Galileo.
Heroine, Pcrsiniiiion, Algol, Vespasian, .aiid Tliales
MartcU; Mr. Martin Smith was 2ud; and Mr. J,
Walker, Thame. Oxon, was .')rd.

The best six blooms of any yellow or huff-gi'ound
fancy variety cainc from Mr, Smith, who showed the
variety Voltaire ; 2nd. Mr, C. Tuunek, with Martel ; and
.ird, Mr, F. Hooper, with The Qmcii,

In division II.. the best collection of twelve blooms,
distinct, was a grand collect ion from Mr, F, A. Welles-
lev ; all of these flowers were good in size, colour, and
clearness. The varieties were Voltaire, Monarch.
Czarina, a seedling; Zingara, Guinevere, Hidalgo,
Primrose League, Mrs. F. .Wclhsley, Queen Bess. II
Mackenzie, and Miss Laura W<'ijl). Messrs. Thomson
A Co. were 2nd ; and Mr, X. J. RowiiKuiiv, .Ird.

The best fancy variety (liivisinii II,), other than :i
buff or yellow ground was the v.u icty Arteiiius, bright
rose and heliotrope, shown by Mr. F, Welleslky ;
Pelegia was 2nd, from Mrs. Bhook Smith, St. Mary
Church; and .3rd, Mrs. Whitbourne, with the variety
Distinction.

Ill Division 111.. Mr, W. Spencer, jun,, Windsor, won

1st prize for six dissimilar varieties; one of these
Muleteer, splashed with scarlet over p.ile rose-colour,
was very distinct. Mr. R. C. Cartwright was 2nd, and
Mr, D. Walker, ;!rd.

Single Bloom Classes.

The best scarlet bizarre was the variety R. Houlgrave,
shown by Mr. J. J. Keen. Southampton, and the three
following prizes were won by the same variety.

In the crimson bizarre class, the 1st prize was won
by the variety J. H. Hedderley. shown by Mr. Walker.
Tbe best pink bizarre was William Skirving. shown by
Mr. Welleslev ; purple flake Chas. Henwood, shown
by Mr. E. Charrinoton; scarlet flake Jno, Wormald,
shown by Mr. Robt. Sydenham ; rose flake Mrs. Rowan,
shown by Mr. R. C. Caktwright.

In the classes for single blooms of self Carnations, the
following varieties won respectively :— White or blush
white. Ensign, shown by Mr. Martin Smith ; rose or
pink, Mrs. R. Pitman, shown by Mr. Robt, Sydenham ;
scarlet-red or crimson, Sabler, shown by Mr. R. C.
Cartwright: maroon or purple. Royal Purple, shown
by Mr. R. A. Brown ; yellow, Britannia, shown by Mr.
E. Charhington ; bulf. Benbow, by Mr. Went.

The best vellow-ground fancy variety was Ossian
from Mr. e! Charrington ; and the best fancy other
than these Mrs. Guy Sebright, also from Mr. Chak,

RINGTON.

The best Picotees were as follows :— Reds : The bes-
heavy-edgcd was Ganymede, from Mr. R, C, CARTt
WRIGHT ; and the best light-edged Grace n:uUng. iron.-
the same exhibitor. Purples : The host heavy-edged
W.1S Muriel Spencer, and the liost lishl e.l-ed Somer-
hill, both of which were shown by Mr. SrF.MEU, Rose
or scarlet: Little Phil took 1st prize tor heavy-edged
varieties, shown by Mr, J. J. Keen; and Fortrose was.
the best with light edge, frdm Mr. Went: Yellow
ground : The best hcavy-ddged' variety was one from
Mr. E. H. BUCKI.AND. Colchostor; and the best light-
edged Childe li.arold, from Mr. MARTIN Smith.,

Decorative Classes.

A pretty dinner-table dccoi-ation was arranged by
Martin R. Smith. Esq.. chiefly. with yelhnv .ground
variolies, supplemented. by ,« v.i y le" rli . ■..loured
flowers. They were arranged in .i.i.mi. > i.l l1.i^-.i'»
of gi'cen colour, and were reliev.-l '■ \ 1 . 1 :i;:us aiul
Fern frond--, c.-ihulinni :ivi.'yiii,'^. .^e. . lU. -"d )inzc
exhii.il. II .Mil Ml 1: ,1 \v..nn K\, Wiiiclicslcr. w.ascom-
poM.li.i \.-ll..n -iM . ;ii ii^.ii..ii-, and grasses; and the"
:ird ].riz.' . AhiKii 11,. Ill Mr, w .spENCER, jun., Windsor,
of pink sells and Gypsophilas.;

There were some sprays and buttonhole boutjucts
exhibited, but they do not call for special ieinark.

Premier Blooms.
The best blooms in tjic show of the different types of
flower were as follows :— Sclfs : Ensign, shown by Mr.
Smith; while giound Picotee Somcrhill w;is the light
edged, and l.ady Louise, heavy edged: the iorincr was
shown bv Mr. SMiru. and the laller by Mr, .1, J. Kekn.
YeUow ground Picotees licnvy eilge Gronow and light.
edge t'liikle Harold, hotli iroiii Mr. Smith, Flakes
Jno. Woniiald Iruni Mr. U. ('. Cahtwhig n r. Faiieica.
Muleteer from Jlr. SI'Kscer, Windsor, This is a very
distinct variety, colour silver-rose, splashed sciirlet.
Bizarre Robert Houlgrave. from Mr. J. J. Keen.

The President's Cup.
As already stated, the President's Cup for the largest
aggreg.ate of points in Division I. was won by exhibits
from Mr. Smith's own garden. In Division II. the Cup
. was w(Mi by Mr. Welleslev ; in Division III. by Mr. R. C.
Cartwright; and the remaining Cup offered to winner
of the largest aggregate in extra classes, was won by
Mr. Walker, Kilmarnock.

New Carnations.

In Class II, which called for two flowers and foliage

from a variety not previously shown in this class, the

1st prize was won by the variety Lady Constance Butler,

shown by Mr. E, Charrington. The flower has a yellow

gi, I '.iM.l il,il,eil edged pale rose, very fine petals.

an. I 'M 11 11.11. Mr. T. II, li. MAY. Malvern.

•)1,. I. «. 1, iliive vMiieiii", whieh g.iined the Society's^
l."ii..,l el.i.-.!- Cei lili.-i.l.. Tlii-e were Mrs. Guy Sebright.,
a charmuig voseiinl: .li ...loured variety, of good'
form aiuV vigor.. n n.I..ii., shown - by Mr. M. V.
Charrington; Km \.iIii-. .1 yellow ground Picotee,
■ with rose edging, shown liy Mr. T. II. B. May, Malvern';
and Lady Constance Butler, a yellow ground fancy
variety, shown by Mr. E. Charrington.

Blooms not Dressed,
There were {some. exhibits of Carnation flowers in
glas.seB and bottles, accompanied by sprays of Carno!-
tioii foliage. -These were much more elleetivc and
altiai'live to visitors than the dressed blooms with
white e.ilhirs on. but we need not remark ii])ou them'

tli.

Ml

W '

■Ml

WRIGHT, King's .Norlon; Mr. II. S. llAuii 1
Hill, Kent; Mr. M. V. Charhingion. I'.'l. i
Ml': T. L. HahRlson, Itroxhonrne ; Mr. M i
Mrs. Brookes Smith, Mr. F. A. Wki.i
Messrs, Phillips A Tavi. on, liraeknell.

^2

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jlxy 27, ISOl.

Carnations in Pots.

The largest groups of plants were arranged in spaces
of M square feet. Mr. Mautin Smith exliibited ad-
mirably iu this class, and won 1st prize from Mr.
Chas. Turnek.

Tlie class for a smaller gi'oup was won by Mrs. Whit-
B3UKNE; and A. F. Fitteu, Esq., Strcatliam Hill, was
2ua.

Mr. Smith had the best twelve specimen plants, and
Mr. Turner was 2nd.

Non-Competitive Exhibits.

Mr. James DoufiLAS, Edenside Nursery, Great Book-
liam. exhibited a collection of very fine blooms of Car-
nations, iu which new border varieties were the
attractive feature.

Mr. H. T. Dixon, Woodside G.irdens, Hailsham,
showed Sweet Peas, and some i';ini;il]uns.

Messrs. Jno. Laing it Sons, i-mk,! inil Nurseries,
London, S.E., made a large cnIhIhI ..i tulicrcius-rootcd
Begonias and Streptocarpuses 111 puis; ;ilsu cut Roses,
hardy flowers, &<:.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery,
King's Road, Chelsea, had a fine group of Carnations
in pots.

Mr. J. G. Foster, Brockhampton Nurseries, Havant,
Showed a considerable quantity of Sweet Peas.

Messrs. W. Cutdush & Sons, Highgate, London,
exhibited a grand lot of Carnation bloom, including
■ Malmaison varieties.

. Mr. W. Allen, Qunton P.nrk Gardens, Norwich, exhi-
bited blooms of two fringed Carnations— Victor Har-
tord, crimson self, and Col. H.irbord, yellow.

Messrs. Phillips <& Taylor exhibited a considerable
fMllcctiou of seedling Carnations.

PBESENTATION" TO MR. JOHN
ANDREWS.

Advantaie was taken of the .Jubilee Exhibition of
the Woodbridge Horticultural Society on tlic 11th inst.
to present to Mr. John Andrews, (lie Hon. Secretary of
the Society for the past ten years, a handsome canteen
of silver plate and cutlery, in recognition of his
services in this capacity. The presentation was made
on the lawn of the Abbey by Mrs. R. T. Carthew. Mr.
Andrews is a townsman of good position, and having
plenty of leisure he is able to devote much time to
carrying on the work of the Society, and under his
management it has greatly prosjiered.

Orchids, staged by F. Knight, Esq., Thundersley
House, Kayieigh, was Very Highly Commended.
Cattleya Mcndeli, C. gigas, C. Forbesii, C. nobilior, Deu-
droliium suavissimum, and Zygopetalum Macknyi were
the most noticeiible in the Thundersley House exhibit.
Mention must also be made of the excellent exhibit of
plain and artistic pottery shown by Mr. \. C. W. Hon-
MAN, Hull Bridge Brickfields, Tileries, and Potteries,
Hockley, Essex. This exhibit was greatly admired, not
luily on account of the high quality of the materials
used and good workmanship, but also by reason of the
great variety and artistic designs in the way of vases,
umbrella stands, ttc, which composed it. Mr. Hobman
was easily 1st in both the classes provided for the
description of pottery indicated above.

THE HORTICULTURAL CLUB.

July 17,— Many iif tlie members of the Horticultural
Club enjoyed a most interesting outing on the above
date, some forty-five ladies and gentlemen in fairly
equal numbers iiarticipating in an excui'sion which
had been kindly arranged beforeliand by Mr. Harry J.
Veitch. Leaving Liverpool Street at lo 25 the pai-ty
readied Cheshunt, and were met by brakes which con-
veyed them to the nurseries of Messrs. G. Paul & Son,
Mr. Geo. Paul meeting them there, and, after hospitably
entertaining them, conducting them through the
literally rosy prospects the nurseries present, and
deserve to enjoy. Field after field, ami a.rc' after acre,
teeming with tlie queen of flowers in a ih.iusawil aiid-
one disguises, were traversed, tin' laic-f and )>i'st Itcing
pointed out. En route to Bruxbouine. where Mr.
Tlios. Rochford provided a lavish lunch as a pre-
liminary to a ramble through " Tomatories " by the acre,
Graperies on the 100-ton scale, Palmeries <i In tropics,
Ph

(..riaslicsti

111.- party into lii-i

EAYLEIGH AND DISTRICT
HORTICULTURAL.

July 17.— Owing to tlie initiative of a few new horti-
cultural settlers in the neighbourhood of Rayleigh
(Essex), at the end of March last a committee was formed
with a view to resuscitate the old Rayleigh Society
(which was allowed to lapse some six or seven years agot,
with the result that, all things being considered, a
creditable show was held on the above-mentioned date.
The exhibits were staged in a couple of tents erected
in a meadow close to the town. An industrial ex-
hibition and sports were held in conjunction with the
flower show, the weather being everything that could
be desired for the occasion, and the results, financially
and otherwise, were most satisfactory and gratifying
to everyone associated with the Society, who worked so
hard to make the undertaking a success. Great credit
is also due to the gentlemen travelling by the
S.-W A.M. train, who on their way to and from the
City successfully advocated the cause of the Society.
Owing to these favourable circumstances, the Com-
mittee (of which John C. Fell, Esq.. is Chairman) intend
to issue a larger and more liberal schedule of prizes
early next year.

Col. Tufnell, the member of Parliament for the dis-
rict (South-east Essex) opened tlie show, and Mrs.
Tufnell, later in the afternoon, distributed the prizes in
the industrial section.

The most prominent exhibits were the gi'oups of mis-
cellaneous plants ai-ranged for effect in a semicircle
(representing a space of 80 square feet), Mr. James, gr.
to Percy E. Beard, Esq., taking 1st honours; Mr.
Mathews, gr. to A. C. Cork, Esq., Barringtons, Ray-
leigh, being a good 2nd ; and Mr. Bell, gr. to R. LONi-
DA'.E, Esq., Rayleigh House, Rayleigh, a creditable 3rd.
In the ladies' classes the most prominent features
were the table decorations, of which there were five
arrangements: Mrs. Cork, Barringtons, being isl, for
a light aud very effective arrangement, in which Sweet
i'eas (Emily Henderson, Countess of Radnor, Mr.
G adstone), Plumbaj.o capensis, Smilax, and Asparagus
■were used to the best advantage. Miss Fpancis and
Mrs. Hu.sTER(both Kaylcif;li ladies) were 2nd and 3rd
in the order in vvhicli their nanus appear. Mrs. Cork
was easily 1st for a li..uc|in I, eomi osed mostly of neat,
flesh, opening buds nl Tea K.ises; and this excellent
exhibit was subseqiienily pia-ventcd to Mrs. Tufrell.

Among the non-cmnpelitive exhibits were excellent
groups of miscellaneous plants, &c., contributed and
tastefully arranged by Messrs. Rand & Sons and Mr. S.
Taylor, these being HighlyCommended by thejudges :
while a nice display of heallhy, wcll-flLWered plants of

ph

tion which eoiitra»ted markedly wit!i tiic picvious one.
From 130'^ in the sun to 70° below zero, while hoar-frost
thick on the walls, and snow on the ground which
covered one's boots, was a eonti'ast indeed which the
bulk of the party prudently shirked experiencing

Innerhumanity refreshed and invigorated, the party
tlien drove to Panshauger through a very delightful
country, not forgetting to discuss on the way the very
interesting and up-to-date developments of the nursery
trade we had just had the opportunity of inspecting at
Mr. Rochford's. Not merely are the various glass ar-
rangements admirably adapted idi tli.ir purpose, as
the condition of the Vines and pl.uii- :i t te-ied, but the
proper cultivation of the fellow m.iu u.i- .il-u evidenced
by a capital institute liberally provided w ith literature,
and conjoined with dwellings and cubicles, which in
tlieirj neatness, cleanliness, and comfort, form a
marvellous contrast to the ancient bothies of less
fortunate generations of gardeners.

At Panshauger the party had an opportunity of
admiring the fine old mansion liberally draped with
huge Magnolias and other climbers, and filled with
untold treasures of old pictures, old and priceless
furniture, and last but not least to tlie ladies delecta-
tion any amount of old china. Time precluded much
inspection of the grounds or houses, though the
renowned Panshauger Oak was seen and appreciated.
The brakes then returned through the park and drove
to Hertford, where, at the Dimsilale.\i 111- Hotel, a capital
dinner capped a capital day, i-iiin' to :i iplcasant return
journey to Loudon in a special -al-'-.n r.u riage.

Among those present were Sir Julm T. D. Llewelyn
(the President of the Club), Mr. and Miss Osm.au, Mr
aud Mrs. Wat kins, Mr. Sweet and party. Mr. R. W. Kerr,
Mr. and Mrs. Druery, Mr. Shoults and party, Mr. Alfred
Rivers, Mr. P. Kay and party, Mr. and Mrs. Assbcc, Mr.
B. Barr, Mr.de Graaf, Mr. and Mrs. G. Monro, juu.,
Mr. F. W. Moore, Mr. Cockett, Mr. H. B. May, Mr. G.
Paul and party, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Veitch and party,
Mr. and Mrs. G. I. Ingram, Messrs. Thomas aud Joseph
Rochford and friends, itc.

Northampton (gr., Mr. Soden), was 1st ; the best plants
being Hydrangea hortcnsis, Pliryniuiu variegatum,
AUamanda Hendersoni, and Coeos revoluta ; the 2nd
was won by Sir Herewald Wake, Courtenhall, North-
ampton (gr., Mr. Kightley).

For six Gloxinias, G. M. Tebbutt, Esq., The Hollies,
Northampton (gi-., W. W. Smith), was 1st with good
plants, especially two of them.

Mr. Soden had the best Coxcombs, aud Mr. Eydon,
the six best Pelargoniums, three single and three
double-flowered varieties.

In the class for four Fuchsias, Mr. Kightley was an
easy 1st with grand plants of Rose of Castille, Improved
Beacon, Molesworth, and Mr. Mitchell; aud Mr. Soden
was 1st for six well trained Coleus.

For six exotic Ferns, Mrs. Turner, Cliftonville,
Northampton (gi-., Mr. G. Figgis), led the way with
rather large plants of Davallia fijiensis, Adiantum
cuneatum, Pteris cretica, Adiantum formosum, A. de-
corum, and Gymnogramma isophylla.

For eight table plants, Mr. F. Bostock Northampton
(gr., Mr. J. HollandK was an easy winner.

In the class for a miscellaneous group of plants open
to all England, 1st prize (£12), Mr. Cypher was again
placed Ist with a very light arrangement, having a
Thriuax as a centre plant on a pedestal of cork, aud
four corners of Bamboos, Lilium, and Orchids, with
smaller gi-oups of Crotous, Pandanus, Caladiums,
Ferns, Pilea muscosa, Nertera depressa. Begonia Gloire
de Lorraine, Strobilanthes Dyerianus, Imantophyllum,
&c., with moss and small plants ; the 2nd place was
occupied by Mr. Vause, who was a very little way
behind Mr. Cy'pher, the whole arrangements being a
trifle heavier, but the Crotons were of gi-and colour.

In the smaller group open to the county, Mr. Hol-
land was an easy 1st with a mixed group of Palms,
Crotons, and Orchids.

For thirty-six varieties of Sweet Peas, the Earl of
Harrington, Elvastou Castle, Derby (gr., Mr. J. H.
Goodacre), was 1st; and was very closely followed by
Wentworth Vernon, Esq., Stoke Bruerne Park, Tow-
cester (gr., Mr. Dymock), who staged a beautiful col-
lection of bold spikes with own foliage. Lord Spencer
was 1st for twcuty-four varieties.

Roses were strongly shown, the chief winners being
Mr. Mattock. Oxford ; Messrs. G. & W. Burch, Peter-
borough ; Messrs. John Perkins. Messrs. Thos. Per-
kins, Northampton ; and Mr. Holland.

Mr. Vause was 1st for table decorations, pink Carna-
tions being the chief flower used on his table.
Fruit and Vegetables.
For eight dishes open to all England, Mr. Goodacre
was the only exhibitor, with Black Hamburgh, Canou
Hall Muscat, not quite ripe; Melon Taunton Hero,
and Sutton's A 1 ; Peaches Royal George, Cherries
Circassia, beautiful in colour; Nectarine Lord Napier,
and Apple Lady Sudeley.

In the county class for six varieties, Mr. Soden was
1st with Grapes, black and white; Peaches, Nectarines,
Melon, and Strawberries. No names were given to any
of the varieties, although the schedule distiuctly states
that everything must be legibly named. Mr. Soden
was also 1st for black and white Grapes, and Mr. Hol-
land for Peaches and Nectarines, and Mr. KuiHTLEYfor
Strawberries.

Vegetables were very good. Mr. Dymock was 1st in
all the collections, his Tomato Perfection, Pea Cen-
tenary, and Celery Giant Wliite and Standard Bearer,
aud Onions being particularly good.

Non-competitive Groups.
Mr. John Perkins and Mr. Thos. Perkins had some
nice collections of Sweet Peas, herbaceous plants,
stove aud greenhouse plants, and Roses ; but the chief
stand was made by Mr. A. Cockerill, Northampton,
of floral devices. //. A'.

NORTHAMPTON HORTICULTURAL.

July 17, 18.— The twentieth annual show was held on
the above dates iu the grounds of Abington Park. The
weather was everything that could be desired, but the
attendance ou Wednesday was very poor, which is to
be regretted, as there was a loss upon last year's show
of nearly £.'*00. The exliibits were quite as good as
usual, but not so numerous.

Plants and Groups.

In the open class for ten stove and greenhouse
plants (1st prize £12 or Silver Cup), Mr. James Cypher,
Cheltenham, was an easy winner, having good, well
grown, and well trained plants of Latania borbonica,
Kontia Belmoreana, K. Forsteriana, Erica ventricosa
var. Bothwelliana, a grand plant ; Crolon Chelseiensif,
Bougainvillea Sauderiana, very fine ; Stephanotis flori-
bunda, AUamanda grandiflora, Statice profusa, and
Croton Queen Victoria: Mr. Vause, Leamington, being
2nd, with a much inferior collection.

For six stove and greenhouse plants open to the
county. Councillor and G. Admft, Esq., Mayor of

CARDIFF AND COUNTY HORTI-
CULTURAL.

July 17, 18.— Tlic thirteenth annual show was held on
the above dates iu the Sophia Gardens, an ideal spot,
kindly lent by the M.arquis of Bute. The show was
opened by the Mayor, accompanied by the Mayoress,
aud members of the Ciu-poration.

The show on the whole, considering the drought, was
an excellent one. and from the number of exhibits was
considerably larger than any previous exhibition.
There was a painting and photographic exhibition, and
a number of exhibits came from a long distance.

Mr. James Harper, of Ebley, Stroud, gave demonstra-
tions on drying or evaporating fruits and vegetables,
using one of Messrs. Lundey & Co.'s Ryder aud Waas
Machines.

Specimen Plants and Groups.

For four stove or greenhouse plants in bloom
distinct, Mr. James Cypher, Cheltenham, was 1st,
including excellent plants of Bougainvillea Cypheri, and
AUamanda grandiflora.

Mr. James Cypher had also the best collection of
four fine foliaged or variegated plants, distinct.
Crotons Queen Victoria aud Angustifolius were very
good.

For a group of miscellaneous plants, in and out of
bloom, arranged to produce the best efl'ect, and occupy-

July 27, 1901.]

THE GARD E:\ERS' CHRONICLE.

83

ing a space of loOjquare feet^ Mr .J AMES Cypher again
won 1st prize, with au effective display, in wliicli
Cattlcyas superba and Scliillcriana were very effective
2nd, W. P. BucKL,EY, Esq., Llanelly (gr., W. Carpenter);

The best collection oi twelve plants for table decora
tions, not exceeding 6-incli pots, inside mcasurcnicnt,
was from A. Henderson, Esq., M.P., Faringdon <gT.,
W. L. Bastin).

HOSES.

All the classes were well filled, and the quality of the
blooms shown was evciything to be desired.

For twelve distinct varieties, three blooms of each,
the winners were the King's .\cre Kubseeies, Here-
ford. Particularly good were A. K. Williams. Mar6clial
Xiel, Alfred Colomb, white Maman Coehct, Victor
Hugo, and Mrs. J. Laing. 2nd, Mr. Kalph Crossling,
Penarth.

Messrs. D. Prior & SON, Colchester, won 1st prize for
twelve Teas or Noisettes (trebles), showing amongst
others Mar&hal Niel, Maman Cochct, wliite Maman
Cochet, Bridesmaid, and Catherine Mermet; 2nd,
Stephen Tbeseder & Son, Pnll Cocli, Cardiff.

The best collection of twenty-four blooms was from
D. Prior & Son, Colchester. They had Souvenir d"Elise,
K. Augusta Victoria, Bessie Brown, &c. 2nd, Tlie
King's Acre Nurseries Co.

Messrs. D. Prior & Son had the best collection of
eighteen Teas or Noisettes; and Stephen Treseder i
SON were 2nd.

The best twelve blooms ot any one variety of Tea or
Noisette was from the King's Acre Xukserv Co., who
had a well coloured lot of Mrs. John Laing.

For a collection of Roses on a space occupied of « feet
by 3 feet, to be shown with their own foliage and buds,
no other foliage admissible, Mr. Ralph Crossling,
Penarth, was Ist, and in addition to the 1st prize was
awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Silver Medal ;
2nd, Messrs. Stephen Treseder it Son,
Other Cut Flowers.

For sLx Carnations and si.x Picotees, distinct varie-
ties, Mr. Charles Wall, Tiddington-on-Avon, was 1st,
and siiowed an excellent lot of blooius ; the following
were particularly fine— Lady Bristol, Lady Oswald,
Lady Pitman, Nellie Brown, Bonnie May, and Master
Frank Wall, a good light.

For a collection of liardy flowci-s in varieties (shrubby
plants and trees excluded), 1st, Messrs. Willm. Trese-
der, Cardiff; the following were good — Campanula
carpatica, Asclepias tuberosa, Galega ollicinalis, Helc-
nium Bolanderi, Lythrum roscum, ix. 2nd, Isaac
HOUSE & SON, Westbuiy-on-Tryin. There were good
collections of Sweet Peas, <tc.

.\mateurs' Classes.

In Division B., only amateurs and gentlemen's gar-
deners were allowed to exhibit. The best group of
miscellaneous plants, occupying a space of .50 stiuarc
feet, was shown, by W. J. Buckley, Esq., Llanelly (gi-.,
W. Carpenter), laud it was one of the prettiest and
most tastefully-arranged gi-oups in this section ; 2nd,
Evan Lewis, Esq., J. P., Llandaff (gi-., G. Watt).

C. Waldron, Esq., Llandaff (gr., H. Kex), had the 1st
prize for a group covering a space of 2.5 square feet.

Six Begonias (Tuberous), distinct, were shown best by
J. Lynn Thomas, F.K.C.S., Cardiff (gr., Thomas Malpassi,
who had a good clean lot of blooms, and staged tliciu
well.

There were classes in this division for table plants,
cut Roses, collections of annuals. Carnations, and
Picotces, and decorative exhibits.

Decorative Exhibits.

These made one of the leading features of the show.
The following were the priiici|)al prize-winners : —
Messrs. W. Treseder, Cardiff (Silver Medal); A. E.
Price. Cardiff (Silver Medal); Mr. Ralph Chosst-ey,
Penarth; Mr. A. Ellis, Cardiff; and Messrs. Perkins
& Sons, Covcuti-y.

Fruits and Veoetables.

There were numerous exliibits of fruits and vege-
tables now in season, and among the leading prize-
winners were the following :— Sir Thomas Morel,
Penarth ; E. H. Ebsworth, Llandougli ; T. M. Franklcn,
A. Pcttigrew, Castle Gardens, Cardiff; A. Henderson,
Esq., the Bishop of Llandaff, W. A. ToUcy, Cheltenham ;
Lady Theodora Guest, luwood House, Henstridgc;
T. Richards, Penarth ; General Lee, F. Mears, Penarth ;
&c.

Award of Medals.

The Gold Medals of the Society were awarded to the
following for the trade exhibits mentioned :— Messrs.
H-. CANNELLit Sons, Swanlcy, for collection of Oannas ;
John Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Surrey, Tree
Ivies; B. R. Davis & Son, Yeovil, collection of Begonia
blooms; Cooling & Son, Bath, collection of garden
Roses: Andrew Pettigrew, gr. to Marquis of Bute,
Cardiff, gioup of miscellaneous plants, pot Vines, and
fruit; and Wm. Clibhan &. Son, Altrincham, group of
plants.

Silver Medals were awarded to Henry Eckford, of
Wem, Shropshire, for Sweet Peas; Dicksons, Ltd.,
Chester, cut flowers; Robert Veitch & Son, Exeter,
cut flowers, rock plants, &c. ; H. A. Pettigrew, gr. to
Lord Windsor, St. Pagan's, Sweet Peas ; Jakman it Co.,
Chard, cut flowers ; Gaiiaway & Co., Bristol, collec-
tion of plants; Phelps & Co., Llanishen, Roses ; and
J. M. Bi.ACK.M0KE, Tiddiugtou-on-Avou, cut Begonia
blooms.

KINGSTON" GABDENERS' OUTING.

July 18. — The Members of the Kingston HUl Ga.-
deners' Mutual Improvement Society were specially
favoured, on the above date, iu having the kind per-
mission of Sir Trevor Lawrence, V.M.H., to visit the
charming gi-ounds of Burford Lodge, Dorking. In spite
of the remarkable heat which prevailed, the party
under Mr. White's able guidance, inspected the whole
of the splendid collection ot Orchids, which were duly
admired for their luxuriant health and variety. Mr.
Bain's department called forth high admiration, not
only in the houses, but outside many beautiful things,
especially Japanese Irises, Calochorti, Hcdysarunis,
Nymphffias, Bedding Begonias, especially the brilliant
scarlet Lafayette, and the singularly pretty pink semi-
double Flcur de Chrysanthe ; Solauum Wendlandi, in
fine flower, was also greatly admired. One of tlie finest
features of Burford Lodge, is the grand foliage back-
gi-ound furnished by the lofty and steep side ot Bo.xhill,
beneath which the lodge grounds lie ensconced.

^Uter a somewhat brief visit, the party tlien pro-
ceeded to Dorking, and after lunch visited, with the
permission of Lily, Duchess of Marlborough, the
superb gardens of The Decpdene. Mr. Chamberlain
was unfortiinately from home, but his respective
foremen acted as guides. The collections of Orchids
and stove and gieenhouse plants in the tine hovise
were first seen. Of these, very special admiration was
shown for a tine lot of Celosias, of true pyramidal form,
and of many colours. Also for a huge batch of
Carnations iu pots. Everything was iu perfection and
good order. The houses lie low, and the spot was
intensely hot. It was a great relief later to be
conducted over the extensive and beautiful pleasure
giounds that are so grandly timbered, whilst Rhodo-
dendrons, .\zalcas, Kalmias, &c., grow most luxu-
riantly, and in immense masses. Two trees, specially
singlcd-out for notice, were a huge Tulip-tree, just in
front of the mansion, and a giHud old Pinus iusignis
in the lower grounds. Behind the mansion the gi'ounds
rise to an elevation almost riv.alling the heights of Box
Hill, which guards the northern side of the Bctchworlh
Valley. -1. D.

TIBSHELF EOSE AND HORTI-
CULTURAL.

July 2.'I.— On Tuesday la?t there wasa large gathering
at the twenty-sixth annual exhibition of this society.
This is looked upon as one of the chief liorlicultural
events of the year in Derbyshire. .V sum of i.'Wi is
distributed in prizes, and gold and silver medals are
offered by the National Rose Society, and three medals
by the Royal Horticultural Society.

There was such a display of blooms and plants as
has not previously been excelled in the Peak county.
However, (uie or two well known exhibitors of Roses at
previous exhibitions were absent, owing to a thunder-
storm on the previous Sunday.

Messrs. IIarkness it Son, of Bedale, Yorkshire, won
most of tlie best prizes, securing the Ist fm- Tea and
Noisette Roses, eighteen varieties; 1st and gold medal
tor seventy-two blooms, flfly distinct; 1st and silver
medal for forty-eight blooms, distinct varieties ; and
1st for thirty-six blooms, distinct.

Mr. J, K. Grant, gr. to Mr. F. W. Tattersall, of Morc-
cambe, obtained a 2nd in the class for thirty -six
blooms distinct. 2nd for twcnty-fo\n- blooms, eight dis-
tinct, staged in threes: 1st for eighteen blooms, eight
distinct; and 1st for twelve blooms.

The Rev. H. Pemuehton, of Romford, took premier
honours for twenty four blooms distinct, and for
twenty-four blooms, eight distinct ; and a4th for Iwclvo
blooms, nine varieties, in the amateur class.

Mr. W. BOYES. of Derby, was placed 2nd for twenty-
four blooms distinct, 3rd for twenty-four blooms, eight
distinct; and oth for twelve blooms, nine varieties
(amateurs). His specimens, however, were rather
small. , ■ r

Mr. F. HOBBS. of Worcester, received a .ird piize lor
twenty-four blooms distii>ct,a 2iid for eighteen blooms
staged in three's, and a 2nd foe twelve blooms staged in

Mr M. Whittle, of Leicester, was 1st with eighteen
blooms staged in threes, Ist for twelve blooms staged in
threes : 1st for twelve blooms, nine varieties (amateurs) ;
and -ith for twenty-four blooms, eight distinct.

Mr. W. HUTCHINSON, of Kirby Moorsidc, was 2nd for
eighteen blooms, eight distinct; and 2nd for twelve
blooms.

In the DAHLIA classes (open) Mr. ViCKERS.of Winger-
worth, secured premier honours in both departments
(twelve and nine named varieties). Messrs. Ahting-
dale, ot Sheflicld, was 2nd in the former class; and
Mr. W. IIASLAM, ot llardstott, 3rd.

Another feature ot the exhibition is the gi'ouping of
plants arranged for effect, to cover 200 feet, the Ist prize
for which is £1.5. Once again— for the twenty-foin-lh
occasion-Mr. Joseph Ward, gr. to Mr. T. 11, Oake,s, if
Kcddings House, Alfreton, obtained the premier posi-
tion with a graceful, light, undulating group, winch
with "its Crotoiis, for Inch Beddings House is noted,

attracted eveiyone's admiration. Mr. J. T. NelspUj gr.
to Mr. A.~B.\rnes, of .Vshgafe, Cliesterfleld, just suc-
ceeded in ousting Mr. J. S. FisHER.of Nottingham, from
the 2nd place ; the latter being a good 3rd. Mr. Wm.
Shakespeare, the Tibsliclf collier, was awarded an
eight prize in recognition ot his excellent attempt,
considering the plants he had to work with.

BECKENHAM HORTICULTURAL.

.\ vuisi ip.vi. icatiuc ill tlio iiicioasiiig success of the
Beckenliam Horticultural Society's summer shows is
the suitable situation and fitness of the show-ground—
the Recreation Grounds- whiiih form an ideal place fcr
a show, combining the attractions of a garden and
park; fine old trees aft'ord welcome shelter, aud give a
picturesque finish to the flower-borders.

Roses formed an iuipoitnnt U'lii iirc ; M^-^r^. I'.
PirtOR & Son, C.'l.lir-ici-, ^m.l M..-r-. i. .v w II.

BURCH, of Peterluil.-ii^li. «..n li;,' |.i ;ih'i| .d ,m:iM|-.

Messrs. John Laing iii ^on^. I'oiv~i lliil. -i i_,a -.mic
grand blooms, not for coiii|i.iiiiM;t Mr--i- 1 WM^i.
Ltd., Feltham, put up a i:r"iip mi in.i-n i h.ihi iuIhi .hi>
Begonias; John Peed .*^ .-^hn^, --.iiiiii \ iwmm,!,
Caladiums, flowering ami ii-lii-i' i l.un- . Mi .Ihiin U
Box, Croydon, Begonias, .k, . M, i- II < vnxfii ,'c
Sons, Swanley, hardy plain- , .\li ,Imii\ i ii vi,i kn , Tm -
bridge Wells, herbaceous lluwii , \l, ~-i - Ki ^^i i i .
Richmond, trees aiul shrubs; Mv. ,i.iii\ -i i;s,\m, \ i, -
toria Nursery, Bcckeuhain. a line ili-i'l:i\ "i l',iniii;i>;
Messrs. Carter it Co,. Ghixinias :in.l il«;iii .hqi.im'sc
shrubs; and Mr, T, lUiRsM,\x, I'.ouqucts. iicc.

NATIONAL SWEET PEA.

July 2-5, 2il, - TIu' llrsl annual cxliiliilinii by lliis
recently coustitutcd Society was^.)j>ciicd on Tliuisday
last, in the Royal Aquaffciii, Wcsti'ninsicr. The
principal classes were thoeb for' thirty-six. twenty-
four, twelve, and six bunches of flowers distinct.
respectively. There wero'Seven classes iu which
two bunches distinct wcroi required to be shown
of a certain colour, as wOiitc, scarlet or crimson,
yellow or buff, pink, rosa,iimauve, and blue. The
results in these should afford a guide as to which arc
the two best varieties in crtcli of those colours. Theije
were also classes for two bti^ichcs ot striped Fe.as, di,-
tinct, and for sLx bunches o^ Sweet Pens, two bunches
each of three varieties. ,

The remaining classes, save one, were designed to
illustrate the decorative uses of the flower for the
dinner-table, for furnishing epergnes, baskets, vaics,
it;-., and their suitability' fov making into wreaths
and bouquets of various descriptions.

Amongst so many Sweet Peas, the class tor two
vases of flowers of Lathyrws latitolius, the so-called
everlasting Pea, brought six >)uuches of flowers, which
in all respects save pertume equalled the sweet
varieties.

In certain chisscs cxiiibilors might use liglit foliage,
including grasses and Gypsopliila sprays, to relieve the
flowers, but in others they were compelled to stage the
foliage of the Sweet Pea itself. The effect was best
where the foil to the flowers was that of Gypsopliila,
itc, providing these sprays wore put sufliciently low as
not to obscure the Pea flowci:s.

Before the judging had boCH completed the building
was rendered exceedingly dark by the passing over
London o£ one of the severest thunderstorms that
has occurred for some time, and until artificial light
was provided, the flowers could not be seen.

There were few visitors on Thursday.

The broken weather of the past few days injured tho
Peas badly, and few of the bright-coloured varie; e>
of the "Gorgeous" type were exhibited iu anything
like good condition.

Collections.

The best collection of Ihifty-six bunches, distinct,
was shown by Mr. W. Simpfeon, gr. to R. C, Foster,
Esq J P., The Grange, Sutton, Surrey, He beat three
other competitors, and the following arc the varieties
staged :— Queen Victoria, cream coloured ; Laptaln c£
the Blues, Prima Donna, pink ; Othello, a well-know-ii,
deeply-coloured flower ; Emily Henderson, white ; Lady
Mary Curric. salmon rose; Duke of Wcstuunstc: ,
inirph" Il"ii F Ilonvcrio, saliiiou-piuk ; Lord Kciiyon,
liiPiii \..-. Ml Simla V. Hliile ; Countess of Radnor,
,,,,ll. I .... ..,\. I Mnr I'MiM r .,1 \Va,lCB,ricli rose colour;

(■iiuiili-- 111 '<iMv«,l.iir\- piiik and white; Salopi.an,
crimson ;Venus,ycllow"i, mi rink; r.ln. k Kiu.1,1 nniily
assombrelookingasitsiiiin.c' iiiii'li.' , Mum Im ini|ii<_,
white; Fashion, rose anil i>iii|'l''; Trniiniili, i " -c mihi-
dardandpink win- , |i,-,..M, Trn,> i ni , |.nr],lr ; Loiiu-

tcssotPowis,sal, n. . I "I ■.m>i;,ili"i.r, aveiulcr

colour; Lottie 11- ' •' i i I '"■,",;'.', 'TX

ings on slandaiW, ; . "-" iv -"ul'l • L.'>ly

Giiscl IlamiUon, (.ale blue Mis. Diigdalc, itsc

84

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 27, 1901.

eolom-; Lemon Queen, white; Prince Edward of York,
rose stand.ard, purple wings; Lady Skclmersdale, pink,
witli white wings; Chancellor, veined rosy-solmon ;
Senator, a striped Pea, purple and white ; Little Dorrit,
delicate rose, witli white wings ; Miss Willmott, rosy-
scarlet : Lottie Eckford, very light purple and white :
Royal Rose ; and Aurora, a striped Pea, light red and
white. The exhibit already noticed was shown on the
level table in pitcher bottles, but the 2nd prize collec-
tion from Mr. Robert Bolton, Warton, Carnforth, and
the 3rd prize exhibit from Messrs. Jones & SON,
Slirewsbury, was staged in glass bottles, on shelves
covered in white cloth ; 4th, Mr. Thos. Leitch, gr. to
H. Welch-Thoknton, Esq,, Beaurepaire Park, Basing-
stoke.

There were three collections of twenty-four bunches
in as many varieties, and Mr, F. J. Clark, gr. to Mark
Firth, Esq., Wistow Hall, Leicester, won 1st prize with
some very fine flowers, arranged loosely in vases,
and relieved witli sprays of Gypsophila, Ac; 2nd,
Messrs. Jones & Sons, Shrewsbury; .3rd, The South
Metropolitan District Schools, Sutton.

Messrs. Jones & Sons, Boton Hill Nursery, Shrews-
bury, won 1st prize for the best dozen varieties, showing
Gorgeous, Hon. Mrs. E. Kenyon, Lady Nina Balfour.
Prince of Wales, Shazada, Miss Willmott, Duchess of
Sutherland, Miss Emily Eckford, Little Dorrit, and
Mrs. Eckford. Mr. W. Simpson came 2ud, and Mr.
David M. Rose, Ehn Villa, Woking, Surrey, 3rd.

The best exhibitor of six varieties was Mr. F. J.
Clark, who staged the varieties Lady Mary Currie,
Emily Henderson, Salopian, Countess of Radnor, Navy
Blue, and Prince of Wales. 2nd, Mr. Robert Bolton.

Six bunches of three varieties were best from Mr.
Silas Cole, the Gardens, Althorp Park, Northampton,
and his varieties were Gantz, Miss Willmott, and the
Hon. Mrs. E. Kenyon.

Two Varieties to Colour.

The best wliite varieties were Sadie Burpee and
Blanche Burpee, sliown by the Rev. L. Knights Smith,
Brightstone, Isle of Wight.

Of scarlet or crimson vai'ieties, cocciuea and Sun-
proof, from the Rev. Knights Smith, were best.

Yellow or buff varieties that won 1st prize were Hon.
Mrs. E. Kenyon and Lady M. Oriuesby Gore, from the
same exhibitor as the winner in the two preceding
•classes.

The best pink varieties were Countess of Lathom and
Prima Donna, also from Rev. Knights Smith.

Rose - coloured flowers adjudged best were from
Messrs. Jones & Sons, Slirewsbury, and were Mrs.
Dugdale and Prince Edward of York. The best mauve
varieties were Countess of Radnor and Duke of West-
minster ; and the best blue varieties. Navy Blue and
Baden-Powell, all from Messrs. Jones & Sons.

Of striped varieties those awarded 1st prize were
Princess of Wales and America, sliown by Mr. R. H.
Jeffery, Southampton.

Lathyrus latifolius.

Mr. R. Chamberlain, Cressiugham Park Gardens,
Reading, won a 1st prize for two bunches of tlie Evei'-
lasting Pea. showing flowers of rose, pink, white, and
crimson colour, which were very pretty.

The Floral Decorations
were shown numerously, and for such uses the Sweet
Pea is one of the best. In the two classes for decorated
dinner tables, showing the use of Sweet Pea foliage in
■one case, and of added relief in the other, tliere were
displayed as many as nineteen tables. First prizes
were won by Miss Mary Anstey, 4, Knight Hill Road,
~W. Norwood, who exhibited in tlie chiss wliere Sweet
Pea foliage was the only relief permitted ; and by
Messrs. E. S. Cole &. Sons, Bath.

Messrs. Jones & Son had the best epergne and
wreath ; and Miss E. B. Cole tlie best bouquet.

Mr. Thos. Bolton, gr. to B. Weguelin, Esq., Coombe

End, Kingston, had the prettiest buttonhole bouquets.

Non-competitive Exhibits.

Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham, made a very large ex-
hibit of Sweet Peas, staged amidst graceful Palms,
Ferns, &c. ; also a large quantity of sprays of Turner's
Crimson Rambler Rose and other cut Roses, Sambucus
racemosus tenulfolius in berry in pots, the berries of
scarlet colour, considerably less in size than a Sweet
Pea seed, &e. (Gold Medal).

Messrs. Harrison & Sons, Leicester (Silver - gilt
Medal); Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley (Gold
Medal); Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, N.B. (Gold
Medal) ; Mr. H. ECKFOHD.Wem, Shropshire (Gold Medal) ;
Mr. L. Brown, Brentwood, Essex (Silver Medal) ; Messrs.
Hurst & Son. Hounsditch (Silver-gilt Medal) ; Mr, Wil-
liams, Ealing (Silver Medal): Mr. Robt. Sydenham,
Tenby Street. Birmingham (Silver-gilt Medal) ; and Mr.
E. W. King, Coggeshall, Essex (Silver Medal), exhibited
collections of Sweet Pea flowers.

Messrs. T. Cripps & Son, Tunbridge Wells Nurseries.
Kent, exhibited a plant sis feet high, of Retiuospora
obtusa Crippsii, with golden-coloured foliage.

Messrs. John Peed & Sons, Roupell Park Nurseries,
Norwood Road, London, S.E., exhibited a collection of
hardy flowers, including Sweet Peas.

Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft Nurseries, Lewisham,
exhibited Sweet Peas, excellent plants of Humca
elegans, the new Canna, Miss Kate Gray, Campanulas,
&c. (Gold Medal).

Q7mf(/m

Bulrushes : H. M. M. The infloresceucc is
of full size ill September, aud may then be
removed from the plants.
Correction. — Mr. A. Perry's Exhibit at
Chiswick : Wo regret through inadvertence
to have omitted to make mention iu our
report of the fact of Mr. A. Perry, Winch-
more Hill, N., having shown Lilies and
hardy plants at the Lily Conference, for
which lie wa.s awarded a Silver-gilt Banksian
Medal.
Cucumbers CIoing Off Suddenly : W. E. So
far as we can judge by the scraps of roots
sent, the loss of the plants is due to eel-
worms infesting the roots. The insects for-
warded in the box are such as prey ou decay-
ing vegetation ; aud eehvorms are of micro-
scopic size, and not visible with the naked
eye.
Elm (Weeping) and Ivy: Nil Desperandum.
The Ivy will undoubtedly kill the Elm, aud
it is a matter for your own decision which
you prefer to keep. If the Elm is a sym-
metrical specimen in perfect health, we
should keep it intact, and remove the Ivy
entirely.
Eucalyptus : B. According to the experience
of Mr. Ewbank, Mr. Gaiintlett, and others,
the most hardy species is E. rosinifera.
Fumigating Peach-trees with Tobacco- paper:
W. B. The application of smoke was too
strong for the plants, hence the damaged
foliage. Tlie paper was of good quality, but
you used too much of it. At this stage
XL-All would have been a safer means of
killing aphis, or simply syringing with soapy
water.
Galega OFFICINALIS : W. B. H. The bicolored
variety of this species is by no means new,
but is well known in gardens. The grass
you have sent is Bromus sterilis.
Grapes: CoH:iturit Reader. The fruit sent is
affected by a fungus, Gheosporium Iseticolor,
the "spot" fungus. Remove every affected
fruit and destroy it immediately by burning,
besides taking care that when cut out of the
bunches with the scissors the berries fall
into a tin box or can, and are not allowed to
fall on the soil or staging, as in the ripe
state of the fungus the spores readily spread
all about. The vinery should be well cleaned
and painted in the winter if it need it, and
the walls lime-washed to a depth of 3 or
4 inches below the ground level, flowers-of-
sulphur being mixed with the wash ; the soil
should be skimmed off 2 to 4 inches in depth.
The fungus was figured and described in our
issue for December 6, 1890, p. 6o7.— J. T.
The shanking of Grapes may be due to loss
of roots, the result of an unwholesome state
of 'the border, to overcropping, or to great
loss of foliage in thinning the shoots at one
operation.
Greenhouse Heating : Erratum. In the ninth
line from the top the words " they seem "
should be "I beg;" and nine lines lower
down should read " attached thereto," and
not attached with a full stop, as printed.
Names of Plants : Correspondents not ansivered
in this issue are requested to he so good as to
consult the following number. — C. /. P. A
myrtaceous shrub. Send when in flower.
It is not native.— J. T. S. A species of
Statice. Send leaf. — W. G. Paulownia
imperialis and Butcher's Broom, Ruscus
aculeatus. — T. H. H. Colutea arborescens,
the Bladder Senna, Spirtea Lindleyana, Spar-
tium junceum, Spirjea confusa. Specimens
were good, but no labels were attached.
— J. il. E. L. Melilotus officinalis, and
Artemisia vulgaris. — Frocjtjatt. 1, Cypri-
pedium tonsum ; 2, Epidendrum alatum ; 3,
Odontoglossum crispum ; 4, Cypripedium
barb-itum.— J?, E, Cattleya Harrisouiana,

of a very pretty aud uncommon variety,
if the white midcUes of the segments prove
constant.— IF. H. 0. Cypripedium Boxalli.
— N. F. P. 1, Corydalis lutea ; 2, Coronilla
glauca. — A. B. 1, Omphalodes linifolia ;
2, Genista sagittalis.— R. V. & Sons. Pha-
celia tanacetifolia.
Peas Diseased: J. F. S. A similar case to
that referred to in December last (p. 405).
The fungus which causes downy mildew
(Erysiphe) is present. Flowers-of-sulphur
dusted on, or Bordeaux Mixture, will check,
if applied early. Some varieties, especially
late ones, are more liable to attack. Lime
added to the soil should benefl^t.

Pink-coloured and White Carnations : W. J.
Godfrey. The blooms sent were those of
very pretty, well formed border varieties
deliciously fragrant.

Plum-fruits Punctured and Gumming : T. W. 0.
The in.iury is caused by the larvseof Grapho-
litha fuuebrana. Collect all damaged fruits
and burn them. You cannot destroy the
perfect iusect on out-of-door trees, but you
might render the fruit distasteful to the
female by the use of quassia-wash applied
occasionally soon after the fruit is set.

"Poplar Dogs": E. C. Alderton. Tlie cater-
pillar that you mention as infesting your
Poplars may be that of the Goat Moth or
of the Wood Leopard Moth. The caterpillar
of the Goat Moth is at the first pinkish.
Can you not send specimens for identifica-
tion.' They can be killed by thrusting a
piece of stiff wire into the galleries they
make.

Seedling Carnations: B. K. The flowers
have pretty colours, and may be useful and
decorative ; but iu point of size they would
compare very unfavourably with existing
varieties.

Tarrac^n : C. L. Wood. The habit and leaf-
age are rather like the true plant, but the
leaves lack the unmistakably pleasant odour
of Artemisia Dracuneulus. The plant is
probably an Artemisia, but it being without
flowers, we are unable to say which species.

ToiLVTO Diseased: J. McPludl. The pale
coloured part of the fruit indicates the
immatiu-e stage of a fungus, Dactyliura lyco-
persici. No cure is possible after an attack
is made, but the fungus may be kept off by
applications of liver-of-sulphur, sulphide of
potassiiun, used at the rate of i ounce in
one gallon of rain-water. Remove and burn
forthwith every diseased fruit.

TOMATOS: W. Y. Case. Kindly send a few
fruits for our inspection.

TOMATOS: G. Appleton. Owing to the great
heat, the specimens of leaves and stems
became dried up, and identification of the
fungus was impossible. We would advise
that all affected parts, fruits, leaves, &c.,
))e removed with a knife and destroyed
forthwith by fire, having done which syringe
the plants once a week for three weeks with
water, in which i oz. of liver-of-sulphur is
dissolved per gallon.

ViN-E Leaves : Broinett. The leaves now sent
have warts on the under surface, which
usually indicate excessive moisture from
deficient ventilation.

White Grub Destructive among Carrots,
Onions, and other Garden Crops : W. B.
Probably the larva? of a weevil. Kindly
send specimens.

communications received.— B, W — G. B. M.— p. J. K.,
unfortunately the initials could not be altered—
G H — Dr. Udo Dammer — H. R.— H. W.— Max L,,
Badeu-Baden-G, N.-A H K -E T -G H P.-
B B McC— Eucharis.— F. A. W.— Mark W.— J. D.—
e' B -a. F. C.-J. D. G.-F. J. F.-J. O'B.-E. C-
d' r _v D K — H M.— W. M.— a. HOlman.- Digswell.
—Rev. E. D. L.— H. S. McL.— T. H.

IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. — The Publisher hns
the saiis/actinn of announcing that the circulation of the
'■ Gardeners' Chronicle" has, since the reduction in the
pi-ice of the paper.

(For Markets and Weather, see p. viii.)

Supplement to the "Gardeners- Chronicle." July 27, 1901.

Narcissu,s " King Alfred," ctRown by P. T. Kendall, Esq.

August 3, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

85

THE

No. 762.— SATURDAY, AUG. 3, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Aspidistra lurida, the

seeding of 98

Books, notices of—
Wall and WaterGar-

dens 97

Various 95

Bullfinches, do, eat

insects? 98 .

Cabbages bolting ... 98
Diauthus pelviforniis. 97
Endcliffe Hall, Shef-
field 9.T

Erigeron Coulteri ... 98
Fruit crops, report ou
the condition of the

8»— 91
Grafting the Grape-
vine to ensure earli-

ness 9.5

Henry, Dr. Augustine 8.5
Kolreutcria pauiculata

in Ilower 96

Law Note —
l»aniage for injury
to Chrysanthe-
niuiii blooms on
railway 98

Mildew on Vines ... 89
Xorthaw House, Pot-
ters Bar 93

Uursery Notes—
Draps-Dom's exotic
uursery at Laekeu 97

Obituary —

Cutlibert. Geo., sen.

Wallace, David
Odontoglossums,

group ot

Orchard - produce by

rail

Orchid Xotes and

Gleanings

Peach Early jUex-

ander

Pineapples v. Agave

Sisal

Plants, bulbs, Ac,

our trade in

Seed Catalogue, an

.Vustralian

Selborne plants
Societies-
Boston Horticultui-al

Newport and County
(Mon.) Hort.

Royal Horticultural

Southern Counties

Carnation

Suckers of woody

I)lants, structure of

the

Tree and plant labels.
Veitch, Mr. Harry J.,

at home

Weather lore for

.\ugust

WeclTs work, the i*.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Dianthus pelviforniis

Erigeron Cnulleri

Group of Odontoclossums in Mr. Brooman-White's
Garden, Arddarroch (Su)iplcmcnt)

fortrait of Dr. Augustine Heniy

Sweet Peas, some choice varieties of ... --...

DR. AUGUSTINE HENRY.
'I'^llE appearance of tliis gentleman at
A the Lily C'onferenee liel<i at Ciiiswiek
on .July 16, when he gave some valua1>le
particulars of tlie conditions under which
Lilies grow in central and western China,
was hailed with delight liy those present,
most of whom had not previously had an
opportunity of fieeing him. We now have
the pleasure of presenting our readers with
a portrait, not a very successful one, we
regret to say, but the best we could procure.
Dr. Henry ha.-; linne so much for liotatiy,
and directly or indirectly for horticulture in
the far Ea^f, that some particulars of his
career will doubtless be welcome just now.
Augustine Henry is an Irishman, and gra-
duated Master of Arts in the Qucon"s L'ni-
vorsity in 1^78. He is a Licentiate of the
Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, a
Fellow of the Linnean 8oci(.'ty. and corre-
sponding member of the Pharmaceutical
Society of London. In 1881 he entered the
service of the Chinese Maritime Customs as
Medical Oflfic-er and Assistant, and was sta-
tioned at Shanghai for one year. Thence
he was transferred to Ichang in the pro-
vince of Hupeli, on the Yangtze Kiang,
about 1,000 miles from the sea, yet
only about 70 feet above sea - level.
Ichang is situated between 30^ and 31°
N. lat. and 1 1 T and l\-2' E. long., almost the
eastern limit, in this latitude, of the vast
mountainous region of Central Asia. It was
liere that he began collecting and drying
plants in 18H."), in the first instance with the
object of idiMitifying the Chinese names of
economic plants antl of vegetable products
with their scientific apjJcUations. His first
collection was sent to Kew in the spring of
1886, and jit'oveil so rich and interesting that
lie was urgiil to continiu' the exploration of
a district previously unknown botanically.

In the beginning, he collected and did all
the work of drying and labelling with his
own hands ; but official duties prevented
him from doing nearly all that could be
done, so he successfully attempted the
training of natives to assist him. During
18S.5, 1886, and 1887, Henry's own collecting
was limited to a radius of 10 to 1.5 miles of
Ichang, and to altitudes not exceeding
3000 ft. One of his most interesting dis-
coveries during these years was Trapella
sinensis, Oliv., a new genus of PedaliaccK,
figured in Hooker's Icoaes Planiarum, plate
1.395.

In April, 1888, he started ou a three
months' tour in the south-west, ami pene-
trated the province of Szechuen, but nowhere
reached an altitude exceeding 6000 feet. A
solitary tree of the remarkable and highly
ornamental Davidia involucrata was seen on
this journey.

Parenthetically it may be mentioned here
that the summer-heat of Ichang often
reaches 100' in the shade ; but although it is
often bitterly cold in winter, with snow,
there is rarely more than 2' or 3° of frost;
therefore we must not expect the trees and
shrubs of this region to be hardy, except in
the warmer parts of the British Islands.

Following the tour in the south-west, a
second was made, after a few days' rest, to
the north-west, where elevations of 8000 to
10,000 feet were reached, and an enormous
collection of plants was made, rich in new
species; for example, there were no fewer
than ten new species of Maple. In 1889, Dr.
Henry was transfci-red to the tropical island
of Hainan, south of Hongkong, where he
remained only three mqnths ; yet he made a
botanical collection consisting of aliout
7.")0 numbers. He then (August, 1889) came
home on leave. During this holiday he
married, and returncil with his wife to
China in 1891 ; but his wife was of delicate
constitution, and his brief married life was
a period of trouble and anxiety.

On his return to China, Henry did not
resume medical duties, but became an
ordinary Assistant in tlie Customs ; and afti-r
a short stay at Shanghai he was sent to the
island of Formosa, where he remained until
l89."i. His collection here was estimated at
1000 species.

The next change was in 1896 to Mengtze,
Yunnan, situated in about 103^ E. longitude,
and just within the tropics, at an elevation
of 4.300 feet, surrounded liy mountains rising
to between 8000 and 9000 feet. The flora of
this region is exceedingly rich and varied,
and collecting was continued witli tlie
greatest ardour.

In 1898 Henry was removed to Szemao to
fill the appointment of Assistant, in cliarge
of that port. Szemao lies to the south-west
of Mengtze, in about 101° E. longitude, and
is nearly as high. Further collections wore
made here ; and in Xovember, 1899, he
returned to Mengtze in the capacity of
Acting Commissioner. In December, 1901),
he came home on furlough.

Having taken a large sliare in the classifi-
cation of Dr. Henry's colossal collections of
plants, the writer is able to give some inter-
esting particulars of their composition.
The aggregate of the numbers exceeds
1.5,800, and as there are on the average ten
specimens under each number, we have the
enormous total of ]o8,000 specimens! So
much remains to be done in working out the

collections, that only a very rough approxi-
mation can be made of the total numljer of
species they comprise ; but I think I am
well within the mark in estimating the
number of distinct species at 5,000; the
number of new species at .500 ; and the
number of new genera at thirty. The two
first numbers may prove much too low.

The exigencies of space prevent fulness
of detail, but a few of the facts published in
various places may be repeated here. For
example, the familiar genera Clematis,
Rhododendron, Lonicera, Primula, Gentiana,
Lysimachia, Pedicularis, Seueeio, and Saus-
surea, are represented in the flora of China,
some b)' u^swards of fifty, some by upwards
of a hundred species each. Of Rhododen-
drons more than 120 species have been
described, and it may be confidently asserted
that no part of the Himalayas has a richer
flora than the mountains of Western China.
Rulius and Rosa are nowhere else repre-
sented by such a wide range of forms. Tin;
same may be said of Jasminum and Lonicera,
some of which surpass any of those in culti-
vation. Leycesteria sinensis is a new species,
found growing with L. formosa and L.
glaucophylla, the only previously known
species. Helicia, the only geims of Pro-
teaceaj reaching China, offers at least half-a-
dozen new species, including the very
handsome H. grandis, figured in Hooker's
Icones Planiarum, plate l'(i31. It may be
mentioned in passing that many of the
Chinese novelties are figured in the recent
volumes of the publication naiueil.

Of the Cyrtandrace.'e tlKM-e are |irol)ably
not less than fifty novelties, many ol' Ihcm
charming little plants.

At least sixty kinds of Oak are recorded
from China, including many strikingly orna-
mental ones. Orchids and Lilies abound,
and Ferns now number some 300 species ;
among them a remarkable new genus called
Archangiopteris, a connecting link between
Angioptcris and Daiiiea.

Specially remarkable among tin; new
genera arc: — Eucommia, Oliver (Hook., It:
PL, 1. 10.50), belonging to the Trochodend raeea%
a highly curious group of tret's restricted to
China, .lapan, and Kasti'ni India. Itoa,
Hemsl. (Hook., /c. PL, t. I'GKS), l)elonging to
the Bixacea;, and closely allied to Idesia,
from the same region. Dipteronia, Oliver
(Hook., Ic. PL, t. 1898), related to Acer, but
having pinnate leaves, small llowtu-s in lai'ge
panicles, and a samaroid fruit with circular
wings. Bretsehneidera, Hemsl. (Hook., Ic.
PL, t. 2708, incd.), a highly ornamental tree,
which may be described as a Horse-Cliestnut,
with iiinnate leaves and racemose flowers.
Hemsleya, Cogniaux (Hook., Ic. PL, t. 1822) ;
a member of the Cucurbitacea>, having a
capsular, ealyptrate fruit. Emmenopterys
Oliver, Rubiacea; (Hook., Ic. PL, t. 182:3),
reseml>ling Mussicnda in one lobe of the
calyx of the outer flowers growing out leaf-
like, and becoming white. Carolinolln,
Hemsl. (Hook., Ic. PL, t. 2726, ined.), near
Primula, but having a calypti-ate capsule.
Henrya, Hemsl. (Hook. Ic. PL, t. 1971),
Asclepiadacea3, of more liotanical than horti-
cultural interest. Trapella, Oliver (Hook.,
/('. PL, t. 1.595), a singular amphibious genus
of the Pedaliacca". Petrocosmea, Oliver, a
lovely genus of stemless plants Ijolonging to
the CyrtandraceiB, of which four species are
figured (Hook., Ic. PL, tt. 1716, 2410, 2.599, and
2600). Hancea, Hemsl., Labiat;e(./o(/r((. Linn.
Soc, xxvi., t. 6), very distinct, and reminding

86

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 3, 1901.

one of the Acanthace£e rather than of the
family to which it actually belongs. Saruma,
Oliver (Hook, Ic. PI, t. 1895), closely allied to
Asavum, but distinctly caulescent, and the
flowers are furnished with petals.

Dr. Henry is now at Kew engaged in
arranging his plants in sets for distribution
to a few of the principal botanical establish-
ments of the world. It is to be hoped that
he will soon imblish from his vast stores of
Icnowledge of the vegetation of China, and
of a number of other subjects connected
with that wonderful country. That is the
wish of at least one of those who enjoy the
profit and pleasure of being personally ac-
quainted with a gentleman who has accom-
plished so much towards the botanical ex-
ploration of China. 11' Botiimj Hemdey.

TREE AND PLANT LABELS.
Prom time to time much has been written
about these, mostly as to which is the best
material to use, the size, form, and general
usefulness— but with all there appears always
to have been a consensus of opinion that it is
necessary to have a name-label of some sort,
though it never has been quite decided as to
which is "the best." I now intend to show
what is not only the very worst, hut where
much loss of time, and somewhat of vexation
might be at least lessened. During a prolonged
life it has been my good fortune to have been
a lover of arboriculture and horticulture, and
in that respect to have done much in "plant-
ing," consequently have purchased both large
and small quantities of trees, shrubs, and
plants, besides fruit-trees. Well ! it may be
said, "What has all this to do with labels?"
Why, this. Fifty years ago, when buying
fruit>trees, they were sent out with labels that
were so far lasting as to be serviceable for
some months, being mostly of wood, and then
also the trees were cheaper, dwarfs being 6cJ.
to M., and standards Is. each. Now the price
is more, and the labels are of a most clieap and
perishable kind, so much so in most cases that
unless they are re-labelled when planted, tho
chances are this, their identity will be lost, or
at least until the fruiting time. This remark
also applies to plants, herbaceous and others.
Some nurserymen, however, seem to think that
a label ought be in a degree durable, mark-
ing their trees with tough paper-slips and the
names printed on ; while others, forgetful or
careless of the label requirements, use card-
board of such texture as to become mere pulp
by the first shower ; while others, and , this
more lately, use strong paper slips, but written
ou with such fugitive ink that though the
labels remain intact they are perfectly clear
of any writing, and this often in a very few
days. Among my herbaceous plants are many
such at the present time, which are shown
to my horticultural friends as specimens of
" progress " in these enlightened days.

Now, what I am coming to is this. Why
cannot the nurseryman when ho is sending out
his orders, label each with a permanent label,
and so let the one act be that of utility and
lasting use? Instead of which, as matters
are, when one is planting, fresh labels have to
be got and written, the travelling ones taken
off, and the permanent ones substituted.' This
double labour should be avoided, and the
customer put to as little inconvenience and
trouble as possible. This I take it is the proper
and business-like way of doing things, not the
slip-shod style now adopted, of useless label-
ling, beyond that of present identillration. Per-
manent name appendages would also shuplify
planting, and make it at least more pleasure-

able than as now it is tedious. Why not have
either wood or zinc in a form easily wired
loosely on the tree, and written on either in
indelible ink or with an indelible ink pencil ?
And so with the herbaceous plants, Why not
have nice white wooden labels so written that
when the new comers are garden-placed, the
label can be inserted in the soil, and then
so on to the next and next. True it may he
argued, and this with some reason, that you
knowing what you have ordered can prepare
and write your labels beforehand, and then
change the nurseryman's for yours. Yes ! this
could be done, doubtless, and probably is, but
if yovi have a hundred or two they get mixed,
and each has to be sought for as wanted, and
thus very much valuable time is lost. Whereas
if the nurseryman on sending out his trees
or what not, properly puts on permanent
labels, all this secondary use of time, which is
lost, would be saved and the planting perfected
at once. It is just as easy to tie on one kind

of label as another, and therefore it is merely
a matter of cost, which might be slightly more,
yet of such a triflng sum as to render it
unworthy of consideration in the face of the
increased utility. I think that now the matter
has been brought to the notice of the trade,
they will at once see that it is "progress,"
that it is a. step in the right direction, and—
take it. Earrhon ^yeU•, Appledore, Kent.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATTI.EYA WARSCEWICZII
".I. RICHARDSON."
A FLOWER of this richly-coloured variety,
which was shown by J. Richardson, Esq.,
Hale Croft, Hale, Altrincham (gr., Mr. W.
Jenkins), at the meeting of the Manchester
Orchid Society, on Thursday, July 18, has
been kindly forwarded by that gentleman.
The flower,' which is a large and fine one,
recalls to mind the natural hybrid C. x
Hardyana, the ricli colour of the lip being the
equal of that variety. Tlie interior of the
base of the lip is of a glowing light purple,

and reddish lines on a light ground radiate
towards the centre. On each side of the
middle area of the lip is situate a large yellow-
blotch on a cream-white ground, and which
distinctly indicates true Cattleya Warsce-
wiczii. The large front lobe is of a ruby-
purple tint, the edges of the side lobes and
their exterior forming the tube, being as
darkly-coloured as the front, which constitutes
its chief distinguishing character.
CYl'RIPEmUM X Leeano-Chamberl\inianum.
A bloom of the first to appear in a number
of plants raised by Mr. T. Stafford, gr. to
F. Hardy, Esq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey,
between Cypripediam x Leeanum, Wells'
variety, and C. Chamberlainiauum, has been
received. The upper sep.al is white, with
reflexed edges, the lower third tinged with
purple, and purplish lines follow the veins
to within one-third of its entire length. The
lower sepals are whitish, and have a few
purple spots at their bases. The petals are
ligulate and ciliate, 2* inches in length,-
whitish tinged and veined with purple; Up
whitish, with bright yellow side lobes folded
under the bronzy-yellow staminode, and the
pouch is tinged with light purple Other
crosses with some forms of C. x Leeanum
and C. Chamberlainianum, have been obtained:
by several raisers.

Cattj-eya Gaskelliana.
The beauty and usefulness of this free-
growing variety of Cattleya labiata is well
shown in the plant-houses of T. P. Black-
well, Esq., The Cedars, Harrow Weald, where
many fine specimens of the plant, which have
been well cultivated by his gardener, Mr. J.
Dinsmore, for many years, are now in bloom.
Each plant bears a number of large blooms,
varying in the tint of their sepals and petals
from bhish-white to bright rose colour ; and
the lips display much colour variation. There
are arranged along with these plants Cattleya
Mendeli, Epidendrum vitellinum, Cochlioda
vulcanica, Miltonia vexillaria, Odontoglossuni
crispum, and other Odontoglossums ; among
which the graceful O. aspidorhinum, Lehm., is
remarkable for the profusion of its flower-
spikes, a dozen or more of which spring from
quite small plants. Oncidimii KiMiiim, several
Dendrobiums and Anthurimiis. n-^-^isi to make
a fine display. Orchids are gi-wn lor decora-
tive purposes at The Cedars like other stove
and greenhouse plants, and the species from
hot climates are arranged with Ixoras, Gar-
denias, &c., with very satisfactory results.
Jlr. Dinsmore grows a limited number of alt
the forms of Cattleva labiata, and as each
section flowers at a different season, there are
some of them in bloom at almost all seasons ot
the year. C. Gaskelliana and the autumn-
flowering C. labiata are found to be the easiest
of all to grow, and bloom profusely.

" LiNDENIA."

The July number of this periodical contains
coloured illustrations and descriptions of the

lollowins plants :—

, ,,^, \,.,\yu I iM.Mii Tho Brasso-

*-'^'"""^'' i'>"'i '^"'^' "' '■',:,'„„,,;;:;;,,,.,. i;ii.'. white:

L't','.' It' h'h iii-r c.\ij:iik1iii^ iiit'>;i Hat ovate-

,-lll;ir iOitrl l.ir liilse.

„ i,,sM M i;i:t,ckmani, Hort.,t. dccxliv.—
, ,1 . i„-. iMiivoen O Halli and O. Harrya-

Hl

ONClI.irM MH 1 H.I !,■! M ^ M. ' '■^l "' ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^, ^,

— Flowers vaccinn-.' J', iiM-lM- ,i.'i M-Y "■ - " ^ ;^ ,

late, yellow, with km-vmi -i'"'^ ,'■'"' ,' ._, |,|,,
rouuded, yellow ; ;hii.i h-i I"' '■">■"'- ' i i . i ,■ . . n

ZYGOPETALUM X C I VM. I lii I M I ^' ,"',.| ,,,,]

Z. cvlnitum and V. in.o.iMinr •'•-•)' ' j' ^._^

described by Kei<-lH'i| h in '•,,.■ . , ,,, ,„,| ,i,,n,.

■ The powers are iiearlv .; i"',h'-' ■" " , ,„rrli-li

segments are grern. hr;nil> ''■''..
brown ; the broad-expanded Uv i kIi \ loici.

'The Gaideueio' Cbioukle," August 3, 1901 ]

C^Pv^rtK^

I II II ^Wl I 1 IJ \^ 1 I IIIL CENTURY. (SEE TEXT, I>. O-J.)

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[ACGUST 3, 1901.

REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROPS.

fFEOM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.!

The words "Average," "Over," or "Under," as the case may be, indicate the amoi'nt of the crop;
AND " Good," " Very Good," or " Bad," indicate the quality.

*»* Fuller comments will be fiiTEfj in the following numbers. See also Leading Article on page 94.

CHERRIES. APRICOTS.

NAME and address.

SCOTLAND-
0, Scotland, N.

CAITHNESS Over; good

MOR.VYSHIRE Under

ORKNEY Unaer;goocl

SUTIIERLANHSIIIRE ' Under

1, Scotland, E.

aberueenshike ,

Under ;

good

Under ; bad

Under

Under

Average ;
good
B.\NFFSniRE Under

BERWICKSHIRE Under; good

Under; good

Under ; good

Average

Average ;
good
Over

Under;

good

Under ; bad

Under

Average

Over; good

Average ;
good
Under

Average

Average :
very good
Average

Average :
very good
Average

Average ;
good

CLACKMANNANSHIRE
FIFESHIRE

FORFARSHIRE

HADDINGTONSHIRE..

KINCARDINESHIRE ..

LINLITHGOWSHIRE ..
MIDLOTHIAN

PEEBLESSHIRE

PERTHSHIRE

6, Scotland, W.

ARGYLLSHIRE

AYRSHIRE

BUTESHIRE

DUMBARTONSHIRE .

DUMFRIESSHIRE

Average ;

good

Over; good

Average

Average;

good

Under; very

good
Over; very

good
Under ; good

Average

Average

Average ;
good

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;

good
Average ;
very good
Average ;

bad
Very good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Under;

good
Average

Average ;

good
Average

Over

Over

Average

Average ;

good
Average ;
very good
Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Under

Under ; good

Average ;

good

Over; very

good

Average

Under

Average ;

good

Under

Under ; good

Average :
very good
Over ; vciy

good
Under ; good

Average

Average

Average ;

good

Under ; bad

Over

Average

Over; good

Average

Under

Average ;
good

Under

Over; good

Over

Over ; good

Average

Over; good

Average

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Under

Under

Under ; good

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Average ;
good
Under

Under ; good

Under; very

good

Average

Average ;

good
Over ; very

good
Under; vei7
good
Average;
good
Under

Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Over; vei-y

good

Under

Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Average :
very good
Average

Average ;
gooiJ
Under

Over; good

Over

Under

Over ; good

Over

Under

Average

Average;
good

Under ;

good

Under; bad

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Over; very

good
Average

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average
Average :
verygood

Over

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Average ;
good
Under

Under ; good

Average :
very good
.Vvcrage ;
very good
Over ; very
good
Average

Average

Over

Under; good

Over ; good

Over: very
good
Under

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;
good
Over

Average ;

good
Average

Average

Average

Average •
vei-y good

Average ;
good
Under

Under

Under; good

Under ; good

Under; very

good

Over ; very

good

Under

Under; good

Under

Under
Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Under ; bad

Over ; extra
good

Under
Under

Over; very

good
Over ; good Under ; good

Average :
very good
Average

Over; very

good

Average

Average ;

gfiod
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Over

Average ;
very good
Average ;
very good
Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Average :
very good
Average

Over: vei-y

good
Average ;

good

Average

Over; very

good

Average

Over ; very

good
Average :
veiy good

Over

Over

Over ; good

Average ;
very good
Over ; bad

Over; very

good

Average

Average

Average ;

good

Over ; very

good

Average

small
Average

good
Average

good
Over; good

Over; good

Over ; very
good
Over

Average ;

good
Avera ge ;

good
Over ; veiy

good

Over; very

good

Under

Average ;
good

Over; very
good
Over

Average ;
good

Over; very

good

Average

Over ; good

Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Over; good

Over; very

good
Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Over
Over; very

good
Over ; good

Over; veiy
good

Average ;

very good
Over ; good

Average

Over; very

good

Average :

very good

Over ; vei-y

good
Average ;

good
Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Average

Over ; good

Average :
very good

good
Over; very

good
Over ; good

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Under

Under; bad

Average ;

good
Over ; very

good

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Average ;
very good

Average

Average ;

good
Avei'age ;

good

Under
Over

Average ;
good

W. F. Mackenzie, Thurso Castle Gar-
dens, Thurso

I». ruMiiinL'hani, Darnaway Castle
i.,ir^lriis, r,,n-os

ThM.- M:,r,lMii;iia, Balfour Castle Gar-
lli-iis. KiikvviiU

D. Melvilk', Duiirobin Castle Gardens,
Golspie

John Forrest, Haddo House Gar-
dens, .'Aberdeen

JamesGraut, RothieNorman Gardens,
Rot hie

John Brown, Delgaty Castle Gardens,
Turritr

Simon Campbell, Fyvie Castle Gar-
dens

John M. Troup, Balmoral Castle Gar-
dens, Ballater

J. Eraser Smith, Cullen House Gar-
dens

James Genimell, Ladykirk Gardens,
Berwick-on-Tweed

W. Cairns, The Hirsel Gardens, Cold-
stream

James Ironside, Blackadder Gardens,
Edrom

A. Kirk, Norwood Gardens, Alloa

Wm. Henderson, Balbirnie Gardens^

Markinch
William Williamson, Tarvit Gardens,

Cupar
W. McDowall, Brecliin Castle Gardens
Thos. Wilson, Glamis Castle Gardens,

Glamis
R. P. Brotherston, Tyninghame Gar-
dens, Prestonkirk
Thomas H. Cook, Ciosford Gardens,

Longniddry
John M. Brown. Blackliall Castle

C-rardeus, Bancliory
William Knight, Fasquc Gardens,
i Lawrencekii'k
I Jas. Smitli, Hopetoun House Gardens,

Soutli Queen sferry
James Whytock, Dalkeith Gardens

Daniel Kidd. Tlie Gardens, Carbenx

Tower, Musselburgh
Wm. McDonald, Cardfona, Inner-

1i
J. F;

I Mriiityre.TheGlen Gardens,
I'lllicn

, Kinfauns Castle Gar-

dcus. I'l

George Crouclier, Ochtertyre Gardens,.
Crietr

John Robb, Drummond Castle Gar-
dens, Crieff

James Ewing, Castle Menzies Gar-
dens, Aberfeldy

Thomas Lunt, Keii' Gardens, Dun-
blane

6. T.aylor, Castle Gardens, Inverary

D. S. Melville, Poltalloeh Gardens-
Lochgilpheacl

Heni'v Scott, Torloisk Ciardens, Aros,.
Isle of Mull

D. Buchanan, Bargany Gardens,
Girvan

William Priest, Eglinton Castle Gar-
dens, Irvine

Thomas Gordon, Ewanfield Gardens,.

i Ayi*

• David Murray, Culzean Gardens,.

j Maybole

M. Heron, Mount Stuart House-
Gardens, Rothesay

George McKay, Balloch Castle Gar-

1 dens, Balloch

D. Stewai't, The Gardens, Knockderry
Castle. Cove

David Inelis. Drumlanrig Castle Gar-

J,

ill
Haddom CastleGardens,

August 3, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHROXICLE.

89

CONDITION OP THE FRUIT CKOVQ-icontinued).

6, Scotland, W.

DUMFRIESSHIRE Under;

I good

, Under ;

good

LANARKSHIRE Average ;

good
NAIRNSHIRE Under

RENFREWSHIRE Average

Over; good

I Under

STIRLINGSHIRE Average;

I good
WIGTONSHIRE I Average;

ENGLAND-

2, England, N.E.
DURHAM

NORTHUMBERLAND..
YORKSHIRE

% England, E.

CAMBRID'JESIIIRE .

HUNTINGDONSHIRE
ESSEX

UNCOLNSHIRE

^•ORFOLK

Under;
good

Under ;

good

1 Over;good

. .. -A

Under

i ■'
■ Under

Average ;

• good
Average ;

good
Average

Under ; good
Under
Under

Under; bad
Under

Under ; good
Under; bad

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Under

Under; good

Under ; bad

Under

Average ;

bad

Under ; fair

Under

Under ; bad

Under

< Midland Counties
iJEDFORDSIIIKE

Under ;

good
Under ;

good
Under ;

good

Under

Average
Under
Under

Aveiuge ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Average

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Under

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Average

Under ; good

Over

Under; Ijad

Under; bad

Over; good

Average ;
good
Under

Average

Under

Under

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Average

Under

Under ; bad Average ;

good
Under ; good Average ;

I goo ^

Under; bad.

iidcr

KUCKINGHAMSIIIKE

fllESHIRE

Under ; good Average ;

I good
Under; bad | Under; good

Average ; Under ; good
good I
Under ; good Under

Under ;

good

Under ; bad

Under
Average
Average

Under

Under

Average

age
od

Average ;

gooc
Averi

Average
Over

Average ;

good
Average

Over; very
good
Under

Average ;

good
Over; very

good
Avei"age ;

good

Under

Average ;

good

Under ; bad

Under

Under

Under

Avei"age

Under

Under ; good
Under
Under

Under; bad
Average

Avei'agc ;

jgood

Under ; good

Under

Average

Under

Under

Under

Under ; good

Under

Average

Under

Average

Under ; bad

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;
good
Under

Average

Under

Average ;
good

Average ;
good
under

Average

Over

Under

UlKlrr

CHERRIES. APRICOTS

Over ; very

good I

Over ; veiy

good

Average ;

good
Average

Average

Under 1

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Average

Average :
very good

Under;
good

Average

Average

Average ;

good
Avcrase ;

good
Avei'age ;

good
Avci-age ;

good
Under ; good

Over

Over; good

Average ;

batf
Average ;

bad
Average ;

good
Under

Avei'age ;
good
Under

fair
Average

Over ; good

Average

Over; good

Over;

good

Over; good

Average ;
vciy good
Average :
very good
Over; good

Over; good

Over

Over; good

Avei'age

Over; good

Morellos

average

Over

Average

Avcra'-C

Over : very

good

Over; very

good

Average

Under

Under

Under

Under ; good

Average ;

good

Over; good

Under ; good
Under; bad

Average;

good
Average;

good
Average

Avei'age

Average

Over ; good

Average;

good
Over ; good

Under

Average

Over; good

Avei'age

Under

Over ; vei'y

good
Under ; bad

Under

Average

Average

Average ;

good
Average

Under

Under

Over: very

good
Over: very

good
Over : good

Over

Average \

Over ; good I

Average ; '

good
iver

Over: vciy

good

Average ;

good

Under

Over; good

Average ;

good
Avei'age

Average

Over; good

Over

Average

good
Average .
very good
Average

good
Average

good
Over; vci-j-

good
Ovci'; good

Average ;
vei'y good
Average ;

gooi
DOcr;

good]

Over; very

good
Average ;

Over; good ' Average

Avei'age ;
vei'y good
Over: very

good
Over; good

Over

Average

Under

Under ;

good
Avei'age

Over; very

good

Avei'age

Average

Over; very

good

Average ;

good

Over

Average

Over; good

Over

Under ;

good

Under; bad

Average ;

good
Average

Over; very

good
Over; good

Over; vaxy

good
Avei'agc ;
very good
Average ;

good

Over; vei'y

good

Average

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Over; very

good

Average

Over ; good

Average ;

good

Over; good

Avei'age ;

good
Average;

good

Over

Over; good

Over; good

Average ;

good
Average

Average
Over; good

Average
Over ; good

Average
Over

Over .
good
Averai

•cry

Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Over; good

Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Over: vei'y

good

Over; very

good

Average ;

good

Over

Over; good

Avei'agc ;

good
Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Avei'agc

Over; good
Avei'age

Over; good

Over

Avei'age

Over ; very

good

Average

Avei'age ;
good

Average ;
good

Aveiuge ;

good
Average

Average ;
good

Avei'age ;
good

Average

Average
Avei'agc
Over
Under
Under
Average

Avei'agc
Avei'age
Under

Average

Over

Under; Wal

nuts, avei'age

Average

NAME AND ADDRESS.

Jolm Maekinnon, Terrcgles, Dum-
fries
James McDonald, DrifTliolm, Loclc-

crbio
James Miller, Castlemilk Gardens,

Kutlierglon
John Anderson, Holme Rose Gardens,

Golleinlicld
Jolm Metliveu, Blythswood Gardens,

Renfrew
Thomas Lunt, Ardgowau Gardens,

near Greenock
Win. Huteliinson, Eastwood Park

Gardens, Giffnock
Alex. Ci'osbie, Buchanan Castle

Gardens, Drymeu
John Bryden, Dunragit Gardens,

Dunragit
James Day, Galloway House Gardens,

Garlicstown

Rot)crt Draper, Seaham Hall, Seaham
Harbour

James Notile, Woodburn Gardens,
Darlington

Percy s; FoUwell, Alnwick Castle
Gardens

John McClelland, Rihston Hall Gar-
dens, Wetherby

Bailev Wadds, Birdsall Gardens,
Yorks

G. Batley, Weutworth Castle Gardens,
Barnslcy

J. Simpson, Studfield House, ShcBleld

John Siiell, Farnlcy Hall Gardens,

Otley
J. S. Upex, Wigganlhorpe, York

John AUsop, Dalton IHolme Gardens,

Beverley
\. E. Sutton, Castle Howard Gardens,

Welburn
S. Kcepencc, Thirklcby Park Gardens,

Tliirsk
Clias. Simpson, Newby Hall Gardens,

Ripon

. Alderman

Cambridge
Waller Harkl:

ibraham <iai-(lous,

lam, Iialliam Hall Gar-
i;irl,.-l
.1110, Ci'oxton Park

I N.ols

, E.uion Lodge Gardens,

Hem J I

Duiimow
H. \V. Ward, Lime House, Rayleigh

W. R. Jolinson, Stanway Hall Gar-
dens, Colchester

James Macliar, Braniwooils, (ircat
Baddow

. Vindcii, Harlaxton Manor Gar-
dens, Grantham

Jolm Rowlands, Manor Gardens,
Ilardnoy

James l>. Cowavd. Haverholmo Gar-

de
E. C. I',

,1...

Norv

Alia

(Iwrll Court Gar-
u Park (iai'dens.

J. J. Wallis, Orwell Park Gardens,
Ipswicli

. Fislier, Flixton Hall Gardens,
linngay

Henry Nimmo, Cranfield Court Gar-

deiLS. Woburn Sands
11. W. Nutt, Flitwick, Ampthill

Richard Calvert, Woljurn Abbey

Gardens
George Mackinlay, Wrest Parle (iar-

dens, Ainpthill
James Wood, Hedsor Park, Bourne

End
John Fleming, Wcxham Park Gardens,

Slough
Chas. Page, Dropraore Gardens,

Maidenhead
Geo. Thns. Miles, Wycombe Abbey

Garden- ni"h Wvcoinbe
W. Ih'i!' w.-.ri, Aston Clinton

Gardens, Leigli-
Mm-cloii Hall Gardens,

J, Sunn,,

ton l;u/.-
W. C. 1).,

Congleton
C. Wolley Dod (Rev.), Edge Hall,

Malpas
William Kipps, Walton Lea Gardens,

Warrington
Charles Flack, Cholmondeley Castlo

Gardens, Malpas
Robt. MaekcUar, Abuey Hall Gardens,

Chcadlc

90

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AuGiiST 3, 1901.

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CB.O'P^-(contiaucd).

4, Midland Counties,

CHESHIRE

DERBYSHIRE

HERTFORDSHIRE

LEICESTERSHIRE .

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

NOTTIXGIlAMiUIRE

OXFORDSIIIKE

SHROPtlllKE

STAFFORDSHIRE

WARWICKEHir.E..

5, Soutnsm Counties.
BERKSHIRE

Average ; Over ; good
good 1
Under ; good Under ; good

Under ; bad [ Over ; bad

Average

Average ; Over ; veiy

good good

Under ; good Under : good

Under
Under ; good
Under ; good

Under

Under

Under

Under;

gooti

Under; bad

Under; bad

Under ;

good

Under; bad

Under;

good
Under;

good
Under

Average ;

good

Under; good

DORSETSHIRE .

Under

Average

good

Under ; good

Average

Under

Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average :
very good

Under ;
veiT good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

good

Average ;

good

Under

Under

Average

Under; bad

Average ;
good
Under

Under; good; Under; good

Average ;

good

Average ;

very good

Under

Under;
good
Under

Under

Under;

good

Under;

bad

Under ; bad

Average
fiiod
Under

Under ; go

Under ; good

Over; good

Under

Under
Average

Under
Under
Under; good
Under
Under
Average
Under
Average ;

Average ;
good
Over

Avei'agc ;

good
Under ;

bad
Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Under

Under

Over; good

Under ; good

Over; very
good
Under

Under

Average

Average ;
very good
Average ;
good
Under ; bad

Under

Under ; good

Under

Under

Over; very

good
Average ;

good

Under;
very good

Under

Average

Under ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Under ;

good

Over-: bad

Average ;

very good

Under;

good

Under

Under; good

Under; good

Under

Average

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Average ;

good
Average

Under

Average

Under;

bad
Under

Average

Under ; good

Average

Average

Average ;

good

Under; bad

Average ;
good
Under

Under

Under

CHERRIES. APRICOTS.

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Over ; good

Average

Average ;
ver y good
Average ;

good
Average

Over ; good

Average ;
vei'y good
Over ; good

Average

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Average

Over ; good

Over; good

Under;

good
Average ;

good
.\verage;
very good

Very lew

grown in

tliisloeality

Over

Over; very
good

Average;

very good
Over; good

;e;

Average

Under

Under

Average

Average

Average

.\verage ;

good

Over ; very

good

Under ; k ad Under ; good

Average ;
good
Under

Average

.'Vverage

Under

Under

Averap
good
Avei'age ;

good
Average

Average
Over; good
Over ; good

Average

,\veraEe ;

good
Average

Under

.\verage ;
very good
Average ;

good
Average :

good
Average ;

good
Over ; good

Over ; good

Over
Average
Average

Over

.\verage

Average

3ver ; goo.

3ver ; ven
good

Average ;

good
Average

Over ; very
good

Average

Over ; good
Over ; good

Over; very

good
Average ;
very good
Average ;

good

Over

Under ;

good
Average

.\verage;

good

Over; good

Over ; good

Average

Over; good

Over; very
good
Over

Average ;
good
Under

Under;

good

Iver; good

Average :
good
Under

Average ;

very good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Over; good

Over; good
Under

Under ; good

! .

Average

Average

Over ; good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Over; very

good
Over ; good

Average

Over; veiy

good
Over ; good

Average ;
very good
Average

Over

Average

Over; vei-y

good
Over ; good

Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Over ; good

Over; vci-y

good
Over ; good

Over; good

Over; very

good
Over; good

Over; good

Over

Average ;

good

Over; vei'y

good

Average

Over; vei-y
good
Over

Average

Average

Over ; good

Over; good

Average;

good
Average ;

goou
Average

Average

Over ; very

good

Over; very

good

Average ;

good

Average;

good

Over

Average

Over

Over; good
Over; good

Over

Over

Average ;
vei-y good
Over; very

good
Average ;

good

Average ;
good

Average ;
very good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;
very good
Over; vei-y

good

Over; very

good

Average

Average

Under

Average ;
very good
Average

Over ;

good

Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Under; bad

Over; veiT

good
Over; very

Average;

good

Over; good

Over

Average

Over; very

good
Over; veiT

good
Over ; vei'y

good

Average

Over ; very

good
Over : very

good
Average ;

good
Over ; good

Over ; good

Over; very

good
Under; bad

Average ;
very good
Over ; good

Over ; very
good

Average ;
good

Under
Under
Under

Average
Average

Walnuts,
very good
Under ; had

NAME AND ADDRESS.

N. F. Barnes, Eaton Gardens, Chester:

W. Chester, Chatsworth Gardens,

Chesterfield
J, C. Tallack, Shipley H-all Gardens,

Derby
T. Keetley, Darley Abbey Gardens,

Dei'by

. G. Mills, Glossop Hall Gardens^

Glossop

liomas Hedley, Lane House Gardens,

King's Walden, Hitchin

■. B. Morle, Frythesdeu Gardens,

Berkhanisted

. E. Martin, The Hoo Gardens^

Welwyn
'Thos. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgewortli

Edwin Hill. Tring Park Gai'dcns,

TrinL'
GecvLT \mi i„:in. Hatfield House Gar-

ilcn-. Il.ilhc'l.l
G(niL( Mili.ii.l. Egerton Lodge Gar-

,l,Mi^ M.!ir,i! Mi.wbray
D^iiii I I Prestwold Gardens,

I < ,. , I ... • ii
\V. li I'l I , I rivoir Castle Gardens,

, liosworth Hail Gardens,

Average ;

good
Walnuts,

over
Average ;

good
Average

IWni. Don.

Rugby
H. Kenii>shall. Lamport HallGardensv

X.irtlKinii.ton
R,,l„.ii InlMt-tnn, Wakefield Lodge

I,,-. Ml, 11-, .-^iMiiv Stratford
H. Till nil. I iiK-hade .\bbey Gardens,

Sliuiil.ird

Over :
good
Under

n, Whittlebui'y Lodge
Gardens, N.irtliampton
iiios Parr, Holme Pierrepout Hall
Gardens, Nottingham

Lyon, Home Farm, Ossingtou,
Newaik
Under; bad William Robertson, Thoresby Park

Gardens, Ollerton, Newark
Under: goodiJ. Roberts. Welbeek Gardens, Work-
sop
J. R. Pearson it Sons, Lowdham, Notts

Average :
good

Average;
good

Average

Under
Over
Over

Average ;

good
Under;

good
Average

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Average

Under

Average ;

good
Average;

good

.\. MeCulloeh. Newstead .\bbcy Gar-
dens. Nottingh.am
P o K'lunvli'o, Friar Park Gardens,

l|,,llI|,^ Mil Tliinncs
J<.liii \ iiiii. >liiiilakeCourtGardens,

jlrlll. \ ,,11 'I iLlllieS

'\ ,1 I ^ Wviuld Court Gardens,

R.-.i.llllL'

Jaiiii - \ siiiiili. Sarsden House Gar-
den-. < liii'inni,' Norton
X S. Keiii)'. Bruadway, Shifnal, Salop

James London, The Quiuta Gardens,

Chirk
J. Hopwood, Shrewsbury

T. Bannerman, Blitlifield Gardens,
Rugeley

G. H. Green, Euville Gardens, Stour-
bridge

C. A. Bayford, Shugborough Gardens,
Stafford

Geo. Woodgate, Rolleston Hall Gar-
dens, Bnrton-on-Trent

Ed. Gilman, Alton Towers Gardens,
Cheadle

William Bennett.RangemoreGardens,
Barton-on-Trent

.1. R., Charleeote Gardens. Warwick

H. T. Martin, Stoneleigh Abbey Gar-
dens, Kenilworth

A. D. Christie, Kagley Gardens, Al-
cester

W.Miller. Bcikswell, CoventiT

Thomas Masters, Est.ate Steward,
I Lower Slnukbnrgh, Daventry
Jno. Masterson. Weston House
Gardens, Shipston-on-Stour

Average

Under

Over; good

Under

Under; Wal-
nuts over
Average

Average

Walnuts
over; very
good; Fil-
berts under

Average

J. Howard, Benhain Park Gardens,

Newburv
William Fyfe, Lockinge Gardens,

Wantage
Thos. Plumb, Holme Park Gardens,

Sonning
James Coombes, Englefield Gardens,

Reading
Robt. Fenn, Sulhamstead, near

Reading
James strachan, Rosehill House

Hardens, Henley-on-Thames
W. Pope, Highelere Castle Gardens,

is^cwburv
Owen Thomas, Royal Gardens,.

Windsor

Thos. Denuv, Down House Gardens,
I Blaudford"

August 3, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

\'\

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROV^—i'-ontinHcd).

PLUMS. [CHERRIES. APRICOTS.

5, Southern Counties.
DORSETSHIRE

HAMPSHIRE

Average

Under

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average :
good

Under

Under

Average ;

bad
Average

Under ; good Under ; bad
Under

Avci'age ;
bad
Over

Over ; vei*y

good

Average

Under; bad I Average
Under ; bad Under

Under; tliiu Under; thin

Average i Average Average

Under; good Under; good Under; good

Under

Average

Avcrapc ;
good
Under

good
uuer ; ba<

Average ;
good
Under

Average I Avcrac(
good
Uuderi goodi Average;
I good
Under

Under ;

good
Uiider :
good
Average :
very good
Under

Over ; good

Average

Under; bad

Under

T.England, N.W.
CUMHEIU,.\N/>

I.AXCAS111I!E

VVEHTM<)Ui;i..\.\I)

8, England, S.W.
CORNWALL

Averate ;

good

Over; vci-y

Rood

Under

Average ;

good

Average ;

over

Over; good

Average

Under ;
good
Under

Under;

good

Average :

very good

Under ;

good

Average ;

good

Average ;

good

Under

Over

Average ;

veiy good

Average ;

good

Under

.\venijc ;

good
Average

Under
vcrnge;
i good
Under; good Average;
very good
Under; good Under; good

Ui;dcr; bad

Average ;
good
Under

Under;
good
Over; very
good
Average ;
go<fd
Under

Over

Average ;

good
cr; bad

Under

Under
Under; good

Under; bad

Under; bad

Under; good
Under; good

Aveiaj
good

Averai
good

Average ;
good
Under

oT'

Averag<
good

Average
good

Under

Average

Under; bad

Over; good

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Under ; bad

Under

Over ; good

Average

Under;

good
Average

Average

Under

Avcr.Tge ;

good
Average ;

good

Over; veiT

good

Morellos

over good,

others

under

Average

Avci'age ;
good

.\ver
gooi

Average
nnder

Average

Under; good

good

Over; very

good

Over

Over

I
Over; good

Over; good

Over; good

Over; veiy

good
Over ; good

Over ; good

good
Average ;

good
Average

Over; very
good

good
Over

Over; good

Average

Average ;
good

;bad

Over; vei-y

good
Under ;

good I
Over ; good ! Over ; good

Under; Over; very

good I good

Over ; good : Over ; good

Average ;

good
Average

Average

Under
Under; good

Average :

vei-y good

Over

Under

Average ;

good

Under

Average ;
veiy good

Over; good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Under

Under ; bad Under ; good Under ; bad

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

. Average

Ovci- ; good

Over; vci-y

good
Over; good

Under

Average
Over; good

Average ;

vciy good

Over

Over
Over; good

Over; very

good
Average;

good
Average;

good

Over ; vci-y

good

Under; good

Average ;

good

Over; very

good

Average ;

good
Avei'aee ;

good
Over ; good

Average :

ever

Average;

good

Under

Under

Average ;
good

Average ;

good
Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Over; very

good
Over ; good

.'.veragc

good
ver ; go(

Under

Over; very

good
Over; veiy

good

Over ; extra

good

Average ;

good
Over; very

good

Over; except

Black

Currant

Over; Dlack

Currants

under; bad

Average

Over; very

good
Over ; good

Over; fair

.\vcrage

.\vcrage ;

good
Over; good

Over ; good Over ; very

good

Average ;

vciy good

Over; good

Under;
good

Average

Over; very

good
Over: very

good
Over ; good

Under

Under; good

Aveiagc ;

good
Average;

good

Under
Average

Under

Under

Under ; good Aveiage ;
good
Under

Average

Average

Average;
very good

Average ;
very good

Avciago ;

good

Over; vciy

good

Over

Average ;

good
Over; very

good
Over ; good

Average ;

good
Over; very

good
Over; good

Over; good

good
Over; vciy

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Average

Over; very

good
Average ;

good

Over

Average

Average ;

good

Over; good

Average :
very good
Over; very

good

Over; very

good

Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Over ; good

Over ; very

good

Under ; good

Gvor; very
.good

Over : veiy

good

Average

Average ;

good
.\verage ;

good
Average ;

good

Over ; very

good
Over ; good

-Vverage;

good
Average ;

good
Over; good

Over; fair
Average
Average

Over ; good

Over; very
good

Aveiage ;

very good
Over ; good

Average

Average

Over : good

.V veragc

Average ;

good
Over; very

good
Average ;
very good
Over ; good

Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Average

Over; good

Over ; very

good
0«er ; good

Average ;

good

Average

Over; very

good
Over; small

Average

Average

Average;

good

Over; good

Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Over; very

good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Avoage;

good
Under; good

Over : good

Over ; very
good

Average
Under
Average

Over
Aveiage

Average ;
good

Average

Under
Average

Under; a

bad failure

Under

Walnuts,
aveiage
Under

Under

NAME AND ADDRESS.

Ben C^.mpbell, Kingston House Gar-
dens, Dorchester
T. Turton, Castle Gardens, Sherborne

Arthur Lee, Palace House Gardens,
Bcaulicu, Brockenhurst

Molvnenx, Swanniore Park,
Bishop's Walthani

. G. Nichols, The Gardens, Strath-
flcldsaye, Mortimer, R.S.O.

James Wasley, Shcrfield Mar.or Gar-
dens, Basingstoke

J. Bowcrman, Hackwood Park.Basing-
stoko

Noah Kneller, Malshanger P.irk,
B.isingstcke

\V. .larman, Preston Hall Gardens,

! Aylcsford

H. Elliott, Wildcrncssc Gardens,
Sevenoaks

Geo. Bunyard, Royal Nurseries, Maid-
stoi:e

George lliitt, l.nlliiigstuiie Caftlc:
Gardens, Darlfonl

rdrns.

Paik, M;iUl-

Fred. Moore, Blend.. n Hall

Bcxlcy
\Vm. Lewis, East Sutl.

stone
Geo. Kenncll. The Gardens, Fairlawn,

Tollbridge
B. Champion, Mcrcworth, Maidstone

George Lockycr, Mcrcworth. Maiil-

stone
Geo. Woodward. liarham Court Estate

Gardens, Tcston, Maidstone
George Wythes, Syon House, Brent-
ford. W.
'. T. Wright, Royal Horticultural
Sociclv's Gardens, Chiswiek
I, Maikham, Wrotham Park, Barnct

Jan:cs Hudson, Gunucrsbury Houfc

(iiir<lens, .\cton
Aveiagc William Bates, Cross Deep Gardens,

Twit kcnhain
Avcrate |W. Walfon, Harcflcld Place Gardens,

1 Uxhridge
Average

Walnuts,
toed

Uxiirulge
W. Bain, Burford, Hoiking

Average ;
good
Under

Over; good

Average

Average ;
gocd

A!cx. Dean, Richmond Road, King-
ston-on-Tliames

Thos. Oi-man,Ottershaw ParkGaiacns,
Chert scy

W. P. Bound, Gallon Park Gardens,
Eeigatc

W. E. Humphreys, The Grange Gar-
dens, Hackbridgc, Carshalton

George Kent, Normuy Park, Dorking

C. W. Knowlcs, Eagshot Park Gardens,

liagshot
G. J. Hunt, Ashlcad I'ark Gardens,

i'ilks, Shirley, Ci

Average W. C. Leach, .\lhuiy I'aik Gardens,
(Jiiildford
J. 1'. McLciid, Spencer Cottage, Koc-
haniptun
Under; good W. Hone

, Col. ham Park Gardens

Average

Under

Average
Average

Average ;

good
Average

\. Wilson, Bridge Castle Gardci
Tillihridge Wolls

PoBRingworlh G'i

ll:i

iilel

W.nI liean I'aik (iiii-
, liiambletye Gardens,
'.^li liens, Ashburnhnm

I'l.i

illlu

■p, Buxtcd Park, Ucknddl
iillopc, Longlcat Gardens,

Under H,C. Piin
.loi-ii.h Tr
Warminstc.
Over Thomas Challis, Wilton House Ga
dens, near Salisbury

George Brown,

Calnc
Average; E. V. Hazcllon, Longford Castle Gar-

Bowood Gardens,

good

Average;

good

Salisbury
loh. I!«ll, Charlton P;
Maliiicshiny

rk (;;

'Arthur C. Smith, Edenliall Gardens-,,

Langwathhv, R..S.O.
W !• KnhiTi;. The (iiinlciis, Cnerdon

lliill rir.h.n
W hi \ I, I. .11 W riL'lillli^'h.I] Ihill Gal--
.1.1, . Ui-;,H

r. (.lail.i-, Liiullicr CaHlle Gai-ilein-,
Penrith

W. A. Miller, Underley Gardens;

Kii kl>y Lonsdale

Under W'. H. Bennett, Menahilly, Par

92

THE GARD ENER S ' CIIR 0 NI CL E.

[ArciL-.ST 3, 1901.

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROPS— (to«<J«TO^)

8, England, S.W.

CORNWALL

liT:\i1X.SmKE

"iLOUCESTEKSiriRE..

HEEEFORDSIIIRE,

MONMOUTHSHIRE

.SOMERSETSHIRE

■WORCESTERSHIRE

WALES-

liRECONSHIRE .

CARDIGAN

CARMARTH EN3HIKE

CARNARVONSHIRE ...

FLINTSHIRE

OLAMOROANSHIRE .

MERIONETHSHIRE
PEMBROKESHIRE...

SRELAND-
9, Ireland, N.

<;al\vay

} Uiidev

j Under; good

Under : good

^1 ■ ''Avova.ee ;
good
Under

Average ;

good
Average

Under ; good

Under

Average ;

good

Under; good

Under

Average

Average

Under

Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

Average ;
good
Under

Average
Under ; good

Average

Under; good

Average;
very good
Average ;
very good
Average ;
good

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under
Under ;

bad
Average

Average ;

good
Average

Under

Over ; good

Under ; good

Average ;

good

Under; good

Average ;
good

Average ;

good

Under

LONGFORD

MAYO Under; bad

MEATH Under;

good
SLIGO Over; good

Under ;

very good

Average ;

very good

Under ;

good

Under

TYRONE

WESTMEATU
WICKLDW

10, Ireland, S.

CLARE

Average

Under ; good

Average ;

good
Over : good

U Qder

Average ;

good
Average ;
veiy good
Over; very

good
Average

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Over

Under

Under

Under

Under ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Average

Under ; good

Under

Under ; good

Average ;
very good
Average ;

good
Average ;
very good

Average ;

good

Under; bad

Average
Average ;

good
Average

Average

Very good

Average

Over; good

Under ; good

Average ;

good

Under; good

Over; good

Average ;

good
Avcra.u'O ;
very good
Average

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Average ;

good

Over; good

Average
veiy good
Average

good
Average

good

Under ; bad

Under ; good

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;
very good
Average

Under; good

Over; good

Over; good

Under ; bad

Under

Average

Over

Average

Average

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Average ;
good
Under

Over

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Under ; good

Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Over; good

Average

Under ; good

Under
Under ;

bad
Under

Over ; good

Very good

Average

Average :

vei-y good

Under ; good

Over; good

Average

Under

Under ; good
Under ; good

Under

Under

Average ;

good

Under ; bad

Average ;

goo3

Over; good

Average ;

good
Average

CHERRIES. APRICOTS,

Morellos

Avei'age ;

good
Over ; very

good

Over ; of fair

quality

Average ;

good

Over ; very

good
Over: good

Under ; bad

Over; good

Average ;

good

Over; good

Over

Over

Average

Average

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average ;

good
Over ; veiy

good
Over ; good

Over

Over

Average :
very good
Average

Average ;

good
Over ; very

good
Under ; very

good

Over; very

good

Over; good

Over ; good

Average
Average ;

good
Average

Average :
very good
Average

Under

Average

Over ; good

Over
Average

Over

Over ; very

good
Over ; very

good
Average

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

gooii
Average ;

good
Average ;

Under ; bad
Under; poor

Average ;
good
Under

Under ; good

Under

Under; very

good
Under; good

Average

Average

Average

Average

Average

Under ;

good
Average ;
very good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Avei'agc ;
very good
Over ; very

good
Average ;

good
Over : vciy

good

Under;

bad
Under

Average

Under

Aveiuge ;

goocl

Over; good

Over

Average ;

good
Over; veiy

good
Over ; good

Over; bad

Average ;
veiy good
Over; very

good
Over; veiy

good

Over

Over; good
Over; good

Over

Over

Over
Over ; good
Over; good

Average ;

good
Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Over

Over

Over; good

Average :

good

Over; good

Over : very

good
Over ; very

good
Average ;

good

Average ;
very good
Over; good

Under

Average ;

good

Over

Over; good

Over

Over ; good
Over; good
Over ; good
Over ; good

Over; very

good

Over; very

good

Average

Over ; very
good
Under

Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Over; very

good
Average ;
very good
Over; very

good

Over; very

good
Over; very

good
Over ; veiy

good
Over ; good

Average ;

good
Average ;
very good
Average ;

good
Over ; very

good
Over; good

Over; very

good
Over ;

good
Under

Average

Over

Under

Over ; good

Over; good

Over ; good

Over: very

good

Average ;

good

Over

Over

Over; good

Average ;

good
Over; very

good
Avera.ge ;

good
Average ;
very good
Average ;

good

Average ;
very good
Over ; good

Average

Over; very

good

Average

Under ;
bad
Over

Average ;
very good
Over; good

Over; good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average ;

good
Average

Over; very

good
Average ;
very good
Over : very

good
Over ; good

Over ; very

good
Average ;

good
Average :
very good

Over; very
good

NAME AND ADDRESS.

Under ; good

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Over: very
good
Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Over

Under

Walnuts,

good
Average

Under

Average

Avei'agc

Over

Under

Over

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Over; good

Over

Avei-age ;

good
Average ;

A. Miti-bell, Toliidy Parle Gardens,

Canilaonie
Alfred Read. Port Eliot Gardens,

St. Gernians, R.S.O.
A. C. Bartlett. Pencarrow Gardens

Andrew Hope, Prospect Park, Exeter

Geo. Baker, Membland Gardens, Ply-
mouth

James Ma^Tie. Bictou Gardens, East
Budleigh

G. Foster, Glendaragh Gardens,
Teigninoutli

C. W. Bloye, Pinbay Gardens, Lyme
Regis

T. H. Slade, Poltimore Gardens,
Exotcr

Geo. W. ^rnr=li. St. George's Nnrseiy,

Th.

Tortworth Court
.1
lodington Gardens,

w'deu Hall Gardens,

'iinrn Court Gar-

A,..,|.h,iic Rectory

Geo .Milne, Tiilcy (..lurl Gardens,
Titley. R.S.O.

John Watkins, Pomona Farm,
Withington

Thos. Spencer, Goodrich Court Gar-
dens, Ross

W. F. Woods, Llanfrechfa Grange
Gardens, Caerleon

Tlio- rn.Hiiiiii . The Hendre Gardens,

1(1, Maindiff Court

j:ivenny

\ynehead Court Gar-

liiwood House Gar-

Under

Under ; bad

Under

Average ;

good

Over; good
Average
Average

dm,, Ih n^linl^e
William Halletl. Cbeyne Cottage,

Cossington, Bridgwater
John Crook, Forde Abbey Gardens,

Cliard
A. Young, Witley Court Gardens,

Stourport
F. Jordan, Impncy Gardens, Droit-

wicli
Wm. Crump, V.M.H., Madresfield

Court Gardens. Malvern

0. Hibbert,Ci-aig-y-Nos Castle CJardeus

George Wright, Bronwydd Gardens,

Maesllyn, Llandyssil
Lewis Bowen, Edwiustord, Llandilo
William Parker, Neuaddfawr Cilycwm

Gardens, Llandovery
Allan Calder, Vaynol Park Gardens,

Bangor
T. Evans, Gwydyr Gardens, Llanrwst

John Forsyth, Hawarden Castle,

Hawarden
L. Christie, Dunraven Castle Gardens,

Bridgend
.V. Pettigrew, Castle Garden, Cardiff

Over; good.R. Miluer, Margam Park Gardens,
Port Talbot
Jas. Bennett, Estate Office, Rhug,

Under
Avei*age

Under
Average
Avei-agc
Under
Under
Under-; bad
Under ; bad

Under
Under

W. B. Fisher, Stackpole Court, Pem-
broke

Geo. Griffln, Slebeck Park Gardens,
Haverfordwest

Thomas Dunne, Lough Cutra Castle

Gardens. Gort
Andrew Porter, Woodlawn Gardens,

CO. (iahvay
Jolin Raflerty, Castle Forbes, Newtown

Forbes
Patrick Connolly. Crannioro House

Gardens, Balliurobe
James Moore. Summeriiill House

Gardens, Enfield
Cyrus Moore, Markree Gardens, Col-

"looncv
James E. Dawson, Lissadell Gardens

Fred. W. Walker, Sion House Gardens,

Stratanc
James Tivendale, Waterston Gardens

and Estate, Athlone
William Olney, Powerscourt

Wm. Clarke, Castle Crine Gardens,
Six-mile-bridge

August 3, 1901.]

THE GABDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

CONDITION OP THE FRUIT CROPS— (c<»»<""'«0-

10, Ireland, S.
CORK

KILDARE

KILKENNY

KING'S COUNTY

LIMERICK

ROSCOMMON

WATERFORD

CHANNEL ISLANDS

GUERN.SEY

JERSEY

ISLE OF MAN

Under; ] Over; very
good ] good
Under Average: i

I vcrv good
Under ; bad Over ; good

Average ; Average ;
good —

Under ;

good
Avei-age

Average ;

good

Average on

walls ; good

Under : good Under ; good Under ; good

Average i Average ;

good
Average ; i Average ;
good good

Under
Under ; bad

Average ; Avei"age : Under ; good

good vciT good

Average ; A vei-age : Under ; good

good very good

Under; good Under; good Under; good

Average
Average

Over
Over; good

Under
Under

Average :
veiy good
Over ; good

Average ;

good
Over ; good

Average ;

good
Average

Over; veiy
good

Under ; good

Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Over; good

Average

Average ;
good
Under

Average ;
good

Average ;

good

Under ; bad

Over; veiy

good
Over; very

good
Over; veiT

good
Average ;
very good
Over; veiy

good
Average ;

good

Average ;

good

Over ; \-evy

good
Over ; very

good
Over ; good

Over; vciy

good

Average

Over; veiy
good
Over

Average ;

good
Over ; good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Over : very

good

Over ; very

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Over; very

good

Under

NAME AND ADDRESS.

C. Price, Mitehelstown Castle Gdns.,

Mitohelstowu
Under F. Bedford, Straffan House Gardens,

Straffim Station - .

Under Hpiirv Carlton, Kilkenny Castle Gai'-
d.'n's
Over ; good T. J. Hart, Birr Castle Gardens

Average jW. A. Bowles, Adare Manor, Limerick.

Average Itoi-piu'o

I i.;ir,l,-
Tl...iM,i-

fi. Frenehpark House
nc-lipork

- ncally Castle^

c.^inlrii-. T.illuw

Cliarlcs Smith & Son, Caledonia

Nm-scrv. (i\i.'\-ii=ov
Edwin .i..liii \-lH'lfoi<l, It), Dorset

StlTcl. ,^l, ll.'ll.T. .I,'r:.l>y

11. I'.c.kiT. i.ir>^inMu N ursery, Jersey-
James Murpliy, Cronkbourue Gar-
dens, Doviglas
James Inglis. The Nunnery Gardens,
Douglas

SUXSIMI A.RY

•

Records.

Apples.

Pears. ' Plums, i Chen-ics.

1

Apricots.

Small
Fi-uits.

Straw-
berries.

Nuts.

SCOTLAND.

Number of Records

(55)

(53)

(50)

(.12) (28)

(32)

(5-1)

(12)

Average

26

21

23

28 7

27

10

6

Over

8

9

8

12 2

24

31

-

Under

21

23

10

12 19

1

4

4

ENGLAND AND WALES.

Number of Records

(160)

(188) (187)

(186)

(148)

(190)

(190)

(143)

Average

M

m 72

93

68

73

83

80

Over

0

25 23

77

31

112

98

18

Under

130

K> 92

16

49

h

9

45

IRELvVND AND CHANNEL ISLANDS.

Number of Records

(23)

{2X1 1 (23)

(23)

(0)

(23)

Ci.1)

(15)

Average

10

IS

7

14

5

6

10

4

Over

1

6

1

7

—

16

n

1

Under

12

3

15

2

4

1

a

10

NORTHAW HOUSE, POTTERS BAR.

An intorcstinp old ro.sidcncc surrouiuled liy
a lino old garden from which, across the
pU'.a.stiro grounds and race-horse paddocks,
comprising about 200 acres, lino views of the
surrounding country appear through openings
in the girdle of aged Oaks and Elms whicli
encircle the estate. At one time a note<l
garden, it had been allowed to decline
until some three year.s ago, when the pro-
perty came into the hands of .1. I!. .Joel, Esq.
It was sadly in need of the (•a[)ital which
he has so liberally expended on it with such
good results under the man;igemeiit of his
gardener, Mr. .1. May, wlio li;ul previously
been gardener at Northaw for over twenty
years. Uncompromising renovation, without
destroying any of the beauty which Jigc
imparts to an estate, has been the order of
the day, consequently much of the old fashion
of the garden has been retained; but in the
matter of flowers it has been brought up-to-
date with the most happy results. The garden
surrounding the house, with its adjoining
ornamental rockery and Palm-house, merges
into the pleasure grounds, .some few beds of
Fuchsias, Cannas, Pelargoniums, and other
showy flowers appearing near the hou.sc, on
one side of which stands a gigantic Araiicaria
imbricata, which must have occupied the
position for many years. The walks and
shrubberies arc bordered with hardy
perennials, Pinks, Carnations, and other

fnigrant flowers, now making a good display.
In be<ls and borders, Zinnias, Stocks, and
Asters are n.sed with fine effect, and the
manner of arranging the walled-iu kitclioii-
garden with broad borders of dwarf Roses,
Carnations, and with the showy herbaceous
perennials, renders walking in that part of the
garden as pleasant as in the flower-garden, as
well as securing large numbers of flowers for
cutting without interfering with those required
for more permanent cflcet. One of the best
features in the kitchen-garden ami in other
I)arts of the garden, is made by tho pillars of
Noisette and other trailing Roses which
stand at tho corners of the beds and in other
prominent places, and which are now 8 to 10 ft.
in height, and literally covered with flowers
and flower buds.

The Orchids.
Some time ago it was decided to commence
Orchid-culture on a moderate scale. aii<l with
that thoroughness which characterises all his
transactions, Mr. Joel caused a proj)er Orchiil-
houso to be arranged. This is a flue, large,
span-roofed structure, fitted with a centre
stage for moisture-holding ballast, and with an
open staging rai.sed above it on which to stand
tho plants. Similar staging runs round the
house, ami the greater part of its occupants
are Cattleyas and La-lias, which have thriven
in the most satisfactory manner under the
care of Mr. May's son, who evidently takes
great interest in his charge, and has thoroughly

grasped the subject of Cattleya and Lwlia
culture.

The middle row in tho centre stage con-
sisted of line plants of Lrelia purpurata, whicli
were just over, and the very line disjilay now
.seen is chiefly composed of a largo number of
Cattleya Warscewiczii (gigas),most vigorously-
grown and profusely flowered, the flowers-
good and very large, but exhibiting singular
variation in their tints, each of the different
importations having some peculiarity by which,
its members can be recognised. Tho bulk of
them are of the large-flowered form, with lino-
bright crimson-purple labellums, the disc of
yellow on each side of the tube in those forms,
being very small, and in the form known
as saturata, these yellow spots 'almost dis-
appear. The rather lighter coloured type has-
the yellow i>atches on each side of the lip^
largo and clearly defined ; and tho lightest
section lias flowers of an almost iniiform rose-
tint, with darker marbling on the lip, the dise
of which is white, with yellow patches in the
centre of tho lighter area. One of these
forms has a singular-looking patch of white,
striped with pur])le in front of the usual light
blotches on tho lip, and all forms offer features,
interesting to examine and compare. With
them were a number of very good Cattleya
Mendcli, C. Mossire, C. Gaskelliana, and somcf
Cypripediums ami other showy Orchids, all
giving distinct proofs of the satisfactory-
results of selection and careful culture. The-
plants of Cattleya aurea, and some of the?
smaller growing kinds, are grown in baskets,
&c., suspended from the roof.

The Dendrobiums are grown in a house
part ly occupied by Cocos WeddcUiana and other
decorative plants, tho back wall being covered
with Passiflora racemosa in flower.

The Fruit-houses
have good crops in tho vinery, Melon, ami
other fruit-houses. In each is a good show of
flowers on the numerous well-grown plants of
Gloxinias, IJegonias, &c. ; and these hoiises,
when not at work, are utilised lor resting Den-
drobiums, &c. In one greenliouso, th(^ back
wall of which is covered with I'elargorjiums-
and Plumbago capensis in bloom, is a good
show of tuberous Begonias and other green-
house flowers, and every part of the garden,
both indoors and out, is kept by Mr. May ii>
the neatest condition. Mr. and Mrs. .Joel and
their children are very fond of flowcrg, and
good supplies have to be fortlicomieg at all
seasons.

94

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 3, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— ric Editor does not
uniltrl'ili' to poll for niuj rnntributions, or to return the
vnused comtmoiicatiQiis or illustrations, unless by special
arrangement.

illustrations.— The Editor will thankfully receive and select
photographs or drannngs, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, £c. ; hut he
cannot be responsible for loss or injurt/.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST.

SATURDAY, Aufi. 10— Conistoii Horticultural Sliow.

TUESDAY, Auii Uii ^?7''' Horticultural Society-s
( Committees meet.

( Swansea Horticultural Society's
IciTi Deane Horticultural

THURSDAY. Auii. l.i

fSlinipsliiro Horticultural
■WEDNESDAY.Auc. 21.^ cicly's Exliiliitiou at Shrc
(. bury (two days).

("Royal Horticultural Society

- of Pel -•

days).

THURSDAY, Aug. 22.[ 6t Perthshire's Show (three
I daj

SATURDAY.
TUESDAY,

.-,,1 St rath earn
— *t cicty'sShc

Horticultural

WEDNESDAY

fCiUiUKow Exhiliition and Gla
«..«• and West of Scotlav

II. .1 I .-^orirlv's Show of P

I'.Afri. 28 l'l.iiii-,MMiriowers(twodaV!

Pot

ys).
lorticultural So-

llSath Flor.il Fete (two days).

1 1 Bradford Horticultural So-
I cicly's Show (two days).

SALE FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

FRIDAY NEXT.-Imported and Established Oicliids
in large variety, Orcliids in Flower and Bud, at
Profheroe & Morris' Rooms.

Average Tempebatuke for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observatious of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
— 63 .
Actual Temperatdees :—

London.— /«(!/ 31 (6 p.m.) : Max. Sn' ; Min. 69°.

.iugiist 1.— Fine, warm, rainfall none.
Provinces— Juii/31 (6 P.M.): Max. 75',HomeCounties;
Mm. 59°, Orkneys.

The Fruit *^^*^^ '"''^^''^ ^*^ "'^'"'^ inde))ted to
Crops. 01"' correspondents in all parts

of Britain and Ireland for
reports which give an accurate idea of the
condition and prospects of the hardv fruit
crop, and a very remarkable report it is. It
would naturally be supposed that the excess
or the defect would be co-related with the
geographical position, local peculiarities,
and meteorological conditions of the different
districts. Of course, to a certain extent,
this is so ; but, as a glance at our tables will
show, it is so to a very limited extent.
Take Apples, which may generally be
considered to be much befow average ; in
Scotland the proportion is much more
-favourable than in England. Out of fifty-
five records from the northern kingdom
twenty-six, nearly half, are returned as ave-
rage ; whilst in England, out of one hundred
and ninety records, only fifty-four are
chronicled as average, as" compared with
■eighty-eight in 1900, and ninety-seven in
the year preceding.

In one fruit garden near Berkhampstead,
Herts, not a bushel can be had from seven
acres of standai-d and bush Apples. Over
all these seven acres Apples may therefore
be said to be practically non-existent.

Of Pears in England and Wales, we have
one hundred and eighty -eight records,
ninety-eight that declare an average crop, as
against one hundred and four in 1900, and
forty-seven in 1899.

Out of a total record of one hundred and
eighty-seven relating to Plums in England
and Wales, seventy-two are reported as
average, which is about the same as in 1900,
and greatly in excess of 1899.

Cherries this year show ninety -three
average reports out of a total number of
one hundred and eighty-six in England and
Wales ; no fewer than seventy-seven over
average, and only sixteen below it ; so that
tliis has been a good Cherry year.

Apricots have also done well, and small
fruits and Strawberries very well.

Of other fruits which are not of primary
commercial imj)ortance, it is not necessary
to speak here. In subsequent issues wo
shall give a selection from the notes of our
corresi5ondents, to whom we tender, in tlie
name of our readers, our most hearty
thanks.

Finally, we can but express our regret that
some statistician does not study our reports,
which have now been given for many con-
secutive years, and elicit from them when
confronted with meteorological and other
data some general conclusions which could
hardly fail to be of value to cultivators.
The task is much too onerous for those who
have to conduct a weekly journal, but it is.
surely not neyond the capat>ilities of those
who have the r(>iiui>ite leisure and abilitv.

The Sweet "^"^ hundred years or there-
Pea, abouts have elapsed since the
Sweet Pea was introduced into
British gardens. It has been a favourite
flower ever since, and the efforts that were
made last year to celebrate the bi-eentenary
of its introduction have no doubt tended to
extend its popularity. The reports of that
gathering, and of the exhibitions in connec-
tion with it, have just been published in time
for the present Sweet Pea season, and the first
show of the National Sweet Pea Society,
was reported in our last issue. Of course,
the information put forth is now somewhat
out of date. Still, there are many who will
1)0 glad to possess in a handy form the
record of the latest development in the way
of florists' flowers and special societies ("All
about Sweet Peas." R. Dean, Ealing). The
history of the Sweet Pea was given in our
columns, July 14, 1900, p. 30, and it is
treated of by Mr. Dicks in the booklet
Ijefore us. Other papers relate to the
classification of tlie varieties by Mr. W. P.
Wright. The varieties are now so numerous
that some sort of classification has become
essential, and that propounded by Mr.
Wright, and modified by members of the
committee, is well adapted for the purpose.
The labours of the raisers, especially of the
veteran Henry Eckfoed, are appropriately
commemorated, and it is pleasant to read
the warm triljute paid to our country man by an
enthusiastic amateur. Rev. W. T. Hutchins,
from across the Atlantic.

Whilst we all applaud the efforts to " im-
prove" the Sweet Pea in certain directions,
such as general vigour, variety of colour,
fragrance, sulistance of petal, number of
flowers on the stalk, and the like, it is open
to grave doubt whether the attempts to
regularise the flower according to the florists'
standard are in good taste. The flower of
the Sweet Pea is naturally highly irregular
inform; tliat irreguhirity is intimately con-
nected with the life-history and work of the
flower, and its relation to insect-visitors.

Every wave and curve of the petals, whilst
it contributes essentially to the beauty of
the flower, has a purpose of its own, or is
the result of adaptation to circumstances or
liereditary endowment. If we want to im-
prove suciia flower we should follow Nature's
own indications, accentuate its peculiarities,
and liring out its purposeful modifications.
By flattening out the petals, smoothing
their inequalities of surface, causing them
to assume a more or less circular outline
wliich is not natural to them, the flowers
speedily become monotonous, and luse tlieir
delightful play of colour. Siuiiilii-,inre and
interest are also squeezed out cil thrni, and
in place of the variety of form, of tint, of
curve, of light and shade, we get a regular
form, about as interesting and instructive as
a circular piece of coloured paste-board. It
is a triumph of evolutionary art, no doubt,
but we should like to see evolution carried
out on tlie lines dictated liy the flower itself,
rather than on those more or less artificially
imposed upon it by the arbitrary fancy of
the florist. The " standard " set up for one
flower should not be insisted on in the case
of a flower of different conformation, but
each should Ije treated on its own merits.

All the forms that have hitherto been
produced in the Sweet Pea are variations
from one species, consequently the range
of variation isrelatively small. The''Cupid"
section is the greatest deviation from the
type hitherto met with, but reversions from
the dwarf to the climbing form are not un-
common. Crossr- bffwi'i'ii till' Sweet and

culinary Peas \\;\vi- I n iI1.mi.iI. I.ut they

have not as yet .■st.-il.lish.'d tlii'insclves in
the regard of cultivators.

Our illustration (fig. 30) shows several
typical forms, mostly raised by Mr. Eckfoed,
and selected by him at our request, as illus-
trations of his unrivalled skill and judg-
ment, and as examples of what the Sweet
Pea is like in the early years of the twentieth
century.

The varieties figured on p. 87 are all named,
but we may here add the colours of the
several forms beginning at the upper left
hand corner: —

1. Miss WiLLMOTT— rose.

2. Mrs. Jos. Chamberlain— finely streaked, full

rose on a white ground.

3. Black Knight— deep maroon.

4. Sadie Burpee— clear white.

5. CocciNEA— crimson.

li. Duchess of Westminster— pale salmon.

7. Hon. Mrs. E. Kenyon— pale yellow.

8. Ladv Geisel Hamilton— pale lavender.

Group of Odontoglossums. — Our Sup-
plementary Slicet represents a group of
Odontoglossum crispuui, iucliuliiig the hand-
some O. c. Mrs. R. Brooman-White, taken by
their owner, R. Broo.man-White, E.sci., Ard-
darroch, Garelochead, Dumbartonshire, a place
noted for fine culture of Odontoglossums, and
for the number of superb spotted forms which
have flowered iu the collection ; and most of
which have been shown at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's meetings, and received well-
merited awards. Cattleyas at one time used
to be the prime favourites at Arddarroch, but
experience taught that the fine air of the
■Western Highlands was especially suitable to
Odontoglossums, and cousetxuently large quan-
tities of them were acquired, and the wisdom of
the selection is verified by the plants growing
in the mo.st vigorous manner, and producing a
profusion of flower of fine quality and sub-
stance ; the houses occupied by them being a
grand sight in the flowering season.

August 3, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

95

Royal Nurserymen. — Messrs. William
Cltbush & Son, of Highgate and Barnet, have
t)een appointed by Royal Warrant nurserymen
to His Majesty tlie KiXG.

Grafting the Grape-vine in order to
SECURE EarlineSS. — In tlie Revue Horticole,
M. Sadrox, a Vine-grower of Thoiuery, relates
iow he made a number of grafting trials with
the well-known Chasselas Dor^ Grape, on a
variety of stocks, with regard to cropping and
/•ipening. These results were substantiated
by the Fruit Committee of the French National
Horticultural Society in Paris. It appears that
on stocks of Vitis riparia, the ripening period
began fourteen days eai'lier than on its own
•roots; on Frankenthal (Black Hamburgh) the
ripening period was normal, but the berries
svere larger ; on V. rupestris du Lot, and on
Aremont (Burckhardt's Prince), the ripening
period began later. When worked on its own
loots the period is quite normal, and the
Grapes are remarkable for their fine colour
and good keeping properties.

"The Art and Craft of Garden Making."
— The second edition of Mr. MawsoX's elegant
work on the laying-out of gardens has been
issued by Mr. H. T. BatsfuRK, 94, High
Holborn. The book is as attractively got up
as was the first edition, and the preface will
be read with amusement as embodying the
verj' diverse criticisms passed upon tlie first
edition. The author, in face of this diversity,
expresses liis intention of going back to first
principles. We feel inclined to take the same
journey with the author, and to ask him what
ho means by a garden? Tliis defined, the way
will be cleared for the consideration of the art
and craft of making it. At present it seems
as if the garden, in Mr. Mawsox's opinion, is
to be treated principally as an appanage of the
mansion. If so, it is the art and craft of the
bricklayer and mason, not of the gardener,
tJiat we have to consider.

Structure of the Suckers of Woody
Plants.— M. Marcel Duuaku, in a recent
issue of the C'omptes Rendnx, gives an account
of the structure of the suckers of woody
lilants, from which we take the following
extracts: —

" Most trees .and shrubs have the capability of send-
ing out suckers, wliirli arc formed, accoidiiiK to the
species, cither when the tree is in full vigour, or when
its vitality is diminished, or even only after cutlint,'
down the trunk to the level of the soil. The suckers
>-isc either from the roots (Populus, Uliiius. Corylus,
Ijycium, &c.): or from dormant Inids of the stock
(Qucrcus), or from the cainbial zone wlien it has been
cut (Qucrcus. Populus nigra). The steins that con-
stitute suckers, whatever their origin, l)ciug placed
under peculiar conditions of nutrition, diflering notably
Svmn those of normal branches. Thus, for instance,
their more direct rclalicni wilh the roots ensure them
.a larger supply of water. Tlieiicc. usually rapid growth
results, and a, niuro simple structure, for it is known
that turgescence increases tlie rapidity of development,
hi\l retards, on the contrary, the ditl'erentiatioii of the
tissues. Briefly (concludes M. Dru.^nD), 1st, Suckers
Uiave a tendency to assume the characteristics of
licrbaceoiis plants; shoots being marked by rapid
i^rowtii, elonf_'atcd intornodes, developed and persistent
stipules, dissociated buds, less difl'eientiation of the
tissues, especially the tissues destincJ for protection
and support ; less abundant production of liber in com-
parison with the wood, poor ripening, assimilative
tissue but little developed, excretion of oxalate of
calcium much less. 2nd, in the same genus it appears
that the suckcis of the several species show a greater
reHcnililance with atti.Miuation of specific characters."

The Jardin des Pi^ntes and the French
Colonies.— In the latter years of his life the
late Professor Ma.xime Coknu devoted much
attention to developing the resources of the
French colonies, by growing in the Jardin des
Plantcs various plants of economic importance,
and transmitting them to the French posses-
sions. A pamphlet before us entitled Lc
Jardin des I'tantes de Pdris et Ics Colonies

Franriiises, gives insome detail the result of
the activity of the late Professor in this direc-
tion, especially in tlje case of the French
colonies on the West Coast of Africa.

Endcliffe Hall, Sheffield, was the resi-
dence of the late Sir John Brown, and during
his life its gardens were the fluest and best
maintained in the district. How extensive
they were, and what a number of interesting
plants was then cultivated, may be seen on
reference to an illustrated article that was
published in our pages, August 1-t, 1875, p. 207.
.Since Sir JoHN'.s death, the place has been
purchased by a syndicate, who have converted
the residence into a .sort of hall, &c., which is
let for balls, receptions, dinners, and other
functions. The glasshouses, of which there
are upwards of a dozen, are rented by Mr.
WiLLiA.M Harrow, who was Curator of the
.ShelEeld Botanical Gardens until the company
was wound up ; and previous to going to
Shedield was with Mr. Lyxch at the Cambridge
Botanical Gardens, to which position he was
sent from Kew. Mr. lL\RUow commenced
business as uurseryinan and florist wlien he
left the botanical gardens ; and the ghiss-
houses at EndclilTe Hall afford him facilities
for housing a large number of Palms and other
decorative foliage plants, as well as flowering
species. There are .some fruit-houses, in-
cluding vineries also in full bearing, and Mr.
Harrow informed us when visiting him on a
recent occasion, that there is not the least
dilTiculty in finding a sale for such jirodnce.
In addition to the sale of plants and fruits,
some gardens liavc been laid out, and some of
our readers will be glad to know that Mr.
Harrow seems likely to establish a satisfac-
tory business.

A "Stunning Bride."— One of our American
exchanges has an article on the preparation of
wedding bouiiuets. The florist, it is pointed
out, "cannot be too careful or too artistic in
jireparlng a bouquet to be carried by a stun-
ning bride." Is she to make use of the
bouquet to stun the unfortunate bridegroom,
or whom ? The bride is " to carry the bouquet
in both hands, and allow the arms to assume
agraceful position before the body." Intend-
ing brides please note.

"Flore de la France." — We note the
appearance of Fascicule 3, partie 2, of the
first volume of the "Flore descriptive et
illustreo de la France, de la Cor.se et des
Coutrees limitrophes," par FAbbe II. COSTE.
The instalment before us leads from Cytisus
to Onobrychis (the arrangement being accord-
ing to the sequence of the Natural Orders),
and includes figures 7«2 to 1082, and a "Table
des Families et des Gen res du premier volume."
The figures are small, but characteristic out-
lines like tlio.se in the illustrated edition of
BENTIIAM'S IliUtdhooh.

"Fields, Factories, and Workshops;
or Industry combined with Agriculture, and
Brain Work with Manual Work." By Prince
KropotkiN. New edition (third thousand),
illustrated and unabridged. (London : SWAN,
.Soxnknsciiein'& Co., Paternoster Square, E.C.)
It will be remembered that this is by no means
a new book, but is a^^fresh edition of what is,
in its way, a classic. Into political economy,
as here spoken of, this is not the place to
enter ; but it may be said that Prince Kropot-
KiN is an advocate for the decentralisation of
industries ; in liomely example, he prefers the
establishment and encouragement of cottage
and village industries, rather than the massing
of energies into colossal establishments. The
principle, applied among other things to agri-

culture, would involve the farming by small
pieces of much now unprofitable land ; in fact,
a development of the "three acres and a cow "
scheme, having, for one object, ;i check upon
town immigration, and the consequent depopu-
lation of the country. A further issue of this
plan is to lessen imports by raising, in small
holdings and local undertakings, much of the
produce of every description which we now
obtain from the colonies and from abroad. It
is held that much of our native wealth is
wasting for need of proper development, and
that the country could be made self-supporting
in respect of many articles for which money is
now paid out. For this unthriftiness, the onus
rests with those careless of their responsi-
bilities, and indifferent as to the origin of
food and other stores. The small market-
gardens and manufacturing industries in many
continental towns are a reproach to the
carelessness of British landowners.

Selborne Plants. — It may be of interest
to many of our readers to see a list of the
more conspicuous plants growing in the neigh-
bourhood of Selborne, the direct descendants
of tlio.se that Whitk must often have seen.
Over-sensitive people need have no fear of a
"raid" having been made, for the specimens
are all sent as "cut flowers," who.se removal
would not injure the plants ; moreover, they
were gathered by Mr. Stanton, who is too
keen a lover of Nature to inflict wanton injury.
It will be seen that the flowers are all of them
from ordinary South of England plants, that
many of them indicate a chalky .soil, and some,
like Yacciniuni oxycoccos, denote a heathy
soil. The names arc not arranged in any
order : —
Agrosteinma Githago Vaceiuium oxycoccus and;

Sllcue inflala V. myrtillus

Lvchnis dioica Coi'mi'^ siiiicnincx

L. Iloscuculi Kpip:"'!- '-TiiiHiiiiora

Stellai'iagrauiinca (inin |i\ i innd.ilis

S. Ilolostea II 11:111 .lia

Poterium Sanguisorba CymiKulcniii ooiiopsca
Lluum catliarticum Listera ovata

Fragaria vesca Orchis maculata

Sauicula europa-a Miimilii ■ lutn,^

Cuscuta cpithyiiHUii Kin 1: mi liu m^la-galli

Plantago c<ironi)pus I)i. 11 1 h ini i.ui* a

Veronica licih-iilolia p, ,li, ul.i 1 1, -lUcstris

V. sculcllala Vcvuuica oincinalis

Xcpcta lacchoma V. Anagallis

Prunella vulgaris V. Cliama;drys

Ajuga rcptans V. hcccabunga

Caleobdolon luleum P.jlculilla Tonncntilla

Lamium album P. rcplans

L. purpureum .llgopodium Podagrarla

Stachys silvatica Scroplnilaria nodosa

Litliospernium oflicinalo (Euanthe crocata
Symphytum onicinalc Eriophoruin polystachyuni
Myosotis palustris Nasturtium palustre

(icranium Robertiaiium Vil)unium Opulus
Ci. pvrenaicum V. lantaua

Fumai-iiv om.-imilis KiDiiymus ciii-np.T?U3

Ilypcri.Miiii hiiMiluiu liiipiic Lamvola

Anagalll:. nrvcii-i^. .SJll|l,uc■^^, iiiL;rii.

Polygala vulgaris l.-cnliiuiea .Miiliiosa

Thymus Serpyllum C. nigra

Asperula cynancliica Chrysanthemum Lcucan-

A. odorata tliemum

Oalium saxatilo I.;ipsniia roiiiiiiunis

O.vcruin Acliillc.i Miilclolium

lleliantbcmum vulgaro lli.^i iM-inni I'iioscUa
Campanula glomcrata Tinmi- ii>iiiinnins
Papaver Khieas l;i \ ..m 1 iliin.:.

Scabiosa arvcnsis ICiipliin in 1 iiii\ L,'daloide8

Lonicera Periclymeuuiu Hiiiiiiii.nlii, ,11 vcnsis
Chclidonium majus Ki-ica Telnilix

Trilolium pratense E. cinerea

.\uthyllis Vulneraria I.ysiniiichia nemorum

Onobrychis sativa PolvRnnnm liistortii.

L.athyrus pratcnsis Ku|.li..rl.i:i hclinscopia

Vicia sepium Sohuiiiiii Imlcamara

Lathyrus macrorhizus liinlKiica vulgaris
Lotus major Iris pseudo-acorus

Genista tinctoria Convolvulus arvcnsis

Vicia sativa Rosa canina

Lotus corniculatus R. arvcnsis

Pakm and Orchard Produce by Ra'I-—
Once more wo are indebted to the obliging
traffic manager of the Great Eastern Railway

96

THE Q A R D ENER 8 ' CHR ONI CL E.

[August 3, 1901.

Company for statistics relating to tlie cheap
transit of small jiads of farm and orchard pro-
duce from the place of production to the
house of the urban purchaser. Under date
July 29 the oflieial writes: — "The statement
of the number of farm isroduce-boxes has now
been got out, aiid I find the number conveyed
during the past half year was 78,500 ; whilst
for the same period in 1900, we conveyed
77,800." It will thus be seen that there has
been a gain of 700 boxes.

KOLREUTERIA PAN ICULATA.— This fine old
tree, which I believe is very little Irnown, is
now in full flower, covered with its yellow
panicles, about 9 to 15 inches long. The tree
measures about 35 feet in height, and about
40 feet spread of branches. W. Howard. [In
the private garden at Hampton Court Palace,
an almost equally]^ flue tree is now in full
bloom. Ed.]

Board of Agriculture.— The recent pub-
lications of the Board include leaflets on the
Tent Caterpillars (the Lackey Moth and the
Brown-tailed INloth), and on the ajihides which
infest Currant-bushes.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Insti-
tution.—The Secretary, Mr. G. .7. iNiaiAM,
desires us to inform our readers that the gar-
dens and grounds at Battle Abbey, Sussex,
■will be re-opened to the public on Tuesdays,
commencing from'July 30 ; and by kind per-
mission ofjF. G.Fanwell, Esfx., and Captain
FonsTER, the proceeds derived from admission
on Tuesday, August 13, will be given to the
above charity.

Pineapples c. Agave Sisal. —The culti-
vation of the fibre-yielding Agave has become
of sufficient importance in the Bahamas to be
considered as worthy of a special little mono-
graph by the Governor. True, the Pineapple
is still the main horticultural product of the
Bahamas group of islands — some 4,000,000 of
the value of £28,000 being exported to this
and other countries ; but a good market is also
found for Sisal fibre, which has gained a high
place for itself, and is being exported in
gradually and steadily increasing quantities.
About 14,406 acres are now under the crop
throughout the group of islands, and the
output in 1900 exceeded IJ million pounds,
valued at nearly £17,000. This double string
to the commercial bow is a fortunate condition
of things in our West Indian possessions.

An Australian Seed Catalogue. — A
remarkable catalogue has just come to hand
from Messrs. Anderson & Co., seed merchants,
&c., 399, George Street, Sydney, of large
octavo size; it is profusely illustrated with
Woodcuts, and contains an excellent coloured
drawing of forms of Salpiglossis grandiflora.
Catalogue-making appears to be as well under-
stood at the Antipodes as at home. This,
from Sydney, comprises some 100 pages of
closely-printed matter, and contains not only
elaborate descriptions of many popular
subjects, but also cultural details of wide
interci-t. One is able to gain from it a good
idea of plants popular on the other side of the
world. In the matter of novelties in seeds
and plants it is quite up-to-date, and there
are charming photographs of Cupressus maero-
carpa variegataand Cassia Caudolleana, which
is described as one of the best of the hardy
flowering shrubs, covered with lovely yellow
blossoms during April and May, as the
photograph of an example growing in the open
shows.

Our Trade in 'Plants, Bulbs, &c. — The
Board of Trade has recently published, in two
volumes, its great Annual relating to the trade

and commerce of the country for the year
1900. Such works are not compiled and pub-
lished in a hurry ; and the many huudx-eds of
pages of seemingly bewildering figures are a
monument to patience, perseverance, and
enterprise of a colossal character. As in past
years, so to-day we give those obtainable sta-
tistics of especial interest to the reader of
this jourual, which we are happy to be able to
supplement with figures relating to the export
of nursery stock, &c. The following relates
to the —

Imports op Plants, Shrubs, Trees, and
Flo-\\'er-roots, Entered for Value only.

Imports from :

1897.

1898.

1899.

1900.

Germany

42,020

43,889

£

47,736

£

36,376

Holland

213,663

221,793

213,205

240.828

Belgium

44.780

49,872

51,641

53,9(«5

France

41,891

49.708

54.909

52,290

Japan

18,954

18,149

21,259

20,2,i0

United States of
Amei-iea

18,373

13,395

15,505

16,264

Mexico

2,204

319

1,142

."S60

Republic of Cohimhia

9,008

10,426

7,341

1,580

Brazil

3,715

6,259

6,484

2,957

Other forci£m coun-
tries

4,607

3,410

3,974

3,493

Total, foreign coun-
tries

398,875

417,217

423,195

427,.i04

Cliauuel Islands

10,556

10,363

14,631

11, .583

Cape of Good Hope ...

317

304

230

Natal

1,182

514

761

496

British East Indies ...

4,786

4,865

3,022

3,222

Hong Kong

2,983

174

299

138

Australasia

871

7.«0

6M

88

Canada

1,212

1,1.51

931

1,612

British West India
Islands

944

543

488

f)10

Other British Pos-
sessions

962

704

319

610

Total, British Pos-
sessions

23,613

19.!>98

21,371

18,2.59

Grand total

422,488

4,36,615

444,566

445,763

It is not very easy to account for the fluctua-
tions in the above table. For the blank record
for the Cape of Good Hope one word gives the
reason — war. For the first time we are now
enabled to supply the figures as to exports,
which are as follows : —

Exports to :

1897

1898

1899

1900

«evninny

562

£

856

£

1,184

£

657

Ilollana

1,437

2,307

2,217

1,323

Belgium

2,319

1,734

2.180

1,855

U.S.A. (Atlantic side)...

5,712

2,520

2,007

7,180

Other foreign countries

1,781

1,393

2,284

2,812

Total to foreign
countries

11,811

8,810

10,472

13,827

British Possessions in
South Africa

1,181

431

624

138

Australasia

587

313

423

462

Canada

182

813

1,465

. 1,302

Other British Posses-
sions

599

4.38

601

875

Total to British
Possessions

2,549

1,995

3,173

2,767

Grand total ... ^

14,360

10,805

13,645

16,894

The totals of imports and exports are as
under :— 1897, £430,848 ; 1898, £447,420 ; 1899,
£458,211 ; 1900, £402,357.

Publications Received.— Board of Agri-
culture (Intel 11 uiMu-c Division). Annual Report
of ProccTilin^s under the Sale of Food and
Drug Acts, 1S7.-. (<, 1899; Merchandise Marks
Acts, 1887 to 1K94 ; Fertilisers and Feeding
Stuffs Act, 1893 ; and Board of Agriculture
Act, 1890 (Section 2, Sub-soction 3). For the
year 1900.— .liiiiifu; ricpoi-t of the Grahams-

town Botanic Gardens for 1900. — Btilletin o
tlic Botanical Department, Jamaica, June 1901.
The contents include notes on : Pupil-appren-
tices at Hope Gardens ; Nuts ; a Dwarf West.
Indian Palm ; Diseases in Pineapple Plants ;
Bcrgamot Orange ; Vanilla in Seychelles ;
and Potato Diseases and their Treatment. —
Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, June.
The contents deal with : Plants reported to be
poisonous to Stock in Australia; and Useful
Australian Plants, JVo. 70 ; Scrubby Gum of the
Blue Mountains, by J. H. Maiden ; Soil
Temperature at Hawkesbury Agricultural
College, and Heat Requirements of Plants,.
C. T. Musson ; Observations on Guinea Grass,.
H. M. Williams ; Removing Spines from the
Prickly Pear ; and Plantation of Timber Trees
as a Commercial Speculation, by J. S. Chees-
brough.

MR. HAEEY J. VEITCH AT HOME.'

It was to me a singularly pleasant experience
a few days since, having been engaged for
several hours in traversing the rural lanes of
North Bucks, judging gardens and allot-
ments, to look in at East Burnham Park, the
beautiful and delightful country residence of
this famous horticulturist, and partake from
Mrs. Veitch's hands in her pleasant summer-
house on the lawn of her hospitality. Had
I and my friends but known that just at
the moment we were enjoying our meal under
such delightful conditions that the metropolis
was being in danger of drowning under the
tremendous rainstorm then pre\ailing, it is
probable that our enjoyment and gratification
would have been greater rather than less I
Still, rain was badly needed at East Burnham
Park, as Mr. Veitch showed, when later
we took a walk over his pretty place,
and as indeed trees, shrubs, and grass gene-
rally demonstrated. Probably that refresh-
ment so grateful to us has been vouchsafed to
the parched sciil ere now. Ever genial Mr.
Veitch never seems more so to his numerous
friends than when spud in hand, and having in
him something of the British farmer, he con-
ducts us through his gardens, his farm build-
ings, dairy, stables, poultry yard, pheasantries,
and other things, which here, as elsewhere, do
so much to make rural life happy and enjoy-
able. The house is large and roomy, yet not
big. It is essentially an English home. The
old portion, once the home of the historian
Grotc, has a.s.sociated with it many traditions,
and has sheltered many of the great ones of
past generations. The old and the new por-
tions are as becomes the home of such a gar-
dener as is Mr. Veitch, prettily draped with
climbers, and all its surroundings are charm-
ing, whilst choice shrubs and trees have been
extensively planted. So, too, have Roses,
Carnations, and other favourite flowers.

There is a fine collection of fruit trees and
bushes, as also of Strawberries, but in such a
wooded district, where birds have not yet
been taught the ethics of "mine and thine,"
it is found needful to severely wire and net,
over soft fruits to keep them secure. Even
the nut bushes have to be wired also to save
the fruits from the depredations of those
pretty rodents the squirrels, beautifid, but
ungrateful little creatures — for here animal
and bird life is almost religiously preserved,
for the owner is not the man "who carries the
gun," or who thinks, like Pope's egotist, that
all is created that he might destroy. Nature,
iu her boiuity here, gave a site that has proved
to be charmingly suitable for the making of a
wild garden, yet it is not so much an attempt
to create natural floral beauties artificially, as
so many try to do, and so pgregiously fail, but
it is rather found in assisting Nature to furnish
florally or in other ways charms which she

Adgcst 3, 1901.]

THE GAED EXEE S ' CUE OX I CL E.

97

cannot always supijly. This woody dell, a
semi-bog, has had much of its wild \mder-
growth removed, some large beds or clumps
fashioned, lough paths formed, suitable trees,
shrubs, Bamlxios, and semi-aquatic things
planted, and without material effort or to
secure essentially garden effects, some that
aire very delightful have been secured. In a
somewhat secluded quiet pond there are float-
ing on the surface, and in fine bloom, many of
the newer Nymphfeas, whilst round and about
the margin the surroundings are quite devoid
of formality. Very little out of the many
things here growing was specially noted, but
very fine indeed was Spirtea gigautea, 6 feet
in height, and very noble too. A most pleas-
ing eombinatjon was seen in large plants of
Inula glandulosa, from amongst which peeped
up spikes of the pretty Lythrum Salicaria,
which here seemed to be so much at home.
The green and silvery Eulalias here growing
quite tall, were most effective ; and very plea-
sant was it to see a big mass of the old Fuchsia
gracilis and F. Riccartoni in rich profusion,
beautiful in bloom and so luxuriant. A strik-
ing object also was the Double Pink Bramble,
which seemed to be so much at home, and was
almost a mass of flower. However, in so brief
a visit it is not possible to be noting details.
Those who want more information should go
and see. They will find the park is not far
from the quaint old village of East Bnrnliaiu
on the one side, or from the famous Burnham
Beeches on the other. It is oddly enough
entirely encompassed by a high road, so that
it lies practically in a ring fence. That is,
without doubt, an advantage. Its aspect is
chiefly soulh, and is fairly well sheltered.

Long may Mr. and Mrs. Veiteh live here to
enjoy the fruits of a very active busy life, and
in due time to bear into retirement, full of
years and honours, the untarnished reputation
of a great horticultural house. .1. l>.

Tille de Hambourg and C. argyrites is
grown, the first one having large pink-veined
leaves ; the second one being the small variety,
with straight stalks and white foliage, the
plants being well suited for decorative pur-
poses. A fine plant of Platycerium grande
was to be seen, with nicely curled fronds of
picturesque appearance, and measuring 5 feet
in height and 6 feet in width ; it has an
attractive appearance not often met with, and
is valuable accordingly.

Plants for exhibition are collected in a
special house, and comprise large bushes of
well coloured Codi;i?um, and more sturdy
specimens of Dieffenbachia and Maranta. The
Dracfena-houses^are a principal feature in this
establishment, the collection is almost com-
plete ; small and large varieties are growing
well, and [a selection is reserved to jjroduee
seed. The aim [of the hybridiser now is to

NURSERY NOTES.

MK. DKAI'S-DOMS EXOTIC XIKSKUY -VT
LAEKK.V, BHUSSIiLS.
Thkre are in this nursery at the present
time a good many plants in full perfection,
which make the place very interesting to a
visitor fond of plants. From the avenue is
noticeable a dark green mass of young and
Imsliy Uliododciulrons, with, on one side of the
entrance a border of different varieties of
Kuonymus, with pyramidal and standard
Laurus nobilis ; other borders being planted
with New Holland and Capo plants, IJoronia,
Acacia, Epacris, and Erica. Some of the last
named are specially trained into various
fanciful forms, such as spiral, candelabra,
palmate, and cordon -lik(! shapes. The rest
of the outside is occupied by Hortensias, with
their pink and blue, inflorescences.

In the houses a large quantity of Orchids
are grown, Cattlcya Mossire, Ljclia purpurata,
and Vaiula snavis and tricolor, with their fine
odoriferous blossoms. There are houses filled
with Odontoglossum crispum and O. vexillarinm
showing their numerous spikes, and amongst
these special attention and selection is given
to cross-breeding. The Cypripedium- house
contains fine and varied specimens, including
the C Curtisii, Chamberlainianum, Mastorsi-
anum, Vicloi'la; Mari;e, and several good
seedlings. Further on then; is a hooso full
of Anthiiiiiim having large spadices, that
make tlio whole effect very ilecorative. Other
plants noticed as coming on in quantity are
Gardenias, some showing large buds, and
beginning to flower. A stock of Caladium

Water-Lilies arc on the margin of a wide lake,
they are still better in a pond of moderate
size, or even in one that has more the character
of a large pool. If this has a near surrounding
of wooded rising ground, not of trees over-
hanging the water, but at such a distance as
to shut in the scene and to promote stillness
of the water-surface, the pond will bo a happy
one for its Lilies. . . . For planting Water-
Lilies in ponds, a depth of 2 or 3 feet is in
many cases enough, though some are quite
contented with 18 inches ; but if a vigorous
kind is planted too shallow, as it insists on
having stalks of normal length, both leaves
and flowers become unduly spread. It will
pi'obably be found that growth in tanks will
prove to be the more certain method of con-
trolling the plants, for in same cases, when
the roots are in a restricted space, and can bo
given a special soil of good loam, the flowers
are nuich more abundant."

A good list of these plants is contributed
herein by Mr. Hudson, who has made a special
study of Water-Lilies. Lastly, Miss Jekyll
advises us "When to let well alone "—infor-
mation that is highly valuable and necessary.

Such is the brief outline of the programme
before readers of the book : pleasing and cha-
racteristic illustrations, wise and readable
letterpress, and a iisefnl index. Those who
know Miss Jekyll's work will not be slow to
obtain for themselves access to this, her
latest production.

Fill. 31.— Dl.\NTHfS I'ELVIFORMIS: 1-I.OWKIiS IIKD.

get flue colour, or some other small-leaved
varieties. These plants alone occupy more
than half of the fglasshouses covering o acres
of ground. Y. D. K.

BOOK NOTICE.

Wall and Water Gardens. By Gertrude

Jekyll. {Country IJje Library, CoinUrn

Life, 20, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden ;

and George Jfewnes, 7 to 12, Southampton

Street, Covent Gai'den.)

.\>roN(; the many ladies who now write about

gardens (concerning whom our contemporary

Piiiicli had .some wise words lately), we are

always glad to listen to Miss Jekyll. She has

.something to say, and can say it clearly ; and

she has every opportunity for illustrating her

books handsomely.

\1'((// anil IVdfcT Oiirdens is, naturally, not
so niucli for the owners of small plots as foi'
dwellers in the larger country houses, where
acres are under treatment. The wall garden
may of course be made the habitat of many a
beautiful wild or imported flower, which must
be set, as in a rockery, where plenty of soil
can be made availalile for the roots. In
swampy places Ferns luxuriate, and in actual
water, it is hard to find anything more appro-
priate and beautiful than the Nymphwa.
" Bclightful," says the authoress, "as the

DL\NTHUS PELYIFORMTS, Heuff.

For the Introduction of this iilant to my
garden I am indebted to Mr. H. Henkel, of
Darmstadt, from whom I bought a plant in
October, 1899. The trials of the following
winter weakened the small plant, and it was
not until June, 1901, that it iirodnced a flower
in my rock-garden, although it appears to bo
hardy, and so vigorous when established as to
in-odiice plenty of grass. It belongs to a class
of Dianthi wiiich are not very popular in
gardens, because of their long steins appear-
ing out of proportion to the small heads of
flowers.

In a bare, stiff border these Dianthi aro out
of place, and it is only when seen with other
plants near, which take from the baroness of
the stems, that their value can bo seen. D.
pelviformis is thus not a plant for the border
of the usual kind ; but it may be used with
advantage in the rock-garden, or in a border
where stiff arrangements aro dispensed with.
As will be seen from the engraving (fig. 31),
the small blooms, which are of a deep blood-
rod, aro different in form froi!i those of most of
the other Dianthi of the same class. S. Arnott,
i'ai-scUiDni-hii-Dunifiica, .\.«.

TRADE MEMORANDUM.

Wiu. you allow me a small space in your
columns to warn nurserymen and market gar-
d(Miers against a young man who has called
u))on mo among others, with a plausible story
of want through being out of work. " His
father, he says, was a nurseryman near
Cardiff, who, before his death, lost all he had.
He has been supporting a sick motlior, and
lias consequently saved no money, and having
been out, of work a month has become very
hard up." ll<^ will (U^canip with all the money
he can beg or steal, and anyone ujion whom ho
may call will oblige by communicating with
the police, as ho is wanted here. E. lldinmoml,
Pilrji-im's Hatch, lirenlwood.

98

THE G A R D ENER S ' CUR 0 NI CL E.

[AufiusT 3, 1901.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

STRAWBERRY BARRELS. — We have heard a
good deal during recent years of Strawberry-
growing in barrels. Many persons have given
it up, finding that it was not a success, but
others are delighted with the results. By the
desire of my employer here, I have tried a
few varieties in a numlier of ordinary paraffin
barrels, burnt out, with holes bored round the
sides. We place them on iron wheels, supplied
by a firm in Paris, so that we can turn them
round daily, and allow all the plants to get a
certain amount of sun. We planted thirty-five
plants in one barrel, viz., thirty round the
sides and five i-ound the top. When the fruit
is set, we thin them to about ten or twelve on
each plant. Treating them in the way de-
scribed, we find them to ripen very satis-
factorily. Among the best varieties we have
found for this purpose, none is better than
Royal Sovereign, because it throws its fruit
well out, away from tlie barrel. .St. Joseph
does well, and is a splendid flavour, superior
to many others. Laxton's Noble also does very
well in barrels, but the flavour is poor, com-
pared with that of many ather varieties. To
protect the Strawberries from birds, we place a
wooden hoop about 1 foot aliove the top of the
barrel, nailed to the barrel with three pieces
■of wood about 18 inches long ; 7iets thrown
over this protect them beautifully. A. li.
Pearce, Braijmead Gardens, Bray, Berks.

SURREY FLORA. — Whilst tlie practice so
common at rural flower shows, and so much
to be regretted of inviting children to pi-esent
ill competitions huge bunches or masses of
wild flowers without taste or discrimination
continues, it is pleasant to note any occasional
breaks, or improvement on the practice. I
found such the other day at the small cot-
tager's show in Lord Onslow's Park at Clandon,
Guildford, where three cliildren from Merrow,
one of the parishes in the sliow area, presented
collections of wild flowers in quantity, eacli
kind being named as correctly as well could
be under existing conditions, but only with
common names. One defect of such nomen-
clature is, that a species has so many diverse
appellations just as localities differ. One girl
had with great industry collected just one or
two flowers of fully one hundred species, and
had, of course, a remarkably representative
collection, and showed how rich the Guildford
district of Surrey is in native plants. But it is
so evident that could the botanical appellation
of each species be added, names that are
universally admitted to be exact, the gain to
the children would be great. I have advised
in this case to limit the number of species
to be shown by any one competitor, to say
thirty-six as sufficient for the purpose, good
staging, and the most correct naming, to be
the chief points considered in making the
■awards. It is to be deplored that with so
many people, ladies especially, who seem to
live only to kill time, that some of them cannot
be induced to form wild-flower instruction-
■classes in their localities, as in that way they
might find delightful occupation. A. D.

DO BULLFINCHES EAT INSECTS? — As a small
contribution to the much-debated question as
to whether bullfinches eat insects, the follow-
ing may interest your readers. We have an
extraordinarily tame nightingale, to whom I
often bring aphides and green caterpillars
from the Roses. A half-tamed bullfinch has
Ijeen left in my care, and seeing him put his
head on one side and greedily eye some cater-
pillars I was giving to the nightingale, I
offered him one. For the first time he came to
my hand and swallowed the caterpillar witli
evident satisfaction. He will even leave his
beloved Sowthistles for one, but he refuses
raw meat, which the nightingale takes readily.
Janet Ross, Florence.

PEACH EARLY ALEXANDER.— On the Walls of

Mr. T. F. Blackwell's kitchen garden, at The
Cedars, Harrow Weald, a tree of this variety
is fruiting very satisfactorily ; and Mr. J.

Dinsmore, the gardener, considers it to bo a
variety which should be planted extensively
with other kinds of wall fruits not requiring
protection, his experience of it having been
always satisfactory, although in point of size,
colour, and flavour, the fruits protluced this
vear are rather better than in previous years.
J. OB.

CABBAGES BOLTING.— Your correspondent in
the Gardeners' Clironicle of July 6, wlio seems
to give expression to the confidence he has in
his knowledge of the above subject, and in the
virtues of "our Early Market," has said
nearly all that is to be said on the subject,
and most of which has been said before. The
reason given by gardeners is almost universally
that — among others mentioned by Jlr. Alfred
Watkins — viz., the seasons, which have a
great deal more to do with bolting than any
question as to variety, or even as to the mode
of growing the seed. Cabbage-growers of
different districts have each a particular date
at which they sow summer Cabbages. If it is
sown too early, and an abnormal season should
follow, such as a prolonged winter, &c., it is
considered that a percentage will bolt ; so
that particular care is taken to sow the seed
in good time, in order to secure an early crop,
whilst any extreme in this direction is avoided
to prevent bolting. Some gardeners find that,
when convenient, pricking out tlie plants from
the seed-beds as soon as they arc ready before
finally transplanting, tends to minimise the
risk of bolting in the spring. R. B. lilcCombic,
Teddinyton.

MILDEW ON THE GRAPE-VINE. — Your Corre-
spondent, Mr. S. Williams, Hodnet Hall,
IMarket Drayton, seems to have developed a
strange theory respecting mildew on Vines.
I should say his remedy, and washing or wiping
the glass to destroy mildew, would have about
an equal effect to that of cleaning a cottage
window to cure a case of scarlatina. Mildew
on the Vine in a properly constructed and
heated vinery never ought to be .seen, and it
never is with proper management. It is pro-
duced bj' cold draughts, and a cold, stagnant,
damp atmosphere. The so-called Cucumber
and Melon disease is one of those preventiblo
diseases, prevented by proper methods of cul-
ture, and is due to the improper metliods pur-
sued. A sudden fall in the heat, or the appli-
cation of cold water at a critical time, will
produce it, as I have seen frequently. I have
never had any disease on Tomatos, but I think,
as they are of a soft, succulent, free-growing
nature, their troubles come with improper
application of water ; and, as a rule, the
Potato-disease never shows itself unless we
have a damp, sultry time about the period of
the blooming. I grew last year several hun-
dred bushels of Potatos, and was unable to
find one tuber diseased, as the weather was so
dry at that particular season. I know the
spores of these various diseases are generally
present, but they can only develop when the
conditions are favourable to fungoid growth.
R. M., Newbury.

THE SEEDING OF ASPIDISTRA LURIDA. —

Messrs. H. Stansfield & Co., nurserymen, of
Sale, succeeded last year in securing some
seeds of Aspidistra lurida, which were duly
sown, and which germinated ; and by the
second week in July of the present year,
sixteen plants had appeared above ground.
In 1899, this firm obtained thirty seeds, which
were duly sown, but they did not succeed in
obtaining a single plant from them. As their
method of management of seedlings may have
an interest for some readers of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, I have obtained from Messrs. Stans-
field & Son the following particulars. From
the time of flowering, it takes from six to nine
months to mature and ripen the seeds. The
pods, which are of a bright orange colour
when ripe, contain from one to nine large
seeds, and they burst naturally when the
seeds are ripe. The seeds were sown in
August last, in a sandy compost, the pots were
stood in saucers which contained water to about
one-fourth of their depth, and the saucers

were placed on hot-water pipes, where they
i-emained until May, when the seedlings began
to pu.sh through the soil. One seed, which
was evidently overlooked, germinated while
lying upon the surface of tlie soil, though
uncovered and unnoticed. When di.scovered,
it had put forth roots to the length of six
inches, but it is several months later than the
plants raised in bottom-heat, and will not
show above ground for another month or more.
The seeds were taken from a green-leaved
form ; and they were allowed to dry for a
week in the sun before sowing. R. D.

WEATHER LORE FOR AUGUST : —

" Hot August sun and hajipy August days !
Fain would 1 bear your memory in my
heart
Through winter snows and dark autumnal
ways.
Long after summer and her train depart."

" All the tears that St. Swithin can cry,
St. Bartlemy's mantle wipes them dry."
" Dry August and warm
Doth harvest no harm."
" A wet August never brings dearth."
Italian.

" August rain gives honey, wine, and saffron."
Portuguese.

J. C,

ERIGERON COULTERI.

This promising plant was received from Mr.
Amos Perry, of Winchmore Hill, early this
spring, and the engraving (fig. 32), shows the
first flowers it produced in my garden in Juno
last. So far as one's short experience goes, I
look upon it as one of the most promising
hardy flowers introduced into cultivation thfs
season. The flowers are of a soft white, and
they possess all the elegance of petal we asso-
ciate with the best of the many Erigerons in
our gardens. It is of close, tufted habit of
growth at the base, and sends up stems bear-
ing several flowers, to the height shown by the
engraving. It is a native of Colorado, and
ought to be perfectly hardy in our gardens.
The Index Kewensis refers us to Porter and
Coulter, Fl. Colorado, 61, a work not in my
possession at present. In its general appear-
ance it reminds one of a dwarf-growing E.
.speciosum. .S. Arnutt, Carsethorne -by -Dum-
fries, N.B.

LAW NOTE.

DAMAGES FOR DESTRUCTION OF CHRYS-
ANTHEMUM Blooms.— Sheriff-Substitute .Sym,
Perth, has issued his decision in a case of
unusual interest to the gardening profession.
James Beisant, head gardener. Castle Huntly,
Longforgan, as an individual, and also as an
assignee of his employer, Mr. Armitstead, sued
the Caledonian Railway Company for £100 in
consequence of damage to valuable Chrys-
anthemum blooms entrusted by him to tbo
defenders for conveyance to the Edinburgh
Chrysanthemum show in November last. A
special van had been engaged for the blooms.
While the van was being shunted at Long-,
forgaii it was run into and disabled by the
shunting engine, with the result (as alleged by
the pursuer) that the boxes of blooms were
thrown violently from one end of the van
to the other, spilling the water supplied in
tubes to keep the blooms fresh, and many of
the blooms were found crushed and cut, and
many of the petals shaken off. The blooms
were 14-1 in number, picked from about COO
plants of the choicest, newest, and costliest
varieties. Expert evidence was given by Mr.
M'Hattie, Superintendent of Parks to the Cor-
poration of Edinburgh (who was a judge at the

August 3, 1901 .J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

99

show in question). Bailie Melville, President
of the Dundee Chrysanthemum Society, and
others. The Sheriff finds that the damage
suffered by the pursuer consisted of loss of
the chance of gaining the Edinburgh City Cup
and otlier prizes, with the accompanying loss
of money, loss of professional distinction and
advertisement, and partial loss of time, labour,
and expense devoted to the production of the
blooms, which may be moderately estimated at
£60, and finds the defenders liable to the
pursuer to this sum in name of damages.
Scots mfiH.

The Week's Work.

PRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Vnhetited Houses.— The fruits will now have
stoned and started their second swelling. As
soon as they show signs of ripening, syringing
must cease, but the trees will still need water
at the roots, and the borders]should be damped,
as a moist air is necessary for the foliage.
Afford copious supplies of liquid-manure to
trees swelling their crop. The fruits must be
disposed so that they will receive light and
air from all points as far as practicable.
Keep the growths thinned out, that every
shoot may have space for full exposure to light
and air. Syringe early in the morning, ad-
mitting a little ventilation, which may be
frequently increased as temperature out-of-
doors becomes higher. If it is desired to
accelerate the ripening of the fruits, keep the
temperature of the house through the day at
80° or S.j% but always with ventilation, and
close (arlyto maintain the temperature, but
not to raise it above i)0°. Syringe again ii] the
afternoon, and supply the rrots with water
and moisture as often as necessary. If thin-
ning was attended to early, the fruits will be
of a good size before stoning is completed.
When that stage has been passed, the crop
niaj- be thinned finally.

The Piuerij. — When jiits and houses become
vacant, before they are again filled with plants,
the interior, including the glass, should be well
cleansed, and if the bottom-heat is obtained
from hot-water pipes, the plunging mat<Tial,
whether of tanner's barker tree leaves, should
bo removed if much decayed. The plan I
adopt here is to sift the finer particles out of
the old material (bark) with a sieve having
J-inch meshes, and adding new material to the
loiigli part, and by doing it in this manner the
heat is easily regulated. All brickwork should
l)e washed with scalding water, and afterwards
brushed over with hot lime-wash. The wood
and ironwork should bo cleansed with soap
and water, using a brush, and keeping the
soapy water as much as possible from the
glass, which should bo cleaned inside and out
with water only. If necessary, the wood and
ironwork may be painted, and the roof made
water-tight.

Potthui Pine Pldntn. — Suckers which were
potted in .lune last will have filled the pots
with roots, and will be in need of repotting
before the roots become matted together.
Queens and lilack .lamaica Pines should be
placed in 10-ineh pots, and Cayennes and those
of stronger growth in 1 1-inch pots. Ix't water
be applied to the plants immediately after the
repotting, and plinige tlicm in a lied having a
teiiii)erature of Ho' to !).">. There- is no greater
mistake in growing Pines than to crowd young
jilants together, so that they become drawn
and weakly. Give attention to the bottom-
heat of beds that have been recently disturbed
or upset by the removal or re-arrangement of
the plants, not allowing the heat to exceed 00°
at the hottoTii of the pots, without iunnediately
raising llieni, too tiuieli liott^pm-heat having a
most disastnuis effect on the Pines bearing
fruit, or those having the pots filled with
roots. Examine the soil, as regards moisture.

twice a week, and maintain a moist, genial,
well-ventilat«d atmosphere. The conditions
are, at this season of the year, so favourable,
that the plants grow with great vigour, there-
fore discontinue the use of shading, and admit
air plentifully when the temperature ranges
from 85° to 9.5°, affording the fruiting plants a
night temperature of 70° to 75°.

THE FliOWEB GARDEN.

Poefs jVnrcissHs (Xfiicissiis poeticus). — Tf the
beds of these bulbs which may be grown to
furnish cut flowers are showing signs of ex-
haustion, the present time is suitable for
lifting the bulbs and selecting the best and

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FUI. :t2.— EUIOEKON tOUITEril: FLOWETiS WHITE.
(Sec p. 98.)

firmest for replanting. The second size bulbs
may be planted by woodland walks or on turf.
The small bulbs may bo grown on in the
reserve garden, or thrown away if the stock is
sufficient for the needs of the place.

Kavhi-jJoweriwi varieties of iVnrrix.sii.s, such
as Early Major, Bazelman major, and ])rin-
ceps, may likewise be lifted and replanted, if
they have been three or more years in their
present situation. When Narcissus flower
badly, or not at all, the time has arrived when
replanting is very necessary. Narci.ssus and
N. jonquilla do well when they are planted in
the shade of espalier fruit-trees. Snch bulbs,
when of large size, are very suitable for
forcing.

Violets. — Examine the plants frequently, and
remove every runner found on the plants, so
as to give strength to the crowns, and large

blooms. This work holds good, whether the
plants are to be grown in cold frames or in tie
open. Keep the soil stirred, and in dry
weather afford water freely in the evening. If
sprinkled daily, and the under-sides of the
leaves are wetted with an elbowed syringe, that
persistent pest on Violets, red-spider, will be
prevented from doing much harm.

Climbing varieties of the Rose, as the plants
pass out of bloom, should be deprived
of the wood of this season th.at has flowered,
and the new shoots that will flower next year
laid in. Crimson Rambler, Alister Stella Gray,
the Dawson Rose, and similar free-growing
Roses, should, if established, be freely
thinned, and sufficient space afforded the
strong shoots for development. Such Roses
have a good effect when in bloom if plenty of
space be afforded them. Gloire do Dijon,
Cheshunt Hybrid, Kaiserin Frederic, and Reine
Marie Henriette will not require so free a use
of the secateur, a partial shortening back, or
cutting back close an occ;isional shoot, being
sufficient. After trying most varieties of
climbing Roses for covering arches of iron,
exposed to north-east winds, I have found
none so satisfactory as the first three varieties ;
while A. S. Gray is unequalled in this section
for fragrance. After thinning, manure in some
form should lie applied, aud water afforded
frequently, as well as a light mulch.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

liy II. J. I'liAi'MAN'. fi:ir(lcncr to R. I. ME.\seRES, Esq.,
C':i)iit>ridgo Lodge, Flodden Road. Cainbcrwcll.

lleatiiuj Apparatus, itr. — A very important
matter that should receive attention at this
season is the condition of the boilers aiul heat-
ing apparatus generally. Now that the weather
is liki!ly to remain warm lor several weeks, all
necessary repairs can be carried out without
the plants taking any harm. It is preferable
to have the inconvenience of having no heating
apparatus now than at a later part of the
season owing to a prevent ible break-down.
The valves will need repacking, air-taps put
into workable ord(>r, and Inirnt-out furnace-
bars replaced with new ones. It is good prac-
tice to drain oft the water from the pipes and
boilers once a year, and thus convey away a
good deal of rust and the sediment from the
water. " Anti-corrosion " may be placed in
the boilers when at length they are refilled
and the fires lighted, wliicli in a short time
will dissolve the incriist.-ition (hat nearly
always takes place in tliosi' par(s that are
exposed to the greatest amount of fire-heat.

.S'liirtd-f/roio/Hf; La'H(ts. — Lielia pumila, T .
Dayana, L. priestans, and their hybrid varie-
ties, being now in act ive grow (h, will require
clo.sely looking alter in the iiiatler of water at
the root. Their siuallness (its them for plant-
ing in hanging-baskets or sh.allow earthenware
pans; anil being mostly suspended near the
roof of a house, where the circiilatioM of air is
greatest, and (he sun has a diying effect, the
compost soon gets dry. The affernoon is the
best pi'rioil of I he day in which to apply water
to bask(^t plants, as the mat<'rial is not then
likely to reiir.iin for any great length of time
in a dry stale. Although regarded by most
cultivators as suitable plaii(s for the cool-
house, better results n)ay le obtained if
slightly warmer condilions are afforded them
as soon as growth begins.

('(((( /(•/;(( h:i(l(in«t(i. — The flowers of this
species are not so large as tho.se of the members
of the Cattleya labiata group, but (hey appear
at a season when flowciing Orchids are not
numerous ; aud where a succession of flowers is
required thronghout the year, C. Kldorado can
scarcely be dispensed with. It is a plant of
easy culture. There are plan! shore of the typo
and of the white-flowered varieties, which have
been in this collection Cor many years, which
are sa( isfactory in every point. It is found
that (he plants give most sa(isfii<'( ion when
they are placed in baskets and suspended from
the roof. The plants make (heir growdi in
the summer months, and produce their flowers
before the growth is matured— that is, gene-

1>10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 3, 1901.

rally dui-ing' the montli of August. The plants
commence to make new roots almost imme-
diately the new growth has reached maturity,
and any needful jjotting or top-dressing should
then be attended to. The drainage of clean
crocks should be ample in quantity ; the pot-
ting-compost consist of good turfy peat two
liarts, and ehoppcd sphagnum-moss one part.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. ROHEKTS. Gai-doner to Hussey Packe, Esq,,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

Streptocarjjus. — Let the seedlings be shifted
into 48's, and be placed in an intermediate
temperature, aiul near to the glass, affording
them shade in bright weather, and frequent
syringings whilst the weather keeps hot. A
compost consisting of turfy loam, leaf-mould,
and drj' cow-mannre, and good drainage should
be afforded. Till established, apply water
with care, but afterwards more liberally.
"Weak liquid-manure is beneficial till such
time as the flowers appear.

I.voms. — As the earlier blooming species
and varieties pass out of flower allow the soil
to become dryish, and then carry out the
pruning required to give them good-formed
heads. When growth has re-commenced, let
the plants be reijotted into larger pots, and
endeavour to let the pots be filled with roots
before the winter begins. Young plants now
flowering may be repotted into 32's when the
bloom is past, and be afforded a place in a
house having much humidity, and a warmth of
8.5" to 90' by day, and 70° to 7.5° by night.
Rough turfy loam and peat in equal propor-
tions, mixed with charcoal and silver-sand,
.iliould be used for jjotting Ixoras.

Gardcnian. — The cut-back plants which Avere
repotted, which should now be growing freely,
as well as the plants raised in" the sjiriug of
thepresent year, should receive liquid-manure
once a week. Pay regular attention to
syfinging the foliage, and occasionally us<'the
poti<oleum emulsion. When growth is'fluished,
afford more air, so as to mature the young
wood; for unless this be done, flowering will
not be satisfactory.

Uoinau Utjiicinths. — If flowers are wanted in
November, the bulbs should be bought and
potted forthwith. These early-potted Ijulbs
take a longer period from potting to flowering
than those potted much later in the season.
A suitable compost will consist of loam three
parts, leaf-mould one part, and some dry cow-
manure and sand. Place five or six buli)s in a
r,-inch pot, with a pinch of silver sand under
them, and fill the pots with compost, making it
moderately firm. The apex of the bulbs
should be visible. Having potted the batch
of bulbs, afford water to the soil in quantity
sufficient to wet the soil throughout, and when
drained, plunge them in a bed of fine coal-
ashes 6 inchgs below the surface. In six to
eight weeks they should be inspected, and
those with the most roots removed to a cold
frame, and slightly shaded for a few days,
and then place them in the forcing-house.
The practice adopted by market growers is to
start the bulbs in boxes filled with soil, and
pot up or place in baskets, when they can be
lifted with plenty of roots. The method does
not differ in any other particular from that
pursued with the bulbs when grown iu the
ordinary lu inner.

THE HARDY PRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Heehin.
The Morello Chen-ij. — The very warm weather
of July has hastened the ripening of the fruits,
and rendered it necessary that the tying or
nailing, or otherwise securing the young-
growths should have attention before nets are
put over the trees. If the shoots are too
numerous to be properly laid in, remove some
of them, and fasten in the remainder thinly, so
as to permit tlio growth to ripen properly.
The sli.pois iMw.iids the centres of the trees
may Ijc IjsIiiiimI in temporarily with short
lengths of Privet-twigs, or the dried stems of
last year's bracken. The leading shoots
should, however, be secured with nails and

shreds. If the points of the shoots are infested
with black-fly, dip them in strong quassia-
water, and the next morning syringe the entire
tree with clean water. When the nets are put
over the trees, let them hang from the coping
or the top of the wall, and keep them a yard
or fiu'ther away from the base of the wall by
light poles set aslant, so that the gatherer may
easily get at the fruit, &e.

BiuUJiiui. — The operation of budding maybe
carried, on during the next few weeks; and
after the late heavy rains the bark should
"run " readily. Although not much practised
in private gardens, budding may sometimes bo
employed as a means of restoring the symmetry
of a tree, or of securing a new or desirable
variety. Pears, Plums, Peaches, and Cherries,
are all equally amenable to budding. Where
bare sjiaces exist in the framework of a tree,
the insertion of a few buds will remedy the
defect, and in a season or two will restore the
proper balance of growth in the tree. Where
stocks are grown specially for Inulding, the
method adopted should be similar to that
employed in budding Roses, the young stock
being allowed to remain at full length until
pruned back to within a few inches of the bud
at the winter season. By allowing an outlet
for the sap by growth extension, the inserted
fruit-bud remains dormant throughout the
autumn, and starts away strongly in the
spring. If the rainfall has Ijccii insullii-ient to
moisten the soil, it will be ads In^iIiIc Ii> apply
water to the roots of the stocks Ik.'Ioic liudding
is begun.

Thinning the Fruits of the Apple. — Although
the Apple crop in general is not a heavy one,
trees of the early culinary varieties, such as
Lord Grosvenor, Lord Suffield, and Ecklinvillc
Seedling, are carrying good crops, and the
fruits may advantageously be thinned by
degrees, the thinnings being used in the
kitchen. This will give the i-emaining fruits a
better chance of growing to a good size ; and
by thinning early the fruits attain a much
larger size, than when the operation is left till
a later date. The drought was much against
the swelling of the Aijple, and many of the
fruits have dropped from lack of moisture in
the soil ; hence the recent rains will greatly
assist the trees, besides cleansing them of
aphis, &c. If very large fruits are desired,
the ground should be copiously watered, and
weak liquid-manure applied occasionally.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mayne, Gaidcncr to the Hon. Mauk Kolle,
Bictou, East Budleigh, Devonshire.

Cardoojis. — The plants must be afforded
plenty of water, otherwise they are apt to run
to seed ; and when they have reached the
height of 15 inches, earth them up similar to
Celery, first tying up the leaves in the manner
in which Cos Lettuce is tied up to blanch it.

Coru Salad. — This jilant is appreciated by
some persons as a salad, and it certainly
affords a change, and is valuable when good
Lettuces are scarce. The seed should be
sown on ground that has been manured for
some previous crop, which has been dug one
spit deep, and made firm by trampling it.
The seed should be sown in drills } inch deep,
and 9 inches apart. When large enough to
handle, thin to 4 inches apart. Afford water
freely in dry weather, and frequently hoe the
ground. Seed may be sown till the end of the
month of September in the south.

Endive. — Sow about present date for chief
winter crop, and again in ten days. If green-
curled and improved I'ound - leaved i5atavian
are sown, thin former to 12 inches, according
to the size to which it grows, and transplant,
if I'equired, to the same distance ajiart, and
afford plenty of water till re-established.

Parsley. — The June sowing should now be
thinned to a distance of 6 or 8 inches from
plant to plant, doing this iu showery wcither,
if possible, after tlie bed has been .ilVordcd
water. The thinnings may be trai],s|ilaiiied it
this be necessary, but only such as have the
tap-root intact. About this date 1 plant a
row 50 yards in length close to the foot of an

miheatcd Peach - house wall facing south,
where the plants get overhead protection of
the front lights, wiiich are opened wide from
the end of August till the first week in IMarch.
Some gardeners jirick the seedlings out on a
warm border and afford frame i^roteetion in
hard weather.

. Lettuce. — Sow a good breadth of Sutton's
Mammoth or Veitch's Superb Cos and AU-the-
Year - Round Cabbage - Lettuces during the
coming week ; and another sowing of Brown
Cos, Hick's Hardy White Cos, and Hardy Ham-
mersmith Cabbage in a fortnight. Lettuce
nuist have abundance of water in liot Nveather.
fiundrij Opevations. — Examine plantations of
Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Cauliflower, Bore-
cole, Savoys, &c., and fill up gaps in the lines.
Borecole and Savoys may still be planted.
After a period of three weeks of scorching sun-
shine, heavy rains have fallen, so that we can
dispense with the water-can for the present.
Get out Coleworts as land becomes vacant,
examine the hearts of these, in fact all the
Brassicas before planting, as so many of them
are blind, or they have buttoned owing to the
drought. Break off the flower-stalks of Scor-
zonera and Salsafy.

THE APIARY.

By ExPEKT.

The Honey Season. — In the South of England
bee-keeping will be drawing to a close, and in
many cases I fear poor returns have been the
general rule, particularly where bees were
not fed in the spring-time; and many who
have not troubled to do so must see now how
very important it is that a little slow feeding
should be done, because it keeps the bees
slowly working, and they are not using all
their stores. One cannot but notice in these
short seasons of ours that when the bees have
filled up the body of the hive (where no feed-
ing has been done), that the time has gone for
working sections or run honey.

.SVctions. — All sections should be taken off
the hives now that the season is over, or the
bees will commence to take them down and
make them unsaleable. ■ All sections should
))e handled as gently as possible, and kept
in the same position as when taken from the
liive, otherwise the honey will run down
from unsealed ones ; this causes them to
look very bad. Another care should be
given not to put your finger through the
section at the top when taking it from the
hive ; this, too, looks very bad. A section for
market should be kept clean, all scraped and
wiped with a wet sponge ; nothing looks worse
than to see good sections of honey placed on
the market in a dirtj' state — it does not give
the seller a chance at all. How can one
expect to sell honey from a window when the
section does not look fit to eat ? And then one
wonders how it is more orders are not re-
ceived. Much has been said lately about
the " no sale of honey," but I say there is no
trouble whatever if the above remarks are
fully carried out. Sections should not be
forced on the market all at once ; it will pay
to hold them over for a time, but not for them
to get bruised and dirty meanwhile.

Extracting Honeij.- — When extracting do this
as far away from your hives as i:)ossible, other-
wise you will cause your bees to commence
robbing, and once this is going on you will
find it a very hard job to stop. All shallow
frames when extracted should be placed back
on the hive to be cleared up, and then taken
away and wrapped up in brown ijaper to pre-
vent the moth from getting to them, placing a
little naphthaline inside at the same time. Do
not take too many frames from the body of the
hive, or you will have to feed them later on in
the autumn ; it is a great pity to take away
what is really the very existence of the
inmates, and natural food must be better than
artificial. All hives should have their en-
trances closed a little, and a careful watch
kept for wasps, &c. ; eight or nine frames
should be plenty to winter on, too manj' frames
left will les.sen the heat of the hive.

August 3, 1001.]

'HE GARDE^^ERS' CHRONICLE.

101

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

July 3ii.— A meeting of the Committees of tliis Society
was held in the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, West-
minster, on Tuesday last. There was a pretty display
that well furnished the Hall, but did not overcrowd it,
and in this respect, as well as in the smaller number of
visitors tliat were present than usual, it could be
seen that tlic holiday season has already affected these
meetings.

Orchids were veiy few indeed, and only two awards
were made to Orchids, a First-class Certificate to Cy-
pripedium Maudire magnifioum from Mr. Law-Scho-
FIELD, and an Award of Merit to C. x Argo-Kothschild-
ianum from Mr. Xoeman C. Cooksos.

The Floral Committee recommended Awards of
Merit to a double-flowered variety of Gypsophilla pani-
culata, to four vai-ieties of Carnations from Mr. TUUXEB,
Roj'al Xurscries, Slough ; to a strain of Gloxinias from
Messrs. Sutton tt Sons, to Montbretia Gcrmania, and
to Rose Eug6nie Lamesch.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee recommended
Awards of Merit to a large yclIow-fruitcd Gooseberry
named Cobham, from Cobham Hall, Gi-avescud ;
and to a patent bottle for preserving iioiled fruits.
Messrs. J. Veitch <fc Sons showed a giand collection of
Gooseberries.

In the afternoon a Lecture upon " Some of the Plants
Exhibited" was delivered hy the Rev. GEO. IlENSl.ow.

Floral Committee.

Present. ■ W. Marshall, F.S(j., Chainiian ; and Messrs.
Ch.as. T. DruciT, H. B. May, R. Dean, G. Reutlic, J. F.
.MeLcod, Jas. Walker, Cbas. Dixon, R. C. Notcutt,
Herbert J. Cutbush, Chas. E. Shea, W. P. Thomson, E.
11. Jenkins, J. H. Fitt, Hariy Turner, Geo. Paul. H.
Sclfc Leonard, E. T. Cook, Geo. Gordon, E. J. Salter,
and Ed. Mawley.

Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecrolt Nursci-y, Hither Green,
Lcwisham, exhibited a vei-y miscellaneous gi'oup of
plants, in which there were three large specimens of
Humeaclcgans, some fine single white-flowered Petu-
nias, Acalypha hispida, Cclosias, Ferns, Codiicuuis, and
Campanula Mayi. The most conspicuous plants, how-
ever, were the Heliotropes, several new and seedling
varieties being shown. Nevis is almost white, and is
freer and lias much larger flowers than the old White
Lady type. Chameleon, Curogcn, Picioli, Dr. Jeulin,
Circe, and Madame Nelson, are coloured varieties
differing in degree of tint (Silver lianksian Medal).

Messrs. Jno. Peed & Son, Roupell Park Nurseries,
Norwood Road, London, S.E., exhibited a gioup of
Achimcnes, in pots, the colour of whoso (lowers varied
from white to deep purple.

Miss Easterhhook, Fawkhain, Kent, made a floral
display of Mowers of zonal and Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums,
arranged in a basket and in epcrgncs, with suitable
green relief.

Messrs. Paul & Son, The Old Nurseries, Chesliunt,
made an exhibit of Roses and Phloxes. The Roses
were shown in bundles in bottles, and amongst the
varieties we noticed very fine specimens of Souvenir
lie President Carnot, Alfred Colomb, Mrs. Sliarman
Crawford, Madame A. Chatenay, Camocns, Roger
Lambeiiin, a curious crimsom Rose, with white
margins to the petals ; Maman Coclict, Liberty, Madame
Jules Grolcz, Walthaiii Standard, &c. Among the
herbaceous Phloxes were choice varieties with white,
rose, purple, pink, blue, and carmine flowers, and
Coquilicot, having flowers of nearly scarlet colour
(Silver-gilt Danksian Medal).

Mr. A. W. WADE, Riverside Nurseries, Colchester,
exliibitcd a collection of Sweet Pea flowers in nineteen
varieties. Some of the flowers were shown in shallow
ornamental basins, in the centre of which were weights
with rings that supported the flowers in a very natuiiil
position (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

Messrs. H. CANNELL & SONS, Swaiiley, Kent, exhibited
a grand group of tuberous-rooted Begonias in pots, all
of them double flowered varieties. Some exceedingly
good varieties were J. W. Sivan, almost scarlet, with
prettily crimped petals; Roma White, delicate blush
colour, very broad petals: Dr. Nauscn, deep crimson ;
L.idyE.Malct,8almon-pink, with fimbriated petals, very
fine; Lady Bathurst, primrose-yellow colour ; Countess
Waldegrave, pure white; Mary Lady Vivian, salmon-
pink, with white centre (Silver-gilt lianksian Medal).

Messrs. SuTroN & Sons, Reading, furnished one of
the long central tables with a collection of Gloxinias,
in a iniinber of very choice varieties, and an Award of
Merit was recommended to a strain with minutely

spotted flowers. The )>lanfs had been cultivated from
seeds sown as recently a^; January 2.3 last. Among the
varieties were noticed the following :— Spotted Empress,
white, with heliotrope-coloured spotting ; Duke of York,
white and scarlet : Azure Blue, white, with light blue
ring ; Scarlet Queen, nearly covered with crimson on a
white gi'ound; Princess May, white, with rosy ring;
Reading Scarlet, a very richly self-coloured variety ;
Pi'ince Edward, a large flower with white gi-ound
freely marked with minute spotting of pui-plc; Sutton's
Purple, veiy rich in colour ; Her Majesty, pure white ;
Violet Queen, one of the most distinct of the spotted
section, and many others (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Mr. Thos. S. Ware, Ltd., Hale Farm Nurseries,
Feltliani, London, exhibited a group of hardy flowers,
in which Herbaceous Phloxes, Gladioli, Lilies, itc,
were conspicuous. We noticed Crassula Cooperi,
a perfectly hardy species for the rockery, dwarf, about
an inch high, with tiny spotted leaves, tind white
flowers with red bud sheaths ; Campanula mirabilis,
Kniphofia Hofgiirtner Fiesser, with yellow flowers,
Cannas, Crysopis villosa Ruttcri, a Composite growing
about one foot high, with yellow single flowers; Milla
biflora, &c.

Mr. H. li. M.w, Dyson's Road Nurseries, Upper Ed-
monton, made an exhibit of Campanula isopliylla, of
which he has now several varieties, including C. i. albn,
pallida, superba, and superba varicgata, the latter with
variegated foliage ; C. i. llayi, aud the cvirious hybrid,
C. X Balehiniana, .tc. ; the two last-named plants have
been figured in these pages. .\11 of the Campanulas
were staged amidst pretty Palms and Ferns (Silver
Banksian Medal).

Mr. Amos Perry, Hardy Plant Nui-sci'y, Winclimore
Hill, staged a gi'oup of hardy flowers including some
good Phloxes, &c., but the most remarkable feature of
the exhibit was an extensive collection of Water Lily
flowers in a large number of varieties. The vessels
containing the Nyinphmas were surrounded with
flowering sprays of Statice incana (Silver-gilt Flora
Medal).

Sidney Morris. Esq., Wretliain Hall, Thetford,
showed plants and blooms of a largo flowering yellow
Carnation, splashed with rose, and named Mrs. Thos.
Morris.

Mr. T. W. Calkin, Rose Cottages, Winclimore Hill,
showed Carnations Pierre Calkin, white ; and G rcnadicr,
crimson.

Loniccra Ilildcbrandli. with its long, yellow, tubular
flowers, was shown as a spray by Messrs. Robert
Veitch & Son, Exeter.

Messrs. Wali.ace & Co., KUnfleld Gardens, Col-
chester, made an exhibit of Lilies, Carnations, Gladioli,
and other hardy flowers in choice varieties (Silver
Banksian Medal).

Mr. Chas. Tuhner, Royal Nurseries, Slough, exhi-
bited four dozen dressed blooms of Carnations and
Picotecs, and natural lilooins of soino good border
varieties, several of which arc noticed below under
" Awards."

Messrs. James Veitch it Sons, Koyal Exotic Nurse-
ries, King's Road, Chelsea, exhibited beautiful blooms
of Rhododendron javanico - jasniiiiiflorum hybrids,
showing fifteen varieties.

Caiiipanula"Warlcy,"thut was given an .Vward of Merit
last year when shown by Miss Willmott, Warley Place,
Great Warley, Essex, was again shown by that lady.
The plants were in a pan, and have a somewhat
slender habit of growtli, the tallest being about 1 foot
high. The flowers arc usually double, occasionally
almost single, and of a pretty shade of bluish-
purple.

Messrs. W. Paul .t Son, Waltham Cross, Herts,
showed extensively sliniliby Phloxes in great variety
and beauty of developmont and colouring, obtaining a
Silver Flora Medal. Of novelties mention may be made
of Frei-fraulein G. von Lassburg, an opaque pure white
flower, forming a pyraiiiitlal coiymb8 inches deep and
8 inches wide; others of distinct tints were Montag-
nard, reddish-purple; Koine la Grande, rosy-puiiile,
with a suspicion of white about the centre; Tunisic,
lilac; Komuieraian Rath, W. Merk, cherry-red, and a
good truss; Ferdinand Cortez, rosy-crimson; Pan-
theon, deep rose, and a truss of medium size; Frau S.
Buehner, pink, with crimson eye, acompact neat truss ;
Roxelane, a beautiful shade of purple ; Lc Mahdi, lilac,
a dense truss, and very effective; Esperaucc, lilac
a flower with a white eye; Lumincux, clierry-red,
whitish about the eye; JoscphinelGerbrand, white, with
eye of crimson, truss loose and of middle size ; Iris, a
beautiful truss and colour, the latter a soft reddish-
violet ; Etna, glowing crimson; Le Sificle, a beautiful
soft rose, truss compact ; Coquclicot, scarlet ; Fiancic,

white; Hccla, white and lilac; and Kossutli. rosy-
crimson, and a dense truss of flowers of uiiddle size.

Messrs. Webb A Brand (late Chater), Saffron Waldeu.
exhibited Hollyhock blooms iu the tiine-honourcd
manner on stands and as spikes, the quality of the
flowers leaving little to be desired. Tliei-e were
happily no signs of the dreaded fungus on the leaves,
and we may assume that in the case of this nursery,
means have been found to combiit its destructiveness.
High colour iu the flowers were the rule, and only one
yellow coloured, and but one white variety were sliown.
It the flowers had a fault, it was in the lack of size in the
guard petal, which gave the blooms a shaven unfinished
look, at least, to heretical eyes. In a rose-coloured
variety. ,a white and a very deep crimson, almost black,
this defect was not so apparent (Silver-gilt Banksian
Medal).

Messrs. Barr & Sons, King Street, Coveut Garden,
showed blooms of hardy border flow-ers in some variety.
Of novelties, we may instance Lychnis chalcedonica.
rubra, double fl. var. ; the bulT-coloured Homerocallis
Kwanso, and H. rtisticha, double fl. ; well-developed
flower-head of the white-flowered .\gapanthus; Mo-
narda fistulosa mollis, a p,ale lilac-coloured flower ;
Bocconia microcarpa, a few Water -Lilies shown in
square, shallow tanks ; Platycodou Mariosii. with deep
blue flowers; and a number of shrubby Phloxes, sonio
Seabiosas, Lilies, lleliopsis, Sweet Peas, Ac.
Awards of Merit.
CanmlioH Chns. Mnrlii. — \ good liorder variety, with
yellow ground, flowers edged dcejily with rod. From
Mr. Turner.

Carnation Lady JiHstol.—A yellow-ground flower,
flaked and edged with rose colour; useful for cultiva-
tion iu border. Prom Mr. C. Turner.

Carnation Heroine. — .\ yellow-ground flower, flaked

and edged with rose and purple. From Mr. C. Turner.

Carnation H'asp.— The flowers have a gi'ound coloiji-

of buff-yellow, with very little edge of red colour; also

a border variety. From Mr. C. Turner.

Gloxinia.— A beautiful spotted strain shown by Messrs
Sutton & Sons.

Gifpsophita paniciUatn double fl. — Messi*s. D. S.
Thomson & Sons, Wimbledon, showed a number of
sjirays of this plant, some 3 ft. in length. It is a per-
fectly double variety of the species, with pure white
flowers. The novelty will be of great value for use iu
spr.ay-making, and for a variety of purposes.

Montbretia frcnimnifi.— The flowers are rich reddish-
orange colour, with a little red at the throat, and no
spotting whatever. Sliown by Mr. Bennett - PoU,
Holmewood, Chcslmnl ; and by Messrs. Paul & Son,
Cheshunt.

Rose Eitg(nie Lamesch.— A polyantha variety, with
yellow flowers 15 inch across, double; a pretty, well-
known garden Hose. Sliown by Messrs. Paul >.t Son,
Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

Orchid Committee.

Present : Hiirry J. Veitch, Escj., iu the Chair; aud
Messrs. Jas. O'Hricu (Hon. Sec.), F. W. Moore, de li.
Crawshay, H. M. I'ollett, J. W. Odull, H. '1'. Pill, E. Ilili,
W. Cobb, W. 11. Young, T. W. lioud, IL J, Cliapman,
H. A. Tracy, and P. Samler.

Messrs. jA.s. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery,
King's Road, Chelsea, were awarded a Silver Flora
Medal for a very meritorious collection of hybrids,
principally Lielio-Caltleyas, among which were L.-C. x
callistoglossa (L. purpurata x C. Warscewiczii), and
tour plants of the fine-coloured L.-C. x callistoglossa
ignesccns; two specimens of the yellow-tinted L.-C. x
.\scania (C. Trian.'ci X L. xanthina); L.-C. x Clonia
(C. Warscewiczii X L.-C. clegans Turneri) ; and a distinct
white-pclallcd form of L.-C. x Duvalliana (L. purpurata
X C. Luddemaniiiana), the lip of which was marbled
with purple. Good specimens of Civtllc.va x Atlanta
(Lcopoldi X Warscewiczii) were also shown."

Sir FiiEDEHiCK WiciAN, Barf., Clare Lawn, East
Sheen (gr., Mr. W. H. Young), staged flue cut blooms of
Cattleya x F. W. Wigaii (Schilleriana x Dnwiana.aurea),
a veiy showy hybrid, with purplish-roso sepals and
petals. The lip is formed much like that of C. Schil-
leriana, the front being veined with crimson-purple,
with a yellow blotch in the centre; the handsomo
natural hybrid C.xWhitei (Schilleriana x labiata War-
neri), C. x porphysophlebia (intermedia x superba),
C. X Atlanta, a large, light-coloured form of G. War-
scewiczii, Lnjlio-Cattleya X lleury Greenwood, and
flowers of Cypripcdiulu x nivouni, C. coucolor, and C.
Godefroya;.

R. TUNSTILL, Esq., Monkholmc, Brierfield, Burnley,
showed Cattleya Eldorado Moiikliolme variety,. with
blush-white flowers, having an orange - coloured disc.
The plant being a weak one the flowers were small.

102

THE GA R D EKER S ' CUR OX I CL E.

[August 3, 1901.

Capt. G. W. Law-Schofield. N'cw-Hall-Hcy. Eawteu-
stall, Manchester (gr., Mr. Shill), showed Cypripediuiu
xStottiauum (Charlcsworthi x ccuanthum superbum),
a fii c flo ver of good substance. Upper sepals vvliite,
with a s nail green base, the middle area tinged and
striped with purple. Petals and lip tinged with
brown is i-purple.

C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Hcirshani (gr.,
Mr, Duncan), showed four fine plants of Cypripcdium x
Clinkaberryanum Warnhamense (Philippinense X
Curtisii), for which he received an Award of Merit,
Deceinher 12, isns. The large flowers had the pale hue
of C. Curtisii, with elongated petals spotted with
purple.

Awardr.
Cip:-ipedtum>LM(uuliwmitginjicii,m(QB.\\osm\\ Sandera^x
Lawrenceanum Hyeannni). from Capt. G. W. lAW-
SCHOFIELB. — A fine hybrid, distinctly intermediate
between the two parents, and apparently with (lie free
habit of growth of C. callosum Sandei-oe. The flower,
like both the varieties used in its production, had
emerald-green for the ground colour, tlie upper part of
the fine, broad dorsal sepal and extremities of the petals
being white. Plants of this hybrid had been previously
sliown, hut the present form is the best we have
observed (First-class Certificate).

Cyimpedium x Mn. Rehder " Onkwood variety" (Xvgws
X Bothsohildianum), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq.,
Oakwood, Wylam, Northumberland (gr., Mr. William
Muriay).— Afine showy flower, with the massive' form
of C. Rothsehildianum, but with the broad, yellowisl.
white petals, decurved and heavily blotched with dark
chocolate-purple, as in the best fornis of C. Argus. The
large, whilish upper sepal was closely marked with
blotched lines of dark chocolate-purple. The lower
sepals were similar, but bore fewer lines, and the lip
whitish, tinged on the face witli brownish-rose. Tlic
original form, which had a yellower ground coloui-.
and fewer lines on the upper sepal, was shown by
Feank a. Rehder, Esq., ILulieck, Gipsy Hill, at tlie
Royal Horticultural Society, May 2, 189S, sijn. C. x Argo-
>;othachiIdianum (Award of Merit).

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

P, esent : Geo. Bmjyard, Esi|., Chairman ; and Messrs.
Jos. Cheal. S. Mortimer, Alex. Dean, Geo. Kclf, M.
Olceson, G. Norman, F. Q. Lane, A. H. Pearson, W,
Wilks, E. Shaw Blaker, and Henry Esling.

Messrs, Jas. Veitch & Sons, Koyal Exotic Nurseries,
Kings Road, Chelsea, made a grand exhibit of liio
choice varieties of Gooseberries, shown in neat
little baskets, the fruits being of excellent quality
Of white - frnited varieties, Champagne, Bright
Venus, King of Trumps, Whitesmith, Coppice Lass
Miss Nightingale, and Ostrich, were noticed, and are
auong the very best. Of green varieties,' such'a<
Walnut, Telegi-aph, Green Laurel, Pitmaston Green-
gage, Early Green Hairy, Stockwell, and Surprise can
hardly be beaten ; and of red varieties. Crown Bob
Warrington, Laucashirc Lad, Ben's Mistake, Iron-
monger, Scotch Nutmeg, and Red Champagne The
following are good yellow varieties, Golden Drop
Broom Girl, Pretty Boy, Peru, Mount Pleasant, Coiner
Early Sulphur, Trumpeter, aud Goldeu Gem. The
three new varieties recently introduced by Messrs
Veitch were also illustrated by grand fruits. They are
Langley Beauty (figured in Oardcners' Chnmiele, .Aug 8
ISfid, p. 1.5.5), a yellow variety witirjew hairs,' capital'
flavour; Goldeu Gem, perfectly smooth, and of riclier
colour than the preceding one; and p^angley Gage, a
green variety. The exhibit was recommended a Silver
Knightian Medal.

Messrs. Cross & Son, Daffodil Nurseries, Wisbecli,
exhibited fruits of Apple Early Victoria, doubtless tij
show the early maturing qualities of tho~variely, the
fruits being already of very ^useful sizeTfor kitchen
purposes.

Awards of Merit.

Coose6ern/OiWmm.-Tliis is a very large, yellow-fruited
variety, with few hairs, and of .good flavour, shown by
Mr. T. R. CucKNEY, Cobham Hall Gard-ns, Gravesend"

Bottle. Jor preserving fruits.— \n Award of Merit was
i-ocommended in respect to a bottle and stopper
cxhihited by the French Flint Glass Bottle Com-
pany (S. V. de Luca & Co.), 6 and 7, Long Lane,
Aldersgate Street, London, S.E. It is a glass tottle
with a disc which should be only partially fixed before
boiling the fruit, by means of;a screw band. After
hoilinj by screwing the disc firmly on,> vacu uni is
caused underneath, and the pressure of the atmosphere
is suSlcient to keep the di.sc firmly in its position,
although the screw-band should be kept on also. To
open the bottle it is necessary to make a small hole in

tlie disc, aud thu« admit air. The device is a very
simple and convenient one, and makes the operation
of preserving fruit by means of boiling le.?s difficult to
the amateur.

At a general meeting of the Royal Horti-
cnltural Society lield on Tuesday, July 30, forty-
one newFellow.s were elected (making 688 since
the beginning of the present year), amongst
them being Lady Cranworth, Lady PoiXOCK,
the Hon. Mrs. Gretton, the Right Hon. R. W.
Hanbvry, M.P., the Hon. N. Charlks Roths-
child, and Clement Godson, Esq., JLD.

BRISTOL & DISTRICT GARDENERS'
MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT ASSO-
CIATION.

JcLi i5.-Tlic monthly meeting was held at St. .lohn's
Parish Room. Redland, on the above date, Mr. .\. J.
Hancock presiding. The lecture on "Carnation Cul-
ture " was given by Mr. Skinner, of Stoke Bishop. The
hearty thank.; of the meeting was accorded liim for his
lecture.

A number of prizes for six bunches of Sweet Peas
and Carnations: and for six Carnations, distinct, was
awarded Mrs. T.iLMADGE.

NEWPORT AND COUNTY
HORTICULTURAL.

July 2.5.-Tliis Society held its annual sliow on the
above date in rainy weather. The entries were consi-
deralily more numerous than those of last year, and in
most i-a~.-,, til.- classes were well nil. il I'm !],,«. v- uric

;i LT-.tt IimI II) c. and included K'l-f--. ' ';nii:it h. II -, Swn-I
l'r;i,,;iliii LTMiil.s of plants ariMTlL'i'i im i iNil . .m.l I,.v ,■

lilt .\1, ■1,111-
ucl, lioncy

wore generally of poor (piality. Tlicr
shown of good quality.

Cur Flowers.

Fortwelvevarietiesof Tea Roses, Messrs. S. Treseder
& Son, Cardiff, was placed 1st witli fresh blooms, his
l)cst being Medea, Souvenir d'.Vmi,Marjor-ic, and Hon.
E. Gifford; 2nd, King's .\che Nursery Co., Hereford.
Messrs. S. Treseder & Son also won l.st prize for
twent.v-four Hybrid Perpeluals, and the KiNU's .\cke
Nursery Cn wi'i-e :iL';iin 2ud.

Cactus lijlili I- 111 "iiL'lit but one exhibitor, viz., Mr.
W. Treskiiki:, ( Mihil. wlio staged beautiful blooms of
Lord Rolicri-. Arlii^. Vesta, Lvric, W. T. Thomas,
Florida, ic.

Carnations in twelve distinct varieties were good
from Mr. Wall. Tivcrton-on-Avon, Bath, his best
lieing Brilliant. Xdlii' Polbn-d. Zingaia. Willie Tylee,
Mrs. Hill, and Mr- Xi>M,i;,n: jiid. Mr. \v. Treseder!
Mr. Wall had Ihr i..-t I'lrotccs.

The best twelve iiuii.hrs of hardy flowers were from
Mr. W. Treseder. Fur twelve bunches of Sweet Peas,
Messrs. W. J. Stokes & Son won 1st prize.- ,.■ < ,

For a collection of Sweet Peas arranged in a sppjce
9 feet by 3 feet, Mr. \V. Treseder was the only exhibitor.

Plants.

The class for eight stove and greenhouse plants in
bloom was won by Mr. J. Cypher, of Cheltenhani,
who had Statice profusa, S. intermedia. Ixora Rcgina!
I. Dufii, Clerodendron Balfourianum, Pliuniocoma
prolifera Barnesii. itc. ; Mr. Buckley, Llanelly (gr., Mr.
W. Carpenter), was 2nd, with smaller plants well
flowered.

Mr. J. Cypher was also 1st tor six ornamental
foliage plants, showing Crotons Victoria, and
angustifolia; Kentias Fosteriana and Balmoreana;
Lataiiia borljonica, aud Phieuix rupicola ; 2ud, Mr.'
Bailey (gr.. Mr. SlKirratt).

With large fresh plants of Dicksonia squarrosa,
.Vdiantuin Farlcyciise, and A. Sancta; Catherinas, Micro-
lepia hirta cristata. Nejihrolepis refuscens, N. tripinua-
HHda, &c.. Col. Wallace (gr., Mr. Powell), was a good
1st for six exotic Fcnis.

Tlic 1st prizi' for a group of plants 12 feet in diameter
was won by Mr. J. Cypher, and Mr. W. Carpenter
was 2nd.

Tuberous Begonias arranged on a space 2.5 feet square
were best from Mr. Dawson (gr., Mr. Lmig), who set up
a bright, well-grown lot of p:aut-i : 2iid, Mr. Williams
(gi'., Mr. W. Jones).

Non-competitive Exhibits.

Mr. Basham, Fair Oak Nurseries, Bassaleg, brought a

fine display .,f fifty dishes of liardv fruit, and lliirly

van. Ill . ,.i -1 1 p..,isan-an._'.-.liii l.nn.ii.- .s, h ..,■-._., ft

distinct varieties (Silver Medal). Messrs. S. Treseder
& Son, Cardiff, had a eood stand of Eoscs arranccd in

buii.-li..s(Silv..r.i;ill M.'^.lali Mr 111 AiK ji... ii;, TiM'rl.>r.-

oll- \V..|,. ;. I.il.j.' .Aliil.il 1,1 :i -l.l.-n.h.l ,i--,.r!lii.'lit ..f

111.-.

M. --

of lic.wuiasaiid lVlari;.iiuuni.s lu put.-.. .Mr.-. lloni.KlN;,
Beaufort Avenue, Manchester, had a collection of
skeletonised leaves. Ferns, and flowers : Mr. W. Tre-
seder was awarded a Silver Medal ; Messrs. W. TUF-
LIN &S0N. Newton .\bbot,aSilverModal. for an exhibit
of Carnations; and Messrs. Jarm.\n &. Co., Chard, a
Silver Medal, for miscellaneous cut flowers.

BOSTON HORTICULTURAL.

July 2.5, 26.- Boston has held an annual flower-show
for a number of years past, aud as it is the centre of an
extensive agricultural district, it unites with the floral
display a horse and dog show. These combined have
a powerful attraction for the country people, and they
come into Boston in large numbers. The two days were
rainy, aud notwithstanding the district lacked rain
badly, there was a general expression of regret that
the pleasure of the people was so much interfered with.

Cut flowers and vegetables are the two in iiiic i.-aHii cs
at a Boston show. Still, fine specimen plani-^ an- -r..\Mi
in the locality; but Ferns, Coleus, Fi.l.-i..-. ,.ii.,il
Pclaru.>iiiiiiiis. and ..Ihcrs were shown in fairly good

f..iiii .-; \..-II t|..u.-i-ed tuberous-rooted Begonias

(am.- 11 Ml- .1 lii.iKNS; there wei'e a few Gloxinias

also in g.iodclial-ai-t.-r.

The class fcr a group of plants arranged for effect
brought several exhibits, but they were lacking in
finish; the exhibitors appearing to need an object-
lesson or two in the matter of setting up gi'oups.
There were several plant classes for gardeners and
amateurs.

(■„( /,>„,,-,•,- w.-i-,. a l..a.liiii- r.-atiil-c, and M.'ssrs. G. it
W i:ri(, II, of 111.- i;..-.- Niir-.-i-i.--. I'.i.Tli.n-ongh, took

lak.

.1 III.

■ieti.

al.lc late
.•x.cllcn

(-■.ii.lili..ii :-Slai- ..f Wain. am. (■ar..lin.- T.'-tout, Hall-
mark, Clio, Horace Vcruet, Bessie Brown, Madame Jos.
Cointct, Scnatcnr Vaissc (this old Rose being in excel-
lent colour), Bladud, Duchess of Bedford, Madame
Euj, VcnliiM-, Alfred Colomb, Mrs. J. Laing, Marchio-
nc-- ..t I...I1.I >ii.lci-ry. Lawrence Allen, Xnvier Olibo.

Pii .M-iliin, and Charles Lefcbvre. Of Teas they

had Maiuaii Cachet, Innocente Pirola, Marcchal Niel,
Ernest Metz, Medea, Madame de Watteville, and others.
The 2nd prizes were taken by Mr. W. H. Frettingham
in two classes; and by Mr. C. T. Challens in that
for Teas.

Flowers of Hardy Herbaceous Plants, shoivu in twenty-
four bunciies, were another leading feature, Mr. T. B.
Doi.iiv. a lo.-al iiiu-scrviiinn, lakini: ili.- 1-1 |.i izc with a
fine ,i--..rnii.'iii : and Mr. H. Wi-iis w,. , jn.l ; such
attra.-lu.- -iil.j.-.-ts as Alstr.i-iu.i i,i -, l.ili.-s, Dcl-

pliini.iiii-. li.-ria.- IS Pliloxos, (■.ii-.,,.|,-i- ^-i-aii.liflora,

Si'al.i..-a .- -,.-i.-,-i, l-:M-rlaslil!- I'.-a- I n \ .1 ii.-l v. Moilt-

brclia-. .V ■ , >M-r.- -l,i--.-.l Mr I'M ll^ ua- also 1st with

.1 --'l-

it flowers

Zonal Pelartjoniams aud ,Sweel Peas, tt-c. — The best
twenty-four bunches were staged by Messrs. H. & S.
Small. Carnations, Pansies, Peut«temons, itc, were
likewise sliown.

Dahlias were represented by show, pompon, and
Cactus varieties ; but it is yet too early to have them in

cter.

Mc.s.sio. (...VKUAUAi ,.t Co., of Bri.stol, .sCiU a heautllul
collection of =tove aud greenhouse plants; and the
King's Acre Nursery Co., Hereford, staged Roses in

.V certain amount of table space was set apart for attrac-
tive exhibits, the local trade competing. Mr. T. M.
Bkaiilkv was placed 1st, and Mr. G. W. Ingham 2ud.
Ver\ ......I .-ut I1..U. r in several instances were Shown

III' -.iiat.-.l taiilis w.i-c shown by ladies, and they
llustrated some jiretty designs, the 1st prize falling to
Mrs. F. Small. The 1st prize for a bouquet went to
Messrs. Illman & Co., Lincoln— a charming arrange
ment in Orchids with Lilies and foliage.

Fruit.— The better classes of fruit were somewhat
sparsely represented: the best collection, which con-
sisted of black and white Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines.
&c., came from the Earl of Sandwich, Huntingdon ;
and Mr. W. F. Clarke was 2nd.

Mr. J. Thorns was 1st with two bunches of black and
also of white Grapes. Peaches. Nectarines, Melons,
aud bush fruits were in general in good character.

Vei/etables were very largely shown, and mainly of

good .-l.ara.-l.r M.---I- W. W. JOHNSON & SONS, and

Mr. I. \\ l\.,i.vM. ..ilcred special prizes for collec-
tions Hi. I ,.!-.. 1..I -itiL-l.- .lishes.

Potatus were clean and bright in particular, and
larger than might have been expected after such a dry
summer.

.\iiiong miscellaneous contributions was a number of
illusiiaii.ins of decorations in flowers from Messrs.
11 I iiA\ .V Co, Lincoln.

In a spacious tent were a large number of blooms of
Sweet I'eas and pods of culinary Peas, competing for
prizes offered by Messrs. W. W. Johnson & Sons, and
the entries were so heavy that a spacious t3ut had ta

ACGCST 3, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

103

be set apart {or their display. The Sweet Peas were
arranged in neat, small glass vases, and they filled
the tables running round the sides of the tent. In the
centre Messrs. W.'w. Johnson & Sons had a large and
interesting trade exhibit. There were big bunches of
Sweet Peas, illustrating the twelve best varieties re-
commended by the firm, viz.. Queen Victoria, Xavy
Blue. Salopian, Sadie Burpee, Oriental, Othello, Gor-
geous, Lady Beaconsfleld, Duke of Westminster, Prima
Donna, Lady Grizcl Hamilton, and Her Majesty ; also
bunches of annuals, and a number of small ones of
Sweet Peas in gi-eat variety, as well as dishes of very
fine pods of culinary Peas, chief among which were
British Empire, a large, long-podded, shining, deep
green podded variety; and several others distributed
by the firm, besides most of the leading new sorts.

Sweet Peas were shown in collections of twenty-four,
twelve, six, and three bunches, open to all : and there
were classes for amateurs also, pretty table decora-
tions in Sweet Peas, baskets of the same, Ac.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES CARNATION.

The fourth annual exhibition was held in the Royal
Pier Pavilion, Southampton, on Wednesday, July 24. and
it was pronounced by the experts to be the best exhibi-
tion of the kind held since the formation of the Society,
and a display which would bear comparison in quality
with the Crystal Palace show, or, in tact, any show held
in the country. The entries were nearly double those
of last year, and the competition in most of the classes
was exceptionally keen.

Tlic President of the Society this year is Sir J.
Barrington Simeon, Bart., M.P. ; and the Vice-Presi-
dent Mr. Tankerville Chamberlayne, M.P., Mr. W.
Garten, jun.. who is hon. secretaiy and treasurer,
takes a great interest in the society, and was inde-
fatigable in his endeavours to make the exhibition
a success.

Tlie exhibits were shown on five tables extending the
whole length of the exhibition and the entrance lobby,
the front of the orchestra and several stands were occu-
pied by miscellaneous gioups of flowering plants from
Messrs. RotiEKS it Son's nursery at Red Lodge, Basset:
Messrs. B. Ladhams A: Sons. Lid. (Shirley Xursery),
Messrs. Toogood & Sons. Mr. Wir.LS, and others.

Those who inspected the exhibits could not fail to be
sti-uck with the beauty of many of the blooms in the
different classes; in fact, it was stated by Mr. J.
Douglas, a competent judge, that the collection was
better in quality than that displayed iit the show at tlic
Crystal Palace. The fancy Carnations and yellow-
ground Picotecs were the best blooms shown. There
were a number of Hake bizarres and white-ground
Picotecs, showing that the cultivation of the old-
fashioned flowers, which were known a centuiT and a
half ago, has not been ncglcclcil. .\s to the modem
developments of this beautiful tlower, Ihey were never
seen to better advantage, and if one exhibitor deserved
more praise than another it was undoubtedly Mr.
Wellesley, of Woking, who won a number of prizes in
the premier classes.

The Sweet Peas were exceeding good, while the dinner-
table decorations displayed an amount of artistic skill
that was generally admired, .\lthough the bouquets
were rather restricted in numbers, the 1st and 2nd
prize exhibits showed marvellous taste in their
arrangement.

Obituary.

George Cuthbert, senr., passed away on
July .".0 in a (|uict kU^'p at Southgatc. Oeoi-fje
Cuthbert, senr., was tho youngest and last
surviving son of James Cuthbert, of the South-
gate jVur.scrics, Middlesex, and for many years
a member of tlic firm of R.& G. Cuthbert. JIo
was in his eighty-sixth year of age, and an old
subscriber to the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent
Institution from the year 1849.

David Wallace. — Tlic latest mails from
home bring news of the death of a well-known
and highly respected horticulturist, David
Wallace. He held the position of manager in
the hot-honses of Austin & M'Aslan, (Jlasgow,
for over thirty-seven years, and during the
greater part of that time was one of the
favourite judges at flower shows throughout
the southern part of Scotland. Many horti-
culturists in Queensland will recollect his
kindly face and help in deciding the Latin
names and particulars of plants which were
diHicult of lociting. Briahnne Courier, Qiicciw-

MARKETS.

COrENT GARDEN, AUCrVST t.

CtJT Flowers, ic— Average Wholesale Prices.

Asparagus ' Fern,'

bunch

Carnations, per

dozen blooms
Ca.ttleyas, p. doz.
Eueharis, p. doz
Gardenias, doz.
Lilium Harrisli,

dozen blooms
Lilium lancifolm.

album, p. doz.

blooms
Lilium rubrum,

per dozen ...
LUium longiflrm .

per dozen ...

s.d. s
1 0- :

9 0-12 11
2 0-30
0 B- 1 «

S.d. s.d.
Lily of Valley, p.

doz. bunches 6 0-12 0
Maidenhair Fern,

doz. bunches 4 0-80
Mignonette, per

doz. bunches 4 0-60
Odontoglossums,

per dozen ... 2 6-60
Roses. Tea, white,

per dozen ... 10-30
— Catherine

Mermet, per

doz 10-30

Smilax, p. bunch 3 0-50
Tuberoses, per

doz. blooms 0 3-06

C- 4 0

PLANTS IN POTS.— AVEEAtiE WHOLESALE PRICES,

Adiantums, doz.
Arbor-vita;, var.,

per dozen ... 6 0-36 0 Ficuselastica, ea.
Aspidistras, doz. 18 0-36 0 Foliage plants

— specimen, ca. S> 0-10 6 " ""

Cannas, per doz. 18 0 —

Crotons, per doz. 18 0-30 o Lycopodium

Cyclamen, p. doz. 8 0-10 0 dozen

Dracffinas, var.. Marguerites, per

per dozen ... 12 0-30 0

Ferns, small, per
100

various, eiich 1 0- .s 0
Lily of Valley, ea. 19-30

3 0-40

dozen .

— viridis, doz. 9 0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz
Ericas, var., doz. 12 0-36 0 Palms, var " '
Euonyraus, var.,

per dozen ... 6 0-18 0
Evergreens, var.,

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0
Ferns, in variety,

8 0-12 0

6 0-90

I 0-1.5 0

specimen, ea. 21 0-63 0

Pelargoniums,

scarlet, doz. 8 0-12 0
— Ivyleaf, per

dozen 8 o-io 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 Spirseas, per doz. 6 0-12 o

Fbcit.— jVveraoe Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d.

s.d. s.d.

Apples, home-
grown, Suf-
licld, Kes-
wick, Juiieat-
ing, and Early
Jiutcn, sieve .

ApricotSj per box

— English, doz..
Bananas, bunch

— loose, p. doz.
Cherries, per sieve 2 0-90

— Bigarrcaus ... 4 0-60

— Black Hearts 3 0-4 ii
Currants, Black,

per sieve ... 8 0-66

— Red, per sieve 2 6-1"
Figs, perdozen ... 16-30
Greengages, box 2 0 —
Gooseberries, per

sieve

Grapes, Muscats,

iiomc-grown,

per lb., A. ...

B

Grapes, Alicante,

per lb.

2 0- 3 (1

; 0-11 0

10-16

10-20

Grapes, Gros Col-
mar, per lb.... 13-20

— Hamburgh,

per lb., A. ... 2 0-30
B 0 9-1 :i

— Belgian, blk.,

per lb. ... 0 .V 1 2

Lemons, case, 3«0 13 0 —
L.vchees.new, pkt. o 10 —
Melons, each ... 10-26

— Valencia, case 12 o —

— Rocks 2 6-46

Nectarines, A., doz. 9 0-12 0

— B., per dozen 3 0-60
Oranges, case ... 10 0- l.'i
Peaches. A., doz. 8 0-12 0
— B., per dozen 2 o- r, u
Pines, each ... 2 (V- ."J 0
Raspberries, per

lb. punnet ... 3 0-40

— in tubs, cwt. l.^i 0- 18
Sapucaianuts, lb. 10 —
Strawberries, per

punnet 0 .v 0 9

Walnuts, p. bush. 3 0 —

Vegetables.- AvERAdE Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Artichokes, Globe,

per dozen ... 2 0-30
Beans, home, dwf.

per sieve

Broad, Engl.,

16-20

4 0

4 0 —

10-30
3 0-40

in bushels
runners,

per bush. ...
Beetroots, new,lu

bunches, doz.
Cabbage, tally ...

— dozen

Carrots, per doz.

bunches
Cauliflowers, per

dozen

Cress, per dozen

punnets
Cucumbers, doz.
Endive. new

French, doz. 1 9 —

Garlic, per lb. ... 0 6

Horseradish, fo-
reign, bunch 16—
Leeks, per doz.

bunches ... 2 6 —
Lettuces. Cabbage,

per dozen ... 16 2

— Cos, per score 2 0- .'i
Mint, per dozen

bunches ... 4 0

Mushrooms, out-

Mushrooms, house,

per lb.
Onions, cases ...

— in bags

— new, bunches,
per dozen ...

Parsley, per doz.

bunches
Peas, Blue, per

bushel

— bags

per

0 6-09
5 6-60
4 9- 5 0

3 0-40

18-30

16-20

— Bedfords
Radishes, p. doz.

bunches

Salad, small, pun-

16 — ! nets, per doz. 13 —

16-30 Shallots, per lb.... 0 2J —

Spinach, English,
19— bushel, halves 16-20

0 6 , Tomatos, English,

1 per doz. lbs. 3 0-40
16 — 1— Channel Is-
lands, per lb. 0 2}- .1»
2 6 — I - French.sievcs 3 0 —

Turnips, new, p.
16 2 II i doz. bunches 4 0- .5 0
Vegetable - Mar-
rows, per

doz 10 1 fi

in pots ... 2 0-26

2 6-60 Watercress, per

2 0

doz. bunches 0 4-06

REMARKS.— The supply of goodLettitces is inadequate,
so also is that of Cauliflowers, whist Vegetable Marrows
are plentiful. Peas a fair supply, but few samples are
of good quality; Raspberries are easier in price;
Pickling Walnuts are practically over.

POTATOS.

St. Malo, Cherboiirg, Bedfords, alid others, 110». to
1308. Jrhn Bath,:i2 <t-»l, Wellington Vlreet, Coveiit Oarden

FRUITS

GI.ASO0

of the I'l
berries. .
do., for p

AND VEGETABLES.

."1,-Ttic foil. mill!; :u-.' llio averages

./. r.

lb. : do. Italian. I--, to
iary,Ps. to 12s. per crate ;

lb.; do., English, !■'. to
I. : Currants, red, 1,^'. to

Mushrooms, Is. to

6((. to OS. 6c'. p
Is. 3rf. per lb.

Liverpool: Jnly 3l.-Wholcsale. Veoetahle MarM-
Potatos, per cwt. ; Early Rosrriits, r.,v tvf, fc i.s . rt
Kidneys, 6s. 6ri. to 7s.: Tiirmi-. li"' I" 1' l"'' '""^
bunches ; Swedes, 3s. i«i i" i- i" i '"' .ini"'- .'
to lorf. per twelve buiiilii- . niii'i!. I'mi-" '■ '
6s. ed. per cwt. ; Parsley, ?</. in : ' ] . i i- . n i'"i'> "ij
Lettuces, id. to Sd. per dozen ' ' i ' '- '■^- :"'■ ]
2.S-. do.; Cauliflowers, Is. to L'> •'"' < ' '-''^;, ""■ !
Is. 2d. do. ; Peas, 5s. to 6s. per liami . i i,. .m-, ,:.v , ".
2s. Sd. do. ; do. Kidney, Is. to l.«. -<'- i ' ' i " ') • ' '■" "
Runners, Is. to is. 2d. do. St. Johns : V'^i •'■•■' •< 1"
peck; Grapes, English, 2s. 6d. to 4s. i
6rf. to Sd. do, : PiLics. Englifh, ",', M. <-.
to bd. pri 11. , r..n-. -;. irv dozen; 1
lb.; Cuii. .:■ I. >i . .-1 "l"'.'. li' 'li'

do.; G ii' ^ ," i"'i M'->i-' : ''''-'^

perpcck Mu- - I- iHi-ll., l!ni..

new, 1'/, I'll" I

1,.-. i ',' |icr
l.l.„K, :«l.

i.ivk
cr 11).

hers, 2.(, t,. l.(, each: Clievncs. Id. to K(i. icr 11>- •,'-'",•
rants, bhuk, iW.. icd. ul. and :,d. rer lb ; Avru-ots,
Is perdozen- (looseberrics.id. to 3(1. per lb.; Grapes,
English, 2s. per lb. : do., foreign, 6d. to si(..do. ; Musu-
iboms, Is. per lb. ; Peaches, id. to m. each.

CORN.

Average Pricks of British Corn (per imperial qr.),
for the week ending July 27, and for the corresponding;
period of 1900, together with the ditrercncc in tho
quotations. These figures are based on the OlTieial
Weekly Return :—

Description.

1901, Diffei-encc.

s.

d.

s.

(1.

,,

((,

Wheat

29

3

27

:i

— -

u

Barley

24

4

22

1

— 2

3

Oats

19

9

19

4

— 0

5

the

METIil>Kul,(j(_,lC.\L Ul:.-5KKVAT10NS taken

Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Chiswiek
London, for the period Jnly 21 to July 27, 1901
Height above sea-level 24 feet.

TEMPERA- L

Temperatdrb

TUREOFTHEtO.

1901

a

•OF the air.

S0ILat9A.M.

HO,

—

;

o

X,

o

At9A.M.i >;

' fi

1
?,

g

0,

•0

d
■a

i

s

—

«

■j;^

g

.a

"3 1 "

^

S

«

•^ *-t

i3

<

<i

<

1-1

M 1 oi ' tb

bii

bb

tii)

•S

•§ •§

■a .3 ■§

•a

■a

"3

SUN. 2!

S.E.

72-6'61-4 88-3J58-5 ... ;70-56.'>-ri

.59-7

•18 S

MON. 22

W.N.W.

66-9'e0-8 74-3

62-1 0-0.||70-7 65-9

.59-9

.58-0

TUES.23

w.s.w.

57 -8, 06 '8 65 -9

53-8D-03 67-8 65-760-1

43 -S

Wed. 24

S.S.E.

60 -1,57 -9 68-0

64 -0 0- 19' 64 -7 64 -7160 -3I47 T).

Tnu. 2.1

W.S w.

64-9 59-8]69'7

54 -SO- 18 64 -0 63 -7 60 -3148 -2

Pri. 26

s.w.

61-7 68 -'I 62 -2

.54 -20-4063-7 63 -3 60-1

.50 %:

Sat. 27

s.w.

.58-8 67 -9168 -0

56-3|0-66|63-2e2-8 60-l

66-1

1 1

iTotI ■

Means

63 -339 •070-5

1

56 -1 1 ■ 60 66 -4 64 -5 CO -1 '50 -4

1 1 1 1 1

I{emarkf.—.\. great change in the wcalher has taken
place during the past weck,and the temperature is miu-li
lower. Kajn has fallen on six days, to tlic extent of an
inch and a half. The vaiiifall for tin- iiionlli to date is
1-70 inches; llierainl:ill I'.r llie w linlr ,,1 .1 iily, him, i\iis
l-il inches.

104

THE G A U DENER S ' CUR O.V/ CL E.

[August 3, 1901.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

Tlie following summary record of the weather through-
out the British Islands, for the week ending July 27,
is furnished from the Meteorological Office :—

" Tlic wcallun- at the commencement of the period was
liiM' ;mi(1 ),riM|it over the southern and south-eastern
<-oniii I,'-, l.ui very unsettled conditions, with frequent
1huiii|-r--t>ii 111^ and heavy rains soon spread over the
I'lilnv kiiisi'liim, and coutiuued, especially over the
inhnul parls (if England, until the end of the week.
Somo i)f iiui- south-eastern coast stations, howevor.
i-cmaiued almost entirely tree both fronj thunder and
rain.

" The temperature was above the mean generally, but
only just equalled it In England S.W., and over
Ireland, and was slightly below it ia the Channel
Islands. Tlic lii;;hcst of the maxima were recorded on
the L'lsl, and rau'.-cd from 8(i° in England, E., .98" in
Enirl.ind. s,. :ind between 86° and 80° in the other
English di-ii i.ts, to 73° in Ireland, N., and to 69" in the
<'h:iiiiirl l-ljiiils. The lowest of the minima occurred
.till iiiL' 111,- middle or latter part of the week; they
v:in.'.l 11.. Ill 1". in Ireland, N., and 47° in the Midland

< 111.- I" .11 in many other districts, 82" in Eng-

;iii.i s , III). I ,"..1 in the Channel Islands.

■■ Tti.. nir,"iil varied very greatly in different parts
•>i 111., kiii'j.l.iiii. It was less than the mean over
Ii'cliii'l. iiiiii "Illy a trifle more than tha,t value in
.SnillMiid, W ;uh1 England, E. ; elsewhere tlie fall was
I;iii.'c, llial in llic Mi.lliiiHl ('..unties iiii.l parts of
ELigland, •■?.. l.ciii.j .|iiii.' iiiiiiMi;,] tIm.|..i,i] Hill for the
iveck was liii'-.-i III i)\i..r.l iiii.i i'liiii,-li-l.,kc, where

.1...1

1 1 \V.

<'iillc'i-ted in the gauge in the course of about three
bonis and a half; and again in Acre Lane, Brixton,
<) !« inch fell between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. on Saturday

■' Til.- hri.ih' ,„„shi,„: ivas inucli h■.-^ lliiui 111,. iii..;ni in
••ill .Ii-IM.-I- Th.. |..-iv,.|ili,M,, ,,i ih,. |....-il.|,. .I.ir,,l,..i,
riili^.-.l lr..iii ;i in llir ( ji;,nn..| I-I..11.I- ,111.1 |.:injl:,n.I,
E..l.> 1--. iu .-c..lhind -\. ;i)id E., and livl.iud, N., and lo
i:i in Iielaud, S.

THE WEATHER IN WEST UERTS.
IN the early part of the week the weather was cooler
than at any time since the middle of June, but during
the last few days there has been a return to higher
tenii>oratures. The ground still remains very warm,
the readings both at 1 and 2 feet deep being about .^
warmer than is seasonable. Rain fell at frequent
intervals, and to the total depth of IJ Inch, which is
«iiuivaleut to a watering of nearly 6 gallons on each
.squai-e yard of surface in my garden. This rainfall,
together with the moister atmosphere of the last week,
lias had a very beneficial effect on my lawns, which are
now quite green again. Tlie sun shone on an average
for little more than two hours a day, which is a poor
record for the time of year. The amount of moisture
in the air has been, as a rule, gi-eater than in any
previous week of the present summer. E. .11., ISerk-
/lamsted, July 30, I'.m.

ENQUIRY.

POTAMOGETOX ClUSPUS. — "Will somo reader
of the Gardeners' Chronicle give Mr. Mark
"Webster the life liistory of " Potamogetoii
crisi)us?" Is it an annual rei^roducod hy
•seed only? or do the roots survive more than
one season ? He has a pond infested with it,
in which Water-Lilies are growing, and he is
keeping it down by constantly cutting it, but
tliat method only tends to propagate it. Ho
is most anxious to exterminate the weed.

Acer Negundo wiru VARiEG.iTUD Leaves: F.T.K.
This plant may be budded on the type form,
or on any variety of Acer, the operation
being carried out in August, and early in
.September. The piece of bark, together
with the bud in a mature state, may take
the form of a disc or an oval, accurately
fitting it on to a shoot or part of the stem of
about the same age and diameter, as that
of the shoot from which it was taken. Buds
may be taken like those of fruit-trees and
Roses, and iaserted in the same manner as

arc those. Winter grafting under glass may
be followed. The plant will strike from
cuttings of the vipe and the green wood.

Apricots Split: J. 17. M. See "Diseased
Peaches " in our issue for July 13 last, p. 40.

Begonia Rust : E. W. B. Due to a mite. Dip
the leaves in tobacco-water. .

BOOKS: Inquisitive. No modern work exists;
and Miss Hassard's is old-fashioned and out
of print. — Eucltaris. The Horticultural Direc-
torij is published at 12, Mitre Court Cham-
bers, Fleet Street, London, E.C., price Is.

Cat.vlpa syring.^follv : Baldwin. By seed
sown in a cold frame in the autumn, or out-
of-doors in April ; and by cuttings of the
ripe wood, inserted to the depth of 9 inches
in sandy soil, as soon as the leaf falls.

Chrysanthemum: Old Subscriber. The larva is
that of a fly, generally called the leaf-miner.

Cucumbers: Allan. The roots arc badly
affected with eel-worms, introduced with
the loam. Turn out and get fresh soil.

Dahlia Offsets : E. S. The plants should bo
kept to one or two main stems, all minor
growths being removed. This operation may
likewise be performed on the dry tuber
after it has sprouted, or the growing tuber
before it is planted out.

Gloxinias: T. W. W. See answer to
" E. W. B." on " Begonia rust."

Grape Gros Colmar : F. E. S. The cracking
is due either to an excess of water in the
liorilor, or to the presence of too much
hinniiUty in the air of the vinery, or in otlier
words too little ventilation. The Vines
absorb water, but cannot part with it.

L.VNDSCAPE Gardeners : Coventnj. You will
find their names and addresses in the Horti-
cultural Directonj for the current year,
which is published at the office of the
Journal 0} Horticulture, 12, Mitre Court
Chambers, Fleet Street, E.C.

Lapagerias: a Faithful Reader. An ordinary
greenhouse, or even on a wall out-of-doors
in the warmer parts of the country. The
plant likes a cool, moist air, good drainage
at the root, never to be dried off, and much
moisture at the root in the season of growth.

Melon-leaves Disfigured : J. .S. We find no
fungus, but plenty of punctures caused by
somo species of insect. These punctures
when very numerous coalesce, and give a
form of "rust." Probably timely vaporisa-
tion or fimiigation would save the plants
from injury.

Names of Plants : Correspondents not answered
in this issue are requested to be so good as to
constdtthe following number. — D. B., Ireland.
1, Phellodeudion amurense ; 2, Castanea
.sativa var. heterophylla dissecta ; 3,Robinia
sp. (probably form of R. pseud-acacia) ; 4,
Philadclphus microphyllus ; 5, Ceanothus
Gloiro do Versailles ; C, Koelreuteria pani-
culata ; 7, Akebia quinata. — Bev. E. D.
Lear. 1, Senecio Puchsii ; 2, Buphthalmum
.salicifolium ; 3, Adeuostylis alpina ; 4, Si-
deritis montana ; 5, Melittis melisophyllum.
— J. P. Campanula isophylla.— 17. TV., Docfciiif/.
The white flower is Lysimachia clethroides ;
the other Veratrum nigrum. — P. A.,Bcrmond-
sey. 1, Lastrea rigida; 2, Colutea arbores-
cens (Bladder Senna) ; 3, Cotoneaster aflinis ;
4, Hyporicimi Androseemum. — E. G. & Son.
Stanhopea tigrina, a fine variety of it ; the
Fern is Davallia hirta cristata. — J. H. L.
Cypripedium Lawrenceanum. — D. li. Salix
herbacea (Dwarf Willow), the .smallest of
J5ritish shrubs. — R. R. 1, Thunia alba.—
F. E. A. 2, Lastrea deourrens ; 3, L. rigida ;
4, Asplenium, but which species it is im-
possible to say from the immature barren
frond sent; 5, Platyloma rotundifolium ; 0,
Nephrodiuxn molle.-^Tl'. S., Thrapstonc. Next
week. — Crinum. Crinum Powelli and Sanvi-
talia procumbens.— A. E. 1, Centaurea mo.s-
chata, Sweet Sultan; 2, Aconitum napellus,
poisonous ; 3, Puukia ovata ; 4, Aster ; 5,
Chelone barbata.— East Devon. 1, Micbauxia
campauulata ; 2, Lysimachia, near vulgaris ;

3, Scabiosa : 4, Platycodon grandiflorum. —
W. E. Lysimachia thyrsiflora. — W. R. F.
SaponariaofBcinalis, double fl. ; Lord Anson's
Pea, Lathyrus magellanicus. — H. H. 1, hybrid
evergreen Oak, probably between Q. cerris
and Q. ilex ; 2, Lyeopsis arvensis ; 3, possibly
Blechnum boreale ; 4, Celsia areturus ; 5,
Troppeolum speciosiun ; 6, Campanula tra-
chelium var. alba. All the specimens, except
the Oak, shrivelled beyond certain recog-
nition.— A. C. Convolvulus arvensis. —
R. E. B. Looks like a white variety of Lord
Anson's Pea, Lathyrus magellanicus. —
A. S. K. 1, Sedimi Ewersii ; 2, S. spurium ;

3, Epiloliium parviflorum ; 4, Galega ofBci-
nalis. Your postal order has been sent to
the Orjjhan fund. iSIany thanks. If every-
one did the same, the orphans would be well
off. — IF. P. 1, Galium verum ; 2, Inula
dysenterica ; 3, Eui)atorium cannabinum ;

4, Ononis arvensis.

Oil-heated Boiler: H. N. B. There are
several such 011 the markcl whicli are
efBcieut and quite safe if phircd .mfside the
greenhouse in an enclosed Htnl<(liiili', and the
products of combustion not allowed to enter
the house. Please scan our advertisement
columns, as we cannot recommend dealers.

Plants for Name: T. W. Browning. If the
flower the receipt of which by us was
acknowledged in the issue for July 6 was of
a blue colour, and it was attached to the
peduncle on one side only, it is Phacelia
tanacetifolia.

References: G. A. B. The gentleman ought
to return them to you, but there is no law
to compel him so to do. If you are unable
to obtain possession of them, you will be
obliged to trouble your last employer for a
testimonial. Employers are often unjust to
their .servants in withholding references
entrusted to them in good faith, as witliout
these they may be unable to obtain another
situation.

Tomato: R^ T. C. We fiiud no fungus, but
only imperfect ripening, from what cause
we cannot say. It is very common.

Walnut-leaves with Galls : F. E. S. Caused
by a mite — Phytoptus sps.

COMMUNlC.VnONS RECEIVED. — A. 11. S.— W. E. G.,

Melbourne-W. J. B.— C. H. P.— H. W.— II. R.— A. 11. -
A. B. R.— L. S.— C. and P.— P. McMaliou. Brisbane,
with thanks— Dr. Holge, Adelaide, with thanks—
D. P. H., Montreal, with thanks— W. 11. T.— P. J. K.—
W. J. G.— L. Boehmer & Co., with photographs, Japan
— \V. R. F.— H. J. H.— H. M.— J. OB.— W. E. B.,
Grenada— E. C— Max L.— J. W. Mcll.— Constant
Reader— W. AUsop— G. H — \V. B. H.— Harrison Weir
— D. R.— Dr. C. A. W., W'ashington— C. T. D.— J. P.,
Sydney, N.S.W.— E. B.— Hooley, Bros.— J. W. M.— P.
M. Thomson.— H. J. Chapman.— E. W. & Son.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mk. cioLiiF Tr-KNEii, late Gardener at Lillingstone
II. .'i-.', ini. I:ini;ham, as Gardener to J. Caue-
S\i M.i 1,^. i:-.|.. Milton Heath, Dorking.

James .\1i.', n aii k. until recently Head Gardener at
Duntreath Castle. Blanefield, N.B., as Head Gar-
dener to the Marquis of Headfort, Headfort House,
• KeUs, 'CO.. Meath, Ireland, and entered upon his
duties July 2.5.

Mr. Fu.wK SiinnN. (..1 III.' i.,i-l llii-ee andahalt years
ll.M.I i.ir.l.n. r I.. Ml - ll.i\v \UD Caine, Dean Wood,
Ne« i.inw 11. I I.- .1- II.' 1.1 1 .11 ilenertoEarlCAWDOB,

Mr. AuTHUK C. Smith, for II. M ..i- II. ...1 Gar-

dener at Edenhall, Lm : . .n.l, as

Head Gardener to Beiii-i .i.i. \ ii i i i. Ksq.,

M. P., Ford Manor, Liin^i:. LI -h .i.i.inig on

his duties on August 26. Mr. smith is sueeeedcd at
Edenhall by Mr. Arthur L. Statham, for nearly
two and a half years his general Foreman.

Mr M King, for the past thirteen vears Head Gar-
dener at Evenley Hall, Brackley, as Head Gardener,
to H. TUBB, Esq., Chesterton Lodge, Bicester,
Oxon.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES.
Haywakd Mathias, Thames Ditton. Surrey.

BULBS, ETC.
lUviD W. Thomson, 24, Frederick Street, Edinburgh.
Wm. Cutuush & Son, Highgate Nurseries, Loudon, and

Barnet, Herts.
T. Methven & SONS, 15, Princes Street, and Leith.
Walk, Edinburgh.

SEEDS.
ROVELLI Feebes, PaUauza, Italy.

August 10, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

105

THE

(ianUner.^^(|lironicIe

No. --.Qi.— SATURDAY, AUG. 10, 1901.

Arctotis

folia

Asters, China

Books, notices of—

Flowers and gardens

Tlie Soutli Sea Is-
lands

Various

Botanical Magazine ...
Competition for youug

gardeners

Economic plants
Fiss in the Isle of

Wight

Florists' flowers —

Pansies

Flowers in season ...
Foreign correspond-
ence-
Cooking finilts of
Lagcnaria

Soy Beans and rush-
matting

Fruit crops, remarks

HiJon the conditions

o( the

CONTENTS

Stoechadi-

midland

r(.'al;i

<iiapoDiiinio

<; rapes, a no'

Iheraanthns,

of..

ri amies

id.Il.l.ilci

dtyu,...
a group

111

lja.w notes-
British Horticultural
.\ssociali(jM, Ltd
(Hankruptcy case) 118
Lobelias. I ho tree, of

Tropical .Africa ... 110
Jl.iiketKardeniug—

Ki(!ld Toniatos ... 110
MiiiiuhisBurncti x ... 107
Monthrctia Germania 119
New invention—
A band tor fruit

trees 118

NurseiT notes—
llandsworth Nur-
series, Sheffield ... Il«
Ohit uary—
Meredith, Joseph ... ISO

Orchid notes and

gleanings ... lus,
Osbertou and the Gar-
deners' Royal Bene-
volent Institution...
Ottcrburu Tower,

Northumberland ...
Peas, glut of, at Ediu-

bui'gh

Plant portraits

Plum, a new

Ripening of fruits and

of the wood

Rosarv, t he-
Roses at Sewtown-
ards and elsewhere
Societies—
Basingstoke Horti-
cultural

Devon and Exeter

Horticultural ...

Leicester Flower

Show

Manchester Orchid.
Marlow Horticul-
tural

Midland Carnation

and Picotec
Koval Ilorliciiltural
Spila'lliclds Market ...
Strawberry Veitch's

Perfection

Tomato, alternat ion in
varietal characters

oflho

Tree and Plant labels
Trees and Shrubs—
Cotoncaster hori-

zontalis

Species of Cratix-pus
Vegetables-
Early Peas

Wasps, the season of...
Weeds on lawn
Week's work, the—
Flower garden
Fruits under glass .
Ilardv fruit garden .
Kilchcn garden ...
Orchid-houses
Plants under gl.iss .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Airtotis :
Copioph.

chadifoliii ' '

.■ornntadiialcaMcl l,-i..alr. ... ... L'l

,,,,„, .i-Mi;inllHis shown by M. Linden at the

I'lMiu'li' -iliDW ill Miiv (Supplement)
Ile>; Wilsniiiinlhella'ndsworiliNurscrics.Shclneld 117

Mimiilus Durneli X , ... ^ ■•• „ •■• ■■■ ^'>'

Taxns erandia in the HandswortU Nurseries,
Sheffield "»

ALTERNATION IN THE VAEIETAL
UHARACTEKS OF THE TOMATO.

IN W.)x I grew upon my houso-iilot in Wash-
ington a dozen re[)utc(l Acme Tomato
jilants, obtained from a local dealer, whieli
matured and fruited well, and seemed to
possess all the puMished characteristics of
that variety. That is, the plants were large
nnd diffuse ; haulms somewhat numerous,
long, and slender; foliage of a rather light
green, the petiole and mid-rib long; leaflets
petiolulate, somewhat distant, and only
moderately rugose; fruit of medium size,
<lepresscd-globular, smooth, evenly ripened,
changing from a light to .a deep red, of fleshy
consistence, and well-flavoured ; a tinge of
yellow on partially-ripened parts, but soon
obscui'ed by the dominant red. I saved
seeds from fruit of several of these plants for
future propagation, because I knew of no
probable source of cross-pollination from
other plants.

In 18i)i) I grew thirty plants from those
seeds in my garden jilot, and without excep-
tion they possessed identical characteristics,

l)ut all differed materially in both habit
and fruit from the parent plants. They
were strong, sturdy, close-set plants ; haulms
comparatively few, short, and strong ; leaves
rif a darker green than were those of the parent
plants, and the petiole and midrib shorter;
Irafli-ts sessile, or nearly so, not distant, and
St r. II I- 1 V rugose ; fruit, in size and shape, and
.(.nsistence, similar to that of the parent
plants, but more delicate in colour and
flavour; no yellow tint appeared, and the
change from the ehlorophyl-green to the
deep red or crimson of the ripe fruit was
through a neutral or light flesh colour. In
short, these plants supplied a strongly-
marked variety, as different from the parent
plants as any of the varieties of Tomato are
from one another. This seemed to have
been a case of the production of a ne\v
varietv, but as I saved no seed, I supposed
it was lost. In 1900 and 1901, however, I
unexpectedly but exactly duplicated my ex-
perience of 1898 and 1899, although my second
experience was with Acme plants, obtained
from an entirely new source.

In March, 1900, I bought of the Robert
Buist Company of seed-growers a packet of
their "Selected AcineTomato"' secd,gathered
in 1899, fromywhich I grew thirty plants,
saving a part of the contents of the packet
until the next year. As in the former rase.
I know of no probable source of cross-
poll ination'^of these plants; all had the
characteristics jiopularly attributed to the
Acnii:! variety, an<l were the same as those
described in the first paragraph of this
article. I therefore assume that my un-
authenticated plants grown in 1898, anil
those grown in 1900 from the Buist seed,
were genuine Acme Tomatos. I saved seed
from fruit of several different plants of this
Acme crop of 1900, believing it to have
received cros.s-fertilisation, and carefully
guarded it against admixtiuc witli other
seed.

In the spring of 1901, I planted the seed
of my previous year's crop of Acme Tomatos,
and separately, the remainder of the seed
from the original Buist packet. The latter
seed germinated well, although they were
then about twenty months old, and pro-
duced Acme plants, as seed from the same
packet had done the year before. Tlie seed
from my crop [of Acme Tomatos of 1900,
however, produced an entirely different
variety, all the plants having identical
characters. Strange to say also, that variety
is identical, both as to ])lant- habit and
fruit, with the one which I produced from
Acme seed in 1899. The Buist Acme [ilants
and those of the new variety arc now grow-
ing and fruiting in my garden - plot,
exhibiting conspicuously their respective
peculiarities.

The literature of the production of new
varieties of cultivated plants, at least so far
as the history of individual cases is con-
cerned, seems to be meagre. I assume, how-
ever, that every now variety is produced
empirically, if not accidentally, and by
seed variation. I have heretofore also
assumed that every variety originated in
a single plant or a single bud ; but in the
cases recorded in the preceding paragraphs,
all the plants of the crop pcssessed identical
varietal characters, all different from those
of the parent plants. I therefore designate
these cases as afternations merely to distin-
guish them from ordinary variation of in-
dividual plants. I am well awaro of the

remarkable character of the facts I have here
recorded, but as I believe that every variety
of every species of cultivated plants, and
every breed of every species of domestic
animals, exists potentially in the aggregate
of their respective species, I think I am
justified in assuming that any lost variety
or l)reed may be reproduced under the same
conditions which originally produced it.
Charles A. White, Smithsonian Instiiidion,
Washington, July 15, 1901.

A MIDLAND GARDEN.

\i'oniiiinrd from p. (38.)

Gardening is an art full of complex details,
and can not be satisfactorily taught by books
alone. Experience and practice are necessary
to every gardener. Even old experts are eon-
tihually confronted with cases in which ex-
perience fails, and the right course must be
guessed at. I am often surprised -when I turn
to a book on gardening (or advice on some
special point, to find that just that point is
omitted. I turn to another and am still
disappointed, to a third and find nearly the
same -words as before, for there is much
copying. The small books have not room for
details, and even tlio large ones cannot include
everything. So .small a matter as the age at
which Leeks should bo transplanted involved
a wasted hour a short time ago. The book
said "when old enough," but when is that'?
So at last I guessed at it, and now I have
learnt by experience that 1 was too soon ; the
untransplanted ones are doing best. So again
with Itect. The hooks say " thin and trans-
plant when they have made six leaves," hut
omit to say whether the two cotyledons are to
be counted. 1 planted out two rows of the
thinnings in warm dry weather, and although
I watered thorn thoroughly, the hot sun
shrivelled them up completely, so that I gave
thorn up for lost. Two days lat«r there was a
good soaking rain, and two days after that the
plants had lilted up every withered loaf, and
were as perky as ever. It was the most
wonderful resurrection 1 have ever seen.

There is some curious and unexplained
diftei'eiieo in the vitality of plants. Some
species if once allowed to flag from want of
water will never recover, while others will
stand drying up repeatedly, and some such as
algie and mosses will recover after weeks of
niiparcnt death from di'ought. Does the dif-
I'ei'cuco li(- ill the Uiiturc, of the protoplasm, or
of the cell-walls, or of the root-hairs by which
moisture is absorbed from th(5 earth ? The
vitality of seeds also dilTers greatly. Tho
seeds of some species will germinate even
after thirty years if kept dry, although this is
at present held to ho about tho maximum limit,
while others must bo sown within twelve
mouths or they will inevitably die. Tho story
of Wheat from an Egyptian mummy having
been made to germinate is very improbable,
and has never been actually proved. Whilo
.seeds arc still attached to the living plant a
constant change of molecidar structure is
going on from nutrition and development.
When the seed is ripe and becomes detached
nutrition ceases, hut it is evident that somo
molecular changes continue to take place.
Even ripe seeds often have to he kept somo
time before thoy arc ready to gei'minate, and
if suitable conditions are not provided at that
time degeneration will set in till a critical
point is reached, when the seed perishes and
geruiinati(jn bocomes impossible.

■Why is it that the watering of plants never
seems to do them so much good as the natural
rain? Probably there are several reasons.
Rain-water is generally warmer than that

106

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 10, 1901.

from springs or wells. It is better aerated,
and contains more nitrogen. It falls on the
leaf-surfaces, which are active absorbents of
moisture, whereas artificial watering is often
given only to the roots. It contains also a
trace of alcohol dissolved from the air in its
fall ; and this substance, which is an active
stimulant to animal tissues, no doubt has a
value when applied in very small proportions
to plants— for the vitality of plants is of the
same nature as that of animals. The two
divisions of the organic kingdom had probably
a common origin, and although animals have
developed along a higher plane, and reached a
higher nervous structure, involving powers of
mind denied to plants, yet there are many
indications that plants possess a mental
instinct not inferior to that displayed by
animals of low organisation. The wonderful
way in which roots will seek their food,
climbers their supports, and flowers the best
position for light and shelter, can only be
explained as phenomena of instinct.

I have recently paid a visit to the gardens
at Wanlip Hall, in this county, under the
guidance of Mr. Parker, the head gardener, a
very able young man. I was struck by the
beauty of the pleasure-grounds, and the
general superiority of the trees and shrubs
and vegetables over those in my own little
place.

Wanlip Hall has bepn in the family of the
present owner. Sir Archdale Palmer, Bart., for
150 years, and many of its trees are magni-
ficent specimens, a group of five Limes and a
remarkable Beech-treo being as fine as any-
thing I have ever seen. Catalpas, Magnolias,
and Choisya ternatawere growing luxuriantly,
and apparently without winter protection.
The large and varied collection of hardy
shrubs was particularly interesting. In one
of the greenhouses there was an extraordinary
crop of egg-shaped Tomatos, and in another a
grand assortment of Begonias. F. T. MoH,
F.R.G.8., Birstal Hill, Leicester.

THE ROSARY.

ROSES AT NEWTOWNARDS ANT)
ELSEWHERE.
To-day I remind myself of the fact that
my acquaintanceship with the National Rose
Society has this year come of age, and that
out of twenty-one metropolitan shows of the
National Rose Society, it has been my privi-
lege to attend all, with the exception of that
of 1891. I have been comparing notes and
impressions between the Temple Show of the
National Rose Society just past, the first great
Rose show of the century, with the first show
of the National Rose Society I saw twenty-one
years ago at South Kensington. Truly, the
comparison is a favourable one ! No longer
have we to be content with simple long lines
of green boxes, for to-day the eye is relieved by
the garden Roses so delightfully shown ; while,
last but not least, who can forget that vision
of beauty and elegant simplicity, Mrs. O. G.
Orpen's table of white, silver, and gold,
adorned alone with the beautiful single Rose
macrantha — perhaps, if I may venture to say
so, the most beautiful exhibit at this great and
memorable gathering. "Well might one and all
admit that the new departure of the National
Rose Society was a wise one ; the object-
lesson was a complete success, the weather
glorious, and those who worked so long and
earnestly deserve the thanks they earned.

The Roses I have seen throughout the King-
dom, both in the gardens and on the bench
at Dublin, Hanley, the Temiile, Gloucester,

Helensburgh, and Belfast, where my holidays
and judging Roses for this year ends, were on
the whole exceedingly good ; but I was
forcibly struck with the number of old va-
rieties, so highly prized by all of us for
exhibition and garden alike, that had disap-
peared from the scene, almost in every case to
be replaced by the Hybrid Teas, of which La
France was perhaps the first, although for
so many years considered to be a Hybrid
Perpetual.

During the last five or six years, everyone
interested in Roses has noticed that as one of
the older kinds falls out of either the garden
or the catalogue, it is replaced by a Hybrid
Tea, or, a Rose of that new race. Tliat this
beautiful and distinct race will furnish the
Roses of the future was in the first place
very definitely fixed in my mind from the fact
that in every winning box of Roses coming
before my notice for the last five or six years,
I have found from six to eighteen of these
Roses, blooms of the greatest beauty and re-
finement; while in the gardens that I have
been able to see it was the same story— they
were planted everywhere !

Being at Belfast, I took the opportunity to
see Messrs. Dickson's nursery. I wont with
great expectations, quite prepared to find
seedlings of much merit, most of them perhaps,
if Teas, white or yellow; or if hybrid Teas,
pink, white, or the lighter shades of rose. 1,
however, very soon found that I had made
my reckoning without my host, for, contrary
to the usual result of expecting much and
receiving little, I was per-nitted to see and
enjoy a treat I shall long remember, more
especially, perhaps, the seedlings of 1898, 1899
and 1900, many of these flowering for the first
time, that will be of great value either as
exhibition, garden, button-hole, or climbing
Roses, and of every conceivable colour— pure
white to silvery-coral, peach to deep rose,
scarlet to the velvety-red, darker even than
Horace Vernet ; rich yellow, toning down to
chrome and old gold, while in almost every
instance each and every shoot produced from
one to half a dozen flower-buds.

A remarkable feature about all those Roses
is their wonderful vigour without any degree
of coar.seness in growth, and their tendency
to flower continuously ; and it may be well
to add that there are under trial to-<lay more
than 3,000 distinct hybrid seedlings, and that
each one before being sent out, or even placed
before the world for its admiration or criticism,
is subjected to a most exhaustive trial. Thus
we learn for ourselves what an enormous task
is year after year being done at Newtownards.
My rosarian friends often wanted a good
Rose like Bessie Brown, Mrs. Edward Mawley,
Killarney, and Margaret Dickson, to lighten
np their stands in days gone by when
too great a number of sombre, dull,
red Roses predominated in their stands.
They can rest their souls in peace to-day,
for as the Scottish lassie at Lucknow
heard "that the Campbells were coming,"
they may with certainty know that in due
course they will be able to obtain glorious
crimsons of varied typo, class, and form, that
will raise the standard and quality of the
flowers staged.

As one who spent when a boy his first ten
shillings on half-a-dozen dwarf Roses (it took
a guinea in those days to buy a dozen dwarfs),
and who also remembers the advent and his-
tory of John Hopper, the first Rose the writer
ever possessed, I should like to pay a tribute
of acknowledgment to these gentlemen who
have done so much in raising and placing
before the world some of the finest Roses
ever raised. W. J. Grant.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ANGULOA DUB1A.
Flowers of this rare and pretty Anguloa
have been sent by Joseph Broome, Esq.,
Sunny Hill, Llandudno, and also a flower of
the bright yellow A. Clowesii for comparison.
A. dul)ia was described as n.sp., n.hyb. ? by
Prof. Reichonbaeh in the Gardeners' Chronicle,.
June 10, 188"2, who remarks : "At first sight the
flower reminds one of a lemon-coloured Anguloai
uiiiflora, covered on the inside of the sepals
and petals with numerous minute purple spots."
Prof. Reichenbach suggests that it might be a.
natural hybrid of A. uniflora and A. Clowesii,
and examination seems to indicate its inter-
mediate character between the species named.
The flowers, like those ot A. uniflora, are more
compressed than A. Clowesii, and the spotting
inside the pale yellow flower is very sugges-
tive of A. uniflora. Anguloas are much liked
at Sunny Hill, and as with most of the Orchids,
Mr. A. C. Axtell, the gardener, there grows,
them up to their best. With the Anguloas is a
spray of a very pretty form of Oncidium
luridum, a flower of a very dark coloured O.
crispum grandiflorum, and Cattleya Leopoldi.
Apropos of the occasional flowering of natural
hybrid Anguloas in gardens, it may be re-
marked that some time ago Mr. Broome
flowered Anguloa • intermedia, a suggested
cross between A. Ruckeri and A. Clowesii, the
record having been proved by the cross having
been raised in gardens. At the meeting of
the Orchid Committee at Chisvvick, July 16,
E. Roberts, Esq., of Eltham (gr., Mr. Carr),
also showed a fine plant of A. Ruckeri, which
by the more globular form of its yellow flowers,
uniformly spotted with reddish-lirown, seemed
like A. X intermedia.

ODONTOCLOSSUM LUTEO-rURPUREUJI.

Some excellent examples ot this showy
Odontoglossum are forwarded by Mr. A. C.
Axtell, gr. to Joseph Broome, Esq., Sunny-
Hill, Llandudno. All the flowers are large
and brightly coloured, the browu marking oi*
the bright yellow ground colour varying-
considerably : in one instance the greater
liart of the sepals and petals is of a dark
chocolate-brown, and the petals ot a whitish,
ground colour at the base. The variety platy-
glossum has broad segments, blotched with a
lighter tint of brown than the other flowers,
and the spotting at the bases of the petals,
changes to a red colour. The primrose-yello-w^
fringed lip of this variety has one large, anc^
.several smaller light brown blotches. Flowers
of good varieties of Odontoglossum crispum, O.
gloriosum, and O. cristatellum, were also sent-

Zyoopet.u,um xanthinum wajus.
A very large and finely-coloured variety ot
the species generally known in gardens as
Promensea citrina, is now in flower at Mr. H. A.
Tracy's nursery, Amyand Park Road , Twicken-
ham. The flower, which seems abnormally
large for such small pseudo-bulbs to produce,
measures over 24 inches across ; the petals,
and the labellum being IJ inch in length, andl
J inch in width. The flower is of a bright,
chrome-yellow tint, and has purple spots orn
the base and side lobes of the lip. The plant
passes into the collection of Mrs. Ida Brandt,
Riesbach, Zurich, noted for its many fine
specimens of the extensive genus Zygopetalum-

LissocniLUS Krebsii var. ruRPi'R.'^T.'. .
Flowers of this showy Natil and Eastern
African plant have been received from H. Rider
Hao-o-ard, Esq., Ditchingham, N nfolk, who has
so interestingly and graphically set forth in
his books the features of the coanlry whiclk
the plant inhabits. The plant is Phaiui-j-like ia

August 10, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

101

liabit, and has an erect inflorescence of many
showy flowers about 1! in. across. The sepals
have a greenish ground colour mottled witli
purple ; the broadly-ovate petals which con-
.•stitute the showy part of the flower are
oreamy-white en the face, and buttercup-
yellow on the exterior surface, an arrangement
of colour which gives the flower a very
striking and novel appearance; the lip is
tinged with purple on the side lobes and base
of the front lobe, the blade of which is yellow,
the margins reflexed. It grows well as a
terrestrial Orchid in a cool-liouse.

CyPRIPEDIUM >: rAXSONI.

This beautiful hybrid, which was named in
honour of Mr. I'Anson, the indefatigable chief
of the Orchid department of Messrs. Hugh
Low & Co., is one of the finest of C. Roths-
childianum crosses, the other parent being C.
K Morganije (superbiens Stonei), and in it
the finest characters of C. Stonei appear with
happy effect. The plant secured a First-class
Certificate at the Royal Horticnltnral Society
when it was first shown by Jlessrs. Hugh Low
& Co., June 2S, 1S'.)8 ; and a splendid flower
now .sent by Capt. G. \V. iiaw-Schofii-ld, Xow-
Hall-Hey, Rawtenstall, Manchester (gr., Mr.
Hhill), shows its beauties still more intensified.
The large white upper and lower sepals are
evenly striped with purple. The downward-
<?iirved petals arc .5 inches long, and i^ in. at
the widest, ivory white, handsomely blotched
with claret-purple. The large lalielluin is
whitish with rose-coloureil face, ajid t he lemon-
yellow crest covered witii rose- •olonred down
.shows a curious combination u( the fe:itnres ot
the species used in its pi-odui-lioii.

Fid. .T).— MIMUI.US nCIINKTI (M'TEt'S X Cri'RECS).

MIMULUS BURNETI x.

This desirable hybrid Mimulus(ng. :!:!) I owe
to the kindness of Mr. Robert Lindsay, of
Kaimes Lodge, in whose garden I saw it in
bloom last year. It is a hybrid between the
well-known M. luteus, a doubtful native plant
or an escape from cultivation, ami the Chilian
M. cuprous, which has been widely cultivated.
"When grown in a dryish border of sandy peat,
where the plant figured was cultivated, it
develops a good deal of the habit of M. luteus,
jind is more erect-growing than its other
fiaront, although not so tall as the first, as will
be seen from the figure. A plant in a boggy
piece of soil, close to a tank for Nymph:eas, is
of more tufted growth, and in Mr. Lindsay's
rock-garden it was scarcely so tall as the
specimen shown. The flowers are intermediate

between the parents in colouring, and are
almost copper-yellow, although they vary a
little in different positions. M. Burneti, which
was raised by Dr. Burnet, of Aberdeen, is
considerably hardier than M. cupreus, and will
be found to thrive in districts where the Chilian
Mimulus does not. 8. Ariioff, Carsethorn-htj-
Diimfries.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

P A N S I E S .

It was interesting to see the ohl-rasliionod
English show Pansies staged in such good
character by Messrs. Dobbie & Co., of Rothe-
say, at a recent meeting of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society. It was a reminder of the
time— now forty years ago — when this type of
Pansy was the only one grown ; before the
fine Belgian varieties had come to us from M.
Miellez, of Lille, and the Viola had attracted
attention. At that time, the show Pansy
was one of the leading florists' flowers at the
Royal Nur.series, Slough ; hundreds of seed-
lings were annually raised, and though the
quality was high, the existing standard, as
shown by the varieties then in cultivation for
exhibition purposes, was high also, and but
very few were selected for naming. At that
time the best of the seedlings, when they had
an expanded bloom upon them, were carefully
lifted from the bed with some soil about tlie
roots, each plant carefully wrapped in a fold
of paper with damp moss, and named, securely
pa<-ked so that the blooms should not b»! in-
jured, and .sent u|) to the Central Avenue in
Covent Garden Market, where they were
exposed for .sale.

The visitor to Covent Garden Market in the
l)resent day can scarcely find an Knglisli
Pansy in it ; the large and striking fancy
Varieties having taken their place. The first
attempts at developing the striped and
blotched fancy Pansies were made by Mr. .John
Salter when an amateur at .Shepherd's Hush.
Going over to France in the early forties to
establish himseir in business at Versailles,
lie took with him the best of the fancy flowers
he had obtained, and while there, li'd tlusm on
to higher development ; and it is natural to
suppose some of tlu-m found their way into
I he hands of M. .Miellez at Lille, who in his
(urn raised them to higher levels, and .sent
Ihein Id Messrs. K. (!. Henderson& Son, of the
WcliiiigloM Hoad Xurseries, St. John's Wood,
who liad them grown in Yorkshire by the late
Mr. William Dean, and he at once set about
raising seedlings and distributing them, and
by these means the race became widely known
and extensively cultivated. In April and May
these showy Pansies can be seen in our
markets, and on the stalls and barrows of the
costei'iMoMgei's in the streets.

'I'he relined English show Pansies will
always have a fascination for the floiists. So
long as the fancy varieties have large, stout,
well-marked flowi-rs, it is enough. The old-
faslii(med show Pansies have to conform to
certain standards, written and traditional, and
their advance is very slow. Their refinement
will always charm. In growth the jilants,
though mainly vigorous inhabit where properly
cultivated, are iiini-e compact, tufted, and
spreading, as u rule quite as fi'ce of bloom.
Last autuiini 1 irLvi<led and replanted some
named show and fancy varieties ; they stood
the winter remarkably well, but the show
varieties were decidedly the earliest to flower
in the spring. Both have stood the drought
exceedingly well, Imt having been planted
early in deeply dug ground, they no doubt
rooted deeply, hence their ability to stand
the hot, drying weather.

The show Pansies are divided into selfs,
yellow grovmds, and white grounds. The self
flow'ers are further divided into dark, white,
primrose, and yellow .'elfs ; in the centre of
each is a bold, dense, well defined blotch;
and this blotch should not appear to radiate
into lines on its outer edge. Three very good
dark selfs were in Messrs. Dobbie's collection,
viz., Dr. Inch, J. T. Howard, and Allan .Stewart,
and while quite distinct one from the other,
they wei'o all shades of dark mulberry, deepen-
ing to maroon, stout, and well formed. The
cream or white selfs were represented by two
varieties, Annie Muir and Bobby Harper.
James Bell is a yellow self, large, and of good
properties ; Annie D. Lister is an attractive
primrose self.

The showy yellow grounds, the yellow con-
trasting so finely with the dark marginal tints,
were represented by Busby Yellows, deep
yellow ; John Kirkwood, new of 1901, a very
fine variety ; and Robert M. "Wenley.

A selection of a dozen of the finest fancy
Pansies will be found in the following : —
William Maxwell, large blue blotches, edged
on the petals with white and rose ; and W. P.
A. Smyth, bluish-purpie bli>tches, edged pale
yellow and rose, both new of 1901 ; Agnes
Jlabel, purple blotches, with a combination of
white, purple, and rose, a very fine variety ;
Colonel M. R. G. Buchanan, one of the finest
fancy Pansies ever raised, having a very
striking combination of colours; David Gold
McKay, plum-crimson and white, a fine exhi-
bition flower; Daviil Kus.sell, a large yellow
self, with solid black blotches ; James Camp-
bell, dense violet blotches, margined with
clear sulphur ; Ladj; Sybil, an immen.se cream
self, with glossy mauve blotches ; John Men-
zies, dark blotches, purple and white; Miss
Neil, a large and striking flower, marked with
crimson, purple, an<l while; Mrs. \Vm. Steel,
l)liiisli-pnrple, ci'eani, and light inirple, exi I'a
line ; and Tom Walters, a combinat ion of i)Urple,
red, ri('h yellow, and light maroon, extra fine.

.\(lditions of new varieties are annually made
to the fancy section, but the actual advance
seems to be more lati-ral than forward. Hero
in the south we have few opportunities of com-
paring tlu^ new with the old. In Covent
Garden market in early spring it is po.ssiblo
to se(! trays of plants of very fine varieties,
wliiidi are si^en to the best advantage, because
bloomed mainly under glass. They are propa-
gat(!d by means of cuttings and root division.
They are purchased and planted, but many
die, not because they lack constitutional
vigour, but because they arc imperfe<'tly
planted and left to fat«. If the ball of roots
be gently opened out, planted in moist,
well-prepared soil, with some grit about the
I'oots to encourage action, lightly s]>rinkled
overhead for a few days, and shaded from the
sun, there is no reason why they should not
do W(!ll and become objects of beauty in the
garden. It. 1).

CONTINENmjIOVELTIES.

.\ .\OVi:i,TV L\ GKAI'ES.
A(i:oliiu.S(; to Lc Janlin, Mr. J. Riffaut, of
Chalons-sur-Marne, has .succeeded in raising a
new variety from that much-valued Grape,
Gros Coulard, syn. Chasselas Gros Coulard,
which is greatly superior to the seed-parent.
This novelty, after several years' trials, has
shown great hardiness as against frost, and
great fruittulness. The berries are of a very
largo size, of a golden-yellow tint, and possess
a delicious flavour. The fruit ripens earlier
than Chasselas de Fontainbleau, and can bo
preserved till June. This new Grape will bo
introduced to commerce either this autumn or
the next by the firm of Gilbert & Pretonior, of
Chalons-sur-Maruc.

108

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 10, 1901.

ARCTOTIS ST(ECHADIFOLIA.
This species, also known as A. grandis, was
shown recently by U\\ A. W. Wade, of the
Riverside Nursery, Colchester, and we have
also received specimens from Mr. Gumbleton.
It is a dwarf, shrubby Composite, with angular,
hollow stems, covered, like the leaves, with
grey down. The leaves are nearly sessile,
ol)lanecolate, remotely toothed, and gradually
tailoring to the base. The flower-heads are
surrounded by an involucre of several rows of
scales, the inner ones twice the length of the
outer ones, and somewhat membranous ; the
ray-florets are whitish, shaded with lilac. The
plant is very attractive (fig. 31), and deserved
the Award of Merit it obtained ; but it was
introduced as long ago as 1799, and suftered,
wo presume, to go out of cultivation, as it is
not included in Nicholson's Dictionanj.

REMARKS ON THE FRUIT CROPS.

(See Tables, ante, pp. 88—94.)
The following extracts from remarks kindly
sent us by our correspondents who contributed
to the Table of Reports published in the last
issue of the Ganlenei-s' C'lironicle are interest-
ing, as they explain in some cases why the
crops in particular districts have been good
or bad. Observations upon experiences with
varieties of fruits under stated conditions are
always valuable. It should be remembered
that the following notes were written during
the third and last weeks in July, and since then
the severe drought, of which almost all our
correspondents complain, has been succeeded
in many districts by copious supplies of rain.
We therefore refrain from reproducing many
notes relative to the great need of rain then
experienced, the circumstarces being no
longer the same.

0. SCOTLAND, N.

Moray or EwiiNSHiRE.— The fruit crops,
with tlie exception pf Apples, are as good as
possible. Apples gave every promise of an
abundant crop, until the gales in June de-
stroyed the flowers as the fruits were beginning
to set. TIws. MacdonaUl, Balfour Castle Gardens,
Kirkwall.

SUTHERLANDSHIRE.— Apples are a poor crop,
except on young trees. Pears, Plums, and
early Strawberries have also light crops, but
Elton Pine, our best late Strawberry, particu-
larly in light soil, had an excellent crop.
I). Melville, DiinrohiH Castle Gardens, Hulher-
land.

1, SCOTLAND, E.
Aberdeenshire.— Whilst some Apple-trees

on walls have a large crop of fruit, standards
in general have little. Pears are only grown
on walls here, aiul they have a poor crop, but
the fruits will be of good quality. Plums are
good ; but Cherries are a thin crop, and the
fruit is inferior. Strawberries and small fruits,
with the exception of Black Currants, are
plentifnl. John Forrest, Haddo House Gardens,
Aberdeen.

The fruit crops in this district are

somewhat variable. We had a good show of
blossom, but a great deal of it failed to set.
Apples, Pears, and Plums are much under
the average. John Brown, DeUjatij Castle
G<irdens.

BANKFSllinE. — The fruit prospects were very
promising ; buds and blossoms were pleutifuf;
but there followed a very severe fortnight in
the month of March, with bitter cold winds
and continuous frost — on several occasions
nearly 20°. Pollen was very deficient in blos-
soms of all kinds, no doubt owing to the buds

having been but imperfectly ripened. I never
saw crops here more in need of rain, with the
thermometer standing over 80° in the shade
daily. J. Fraser Smitii, Cnlten Gardens, Cnllen.

Berwickshire. — The Apple crop is the
smallest for soms j'ear.-;, owing to dull, cold
weather having prevented the blossoms from
setting. Lane's Prince Albert and Stirling
Castle are exceptions, and bear good crops.
Pears look well. Doyenne du Comice is still
our best Pear on the Avail. John Cairns, 'ihe
Hirsel Gardens, Coldsl iram.

FiFESHiRE. — Largo fruits are very dis-
appointing after such a grand show of
blossom. Wni. Henderson, Balbirnie Gardens,
MarJiinch.

The fruit crops in the middle and

eastern districts of Fifcshire are extremely
variable, crops of certain kinds being heavy
and light in the same locality. Plums are very
thin ; while Pears, such as Beurro d'Amanlis
and Louise Bonne of .lersey are heavy on bush
and thin on wall-trees. Large-fruiting Apples,
especially Codlins, are cropped best, and the
only blanks among these arc among trees
w-hich were not sufficiently thinned last season.
Gooseberries and Black Currants are scarce,
while the Red and White varieties of Currants
are abundant. On the whole, average crops
will be the general rule, but owing to the
heat experienced lately, the size and quality
will be good, slnudd the needed moisUire
come soon. W. Williamson, Tarrii Ganlens,
Cupar.

Forfarshire.- In the gardens here there is
a good average crop. Apples had very favour-
able weather when in bloom, and set well,
but many trees, even after thinning, have
shed a good quantity of fruit, doubtless owing
to the very dry season. Small fruits are plen-
tiful, with the exception of Black Currants.
Strawberries have been a very heavy crop, and
there was no waste this season from damp or
slugs. Of course, Royal Sovereign in the best
of seasons has a lot of moulded berries, but
there is always plenty left, it bears so well,
ir. McDoirall, Brechin Castle Gardens.

The fruit crop is a very good one.

Gooseberries, however, have siillered some-
what from the ravages of caterpillars. Straw-
berries on light soils are small, owing to
continued drought, but as a rule are plentiful
and of good quality. Wall-trees and orchard
fruits are looking well, and give promise of
a good harvest. T/ios. iri/soii, Ghtmis Castle
Gardens.

HAiiliiNiiToNsHiui:.— The present is another
abundantly fruitful year, only Apricots and
Apples being slightly under avei'age, and the
quality promises well. The abnormal drought
and great heat have considerably damaged the
Strawberry and small fruit crops, late Straw-
berries failing to swell, and the earlies were
very quickly over. J have never seen Pears
larger and finer. I{. I'. Ih-othei-slon, '/'//kim;/-
hame Gardens, Prcstojikirk.

The fruit crop is not so good as was

expected, owing to the very dry weather ex-
perienced in this district. In the month of
May we had rain on ten days, measuring
•2 1-16 inches ; for the month of June, rain fefl
on nine days, with a total of 1 1-13 inches ; and
during this month (Jidy), up to date, rain has
only fallen on two days, the Cth and the 11th,
measuring an 18th and a 10th of au inch re-
spectively. Although Strawberries have been
good, there was a promise of a splendid crop,
had there been more rain. Small fruits are a
very good crop. Georye Taijlor, Ui-v.vnnjiith
Park Gardens, Dunbar.

I do not remember having seen fruit-
trees of all descriptions more profusely
flowered ; and they were fortunate, except in
the case of Apricots, Peaches, and the earliest
Pears, to escape the severe frosts at the enti
of jSIarch and early in April ; consequently the
prospects of a good fruit harvest are very
promising. The ravages of insect pests have
been severe, especially in gardens where no
preventive measures in the way of spraying
have been adopted ; the hot, dry weather, and
absence of even occasional showers, favouring
the increase of enemies of plant-life. T/ios. H.
Cook, Gosford Gardens, Longniddrij.

Kincardineshire. — .\lthough most of the
fruit-trees showed plenty of blossom they set
very badly, owing, I think, to the wood having
not been sulficiently well ripened last year.
This has also been a bad year for caterpillar,
and green and black fly. We had quite a gale,
accompanied by intense cold, about the be-
ginning of June, which swept much of the
newly-set fruit off the trees. JohnM. Browne
The Gardens, Blackhall Castle, Banchorii.

MiDr.OTHiAN. — Orchard trees in this district
had an unusual wealth of blossom, but the
weather at the time was sunless, north-east
winds prevailing, with a continuation of very
low night tempei-atures, the result being that-
the set of fruit was disappointing. Varieties of ,
Apples that bore well last year have no fruits,
this season— Blenheim Orange for instance;
Varieties poor last year are good this, such,
as Warner's King. Pears are a good crop ;
Victoria Plums are heavy; Apricots medium;
small fruits of all kinds are a very heavy
crop ; Strawberries were extra fine in croi>
and quality. James Whijtock, Dalkcithdardcns,
Midlotliian.

PEEm.EssiiiRE. — Plnms are a remarkably
heavy crop, especially the following varieties :
Victoria, Kirk's, Jefferson, and Pond's Seed-
ling. These had all to be heavily thinned.
Cherries are also abundant, and of grand
quality, the most prolific being May Duke,
Elton,' Governor Wood, Late Duke, Werder'.s
Eu-ly Black, White Heart, and Morellos.
.1/. Mrlnliirr, The Glen Gardens, Innerleithen.

0, SCOTLAND, W.

AYlismiu:. — The fruit crops here are
decidedly the best that have been for the
last ten or more years. 1>. Burhanan, Banjanij
Gardens, Daillij.

Apples, Pears, and Plums, owing tc»

good weather in the month of Jlay, have very
line crops, and I never saw the foliage and
fruit in such a clean state. Bush-fruit is also,
very good, and the foliage healthy. David
Murraij, Cidzean Gardens, Maubolc.

Dumfriesshire.— Strawberries were a heavy
crop. Royal Sovereign, Monarch, Fillbasket,
Trafalgar, Waterloo, and Latest-of-AIl have
done well, and kept up a succession in the-
order given. Apples look well, and are aUi
average crop. John Urqnliart, Haddom Castle:
Gardens, Ecelefeehan.

With regard to Apples and Pears, in the

south-west of Scotland it is a very noticeable
fact that many varieties bear naturally heavy
crops every alternate year ; and as far as the
amount of crop is concerned, this is the year
of small things. There are a few varieties of
Apples that disregard this rule, and on kinds.
such as Dutch Codlin, Keswick Codlin, Eck-
linvillo. Lord Sulfield, Warner's King, Haw-
thornden. Northern Greening, Duchess of
Oldenburgh, Cellini, &c., the trees in most
cases are very healthy, and the quality of the
fruit promises to be very good. Stone fruits

KlU. 34.— Ar.CTOTIS STOSCHADIFOLIA (CiRANDIS).
From a specimen shown at Cliiswick, by Mr. A. W. Wade, July Hi, liioi. (See p. 1C8,)

The "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1 flQ
August 10, 1901. ±<Jt;

such as Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Nectarines,
and Apricots, are bearing a very good average
crop. Small bush fruits are giving a very
.satisfactory return this year, and the -weathei-
being dry and warm, they are being gathered
ill excellent condition. Strawberries were a
first-class crop. Rarely do we have weather
that allows us to secure this crop in such fine
condition as we have done this year. Joliii
Mackinuon, Ten-egles, Dninfvies.

■W1GTON.SHIRE.— Apples are slightly below
the average, but promise well for size and
quality. Pears and Plums are heavy crops ;
.small fruits abundant, and owing to the dry
weather have ripened well. Strawberries
have suffered somewhat from want of moisture,
and later crops from this cause have not
fulfilled earlier expectations. Figs are a
heavy crop, and well advanced. Peaches and
Nectarines thin, but healthy. James Day,
(liiUomuj House Gardens.

2, ENGLAND, N.E.
Dl'RHAXi. — Apples suffered attacks from fly
and caterpillar during the time they were in
blossom, and many fruits subsequently fell
from the trees. R. Draper, Seaham Hall Gar-
ilens, Seaham Harbour.

Northumberland. — The Strawberry crops
111 this northern district have been enormous,
and the quality was excellent. Owing to the
immense crop of Apples there was last year,
the crop is generally small this year. Plums
and small fruits are very abundant. James
Noble, Woodbunt Gardens, Darlinnton.

YoUKSHiliK.— Apples suffered from cater-
pillars and fly during and after the flowering
season. Pears were spoilt by the caterpillars
attacking the inside of the fruits. Goose-
berries and Currant-trees bear heavy croj^s,
and are free from the leaf-eating caterpillar.
Jno. McCleltaml, Ribston Hall Gardens,
Wetherbij.

In this district the Apple crop is very
much under average, and the trees are looking
badly, having suffered much from American-
blight and caterpillar. In some places there
are plenty of Plums, in others none. Pear-
trees bear a good crop, and the trees look well.
Clienios arc good and clean; bush fruits
al)undant and good. Strawberries have been
a spU'udid crop here ; they are strawed early,
and when in flower were afforded a good water-
ing. A fresh plantation is made every year, and
this gives the finest fruits. Varieties grown
are Black Prince, Royal Sovereign, Noble,
President, Sir J. Paxton, Gunton Park, which
is excellent now (July 19), and for preserving
the old Grove ICnd Scarlet is still the best.
One of the most satisfactory fruits growii
here this dry season is the Logan Berry, it is
a very valuable addition to our hardy fruits,
with a distinct flavour of Blackberry, Rasp-
berry, and a dash of something you have not
tasted before. When the fruits are thoroughly
ripe and black, they make a fine dish for
dessert, always rather sour, but very agree-
able. They are excellent when cooked in any
way, whether cold or hot, so long as the flavour
is not spoiled by too much sugar. It was
plant6d here two seasons ago between a row
of Apple trees in one of the fruit quarters,
about two yards apart. The growth last
season was very strong, and they have borne
abundance of fine fruits, the slight shade of
the Apple trees seems to have been favourable
to them these two dry seasons. They are as
strong as the strongest Brambles. The fruit
is much appreciated here, and will have to bo
grown extensively in the future ; it is a hand-
some fruit when well grown, and black, about
twice the size of the ordinary Raspberry. In

110

THE GAUD ENER S ' CUR ONI CL E.

[August 10, 1901.

gathering, the fruit does not part from the
stalk like the Raspberry. BaWetj WailtU,

irdsall Gardens, York.

^ Never had a more abundant crop of

Strawberries, nor finer fruits of Koval Sove-
reign, Herieart du Thury, and Elton Tine— the
latter just coming in (July 20) ; others over.
J. .S'rmpsoH, StiidfiehU filicffieUJ.

Owing to the drought, Raspberries and

Strawberries have severely suffered. Goose-
berries have been attacked badly by cater-
pillars ; in many instances not a leaf is left.
Other fruits look remarkably well. Jiio. Siiell,
The Gardens, Farnleji Hall, Otleij.

Apple-trees carried so heavy a crop

last year it has left them less productive for
the present season ; some trees showed very
little blossom, and the cold east winds pre-
vailing at the time the fruits were setting,
caused most of them to drop off. Pears set a
good crop, but much damage has been done
them by caterpillars, which have eaten the
heart of the fruits away. John Alhop, Dalton
Holvie Gardens, Bercrleij.

The fruit crops in this neighbourhood

are disappointing ; most trees blossomed well,
but there is not much fruit. Apples make a
poor show, many free-bearing varieties, such
as New Hawthornden, Lane's Prince Albert,
and Lord (irosvenor, not having a fruit on
them. Pears are a fair average, some kinds
bearing well. Plums are very irregular, but
generally luider the average. Strawberries
dried up instead of ripening. Small fruits are
abundant and gond. insect postsaro very pre-
valent. J. .S'. (')i,..,-, Whjtianthurp,; (lardens^Yovk.
{Tu be continued.)

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

ITALIAN METHOD OP COOKINCi THE

FRUITS OF LAGENARIA.
We have road your note on " Botanical Vege-
tables," published in the Gardeners' Cliron'icle
on July 6, concerning Lagenaria leucantha
longissima, but wc think the way of preparing
this dish as indicated is not much used in
Southern Italy, where the fruit is mostly pre-
pared as follows :— Cut them into pieces "about
3 inches long, take out the seeds, and till with
il stuffing of miuee-hashed meat, &e., then boil
or bake, and serve with a Tomato sauce. This
is really not a bad dish. The flowers of several
kinds of Gourds also are made use of. They
are dipped into a paste made of flour and eggs,
and then fried in oil or fat, furnishing also a
dainty dish. Dainmann.

Japanese Vegetable Pkodicts, sov Bkans
AND Rush jMatiing.

As an instance of the amount a bye-product
may be made to realise, a statement made by
the British Consul at Hiogo and Osaka may be
of interest. It is a fact well known that Soy,
which is so much used in this country as the
base of many of our well-known table sauces,
is obtained by boiling the beans of Glycine
hispida with an equal quantity of ground
Barley or Wheat, and leaving it covered
twenty-four hours to ferment, after which salt
is added and more water, the whole is stirred
at least once daily for a period of about two
months, when the liquid is poured off, filtered,
and kept in wooden vessels, becoming brighter,
clearer, and of better quality by keeping. It
is exported from China and Japan in consi-
derable quantities. From the small beans also
a large quantity of oil is e.vpressed, which is
of a sweet and pleasant taste. It is used for
burning, and generally for edible purposes.
For the preparation of Soy, over £-750,000
worth of beans were imported into Hiogo and

Osaka during the year 1899. Four-fifths of
this supply were derived from China, the re-
maining fifth from Corea. The residue after
the expression of the oil is made into large
round cakes, similar in shape and nearly as
large as a grindstone, weighing about CO lbs.
These are used chiefly for manuring the wet
Rice-fields, but an increasingly large quantity
is used for food for cattle. The value of the
bean-cake or oil-cake, as it is otherwise called,
imported into Hiogo in 1899 was close upon
£3.50,000, being a good half of the total intake
for the whole empire. The value of these
two forms of bean produce was thus over
£1,100,000.

The well known Rush-matting, which form
such an excellent floor covering, especially in
summer, and is made from the culms of Cyperus
tegetiformis, is said to have shown a slight
falling off during the year under review, Init
the exports were still well over half a million
rolls, of the value of £375,000. The price is
gradually rising, owing to the increasing
scarcity of the Rush. The higher grades of
this handsome floor covering have nearly dis-
appeared, owing to the operation of the United
States tariff, which imposes a very heavy duty
on grades costing more than 16s. per roll.
Hence, more than 70 per cent, of the total
quantity manufactured is of the inferior grade,
costing just inider that margin.

In the same report from which the foregoing
information is obtained, a curious light is
thrown on the manufacture of those rugs and
carpets which have appeared in our shops
under the name of Sakai rugs ; these are said
to be made of cotton, hemp, and wool, and the
bulk of the cheaper sorts were formerly made
mostly from old gunny-bags obtained from
India; but in consequence of the prevalence
of the plague at Bombay a year ago, the ship-
ment of these tjags was stopped, and the
manufacturers are now "falling back on the
canvas wrappers of American bales of cotton."
As this kind of goods were getting into dis-
repute in America, a guild was formed to
frame precautions against this inferior work
being produced in future. London, it is said,
now takes more than three-fourths of the out-
turn ; the profits, however, are so exceedingly
small at Sakai, that the production of the rugs
is declining. John R. Jackson, Kew.

MARKET GARDENING.

FIELD TOMATOS.

So far as I am able to form an opinion, the
crop of field Tomatos is most satisfactory
in every respect, the plants being sturdy,
clean, and furnished with large clusters of
fruits, many of which consist of twelve fruits
each. 1 am referring to plants which have
been properly attended to in the way of
stringing them up to the wires and removing
of all lateral growths at the right time ; the
plants being stopped at the third or fourth
cluster. Owing to the beneficial effect of the
recent and much-needed rains, the fruits are
swelling up and ripening well. In order to
help in this direction, all side growths should
be kept pinched, and the lax-ge, compound
leaves should be cut back to within two or
three leaflets, so as to let plenty of light and
sunshine reach the fruits.

In marketing the fruit, the latter should be
jjicked under-ripe, graded, and packed in
peeks lined with three half-sheets of blue
tissue-paper, the ends being turned down over
the fruit, and secured in position with two or
three cross-ties of rafha. The quality of the
fruit being indicated on the address - label
attached to each pock as first, second, or

third, as the case may be. Each peck will
hold 121b. of fruit when filled up to the rim,
the peck measure itself weighing 2 lb. How-
ever, each peck should be placed on the scale-
to see that the weight is right before tying
down the paper in readiness for despatching
to market, the pecks being packed one above
the other in the cart as well as in the railway-
vans in perfect safety as regards the fruit
contained therein. H. W. Ward, Esse.v,
Aiicjiist 5, 1901.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

COTONEASTER HORIZONTALIS.
This distinct-looking shrub is a conspicuous
object at the front of the conservatory at
Gunnersbury House. It has a flat and fan-
shaped habit of growth, which justifies its
specific name, the branches with their many
shoots spreading horizontally. The shrub has
a iilcasing MS|M'ct when the fresh green foliage
appi'.ii-^ in I lie spring, when the numerous
blossdiii'i .iiipcar; and finally when the fruits
colour, and assume their rich autumn tintS-
The plant thus possesses decorative value for
nine months in the year. J{. D.

Species of Crat.e:3us.
In the last number of the Reinie HorticoJe^
M. Henry gives full descriptions of three
species, viz., Crataegus Korolkowi, C. pinnati-
flda, and C. jientagyna; C. Korolkowi has
pinnatoly-loboil leaves and yellowish fruit, of
the size of small Peas, which ripen early ; C.
pinnatifida has the leaves less divided, andt
the .scarlet fruits are sometimes turbinate,
sometimes globular (see Gardeners' Clironicle,
1860, p. 620). C. pentagyna has less deeply
divided leaves, and small subglobosc, purplish-
brown fruits.

NOTICES^F BOOKS.

The South Sea Islands.

A brochure composed of Notes of a Holiday
Cruise among the South Sea Islands has
reached us from Jlr. R. Cheeseman, Brighton
Nurseries, Victoria. The publication is the
more pleasing by lieing written primarily for
a smaller public than that to whom it is now
(by request) addressed ; so that while the
writer lays no claim to being " thorough and
exhaustive," he cannot be charged with
"book-making." He says that: — "These
beautiful islands (the new Hebrides group)
and their fast -decaying races, were very
interesting to me . . . islands that should be
looked upon as part of our island continent,
and should by every means in our power be
retained."

Mr. Cheeseman, who travelled in company
with Mr. Peter Barr, has an eye for the botany
of the country round which he travels. We
are told that: — "From Lord Howe Island
alone are obtained the famous Kentia Palms,
\ised so extensively throughout the world for
decorative purposes. Kentias Fosteriana and
Belmoreana grow on the coast, and for some
distance up the hills. K. Canterburyana grows
towards the tops of the mountains, and K.
Moorei ou the extreme tops, which are usually
in the clouds. The climate is genial and moist.
There is no evidence of an aboriginal popula-
tion in this island. The present inhabitants —
all whites— number 100. They are all engaged
in collecting Palms and Palm-seeds for export.
The seeds arc collected all the year round.
About 20 tons were brought to Sydney by the
Membare on our return, for re-shipment to
Europe."

August 10, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Ill

Leaving that neighbourhood the author
moves on to find that, on Norfolk Island, " the
well-known Norfolk Island Pine grows every-
where, on the tops of tlie hills, and down to
the water's edge. We measured one — 32 feet
in circumferenr;e 6 feet from the ground. It
grows to a great height, is pyramidal, and
clothed with branches almost to the ground.
Fugosia Pattersoni is quite a timber tree
here. Both should prove valuable for coast
planting."

In and out among the islands went our
traveller, making ninety calls in very brief
time. " Our first call is at Anelgauhat
Harbour, Aneilyum . . . where much of the
soil is rich, and the vegetation very rank, and
difficult to penetrate. Crotons grow from
1.5 to 30 feet high. They are very conspicuous
objects in the forest. Some are coloured dark
crimson, almost black, others scarlet, scarlet
and yellow, and yellow. They arc all seedlings,
and some reproduce themselves. The majority
of the young seedlings seen about were green,
many of thcin with traces of variegation,
which will probably intensify as they age.
The beautiful Tree Fern, Alsophila excelsa,
grows abundantly to a height of 00 feet ; the
stems are thin but strong — they grow very
rapidly here."

These extracts suffice to show the style of
the pamphlet, and will, wo trust, induce
British readers also to take an active interest in
islands of which it can only be said that they
are as valuable as they are beautiful.

effects, and to draw attention to details of
beauty individually, and as part of one great
scheme, but finally to see, in that oft-quoted
"Primrose by a river's brim," food or medita-
tion and original thought and graceful healthy
fancies.

Flowers and Gardens : Notes on Plant
Beauty.— By Forbes Watson. Fdilcd, witli
a preface, by the Hcv. Canon Kllacombe.
(.lohn Lane : The Hodley Head, London and
Xew York.)
Mil. Watson's book wiis written during his
last illness, when, conscious of the approach-
ing end, ho completed it with matter nearest
to his hand, rather than with amended mate-
rials for which he had no time to seek. So
says his friend and first editor, .1. B. Paton.
We have now a rc-issuo of the book, edited l)y
Canon Ellacombe, and after the thirty years
that have elapsed since its first appearance, it
is pleasant to see it again.

Mr. Watson was a pioneer, and a bold one.
He had no patience with formal bedding (in
his day the great feature in gardening), or
with the distorted productions of the Horist.
I'\)r him the best flowers were, if not actually
t hose of the hedgerow and copse, at any rate
those which were tlioroughly at home under
captivity, and so seemed in sympathy with
their environment. As an advanccil thinker
on these subjects, and one. fighting against tlie
ogre Public Opinion, Mr. Watson is certain to
positiveness, and assertive to aggressiveness,
with no sympathy for half measures, nor for
those who dilTc rod from him. The carefully-
chosen words of a poet arc but food for his
scorn when he chances to disagree with them ;
and so, indeed, arc other authorities.

FloHVrx <(nd (Idrdfim shows the progress of
the last thirty years very clearly. Aluch of
the system inveighed against has faded, for-
gotten and unnoticed, and ,a more natural
style is preferred, and \vc may add that the
careful grammar and somewhat fantastic
imagery of the author reads nowadays like
wliat is known as "fine writing," the How of
adjectives being curiously typical of an
elaborate and now .somewhat old-fashioned
style.

But it is to the intentions we must look, and
If Mr. Watson's flights of faney are not to be
liillowed by us, we can thoroughly appreciate
his earnest and then original wish, not merely
to encourage natural rather than artificial

HEADINGTON-HILL HALL.

HE.\r)iNT.TON-HiLL Hall, Oxford, the residence
of George Herbert Jforrell, Esq.. M.P., is
a mansion in the Italian style, massive and
rich in architectural embellishments, erected
about 1860. The house occupies a commanding
position on the crest of the hill bearing
its name, iti the midst of gardens, and, sur-
roniuled as it is by a series of grandly-
formed terraces, walks, and shrubberies, forms
a noble adjunct to the old university city.
who.se ancient and modern buildings lie
at its feet, enshrouded with the foliage of
the stately Elms, &<•., in the several college
gardens and groves.

The park and gardens possess many fine
timber trees, but are most famous for the
extensive and choice collection of Conifcrje,
planted in 18."j(i— 57, under the direction of the
late Mr. W. H. Baxter, Curator of the Oxford
Botanic Garden, who laid out the grounds
and harmoniously disposed some l.'>0 forms,
including of Abies VI varieties, Acers 6, Cu-
pressus 8, Junipers IT,, Magnolias IS, Piceas 10,
Pinus 40, Thujas 5, ami Wellingtonias 12 ;
these last-named have attained to over .50 feet
in height, with a 40 leet spread of the lower
branches.

The park is divided liy two main roads, but
a large portion, with the 4 acres of kitchen-
garden, are connected by an open - work
ornamental girder bridge, resting on colossal
rugged masonry, spanning the coach road to
London ; the south park being in a measure
entirely detached.

There are two lodge entrances furnished
with noble wrought - iron gates in filagree
work ; and from the lower or Oxford lodge, a
boldly sweeping carriage-drive leads up to
the house to the well-dressed grounds. .\
pleasing expansti of lawn, well broken but
not crowded with groups of shrubs, ascends
gently to the t<-rrares on the soutli and west
fronts, thegi'ouiul from thence risingabruptly.
The grand entrance to the house has a some-
what plain appeaninci'. every view being shut
out by a steep Laurel-clad bank 200 yards long
and 2.5 feet deep, the broad walk above it,
some 40 feel wide, forming a delightfully cool
promenade beneath the shade of stately Elms
and '\'ews, and which forms a protection to the
terraces from the north and east. The terraces
are well formed, the slope being rendered
exceedingly easy for bidding juii poses. On
the widest terrace is a fountain formed of four
nymphs' heads supporting a shell, down which
the crystal fluid descends in copious streams
to a massive circular basin.

One great .advantage tlio display has is its
position, and the splendid backgroinid of the;
noble Elms which ovcMshade the wide, deep,
sloping "Laurel bank" that stretches the
whole width of the lawns and house, forms a
charming perspective. All around are to bo
seen towering Sequoia gigantea, Cedars,
standard Kol)inias, Iiish Yews, and close-
trimmed standard Hollies. These give the
places a unique appearance, inasmuidi as there
is no other such residence or garden situat<^(
on a sloping hill-side overlooking the Univer-
sity city with its groups of towers and spires.
Surveying the scene from the upper terrace,
and descending the broad flight of stone steps
which divides the Laurel bank into equal por-
tions, we encounter half a dozen specimens of

the Chili Pine (Araucaria imbricata), whos*
rigid or horizontal, large, flat, sharp-pointed,
glossy green leaves give the trees a most
majestic appearance, and one very fine speci-
men stands on the terrace near the mansion.
On this plat there are two long, angular beds
filled with the golden tricolor zonal Pelargo-
nium Mrs. Pollock ; two other beds are occu-
pied with white Marguerite Daisies mixed
with the dwarf fragrant Heliotropium peruvia-
num, some tree-like examples of the same being
set as dot-plants. A central circular bed has.
a specimen Dracsena australis, surrounded by
a massing of the brilliant scarlet Begonia
Vesuvius, the edging of this bed being a
dense margin of white and green variegated
Euonymus.

The fountain terrace is a stage lower, and
here are twenty-two beds to pattern, set out
between and aroniul a dozen standard Robinia
inermis, whose umbrella-shaped heads afford
but little shade to the dwarfer subjects en-
closing their stems. The two centre circular
beds are edged with the trailing yellow-
flowered Stonecrop, Sedum acre, encompassing
a massing of Violas in variety. The other
beds consist partly of flowering and partly oi'
carpet plants in considerable variety.

North-west of the mansion, between some
Sequoia gigantea aiul the half-dozen closely-
trained staiulard Hollies, runs a long semi-
circular bed of dwarf Kosc trees ; and disposed
on the lawn are beds of Petunias, double white
Stocks, French M irigolds. and dwarf bronzy-
leaved zonal Pelargoniums, \-c., the beds of
Asters being margined liy a double line of
ruby-coloured Sedum. A line clump of Pampas-
grass and a pyramidal domi' of silver varie-
gated Euonymus arc olijeils of interest ou
the lawn.

Time would fail to rec >iinl llie lieaiities of
the numy forms of trees and shrulis. SuOice it
to say that the Indian Cellars (Deodara) which
skirt the upper carriage-diive are eiiual to any
in the county, and those who are inclined and
have the time will lie much interested ii»
inspecting the gardens at Headington-Hill
Hall. X.

VEGETABLES.

EAKI.Y IM:.\S.
Ouu earliest Pea this year was Chelsea Gem,
which we gathered outside on Msiy 25 from a
sowing made on February 4 in small boxes.
These bore good crops, and were fully three
weeks before those of the same variety that
were sown outside. 1 sow Peas in long shallow
boxes 0 feet by S\ and S}. inches, one side of
which is fastened by a staple and a plug of
wood, .and the plants are very easily trans-
planted by simply removing the fastening
after a small trench has been prepared. A
spade is passed along the other side, and the
whole mass slides out into tin; trench without
any damage whatever. Fnglish Wonder makes
a good succession to the ahove, and neither
require Pea-sticks.

Carter's Early Morn is still the best Pea for
early work amongst the ilarrow section,
being fourteen days in advance of any other
variety of the same type. The haulm grows
3 feet "high, so that the crop can be grown on
a border without interfering willi I he fruit-
trees on the wall.

Springtide is another very early good Poa,
and a prolific cropjier ; th<r haulm is about
2 feet 6 inches in height. Carter's Dai.sy is
another fine, second early, and is one that will
stand gentle forcing as well as any Poa I
know of; bears line pods (lUcd with large,
good flavoured Peas. Veilch's .Veme is anodiec

112

THE GAED ENER S ' CHE ONI CL E.

[August 10, 1901.

modern Pea of the fii'st quality, a prolific
cropper, and the pods are well filled with Peas.
Water should be afforded Peas in all cases
before the plants appear to want it, for should
they show signs that something is wanted,
they are probably checked at that stage so
much that the production of Peas will cease.
The various sowings should be examined care-
fully at short intervals of time. A heavy
syringing with clear soot-water occasionally
in the evening works wonders with the Pea ;
should mildew be found, syringe the haulm
with flowers-of-sulphur. Sulphur mixes very
well with milk, and also clings to the leaves,
and is much better than water for mixing into
a paste. Care should be taken that the under
IJart of the foliage is thoroughly wetted.
W. A. Cook.

and the hybrids that have been derived from
this section. These should now be carefully
inspected, and be sponged if necessary. The
small scale which infest the undersides of
the leaves is very troublesome, but it may
be easily removed by careful washing with a
soft sponge. If cleaning is delayed until after
the plants have been repotted, it will be
diHicult to work among the leaves witliout
loosening the plants in the potting compost,
which will be harmful. One of the most
interesting plants among the many species of
Pleurothallis is P. punctulata. It is one of the
rarest and finest ; its glaucous foliage is most
striking, and should not be sponged. The
plant is now growing actively, and should be
-placed in a light position at the warm end of
the house. It succeeds most satisfactorily
suspended near the roof-glass in the Masde-
vallia-house, and requires a liberal supply of
I'oot moisture at all seasons of the year.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddeii Road, Canibenvell.

Cattleija supei-bct is another autumn-flowering
species possessing high-coloured, attractive
flowers. Some cultivators find this plant diffi-
cult to manage, but I am of the opinion that
its cultivation is not nearly so difficult as that
of many Cattleyas of the labiata section. It
does best when grown in baskets in the usual
sort of compost of peat and sphagnum-moss,
not in the ordinary Cattleya-house, but hung
near the glass in a bright part of the East
India-house or the plant-stove. The species
requires abundance of water at the present
season, that is, while in active growth ; but
after flowering and growth are ended, only
sufficient root-moisture is required as will
retain the pseudo-bulbs in a plump condition.
Dendrobiums. — Early-flowering Deudrobiums
that have completed their growth, should be
removed from their present conditions to others
which, although favourable to the ripening of
the pseudo-bulbs, will not tend to induce
secondary growth from the base. It is
aiecossary that this subjection to altered
conditions should be effected in a manner that
no harm from cheek will result to the plants.
Place them first in an intermediate tempera-
ture, and gi-adually prepare them until it is
■quite safe to put them into a house where they
may rest. If there is no structure set apart
for this purpose, a vinery where the foliage is
ifalling, or has already fallen from the Vines,
will answer well. The species which will
■ need attention at the present season, are
D. aureum, and the early-required plants of
D. nobile. Among the hybrids D. x Ains-
• -worthi, D. x euosmum, D. x Cassiope, D. x
endocharis, are earliest with us, but as the
season generally is late, do not remove these
until they arc quite ready, or the pseudo-bulbs
.may shrivel. When the plants are placed in
the resting-house, only sufficient water should
be afforded to retain the newly-made growth
an a plump condition.

Lcelia anceps, &c. — Both sections of this
.■species will now be rapidly pushing up their
flower-spikes, and will need every encourage-
ment to induce them to propei-ly develop and
mature their pseudo-bulbs. Afford the plants
all the light possible by removing any shade
that has been employed. During the middle
•of bright days throw open the ventilators.
Syringe the plants freely overhead the first
thing in the morning in bright weather, and
again an hour or so before opening the venti-
lators. Close the house in good time in the
afternoon and again syringe overhead, and an
amount of sunheat will be husbanded that will
dry up the moisture before evening, and
less fire-heat will be necessary. Lielia autum-
nalis, L. Gouldiana, and other sijecies and
hybrids belonging to the Mexican section,
should be placed in the same conditions.

The Cool House. — Masdevallias that may
require repotting shortly will include M.
Harryana, M. Veitchi, M. ignea, M. Davisii,

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By MALCOLM McIXTYRK, Oardciicr to Sir Chas.
Tennant, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peetalessliire.
Chernj Hoii.sf.— The trees are now rich in
wood aiid plump in bud. The leaves, too, will
not be capable of much further effort in
elaborating the sap and storing it in the buds
and wood, and as at this juncture any Lindue
excitement will cause the trees to start into
growth, the trees should be exposed to the air
as much as possible. The border should not
bo allowed to becoiue dry, and if the trees are
weak, liquid-manure may be aflorded. In order
to keep red-spider in check, wash the trees
occasionally with the garden-engine or syringe,
and wherever the roof-lights are portable, by
all means remove them, so that the rain and
dew may cleanse the foliage and invigorate the
trees. Black aphides are troublesome on
Cherry-trees, but the leaves and wood, with
their hard texture, are not inviting to them ;
and whenever they appear syringe the trees
with an insecticide, or dust the affected parts
with tobacco-powder. Cherry-trees in pots
are very interesting, and they are easily
grown. *They offer such a large variety, and
afford fruits over .so long a period of time, that
it is a wonder they are not more often cultivated.
With very slight" forcing they ripen their fruits
in the month of May, and afford a succession of
fruits till the outdoor Cherries are ready for
use, giving a succession of fruit for dessert
from May till September. Early Rivers,
Empress Eugenie, May Duke, Archduke,
Royal Duke, Governor Wood, and Late Duke
are admirable for pof^culture.

Vines for Earhj Forcing. — A period of rest is
absolutely neces.sary for permanent Vines
about to be hard forced, but though it is most
desirable that the wood should ripen early and
the foliage drop naturally, these processes
must not be unduly hastened. The house or
houses ought to be set wide open, and a cur-
rent of dry air maintained, if need be, with
the aid of a little fire-heat in dull, damp
weather. As soon as it is seen that the Vines
have finished their growth, shorten all laterals
to about half their length, and remove sub-
laterals, shortening long young canes as neces-
sary. On no account should the foliage left on
the Vines be syringed daily. Well coating the
leaves with ilowers-of-sulphur is the best
remedy for red-spider, and may be applied in
the case of all Vines from which the fruit has
been cut. As a rule, the best results attend
the practice of confining the roots of extra
hard-forced Vines in narrow inside borders,
and the smaller and better filled with roots
these are, the ottener should some portion be
renewed. In the case of partially-exhausted
borders, these may well be freshened up
from the surface, the first proceeding being
to fork away the old soil well down to the
roots. Theii give a good soaking of water, or,
better still, liquid-manure, prior to affording
a liberal top-dressing with a rich compost
consisting of turfy loam, bone-meal, mortar-
rubbish, and charred garden refuse. This
being done while yet the foliage is green,
many fresh roots will find their way into the

new soil, and still more, late next season.
When, however, the borders are much ex-
hausted, a surface-dressing is not sufficient,
and it is better to remove about 3 feet or 4 feet
from the front, or say one-half of a narrow
border, and to replace with a loamy compost,
or a mixture somewhat richer than that of
which the borders were originally composed.

Mid-season Houses. — There is more shanking
and want of colour in Grapes than usual,
possibly the result of last year's cold, wet
weather and want of sun. The Grapes have
been slow in acquiring bloom and colour, but
the berries are as large as usual, and pro-
nounced excellent in quality. Red-spider has
been rather troublesome. I find thinly coating
the pipes, whilst hot, with a wash of sulphur
and skim-milk the most efficacious remedy.
Copious supplies of water through a good sur-
face mulching, and occasional supplies of
liquid-manure of a sustaining rather than a
stimulating kind, are most contributory to
a satisfactory result. Fire-heat has been
neces.sary in order to safely afford ventilation
by night ; the heat, however, should be
moderate.

Z,«te-/ioi(scs.— Continue to afford supplies
of water through a good surface mulching,
and until the Grapes are well advanced in
colour, for most late Grapes take a long
time to perfect thoroughly, and some, par-
ticularly Mrs. Pince (which has often a large
percentage of stoneless berries), even after
appearing finished, are not coloured up to
the shank, which may be due to stopping
supplies of food too early. The Grapes may
shrink from the same cause. All late Grapes
require a long time to perfect, and the further
advanced they are at this date the better.
Afford a temperature of 70° to 75" by day arti-
ficially, and 80" to 85° with sun, closing
sufficiently early to increase it to 90°. When
the sun is beginning to wane, afford enough
top and bottom ventilation to ensure a circu-
lation of air, and allow the temperature to
gradually cool. The pipes should, if necessary,
have a little heat in them to prevent the
temperature falling below 65° at night.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Heerin.
Summer rrunimj of Apples and Pears. — Bush
and pyramidal-trained trees may now be safely
summer-pruned, and probably but little lateral
growth will be the result. It is wise to allow
the length of shortened growths to carry at
least four or five leaves, and should any se-
condary growth take place it would occur in
the upper two buds, which will be removed
at the winter pruning. The thinning of the
growths will allow sun and air to reach all
parts of the tree. Where Apples are desired
for exhibition purposes, the trees should bo
looked through, and promising fruits relieved
of any foliage that may be shading them, with
a view to obtaining the best colour. The
fruits may al.so be supported so that the eye
of the Apple stands out prominently to the
sunlight, otherwise if left in a drooping posi-
. tion the stem side of the fruit only will be
coloured. With these bush and pyramid trees
the leading shoots should be shortened only
to about two-thirds of their length. Bush
Plums may be treated similarly, and any
suckers springing from the base must be cut
clean away.

Straivherry Plants for Early Fruiting.— The
runners layered a few weeks since may be
removed from the old plants for a few days,
and they will then be in a suitable condition
for planting on borders. The best way to
obtain early fruit is to plant strong runners in
August on a warm border which has been well
manured and deeply dug for a previous crop,
and which requires now only to be slightly
forked over and a little short Mushroom-bed
manure worked in . These early-planted Straw-
berry-plants will ripen their fruits ten days
earlier than older plants. They should not be
allowed to stand after the first crop has been
gathered, and may therefore be planted 1 foot
apart each way, planting quincunx fashion.

August 10, 1901.J

THE GARD EXER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

113

Before planting, level the ground and tread it,
to make a thoroughly firm rooting medium.
Water the young plants before planting, aud
afterwards. Do not bury the crowns when
planting, but make the soil firm about the
roots. Place a slight mulch of short manure
round each plant. When layered in pots,
little check is experienced when planted out,
but water should be applied freely in times of
drought.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

yUxeA Borders. — Frequent attention should
be given, in order to maintain an attractive
appearance, removing spent flowers and
flower-stems, particularly of such plants that
form seed freely. Oriental Poppies, Pyrethrutn
roseum in variety, and other plants which die
down partially after flowering, should have
attention at that stage. The early-flowering
annuals should be removed, and their places
filled up with late summer-flowering plants
from the reserve garden. .Stir the surface
frequently, and rake off weeds. Place stakes
to the taller Michaelmas Daisies and other
tall-flowering plants.

Trees fimi filiriibs. — Any of those spring-
planted, aud not as yet re-estal)lished, should
still be supported with stakes and guying-wircs;
aud an examination of the fasteniiigsshinild be
made, in the event of more space l)eing re-
quired in these, and all supports should bo
firmly fixed in the soil. Do not forget to place
a soft pad between the stake and the bark, so
as to prevent abrasion of the latter.

.SiiniHier Berff/iiif;. — JIake observations on
the present season's bedding, and note any
new combination of colour that has pleased,
and the adaptability of fresh plants which
may have been used. It is always interesting
to try a few new plants, or rather fresh
subjects every season ; and although they may
not always prove a success, one gains a better
knowledge of what will, and what will not,
thrive and give pleasure. While Devonshire
and the west generally are more favourable for
the growth of half hardy species of plants
than some other counties, success largely
depends on the aspect, altitude, and soil, (.it
new plants tried for bedding at Poltiniore this
summer, mention may be made of Acalypha
musaica, and Di-aciena Sanderi ; the first-
named plant answers very well as a "dot"
plant for placing over dwarf-growing species
forming a carpet, and of a colour in contrast
to it; its reddish-bronze leaves are very
effective. The plants do not make much
growth, but retain their foliage well, and they
should be of good size when planted out.
Dracrena Sanileri has not been so successful,
but this may be due to the plants not having
been freely exposed to the sun before they
■were planted, for the sun has caused some of
the older leaves to turn yellow, although the
growth made outside retains its natural
variegation. Pelargonium Haspall Improved
is effective planted sjiaringly over a carpet of
Antennaria, with Nicotiana sylvestris, .Viithc-
ricums, and Clrevilleas, interspersed among
them, the bed being edged with yellow
Tropfpolum Mrs. Clibran. Of Ageratmns, a
new variety. Princess Victoria Louise, is a
pleasing addition. The plants grow with us
about C inches high. The flowers are white,
while the thickly placed .stamens arc light
blue in colour, forming a pretty contrast quite
distinct from other varieties; and its effect is
pretty with tall plants of Ivy-leaf Pelargo-
nium Mme. Crousse, variegated Phlox, Anthe-
ricums, and Alternanthera major aurea. As a
ground-work in medium sized beds, Abutilon
vexillarium is useful aiul pretty, requiring
very little attention in pegging down.

Proptuinliiin of the more tender plants,
such as Aitcrnantheras, Coleus, Mesombryan-
themiiMis, and Iresine, must now bo commenced.
Take a few cuttings at a time, so as not to
disfigure the heds. Aitcrnantheras make roots
best in pans aliout 2 inches in depth, and
being put in chiefly to furnish stuck, do not

require so much soil, which should be of a
sandy nature. After inserting the cuttings,
jjlace theai in a close frame facing south.
Artificial heat is not necessary. The cuttings
should be watered once, and then sprinkled
daily overhead according to the weather : and
during bright sunshine, shade may be necessary
part of the day. A little air should be admitted
early in the day to prevent excess of moisture.
Zonal PeIar(joniiims. — Take cuttings of these,
and insert them in boxes or 4-inch pots. The
plants will keep bettor in pots during the
winter. When the cuttings have been inserted,
place the boxes or pots on a hard base in an
open sunny jiosition.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts. G.iideiier to Hussey Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

Draca-na- rubra, D. conyesta, ami D. (/r<ici/i.s
raised from points or roots, if advanced in
growth sutficiently to require larger pots,
say 4«'s, should be shifted forthwith. Witli
a little a.ssistance from manurial waterings,
useful decorative plants can be grown in this
convenient - sized pot. Place the freshly-
potted plants in a close intermediate tempera-
ture till re-establislu'd, and afterwards afford
them air freely during the warmer part of the
day, closing the house about 4 r.M., after
dami)ing down ; and later in the day damp
the paths, &c., again.

Ficii.s ehistica auil F. radicans varicfiala. —
Useful plants for deoorat ive purpo.ses, if they
were raised from "eyes," will now be growing
freely, and maybe shifted into48's, and placed
in a light house or pit ; and as soon as the
plants have attained the height of 15 to
18 inches, afford them cooler treatment, so as
to restrain the growth.

('/irysaiil/icmidii.s.— Owing, probably, to the
excessive heat, 1 fiiul .Tapanese varieties are
very precocious in bud formation. The buds
formed in July being too early, should be re-
moved, and the growths at the base of the bud
reducc<l to one shoot, selecting the strongest
and best placed. This will necessarily add
another foot to the height of the plants, and
the second crown-bud will be selected for
flowering. Pinch out all lateral growths below
the break, aud afford the plants a weak stinni-
lant occasionally. Look out for black aphis,
and dust the leaves with tobacco-powder in
the early morning, when the foliage is damp
with dew. To trap earwigs, place Bean-stalks
amongst the growing plants, look them over
every morning, and blow the earwigs Into a
can of hot-water. Make all the growths secure
to a centre stick, and tie all the stakes to a
wire to prevent the plants being blown over
by winds.

Freexia rcfrarta alha. — Shake out old bulbs
which have been exposed to the effects of the
sun, and select the largest aud best only for
repotting. Unless the bulbs are well deve-
loped and fully ripened, they will not succeed.
The stock should be supplemented by fresh
purcha.ses annually, and now is the time to
obtain them. Karly potting is essential. Place
seven bulbs into each "il-inch pot, using a
compost of loam, road-grit, and loaf-mould.
After potting the bulbs, place them in a cold
frame, and do not give nuich water until some
growth has been made, and the roots are active.
Let them grow in frames, or on shelves near
to the glass, until the flower-spikes arc seen,
when they may be afforded a teiTiperature of
50° to 55°.

Ualardcd LHij oj the V(dleij are now very
popular, they may be had in flower so easily
from September onwards. As the refrigerators
or cold storage-houses an- only opened at inter-
vals, orders sliciuhl be placed in time to .secure
crowns being despMtilicd cither fortniglitly or
monthly as required. Upon receipt, pot twelve
to fourteen crowns into a Ij-inch pot, and pl.ace
them in a light position on a shelf in an inter-
mediafi^ temperature; syringe twice or three
times <l.iil\ . ar.iirding to tlio State of the out^
side ;lI iiM>'s|ili(ie. In a fortnight or three
weeks they slu.iiht bir in bloom.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

irjiifcr Spinach. — This important crop .should
be sown betvreeu the l"2th and ISth of the
present month, and it is well to make two
sowings on or about these dates. The crop
may follow Peas or Potatos ; and the land
should receive a moderate dressing of soot oi-
wood-ashes, and be dug a foot deep a week
or so before sowing the seed. Failing rain,
moisten the drills a few hours previously
to sowing the seed, as a dry soil is always,
detrimental to the germination of Spinach
seed. Till the plot well and evenly before-
taking out the drills, which should be drawn
1 inch in depth, aud 15 inches apart.

Oiiioii.s (Tripoli). — For standing through the
winter I make two sowings, the first about
August 15, and again in the last week of th&
same month. Let the ground be deeply dug,,
and manured if necessary, as Onions require
a fairly rich soil. Before getting out the
drills, which should be 1 inch deep, and
!) inches asunder, make the ground fairly firm,
by treading or drawing a light roller over it a
few times, and rake oil all stones, &e.

Chervil. — Where this is required to flavoui^
salads and soups during winter, a small sowing
should be made now in shallow drills 8 inches
apart, and the young seedlings thinned to-
4 inches apart as soon as fit. In ordinary
winters, Chervil remains quite fresh with us,
and .self-sown .seedlings appear plentifully.
In colder counties it may be necessary to give-
it a sheltered corner.

Lcc'fc.s.— Those planted out in trenches early
in May .should be earthed up as is usual with
Celery, but first remove any weeds there may
be; and if at all dry, afford a good watering:
with diluted drainings from the cow or farm-
yard. Where the diblier was used in planting,,
as advocated in my Calendar for April 27, the
ground should have the flat hoe plied between,
the rows ; this will act as an carthing-up as-
well as tend to promote growth.

CdOlKiac— W^atch for slugs among the first
sowing, and dust the plants frequently with,
lime and soot or wood-ashes. Keep the seed-
lings constantly moist. The last .sowing,
should be made without delay, also a little of
the Kcd Cabbage for pickling.

Celenj requires frequent attention, and it is-
better to go over the rows about every fort-
night, adding a little fresh .soil each time,
than to earth them up too heavily at any one-
time. The soil should not be nuide too firm,
about the plants until the final banking-up is
done. From four to six weeks should be
allowed for blanching. The remarks made a
month since in respect to the early rows,,
apply also to later ones, as regards affording
water and keeping the surface-soil in a loose
condition.

General Remarks.— The recent rains appear
to have been general, and with us have greatly
improved crops ; but line weather having again,
set in, do not neglect to afford water to such,
crops as Peas, Beans, Turnips, Celery, &c.,
twice or so each week. Keep the flat hoes,
moving between all crops where they can be
conveniently worked. Afford spring - sown.
Asparagus a' light dressing of salt to accelerate
growth befor(! running the hoes between the
rows. Cabbages planted out here in June are
infested with caterpillars ; hand-picking is the
surest remedy. Dust the plants overhead
occasionally with .soot and lime when the
leaves are moist. Watch Cauliflowers, Savoys,
&(■., or caterpillars may soon cause them nuicli.
i"J"''y- _

Excursion to Glasgow.— On August 1
Messrs. Wm. FuLb & Co., nurs(!rymen and.
sced.smcu, Hexham, treated their emploijes to.
their annual excursion. The party, numbering
nearly sixty persons, travelled to Glasgow,
where they visited the exhibition, &c. Much
appreciation was expressed of the lirm's
kindness and generosity.

114

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 10, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— JVic Editor does nut
undertake to pay for any contributions, or to return the
nnusrd communications or illustrations, unless by sjicciaj
arrungcment.

mustrations.— TTie Editor will thankfully receive and select
photographs or draioings, suitable for reirrodttction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, 6tc. ; but he
mnnot be responsible for loss or injury.

Local News.— Correspondents will greatly oblige Try sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to he of
interest to our readers, or of any matltrs which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticMlturisls.

(.etters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for ninning, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.
Coinmiiiiiiiftinns should be v.-RmEii on one side onlv oe
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duty
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith,
newspapers.— Correspondents sending newspapers should be
direful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY, Ave. l(i.-(
lUESDAY, A\

stiiu ll(ii-tii-iiltuial Show.

t Koyn.l Horticultural Society':
i Coiiiiiiittoes, Meeting.

received l>y the plant is less. These facts
Sive valuable information with regard to the
proper pruning of trees and of the Vine, it
being necessary to regulate the quantity of
water received l)y the plant. It is needful to
know the quantity and the arrangement of the
roots in the different layers of soil in which
they exercise their functions, and the proper-
ties of these layers as regards the water they
contain. In some cases pruning of the roots
themselves is possible, and this must be
practised with a view to attaining the desired
result."

H/EMANTHUS (See Supplement).— Visitors
to the last Temple Show will remember the
very striking exhibit made by I'Horticole
Coloniale, of Brussels. Such a display of
species and varieties of this noble genus has
never before been got together. A general
view of the group is given in our Supplemen-
tary Illustration, and for a descriptive and
cultural account we may refer our readers to
our number for May 25, 1901, p. 332. In the
same issue a special illustration was given of
H. mirabilis, a form with broad perianth
segments of a salmon colour.

...T,T^^.x.oT^.^/ A., ,, t Bishop's .■^loptfovd Horticul-
M-EDNESDAY, Auo.M-, (lual .Society's Show.

["Swansea Horticultural Society's

THURSDAY, Au(i. IS- LamZu Deauc Horticultural
I. Society's Show.

FRIDAY, Auci. l.'i.— Established Orchids at Protlic
tt Morris' Rooms.

AvEnAfiE Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-62-5".
Actual Temperature.s :—

London.— .4 ii(7i(j<( 7 (6 p.m.); Max. ~ii°; Miii. •''iS'.

Anrjust S.— Fine, warm.
Peovinces.— ^rWiSt 7 <S P.M.) : Max. 72°, Home
Counties; Miu. 63°, N.E. Scotland.

In connection with the con-
Thc ripening dition of the fruit crops which
of Fruits and , ,, . , ,

of the wood. "^^ recently occupied so much
of our space, we venture to
call special attention to the following
paragraph on the ripening of the fruit, and
of the ripening of the wood. The latter
phrase is constantly made use of by gar-
deners, but few of us ever stop to think
■what it really means. We have extracted
the following from a recent number of tlic
Comptes Rendu.'!, from a paper by M. F.
KovESSE on the proportion of water in rela-
tion to the ripening of woody plants : —

" It has been demonstrated that the pro-
duction of fruit on woody plants is governed
by the cliraatological conditions of two con-
secutive years. Thus the year following a
year of drought yields abundant harvests, and
■a year following a wet season but a poor
crop. Further, the quantity of fruit is in pro-
jjortion to the ripening of the wood of the
branches that produce the flower-buds. One
of the causes that play an important part in
the ripening of the wood is the quantity of
water available for them. This supply of
■water produces two other very important
effects: — 1st. It influences the distribution of
the fruit branches on the plant ; 2nd. It con-
tributes to the building up of the plant. In
fact," concludes the author, "the form of a
tree, as well as the position of its flowering
branches, are, in great part, determined by
the circumstances attending the ripening of
the wood. Further, the degree "of ripeniiig of
the branches, and consequently the number
of flowers and of fruit borne the following
year, is greater when the quantity of water

Flowers in Season. — The Carnation
appears to he tlic most popular flower in bloom
at the present time, for wc have to acknow-
ledge blooms of this delightful border and pot-
plant from four of our readers : —

Mr. Joseph BuoOIME, of Sunny Hill, Llan-
dudno, whose choice collection of Orchids has
been frequently remarked upon in these
columns, sends us flowers of seedling varieties
he has raised in the open ground, and which
are now blooming for the first time. They are
all very beautiful, and include self-coloured
and yellow-ground flowers, flakes, bizarres,
and fancy varieties, and the general quality is
so high, that one almost wonders it it be
worth the trouble to have named Carnations if
seedlings may be trusted to give such a satis-
factory result. If Mr. Broome selects the
best of the varieties he has sent, and culti-
vates them another year, his collection will be
a valuable one.

Messrs. Wai.shaw & Son, Scarborough, send
blooms of a variety named Madeline Reynolds.
They are bright crimson in colour, of fine
form, with rounded petals, and very fragrant.
Messrs. W.-vlshaw describe the plants as of
good habit, and very free in flowering.

Messrs. LAiN(i & Mather, Kelso, Scotland,
forward blooms of a new self-coloured Carna-
tion naiued Sir R. Waldie-Griflith, which we
can hardly over-praise. It is a bold flower,
with well - rounded petals, very slightly
fringed, and good calyx. In colour it is very
distinct, and may best be described as rich
orange-scarlet, with a slight amber or yellow
tint in the older petals. Though not heavily
perfumed, it is fragrant, and the variety is an
excellent one. The same firm send Ketton
Rose, Primrose League, Duchess of West-
minster, and other varieties, -svhose qualities
are already known.

A correspondent who modestly wishes to he
known as R. B., sends two seedling v.arieties,
one of which is a very pretty yellow self-
coloured variety, but not better than some
of the same type already in gardens. The
other, a purple self, is sm:ill, and generally
inferior.

The Season of Wasps.— Have any of the
readers of the (r(i I'fic'iiers' C/ii'ouic/c experienced
unusual trouble from wasps this year? Our
correspondent, Mr. Chas. Simpson, Newby
Hall Gardens, Ripon, Yorkshire, says that
in those gardens, there is quite a wasp plague.
They are clearing off all outside fruits, and the

Grapes, Peaches, and Nectarines had to be
encased in muslin bags even before the fruits
began to colour. Between the dates July 10
and August 1, Mr. SiMPSON has taken as many
as 127 nests; yet this has seemed not to lessen
tlie damage the insects are doing. On July 30,
thirty-two nests were taken, and on other
days, twenty, seventeen, fifteen, twelve, and
so on. This is an extraordinary record, we
should suppose, and perhaps some of our
readers may like to know the means by which
the nests were taken. Mr. SiMPSON dissolves
cyanide of potassium in water, then, after
soaking .some cotton-wool in the liquid, pushes
the wool into the hole containing the nest.
After the wasps have been killed the nests are
dug out and destroyed, and if this is not done,
some of the grubs arc said to hatch and find a
way out of the hole.

A Competition for Young Gardeners.—
From an advance copy of the schedule of prizes
to bo offered at the next spring show of the
Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, to be
held on May 7 and 8, we observe that prizes
are offered to under-gardeners only, for the
best plans, drawn to scale (40 feet to inch), for
laying out as a garden a piece of ground about
20 acres in extent. A sketch plan is given
showing what features, including house,
already exist on the site that is to be dealt
with. ' Competitors will have to send with
their plan a description of it, and among other
things describe how roads would be made,
how the planting would be done, the character
of the planting, &c. We heartily commend
this feature of the schedule as being likely to
do those young gardeners who are sufficiently
energetic to take part in the competition a
great deal of good. The plans have to be in
the hands of tlie secretary, Mr. P. Murray
Thomson, not later than April 1, 1902.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting will be held on Tuesday, August 13,
in the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, West-
minster. The lecture on this occasion will be
on "Tender Plants for Outdoor Gardening,"
by Mr. Wm. Townsknd. Messrs. Kbl-vvay &
Son will show a large collection of Gladioli.

The syllabus for the examination in

horticulture has been revised recently by the
Council, on the advice of the examuiers. In-
tending students should send a penny stamp
to the Secretary of the Royal Horticultural
Society for a copy of it.

Our readers arc again reminded that

the schedule of prizes to be offered at the
Fruit Show to be hold at the Crystal Palace
on October 10, 11, and 12, may be obtained
from the Secretary of the Royal Horticultural
Society, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster,
but applicants must enclose a postage-stamp. In
addition to the list of prizes, an authoritative
list of dessert and cooking Apples, Pears, and
Plums, is included.

The "Botanical Magazine "for the present
month contains coloured illustrations and
descriptions of the following plants :—

BulhopUijUum (immUfionim, Blume, t. 7787.
_a native of New Guinea (see Gai-d. Cliron.,
1895, vol. i., p. 422, fig. 429).

Pwonia hitea, Franchet.-A yellow-flowered
tree Pteony, native to the mountains of ^ ur-
nan ; t. 7788. Flowered at Kew.

HefiWiriysiirii Giilielmi, Engler, t. 7789.— A
native of Kilmanjaro, flowered by Mr. GiiM-
bleton (see Ganl. Chron., 1900, vol. u., p. 333,
fig. 103).

StvobUaHtlies flos.sypi»uis, T. Anderson. -A
shrub, the herbaceous portions of which are
covered with fulvous down ; leaves shortly-
stalked, elliptic acuminate ; flowers arranged

August 10, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE.

115

m. terminal panicles, lilac, tubular, irregularly
five-lobed at tlie limb. Tlie shrub is a native
oi the JVilghiri Hills, and is said to die after
flowering. Kew ; t. 7790.

filadiohis sulphm-eiis, De Graaf, t. 7791. —
"With this is cited as synonymous G. Adlami,
IBakcr, in Gard. Citron., 18S9, 1.. 233, the
earlier name having been overlooked even in
the Index Kcwcnsis. Native of the Transvaal.

Glut of Peas at Edinburgh, and con-
sequent Poor Prices. — The following letter,
svritten on August 3 by one of our Scotch
correspondents, shows that growers of Peas in
the Edinburgh district have had to accept
exceedingly low prices lately, and that this is
.due to the later sowings having " turned in "
sooner than they were expected. The effects
would probably have been less disappointing
had there been better means existing to dis-
tribute the greater supply over a larger area
thxa usual: — "The price obtainable for the
best quality of green Peas at present is far
(from .satisfactory. For the last ten days,
Duke of Albany Peas have been selling at 3((.
per peck in Edinburgh market, and at the
auction sales for even less — in some instances
At lid. ; so that market gardeners are at their
■wits' end. Yet many people in town and
•coiuitry arc willing to pay a fair and reason-
able price, were means taken to distribute the
.supply. Why should co-operative societies
mot take advantage of such offers to place
home-grown articles before their members V
The continuous drought has caused the later
sowings to be ready sooner than would have
been the case in an ordinary season, so prob-
ably in a fortnight or three weeks the large
«arplus will have disappeared, and prices will
^o up. People will then ask why green Peas
■are so dear, when they were selling so lately
«it 2d. to 3d. per peck. There is great room
for some advance price-list to be displayed as
"the seasons come, intimating to the public
that such and such vegetabh-s and fruits are
to be had at prices within th(> r<,-acli of all.
Poreign fruits are always displayed in promi-
jient positions in every conceivable place,
■thus showing that shopkeepers have a prefer-
ence for them."

Cannell's Championship Belt for the
best fruit, flowers, and vegetables, the latter
-grown from seeds supplied by Messrs.
<Cannell & Sons, Swanley, and exhibited by
the various gardening societies in Kent, was,
we are informed, contested for at a show held
at Eynsford on Monday last. All the pro-
ductions wereofgreatexcollence, andalthoiigh
the Eynsford Society was awarded 1st prize,
<Ohislehurst 2nd, and St. Mary Cray and Or-
^)ington 3rd, the difference between them was
itrifling. The judges pronounced the exhibits
the best that this popular county prize lias
over brought forth.

More Royal Nurserymen. — Messrs.
DiCKHONH, Ltd., the well-known seed mer-
chants and nurserymen, of Chester, who for
(many years held special warrants of appoint-
inent to her late Slajcsty t^ueen VuTOliiA, and
*o his Majesty the KiNii when Prince of Wales,
iiave now been honoured with a warrant of
;ij)pointmcnt to his Majesty King Edwakd.

Grape Diamond Jubilee. — We are in-
Korined by .Mi-ssis. I). & W. BUCHANAN, of
Forth Vineyards, Kippeii, that they hope to
show their new black Grape, over which there
Jms been so much controversy, at the Slirews-
iHiry show, to be held on August 21, and at the
fircat fruit exhibition at Glasgow- on September
4 and .5. Messrs. Bichanan suggest that if
some Grape cultivators will also show fruits of
the variety Black Morocco at these exhibitions

there will be afforded good opportunities for
visitors to compare the one with the others.
We may add that Diamond Jubilee is not so
good at Kippen this year as last, owing, it is
said, to the roots having been excessively
pruned.

"ICONES Select/c Horti Thenensis."—
The fifth and sixth fascicles of this work arc
before us. As we have before stated, the work
is devoted to the description and illastration
of the plants growing in the collection of
M. Van den Bossche, ot Tirlemont, Belgium.
The lithographic illustrations are excellent,
and the critical remarks of the editor, M. DE
WiLDEMAN, are very serviceable to botanists.
The plants recently figured are Cardiospermum
grandjflorum var. hirsuta, t. 61 ; Berkheya
radula (de Wild.), t. 02 ; the Stoba?a radula of
Harvey ; Eriogonum Jamesii, var. flavcscens,
t. G3 ; Cinnamonum pedunculatum, t. 04 ;
Hakea mierocarpa, t. Go ; Hermania candicans,
t. CO ; Rhipsalis rhorabea, t. 07 ; Loucopogon
lauceolatus, t. 68 ; Amsonia Tabernremontana,
t. 09 ; Dioscorea caucasica (Lipsky), t. 70, a
plant of great interest as an outlier of a
tropical genus. Another species, if we mis-
take not, has been found in the Pyrenees.

M. Ed. Andre.— Our excellent colleague
has been promoted to the grade of officer ot
the Merite Agiicole. We applaud with both
hands, as our neighbours sa_; .

Economic Plants.— Recently in the Winter
Garden of the Jardin des Plantcs, Paris, a
collection was got together of no fewer than
■100 species of plants suitable for cultivation
in the colonies for economic purposes.

"Vine Culture under Glass." — By J. U.
Pearson, revised and edited by C. E. PEARSON,
Cliilwcll Nurseries, l^wdham, Notts. Seventh
edition. (Nottingham : Tuos. Fou.man & Sons,
Sherwootl Street.) As the preface to this
edition remarks, " Many works on Vine-
culture have been published during the last
thirty years." However, there is always
room for a good book, and the small volume
before us is lx>th practical and up-todate.
There are accounts, with illustrations, ot the
best sorts ot vineries of all sizes, instructions
for planting and managing Vines, and a good
list of sorts appropriate for various environ-
ments. The book is small enough for the
pocket, and inexpensive, so can often bo
carried about for inuuediate consultation,
while larger and more ambitious tomes have
to be left upon the library .shelves.

A MORE THAN Centenarian. —Amecican
aard,-nhi(i records the death of Baiinev MorriS,
who for over thirty years was employed as a
gardener in Prospect Park. jURNEV MoRRis
was born in Cavan, June 10, 1792.

Syndicat Central des Primeuristes
FRANCAIS.— This association of French niai-kct-
gardeners has lately held at Carpcntras an
" Exposition d'Emballage," at which different
methods of packing were exhibited. The
packages for market purposes must be strong,
light, elegant, and moderate in price. The
•syndicate complains of the ill-treatment of the
consignments made to the railways, and of
the delays in forwarding the goods. On read-
ing the document, wo thought at first we had
to do with the South Eastern or Fxmdon,
Chatham & Dover Railways, but on reading a
little further, we found that this is one of the
cases in which they do not manage things
better in France.

" Cyclop/edia of American Horti-
CULTURE."-We have already alluded to tin-
issue ot the earlier volumes ot this im-

posing publication by Professor Bailey, as-
sisted by many experts, and have now to
record the issue of the third volume, beginning
with the letter N and ending with Q. We
have nothing to add to our eulogies of pre-
ceding volumes. This one does but emphasise
our opinion of their excellence. Some portions
are, of course, of local interest only ; but, on
the whole, the work is one of reference
wherever gardens and gardeners are found.
One deficiency we note, and that is the absence
of adequate references to the monographs of
garden genera published in these colunnis and
in the Jourma of the Royal Horticultural
Society by Baker and others, such as Iris,
Lilium, Brodiea, Passiflora, Nepenthes, Helle-
borus, Sedum, and many others. We find only
occasional references to the various Confe-
rences which have been held at Chiswick and
elsewhere, wherein the species of various
genera have been enumerated and codified
for garden purposes. The book is published
by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.

The Congo State.— MM. de Wildeman
and Dl itAXD have published the first fascicle
ot a systematic enumeration of the plants
collected in the Congo St^vte by M. A. Dewevue.
Beginning with Ranunculaccjv, the present
instalment ends with the Loguminose;e.

Journal of the French Horticultural
Society.— The Joiiriiul dc la tiuciclc yatiinuiic
d'HorticuUiirc de France, for Juno includes
the Society's Reports, articles on the Cucum-
bers of Traem (Austria), by M. TaWODNV ; Use
of Bougainvilloa Sanderiana, by M. Leon
Divvl; and, Itouillie a la Sonde as a Remedy
for Mildew, by M. RENE SALOMON. Various
notes and briefer papers complete the volume.

OSBERTON.— The Right Hon. P. J. S. FOL-
.)\MiiE kindly threw open his gardens to the
public recently, at a charge ot one shilling a
head, tor the benefit of the Gardeners Roya
Benevolent Institution. Anuisements and
means of refreshment were provided. Iho
arrangements were carried out by Mr. ALL-
HOl-i>, the head gardener. The plaut^houscs,
fruit-houses, herbaceous borders. Rose-gar-
dens, fiowei-bcds, carpet-beds, the lake, the
Rhododendrons, the wild garden, the rockeries,
the sweet-garden, filled with fragrant plants,
planted for the behoof ot a former s<iuiro, who
was blind ; the kitchen-garden, all came in for
their share of admiration and interest. Some
five hund>-e<l people visited the gardens.

CHINA ASTERS.-Mr. FREDERICK ROEMEK,

of yuedliuburg, sends us a plant of his Extra
Earlv Hohcnzollern Aster, white; and in
proof of the earlinoss of the flowering season
lie afso sends a plant of Queen "^ the Market
Aster, white. This season the Extra Early
Hohenzollern flowered about eight days
sooner than Queen ot the Market. H
his very large white flowers, and is well
worth cultivating. M. ROEMER also encloses
a plant of his last year's novelty, Helianthus
Porkeo (Helianthus cucumerifolius nanus com-
nactus). This strain has proved to be a good
nov.-lty too. With these came flowrs o
Nemesia strumosa of the difTerent shades ol
orange, red, and rose.

Otterburn TOWER, Northumberland. —
According to The Dmldrr this property has
been lately in tlu; market, but was withdrawn
from sale. The estate comprises about
n->0 acres, with the manor of Otterburn, and
is "situated on the north bank of the Rede.
The Tower still includes portions of the
slrou'-hold built in the Tudor period. In the
OtU'rlnini ward of Elsdon, at the meeting ot
the Otterburn an.l the Rede, is the site of tho

116

THE GAEDEXERS' CHE ON I CLE.

[August in, tool.

battle fouglit on August 10, 13S,S, botwoou
the Earl of NoRTiiUMBEnLANn and his son, Sir
Henry Percv, Wardou of the iSIarclies, and an
invading army of Scots, led by the Earls of
Douglas, Moray, and Dunhar. As they were
returning to Yodburgh from Newcastle, the
Scottish forces were entrenched at Greon-
chesters, -^here their camp may yet be traced.
Froissart describes tlie encounter, and upon
the old ballad is founded tlic modern one of
Chevy Chace.

The Widening of Piccadilly.— It is now
decided that, in view of tlio Coronation cere-
monies next June, the widening of Ticcadilly
along its southern side by the taking of a strip
ont of the Green Park, and tlie setting back of
the railings will soon be put in liand. We under-
stand from Till' Builder that plans prepared at
the Oflice of AVorks provide fen- an increase of
the width of the thoroughfare, which varies
from C8 feet to about 10:i feet between Wal-
singham House and Hyde Park Corner. It is
hoped thit the alterations will be so managed
that tlie large trees that it was at first feared
■would have to be sacrificed will, after all, re-
main undisturbed, but, unless the thorouglifare
can be widened at its eastern end the projiosed
alteration will not be of much use.

The Tree Lobelias of Tropical Africa.
— Our valued correspondent, Mr. W. BoTTfNc
Hemslev, writes us as follows: "My article
on this subject (Gai-dcneis' Chi-oniclc, June 20,
1901, p. 417) was written in the Channel
Islands, where L had no books for reference,
and consequently it is not so complete and
correct as it might have been under more
favourable circumstances. What 1 most regret
is having quite forgotten an article on the
same subject by Mr. Ewiind (1. Baker, which
appeared in the Joiinuil of Bvtann for ISOI,
pp. 65-70, illustrated by plates 340 and ;!41.
Mr. Baker there gives a synopsis of all the
species then known of this group, including
two new species, which are fully described
and figured. The new species are*L. Gregari-
ana and L. Tayloriana, Baker f. The former is
from Mount Kenia, where it was discovered
by Dr. Grecory, of the British Musenm, who
states that it grows from H to 14 feet, at
elevations of 12,500 to 13,500 ft. Some dead ones
were found at an elevation of nearly 150,000 ft.
L. Tayloriana was luimed in honour of the
Rev. W. E. Taylor, who first discovered this
species en Mount Kilimanjaro, on the slopes
above Morang, as far as 10,000 feet. Lobelia
sqnarrosa, which I inadvertently attributed to
Baker filius, was described by his father, Mr.
J. G. Baker, in the Keio Biillfthi, L. telekei ;
Schweinfiirth is another species from .Mount
Kenia, which 1 had overlooked."

German Import Duties.— Herr Ludwig
MiiLLER gives in the (liii-lurr Zciluini a list of
proposed taiilfs on garden produce. Fresh
Potatos are to be allowed free entrance into
Germany from August 1 till February 14 ; from
February 15 till July 31 they are to bo subject
to a duty of 12 marks per 100 kilogranuues.
AH other fresh vegetables will pav '511 marks
between December land June 30 ; and between
July 1 and November 30, 5 marks per 100 kilo-
grammes. Living trees, plantf, shrubs for
transplanting, will pay 20 marks; loaves,
grasses, &c., for oiniment:il purposes, 100
marks ; fresh flowers, blo5souis, buds, &c., 300
marks ; Palm-le.ives made into fans, 150 marks ;
and all kinds of bulbs, 10 marks per 1(10 kilo-
grammes. Herr MOLLER gives no hint as to
the proposed duty on foreign fruits.

Too Many Cooks. — A correspondent
writes:— "After years of travail in connec-
tion with the acquisition of Spitallields

Market, the London County Council at their
meeting last week determined to have nothing
more to do with the scheme. Years since we
drew attention to the scheme proposed by the
Council— the purchase of all property rights,
the getting out of plans, &c., for a new and
improved market-place — a long labour which
cuded in the introduction of a Bill into Parlia-
ment, accompanied by one from the Corpora-
tion, both of which were remitted for consi-
doi-ation to a connnittee, which threw over the
Corporation Bill. Ultimately, 'my lords' had
t'le Bill before them, when up started the
Stepney Borough Council, who asked for the
insertion of a clause enabling them to take
over the whole concern from the London
County Council ; the clause was objected to
strenuously by the Council, but the Stepney
folks won the day, and, after years of labour
and heavy e\-ponso, the whole affair has come
to an end. The market at the East End is
one of great importance — its customers come
from all parts of London, principally from the
E., N., and N.E. districts, and doubtless
'under new management,' its popularity and
usefulness would have greatlv increased, to

-TAXCS GBANDIS.

iSoc p. 118, col. IS.)

the profit of many a market gardener in Essex
and elsewhere ; nor would the foreign producer
have suffered, and the general public would
have been the gainers. It is sad to think that
a good market could have been built at less
cost than the outlay for the abandoned
sclieme."

PLANT rORTRAITS.

Aim r S( ii,v

illv, Thr
itli.'i-, .111.1

Hi It k,-,.,.^

"111.,'!-, Ml Hull,., ,,,, II,,. Want, attached to Hie iiarlrmecU
f..r ,lnl\ L';, l..ni|,

\.:\\ 1 l,\\,;i AssKr, .\ndr6, Revue Jlorticole, August 1.
I AMI- 1 111 rENDKN.s, Jiei'tte de fJIorttculture Beige,

CcHUANT, Fay's Pholific, Revue Ilorlicole, August 1.
SeuizANTHUs WiSETONENSis, Rcvue de I' HokieiiUnre
liclije. August.

NURSERY NOTES.

THE HANDSWtlRTH SUIISERIES,
SHEFFIELD.

So.ME four miles or so distant from the heart,
of the busy borough of Sheffield are the Royal.
Handsworth Xurscrics ot Messrs. Fisher, Son, &.
Sibray, Ltd., whosi- ini^iiK.ss was commenced in
a very small way uljout the middle of the 18th.
century. Some of our readers will probably
remember that years ago Jlr. Fisher and
Mr. Sibray were the active and controlling,
members of the firm. But the personality
having altered, the Chairman and Managing:
Director is now Mr. William Atkinson ; whilst
his son, Mr. W. Pcnrose-Atkinson, is a director
also.

Some part of the present nursery ground
has, no doubt, been devoted to the cultivation,
of nursery stock for many years ; but other
portions have been acquired during recent
years, as the increased needs of the business-
have demanded a greater area upon which to-
raise plants for supply. This area is now
about 200 acres, of which 130 acres are at-
Handsworth, the other 70 acres being at somc:
distance from the home establishment. To
,s:ime of our readers who may not have seen,
these nurseries, and who look upon the firm
as essentially hardy tree and shrub culti-
vators, it will seem strange if we refer first
to the—

Plants under Glass.
But it was in the glasshouses that we com-
menced our inspection of the jilace on a
recent occasion, and so pleased were we at
the general appearance of the plants therein^
tlxat there seems no apology necessary for
ailhering to the same plan now, and it will
involve no disparagement to the outdoor de-
jiartment, the management of which merits,
all possible praise.

The glasshouses afford an explanation of the
cireiiiiistances.by which the firm is able ycar-
:irii.i- \c.ir to exhibit at the Royal Horticultural.
Soeii'ty's "Temple" show, in May, so fine a.
collection of choice varieties of trees and
shrubs in pots, many of them deciduou.s.
species, in a condition considerably more for-
ward than the same species would be out-of-
doors at the time, even in the south. These
plants are encouraged to make early growth
in a first-rate house or spacious corridor,.
li'om which open out, upon one side only,,
eight excellent plant-houses 101) feet in length
each. The corridor, unlike the houses, is.
maintained at a temperature little higher than
that of the Temperate-house at Kew, thougK
there exLsts means of increasing it when,
desired. When we saw the structure, some of
the plants one sees at the Temple had beeni ,
removed out - of - doors, but it contained
splendid specimens of greenhouse ornamental
species, and others of a half hardy nature.

One of the houses that open from thet
corridor was filled with excellent pot plants,
of Lapageria, and from every plant strings,
were taken to the roof of the house ; the
young growths being tied in as often as.
necessary, are kept free from entanglement
with each other — and in the best possible con-
dition for taking down at the end of the-
growing sea.son, and wrapping around the-
stakes in each pot.

In one house were plenty of Odontoglossums-
of different species ; and in another a collectioa
of miscellaneous .species of Orchids requiring
increased warmth, as Lfelias, Cattleyas,.
Coelogynes, Dendrobiums, &c. Cypripediun^
Mastersianum was in flower, as was also C.
Druryi, a striped flower upon a yellow ground.

Tlir "cinraiMior-.' I'liroiiM'; ArsnsI in, i;01.

Fig. 36.— specimen plant oi' ilex wilsoni, in jiessiw. riSHEit, son, and sibkaVs nukseuy. (see p. 118.)

118

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Al GIST 10, 1901.

The fragilc-lookiii?; Aralias arc s;"0^'" i" great
numbers at Handsworth, and each plant is a
representation of perfect cultivation. A. ele-
gantissima was present in a bigger batch than
that of any other variety. In addition to
those kinds in general cultivation, there was
a batch of plants of a sort resemljling in
general habit A. graeillinrani, but the leaves
are very pale green, with flesh-coloured mid-
rib, and a somewhat silvery appearance.

A stove with miscellaneous contents con-
tained fine batches of Caladiums and Anthu-
riunis, of which some good seedling forms of
A. Scherzeriammi were remarked ; Eucharis
grandiflora, Codiseums, and Cordylines, as well
coloured as the best collections in the south ;
and several species of ornamental plants less
common in gardens.

The greenhouse section of Rhododendron
is cultivated in large numbers, one of two
new houses that were erected last year
being filled with good plants. These were
not in flower, but Mr. Atkinson showed
us four new varieties the firm will distribute,
and described them as follows : — R. jasraini-
florum " Handsworth variety," with longer tube
than the flowers of the type possess, and that
quite conceal the stamens ; Duchess of Port-
land, blush-pink ; Countess of Varborough, a
white variety, which, except in the colour
of the flowers is very similar to the well-known
Princess Royal ; and Duchess of Westminster,
a cross from R. Taylori and R. jasminifloruni,
which partakes of the characteristics of R. T.
rubra. In a stock of varieties of Rhododen-
dron (Azalea) indicum we were shown a variety
of R. amoena named Posteriana, which is
described as having brilliant red flowers, and
to those who admire the exceedingly free-
flowering qualities of R. amoena, but who do
not like the colour of the blooming, this
red one should be greatly appreciated.

Palms, and many other species of plants, are
cultivated in these honses, but we cannot
enumerate many more. Amongst a few plants
we must mention, however, is a collection of
Sarracenias, including Chelsoni hybrids, which
were in capital condition, and possessed un-
usually good colour. These were growing in
full sunshine, and are watered overhead three
or more times a day.

In the corridor already alluded to, and in
other houses, we saw some of the best
specimens of several greenhoiise species
of ornamental plants that we have seen
for a long time. These included Arau-
caria excelsa, 7 feet high, splendid plants,
unusually glaucous, bigger and nobler in all
their parts than the type. The variety was
said to bs "Napoleon Baumann," and greatly
impressed us with its majestic appearance.
A. Cunninghami, a very elegant species, nearly
4 feet high ; Dracfena australasica, with leaves
something like those of D. indivisa, but with
red midrib ; D. lentiginosa, Aralia pulchra,
8 feet high, which Mr. Atkinson says has
proved effective for sub-tropical bedding ;
Eleagnus, useful for interspersing with the
delicate Japanese Maples, &c. Of the Maples
themselves, the Handsworth firm has a prodi-
gious stock, including infinite variety, but as
they have so frequently been exhibited, we
need not now refer to them in detail. A
variety of Phormium tenax, with much varie-
gation, and brownish red margins to the leaves,
must complete our reference to inside plants.

Hollies and Yews, &c.
The out-door grounds are so full of interest-
ing plants that we hardly know which to
remark upon in the space at our disposal, but
the very fine Hollies and Yews are certainly
amongst the strongest features the nurseries
possess. The Handsworth firm has introduced

to commerce a good number of varieties of
Holly, of which Handsworth Silver Striped,
Mundyi, and "Wilsoni are most valued. There
are large stocks of saleable plants of these and
all other desirable Hollies of every section.
In a corner of the nursery there are handsome
specimen plants of all the varieties that have
been raised at Handsworth, and others. The
visitor is bound to admire these noble plants,
most of which are pyramidal or cone shaped,
for when thus far developed, the charac-
teristics of each variety become plainly
marked, in the green-leaved section as well as
those variegated with silver and gold colour.
In photographs, one of which we reproduce on
page , of Hex Wilsoni, a correct illustratio is
given of the ornamental character of specimen
Hollies. I. Wilsoni has big leaves, rather larger
than those of I. Shepherdi ; they are unusually
thick, and the plants bear berries. The
variety was awarded a First-class Certificate
by the Royal Horticultural Society in May,
1899. Handsworth Silver Striped makes a very
shapely plant, and is evidently of good con-
stitution. I. Handsworthensis belongs to the
small green-leaved section ; they are flat, and
have long spines. Marnocki, has dark
foliage, and at Handsworth produces berries
of large size and brilliant colour on two and
three years old wood. Among the seedling
Hollies, which have been raised from the best
of the named sorts with green leaves, are nu-
merous forms that would fulfil the require-
ments of individual tastes. These Hollies and
Yews, like everything else in this nursery, are
of the very best quality ; they are cultivated
■well, with ground around each of them, ex-
posed on all sides to the influences of sun .and
wind, and there is no crowding observable
anywhere. Fewer plants to the acre can be
grown in this manner, but they make satis-
factory progress, and succeed well in any
suitable locality to which they are eventually
removed.

The Yews are in every respect as good in
condition as the Hollies, and in addition to the
well-known English (Taxus baccata) and Irish
(T. fastigiata) Yews, there are endless varie-
ties of either, and some that may even bo
hybrids, that are of exceeding interest. T.
adpressa (Gordon), regarded as a species by
some, and as a variety merely of T. baccata by
others, is not only a good, deep green-coloured
plant itself, but has given a wonderful variety
of seedlings. The new golden-leaved variety,
known as grandis, and shown in fig. 35, is
probably one of its seedlings, and may be
strongly recommended as a gold-variegated
form of that type. T. adpressa variegata, also
raised at Handsworth, 'and awarded a First-
class Certificate by the Royal Horticultural
Society on August 27, 1889, was present in
considerable quantities, as were the golden
variegated Irish Yew, the variegated Dovaston
Yew, the golden English Yew, &c.
(To he cimtimu'd.)

LAW NOTE.

THE BRITISH HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIA-
TIOX, Lm., (BANKRUPTCY CASE).
A SITTING for the public examination of
certain persons connected with this company
was held at the London Bankruptcy Court,
before Mr. Registrar Hood. It appeared that
the Association was incorporated on Decem-
ber 20, 1898, to carry on business as nursery-
men and florists, and to enter into an agree-
ment with George Hawes and Edwin Thomas,
the voluntary liquidators of the Jletropolitan
United. Floral Company, Ltd., whose share-

holders were to recsivc shares in tho
Association.

The winding-up order was made in October,
1900, and the statement of affairs showed unse-
cured liabilities i;2,659, and assets nil. The
total deficiency as regarded contributories
amounted to £11,566.

Jlr. E. T. Morgans stated that he was secre-
tary of the Metropolitan United Floral Com-
pany, Ltd. He had also been known xmder
the name of Edwin Thomas, and had used the
name of Thomas Morgans. The promoter and
managing director of the Metropolitan Uuited.
Floral Company was Mr. Greenfield. That
gentleman offered him the post of secretary,
and he accepted it, as he was able to d© the
work during the evening. He was otheiwise
engaged during tho day. He also stipulated
that as secretary he should drop his surname,
and use the name of Edwin Thomas. Mr.
Greenfield had no objection to that, as he only-
wanted the work done properly. Witness
received 10s. per week as salary.

Witness was questioned at some length with
regard to the sale of shares of the British
Horticultural Association, from which it ap-
peared that advertisements were inserted ia
the newspapers. The shares thus offered
were stated to be in a well-known com-
mercial company, possessing a great future
and paying 20 per cent. Tho owner needed
money, and the offer was described as an
unusual opportunity. Witness had acquiredl
shares from Mr. Greenfield and others, ami he
applied the monies received from the adver-
tisements in payment of those shares, and
estimated that he made a gross profit of about
10 per cent, for himself out of the sales.

The OSicial Receiver: Having sold some
ordinary shares to a lady, you write to her-
stating that as you had also £200 of preference
shares for sale, you thought as a matter of
courtesy that you ought to make her the first
offer of them?

Witness said that was so, but the lady did
not purchase the prefei-ence shares.

Witness, on being further examined, said he
became connected with the company with ii.
view to making money, but instead of that he
lost money.

Mr. W. Fallas, who succeeded " Edwin
Thomas" as secretary, said he became a.
director in 1899. No dividend had been paid
to the shareholders.

In reply to Mr. Alexander Thomas, he ad-
mitted that it was stated that the company
had a large and valuable connection among the
moneyed classes.

Mr. Thomas: You were very fond of the
expression "the moneyed classes." Who
invented it ?

Witness : I do not know.
Mr. A. H. B. (;reenfield said the businesses
which the ^Metropolitan United Floral Com-
pany was formed to acquire, were valued by
Mr." Frederick Knights at £6,100. Mr. Knights
was in his employment, but he had a larger
salary than 16,s. per week. There was nc
ground whatever for the suggestion that the
valuation had been written out at witness's
suggestion.

Eventually the examination was closed.

NEW INVENTIONS.

A NEW KIND OF BAND FOR FRUIT TREES-
A TRAP girdle for insects frequenting fruit-
trees, the so-called Hofheimer Giirtel, has
been brought into commerce by M. Richard
Zorn, of Hofheim, in Taunus. It consists of
corrugated sheets of thick paper or cardboard.

August 10, 1901.]

TIIIJ GARDEA'ELS-' CHRONICLE.

119

one being laid on the top of the other, and
bound round the stems of the trees in the
form of bro.id bands. The corrugations afford
just the right liind of hiding-places for insects
during the winter season, and immense num-
bers of them may be destroyed by detaching
the bands, and immersing them in boiling
water. When the girdle is dried, it may be
used again. The fibrous materials out of
which the girdle is manufactux-ed has the
advantage that it is used by various cater-
pillars in spinning their cocoons and webs.
The girdle is covered on the outer side with a
piece of waterproof pajjer, which can be
smeared with the usual sticky grease that is
employed to arrest the ascent of the winter-
moth. If, when a girdle is bound to the stem
of a tree, the inequalities of the bark do not
permit it to lie (juito close to the trunk, and
there are interstices by means of which
insects could creep up the stem, these arc
closed by pressing in a fillet of clay along the
upper edge of the paper. " Ulut^ivirtc Uurtcii
ZcitiiH'j " far Jiilij.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

FLOWER-SHOW TENTS. — I'robably every-
where on hot (lays the excessive heat found
in flower-show tents iiiakes itself felt. We
well remember how distressing it was in
most of the tents at the Temple Show and
at the Lily Conference at Chiswick. The
heat was as trying in the line tents pro-
vided at Richmond, and was specially
marked in the huge one provided for the
National Rose Society's display, causing the
flowers to suffer and drop excessively quite
early. One reason for this great heat was the
pitching of the tents in a stereotyped way in ii
sort of half-circle, end on end, thus making a
bold show of canvas, but in all cases enabling
the sun to play with needless force broadside
on the tents, and with potent effect. Those
who wish to keep their tents as cool as possible
during the sun's mci-idian should pitch tents
not quite north and soiitli, but slightly south-
west and north-east; the sun would not play
with such force on the eastern sid<' early in
the day as it would on the western side later.
But without doubt the great<'st heat force is
exercised on the south side from 12 r.M. to
3 I'.JI., whereas were the tents' end on at that
time to the suil, the elTect would be greatly
weakened. It seems never to occur to tent
erectors that abundant ventilation is needed,
and they put nj) all the canvas to lit dose and
tight. Yet in tin- hot days in autumn, how wise
would it be to kecj) the shady sides very open,
either above the flowers or below. It is not
mprely that flowers suffer at shows in such
great heat; visitors suffer also, and instead of
enjoying a show, look on the exhibits cursorily
and wearily, then gladly get outside for
relief. A. I).

WEEPING EUM, WITH IVY.— Having hundreds
(if trees with Ivy upon them, at certain times
the Ivy is cut right tiiroughupashighas 1 fancy ;
but 1 (lo not consider it so injuriousas ninny may
supposeit to be. 1 havethree Lombardy Poplars,
from 70 to 80 feet high or more, aliout CHjual in
height ; one is bound up with Ivy, which at
the base is 1 foot diameter or more, and the
tree looks like being bound with large cords
in every cross way ; but occasionally this
Sampson bursts the Ivy, and then ithang.s
loose from the tree. Now, rcsp(!cting these
three, there is not a bit of difference to be
seen in their appearance or health ; so that I
consider it is not injurious to this species.
But as for the Elm, 1 should leave it on the
tree if I admired it being there, and cut all
the upper portion olV as far as it was h^ft ; and
I think no injury will occur, and the tre(! with
the green slem will lie very pleasing, to my
eye at least. Hut many men, many minds—
that is my view of it. I know if the Ivy gets
the master of its supixirter, and (-nlirely
covers the lop, it will kill il , of course slowly
smothering it. ./. r.

SOME HERESIES — NOT PROVEN. — It is hardly
fair to the practical gardener, for a visitor,
after passing through one vinery without
fire-heat, to suggest that fire-heat is unneces-
sary for the cultivation of such varieties of
Grapes as Black Hamburgh, Lady Downes
Seedling, and Muscat of Alexandria (see ante,
p. 78). It is not remarkable to get a good sot
without fire-heat, as the atmosphere can easily
be kept correspondingly dry to aid in the
fertilisation of the flowers, but it would be
remarkable to finish properly any variety of
Muscats without fire-heat. This season, the
weather during April and May was exception-
allydry. I hope " W. " will enlighten us later
in the season with regard to growing Muscats
without fire-heat, as the fuel bill is a serious
item in the financial accounts of a garden.
C. P. C. [Our correspondent's words were
" This seems to suggest that a high tempera-
ture is not always required for Muscats when
in bloom. " En.]

MONTBRETIA GERMANIA. — Earlier in the year
I spoke in the columns of the Gardeners'
Chronicle of the coming of this excellent plant.
The plant has now flowered, and on Tuesday
week last was shown from two different
sources. Without doubt, il merits every word
of praise that has been given it. The plant
has been obtained by crossing the well-known
Crocosmia aurca imiierialis with some of the
more vigorous-growing of the Montbreti.aF,
and certainly the larger, more widely-expand-
ing, and flatter flowers of the Crocosmia arc
readily seen in the new kind. But however
good the Drill Hall examples were, the plant
growing in the open is much more jiromising,
by reason of its greater vigour and freedom.
This much may be .said from small corms that
were planted quite late. E.ich conn has
developed two fine Dowering growths. At
present, however, my plants are only in bud.
The plant may be descrilied as Crocosmia
iniperialis, possessing the hardiness and free-
dom to flower of the best Montbrelias. It is
earlier, too, than are Montbretias generally,
and in the size of its flowers and the decidcnl
self-toned, deep red orange, it is in every way
distinctly meritorious as a garden plant. E. H.
Jenkins, Unmpton Hill.

MELONS CROPPING FREELY. — Looking
through the garden at Molly Bowers, Cliisle-
hurst, Kent, recently. I noticed a splendid
crop of Melons. There were twelve plants
ca"rying forty capital fruits of an estimated
total weight of I'JO lb. They were growing in
a small, 10 feet span-house, whicli allowed
barely 15 inches space between the plants. U.S.

WEEDS ON LAWN.— Of all the pcsts that
infest a lawn, I find the connnon Yarrow
(Achillea Millefoliinu) the most diflicult to get
rid of. It has covered large patches in my
lawn. It would be endless trouble to try to
pull out every bit of its ruiiiiiiig roots, and I
do not wish to have the expense and uiisightli-
ness of taking up all the patches and resoiling
and resowing them. What can you recommend
as the best method of exterminating it ? Will
any of the lawn - sands or lawn - manur(\s
destroy it and give the grass the victory in
the struggle between the two'/ The long
season of hot, dry weather has made the
Yarrow stronger and thicker than ever, and
the grass weaker. Despondenl. |lf you keep
it well mown it will not be objectionable. Any
thing that favours the growth of the grasses,
such as sulphate of ammonia, (Sic, will cor-
respondingly injure the weeds. El).|

CROPPING OF FIGS IN ISLE OF WIGHT. —
I have read with interest your account of IIk!
fruit crops in the different counties of England.
I have lived in the Isle of Wight for a very long
time, and I hav(! never seen anything like the
crop of Kigs, which seemed to becoming in my
garden (St. John's Vicarage, Kyde) when I Icll
the place about ten days ago. Jlr. Median
of St. Clare, used to say that abundance or
scarcity, with regard to Figs, turned alisolulcly
on the temperature of the month of .May, and
this year he is conspicuously right. We had
no frosts at all in May, and ue have a siiper-

abundanceof Figs. I wonder if it isso inothcr
parts of the country'? Worthing, for instance.
H. Eivhank {Rec).

WALL GARDENS.— I have a long low wall
with a flat top, 18 inches wide, on which
I wish to grow about a score kinds of the most
beautiful alpine and rock plants suitable for
such a position. 1 intend to put bricks on
edge all along the outer edges of the wall-top,
and t« fill the space between them with soil
for the plants to grow in. With so shallow a
depth of soil in so dry a position, judgment
and experience are needed lor the selection of
suitable plants, and I shall be glad to have
your correspondents' advice. Moreover, the
jjlants must be perfectly hardy for this incle-
ment climate, and 1 also wish to have only suck
kinds as flower very profusely, and are brilliant
or attractive in colours (no whites, or only cne
or two, wanted). They must also be dwarf for
such a situation, and some of them should over-
flow the brick edging, and hang down tie face
of the wall. I slioidd allow to each kind of
plant a space of about a yard in length. As I
wish to prepare this wall-garden soon, I should
like to know what kind, or mixture of soils
would be the most suitable for the niaj(nity of
the plants, and also whether autumn or spring
would be the safest time for planting them.
Please mention the colour of each that is
recommeiuled. .S'((ihcci-<i;i (/.(ipiods/iirc). [Wo
recommend our correspondent to c( nsult Miss
Jekyll's Wdll <ind Water (liirdeii. and shall be
glad to record the experience of our corres-
pondents, if they will oblige us with their
remarks. Kii. |

STRAWBERRY VEIICH'S PERFECTION, AND

OTHERS. — I am sorry to hear that this Straw-
berry is a shy bearer with some groweis. It
may not be free enough for niaiket growing, but
for private consumption where very high-class
Strawberries are appreciat(>d, I am confident
r.o Strawberry in cultivation is of better
flavour or brighter appearance. A^e have
had it hero from the first, and never failetl
to have a good crop. M'e have a patch grow-
ing on a border facing north whicli snpiilitd
uswith good fiuit until the end of July. Our
soil is far from being a good Strawberiy soil ;
it is of a very dry natuie, and re(inires vei y
much manure. We have a good depth of worl -
able soil, resting on 8 or 10 feet of sand and
gravel, .so that the water and manure iiass
away quickly. By the following treatment v o
.seldom fail to have a good crop of Strawberrii s
of good quality, but the beds have to be
renewed every two years. We layer in lar; o
OO's pots as soon as it is possible to get young
layers. When the young plants arc established,
they are planted in well prepared (|iiaiters,
and should the weather be dry, these young
beds need to bo afforded the same attention as
regards water as plants required for forcing
the following spring. It is no use to put out
half-starved runners at the end of Septembei-,
and expect to get from them a crop of good
fruit the following summer. 1 do not beiievi^
in mulching the b(!ds in autiinni with strong
farmyard-manure, but just as the flower-spikrs
begin to open we shake between the rows a
little artificial manuKv luiy of t\w. well-known
Vine and fruit iiiiiinires. The following vavielies
we find do well in this garden, as well as that
above mentioned ; but they are not so good in
flavour : — Gunton Park, a grand cropper of good
quality ; Latest-of-All, heavy cropper for late
supiily ; Leader, enormous cropper and size ;
Royal Sovereign, forearly supply, and forpots ;
Trafalgar, very large, good Pine flavour ;
Veitch's Prolific, heavy cropper, a vciy long
time in use, not ripening its fruits at one
time. /''. J. Tliarne. Siiiniin(idiile I'urk (liirdena,
lierka.

GENISTA VIRGATA.— One of I he liesl llower-
ing shrubs in my garden just now istienista
vii-gata. It is not much as a small jilant, but
my plant is now 7 feet high and .'! feet across,
aiid very showy. II has been in I loom two
weeks, and will eontiiiiie another two. Its
general effect is like a small editii n of Spar-
tiiim junceum, and seems perfectly hardy.
II'. It.' Frijcr, Veneoud, /((vrscl, Jiihj .'11.

120

THE G ARD ENER S ' CIIR 0 lYI CL E.

[August 10, 1901.

PROLIFEROUS ROSE.— I euclose Rose, which
you will SCO now has its third flower in suc-
cession from the same stem. It was grown by
A. H. Cole, Esq., the Star Hotel, London Road,
Croydon. W'm. Tnvneii,Gn)tj(\on. [A proliferous
Rose, in which two flowers were formed, one
above another, from the centre of the primary
Rose. Ed.]

TREE AND PLANT LABELS. — I CJuitC agree

with what Sir. Harrison Weir last week wrote
on p. SG of the last issue of the Gardencra'
Ckroiiide, except that he docs not mention the
best label, wliich is an embossed lead or zinc
label. This lasts for years, and should anyone
send out plants with it, 1 am sure he would
command an increased sale. J. W. Groves,
Wargrai'e Loihje, Waiyrave-oii-Tlmmen, Berks.

I read Mr. Harrison Weir"s interest-
ing article with much interest, but I should
like to remind Mr. Weir that what he
proposes, viz., that the nurseryman should
attach permanent labels to trees and plants
at the time of sending them from the nur-
sery, is no new idea. I believe that any
respectable nurseryman will he. pleased
to do this when so desired. I have never
experienced any difBculty in this matter.
I have found that all that i* necessary is to
order the kind of label one wishes, and the
kind of wire to be used (which should be
copper, or some kind which will not rust), and
the trees or plants will arrive with them
attached. 1 have used the "Stratford" label
rather extensively, but I like the "Acme"
nuich better ; it is neater, and will last a life-
time. For pot-plants I have also used the
"Acme," also the "Celluloid," and both are
durable and neat. It must, of course, be
understood that these labels will be extra to
the cost of trees or plants. But in no case have
1 known any nurseryman charge more than the
usual retail price, that is, they charge nothing
for the labour of placing the labels on the
trees. I quite agree with Mr. Weir that if
this were universal, very much annoyance and
disappointment would be saved. T. Arnold,
The Gardens, Cirencestei- House.

A NEW PLUM.— Right in the midst of the
large collection of bush Plum-trees growing
at Chiswick is a tree of a variety sent there
•several years since by the well known firm of
John Eraser & Co., then of Lea Bridge, under
the name of Eraser's Early Yellow. 'When the
Fruit Committee was taken to see it on Aug. 2,
they found a bush of somewhat dense yet
erect growth, that it was evident had been
heavily laden with pretty bright yellow fruits,
oval in shape, about the size of "a blackbird's
egg, and parting freely from the stone. The
fruits have no special flavour, but they ripened
the earliest of all Plums, being ready for
gathering on July 17. They are a week
earlier than those of Rivers' Favourite, which
here is even earlier than Rivers' Early Pro-
lific. The Committee regarded this Plum as
being for cooking purposes, and especially for
market, a valualile acquisition, and unani-
mously agreed that it be recommended for a
First-class Certificate. A'.

©bituar^.

Joseph Meredith.— Many of our older
readers will regret to learn of the death,
on the oih inst., of the well known Grape-
grower, Joseph Meredith, late of the Vineyard,
Garston, at his home, Rose Mount, Offley Hay,
near Eccleshall, Staffs. So passes from the
scene of his labours one who was renowned
for good cultivation, and up to the last a keen
gardener. It is almost a coincidence that the
place he created and gave such a famous name
to has also ceased to exist, a railway having
taken the ground. The deceased's prize
winnings will be well known to old Grape-
growers, and his most notable prize, that of
her late Majesty Queen Victoria, which took
the form of a cup, which he won in face of the
best Grape-growers of two continents, in the
City of Hamburgh, has never yet been surpassed.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientiflo Committee.

July 30.-Prcseiit : Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S. (in llic
chair) ; Messrs. Druery, Sauudei's, and Bowles ; Drs.
Miiller, Cooke, and Rendle ; Prof. Hartog, Rev. W. Wilks,
and Kev. G. llcnslow, Hon. Sec. Visitor, M. Marc
Miclieli, President o£ the Horticultural Society, Geneva.

Ilelianthus, supposed hybrid. — Mr. Buffiiam sent -a
flower, of which he writes :— "I think it is a real
hybrid; the seed -bearing parent was the anutial
variety fertilised with Harpalium, and possibly with
H. multiflorus as well." Not having blossoms of -the
parents for comparison, it was thought hazardous
to express an opinion as to the true nature of the
hybrid.

Pear mite.—'Lc^ives of Pears attacked by this common
parasite were received through Mr. Gaut, of the York-
shire College, Leeds, from Mr. G. Brotchie, of The
Gardens, Grimble Park, Saltburu. This insect is
practically not injurious to the trees unless In exces-
sive quantity. M. Micheli observed that such was' also
the experience of fruit-growers in Geneva.

Egns on Ajiple-stcms.— Captain Short, F.R.H.S., scut
specimens, observing that "a pound of .\pples were
bought in Worthing about April. They were of Tas-
maniau origin, and on the stalk of each, as well as on
the hollow portion of the Apple adjoining the stalk,
were some reddish eggs." Mr. Saundeus undertook to
examine them.

A}iricots splitliiij/.— My. Woksdell observed that lip
had noticed that many Apricots had tlie flesh split open
this season, but not the stones. Mr. Bowles remarked
that he had experienced a similar occurrence in
previous yeai's, and attributed it to the extixme
drought.

Cucumber prnlifero lis. —Dr. Masters exhibited flowers
of both male and female Cucumbers in wliich the axes
had thrown out other blossoms. He undertook to
report upon the monstrosity. It was, however, a re-
markable fact that tlic three specimens came from
Ireland, Dorsetsliire, and Middlesex respectively,
within a few weeks of each othei\ .\s far as he knew,
no such occurrence has ever beeu recorded.

Wood Leopard .Motk.— Young Ash-trees were received
from Mr. Ll. Lloyd, F.R.H.S., of Bhandford Lodge,
Cliiswick, who observes that " the whole tree, tlie stem
being a foot thick, and branches, were all bored. The
tree is about 3() feet high. Similar borings occur in
both Lilac and Laburnum."

CHISWICK.

August 2.— A meeting of the Fruit and Vegetaljlc
Conunittee was held here on this date. Present : Mr. J.
Wright, V.M.Jl., in the Chair ; and Messrs. W. Farr, G.
Woodward, G. Wythes, J. Mortimer, G. Keif, H. Esling,
and A. Dean. .\s the full quorum of nine members was
not made, no Awards of Merit could be given, a matter
which was miu'h commented on, as no committee
sitting at tlie Drill Hall, liowever large, can form so
exact an estimate of the merits of Chiswick-growu
products as can those members who see them growing
Out of a large collection of Potatos, some old for com
parison, but mostly new, some twenty first and second
early varieties were lifted, and of these five were
selected for cooking, a test that is always well
conducted at Chiswick. Of these, three marks
were given to Early Jubilee, a flatfish, white
Kidney, having short top, ready on July 13, and of
excellent quality; to Sharpe's Express, also white, and
a capital cropper ; and to Glory of Denbigh, oval,
white, round, excellent cropper, and nice quality. Two
marks were given to King of the Earlies, flatfish,
white, round, very early, and good cropper. The
remainder of the Potatos will be seen a few weeks
later. A large group of some eighty stocks of Cabbage
was next seen. The larger number, however, were late,
and far too coarse for garden culture. The seed iu
eacli case was sown on March 5. Seed of each stock
will be sown again this month for a winter and spring
trial. Tliree marks were given to Barr's Best-of-AU,
having solid, green hearts of very conical form ; also to
Barr's Little Queen, a good selection from EUam's
Early, and here better than the stock under that name ;
and Improved Nonpareil, from Nutting & Co., the best
of the several stocks of that old variety. Some fairly-
good hearting Cabbages gave an excess of outer
leaves. A small trial of dwarf Kidney Beans on asouth
border showed two varieties of exceptional excellence.

Surrey Prolific, a dun-seeded sport from Sutton's Mag-
num Bonum, beans long, straight, and handsome ; and
Fawn, the seed khaki-coloured, a sport from Smythe's
Goliath, beans long, very handsome, green, and smooth.

Mr. George Woodwabd brought up from Barham
Court, Maidstone, fruits of a Gooseberry, loose and on
brandies, the latter showing marvellous prolificacy; a
very large greeu-and-whtte Gooseberry, locally known
as Howard's Lancer. The fruits ^*ere exceedingly nice.
Mr. Woodward stated tliat It was not only the greatest
cropper, but the earliest to furnish green Goose-
berries for gathering he had ever seeii.

It was unanimously agreed that this Gooseberry and
all tlie things receiving three marks that day, be re-
commended to the next full meeting of the committee
for Awards of Merit.

Mr. John Weight, at the request of the committee,
undertook to write to the council and ask that Mr.
S. T. Wright be empowered to vote as a member at the
Chiswick meetings.

Ju

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

The i.ill.. Willie :uvaras wore made at the
meeting held on Ihc aljove date :—

First-class Certificates.
Acineta Hrubyana., Charlesworth &Co.
Cypripedium x I'Ansoni, G. W. Law-Scholield.

Aw.ARDs of Merit.
Cattleya gigas var. J. Richardson, J. Richardson, Esq,
Cattleya Gaskelliana var. Mrs. Hamar Bass, Hon.
Mrs. Bass.
Cattle.va x Marriottiana, P. Sander & Co.
Cypripedium Kiinballianum, Low's var., 11. Low <t Co

Cultural Certificate.
Odonfoglossum crispum Ncedwood var., Hon.
liass.

M,

MID-ANNANDALE HORTI-
CULTURAL.

July 27.— The annual show was hold at Lockerbie on
the above date, and proved highly successful, tlie
entries being quite up to the standard of former years.
Fruit showed a slight falling off in respect of numbers,
but the exhibits were better in quality than they have
been for a number of years. Tlie floral display was
enhanced by an attractive stand of Roses shown by
Messrs. J. Palmer & Sons, Annan. The majority of
the prizes in the gardeners' department were carried
otr by Mr. J. M'Donald, gr. to Miss Jardine, of Dryfe-
Iiolm ; Mr. W. M'Lean, gr. to Jardine Paterson, Esq.
of Balgray ; and Mrs. Fahnell, Eaglesfield ; Mr
M'Lean, Mr. M'Donald, and Mr. J. Allan, gr. to John
Primrose, Esq., of Arundel House, Dumfries, were the
principal prize-takers in the fruit sections.

The show of Turnips. Potatos, and Onions was par-
ticularly good, and the 1st prize for a collection of
vegetables was awarded to Miss Maggie Carlyle,
Balgray.

THE MIDLAND CARNATION AND
PICOTEE.

July ai, Acgcst 1.— Tliis waN the eleventh exhibition
of this Society, which has grown materially in strength
during the last six years. The very flue blooms which
Messrs. Jones, Brown, and Smith are able to grow at
Handsworth; and Mr. R. Sydenham in the Bristol
Road, Birmingham, shows that the Carnation is an
excellent town flower, despite the incidences of climate
and atmosphere. It generally happens that some one
exhibitor exhibits in unusually strong character, and
on this occasion Mr. R. Chatwin Cartwright, who
resides at King's Norton, was victorious all along the
line, showing flowers of the finest quality in most of
the classes in which he competed.

The show was held, as usual, in the Exhibition-house
of the Botanical Gardens, aud Mr. W. B. Latham, the
Curator, had set up in every available spot neatly-
draped tables ; on each side of the Exhibition-house
the cut blooms were backed by foliaged plants of
various kinds, or else by gaily-flowered Fuchsias, and
overhead stretched for a considerable distance flower-
ing branches of BougainvUlea glabra, Lapageria rosea,
and festoons of Cobasa scandens variegata.

A glance over the t.ables showed that while the selfs,
yellow-gi'ounds, aud fancies, were very fine in quality,
many of Mr. Martin K. Smith's and Mr. Douglas's
raising being seen in extremely good ch.aracter, the
white ground bizarre and flake Carnations and edged
Picotees lacked size, substance, and marking, the
summer heat and drought were too much for them ;
the flowers were brought on to maturity quickly, aud
had not time to mature their substance.

Carnations, sel/s.— There were eight competing stands
of twelve varieties In clas 1. Mr. K. C. Cartwright,

August 10, 1901.]

THE GARDEMJES' CHRONICLE.

121

Middloton Dene, Kings Norton, was placed 1st, wit li
superbly-finished blooms of Boreas, Her Grace (a lovely
blush variety), Regina, Ibis, The Shazada, Much-the-
Miller (.a gi-aud white), Benbow (a very distinct buff-
coloured flower). Endymion, Sea Gull, Gerniania (in
fine chai-acter). Wild Swan, and Mrs. Colby Sharpiu lof
a bright cinnamon colour). Mr. A. K. Bhows, lland?-

rth, 1

2nd.

Tliere were sixteen stands of six selfs. Mr. A. Chat-
wis. Edgbaston. was 1st, with very fine blooms of
Britannia, Bomba, Her Gi-ace, Benbow, Boreas, and
Gerniania. Mr. "W. D. Botch, of Liverpool, was 2nd.

Six selfs, one variety, made an interesting class, and
there were twelve competitors, Mr. R. C. Caktwrigbt
coming in Jst with highly-developed blooms of Benaiy's
Gcrmania.

Picotces, yellow grounds. — .-Ul flowers now competing
in this section must be true Picotees in tlic sense of
the colour being confined to the petal edges. Mr. R. C.
Cartwright, who was 1st for twelve varieties, had
splendid blooms of Lady St. Oswald, Daniel Defoe,
Duke of Alva, Mrs. Herbert, Heliodorus, Mohican, Mrs.
Tremaync, Effie Deans, Lady Bristol, Alberta, Onida,
and Saurian, mainly varieties raised by Mr. M. R.
Smith. Mr. M. R. Smith. Haves, Kent(gi-., Mr. Blick),
2nd.

-As many as thirteen competed iin llie class for six
varieties, Messrs. Pembekton & SON, Walsall, taking
1st honours with very fine blooms, but unnamed. Mr.
A. Chatwin-, Edgbaston, was a close 2nd.

Tlic best si.\ blooms of one variety came from Mr.
M. R. Smith, who had Childe Harold in vei-y Hue
character.

Fancy Camalionf.— As these show considerable varia-
tion, a stand is most attractive. Mr. Cautwrioht had
the best twelve varieties, having rich blooms of
Voltaire, Queen Bess, Eldorado, The Gift, Renegade,
Hidalgo, Perseus, Muleteer, Monarch, Ossian (a sport
from Monarch), and Stanley Wrightson ; Mr. A. W.
Jones was 2nd.

Tliere were fourteen competitors with six varieties;
Mr. ;..\. CH.vrwiN taking the 1st prize with excellent
blooms of Voltaire, Monarch, Queen Bess, Amphion,
Perseus, and Brodick ; Mr. T. Lord was 2nd.

With six blooms of one variety, Mr. Cartwhioiit was
placed 1st out of fourteen competitors with highly-
developed blooms of Hidalgo.

Picotces, white ground.— Thcvc were eight exhibitors of
twelve varieties: Mr. R. C. Cartwright had good,
clean blooms for the season of red edge ; Ganymede,
Mrs. Gorton, and Thos. Williams ; purple edges : Pride
ofLeyton.and Mrs. Opensliaw; rose edges: Fortrosc,
Favourite. Little Phil. Mrs. Payne, Grace Ward, Mrs.
Beswick, and Mrs. Barron. Mr. C. F. Thuiistan,
Wolverhampton, was 2nd.

The Rev. C. G. GomvALTZ. Droitwich, was Isl for six
varieties out of seven competitors with excellent blooms
Of W. II. Johnson, a fine and distinct II. Rose of his
own; also Maggie, of the same class. Pride of Leyton,
P.E., Mrs. Opeushaw, P.E., Thos. William, R.E.. and
Morna, Red E. Mr. D. Walker, was 2nd.

C'lnmlioiig, Flakes and J3i;rtrres.— It was not surprising
that Mr. T. Lord, who hails from the cooler and
moister district of Todmordcn, should win with
twelve blooms of these. He bad in good character,
S.B.'s, Admiral Curzon and Robert lloulgi'ave; C.B.'s,
George, J. S. Heddcrly, J. W. Bcntley, and Master
Fred; P.P.B. Edith Annie; P.F.'s, Gordon Lewis and
Geo. Melville; S.F. Sportsman, R.F. Cristi-galli an<l
Mrs. T. Lord. Messrs. Thomson & Co., florists. Spark-
hill, were 2nd.

With six blooms, Mr. F. W. GooDFEixow, Walsall,
was 1st, with well developed examples of S.B.'s Dr.
Hogg and R. Houlgrave ; C.B.'s Arlene and J. S. Hed-
dcrly; P.F. Gordon Lewis, and S.F. Sportsman. Mr.
D. Walker came in 2nd.

Undressed and Bordkr Fi.owfiis.

Though this term heads llie I'liz.'s in this section it
is yet st.atcd that "altlioiiyh :i link- dn-.-sing of the
petals will l)c admitted, as litli.- .In-^slnt,- as possible is
desired,"— a somewhat obscure Iimil:ili<in. In these
classes the flowers were staged in small vases, .and not
more than two sprays of foliage were allowed to each
bloom; moreover, the space in which the dozen vases
was set forth, viz., 24 inches by 20 inches. The greater
number of the classes were for single blooms, while in
two of thciii three blooms of each were ref[uircd. The
princijial prize-winners were Messrs. Artindale ctSoN.
Mr, K. C. Cartwright, Mr. .\. Chatwin, Mr. II. Smith,
Mr. A. W. JoNEs.and.Mr.CfRnsTONK. Mr.T.LouD Mr
Ros.siter, and Mr. J. F. Smith, 2nd.

The cla.ss for twelve varieties in threes of selfs, Y. G.
Picotces, and fancies, brought several exhibits. Mr
Cartwright was 1st, and Mr. M. R. Smith 2nd.

Single Blooms.

Tliere were twenty-six classes set apart for tlici c, and
as they were numerously shown, they tilled a large
table, and made a veiy interesting exhibit in theiii-
aelves. The names of the leading flowers only are
given, though prizes were offered in each class.

rrirnatioiu.— H.B.'s, Robert Honlgravc, was 1st and
2iid; C.B.'s, J. S. Hedderly was 1st and 2nd; P.P.B, 's,
Sarah Payne, the introduction of which dates back for
half a century, was placed 1st, W. Skirving was 2iid;

S.F.'s, Sportsman, another old variety which originated
as a sport from S.B. Admiral Curzon, was 1st, Guai'ds-
man was 2ud ; R.F.'s the order of merit was Mrs. Mai
and Mrs. T. Lord ; P.F.3., Gordon Lewis won three 1st
prizes.

Picotces.— H. red E., Brunette was l3t,and John Smith
2ad; L. red E,, Thomas William was in such good
character that it won all the prizes . H.P.E., 1st, Mrs.
Openshaw; 2nd, Muriel. L.P.E.. Hari-y Kenyon and
Larinia were the two best ; H. Ro. E., Lady Louisa was
1st and 2nd; L. Ro. E.. Fortrosc was 1st and 2nd.
H. scarlet E., W. H. Johnson, a new and distinct
variety, won all three prizes.

Picotees. Yelloic Ground. — Wire edge : Here Childe
Harold was placed 1st and 2nd ; medium or heavy edge,
Danie Defoe was 1st ; Y.G. Fancy, Monarch, Brodick,
and .\starte.

Fancy, other than yellow ground. — Artemis was 1st ; and
MxUetcer 2nd ; both having scarlet gxounds flaked with
lavender.

St{ft.— White: Mrs. Eric Hambro was 1st and 2nd;
blush or flesh : Her Grace and Dick Donovan ; yellow :
Miss -Uley was 1st, and Gerniania 2nd; buff self;
Benbow won several prizes : it is a distinct and fine
variety ; rose or pink : Exile. 1st and 2nd ; salmon pink
or salmon scarlet self : EnchantrcssaudLadyHermione;
scarlet: Etna and Pharos; dark crimson: Comet and
Sultan. The class for any other dark self brought out
Mr. R. Sydenham's Roseleigh liem in fine character ;
it is of a pleasing helioti'ope tint.

Premier JJiooms.- These were selected as follows :
Bizarre Carnation Robert Houlgrave S. B., shown by
Mr. H. Bovs, Walsall ; Flake Carnalion : Sportsman, S. F.
shown by Mr. W. Goodfeii.w ; heavy edged Picotee,
white gi-ound, Polly Brazil, II. E. imrplc, from Mr. C.
F. Thukstan ; light edged I'icotee Thomas William,
L. purple E., shown bv Mr. R. C. (ARrn-RKiHT; yellow
ground Picotee Childe Harold, from Mr. M. R. Smith ;
yellow gi-ound fancy, Hidalgo, from Mr. Cartwright,
self llcrGrace,'also from Mr. Cartwright.

SEEDLINGS.

Some seedlings were produced, and special certifi-
cates were awarded to >lr. M. R. SMITH for Y. G.
Picotees Childe Harold and Grouow, the last a hca\-y
rose edge; Horsa, a Y.G. fancy, and Palladin, a Y. G.
fancy in the way of Hid.ilgo, but l)rightcr ; Maggie, a II.
rose E., white gi'onnd Picotee, from the Rev. C. .\.
Gottwaltz, received a special certificate also.

Floral Decoration* with Carnations.— The best shower
hou<|uet came from Mr. W. B. LvniAM.

Miscellaneous Exhibits.
Messrs. GusNit Co., Olton ; J. II. White, Worcester ;
and .\. Perky, Winchinore Hill, had hardy flowers in
fine chara<-ter. Messrs. HEwirr A; Co., Solihull, had
floral decorations ; Mr. SIMPSON, a collection of Sweet
Peas; Mr. Paitison, Violas in sprays; Messrs. R. B.
Davis & Sons, Yeovil, a collection of Begonias ; Messrs.
DICKSONS, Ltd., Chester, a collection of Carnations;
Mr. James DouiiL.AS,Grcat Bookham. new Carnations, Ac.

DEVON AND EXETER HORTI-
CULTURAL.

AU0UST2.— The date of holding this summer cxhi.
bilion at Exeter was made a fortnight earlier than
usual in order to precede the holiday exit from the
city in August. This fact lessened the number of
entries in the fruit classes, and those for early autumn
flowers. Plants and flowers were of average quality as
compared with former years. Fruit scarcely so good
.IS usual ; while vegetables, though perhaps a little less
in bulk, were superior in quality.
Open Cl.asses,

The competitors were local nurserymen : Mr. W. I!
Smai.e, Torquay, was 1st lor twenty four Dahlias, and
f(n- twenty-four Cactus Dahlias: U. TlTl'LIN & SONS,
Newton .Vhliol, tieing 2nd in the lust class, and Messrs.
Jarmav it Co., of Chard, in the scrond.

For forty-eight spikes of Gladioli, Mr. S. Dobell,
Wellington, Somerset, was 1st ; and Messrs. W. Tupi.in
it SONS 2nd, but the date was apparently too early for
good blooms to be staged.

For. twelve Tea Roses, Messrs. Jaioian & Co. were 1st.

For the table decorations, the President's prize, a
Silver Cup, value £•'>, was given. There were but two
entries, and in point of excellence the 2nd was but a
short way behind the Cup winner. Mr. F. Lock,
Crediton, was 1st; Mr. T. Wilkixs, Henstridge, 2nd.
Mr, Lock winning through a judiiious use of Cattleyas,
while Mr. Wilkins relied to a greater extent on the
etrect of pink Carnations blended with light grasses, Ac.
Plants and Flowers in Pots.

(Restricted to Subscribers, Amalcnrs, and Gardeners.)

For twelve stove and greenhouse plants (Silver Cnp,
value jW), for six similar plants, and for six stove and
greenhouse flowering plants, tlicie was in each class
but one competitor. Mr. W. Bkuck. Parkersvvell (gi',,
Mr. W, Rowland), was awarded 1st prize.

In a class for six stove and greenhouse Ferns there
was considerable compel it ion, Mr. IJiiOCK being 1st, and
J. II, LKY,Esq.,Treliill,2nd,

There were only two cxhihilors of a cthuh of plants
11 feet by 1.5 feet. Lady DrcKWonTH, Knightlcys (gr.,
Mr. W. R. Baker), being 1st, and Mr. Brock 2nd, All
auxiliary aid, such as cork, &c., was this time excluded,
and the result was a manifest improvement. The win-
ning group showed a pleasing and irregular outline,
and the use of Campanula pyraraidalis gave boldness
and colour. B

In the smaller group, 11 feet by S feet, J, H. Ley, Esq.,
Trchill, was awarded 1st prize.

The 1st prize for Gloxinias was won by the president,
W. B. Heberden, Esq., C.B. (gr,, Mr. Cole); 2nd place
being taken by Lady Duckworth, both groups being
very good.

Liidy Duckworth was 1st for Cockscombs : Sir John
Shelley, Bt., Shobrooke Park (gr., Mr, Mairs), 2nd,

The chief prizes for tnberous-vooted Begonias were
awarded to Mr. Heberden and Lady Duckworth.
Mr. F. K. Hearn (gr., Mr. G. Anning), being 1st for
ornamental-leaved Begonias, and Mr, Heberden 2nd.

For six single zonal Pelargoniums, in ii-in. pots, Mr
Brock was 1st; Lady Duckworth, 2nd: and for six
double Pelargoniums, Mr. H. Turner, Exeter, was 1st,
and Mr. T. Knapmax, Exeter, 2ud.

Cut Flowers.

Dahlias, Gladioli and Reflexed .Vsters were few and
not noteworthy.

In a class for twelve bunches of herbaceous or
Perennial flowers, an excellent competition took place,
some fine specimens being shown. Mr. T.-Knapman
was 1st; Mr. J, II. Lev. 2nil. For twelve bunches
annuals, Mr. Bhadshaw was Nl. with a v. ry liiu' (-.lln'-
tiou; General Spurwav, iimiii|iIoii, i.. in,: .-wi \ni.iiit;
the annuals shown were i.'iw)ii -|.r,iiiirn ni \i.tMiis
grandis (see Bg. ;)1 p. lOin, iMrs. Uuoo v .--.Mn.i u;.s i.^t
for Carnations.

Fkuit.

The only exhibit of a collection of eight dishes came
from C. S, Eady, K,C,, Weybridge (gr., Mr. J. Lock).

For the live dishes. Lady Duckworth was 1st; the
Rev. Hamilton (Jell (gr., Mr. Barnes), 2nd. Grapes
were not noteworthy.

The Premier prize for Pineapple was won liy P
HoARE, Esq., of Luseombe, for a well-grown fruit. Sir
Redvers Bui.i.er being 2nd.

Moor Park was the winning variety iu the class for
Apricots, and the 1st prize for red or purple Plums
went to T. Kekewich, Esq., Peaiiiore (gr,, Mr, Abrairs'.
who showed The Czar.

Vegetables.

The Silver Cnp was again won liy Sir John Suei.i.ky,
who had as perfect a collection as cnnld be wished. The
kinds were Fxcc-IsiorOnion. V.ilcl, - N.« InlmiuMlialo
Carrot. Kenloirs Mmiairh l.cck. ,sali-.l\Hli..n Potato,
Sutton's Centenary Pea, Wrights inaul White Celery.
Perfection Tomato, .\utuiiin Giant Cauliflower, Veitch's
Red Globe Turnip, Besl-of-.\ll Runners, and Veitch's
Improved Parsnip. Sir Dudley Kino made a good 2nd
with similar varieties.

For the collection of six varieties, Lady Duckworth
was Ist, and Mrs. Savilr, Exeter (gr., Mr. J. Rogers),
2nd.

In the separate classes the princijial prizetakers were
Sir John Shelley (who, in every case showed grand
produce and staged it effectively), Mrs. Savile, Sir
Dudley Kino, Lady Duckworth, F. Bradshaw, Esq.,
T. Kekkwich, Esq., Miss Drew, B. H. Hill, Esq.,
Lady GUEST, Ac.

In one or two cases the verdict of the judges was.
warmly discussed, notably in the case of the Model
Carrots and the Leeks.

Beet was judged by its appearance, and not cut as It
certainly ought to be.

The winning varieties wore Ailsa Craig Onions,
Sutton's Cenlenarv Pea, Standard Bearer Celery.
V.mI,'!,-., Sr.ii I. I V. ••]•'] n,,niC:n-l-(.t. Vrilih'. New lndT

rk. J.I

W.

Ml \'i

of Laleham Potalos, and Veitch's Exhibition Purple
Shallots.

Vegetables were the strongest feature of the show,
and were of a uniformly high standard of quality.

NON-COMPETITIVE EXHIIIITS.

The trade exhibit s were good, and included collections
from Messrs. R. Veitch & Son, W, B, Sjiale, Curtis,
Sankoud & Co., Jarman & Co., and the Devon
Chrysaiitliennim Co.

^Mr-M- Vnn II ,-ll..»r,l II 1.1 Mllli,.i,-| lire lllTfllS

Willi 1,1 ill. .11.1 .1 ...I'-'.' niv |.rl:illrii ll..«rr,-. iu form

likr I.. .1.. ... .1. , I. Ill -■■ ll.kM.i^.

dwarl i.aill.inii.i. .mil llic iiali; li.-ii..,ii I'riinri
Gaillardia, Nyiiipluca EUisiaiia, and .N. Auror;;

BASINGSTOKE HORTICULTURAL.

AUGU.sT .5. — As compnicil with last year, all improve-
mcnt was manifest in the exliiliitiou held on tli c above
date in the "Gelding's P.ark." Competition was greater
and keener, rendering the success of the winners all
the more pleasing (o (hem.

I'lants arranged tor effect in a semi-circle filled one
side of a large tent, making an interest ing display.

Mr. W. Peel, gr. to Miss Todd, Sidtliorpe Lodga,

122

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 10, 1901.

Sliii-ley. Soiilliainpton, secur.-.i W,.- IciHlint.' nivjid for a
group tliat liad liut few f:iiiMs Mi «. \:r>.\ . ;^i. t"
K. F. Leyland. Esq.. The ViiM\ i;,i.iiiL'-iMk.-, h:i- -ihI

Mr, Peel was also very !_.utec.:.slul lu llie il.is.-co fui
specimen plants.

Soft-wooded plants sucli as Begonias, Fuclisias,
Coleiis. and Pelargoniums, were shown creditably.

Cut flowers were a feature of the show. Roses were
well staged by Mr. W. Neville, gr. to F. W. Flight,
Esq., Tvvyford, Wiucliester, in the classes for twenty-
four distinct : twelve Tea-scented, and tlic same
luiiiiberol H.P. varieties.

llerliMceiius flowers were numerous and good. For
twelve Imnches, Mr. B. Ladhabls, The Nurseries,
Shirley. Southampton, easily won premier award with
a grand display of such choice sorts as Coreopsis
Eldorado, Gaillardia " Rownham's " Queen, Platy-
codon grandiflorum album, Tritoma Otto Frtebcl,
&c. Mr. W. Hunt, gr. to J. Moss, Esq., Blackwater,
was 2nd.

There was a class for a collection of flowers grown
ojit-of-doors to occupy a table space of 6 feet run.
Mr. Hu.'^T secured the premier prize with a bold group
of sucli flnwersas CUidiolus Rreuchloyensis, Liliums,
Moiiar.li ,li,lMii;i, l"'l,l..x, .'■^i-ahiiius, &c., all tastefully
dispi.r.ri M, \\ r,,|,,|,i,ii, -I- to W. R. Mitchell,
Esq.. !•.. - ii .,,,M,.j,. i;;i~)ni;,-,lok.', u-as2nd.

Cactu.7 lialili.i.T. were ^'ood. For twelve blooms dis-
tinct, Mr. S. CLiKiON, Winchester, won 1st prize.
Mr. Hu.ST won for Sweet Peas among five competitors
witli a representative collection. .

Fi'uii \\,.s a Icalure of the show. Mr. Bowerinan,
gr. ti' l.'iil I'.oi i(iN, llackwood Pai'k, Basingstoke,
won i.'i -i\ ill, Iks with really line Grapes, Melons,
Peaclic-. -11. 1 .\.riai-ines. The best Black Hamburgh

GraiPi'- r, 111. Ill Tilney Hall, Basingstoke, where

Mr. Piiiiiii-, (LM-. Mr. J. Foster), had succeeded in
colournm llirm i„Tfectly.

Mr. BowEHMAN won premier prize for two bunclies of
any other black Grape, and for two of any other
white.

Penilii --, Nn-laiines, Cherries, Apples, and Plums,
were will ri'|.rc-riitcd.

Vei;i ■ ii.!i>, uiir numerous and good. Mr. Bower-
man \va< the cliicl |>rize winner for a collect ion, closely
loUowcd by Mr. Best and Mr. Kncller, gr. to Sir Wvnd-
HAM POETAL, Malshaugor Park, Basingstoke.

NON-COMPETITIVB EXHIBITS.

Mr. B. Ladhams arranged a display of hardy cut
Jlowers.

Messrs. G. Jackman & Sons, Woking, staged Iierha-
ccous flowers and cut Roses.

ABBEY FLOWER SHOW,
LEICESTER.

AuGU.sT II, 7.-This show is an annual lixtnic. looked
forward to with great interest hy the inh.abitants of
this thriving town. It is held in the most spacious of
the municipal parks, which', inidcr the Care of Mr.
Jolin Burn, is .iust now to be iioen in tlie full flush of
its summer beauty. Tlie connuiltee of the Abbey Park
flower show is composed wholly of tlie monihers of the
Cori>o-.a(ion of Leicester; any surplus derived from a
show is devoted to beautifying tliotown in some way,
or in adding to the attractions of tlie four or five
public paiks provided by the municipal authorities.
There are a large number of allotnicut g.irdens in and
abput Leicester, and many of the .artisans are keen
gardeners. Further, the present Mayor, through the
local branch of the Kyrlc Society, has placed in the
Society's hands tlie sum of £50, to lie given as special
prizes for the best-kept allotnient-gardena. Thewealhcr,
tliough dull, was flue and cool, and an enormous num-
ber of 1 ejj le visited tlie show on the opening day.

PLANTS

arc not generally a leading feature at Leicester. The
best six stove and •Lreenbouse plants came from
Mr. W. Vaim:, L.ainniL'ti.ii. Mr. W. Blakeway, gr. to
P. H. MuNrz. i:-.| Ml'. Kufiby, was 2nd. Mr. Blake-
•way had the i .■.-I m\ -| imcn Ferns.

Groups arranged for olToct to fill a space of 160 super-
ficial fe 't were a great feature, quite a line of tliem
filling the interior of a large tent. Mr. Cypher's,
of Cheltenham, adveiit la'^i \far aiiprnrs to have set
the fashiim of .i^n, i,,; ir^ ,ii Lrir,.,i,.|, as all that

comiietcd lollowed IIh- iiirilii.il a,ii,|i vMr, Cypher,

■ivuo obtained tlie Isi |ai/.- ,.i c.'n. wiih a gi-oup so
refined and eff'ective, that it left nothing to be desired.
Mr. J. Thompson, gr. to J. \V. Turner, Esq., Littleover,
Derby, was a very good 2nd ; and two other prizes were
awarded.

Cut Flowers.

There was but one collection of hardy herbaceous cut
flowers to occupy a space of 75 supercial feet— that from
Messrs. Harkxess Ji Sons, Bcdale and llitchiu; and a
very e:^cellent collection of bold and striking effects it
was. lu addition to the 1st prize of £.">, a gold medal
•tt'as also awarded.

Roses.

These are always a luiiiie feature at Leicester, and
tl-O'.igh the season is somewhat advanced, some very

uiniit hlooms were staged. The best thirty-six varieties
iM nil' from Messrs. A. Dickson tt Son, Newtowuards,
I'.rllast: 2nd, Messrs, D. & W. Croll, nurserymen.
Dun dee.

With twenty-four varieties, Messrs. D. it W, Croll
came to the fore; Messrs. A. Dickson & Son took 2ud
place.

Messrs. A. Dickson & Son had the best twelve Teas,
which included Mrs. E. Mawley. Maman Cochet,
Souvenir d'Elise Vardon, The Bride. Catherine Mermet,
Bridesmaid. Innocentc Pirola. Miivirl Grahame,
Princess of W,ales,ifce. : Mi--r~ |i .^ W i'i.i.m xM-ni'nd.

With twelve Roses i.iie vaiirty. Mr.,i- huksiin &
Son and Messrs. Croll wcic i.l.inii ninal 1st, llie one
with J. S. Mill the other with Alfred Colomb. Mr.
Frettingham came next with Mrs. J. Laing.

With twelve Teas, one variety, Messrs. D. & W. Croll
came 1st with Luciole, but much dressed; Messrs. A.
Dickson it Son, 2nd.

In the Amateurs' Division, the best twenty-four Roses
came from Mr. W. Boyes, Derby.

With eighteen varieties, Mr. M. ^\Hi'rTLE. of Leicester,
was 1st: Rev. J. H. Pemuerton and Mr. W. Boyes
were placed equal 2nd.

Mr. Whitfle was also 1st with twelve varieties, and
the Kev. .1, 11, Pemberton 2nd.

Carnatio.vs and Picotees.

Mr. R. C. Cartwrighp, King's Norton, followed up
his successes last week at Birmingham by taking the
Ist prize with twelve varieties of bizarre and flake
Carnations. Messrs. Aetindale & Co., Shelfield, were
2nd.

With twelve yellow-gi'ound Carnations, Mr. Cart-
wright was again 1st; Mr. A. K. Brown was 2ud.
Robert Houlgrave and J. S. Hedderly were the best
bizarres, Gordon Lewis the best flake, Benbow and
Cecilia the best selfs.

With twelve Picotees, Mr. Cartweight was again 1st.

With twelve bunches of stove and greenhouse cut
flowers, Mr. John Kelworth w.as 1st, and Mr. Geo.
Brown, Leicester, 2nd ; the latter having the best
twelve bunches.

Of hardy annuals, Mr. W. Wright, jun.. Systop, had
the best twelve fancy Pausics; while Mr. C.Weston
was 1st, with twelve bunches of Violas.

The best bouquet for the hand came from Messrs.
Artindale & Co.

Baskets of flowers wrrc dcliuhlfiil, a consideriible
space of t.abling being iIim ii I in lliciii.

Show .a.nd fancy Dahlia^ ami t ai'tus varieties were
also staged, and they wcic .L'uud lur the season.

Cut BcL'iniia,, iliiuble and single also, were very
finely .^lii.uii iiv Missrs. B. R. Davis & Sons, Yeovil",
who took till- 1st ]n izcs in each class.

Fruit.

Twenty-two classes open to all were set apart for
fruit, and in the collection of eight dishes, Mr. J. H,
GooDACRE, 1'he Gardens, Elvastoji CiJstle, Derby, came
in 1st with two bunches each ' of Black Hamburgh,
Muscat llimburgh, and Muscat ot-Alexandria Grapes:
Barrington and Royjil George Poaches, Elruge and
Lord Napier Nectarines, and Melon; 2iid, Mr, A.
McCuLLOCH, Nottingham (addresses, we may say,
are somewhat imperfectly, given at the Abbey Park
show).

Mr. GoODACRE was aiso 1st in the class for eight
dishes; Mr. J. Read, The G.xf'dens, Bretby Park,
came 2nd. ' '

With four varieties of Grapes, two bunches of each,
Mr. G00D.\CRE was again 1st, having in good character
Madresfield Court, Muscat Hamburgh, Gros Maroc,
and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes ; Mr. A. McCulloch
was 2nd.

Mr. GooD.«'RE was an easy 1st with two bunches of
well finished Black Hamburgh, and 1st for two bunches
of Muscat of .Mexandria, and for two bunches of any
other black, having well finislicd Gros Maroc.

In the ihivs fur two bunches of white Grapes, not
Muscat III .\lr\ iiiilria, Mr. Goodache, who staged
Cauon II ill Mii-rat, was ruled out of the competition.
Mr. Reaocuuc ill 1st with an unnamed small-berried
Muscat.

The best dishes ot Peaches came from Mr. Nisbet,
Byrkby Gardens ; and Mr. S. Cole was 1st with a good
dish of Nectarines. A few Melons were shown. Figs
were poor. There were some good Cherries, and also
Gooseberries. The best dish of dessert Apples was
Beauty of Bath. Red, white, and black Currants were
shown in their respective classes ; and Toinatos in-
cluded among the fruits were well represented.
Vegetables.

Fourteen classes were given up to open-class vege-
tables, and tlicv were shown in very fine character
Despite the ilmiisjht. the dovp|oy.mr-iit 'of vi"_'etnhlcs has
biTii i,,i,>t -aliMartiiiv. a- l.-.r a- ,■■. nlnnT iv a , a tliirdcd
1.11 11m- iiiiM-Mii 111 II, !■ ( lilt iLir-' iMM^ii.ii, 111 which
VCKi-lahlrsriMiM I ii- -I ii HM ii Hi I V I .N II n i-r I r-ii I . In; uithin

four miles of tin' in.ii kr;-).| , Lmi-,!, r. ihc produce

was highly faviiuralilr ii. Ihr .illui nuiii L;ai ili-ucrs.

Special prizi-> luv ri.ll.i-i imi- .nnl ili-hes of vege-
tiibles were oilered by Me.ssi ,. IIauhison & Son
Leicester, in two divisions: by Mr. R. Pringle, seeds-
man, Leicester; Messrs. Yarde it Co., seed growers,
Northaiupton ; Mr. James Wright, seedsiiuin, Leicester;
and otiicrs.

Non-Competitive Exhibits.

Miscellaneous exhibits included a very fine and
effective group of plants from Messrs. Veitch & Sons,
Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea (Gold Medal).

Gold Medals were also awarded to Messrs. B. S. Wil-
liams it Son, HoUoway, London, for a collection of
foliage and flowering pl.ants ; to Mr. W. Bently,
Leicester, for Roses ; to Mr. Amos Perry, Wiuchmore
Hill, London, for a collection of cut flowers; to Messrs.
Hinton Bros., Warwick, for a collection of Sweet Peas ;
to Mr. S. Mortimer, Swiss Nursery, Farnham, for
Dahlias; to Mr. J. H. White, nurseryman, Worcester,
and to Mr. H. Deverell, nurseryman, Banbury, in
each case, for cut flowers ; to Mr. W. Boyes. Leicester,
for plants and cut flowers ; to Messrs. J. Peed & Sons,
nurserymen, Lower Norwood, for plants, including
Gloxinias and Streptocarpus ; to Messrs. B. R. Davis
it Sons, Yeovil, for a collection of Begouias ; and to
Messrs. W. Clibran & Sov, Altrincham, for a fine
collection. And silver medals to Mr. W. L. Pattison,
for a collection of Violas ; to Messrs. Harrison, seed
merchants, Leicester, for plants. Sweet Peas, &c.. ; to
Mr. Pringle, seedsman, Leicester, for cut flowers;
to Messrs. Jones it Sons, Shrewsbury, tor Sweet Peas;
and to Mr. Charles Holden, florist, Leicester, for floral
decorations, .tc. A small Gold Medal was awarded to
Mrs. Hodgkins, West Didsbury, Manchester, for
skeleton leaves and flowers, and floral decorations.

MARLOW HORTICULTURAL.

August 7, 8.— Tlie quiet and delightful riverside town
of Marlow is en ,me during tlie present week, and a
portion ot the attractions takes the form of a flower
show. The exhibits themselves were of excellent
quality, but keener competitiou is needed iu the
majority of the principal classes.

The group and plant section was more conspicuous
for quality than for quantity. In the class for a group
of miscellaneous plants arranged for effect in a space
not exceeding 72 squarc*fcet, there were two exhibitors,
of whom E. Riley, Esq. (gr., Mr. T. W. Jordan), was
easily 1st; Sir W. Clayton (gr., Mr. J. Sharpe), was
2nd. For fine foliage plants the above growers changed
places.

T. O. Wethered, Esq. (gr., Mr. M. Parsons), won easily
with three Ferns, liaving most creditable plants.

Mr. J. Sharpe was in great form with Caladiums,
showing clean, fresh, well-coloured examples.

Mr. T. W .Iiii.i.AN .-bowed three fine Fin h-ia-, i.f one
which, Gi-nnal Kiii.iTls, secured the ini/rim iln-l.cst
plant in Um -lnll^ Ml'. Jordan was al-u i-i im six
tubcrous-i.iulcil r.r-i.iiias, four zmial iV-l.ii-yoiiiiiius,
and three Coleiis. -laLinL- i 1 1 ihtaiih in each instance.

Taken as a wlmlr, iniii ua- iml iiaitieularly good.
The value of theexlnlni.- »a, nniiiiniscd by the absence
of the names of the varieties.

For a collection of six kinds, Mr. W. PAKSONSwas 1st.
For two bunches Black Hamburgh, Mr. T. W. Jordan
just went in front of Mr. W. Parsons, and won most
of the other classes.

Mr. C. .\ndeeson, Thames Bank, w.as easily 1st for
six Peaches, and for a cnlloctinn nf four dishes of
hardyfrults, distinct. Kiiiin-n A|.|ilrs were good, but
dessert Apples and Pears ui ri- mil ii|i to the mark.

Mr. T, W. Joedan was very »uccu=-lul in thevegetablc
classes.

Non-competitive Exhibits.

There were several exhibits "not tor competition,"
by far the finest being contributed by R. W. Hudson,
Esq., Danesfield, Great Marlow (gr., Mr. Jas. Gibson).
There were really two gi'oups, one being of vegetables
and the other of miscellaneous foliiige and flowering
plants.

Mr. CHARLES Turner, Slough, sent Sweet Peas, and
hardy herbaceous flowers ; Mr. E. F. Such, Maidenhead,
herbaceous liowers and Cactus Dahlias ; and W. and R.
Owen, Maidenhead, Canuas, lic.

Handbook of the Destructive Insects
OF Victoria. — Tlii.s iiichule.s notes on the
inothiHls to bo ndoiited to check and extirpate
the posts ; and is prepared by order of the
Victorian Department of Agricnltiirc by
C. Frknch, Government entomologist. The
volume before us is Part III. of a publication
that has already been of great value to agri-
culturists. The explanations are practical
rather than intricately scientific, and aided by
clear and good coloured plates, should help
every grower to determine and to cope with
his insect enemies. Plates and doscrii>tions
of the most valuable (Victorian) insect-de-
stroying birds are also given, and an appendix
includes engraving.s of new designs in spraying-
apparatus and other appliances of use against
insect pests.

August 10, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

123

MARKETS.

— ♦ —

COVENT GARDEN, AUGUST 8.

Cut Floweks, &c.-
s.d

Asparagus ' Fern,'

bunch 1

Carnations, per

dozen blooms 0
Cattleyas, p doz. 9
Eucharis, p. doz. 2
Gardenias, doz. 0
Lilium Harrisii,

dozen blooms 2
Lilium lancifolm.

album, p. doz.

blooms ... 1
Lilium rubrum,

per dozen ... 3
Lilium longiflrm.

per dozen ... 2

Plants in Pots.-

Adiantums, doz. 5
Arbor-vitse, var.,

per dozen ... 6
Aspidistras, doz. 18

— specimen, ea. 5
Cannas, per doz. 18
Crotons, per doz. 18
Cyclamen, p. doz. 8
Dracaenas, var.,

per dozen ... 12

— viridis, doz. »
Ericas, var., doz. 12
Euonymus, var.,

per dozen ... 6
Evergreens, var.,

per dozen ... 4
Ferns, in variety,

per dozen ... 4

-Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d.

Lily of Valley, p.
0- 2 0 I doz. bundles 6 0-12 0

Maidenhair Fern,
6-16 doz. bunches 4 0-80

0-12 0 Mignonette, per
0- .3 0 doz. bunches -10-6 0

6-16 Odontoglossums,

per dozen ... 2 6-60
0-4 0 Roses, Tea, white,

per dozen ... 10-30

— Catherine
6-3 0 Mermet, per

doz 10-30

0-501 Smilax, p. bunch 30-50

Tuberoses, per
0- 4 0 ! doz. blooms 0 3-06

-Average Wholesale Prices.

d. s.d. ' ».d. s.d.
0-7 0 Ferns, small, per

100 4 0-60

0-36 0 Ficus elastica, ea. 16-76
0-38 0 Foliage plants,

0-10 6 various, each 10-50

0 — Lily of Valley, ea. 19-30
0-.30 0 Lycopodiums, p.

0-10 0 dozen 3 0-40

Marguerites, per

0-30 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz. 6 0-90

0-36 0 Palms, var, each 1 0-15 0

— specimen, ea. 21 0-63 0
0-18 0 Pelargoniums,

scarlet, doz. 8 0-12 0
0-18 0 — Ivylcaf, per

dozen 8 0-10 0

0-18 0 Spirasas, per doz. 6 0-12 0

Fruit.— Ayeraoe Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d.

Grapes, Muscats,
home-grown,
per lb. B. ... 0

— Alicante, lb. 1
\ — Gros Colmar,

I per lb. ... 1

— GnisMaroc.lb. 1

— Hamburgh, per
lb., A. ... 1 (

Apples, home-
grown, Suf- I

fi e 1 d, K c s- i

wick, Juneat-

ing. and Early I

Julien, sieve. 2 0- 2 6 |

Quarrendens

sieve 3 6-50

Apricots. Eng- I

lish,doz. ... 10-201
Bananas, bunch 7 o-ll 0 :

— loose, p. doz. 10-16'
Clicn-ies, per sieve 3 0-90' Lemons, case, 420 22 i

— Bigarreaus ... 5 0-60 Lyehecs, new, pkt. 0 10 —

— Black Hearts 3 0-46, Melons, each ... 10-16
Currants, Black, — Valencia, case 9 0 —

per sieve ... 5 6- 6 0 | — Rocks 2 6-50

— Bed, pcrsicve 2 6-40! Nectarincs,A.,doz. 7 o-lo 0

— Wliitc, gal. ... 1 6- 2 0 I — n., per dozen 2 0-50

Figs, perdozen ... 16-401 Oranges, cjisc, l«i) 15 0

Greengages, box 1 0- 1 6 | Peaches, A., di

— sieve 5 0 —

Gooseberries, per

sieve

Grapes, Muscats,
home-grown,
per lb., A. ... 2 0-2 6

— Belgian, blk.,
per lb.

— B., per dozen 1 i
Fines, each ... 2 t
1 0- 2 0 1 RasplieiTics, per

I lb. puiinet,doz. 3 (
— in tubs, cwt, 14 i
Sapucaia nuts, lb. 2 <

Vegetables.— Average Wholbsale Pricbs.

Artichokes, Globe,
per dozen ...

Beans, home, dwf .
per sieve

— IBroad, Engl.,
in bushels ...

runners,

per bush. ...

Beetroots, new, in
bunches, doz.

Cabbage, tally ...

— dozen

Carrots, per doz.

bunches
Cauliflowers, per

dozen

Cress, per dozen

punnets
Cucumbers, doz.
Endive. new

French, doz.
Garlic, per lb. ...
liorscradish. fo-
reign, bunch
Leeks, per doz.

bunches
Lettuccs,Cabbagc,

per dozen

16-30

2 0-40
0 6-10

10-30

3 0-40

16-20

Onions, cases ...

— in bags

— new, bunches,
per dozen ...

' Parsley, per doz.

bunches
Peas, Blue, per
bushel

per

s.d. s.d.
5 0-5 6
4 3-46

4 0-50

10-16

0 2 —

Potatos,
cwt.

— Bedfords, &c.
Radishes, p. doz.

bunches

Salad, small, pun-
nets, per doz.

Shallots, per lb....

Spinach, English,

bushel, halves 16-20

Tomatos, English,

per doz. lbs. 3 0- 3 6

— Channel Is-
lands, per lb. 0 2-0 2 J

— French, sieves 2 6 —
Turnips, new, p.

doz. bunches 4 0-50
... 4 0 —
Mar-
per

... 2 0-26

fier
ICS 0 4-06

2 0-26

- liag
16 2 0 I Vegetable
— Cos, per score 16-30' rows,
Mint, per dozen ' doz. ..

bunches ...40 — in pots

Mushrooms, house. Watercress

per lb. ... 0 6-09

Remarks.— Some Raspberries on Saturday last in

tubs sold at 12». per cwt. There are now outdoor

Peaches at 2<i. o 4«. per dozen. Limes in boxes at 5«.

Melon-Pears in boxes of 24 or 28, at 9ri. to 1«. M. Cali-

fornian Plums at in«. case. Aubergines 1«. lid. dozen.

Goosberries and Raspberries are nearly over.

Potatos.

St. Malo, Cherbourg, Bedfords, and others, 100«, to

120«. John Bath, 33 & 31, WcUlnijiun filreel, Covetd Garden.

FRUITS KSH VEGETABLES.

Glasgow: Augimt ".—The following are the averages
of the prices recorded since our last report :— Rasp-
berries, 2|d. to 4jd. per lb. ; Cherries, English, 3d. to
id. do. ; Gooseberries, Warriugtons, 2s. to 3s. 6d. per
half sieve ; do., Sulphur, 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6(f. do. ; Irish and
Scotch Warriugtons, 12s. per cwt. ; Apricots, 5s. to 6s.
per half sieve: Apples, Lisbon, 8s. to 10s. per ease;
Green Gages. French. 5i. to 7d. per lb. ; do. Italian,
3s. 6d. to 4s. per basket ; Bananas. Canary, 9s. to 12s. per
crate; do., Jamaica. Ss. to lis. do. ; Grapes, English, Is.
to Is. 2d. per lb. ; do., Denta (green), 4s. to 5s. do. ; do.
black, 7s. to 9». per barrel; do., Guernsey, 9d. to Is. 3d.
per lb. ; do., new, is. 3d. to 2s. 3d. do. : Currants, red,
IJd. to 2Jd. do. ; do., black, SJd. to 4Jd. do. ; do., Scotch,
red and white, 2d. do. ; do., black, 4d. do. ; Pears,
Dutch, 2s. 3d. per basket, 3s. per sieve and 4s. to 4.?. 6d.
per bushel; Melons, Valencia, .5s. to 7s. per case: Onions,
5s. to 6s. per case ; Tomatos, English and Guernsey,
4d. to 5d. per lb. ; do., Scotch, 5d. to 7d. do. ; Cucumbers,
38. to 4s. per dozen : Mushrooms, Is. to Is. 3d. per lb.

Liverpool: .1m<jms( 1 .— \nolesalt Vegetable ilarket.—
Potatos, per cwt. : Early Regents, 3s. 9d. to 4s. 9d. ;
Kidneys, 4s. 6d. to 5s. 9d. ; Up-to-Date, 4s. 9d. to 6s. 3d. ;
Turnips, lOd. to Is. per dozen bunches ; Swedes, 3s. 3d.
to 3s. 9d. per cwt.; Carrots, Sd. to lod. per dozen
bunches; Onions, foreign, 3s. to 3s. 6d. per cwt.;
Parsley, lOd. to Is. per dozen bunches ; Lettuces, 4d. to
lod. per dozen ; Cucumbers, is. 3d. to Is. 6d. do. ;
Cauliflowers, lod. to 3s. 6d. do. ; Cabbages, 6d. to Is. do. ;
Peas, 6s. 6d. to 78. per hamper ; Beans, 2s. 9d. to 38. 6d.
do. ; do. Kidney, Is. 3d. to Is. 6((. per pock ; Scarlet
Ruiiucrs, is. 3<i. to is. 6d. do. St. Johns : Potatos, Is. 8d.
per peck ; Grapes, English, Is. 6d. to 3«. 6d. per lb. ;
foreign, 6d. do.; Pines, English, 6s. each; Apples, .3d.
to 6d. per lb. ; Pears, 3((. to 6d. do. ; Tomatos, -.id. to Hd.
do. ; Currants, black, .5d. to 6d. do. ; Peas, Is. 4d. per
peck; Cucumbers, 3d. to 4d. each; Mushrooms, Is.
per lb. Birkenhead : Potatos, l8. 4d. to Is. 6<i. per peck ;
Peas, Is. 4d. to Is. 6<(. do. ; Cucumbers, 2d. to 4d. each ;
Cherries, 3fl. to 6d. per lb. ; Currants, black, 6d. do.,
red, 4d. and 5d. do.; Apricots, Is. per dozen; Goose-
berries, 2d. to.3<i. per lb.; Grapes, English, 2s. 6d. do. ;
do., foreign, 4d. to 8d. do. ; Mushrooms, Is. to Is. .3<*.
per lb. ; Peaches, M. to 4d. each.

CORN.

Average Prices of British Corn (per imperial qr.),
for the week ending .\ug. 3, and for the corresponding
period of l90o, together with the difference in the
quotations. These figures are based ou the Official
Weekly Return :—

Description.

1900.

1901. Difference.

s.

d.

s.

d.

,

d.

Wheat

' 28

10

27

6

— 1

4

Barley

j 23

10

23

1

— 0

11

Oats

19

4

20

0

+ 0

8

ApR[<X)TS : //. J. H. We cannot offer an opinion
unless fruits were sent for examination.
You might cut open some of them and sec if
they have formed stones perfectly.

BCM5KS : L. B. Ferns and Fciii Culture. By J.
Hirkenhcad, Sale, near Manchester. Price
One shilling.— C. B. Boulgo.r's British Trees
(Cassell & Co.).

BOTTUNO FuriTS: U'. Voinii;. Select whole,
ripe fruits, and put them into bottles as
closely as possible, leaving very little air-
space between them. Fill with water up to
the .shoulder of each bottle. Then put the
bottles into a flat copper or bath contiininf;
cold water, sufliciently deep only to cover
the bottles to the shoulder. Boil for twenty-
live minutes inthecaseof I'lums, and twenty
minutes in that of Morcllo Cherries. The
stoppers should be put on the bottles whilst
the fruits are still boilinfj:, and this is an ex-
ceedingly importantdetail. Thereare various
patent stopiiers to be had, and an excellent
one was described on p. Kri in our last i.ssue.
We may add, that some jnit a tablc-spooiil'ul
of sugar to each bottle of fruit before apply-
ing the water. Theoretically, preserved
fruits, and everything else, will keep best
buried in earth, there being less fluctuation
in the temperature, and less liability of

injury from ingre.ss of air, but in practice it
is not found necessary to bury fruits that
have been bottled and boiled carefully.
They will keep perfectly good in ordinary
conditions for a year or longer period.

Chrysanthemisi Leaf-Miner : J. K. The
grub of a fly. There is no remedy but pick-
ing off the leaves and burning them.

CccLMBEii, A Salad or Yi:get.\ble : W. S.
The chairman of the committee of a Floral
and Horticultural Society says that pending
an answer from us as to whether the Cucum-
ber isa "salad" ora" vegetable," the prizes
in a particular competition that took place on
August 5 are being held over. The question,
fortunately, is a very easy one. The Cu-
cumber is undoubtedly a fruit just as nuieh
so as is a Melon. But the Cucumber differs
widely from the Melon in the uses to which
it is generally put ; albeit some persons eat
salt to their Melons rather than sugar, and
say that the flavour of the fruit is thereby
rendered more piquant. The Cucumber is
classed in gardens as a " vegetable," but for
culinary purposes it is commonly used as a
salad. We must now turn to the schedule,
and this readls, "Collection of nine distinct
varieties of vegetables (salads excluded),"
and this absolutely excludes any vegetable
most commonly use as a salad.

Grapes Diseaskd : C. B. The Grapes are badly
"spotted," from the presence of a fungus.
Burn all the affected berries, and ask us
what to do next spring. It is too late now.

Insects : P. W. Hooley. The loctist is a male-
Copiophoi a cornuta. It is a species occasion-
ally met with in this country nnumg freshly
imijorted Orchids. You nuiy possibly find
others, but it has not boon known to survive
long in this country. The females aio of the
.same colour as the males, but have rudi-
mentary wings, and the liotly is furnished
with a very long sabre-like ovipositor (see
figs. 37, as, p. 124).— Vei d<f h/ . We regret the
in.soctwiis completely smashed during transit,
and therefore quite undetermiuable. — A.
Wors'.etj. Thanks for specimens of the dip-
terous larvsB. We will give the name should we-
be successful in roaring llie perfect insect.

Ivy, Parasite on: T. It. A Dodder, Cuscuta
epithymum. Cut it away, and burn it at
once before the .seeds ripen. We do not
think it will do much mischief if you keep it
in check ; and the plant is interesting.

Lily : Madunna. We generally see this do
best when fairly exposed to the sun, but it
will also do in the shade.

Sv,Mi'LOCAlU'US FiKTiDiJS : Veritas. Pound in
N. America, N.K. Asia and .lapan. figured
in the Boldiiical Mii(ja::inr, 'M'li. It is known
as the Meadow or Skunk Cabbage, and
belongs to the same Natural Order as does
the Arum. The plant is hardy, and being an
aquatic perennial, growing about 1 foot high,
should be planted in a wet situation and in
peaty soil. The flower-spathes, produced in
May, are purple and green, or greenish-
yellow.

Market Enquiries : II. L. U. A sieve is half
a bushel, it should contain 24 lb. of fruit, or
28 lb. of Potatos. Bunches of Carrots con-
tain from twelve to thirty roots, according
to the district from whence they come. In
some cases they are tied up in fan-shaped"
bunches, carefully selected and "graded,"
and the.se fetch the highest prices ; in
others less caro in selection is exerei.sed^.
and the "chumps," or inferior roots, arc
sold for what they arc worth for horse op-
cattle food.

MnsiinooMS : D. J. The botanists have shown
how these can be grown without manure.
They have done their part. It is now for-
the practical man to turn the knowledge to
account. At present the matter has not
advanced beyond the stage of a laboratory
experiment, but there is no reason why
some enterprising experimentalist sl.ould
not turn it to commercial account. He
wciukl, of course, have to reckon on con-
si''ci'ablo loss' in the flrst instan -o.

124

THE GARD ENER S ' CJIE 0 NI CL E.

[August 10, 1901.

^

Kit;. 37. — COPIOPHORA coiiNUTA (male).

(SKK 1>. ILS.)

FlC. 38.— COPIOPHORA CORNDTA (FEMALE).

(SEE P. 123.)

Names of Plvnts : CorrcspouJciits not ansieered
in this issue are requested to be so good as to
consult the foUoivimj number. — W. S. 1, Juni-
peiUj virgiiiiaiia; 2, Cupressus, perhaps
Goweniana or macrocarpa ; 3, Junipcrus
virginiana ; 4, Cnpressus, Benthami pro-
bably; 5, J. virginiana var. Scliotti ; 6, .J.
virginiana. — H. L. U. Stauliopea tigrina,
native of Mexico; a very fine specimen. —
P. W., Maydebuvy. Cattleya x venosa, a
natural hybrid between C. Loddigesii Har-
risoniana and 0. Forbesii. — Arracan. Catalpa
bignonoides, Dendrobium Dalhousieanum, D.
draconis (eburneum). — R. E., Bristol. Cat-
tleya granulosa, near to the variety Du-
buyssoniana. — F. E. A. 1, Pteris creuata
(ebinensis) ; 2, Bleehnum polypodioides ; 3,
Polypodiuiu aureum ; 4, Poly.stichum aculc-
atum; .5, Nothoehlsena chrysophylla; G, Athy-
riu 11 fllix-fLvmina Frizel'lise.— C. A. B. 1,

Soneeio .lacobaja ; 2, Silphiuiii laciniatuni ;
3, Lysimachia vulgaris. — ./. A., Ashhuin-iic.
Hedysarumcoronarium, called French Honoy-
siu-klc, because it is not a Honeysuckle. —
Vine. 1, Nephrolcpis davallioides lurcaiis ;

2, Thunia alba ; 3, Carex variegata ; 4,
Dictyogramma japonica variegata ; 5,' Sem-
))ervivum arachnoideum ; C, Datura Stramo-
nium.— A. B. 1, T.abernsemoiitana coronaria,
fl.-pl. (send in flower) ; 2, Cissus discolor ;

3, Alocasiamacrorhiza variegata; 4, Maraiita
pieta ; 5, probably a Clerodendrou (send in
flower) ; 6, Maraiita Veitchi. The tickets
were wet, and not easy to (l('cii)her. — Alpha.
A Picotcc, probalily Salix (im^IUs, impos-
sible to say with certainly I'mm a leaf. —
F. B. Cotoneastor, proliably C. miimmularii-
folia. — Wliite Wooden Box icif/i Niimc. 1,
Viburnum Opulus ; 2, Taiiius communis : 3,
Ulaucium lutenm (Norm Poppy) ; ', A^ro,-

terama coronaria ; .5, Thymus serphllum var. ;
6, Acsena ; 7, C'ynanchum Vincetoxiciim ; 8,
Epilobium lanceolatum album. — H. K. A
form of the common Thyme, T. vulgaris. — ■
Siveet Pea. 1, Centaurea ruthenicie ; 2, Cimi-
cifuga raceraosa ; 3, Centaurea glastifolia;
4, Bryngium alpinura ; 5, Lychnis chalce-
donica ; 6, Ononis arvensis alba. — Ah'ington.
Melilotus officinalis.
Rooting Laurels : Gosfield. The common
Laurel or Sweet Bay will root moderately
easy if cuttings be taken 3 to 4 inches long
during next month, and inserted in a sandy
soil under hand-lights in comparative shade.
Perhaps you have not afforded the cuttings
the protection of a hand-light, and have
failed for this reason. You might also
increase the plants by layering some shoots
during next month or in October.

Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations: Mal-
maison. An expert in the cultivation of
these plants replies to your queries as
follows: — "Repot the plants at once into
8-incli and 9-inch pots, using a compost of
good turfy-loam three parts, and leaf-soil,
peat, lime - rubble, and sand, one part.
Should the loam be of a retentive nature,
then a few pieces of charcoal may also be
incorporated with the whole. A small quan-
tity of bones may be used, but only given in
proportion as the loam is rich or poor in
plant food. Liberal drainage must be pro-
vided, and the soil also will require to be
firmly pressed (not rammed) home around
the sides of the root-mass. Assuming that
the growths have not been thinned out, no
time should be lost in selecting the very
best placed and strongest. The immber to
be left must be regulated by the strength of
the individual plant ; from six to twelve
growths may be taken as a guide, though I
have flowered them in quantity with as many
as fifteen; in the absence of any infor-
mation as to the strength of your plants,
I give the foregoing in the belief that the
plants are well grown. Place a neat stick
to each growth as the work proceeds, allow-
ing every one plenty of room for the admission
of light and air. Water must be sparingly
given, and the plants should be exposed to
light and air in a well ventilated house.
J. F. M."

Tomato Disease: Tiiro. If you read your
<rar((eMers' Chroiticle you would know that
it has been repcaddly li^mcd and described.
Burn all the alTcrlid iilants, as it is very
infectious. On no aicouiil sow seed from
allected fruits.

Weeds on Lawn: W.H.N. The most effectual
method by which to eradicate Plantain and
Dandelion from lawns is to dig them out, and
obtain every bit of root that is possible.
The prejiaration known as lawn sand, pro-
curable from the trade, will keep thorn under
for a time, but it is doubtful if it will kill in
all cases the bottom half of the roots, and
failing this the ijlants will produce three or
four heads each in jjlace of one. Sulphate
of ammonia is also useful by improving the
grass and thereby smothering the weeds.

T;f( rivFn — W. E. G.-C. W. 11. C—

l.ii.lithn -X. L. Britton. New York.—

~ w I K, P.— E. C— A. K. P .Nice—

K ,^ ,-..11,,— U.K. W.Viiie-Hyacintlis

)-W. KuL-k—W. N. B.— W. A. C— \V, C.

1. T. M.— Wild Rose— A. P.— C. H. P.—

-J. O'B.- W. B. & Sou— H. C. & Sous— R. N.—

H. Y. S.— Subscriber.

. T 11

it Sou-

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."

IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. -TTiC Publisher has
the satisfaction of aunonnciiig that the circulation of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " has, since the redaction in the
price of the paper.

m- TREBLED. •=»»

Advertisers are reminded that the "Chronicle" circnlates
nmoMj Country Gentlemen, and all Classes of
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tion, and that it is preserved for reference in all the
principal Libraries,

{For Weather, see p. viii.)

August 17, 1901.]

THE G A n D ESER S ' CHR ONI CLE.

125

THE

No. IQ^.— SATURDAY, AUG. 17, 1901.

CONTENTS.

HaiT. Mr. Peter ... 1

lionevolent Institution.

Gardeners' Royal ... ]
Books—
Tlie StoiT of WiUl

Flowers 1

Kritisli Ferns, sale ot 1
lirodixa crocea ... 1
«'anipanula isophylla

alba I

tlirysantlicnmm cul-
ture !

Dictionaiy. a new ... ]
Klowcr-show tents ... 1
Flowers in season ... J
I'orcign correspond-
ence—
I'lililily of Figs and

their pollination ... i
Kriiit crops, remarks
on llic condition of

ilic I

<.vp>npliila,tliedouble ]
lhiil-i..rm in Scot-

1,111. 1 l.'M, 1

ll;ii>i].lon Court ... 1

llriiiiin-oUS Pllloxes... 1

il.i'.-^ics— not proven 1

lii.liM :

l.ili. , iind tlieir cul-
ture :

I.OKan Gardens, Wig-

tousliirc

ManuringStrawberrics :
Mcrcditli, the laic

Joseph

Missouri Botanical

Garden

Xaturc study

Nursery notes—
The Handsworth
Nurseries, Shef-
field

and

Orchid notes
gleanings—
Cypripediuin X Doris
Rhvnchostylis ca--

lostis

Paris E.xliibition. re-
port on the late ...

Park, new, at Tipton .

Plants. Iiow to select .

Poppies

Publications received

Ramscv Abbey Gar-
den^■

Societies—
Britisli Plcridolo-

gical

Harlow Uort.
Kirkcudbright Horl.
Madrcsfield .\gri. ...
National Amateur

Gardeners'
North Warwickshire

Uort

Koval Horticultural
Trowbridge Uort. ...
United Uort. Hcnclit
West Derliy Uort. ...

Stock-taking

Sun flowers, liybrid ...

Supplementary Illus-
tration, our

Sweet Peas, the pro-
perties of

Tree and plant labels

Wall gardens

Wasps, the season of .

Week:- work, the—
Flower garden
Fruits under glass .
Hardy Iniit garden.
Kitchen garden
Orcliid-lioiises
Plants under glass .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

ltr<jdi;t'a crocca

<'ypri|iediuiii X MaudiJC niagnitlcum

Dolpliiniums Dorothy Daniel and James Kclway...

• ifiosebcrry "Cobhant "

Oroup of liardy Aziilc.i- '.Su|.|.Icnient)

Plan of new Park at Ti|.t.ii]. .-^lalTs

Portrait of tlie laic .lM>c|.h .Morcdith

Specimen of Ilex llandsworllicnsis. in the Hands-
worth Nurseries, Slicffleld

"NATURE-STUDY."

WE take the following extracts fnnii ;iii
a(l<lr(.'ss to the schooliiiastffs iittoinl-
ing the vaeation course at the Hari)er-
.Vdam.s Agrietiltiiral College, Newport, hy
I lie l'rinci|)al, Mr. P. Hi'<iworth Foiilkes,
li.Sc, F.E.S., on August I. To arouse in-
telligent interest in the surroumliugs of
<'very-iJay country life, is not only to sw<'eten
oxistence, hut also to put within reach the
ol)|)ortunities for material ailvanceineiif.

" III the early nineties of last eeiitiiry, the
siil>,jc-ct of Nature-study had commenced to
:ir()U.se the attention of teadicrs all over the
riiited States of America. The movement was
^tai'ted by the Universities, and very soon
iiiew to lar^e proportioiis, in lad, one rniver-
^ity, in 18!)!), was mailiiif; over 1,200 letters a
week ill connection with this liranch of its
work alone. The work was dime |iriiici|ially
liy correspondence and by the publication of
leaHets mainly for the use of teachers. These
leanets contained notes of instruction, explana-
lioii and advice. -\t the American Kducational
I'Ahiliition in Manchester, in February last,
,uini- of the results, as well as the methods of
I caching Nat ure-study, formed a very important
>ieclion of a most interesting exhibition.

" fiermany, too, provides us with an example,
which wc would do well to copy. One chief
li-atnre, perhaps, of all the German education
■xvnrk may be said to be the ii nsenins and ool-
t'ftions of specimens. This ispai ticiilarly the

case in their High .Schools and Colleges, where
1 have seen collections that would do credit
to any English mii-seum.

"In an American description of Nature-
study, the purpose of the work was stated
to be ' to improve agriculture.' ' We believe,'
this description ran, ' that the most funda-
mental thing we can do is to give a new
enthusiasm and a new point of view to the
coming farmer. Nor do we hold that the
coining farmer alone should be reached in
order that farming be improved. We want
to do something to elevate the tone of country
living, and this can be done only when a
general public sentiment is awakened. While
we desire to reach all the schools with the
purpose of improving country life, we do not
believe it to be wise to make the teaching
of technical agriculture compulsory in any
school, not even in the rural districts. To
force the teaching of agriculture is to make
it perfunctory, and ol no avail. The teacher
must be trained. Puldic sentiment must be
awakened. .V desire must be created. It is
a f|Ucstion wliether any technical or profes-
sional work should be introduced into the
element ary schools : but it is always advisable
to awaken the pupils interest in the things
with which he lives.'

" The subject of Nature -study is one which
is eminently suitable for all children, and I
would not by any means confine it entirely to
country schools.

" The primary ob.iect of all Nature teaching
is to encourage and promote in children the
power of observation, and such observation
should be encouraged so that when the school
days are over the child is in full and complete
sympathy with, ami takes an iiiiclligent
interest in the pursuits and occupations which
are open to dwellers in the country. It is, in
other words, the rational training of the child's
intelligence. Kvery child is naturally in-
quisitive, and such inquisitiveness should be
encouraged, developed, and trained into a
habit of enquiry ami research, so that the
simple phenomena of Nature may be wondered
at, spoken of, and understood.

" lieginning with the youngest pupil, the
simplest objects must be taken in such a way
that the child docs not think that he is learn-
ing a lesson. Once having interested the child,
a succession of work may bo arranged which
will lead upwards, and finally, in the case of
older students, lead to a useful knowledge of
the work which is to be the means of livelihood
in sul)seqiient years. This may be brought
about by the teacher taking those simple sub-
jects which arc to haiiil at the dilTerent times
of the year, and such sul>jeets should be treated
in the simplest and most elementary manner.
It is not. desirable to lay before a child such
definite facts as names, and dates, or, at any
rate, to expect a child to learn by heart such
names or dates, but to make the object of such
interest that, when subisequently the child's
eye comes across a similar object, it will
(li)serve, and lead to noting, perhaps, its sur-
roundings or its variations from the object
explained in the schiKilroom.

" l''or this reason. Nature-teaching should,
as far as possible, be always accompanied by
objects, and, whenever a sufQcient number of
objects are attainable, it is beneficial that
each child should handle these for himself.
The succe.ss of the teaching will depend upon
the attractiveness of the subject. The greater
the skill of the teaclier in this direction, the
greater the benefit to the pupil. Fortunately,
the subject is one which does not rei|uire the
expenditure of large sums of money upon
apparatus and diagranis, for no subject in the
school curriculum lends itself so well or has so

many means of demonstration. The variety of
the subject is again a great advantage to the
teacher, and stich lessons may be taken as
can be illustrated, or such objects chosen as
may be watched and handled by each pupil.

" There are very many simple pieces of
apparatus which can be made without expense,
and which will materially assist the teacher
to explain the processes of Nature. It is not
necessary to have a complete chemical or
biological laboratory in order to show the
elementary principles of matter or the germi-
nation of some common seeds. Nor is it neces-
sary to have a complete entomological collec-
tion when discussing the cabbage-butterfly or
the common wire-worm. A great deal may
further be done by the pupils copying these
simple experiments either at home or in school,
when time jjcrmits.

"We may define Nature - study as being an
acquiring of sympathy with Nature, or, in
other words, sympathy with what exists.
Nature Study in the school is the teaching of
the youth to see and to know the thing nearest
at hand. It is not a definite exact knowledge,
and some authorities accuse Nature-study as
being a failure because it does not teach
definite facts, and docs not teach strict method
and accuracy. Accuracy and method arc both
highly desirable and absolutely ncces.sary
features, and while accuracy is a prime
requisite in Nature -study, it is an accurate
searching for truth that is required rather
than such an accuracy of method as we find in
a subject like mathematics.

" The essentials in Nature-study may be said
to be : —

" First : The keen love ot Nature. This is,
to a large extent, instinctive; bat it may be
cultivated, and, if absent, a personal interest
may bo aronsed in the individual.

"Secondly: Observation, whicli should be
direct, discriminating, and accurate. The
ab.sencc of this essential may ruin the whole
work, and yet, if overdone, may cause the
subject to degenerate into a dry, uninteresting
lesson.

"The third essential is a desire to know
more than is seen. This essential follows the
others : it is the secret of the whole of the
work, and, unlike all other school work, it
comes of itself.

"Fourthly: Nature -study must be sponta-
neous. To make it a lesson taken from books
robs it of all its interest. It cannot be made
a subject for examination, for there again the
life of the subject would be done away with.

"Wo live in an ago of specialists, and the
temptation is, particularly in the scientific
world, to put aside all other branches and to
go deeply into one small branch, which
appears the most attractive. The old type of
naturalist is, now-a-days, hardly ever to bo
met with. This is a state of things which,
in some ways, is benoricial to the country at
largo, as it enables the teacher to go deeper
and to allow a more thorough study to be
made. But, at the same time, there is not tlie
general interest tak-en in Nature. Perhaps of
all real students of Nature, the ' keeper ' is the
most thorough; but here, we generally find,
as specialising, the knowledge is confined to
the animals which it is his duty to observe.
Richard .lelTories — an author who was a true
lover of nature — brings this very clearly out
in describing, in sorao of his works, a very
typical form of gamekeeper. Personally, I
have been surprised at the wonderful power
of observation which many keepers possess.
Such power of observation is, as a rule, to
these men a second nature. Take again, as an
example of the necessity for the power of
oljservation, the case of the shepherd. Here,
acute power of observation is an absolute

126

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AUGl'ST 17, 1001.

necessity, for it is a matter of life or death
to the sheep, and often to the shepherds them-
selves in the case of flocks on the mountain
pastures. The best shepherds are generally
those whose fathers and grandfathers have
been shepherds before them : the power of
observation runs, so to speak, in the blood.
Their knowledge of weather is often remark-
able, and frequently more reliable than a

barometer.

(To be coiiiitnied.)

LOGAN GARDENS, WIGTONSHIRE.

JlRS. Mt'DoxAl.L, of Logan House, in this
picturesciue parish, is one of the most ardent
amateur horticulturists within the range of
my acquaintance. Through the kindness of
this gifted lady, I have many opportunities of
visiting those beautiful gardens and grounds,
which she loves so greatly and so effectively
superintends. They are at present extremely
attractive — a series of floral pictures of the
most artistic description.

Mrs. MoDonall is a great lover and culti-
vator of Roses, and all the finest varitties of
Hybrid Perpetuals, Teas, and Hybrid Teas,
also such superb climbers as Turner's Crimson
Rambler, Reve d'Or. Cramoisie Suporieure
(which flowers profusely from June to Sep-
tember), the Ayrshire Ramblers, so prodigal
of their floral affluence ; Gloire de Dijon, and
Bouquet d"Or, luxuriate there. An exquisite
climbing Rose, which the Lady of Logan should
add to her already extensive collection, is the
supremely lovely Claire Jacquier, whose
opening buds, more refined in their aspect
than those of William Allan Richardson, are
strikingly contrasted with the expanded
flowers. It is one of the greatest ornaments
of my own garden this year.

Mrs. McDonall's favourite Roses are the
Teas and their beautiful hybrids, espe-
cially such varieties as !Maric Van Houtte,
Papa Gontier, Madame Lambard, Medea (un-
doubtedly the grandest of lemon - coloured
Roses raised by Mr. Wm. Paul, of Waltham
Cross), Madame de Watteville (which I find
very unreliable), Clara Watson (which should
be grown more extensively in Logan Gardens),
Madame Pernet Ducher, the nobly-endowed
and very fragrant Yiscountess Folkestone,
and Gloire Lyonnaise.

Almost rivalling the Roses are the magnifi-
cent Spirseas, especially S. gigantea, which in
these gardens is worthy of its name ; S.
japonica, S. palmata, and S. Aruncus, with its
far-gleaming, creamy-white, feathery plumes.
Many beautiful forms of the graceful Clemat is
adorn the garden walls, they are also made
radiant with the innumerable scarlet pictures
created, as if through some ai-tistic instinct,
by Tropfeolum speciosum, which also flowers
picturesquely amid the branches of venerable
trees with a charming effect.

In the centre of Logan gardens is a shady
circular enclosure, sacred to the memory of
the late Mr. McDonall and his sister, Mrs.
Patrick Stewart, which is a garden in itself,
filled with Wallflowers, York and Lancaster
and Provence Roses, and other fragrant old-
world flowers, greatly cherished by the pre-
sent proprietor, Mr. Kenneth McUonall, for
the sake of those who used to tend the
"flowers of remembrance" so lovingly there.
On either side of these the quite modern
Nemesia flowering most afliuently, with many
fascinating and tenderly tinted forms, deepens
the interest of this tranquil scene.

Mrs. McDonall has for many years been an
earnest cultivator of Oriental Lilies, of which
the most successful have been the great Hima-
layan Lilium giganteum, which here reaches a
height of fully 10 feet, and blooms magni-

ficently ; Lilium auratum platyijhyllum, which
also grows impressively; Lilium Humboldti,
L. Szovitzianum, which should be assigned an
opener and sunnier situation, that it may have
an oppoi'tunity of revealing its powers ; L.
Krameri, rubellum, Burbanki, speciosum, dal-
maticum, candidum(with splendid effect among
the Roses), davuricum, and other species, are
extensively cultivated. The flowering of new
varieties recently brought from islands in the
South Pacific Ocean, outwardly resembling
Lilium longiflorum, but doubtless distinct, is
awaited with great interest.

To this fine collection of Lilies might be
added Lilium Wasliingtonianum, a very beau-
tiful and most fragrant native of Californi;i,
which invariably flowers on the confines vf
July. Dacid R. WiU'udnson.

BRODLEA CROCEA (L. Wats).
This is the first time this pretty little spe-
cies has been illustrated (fig. 39). It has a
small, ovoid, truncated bulb, linear leaves, a

Fig. 39.— brodi-EA ckocea.

slender naked peduncle a foot long, and an
umbel of 6 to V) inches in height ; yellow
flowers, with a funnel-shaped tube shorter
than the oblong lobes. The lobes are keeled
with green, and the filaments are flattened
and very short, the two rows of three each
being unequal in length. It is a native of the
mountains of the north of California, and was
first described by Professor Wood in 1808
under the name of Seubertia crocea. It has
also been called Milla crocea and Triteloia
crocea. J. G. Bdker. [Flowers were exhibited
lately by Messrs. Wallace, of Colchester.]

trees in the Rice-fields of Siam, these trees being
charred stumps which had survived the fires
used in clearing the ground." Doubtless they
are to be found in more happy situations also,
but importation of the plant is seldom made,
and generally in small quantities only, conse-
quently it is not often met with in gardens. The
variety at Castle Hill has upright spikes of many
pretty sky-blue flowers, the comparatively
large labellnm being violet - bine. Vancia
crerulea, V. cosrnlescens, and other Vanda.'',
Saccolabiums, and Aerides thrive well at
Castle Hill, and bloom regularly. Some inter-
esting and showy sp.eies have lately hem
received from Mr. Oscar Raphael (Mr. G. C.
Raphael's son), who is an enthusiastic traveller
in unfrequented places, especially in Imlia and
to the confines of Thibet. Some noble speci-
mens of Dendrobium nobile and other Dondro-
biums received from those regions are flower-
ing well, and will in due time give a fine show
of flowers.

Cypripeuium :; Doris.
Raised and first flowered by Norman C.
Cookson, Esq., in 1890, this finehybrid between
C. venustum and C. Stonei, may almost be
regarded as old, but in point of beauty it will
compare favourably with many of the newer
arrivals. The broad, dark green, slightly
mottled leaves constitute it a sturdy-looking
plant ; and its tall inflorescences of large
flowers, with some of the aspect of those of C.
Morganise, render it highly ornamental. When
the earlier plants flowered out of the batch
raised, the influence of the C. Stonei parent
was not strongly pronounced, but in the
strong specimen now flowering with Geoi-ge C.
Raphael, Esq., Castle Hill, Englefield Green,
the features of that species are the more
prominent. The large dorsal sepal is shaped
much like that of C. Stonei, but is broader,
yellowish-white, with numerous green lines-
following the veining ; the lower sepals are
similar but smaller ; the showy, arching petals-
yellowish-white, with numerous large choco-
late-purple spots, except at the base and
■ apex ; lip large, light purplish-brown. With
it in flower is another of Mr. Cookson's.
hybrids, C. x Bryan (philippinense x Argus),
al.so very distinct ; a plant of a very fine fornii
of C. Cnrtisii, with much more white than
usual in the flowers ; C. superbiens, and some
hybrids, among which the Castle Hill form of
Selenipedium :■; stenophyllum(Schlimii ■; cari-
cinum) is an elegant though not large-flowered
variety with white flowers tinted with rose,
and beautifully spotted on the inside of the
lip and side-lobes with purple.

ORCHID NOTES^AND GLEANINGS.

RHYNCHOSTYLIS CCELBSTIS.
A GOOD specimen of a fine variety of this
charming blue-flowered Orchid has been in
bloom for some time in the collection of George
C. Raphael, Esq., Castle Hill, Englefield Green
(gr., Mr. H. Brown). The plant, which is more
often seen in gardens under the name of Sacoola-
bium coeleste, is stated by the'collectorRoebelen
to have bjen found "growing upon isolated

CHRYSANTHEMUM CULTURE.

"Taking " tub Buns. — If there is one detail
in the cultivation of large Chrysanthemun»
blooms that is of more impoi'tance than any
other, it is that of "taking" or "choosing "'
the buds to produce our flowers. Experience
with the ditterent varieties will only thoroughly
teach beginners in their cultivation in various
localities the proper time to do this. If the-
buds are not selected at the best time for each
variety, it is useless to expect flowers of first-
class quality. It is not that upon a particulai-
day of the month all buds must be " taken,"
but that the state of each individual plant
mu.st be considered when the wi.shed-for bad
appears. As a general rule, what is known as-
the crown bud, is the one selected for pro-
ducing large blooms, but in some instances
this particular bud will not produce ihe best
results, and the terminal one a month later-
should be chosen.

As a general rule, plants w^hich are grown
to produce large blooms, show seveMul buds

ArnrsT 17, 1001.]

THE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE.

127

during the season of growtli. What is l<nown
iis the first break is formed from the middle of
April to the same time in May, and sometimes
even later than that ; assuming, of course,
that tlie ijlants are allowed to grow away
uninterruptedly from the cutting stage until
this same first break is formed, which is
caused by the natural tendency of the plant to
form a flower-bud in the point of growth.

This bud is removed, and the shoots limited
to three, as near to the point where the bud
•was produced as possible. Tliese same selected
shoots grow rapidly away, and in time jiroduce
each a bud which is termed a " crown " bud.
When tliis bud shows at the correct time for a

are loose and flabby, more like inverted
saucers than globe-shaped, which many varie-
ties ought to 1)0. They cover space enougli,
but are devoid of depth and solidity — the two
most essential points in a good flower.

In removing the slioots which cluster around
the bud, great care should be used, or an acci-
dent may easily occur ; but the operation
sliould be carried out directly it can bo deter-
mined that the bud is perfect in form. The
best time for this operation is in the early
morning, or in tlie evening, when tlie dew is
upon the plants ; the shoots at that time are
quite brittle. If the stem is held securely
iu the left hand, and the young growths

Kk;. 10.— vkli.ow gooseberry "cobiiam."

Kci'oinmoiidcd ;iii Aivnrd of Merit when shown at a Mcetiiif; of tlio Royal Horticultural Socicly,

on July .IU. Fioin Mr. T. K. Cuckney, Coblmui Hall tiaidons, tliavcacud.

(Sec Gardeners' Chronicle, August 3, p. loi'.)

variety, and is "lakon,'" then all o( her things
considered, it will develoj) into a perfect
flower. If it were possilile to name a day as
the most suitable for all varieties, but it is
not, then I should name the 2-ltli of August;
still, buds formed about that date invariably
develop good blossoms.

It will be safe practice for those persons
■who have not had previous experience, to
"take" the buds of all varieties that form
after these notes api)ear, or have just prp-
•vioiisly formed ; as to remove these would not
allow time to develop another growth, and
give another bud in time to produce full-sized
■blooms. Tlio objection to buds formed too
<!arly is that the? blooms do not come " kind,"
as it were; the flowers are coarse in petal,
-which much oft(Mior reflex than incurve in the
case of incurved varieties. The flowers then

which are intended for removal be bent
suddenly down, one at a time, they snap
olT. After a little practice, this method
of tiiking off superiluous shoots is more
expeditious than cutting them off with a
knife ; but if the operation is effected during
the middle of the day, when hot and dry, the
shoots arc quite tough, and the risk of damaging
the flower-bud is much increased.

When the growths have been removed,
the whole energy of the plant will be con-
centrated to the development of the flowei'-
ouds. The inexpei'ienced cultivator errs in
allowing the shoots to remain too long
before removing I hem ; all this time they are
extracting nutriment from the plant which
ought to be centred in the swelling of the
ilower-buds as rapidly aiul as evenly as possible.
E. Mohjneux.

REMAEKS ON THE CONDITION OP

THE FRUIT CROPS.
(.SVe Tables, ante, pp. 88—91.)
{Continued from p. Ui'.)
3, ENGLAND, E.
Essex. — Taken on the whole, the crop of
outdoor fruit is light ; but this is not to be
wondered at, seeing the immense crops that
were secured from the trees last year. How-
ever, small trees in the nursery of the follow-
ing varieties of Apples are carrying nice crops
of clean though small fruit : — Worcester Pear-
main, Beauty of Bath, Old Nonpareil, Quarren-
den, King of the Pippins, Frogmore Prolific,
and Miller's Seedling. H. W. Ward, Lime
House, UaijleUjIi.

LixcOLXSlllKE. — The fruit crop is an average
one with the exception of Pears and Plums.
Plums are much infested with black and white
ilies. Apples appeared at first to bo plentiful,
but owing to the drought many have fallen.
.Small fruits are abundant. Strawberries have
never been so good with ns before; quality
.-iiul quantity being excellent. John llotclands,
Miiiior (larden.i, Jkirdiieij.

Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, and

Apricots, showed a splendid display of bloom,
but the Way frosts and subsequent drought
liave been exceedingly injurious. J. D. Coward,
llarerlioime Gardens, Slcaford.

CAMi!Uil)(!EsiiiitE.— The poor fruit crops here
are the residt of a hailstorm that occurred on
May 29. 11'. liarklinn, Ihillunu Hall (litnJcns,
Ncwntarkel.

NORFOLIC. — Before returning this report, I
liavo visited several other places in the neigh-
bourhood, aiul find the fruit crop of 1901 gei\e-
rally very unsatisfactory, with the exception
of Strawberries, which have been in most
cases a very good crop. Apples, Pears, and
Plinns are very poor. This condition I believe
to be due entirely to overcropping last season,
;is the weather in spring was favourable for
the setting of what bloom there was. E. Pars-
low, Hhadwell Court (lardeiis, TItetford.

A|)ple-trees are looking very healthy,

but the crop is a poor one, though some trees
an- bearing freely. Cherries and Apricots are
(he best crops of the year. \Vm. Allan, Oiinton
Park Gardens, NoruHcli.

.Si'Ki'Ol.K. — After the lieavy crop of Apples
last season, and the consequent weakening of
many trees, one can hardly bo surprised at
seeing so many trees destitute of fruit this
season. Pears ami Plums, too, aro short
crops. Cherries wore jjlenliful until the fruits
liegan to colour, but the irritation and loss to
growers through the depredations of birds
lias been very great this season. Peaches and
Nectarines on open walls aro good crops.
Apricots not so plentiful. Among small fruits,
(Joosebcrries have been a heavy crop ; Black
Currants not so plentiful ; Strawberries abun-
dant and good. ./. Wallix. Ornvll Park Ganlinis,
Ijiswirh.

■ In this district the Apple crop is a

failure. This is not owing to climatic changes
during the blooming period, but to the entire
absence of blossom. Pears aro an average
crop, and promise to be good in quality. The
same remarks also apply to Peaches, Apricots,
Plums, and Cherries. Strawberries were a
heavy crop and remarkably good. Other small
fruits are abundant. All fruit-ti'ees and bushes
are making good growths, and aro fairly clean.
//. Fisher, Flixlon Hall Gardens, Dunsjaij.

.\, MIDLAND COUNTIES.
BEDl'-OllDsiliRK.— Apples in this district area
couq)lete failure, and small fruits havesulVered

128

THE a A n DENER S ' CUB 0 XI CL E.

[All, (ST 17, 1901.

from the prolonged drought. The rainfall
here from April 15 up till now (third week in
July) has boon only 2-14 inches. H. Ninimo,
G ran field C'oni-t Gardens, Woburn.

The fruit crops in the gardens here give

every promise of a fair average crop, and all
small fruits, with the exception of Black
Currants, are over an average crop ; Goose-
berries in particular, which are one of the
finest crops this season I remember to have
seen. Geo. Mackinlny, The Gardens, Wrest
Parle.

The season has been an exceedingly

unfavourable one, yet we have here an abund-
ance of fruit generally, though the prolonged
drought has affected its commercial value very
adversely. Plums are a heavy crop on many
varieties ; Victorias, for instance, are loaded
to such an extent that we have to prop up the
branches. Rivers' E.irly Prolific, Monarch,
Czar, Prince Engelbert, and Denniston's
8uperb, are similarly well cropped ; as also
are Damsons of some varieties. Apples are
more irregular, but Potts' Seedling, Duchess
of Oldenburg, White Transparent, King of the
Pippins, Ecklinville, Lane's Prince Albert,
and several others are well cropped. Pears
are bearing fairly well on the higher ground,
but these and the Apples are under sized.
Gooseberries have been most plentiful, but
lied Currants, Strawberries, and Raspberries
have suffered severely from the effects of the
drouglit. Black Currants have been abun-
dant in some parts of the county, for instance,
at Eaton Bray one grower alone has sold
16 tons from about 6 acres of land, the fruits
being fine, and bringing a good price. In some
districts Apples and Plums are scarce, and
the crops appear to havo been much affected
by local conditions. Fine fruit will be scarce,
much sorting will be needed, and the selling
price will be low for the bulk of the produce.
R. Lcu'ix Castle, Wobiirn Fruit Farm, Iiid(jmont,
Beds, Aiidust 10.

Buckinghamshire. — Fruit crops are a fair
average in this district, with the exception of
Apples on orchard standards. Pyramids on
the Paradise stock are carrying a good crop of
fine fruits. Pears on walls are very poor, but
are much better on pyramids. Strawberries
were good, but soon over. Bush fruits abun-
dant and good. Chas. Page, Dropmore Gardens,
Maidenhead.

In this neighbourhood the fruit crops

are very partial, but Cherries predominate.
Peaches and Nectarines are abundant, but in
some places the trees are badly infested with
red-spider. Among earliest Peaches, Alex-
ander came in first this year, the first fruit
was gathered on July 15 ; and Waterloo and
Amsden June ripened subsequently. Amongst
Strawberries of recent introduction I find
Laxton's Leader produces very largo fruits of
good quality; Trafalgar is also a desirable
variety, and Pillbasket a splendid cropper of
first-rate quality. G. T. Miles, Wijcomhe Abheij
Gardens, High Wycombe.

With few exceptions the Apple crop in

this district is a failure, the trees however
are in a fairly healthy condition, and free from
insect pests. Of bush fruits there is an
abundant crop— Gooseberries in particular —
and the quality is good. Raspberries are better
than we have had for many years. In some
Plum-orchards the crops are good, wliilst in
others near by scarcely a fruit is to be found.
W. HedU'u Warren, Asion Clinton Gardens,
Tring.

Plums such as Victoria, Green Gages,

Prunes, and Damsons, are all bearing good
crops ; Apples are not half a crop. There are

no fruits of Blenheim Orange Pippin, and very
few Cox's Orange Pippin. White Transjjarcnt,
Duchess of Oldenburg, Ecklinville, and Kos-
wicks, have good crops. J. Smith, Menlmorc,
Lcigliton Bnx.~ard.

Cheshike. — ilany varieties of Apples have
very little fru'.t upon tliem ; Lord Sufliold,
Potts' Seedling, and Grenadier have average
crops. Pears are rather better than Apples ;
Jargonelles, Williams' Bon Chretien, Louise
Bonne of Jersey, and Thompson's as standards
have good crops ; of Marie Louise there is
next to none on standard trees, though on
trees against walls there are good crops.
Hobt. Mackellar, Abneg Hall Garden^;, Cheadle.

Hertfordshire. — We have 7 acres of Aiiple-
trees, and not a bushel of fruits. V.'. D. Morlc,
Frgthesden Gardens, Herh-'iamslcd.

Apples, Pears, and Plums are under

average crops, duo, I think, to the trees
having exhausted themselves by carrying
heavy crops last season. There was also a
deficient rainfall during the later summer
months last year when the fruit-buds were
develoijing. This sjjring there was only a
small quantity of blojm, and this set well, and
was uninjured by frost. Pears are a Ijetter
crop than Apples or I'iums. Cherries are over
average, perhaps a little under in size, but
they are clean and free from cracking. Small
fruits are average, but I make an exception
with Raspberries, which are much over, parti-
cularly two varieties. Hornet and Superlative.
Of Strawberries, the crop has been large, and
of splendid quality. George yurman, The Gar-
dens, Hatfield Hviik-.

Leicestershire. — Apples are very scarce in
this neiglibourhood, the best crops being on
young trees on the P.iradise stock, and some
of the standard trees situated in the cottage
gardens. Oar own largo trees in orchards
under grass flowered very sparingly, and havo
scarcely any fruit ; some of these bore he ivily
last year, and the primary cause of deficiency
in the crop this season is exhaustion of the
soil, and a consequent loss of vigour in the
trees. Pears hive suffered mucli from an
attack of the midge (Diplosis pyrivori), this
gets worse every year in spite of all measures
taken to destroy it ; the Pear slug (Eriocampa
limacina) has been unusually troublesome this
season. Strawberries have been exceptionally
good, especially Waterloo from a nortii border ;
many of the fruits weighed 2 oz. each. The
rain on June 30 and July 1 (I'Ol inch) was .just
enough to save this ci-op. 11'. H. Dirers, Bclcoir
Castle Gardeii-i, Grantham.

Northamptoxshire. — In tiie gardens hero
we have not a single Apple, and the Pear crop
is a very thin one. There was but little bloo:u
on Plums, Apples, and Pears in the spring.
Strawberries have been very plentiful indeed;
and Currants (Red, White, and Bbu'k) are good
in size and quality. Blight has settled on the
Plum and Cherry trees. H. Kemiu!aiU, The
Garden'i, Lamport Halt, NortUampton.

Nottinghamshire. — Taken collectively the
fruit crop is satisfactory. All kinds set well,
and passed through the spring without injury
from frost. Since then the crops havo heen
considerably damaged through insect attacks
of various kinds. The longdrought and exces-
sively dry atmosphere has caused Apples to
drop freely. Pears to crack, and a good per-
centage of stone fruits to shrivel during the
stoning stage. Bush fruits arc very plentiful,
but small in size. J. Boberts, Welheck Gardens,
M'orksop.

Owing to (hn drought aiul easterly

winds, aphis of all kinds have been very pre-

valent, and fruit-trees have suffered in conse-
quence. Small fruits set splendid crops owing
to absence of spring frosts. Wall fruit gene-
rally is very good, and a full crop. Pears on
Quini'C in the open air are cropping well, but
standard trees are almost a failure. J. R. Pctir-
soii tt- Sons, Chihrelt yurseries, L':a-dhnm.

OxKORDSHiRi:.— The worst of all the fruit
crops here is that of the Apple. There was no
bloom at all on the trees in the garden. Pear-
trees bloomed well, but the flowers set b;ully.
This is a Cherry county, and the crop is heavy,
and the fruit good. The Apple and Plum crops
are poor, owing dou'otless to last year's heavy
crops. A. J. Loni.Wgfold Co:n-f, Soiit/i Oxford.

It is difficalt to explain the vagaries of

the Apple and Pear crops in this district. Iq
a well-managed sheltered orchard not a quarter
of a mile from these gardens, containing local
bearing varieties in young and old trees, there
is not a bushel of Apples. I have a sprinkling
of both Apples and Pears on all trees in the
garden excepting Blenheims, Dnraelow's Seed-
ling, and Cox's Orange Pippin. Some trees of
the latter variety in good condition are with-
out a single fruit. Pears are a moderate crop ;
Monarch (Knight's) bears with me a heavy
crop this year. Easterly winds with bright,
scorching sunshine in the early stages of
growth may account for a good deal in some
situations, but does not explain the failure in
sheltered situations. The Codlins carry the^
heaviest crops this year. All foliage is healthy
and clean. We are sheltered from wind, and
have an elevation above sea-level of 't'TS feet.
The soil is a heavy loam. Our rainfall for the-
first four months of the year was as follows :—
March, 2-10 in. ; April, 2-71 in. ; May, 1-28 in.;
June, 1-70 in. James A. Hmi'li, Sarsden House
Ganlens, Chipping Xorttm.

Shropshiue. — Apples promised well, but the
bloom was cut badly by east winds, and the
crop is very irregular ; some trees of my owa
arc carrying full crops, and looking well, but
there are gardens near where they are a.
failure. In my own case, the trees are well
sheltered from the morning sun. My best ar&
Cox's Orange I'ippm, Bramley's Seedling,
Potts' Seedling, Ribston Pippin, Nonsuch,
Bess Pool, and R-d and Wnite Astrae'.ian.
A. H. Kemp, Broalaug, S'lijn'il.

STAKEOUDSHtiiE. — Thls has been a very
peculiar season for hardy fruits, but for-
tunately in this district, wo escaped with
only very slight frosts during the period the^
trees flowered, and a good set followed.
Insect pests, and aphis in particular, A. cerasl
on the Cherrie;, and the blue variety -V. pruni
on the Plums, have been more troublesome
than I have ever known them to be. Geo..
]Voodgate, Rolleston Hall Gardens.

Warwickshire. — The Apple crop is unler
average. Trees of Blenheim Oiange have no-
fruits, and the crop on Dumclow's Seedlin;?
(Wellington) and Merc de Menage is poor.
There are plenty of Pears, and the trees are
clean and promising. Cherries were very good.
Apricots are good in quality, and plentiful.
Tiie small-fruit crop has been far at)Ovo ave-
rage, both in quantity and quality. Straw-
berries wore abundant and gmd. Jaine^
R:)l:icr, Charlecate Parle Gardens, U'arieic'c.

Owing to long drought, which brojght

in its train innumerable pernicious insects,
the Apple and Pear crops in this district ar&
thin. Strawberries have been a good crop, as-
have Gooseberries, Currants, and Uasplierries.
For prolonging the Strawberry season we hav&
nothing to equal the old variety Eleanor.
H. T. Martin, Stoncleigi AbUeg Gardens, Kenil-
worth.

Adocst 17, 1001.]

THE GARDEXER^' CHRONICLE.

129

■WAitwiCKsnir.K. — Xotwitlistantling the al>
soneo of fronts duriiif; the vbolo of the lloweriiii;
period of Apples and Pears, there will be a
luarlced deneienr-y of both fruits throughout this
district. Tlie deficiency is somewhat singular ;
in so:i;e orchards a few trees are found to be
in full fruit, whilst others a'e as completely
•without, and from personal observation this
appears to be the case within a radius of
5 miles from mv house. Plums are not oven so

eilendar o:ie is apt
observation of many
one in which I have f
ICidney Beans, Potat
have been touched
causes of so decided
botli Apples and Pe
from the deleterious
physiological influen
learned scientist w

to forget, but during the

years, this is the only

ailed to notice that either

o, or other tender plants,

by frost ; so that the

' under average " amongst

ars must be looked foi-,

Avorking of some other

es, which perhaps some

11 bo able to explain or

I'll.. II.— ( 1 ri;ii'i:iJii .M M.M'iii.i: MAiiNirici .\i.

Slujwu by Captain Ci. \V. L;iw-.:;vlii..(iolU at .-i .Meeting of tlic Koyal Horticultural Society,
rirst-class Certificate. Deseiibcd on p. 102, Qardeners' Chronicle, August 3.
(PI'.olojjnvphed by Mr. II. J. Cbapnian.)

favourably circumstanced, anil will be much
binder average. Cherries ate better, more
particularly Morellos on bush trees, which arc
really fine. Hazel and Walnuts are plentiful,
especially the latter, of which there arc some
grand trees aroitiid i.eje. S.rawberries of all
varieties, where well grown, were good and
plentiful. The hot we.ithcr rii)cnod them sj
•inicklyas to produce uiiretnnnerative prices
in the market, and their continuation was
shortened by an tttaio.sphere of abnormal heat.
Red and ISIack Cnrrauts and Raspberries arc
plentiful and g<)od. Without rcf.'icn-je to a

throw light upon. The wild Crab Apple in
hedgerows, and also cultivated varieties in
my grounds, are practically fruitless. This is
further proof that although frost was aliment
all during the floweiing season, there existed
some other elcaient which was seriotisly
l)rejndicial to the setting. The leafage
of trees, and the general healthful appear-
ance of the sylvan lieanties of the country,
were never, |)crhaps, seen to better jjcr-
fection than they are this year. W. Miller,
}ierl:ya<ell.

(Til h( omllnued.)

LILIES AND THEIR CULTURE.

{Contitiued from p. i.;7.1

JMiNiATLRK Lilies. — Under this heading I
have grouped together a few Lilies of small
growth which are not generally easy of culti-
vation, that is to say, tliey do not last more
than one year unless they are given special
attention. Their bulbs range in size from that
of a large Pea to a Walnut. They arc easily
damaged, and mtist be carefully enveloped in
sundy grit when they are planted, as they are
not very free rooters, losing most of their
basal roots as well as their stem roots every
year. They start into growth in early spring,
and reach the flowering stage without making
more than a few basal roots, these being pro-
duced in greater number and strength after
the plants have flowered. On the other hand,
they will make vigorous stem roots if planted
in a suitaijle compost, far outnutnijering the
amount of basal roots these plants produce in
;i year under ordinary conditions, insomuch
that success or non-success depends on the
number of stem-roots it is po.ssible to encou-
rage. If they are planted in a dry soil, they
make no stem-roots at all, their flowers are, as a
consequence, puny, ami the bulbs perish after
flowering. Given a good soil of a friable
nature, in a position sheltered from winds, in
lull sunshine, and if they arc well watered
whenever they approach dryness, they will
tluivc and multiply at a rapid rate. Their
flowers, though small, are among the most
brightly-coloured of the group, and are invalu-
able for cutting. The plants would look
best on a rockery where there is the neces-
sary amount of moisture. They would well
repay the trouble of preparing a special place
for them.

One of the brightest of all Lilies is L. tcnui-
ti)liuin, a species that produces a slender stem
.1 foot high (as a maxiuuiin), clothed with
numbers of linear loaves barely 2 inches long,
.ind fi'om six to ten rich terra-cotta or scarlet
turbinate, nodding flowers on a loose spike.
'J'lie flowers span an inch acro.ss, and may be
roughly described as like those of miniature
chalcedonicums. Kveryone who sees the plant
wants it.

Lilium eoncolor is another pretty species
growing about i) inches high, and bearing two
to three erect, flat, st;tr-like, criinson flowers,
.slightly spotted at the base. Its variety
Coridiou is a rich yellow flowered form, slightly
Hpottcd and heavily flushed with chocolate
colour as the flower ages.

L. pulchellum is a taller plant, IJ ft. high,
with erect spikes of flowers of a rich tint of
crimson, heavily .spotted black in the lower
half of the flower. It is the rarest of the
eoncolor forms, aiul somewhat diflicult to grow.

fi. rubcllum, figured on p. 42, a betiutilul
new Lily, may bo included in this group on
account of its cultural aflinity. It grows 1 to
2 feet high, and bears from one to three
funnel-shaped, rich ro.se-coloured flowei-s, each
measuring 2J inches in length and span. A
little carmine spotting occurs in the tube of
(lie flowers. It is one of the earliest of all
Lilies to flower.

The kindred L. Krameri (L. japonicum), a
slender autnmn-flowering plant attaining a
height of 22 feet, is incliidc^d in this group
on cultural grounds. It produces solitary
(riimi)et-sliaped flowers, with sjjreading limbs
of a pale pink colour. Ifc is a very deli-
cate Lily, and rather dilllcult to grow. It
succeeds well under the conditions given for
miniature Lilies. Although its roots are further
advanced when it flowers than is the case with
those of L. rubellutn and L. eoncolor, it is
always necessary to keep the soil well tilled
and damp throughout the growing season, for

130

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 17, 1901.

the flower is largo in proportion to the plant;
and any chec-k the plant may receive from
drought will invariably result in a withered
bud. A few colour-forms of L. Krameri have
occasionally appeared, including a white one,
but tliey have usually been of a more delicate
constitution than the type, and have ulti-
mately disappeared. A multi-flowered form is
grown in Japan, which may turn out to be an
improved rubellum, judging from paintings of
the plant. All the Lilies in this group are
perfectly hardy plants, natives of colder
climates than our own. The secret of success
with them is in the careful management of
the stem-roots. Geo. B. Mallett.
(To br continued.)

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

FERTILITY OP FIGS AXD THEIR
POLLINATION.
In Tournefort's Travels in the Levant he tells
how Figs fall iuimature from the trees, unless
the Fig-grower introduces male flowers, and
a small wasp to carry the pollen through the
aperture at the apex of the Fig to the pistil-
late flowers inside. In California a large
orchard of Smyrna Pigs behaved in the same
way — the fruit fell from the tree at an early
stage, as an over-crop of young Apples do in
an orchard. He sent to the Old World for
male plants and the Fig insect-fertiliser, and
now has bountiful crops. The Figs arc put up
in marketable shape, and are equal to the best
in the markets of the Old World. A Fig
orchard that was a disastrous failure has be-
come a valuable commercial enterprise. Some
of these Figs sent to me seemed hollow. One
eminent microscopist could find no radicle or
cotyledons, another thought traces could be
discerned. I settled the question by washing
out and sowing the seed, and they grew beau-
tifully. There seems no doubt but that these
Smyrna Figs behave as tiiey are reiJresented
to do.

Now I have been looking at and eating Figs
grown in the open air and in glasshouses fiu'
over half a century, Figs of many varieties,
tliough I do not remember any one that might
be called especially the Smyrna Fig. I never
knew any one to fall off for lack of iwllination.
With the results of my Californian friend's
Fig orchard before me, I suspected that pos-
sibly there might be a few starainate flowei-s
near the apex in Figs generally, and that the
"Smyrna" Fig was a wholly pistillate kind.
1 only grow a few Figs in my garden, just to
liave them; not being hardy in Philadelphia,
we have to bury them under the earth in
winter for protection. I have only Early Pro-
liQe, Castle Kennedy, Angelique, White Ischia,
and Brown Ischia. The first crop has been
ripening since July 2.j. They arc fine large
fruits, some nearly as largo as duck eggs,
and of delicious flavour. I can now say they
are purely pistillate, no trace of an anther
anywhere within the flower. The seeds are
certainly hollow, as a Pine seed is when un-
fertilised. I need not give illustrations, but
we all know that many things will perfect a
" fruit " without perfecting seeds. The
Navel Orange may, however, serve for one
who may not have met with an instance.
It is no surprise that the receptacular
"fruit" of the Pig will jierfeet without
maturing seeds.

Now, whyshould this "Smyrna" Figbehavc
in this way? This is what troubles me. Do
any of your readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle
know anything about it? T. M., Philadelphia,
U.S.A.

INDIA.

Flora of the South Lushai Hills. — In the
spring of 1899, Dr. A. T. Gage, Curator of t.ho
Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta,
made a short botanical excursion into a portion
of the South Lushai Hills as far as Fort
Lungleh, one of our outposts. Dr. Gage
describes the general features of the flora of
the South Lushai Hills, which run N. and S.
between latitude 22° and 24°, longitude 92° to
94° E., as practically the same as those of the
adjacent Burmese hills : epiphytic Orchids
being very much in evidence, chiefly species
of Dendrobium, which form masses of colour
on the trees. Among these he found sixteen
Dendrobes, including such old favourites as
formosum, anceps, cretaceum, transparens,
Devonianum, limbriatum, chrysanthum, aggre-
gatum, and chrysotoxum, Oberonia iridifolia,
Bulbophyllum Lobbii, Eria convallarioides,
pannoa, bambusifolia, and tomentosa, with
Phajus luaculatus and albus. He also found
six species of Coelogyne, among them Gard-
neriana and maculata ; four Pholidotas, two
Cyrabidiums (lancifolium and pendulum),
Phalsenopsis cornu eervi, Aiirides Fieldingi
and odoratum ; the pretty Renanthera Im-
schootiana ; Yanda teres and coerulea ; Sacco-
labium papillosum, and a single " Slipper
Orchid," viz., Cypripedium vil'osum. The
great Scitamineie order was leprjsented by
Hemiorehis burmanica, Hedychium villosum,
Curcuma zedoria, Amomum dealbatum, and
Alpinia malaccensis. Among Palms were found
Pinanga gracilis, Caryota urens, Licuala pel-
tata , and Calaunis tenuis. The Aroids were also
well rcpvcsonted, chiefly by speciesofRhaphido-
phora and Pothos. There were also a good many
Ferns found, among them the beautiful Pteris
biauritaand Asplenium sylvatioum ; altogether
twenty-three species. Three Jasmines were
found, among them the pretty and distinct J.
Listeri, collected by Lister in the Chittagong
Hill Tracts in 1870. The entire scene was
towered over by huge specimens of Diptero-
carpus turbinatus. Toddalia aculeata, the so-
called "Wild Orange of the Nilgiris," was
also found. In common with this were found
its near relatives, Murraya exotica, JSlicro-
nielum pubescens, Clausena suffruticosa, and
Citrus raedica, all of these now being placed
under Rutacefe.

Dr. Gage, who was able to get together 317
species. Orchids coming first with 49, Ferns 23,
Leguminosse 18, Urticacese 15, Rubiacea3 14,
Euphorbiacefe 13, Acanthaceje 11, and Com-
positfo 10 species, these among Phanerogams ;
of the remainder there were one order with
8 species, one with 7, ten with C, three with
5 species, nine with 4, ten with 3, thirteen
with 2, and twenty-eight with 1 species. The
tour commenced on March 15, and ended on
April 30. Indian Gardening.

remain nntouched, to bloom early, greatly
prrolong the flowering season. Still furthc?
pinching tends to produce compai-ativo dwarf-
ing. Where several plants of a variety arc
grown, some of each variety can thus Ix^
stopped, and late bloom ensured.

To have good effects from Phloxes in borders,
plants should be put out in trebles anglewise,
as if in that way a dozen heads be produced,
the effect is very telling. Some young shoots-
taken off quite early in the spring, when bub
from 2 inches to 3 inches long, should be
inserted into pots as onttings every year, thus
ensuring a continuous stock of young plants ;
a further advantage is that the new season's
shoots are thus thinned, and that is beneficial,
as stocks should not carry more than three or
four stems at the most.

Plants from cuttings the first year may bo
finely flowered in 6- inch pots, on single stems,
in cool-houses or conservatories, or for out-
door groups, or they may be jjlunged into
beds to fill vacant places. Then in the autumn
they may be planted out into borders, to
bloom for two years, after which they should
be replaced by younger plants. Being
somewhat free surface-rooters, it is needful
to give ample moisture as the plants age ;
the stems also become more crowded and tall
each season.

With respect to varieties, a selection of a
dozen made at Chiswick is thus :^Sylphide,
30 inches, pure white, very fine ; Berenice,
pure white, 20 inches ; Croix du Sud, white,
i-ed eye, very charming, 2 feet ; Rcgulus, rich
rosy-carmine, 2 feet ; James Bennett, pink,
red eye, 2 feet ; Parthenon, rosy-lilac, 10 ins. ;
Cameron, white, rose eye, 2 feet ; Coquelicot,
brilliant vei-milion, 30 inches; Comet, bright
rosy pink, 2 feet ; Montagnard, intense
crimson-red, 30 inches ; Lebenger, red, shaded
purple, 30 inches ; and Fernando Cortez,
reddish-carmine, shaded rose, 2 feet.

A further selection of twelve, made a few
days subsequent to seeing the Chiswick col-
lection, gave the following as very beautiful
at Long Ditton : — Avalanche, pure white,
18 inches ; Les Delices, lilac, red eye, 18 ins. ;
Henri Murger, white, with cerise eye ; Jlar-
quis de Breteuil, carmine-pink, 10 inches ;
Le Siecle, rosy-carmine, 15 inches ; Regulus,
deep carmine, 18 inches ; Jocelyn, deep scarlet,
18 inches ; Le Macquart, purple, 10 inches ;
Robur, violet-purple, 20 inches ; Tempcte,
rosy-carmine, shaded crimson, 2 feet ; Paul
Bert, white, flushed aud shaded blue ; and
Souvenir d'Euiile Leibeg, soft, clear jiink, with
magenta edge. A. D.

HERBACEOUS PHLOXES.
The very largo collection of these beautiful
hardy plants, now so freely blooming in the
Ro\al Horticultural Gardens, Chiswick, affords
to the Fellows of the Society an admirable
opportunity to make selections of what may
seem to them to bo the best varieties. With
so many diverse colours or markings, it is but
natural that selections should differ very much.
Just as the tastes of the selectors differ,
there seems to be no doubt but that pro-
nounced colours produce the best general
effect, although there are few varieties that
do not seem to lie charming when looked at
closely. It is one of the excellent features of
herbaceous Phloxes, that if some plants or
stems bo pinched back early in their growth,
they will branch out, and thus, if others

NURSERY NOTES.

TiiF. HANDSWORTH NURSERIES, SHEFFIELD.
(Concluded from p. 118.)

Evergreen Shrubs. — Aueuba japonica is
one of the commonest and best plants for
a shrubbery, or for planting under trees.
The variegated varieties, when planted as
single specimens or in groups upon the
lawn, are exceedingly decorative providing
they berry freely, which they will generally
do if care be taken to plant both sexes near to
each other. At Handsworth we not only saw
a large quantity of the shrub, but the plants
wore more freely variegated than is commonly
the case. Berberis aquifolium, B. empetril'olia,
and B. Darwini, the two latter being the-
parents of that extremely ornamental plant
B. X stenophylla, were all noticed in ex-
cellent condition. Messrs. Fisher, Son &
Sibray cultivate a very large stock of a liroad-
leaved Box, of uncommonly good habit and
colour, named Handsworthensis. In the nur-

[Tlic ■'Gai-deiiei-s' Chronicle," August 17,'lliiU.

Fir. 12.— SrECLMEN I'LANT OF ILEX UANDSWOUTIIEN.SI.S IN THE IIA.NDSWOUTII NUUSIjniE.S, SIIEFEIKMJ. (SEE P. Ij-.)

132

THE GAEDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 17, 1901.

series, this variety grows so freely, planters
of Box in shrubberies would do well to make
acquaintance w-ith it. Gold and silver varie-
gated Box, and a pendulous variety with green
leaves were observed. Euonymus, Eurya, the
Brooms, Cotonoastor, and other species of
ornamental evergreen shrubs, were upon one
hand or the otlier. The Tree Ivies deserve
special mention, there being an uncommonly
good stock of plants of all sizes, in pots and in
the open ground, for planting amidst shrubs,
or for any purpose.

The evergreen flowering shrubs include a
fine collection of Rhododendrons, and it being
held to be necessary to supply these plants to
colour, and to flower at certain dates, a con-
siderable portion of the stock consists of
named varieties. Two varieties are specially
recommended by the firm for flowering early
in the season ; they are Handsworth White
and Handsworth Scarlet. There was an excel-
lent stock of the useful Olearia Haastii, and of
many species of so-called American plants. In
passing, we observed in bloom Genista pilosa,
3. pretty little prostrate species, that merits a
jilace in the rockery.

Deciduous Shrubs.
The patch of brilliant colour we observed at
Handswortli from a batch of plants of the
golden-leaved Elder will not be easily for-
gotten. Not only were the i^lants of excep-
tional colour, but the variety was that with
laciniated leaves. What could be more effec-
tive for affording colour in pleasiire-gi'ounds
than this plant? A representative collection
of single and double flowering Lilacs is grown,
andthe Weigelas, Pliiladelphus, Prunus,Rubus,
Spirsea, Viburnum, Deutzia, Hydrangea, Oy-
tisus, &c. A new variety of Cytisus named
Handsworthensis is described as an excellent
form of C. Schipka?nsis, with flowers that are
almost pure white.

Ornasiental and Forest Trees, Herbaceous
Plants, &c.
"We have not the opportunity at the present
time to refer to the forest trees at Hands-
worth. There may not be anything particu-
larly new among them, but there is an
excellent stock of all the species known to
be useful for any purpose.

Of the ornamental trees, the golden and
variegated - leaved Elm, Beech, and Oak,
are of principal interest. Quercus robur
Concordia (golden), Q. r. argentea (silvei-),
Q. eoccinea, the scarlet - leaved Oak, so
43ffeetive in autumn ; Pagus sylvatica aurea
nuuginata, F. s. argentea margiuata aspleni-
lolia, F. s. eristata, F. s. laciniata, and
Purple Norwegian, arc some of the best
< )aks and Beeches. One of the best varieties
■nf Ehn for street or park planting is one called
AVlieatley, and Messrs. Fisher, Son, & Sibray
exjiiirt this in large quantities to America.

There is an attractive avenue of Beeches
through a part of the nurseries, the varieties
purple Norwegian and purple pyramidalis
having been planted alternately. An exceed-
ingly bold variety of the so-called Service-tree,
Pyrus aria himalaica, with exceptionally large,
very white leaves, attracted our attention,
and the purple-leaved Peach near by afforded
a good contrast.

In a large collection of Limes, the best for
ornamental purposes are the varieties known
at Handsworth as crimson-twigged, orange-
twigged, and i-ed-twigged.

Conifers take tlieir place in the nurseries at
Handsworth, and few species or varieties
exist but may be found there. We noticed
the very effective Codrus atlantica glauca,
Picca pungens glauca, and some unusually
good young plants of the Umbrella Pine
(Seiadopitys vertieillata).

Of hardy climbers in pots there vi-ere many,
and it was said that of shrubs and other plants
there were as many as 250,000 in pots plunged
in the ground, that they may bo sold at any
season of the year.

In this review of Messrs. Fisher, Son &
Sibray's Nurseries we cannot describe the her-
baceous flowering plants or fruit trees, but
collections of both kinds are cultivated there.

Our illustration (fig. 42, p. 131) shows
another of the fine specimen Hollies referred
to in our last issue.

The Week's Work.

THE UARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. IlEnnix.
Cleanhuj Htmwhen-ij-bcds. — Estaljlislied beds
that are to remain for another season
should be relieved of all superfluous growth
forthwith, and the ground cleared of weeds
and rubbish, before the beds become a crowded
mass of foliage. Where runners have not been
specially layered for forming new plantations,
select the best rooted runners befoi-e cleaning
the ground, and plant them temporarily on
a partially shaded border, until the new
quarters are ready to receive them.

Strawberries for Main and Late Crops. —
Following the planting of runners for the
production of the earliest crop mentioned in
last week's Calendar, preparations should be
made for those of the main and latest crop.
It the site has iwt been previously trenched
and prepared, a piece of ground should be
chosen that requires little preparation, ground
which has yielded some light crop since it was
trenched, and which, if forked over and
afforded a dressing of thoroughly rotten
stable-manure, will "suffice. Wlien this has
been done, if the ground is dry, apply water
in sufficient quantity to moisten it thoroughly,
and the next day it will be in condition for
levelling and tr<!ading over to make quite
firm. Presuming the rminers have been
layered into pots for planting, a good crop of
fruits may be expected next year if attention
be given to watering, &c., during the next few
weeks. As these plants are usually allowed
to stand for about three years, they should be
planted at a distance of 2 feet apart each way,
another foot being allowed at every third or
fourth row, to serve as an alley and conve-
nience for working among the plants.

Varieties to plant.— Ono of the most popular
varieties grown at the present time is un-
doubtedly Royal Sovereign, which, besides
fruiting early wlien on a warm border, is one
of the' best" all-round varieties for general
cultivation, and the fruits being firm, travel
well. A rather darker fruit is preferred
by some, which the new variety ' ' The Laxton
promises to supply. President is a variety of
excellent flavour, but somewhat soft for pack-
ing ; while Sir Josejih Paxton is an old market
favourite tjiat crops well, is of good colour,
and is one of the best for packing. Other
good varieties are Lord Suffield, with large,
handsome, dark crimson fruits, richly fla-
voured ; and Empress of India, a fine dark
fruit, with a slight Pine flavour. Later varie-
ties include Veitch's Perfection, a good variety
of the British Queen type, and Waterloo. Two
good varieties for latest cropping are Elton
Pine and Oxonian, which should be planted on
a border having a north aspect.

roots. Tlie ammonia and nitric acid in rnin-
water help to prevent the buds frmn slai I iii'j,-
jjrematurely. Any laterals that aic si ill ^iim'h
and unripe should be retained. Iviily-lniccd
trees do not as a rule make sti'oiiL; i;-n>\vUi,
and they form generally a larger iiriipin'i ion of
single fruit-buds than trees grown iindci' dioi'c
favourable conditions. When pruning, do not
cut back the wood that will bear next year,
unless it is of unusual length. Very little
pruning will be needed if disbudding has been
done properly, but no more wood should be
tied in than will be required to replace the
bearing wood of the current year, and to
renew worn-out growths. Any trees wliich
luive grown too vigoi-ously must be lifted, and
their roots laid in firmer material nearer the
surface. Others that may show symptoms of
weakness should have the old soil carefully
reaioved from amongst the roots, in place of
wiiich put a compost of turfy loam and steamed
bone-meal and wood-ashes, the two last-named
ingredients in the proportion of a bushel to a
cart-load of loam. These operations require
to be performed as soon as tlie leaves have
matured, but before they fall from the trees.
Afford a good watering both to the lifted and
replanted trees.

Succession Houses.— Cut away shoots that
have borne fruit, unless such as are required
for the extension of the tree, and if the otlier
growths are too numerous they will also need
to be thinned. This will allow the foliage 1 o be
more readily cleansed by repeated syringings.
If fruits are ripening, maintain in the house a
free circulation of air, and afford sufficient
water only to the roots to prevent the foliage
becoming limp ; damp the surface of the house
occasionally.

Late Houses. — Thin and regulate the summer
growths, and if they are laid in thinner than
is customary with mid-season trees, the wood
will have a better chance to ripen. Strong
growths must be cut back or removed alto-
gether, as they induce an unequal distri-
bution of sap, and bring about unfruitfiiluoss
and gumming. Endeavour to secure moderately
strong, short-jointed wood, and ventilate the
houses early in the day, closing in good
time so as to increase the temperature by
sun-heat, which will not do any harm after
evaporation has been going on for some time
if care be taken to admit a little air I.eforc
nightfall. The night and early ventilation
tends to the solidification of the growtli and
its ripening. Keep the trees free from red-
spider by forcible syringing xuitil the fruits
give indications of ripening. The Ijorders
must be well supplied with water or liquid
manure, and be mulched with shoit mannie.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIntyrh, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire.

Peaches and Nectarines. — Trees started in
December and early January will still need to
be kept moist at the roots, or the flower-lmds
will fall later on. If any of the trees look
weakly, afford them liquid-manure in place of
clear water. It must be rememljered also that
if water be applied when unnecessary it will
tend to sour tlie soil, and destroy the fibrous

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Clethra, or Sweet Pepperhush. — As these
shrubs are now commencing to bloom, I may
direct the attention Df intending planters to
them, that they may be jjlanted later in the
season. Clcthras are most useful for planting
where a continuance of flowering shrubs is
desired throughout the summer. Tlie plants
are not expensive, nor are they fastidious as
to soil. Clethra alnifolia is most frequently
seen, and it forms a compact-growing shrub,
varying in height according to the nature of
the soil ; it grows most rapidly, and attains to
its largest size in a moist situation, and in
fairly heavy land — near a stream, tor instance.
Their sweet-scented, feathery spikes of wliite
flowers show aljove the light green leaves of
the plants. The plants require little attention
after they are established, beyond removing
the spent flower-spikes. Some tliat were
planted in these grounds about four years
since have now grown into nice-sized Imshes.
Another one is C. acuminata ; but C. aluilolia
is tlie best for general planting.

Olearia Haasti is another pretty slirub,
flowering in August, its neat, compact habit
rendering it useful for many purposes. I liave
planted them in beds of medium size, and they

August 17, 1001.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

133

ape also effective as single bushes in the
shrubberies. There are several varieties of
Olearias, but for ordinary purposes O. Haasti
is probably the most reliable and hardiest.

Hifdrunijea paniciilata cirandiflora. — The
flower-trusses of these will soon be expanding,
and the plants should be afforded a thorough
soaking with water or liquid-manure if at all
dry; they maj- need some support whilst
in flower. Standard jjlants of these Hydrangeas
especially should be securely staked. While
the dwarf-growing plants of those are useful
in beds, standards with 3 or 4 feet stems are
very suitable for growing over some low-
growing shrubs, and they appear to give
equally fine trusses of bloom.

Galtonia {Hyacintlius) camlicans. — The flower-
spikes will need to be supported, and if the
bulbs are growing among small shrubs, see
that the flower-spikes have sufllcient room to
be effective. The stock may be increased by
sowing seeds, or in less time by planting bulbs
later iu the season.

Hnmea elegans. — Sow seeds in light, sandy
soil, in pots or pans, and place them in a close
frame until germinated; they arc useful alike
for subtropical bedding, grouping, and cutting
purposes.

Roses. — Cuttings of any favourite kind may
be put in, selecting fairly ripe wood for the
purpose ; they may be taken off with a heel, or
cut across just below a joint. A close, one-
light frame, containing a few inches of sandy
soil or grit, and road-scrapings mixed with it
will answer. Insert the cuttings a few inches
apart, and let them remain until new growth
has conunonced. It is preferable to put
them into small pots than in the frame. Place
one cutting in each pot, and when nicely
rooted shift them on as required. When
dibbled in a frame, many of the cuttings may
callus over to form roots, but fail to make
much progress if potted up, as they arc injured
by any disturbance at that stage. The cut-
tings put into small pots should be plunged in
fibre or ashes in the frame, and sprinkled
occasionally overhead with water, keeping
the frame moderatelv close.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mavne, Gardener to the Hon. Mauk Rolle,
liictou. East liudlcigli, UcvoiiHhiic.

Caul i flower. — The coming week will be a
good time to sow seeds for plants to stand
through the winter. Select an open position,
and deeply dig the soil, adding manure if
necessary. Make the soil moderately firm,
and take out shallow drills (5 inches apart from
each other, watering the same a few hours
previous to sowing the seed. If the weather
be very dry, cover the seed-bed with a few
mats until the seeds have germinated, then
immediately substitute a net for the mat. The
net will need to bo su|)i)orted by a few forked
sticks to keep it clear of the jjlants. Afford
the plants water when this is necessary, and
dust them occasionally with wood-ashes when
the leaves are moist. Karly London, Sutton's
First Crop, and Veit<^h's Autumn Giant are
good varieties for present sowing.

fiprinrj-xown Onions are bulbing up well, and
should there be any stiff-necked plants, gently
bend them down with the back of a wooden
rake. The crop should be ready for lifting
towards the end of the i)rosent month.

Turnips.- -M;ike another good sowing of the
varieties Snowball and Vcit<irs Red (Mobe for
late winter and early spring use (see Calendar
in Garileners' Chronicle for .July 27). Those
sown about that date may need water, and
should be frequently dusted with lime and
wood-ashes. Thin the plants to 4 or 6 inches
apart, which work should be done when the
soil is in a moist condition.

Polatos. — Should the ground be required for
another crop, second early varieties may be
lifted. The varieties Surprise and Supreme
have enormous crops here. The tubers are of
good size and quality, and quite free from

disease. Too much care cannot be exercised
in clearing small tubers from the ground when
lifting the crop.

Tomntos.^Gathor the fruits as soon as they
ripen, and feed the plants with some approved
stimulant twice or moi'e times each week.
Plants iireparoil for winter fruiting must not
be neglected in the matter of water, and the
timely removal of all side growths ; and if
standing in the open, make them secure against
wind by fastening the stake to a horizontal-
strained wire, similar to that used for Chrys-
anthemums. Maiden loam, with a fair
sprinkling of bone-meal, is a good root medium
for the final pottini;-. Pot firmly to encourage
short-jointed growtli, and use i^ots not exceed-
ing the 10-ineh size. Tomatos planted out
against walls or fences should be examined
once a week, cutting away all superfluous
foliage, to expose the fruits to the sun. Water
the plants abundantly during dry weather.

Salads. — Mustard, Cress, and Radishes may
still be sown on cool positions. Late Radishes
need a sheltered corner, and should bo sown
in the first week of September. The ground
must not be allowed to get in anv degree dry.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. RonERTS. Ganlincr to ll^•s^^:v I'acke, Esq.,
I'l-estwold Ihill, LougUlioiough,

Paper-White and Double Roman .Varcissiis. —
Amongst the early-flowering bulbs, these are
of fipst-ratc importance. The cultivation they
need is similar to that I have previously a<l-
vised for Roman Hyacinths. Pot five bulbs
into a G-inch pot, and plunge the pots in ashes
for a few weeks until the bulbs have com-
menced to grow, and have filled the pots with
i-oots, when they may be removed, and sub-
jected gradually to the light. Pot successive
batches of Imlbs to maintain a supply of
flowers from Novemljor to January.

Earlij TKlips o( the Due Van Thol varieties
may be started as soon as the bulbs are ob-
tained. Where largo quantities arc forced, a
convenient method is to start the bulbs in
boxes, putting fifty bulbs in each box. They
should be plunged in ashes just as bulbs in
pots. They are best brought on afterwards
i)eneath the stages of the forcing-house, or the
bulbs should be covered with moss until the
flowers are so far advanced and the stem-
growth sufliciently lengthened to be of use for
cutting. The buliis can then be potted up,
six bulbs in a pot, and arranged as to height
and time of flowering in a more satisfactory
manner than when the bulbs are potted in the
first instance.

Salvia splendcus, and Enpatorinms. — Plants
growing in pots may now be transferred fiiuilly
to O-inch pots. Tse a generous compost of
loam, leaf-soil, and well-decayed manure,
adding a little bone-meal and fine mortar-
rubble in place of sand. Plunge the pots in a
bed of ashes, and pick off all flowers as they
appear. Syringe tlie plants after hot days,
and when they have filled the pots with roots
afford them waterings with li(|uid-manure.

lioiivardias. — Continue to pinch the growths,
as a means of obtaining a goo<l head to the
plants. Plants growing in frames, whether
planted outornol, lequire frequent supplies
of water, and an alinndance of air at all times.
Before lifting the plants, take the i)recau-
tion to cut around each with a sharp spado
ten days or a fortnight previously. Plants
that w<Te rooted late are in a condition to be
transferr'cd to .j-ineii pots for flowering, after
which they should be placed in a frame, and
for a time shaded and syringed daily. Afford
more ventilation as the plants become esta-
blished in their pots, and api>ly an occasional
dressing with an iii'tificial manure, such as
Clay's or Standen's. A small teaspoonful of
manure to a (i-inch pot will bo suflicient.
Water this in as soon as it has been applied.

Tree Carnal ion.t. — Pot on the late batch of
winter-flowering Carnations, and i)ut them in
frames, where they must bo afforded ample
protection from heavy rains, but expose the

plants fully to the sun. Tie the growths of
the earlier -potted plants to ueat painted
sticks. Any tendency to flowering that the
early propagated plants may show may be
stopped by pulling out the young embryo buds
and pinching the shoots. Pot JIarguerite
Carnations into 6-ineli pots in which they will
flower. Formerly we used to plant these out
and lift and repot them in September : owing
to the failure of the buds to swell and develop,
the practice was abandoned, and the system
of continuous pot-culture adopted. A compost.
of turfy loam, leaf soil, with fine pounded
charcoal and mortar-rubble, is the best to-
encourage root action. Pinch out the most
gross - growing shoots, aud frequently turn
the plants round, allowing space for the air to-
circulate amongst the plants. It is essentiah
that Carnations of every type be afforded an.
abundance of fresh air.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Lirlio-Caltlcija x cleffans. — There has been
consideraliio dillieulty in the past in distin-
guishing the difference between L.-C. >; elegans
and L.-C. x Scliilleriana, and even now one
frequently sees the latter hybrid labelled L.-C.
X elegans. Yet they are perfectly distinct.
L.-C. X Schilleriana is from a, cross between.
Cattleya intermedia and Liclia purpurata, and
L.-(,\ X elegans is doubtless a hybrid between.
C. guttata and L. purpurata. The ground
colour in L.-C. Schilleriana is blush-white,,
with a crimson front lobe ; the latter hybrid,
generally has deeply suffused purple flowers^
and a lip of totally different shape. L.-C. x
elegans now developing growths nnist bo
encouraged iu every way. This hylirid suc-
ceeds best when grown in l)askots, in a slightly
higher toniperatuie than that of the Cattleya-
house ; suspended over the Vandas they do
capitally. Afford the plants asjnuch light as
possible, and shade only from the sun during
the very hott<>st part of the day. They require-
a liberal supply of water, and should lie dipped
in such a manner that the compost will be-
thoroughly wetted. The varieties most in.
demand are the highly-coloured or Turneri
tyi)e, and they are among the most expensivc-
of this section of hybrids. L.-C. Scliilleri:nia
is much more variable, possibly owing to the-
varied tints of colour seen in L. purpurata.
one of its parents. These hybrids are also
making growth. They succeed best in warmer-
conditions than tho.se' of the Cattleya-house.

Caltleija liowrintjiana is now rapidly extend-
ing its growths, and should bo placed in a
light position at the warmest end of the Cat-
tleya-house. Care must be taken not to over-
water this plant, especially during periods
of dull weather; the least e\(-ess of water at
the root causes the ouier shield-^ of the growth
to turn black at the base and llie growths to-
decay. Too much shaile will also cause damp-
ing at the present season of the year. Hybrids,
partaking of the parentage of C. Bowringiana.
are generally similar to it in growth ; and tho-
above remarks will apply also to these: — C. x
Mantini, C. :: Mrs. Wheatley, C. :; Portia, C.
:-; Parysitis, are among t lie best of this .section.
Thoysucceed best siispeiiiled close to the roof-
glass, and are genei-ally late before starting
into growth, needing a little more heat than
that provided in the Cattleya-house to iuduco
them to nuiture their growth before tho winter
months.

Ilifhrids (if l.d'lia I'rrrini and Cattli'ijas con-
stitute some of the most, beautiful of the
autumn and wiiiler-tlowering kinds. They are
frequently despised liec-anso the flowers are
.smaller tlian those of most other Cattleyas, but
there are many among them of groat value.
They succeed best suspended near to the roof-
glass, and should be grown in well-drained
baskets or shallow pans. They posses^i a good

constitution, and growing tia i;li llie liright

months of the year, they are e,.iiipara( ively
easily cultivated. Potting may bo done imme-
diately after the flowers have been removed.

134

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 17, 1901.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

CSbvopsliire Horticultural So-
WEDNESDAY, An*. 21 { t-icly's Exliibitioii at Slirews-

\ limy (two days).

.'Royal IIorHi'uUiiral Socielv of
THURSDAY, AUG. I'l' Pevtli^liiie's Show (three

( days).

FRIDAY NEXT.— Iiiiiiortcd and Established Orchids,
Roman ll.yacinths. Litium caiidlduiii. Datlodils.
Kentia Seeds, Bulbs from Constantiiioidc. &c.. at
Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswiok
-61-5°.

Actual Temperatures :—

London.— .■lu(7«5« U (li p.m.) : Max. 71° ; Min. 60°.

August l.i.— Dull, rainy, warm.
Provinces— Xupiisf 14 (6 p.m.): Max. lit', Cornwall :

Min. 58°, N.E. Scotland.

The Official Eeport of His
^ 7'?''p"'' '■'"' Majesty's Commissioners for
E.Nihibition. t lie Paris Interitatioiial Exhibi-
tion, 1900, is now issued. It is
I'vic^leiit that, although Britain and her Colo-
nies were represented, the results were by no
means as satisfactory as would have been the
case had more space been allotted for our
exhibits, and had circumstances been dif-
ferent. As it was, it is not surprising that
many of the largest and most important arts
and industries were but poorly represented.
As regards the horticultural section, the secre-
ta.rv of coinmittrc ^Mr. Li(.).\el Eaele, says
that :—

" The representation of horticulture at Paris
was a niatten»ot extreme difficulty. The eoiii-
inittee interviewed some of the largest nur-
serymen and fruit-growers of England, and
found that they were unwilling to incur the
expense of exhibiting, as they had little trade
with France or the continent. The fruit-
growers added, that their trade with Franco
had been killed by protective tariffs, and
stated that, whereas formerly they used to grow
considerable quantities of Grapes for the Paris
market, they had now ceased to do so. The
principal growers of fruit were invited by Sir
Trevor Lawrence to attend a meeting sum-
moned at the Crystal Palace during the fruit
show ill October, 1899, and the chairman, Mr.
Veitch, and Mr. Lionel Earle, attended to
-see whether anythiug could be done to secure
the proper representation of horticulture.
Finding that the market-growers were not
inclined to participate, the committee decided
to appeal to private owners of large gardens
in England, but this appeal also met with little
or no response, and with the exception of the
Kew exhibit, Briti.sh horticulture was prac-
tically unrepresented except at one or two of
the periodical shows." It is, therefore, not sur-
prising to tliid most of our best known British
firms unineiitiiined in the list of "Awards,"
but in the same section (horticultural) in the
class for fruit and fruit-trees, it is gratifying
to learn that, " there was no fruit during any
period of the exhibition comparable to that
of Canada or the United States in those sec-
tions in which they competed. Canada was
the only British colony that exhibited fruit at
the Paris Exhibition, and received thirty-
one Gold Medals, four Silver, and three Bronze,
andtwoGrand Prix. By far the finest flavoured
fruits amongst Apples, Pears, Plums, Peaches,
and Grapes came from the Crimea, Russia.
Next to the Crimean came the French and the
German, referring to European fruit only.
Canadian and American would rank with

French fruit generally. Swedish fruit all lacked
flavour. On October 10 : — France exhibited
about 7000 plates Apples and Pears ; Germany,
500, and Russia 1000; Sweden, 37 sots of
Apples, 10 varieties of Pears ; Bulgaria,
52 Apples, and 4 varieties Pears. France
also exhibited Grapes "(open air) in great
variety; Russia (Crimea) exhibited Grapes
("200 plates) exceedingly luscious. There was a
small Spanish exhibit, and also a small exhibit
of Italian fruit, both very poorly displayed."
It is to display and to proper management of
exhibits that much success is owing.

' ' The British manufacturers," says one writer
in the report, "are ever anxious for foreign
trade, but they want to obtain it without trou-
ble, and to force the foreigner to take what they
make, instead of setting themselves together to
make what the foreigner requires . . . the Exhi-
bition, so far as we Britishers are concerned,
has been a complete failure — want of organisa-
tion, want of thoroughness from the beginning
to the end. No taste was used in any section,
even in the manufacture of cases and the put-
ting together of them ; whereas throughout the
German sections it was easy to remark that an
intelligible policy and action had been carried
out from the commencement." With all these
disadvantages, the sujieriority of .some of our
most ancient industries remains uncontested,
and the productions unrivalled. "For strength,
quality, and above all, for purity of bleach, the
Irish linens arc by far tlie best shown, and are
unequalled by those from any other country."
This should prove an inducement to still fur-
ther develop the linen industry of Ireland,
both in small hand works and in large factories,
as the value of it is undoubted-, and has long
been known, whereas many other suggested
schemes for Irish arts and industries are not
yet advanced beyond the experimental stage.

Our Supplementary Illustration this
week represents a beautiful group of the hardy
Rhododendrons, or Azaleas as they are best
known in gardens. Though these plants make
a glorious effect upon slopes, and in other
positions in the pleasure-grounds in districts
where they succeed, their most common use
is for forcing into bloom early in the sjiring.
The economy of the plants, liy which they
store up during their period of growth the
necessary material for their flowers, and
develop the flower within the bud to such an
advanced degree before losiiifv their leaves,
enables the horticulturist to force those buds
Into bloom at unsea.sonable times as easily,
iiaj', more easily, than many varieties of bulbs.
The trade in these Azaleas each year between
this country and the Continent is enormous,
the best varieties being raised in the neigh-
bourhood of Ghent, Belgium. The group of
lilants shown in the photograph was exhibited
by Messrs. R. & G. Cuthbert, Southgate Nur-
series, London, N., at the Temple Show, in
Ma}', and was one of the finest exhibits of the
kind we have .seen in this country. A descrip-
tion of some of the varieties then shown was
given in the Gardeners' Clironicle, May 25,
on p. 2 of Stipplement.

Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institu-
tion.— On the l:!th inst., by iicrmission of
Captain Forrestei;, the gardens and grounds
of Battle Abbey, Sussex, were thrown open on
behalf of this Institution ; 1,255 people paid
for admission, and a sum of £31 7.s. Cd. was
obtained. The gardener, Mr. W. Camm, has
reason to be satisfied with the result of the
efforts he has made.

British Ferns.— The magnificent collection
of Ferns got together by the late E. J. Lowe,
Esq., is to be disposed of as a whole or in

Separate lots by jirivate contract or other-
wise. Fern-lovers will not need to be re-
minded of the excellence and variety of the
collection, nor of the superb condition of the
specimen plants. Altogether, there are about
3,000 plants, and innumerable seedlings.
Hundreds of Certificates, dozens of Medals,
and two Challenge Cups, have been allotted
to these collections. Fern-lovers should com-
municate with Hugh Lowe, Esq., Shirenewton
Hall, Chepstow.

Messrs. Watts and Ballantyne, are
we informed, have been appointed nursery
and seedsmen to His Majesty, by Royal
command.

The Hailstorm in the Hawick District,
which is described in a letter on p. 138, Mr.
Forbes informs us that the hail, or " rather
lumps of ice," in some instances measured
over 2 inches. It was the " most disastrous
storm within living memory." Over 4000
panes of glass were broken in Mr. FoRBES'
nursery, while in the grounds plants and
flowers have .suffered to an alarming extent.
Luckily the newest range of houses, which
contained the stock of the new Begonia Cale-
donia, escaped with but slight damage.
Although the storm was at its worst for ten
minutes only, it continued foi*" five hours,
during which time the rain fell in torrents,
and the thunder and lightning hardly ever
ceased.

A Florists' Outing. — On the 3rd ins.t the
(•nijiloijes of Messrs. Strudwicic & Co., florists,
of Bayswatcr Terrace, London, W., had their
fir.st annual outing. The party proceeded in
brakes to Ripley, in Surrey, a distance of about
twenty miles, and a very enjoyable day was
spent in that beautiful neighbourhood. The
arraiit;rmc^nts am-it carried out by Messrs.
Wood nml ('o.mi;i;k, t lie heads, of the indoor
ami outdoor do|iari Dionts respectively.

Flowers in Season this week include
another consiginneut of Carnations. They are
seedlings of the past two years raised by Messrs.
R. W. Proctor & Sons, New Square, Chester-
field. The flowers include some very pretty
and bright colours, but probably the earlier
blooms would be larger in size than those we
have received. Messrs. Webb & Brand, of
Saffron Walden, send us some blooms of double
Hollyhocks, which are doubtless nearly fault-
less from the point of view of the florist. We
regret that they do not appeal to us quite so
forcibly. They are much too symmetrical and
ball-like, and the less orthodox flowers whose
guard-petals being longer than the centre
ones, help to relieve the rather heavy-looking
flowers, are prettier. But the single Holly-
hocks are more attractive even than those.
The floi'ists' double varieties, however, iios-
sess a variety of colours, and to those who
like them, Messrs. Webb & Brand's strain
may be recommended. The flowers were
obtained from plants raised from .seeds sown
in June last year. They were planted out
permanently in August and September.

How to Select Plants. — It is not enough
to select, but we must select wisely. Mr. F. A.
Waugh, discoursing at the Western New York
Horticultural Society about Plums, makes a
remark that shoidd be taken to heart as
regards all plants. He says that " the selec-
tion of any single variety depends not merely
upon what the variety is itself, but upon all
the circumstances under which it is to grow.
This is a fundamentally important and a very
obvious principle, but one which has been
repeatedly forgotten in horticultural dis-

August 17, 1901.J

THE GARD ENER S ' CBR ONI CL E.

135

cussions. Tliis principle may be expressed by
saying that no variety can exist or be judged
separately from its environment. The two
must be examined together. This rule is
absolute."

Missouri Botanical Garden. — VTe have
received the Twelfth Annual Kei^ort of the
Missouri Botanical Garden, and learn that
various improvements are in progress, and
others completed, and that considerable addi-
lions have been made to the herbarium. Seicr.-
tifie papers in the volume include those on :
Disease of Robinia pseudacacia, by Herjiaxx
VON .ScHRENK ; Crotons of the United States,
by A. M. Ferguson : An Undeseribed Agave
(from Arizona, by .T. W. TOUMEY ; A cristate
Pellsea, by Wjr. Trele.vse; A Pacific-slope
Palmetto, by Wm. Trelease : and Garden
Beans cultivated as Esculents, by H. C. luisn,
and already referred to. Illustrations other
Jthan those peculiar to the articles are those
•of : A Great Sleet Storm ; A Winter Scene ;
Among the Aloes ; The Octopus Plant ; and,
A Group of Iris. These add much to the
jittractions of the publication.

Over-sea Fruit Crops. — A glance over a
goodly number of Canadian fruit-crop returns
show, in small fruits of various kinds, a com-
plete failure. Apples appear to be a failure
in Ontario; there seems a better outlook
jii the western districts. From the United
States reports, it would seem that the recent
Jieat wave has played a disastrous part. There
has been a general decline in Apples and
Peaches as compared with the previous re-
port ; almost every important Peach-growing
State has the promise of over an average crop,
i)ut in the Apple-producing States the crop
-will be generally poor. The condition of
Grapes is excellent.

Messrs. Hogg & Robertson, seedsmen,
D.iblin, wliose exiiiijits of Tulips, Daffodils,
juid otiier bulbous llowers, have elicited much
attention in this country, have been honoured
with the Royal Warrant of appointment of
seedsmen to His Majesty the KiNc.

Archbishop Goethals.— Indian papers are
inouriiing the death of the Roman Catholic
Archbishop of Calcutta, who was an enthusi-
astic gardener, and an active member of the
AgiM-HorticuUnral Society since 1878.

Mr. Peter Barr has earned for hiinseU' a
new cognomen. We long ago hailed him as
the Daffodil King ; now we must liken him to
Peter the Hermit. As each mail comes in, we
read of his fervid praises of the Daffodil— now
iu the States, now in .Japan, in Eastern Aus-
tralia, in Western Australia, in Xew Zealand.
Really, if we shortly hear of him lecturing m\
the Daffodil from the deck of the iJi.scorcr;;,
within the Antarctic Circle, we shall have no
reason to bo much astonished. What is sur-
prising is tlie vitality of tlie man, his fresh-
mess, his zeal, his enterprise. After an active
and successful business career, lie might fairly
<;laim well-earned repose ; but that is not his
view. To go everywhere and see everything
—many do that ; but Peter Barr does more-
lie contrives to do good wherever he goes, and
the hospitality of our colonists is amply repaid
by him.

Stock-taking: July.— In the past month
there were four Sundays— in July, 1900, there
were five ; and this to some extent influenced
the total of the imports. Last month's total
■wati £43,028,822— that for July in last year
£40,261,167. This is an increase to be recorded
of £2,764,6.j.5. Duty-free articles of food bulk
largely in this increase— Wheat from Australia
and India, from America and elsewhere.

Strange to note also, Russia helps to swell the
list with a large supply of butter, though Den-
mark still leads the way. The following are
a few excerpts from the ".Summary" table in
the Trade and Navigation Returns for July : —

(A.) Ai-tioles of food
and driuk— duty
free

Raw materials for
sundry industries
and niauufaetiu'es

(B.) Parcel Post

40.264.1(i7

43,028,822

+2,7154,6.1.1

13.lWS.ti5i;

14,371,502

-l-l,.302,54i;

3,5.i6,!<SiO

2,873,337

—683,6.53

3,20S>..i6;>

4,399,478

+1,I8!>,909

6,; J 1,060

6,705,852

— 38,£0S

i.e^s.-sgi

1,314,306

+247,81.i

74,in

101,764

+27,653

We ought not to omit mentioning that Sugar
has kept Tea company in the decline of entries
for consumption — the former especially, and
principally in the German ai'ticle. The figures
for the items of fruits, roots, and vegetables
are as under : —

Imports.

1900.

1901.

DifTcrcnce.

Fruits, raw :—

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Apples

16,971

48,913

+31,942

Apricots and Pcaclics

6.003

8,325

+2,322

Bananas... bundles

Sit,!.*?

236,200

+ 147,017

Clierries

100,:!03

77,590

—22,713

Cun-ants

49,.131

59,944

,+10,610

Goo9ct)errics ...

7,764

6,510

—1,248

Grapes

18,784

24,300

+5,516

Lemons

100,256

115,361

+15,105

Nuts— Almonds

4,6.'!0

3,856

—772

OUicr3,uscd as fruit

29,451

56,126

+26,675

Oranges

37,:KS2

28,387-

—8,975

Pears

30,9^12

44,814

+23,872

Plums

5:),191

60,410

+7,219

Sliawbcrries ...

8,40.8

7,023

— ^.TS.^

Unenuinerated,

■aw...

99,851

159,968

+60,117

Fruits, dried :—

Currants, liomc
sum|)tion

con-

18,.^39

29,533

+ 11,194

Raisins, ditto...

12,747

11,937

—810

Vegetables, raw :-

-

Onions

jush.

372,i»7

485,976

+ n.3,.309

Potatos

cwt.

697,789

784,384

+86,.595

Tomatos

160,303

186,535

+26,232

Vegetables, raw
enuiiiei'atcd ..

un-
valuc

£61.01!)!

£34,736

— £29,.T31

The value of the imports for the past seven
months is £305,-^06,327, against .£29-^,899,033
for the same period in 1900 — an increase for
1001 of £9,007,294. Coming now, and briefly,
to—

E.M'ORTS.

These amounted to £24,38.3,771 for last month,
against £24,.550,.>37 for July in 1900 — a decrease
of £104,780. A greater decrease was looked
for, but a rise has taken place in sundry ex-
ports to the East. The value of the exports
for the past seven monllis is £163,182,109,
against £108,927,321 in IllOO— thus showing a
decrease of £.■>, 74,5, 1-52. We can only hope for
the lowering of this deficit as the months goon.

A New Dictionary. — We have received
intelligence of a ni'W trilingual technical
dictionary or technolexicon in German, Eng-
lish, French, which is to be published by the
Society of German Engineers. Dr. Hubert
Jansen is the editor, and his business address
is 49, Dorotheenstrasse, lierlin. Circulars
have been widely circulated asking for
the CO - operation of societies, authorities,
establishments, &c., to furnish the names

of contributors qualified for the work.
Each of these contributors or collaborators
" will do well to begin by collecting the
technical words and expressions of his spe-
cialty (or specialties), giving the source of
each. Besides, his interest in the good cause
will induce him to note down all other tech-
nical words and expressions missing in his
dictionary that occur to him in his every-day
work, or that he hits upon in reading." It is
desired that those who collaborate will collect
the words and expressions in a special note-
book ; that other helpers will refer the editor
to technical dictionaries already exi.sting, and
that yet others w-ill send their "price-lists,
catalogues, business announcements, news-
paper advertisements, &c. ... If these so-
cieties, as.sociations, &c., after having been
applied to by us, do not in time endeavour to
obtain the active assistance of ftrms ... it
will be utterly iinpo.ssible to avoid gaps in our
technolexicon." It will be noted that the
wording of the circulars is not very happy, as
it infers an obligation on the part of the
"collaborators." Instead of this being the
case, it is businessmen and craftsmen in every
department who are asked to devote gratuitous
labour to the perfection of a technolexicon.
JN'o doubt a trilingual technical dictionary
would be a valuable work to future readers,
and we hope that the editor and his kindly
assistants will succeed in compiling one that
shall be of standard utility.

The Ramsey Abbey Gardens. — The
Ramsey Abbey gardens (Huiitingdou) have
never looked better than they have this
year, and the presiding genius, Mr. Sea-
BROOKE, has every reason to bo proud of
his handiwork. One of the most promising
effects is the training of Turner's beautiful
Crimson Rambler in the Acer Negundo varie-
gatum. Another very pleasing picture has
been produced by combining the purple Cle-
matis with the Acer Negundo. The beds ot
flowers have all been laid out artistically, and
with good taste. One of the most effective
biHls has a ground of Heliotrope, Madame do
l!u-isi-y, edged with Pelargonium West
I'.riglilon Gem, and dotted with standard
Pelargonium Vesuvius. Another bod that
instantly attracts attention has a groundwork
of Pelargonium Manglesii, edged with dwarf
Ageratum, and dotted with Calceolaria amploxi-
caulis and Ii'esiiie Lindeni. Then there is
another plot very pleasing to the eye ; the
groundwork of this is of Petunias, with stan-
dard Aloysias, edged with Festuca glauca.
Amongst other beds, the following arc worthy
of mention :— One with a groundwork of Pelar-
goniums H. Jacoby, edging of Mrs. Mappin,
with dot iilantsof Golden Privet and Grevillea ;
another with a ground of Atkinson Pelar-
goniums, edged with Alyssum maritinium and
dot plants of Acer Negundo variegatum and
Ricinus cambogiensis ; another set out with
the Ivy-leaf Pelargonium Madame Croussc,
with edge of a light blue Lobelia, and dot
plants of Eucalyptus aud Ricinus cambogiensis.
The Roses, dwarfs, standards, and climbers,
can be numbered by their thousands ; while
thousands of Carnations of the newest and
choicest of varieties are blooming in all their
glory. A grand show is also made by about
12,000 dwarf Antirrhinums.

Double Gypsophila.— However botanically
interesting double flowers may be, it is rarely
that they exceed in beauty the single flowers.
There are exceptions to this rule, and there
are reasons why double flowers are sometimes
preferable. The double Gypsophila shown
lately by Messrs. D. S. Thomson & Sons,
Wimbledon (see p. 101), is excellent for bouquet

136

THE GAUDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AlGVST 17, 1901.

work aud decorative arrangements generally.
For these purposes it has all the advantages
of the single form, with the additional qualifi-
cations of fuller flowers, which last longer iu
beauty. The flowers are interesting structu-
rally ; the sepals and outer petals are normal.
Within them is a crowd of petals, some of which
represent stamens, and here and there is a
perfect stamen. Prom tlie axils of the sepals
spring short stalks bearing secondary flowers,
of the same structure as the primary one ; the
ovary styles and ovules are normal. The
flower is thus not only doubled by the addi-
tion of supernumerary petals, but " prolified"
by the development of secondary flowers within
the primary one.

Publications Received. — Anmial Adminis-
tration Report of tlic Forest Department of the
Madras Presidency, for tlie year ending Jnne'dO,
1900. "The season was generally adverse to
natural reiJroduction, and many failures and
disappointments in cultural operations and ex-
periments have to be ascribed to the drought.
. . . The total amount of forest produce
extracted was greater under all heads
than in the previous year. . . . The
Government notes with special satisfac-
tion the measures taken to extend and pro-
mote the gi'owth of trees and shrubs, the
leaves and twigs of which are used by the
ryots for field manure. . . . Satisfactory pro-
gress was made in settlement work, and also
in the preparation of working plans ; steady
attention was paid to meeting the require-
ments of the people, and reconciling their
wants with the restrictions necessarily im-
posed by effective conservancy ; while a con-
siderable revenue was realised in excess of
expenditure. All these circumstances testify
to the general good management and work of
the department."

BOOK NOTICE.

The Story of Wild Flowers, by Rev. Prof,
Henslow. (George Newnes.)

In pre-Darwinian days, it was too much the
custom to make collections of wild 'flowers,
count their spots, measure their hairs, and
investigate their more prominent charac-
teristics, then to dry them and put them
away in their appropriate pigeon-holes in
the herbarium. Even from those imperfect
methods of study, great enjoyment was
obtained by those who had a fancy for
plants ; and the eagerness with which a plant
more interesting than usual was lighted on
in the course of a ramble, afforded a degree
of pleasure which the modern laboratory
botanist cannot appreciate. It is certain, also
within limitations, that a better knowledge of
plants in general was obtained than is the
case now. A man may be familiar with the
variations of fibro-vascular bundles, or the
intricacies of karyokinesis, and not be able to
recognise the genus, perhajjs not even the order,
of the first weed he comes across. Still, it must
be admitted that our predecessors had not
much insight into the significance of the
structures they examined, aud were fond of
referring the varying conformations to some
ideal type which they borrowed from Goethe,
or some other transcendentalist. They did not
sufficiently realise that the type had no real
existence, and that they were co-relating the
appearances they met with to an intangible
abstraction, rather than attributing them to
the variations of a living being capable of
being influenced by external circumstances.

one moreover inheriting its characteristics
from a long line of ancestors.

The use of the word " families " is sullieient
to show that our predecessors did not alto-
gether overlook the facts of consanguinity and
genealogical descent, but in any case, the full
meaning of the "natural" system was never
so clearly shown in pre-Darwinian days as it
is now. The late Mr. Grant Allen did good
work by directing the attention of the lay
public to the life-history of plants, but he
often allowed his imagination to outrun his
facts, and was apt to treat assumptions as if
they were demonstrated truths. From this
point of view Professor Honslow is a more
trustworthy teacher. He does not, as he often
tells us, believe in "natural selection" as an
agent in the production of new varieties and
species. Indeed, the term natural selection
has always seemed to us unfortunate. Sub-
stitute for it a capacity of adaptation to
varying conditions, and some, at least, of the
difheulties attaching to the idea of selection
disappear.

Mr. Henslow's present book, to a large
extent, deals with these adaptations as they
are presented to our notice in the plants of
our fields and hedgerows. The ways and life-
habits of roots, leaves, tendrils and flowers
are touclied on, and i)lants that climb and
plants that consume insects and do other
things, once considered marvellous, receive
attention. They are still marvellous enough,
no doubt, but now that they are recognised as
phenomena pertaining to the plant as a living
organism of precisely the same character as an
animal, they fall into line and order as regular
manifestations of the energy of living beings,
aud not as something apart and proportionately
inexplicable.

From this point of view we may take excep-
tion to the word "freaks," as used in Chap-
ter xvi. There is really nothing freakish in
the ordinary acceptation of the term about the
malformations of plants. If we did but know
the reason why, we should no doubt find them
as much the result of law and order as any
other variations of structure. A chapter on
the evolution of kite lien vegetables is a
novelty in a book of this character, but one
that may be highly commended. A similar
chapter on garden-flowers would cause many
to take more intelligent interest in their
plants, and in their gardens, than they do at
present.

It will be seen that the ground covered by
Professor Henslow in a popular book of some
2.30 small pages is very extensive, too much so
to permit of anything like adequate treatment,
but it is well calculated to arouse interest and
stimulate curiosity — the first requirements for
an intelligent appreciation of The Story of
Wild Flowers.

VICTORIA PARK, TIPTON.

On Monday, July 29, a public park, 33 acres
in extent, was opened at Tipton, in Stafford-
shire, by the Earl of Dartmouth. The park
was designed and the work carried out by
Messrs. William Bai-ron & Son, of Elvaston
Nurseries, Borrowash, whose plan we repro-
duce at fig. 43.

The site -was composed entirely of old
coal-pit mounds. Seven disused pit-shafts
had to be either filled up or bricked over ;
and as one of these occurred in the centre of
the lake, which is 4 acres in extent, many
difficulties had to be overcome.

A cricket ground of over 5 acres has been
made ; also a lawn-tennis ground and bowling
greens.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

A FINE CAMPANULA. — What was, I think, by
far the finest specimen of that beautiful and
popular hanging pot-plant, Campanula iso-
phylla alba, I have ever seen, and perhaps
many others also, was hung at a small show
held iu the school of South Park, Reigate,
recently. The plant was in a 9-inch pot,
and was so finely furnished with foliage
and flowers all round, and to a depth of 2 feet,
that it had a circumference of G feet. A finer
object to stand in a garden on an Ivy or other
creeper-covered pedestal could hardly be con-
ceived. The exhibitor was a Mr. Durrant, a
local amateur, who had every reason to be
proud of his very perfect and beautiful
specimen. A. D,

HYBRID SUNFLOWERS. — Mention is made on
p. 120 of a suiijiosed hybrid between Helian-
thus annuus and H. rig'idus. I wish the same
hybridisor would try "to cross H. annuus and
H. decapetalus, and tell us the result. I have
always believed that the Sunflower known as
H. multiflorus originated in this latter cross.
We have at least four varieties of it in culti-
vation ; all are entirely barren. At least for
twenty years or more I have searched and
inquired in vain for a fertile seed of H. multi-
florus. The single form is said to have been
introduced from North America in 1699 by
Lord Leinster. A double form was in common
cultivation in tlie eighteenth century. Miller,
in his Dictionary, calls the plant " the single
perennial Sunflower." Asa Gray says it vin-
doubtedly belongs to H. decapetalus, a species
producing fertile seed plentifully in cultiva-
tion ; but between the largest H. decapetalus
and the smallest H. multiflorus is a wide
interval without intermediate forms. Both
flowers and leaves of H. multiflorus appear to
be between the two suggested parents.
C. WoUey-Dod, Edcje Hall, Malpas.

flower-show tents. — In respect to the
note on p. 119 in the last issue, 1 may say that
some years ago I was at a horticultural show
where the tent had but one opening, the heat
was so intense that the plants and flowers
were drooping and withering under it. An
appeal was made to some of the members of the
committee to open the tent on the opposite
side, but they declared the remedy would be
worse than the evil, that it would cause
draughts, and that jicoiilo would not be able
to enter without cntrliini;- cold or being blown
off their feet. Two of the oxhiliitors then took
it upon themselves to open the tent on the •
opposite side. Within half an hour the tent
was cool, the plants had ceased to flag, and
the flowers had revived, notwithstanding that
the power of the sun was still increasing.
Ouliioker.

strawberries and melons at farnley
HALL.— Ill my note upon the Strawberry crop,
see p. 110, I was writing of the locality
generally. Our plants were nearly all young.
On July"23 I gathered the finest fruits 1 ever
have gathered during the last fifteen years.
They numbered fifty, ten of which weighed
ICi'oz. ; the largest fruit was 81- inches in
circumference. I was awarded 1st prize at
Tadcaster Show. The fruits were picked from
plants which were forced in 1900 (spring),
eventually planted out under a north wall.
Though we had not what might be termed a
heavy crop, we were gathering handsome
fruits for dessert, generally twice a day for a,
period of about five weeks. The variety
alluded to above is Royal Sovereign. I would
like to know what is the record weight for the
same number of fruits. What is the average
weight for two jNIelon plants to carry ? I may
say that I have cut 60i lb. from two plants ;
eleven fruits in all, heaviest C] lb. These
plants were grown in a box about 31 feet by
2" feet. Jno.''Sm:ll, Farnley, Otley, Yorksliire.

manuring strawberries.— On p. 119, there
were some remarks by Mr. Thorne, who does
not believe in manuring Strawberries at this

AoGCST 17, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

137

time of year. I venture to say that here, if I
did not annually manure our .Strawberry jilants
as soon as tlie crops are gone, and the plants
cleared of old loaves, we should get very little
fruit. All growers know that the plant must
make fresh growth and crowns for the follow-
ing year's crop ; and with soil like ours, which
is moderately heavy and very strong, we
should get poor crops unless we well manured
the plants now. The only growers that I
would advise not to manure at this season are
those who have a light soil containing much
nutritive matter. In such eases too much
rank growth would be made. I may add, that
our Strawberries always eroj) well, my sorts
are Vicomtesse, Royal 'Sovereign, Sir Charles
Napier, Monarch, and Latest-of-All. A.J. Lonq,
iVijfold Cuin-t Gai-ileiis.

wall were more or less open, so that soil
could be addetl freely to a depth of, say,
18 inches, such would be the freedom given for
root-action that any wall, provided it received
some skilled attention till the plants were
established, could be made to grow many plants
as well as they succeed in the border, while
others would do even better. I place some
emphasis on this, for the simple reason
that far more depends on the structure
itself, the amount of soil available for
the plants, and the subsequent care in attend-
ing to the plants, than in the mere opera-
tion of i)lanting. " Stonccrop " says he is
going to place " bricks on edge "' on the top
of the wall ; and it is to be hoped it is to be
more than one brick deep, or the soil will be far
to3 shallow, and bo constantly dry. 1 would

S. nepalensis, &c. ; S. lingulata, S. Aizoon
rosularis. These four constitute the best of the
crustaceous species for this kind of work. IE
another was desired I would name S. eochlearis,
a^ rather scarce but very charming plant.
These all have plumes more or less of white
flowers, exquisitely dotted with brown or dark
coloured spots, and colonies of them are most
attractive. Of the Stonecrop genus, none are
better than Sedum spurium in all its forms,
S. grandillorum, and S. oppositifolium. And of
Sempervivums 1 would specially urge in favour
of .S. arachnoidenm and S. a. Laggeri, more for
the unique effect of their webbed masses of
rosettes, than for any effect in flowering.
These are beautiful when given nooks or
corners where they may cluster together at
""■" or other plants, the entire genus

will.

Flu. l:J.— ri.AX ot' m;\v i'.vitk .vr jii'Hin, srAi-i-uuDsiiim;. (si;i-: v. i;i(i.

WALL GARDENS.— .\ correspondent, " Stone-
*;r(ip," at p. 119, seeks information in respect
to this phase of gardening. Too frequently
tlie positions where walls could be erected to
grow many plants with perfect success are
■occupied otherwise in the garden ; while not
j» few of the walls that are "si)ecially
erected " for growing tliese plants are utterly
inadequate for the purpose. In the instance
described, however, there appears to be sufli-
■cient room on the summit of the wall, and
the wall is available on both sides, as well
as the top. It is to be regretted that your
•correspondent did not give the height of the
wall. If there is not room for plants that trail
long and freely, the wall is robbed of one good
feature. Your correspondent only asks for
"a score of the most beautiful alpine and
rock plants suitable for such a position,"
without stating what the "position" is ; nor
is it stated what depth of soil is likely to
be afforded at the top. This last is the
more impoitant item, because one cannot
but infer tliat the wall is of ordi-
nary build, ajul therefore solidly comjioscd
through and through. If the centre of the

suggest that the opportunity bo now taken of
removing some of the central parts of the wall,
so that the cavities formed may be cliargod
with soil. Such a proceeding, provided the
height of the wall permits, will be much better
than building too much on the top of the pre-
sent erection ; and "bricks on edge " are not
picturesque. 'J'he whole subject is so interesting
when it is well carried oul, that the matter of
the walls and their buildiiig should b<M'on trolled
by the i)lantor to some considerable extent,
and in the ca.so of new erections this is <(iiite
possible. Much depends also on the aspect,
as this will influence (he plants consider-
ably in respect to moisture. I will endeavour
to supply a list of plants that will best
supply the rather exacting conditions of
"Stonecrop." These are "most beautiful,"
" l)erfectly hardy," "flower very profusely,"
and are " brilliant or attractive in colours."
It is scarcely likely all these i'e(|uir<'iii('nls
will be forthcoming, and what will be beaiitilul
to one is often lightly regarded by ano-
ther. However, some of the most suitable of
wall plants are included in the list below.
.Saxifraga longil'olia, S. cotyledon, often called

Aub.-ietia suggests itself as among [the best
of tufted and trailing;- plants. All are good
spring flowering, and give rare masses of
colour, rich and palo violet, lilac, rose and
reddish tints. The yellow Al3'ssum, the rose
coloureil Saponaria ocymoides, the soft velvety
mass of Thynuis lanuginosa, the alpine Phloxes,
and especially those nearest allied to P.
setacea, with P. verna, and P. divaricata.
Then again there is nothing finer than Andro-
sace lanuginosa, and with its trailing prc-
fusiim of ro.se-pink flowers for three months in
siiec(!Ssioii, is much the best of the free-
growing kinds. Draba aizoidcs, yellow ;
Edraianthus dalmaticus, and B. serpyllifolius,
blue ; Onosnia tanrica, golden yellow tubular
flowers; Corydalis lutea, Zauschneria cali-
foruica, vermilion-scarlet; Campanula muralis,
I)alo blue, a gem ; C. garganica, C. g. alba,
lilac, and pure white. Erodiums in variety
all are good; Veronica prostrata, blue. Iberis
or Candytuft; these are white flowered, but
certainly must fij;iii'c amunp: liai-iiiost niul best.
Uianthus ciBsius, Ai mii.i hii<ii>|ilivll.i, .Miinson,
&c. In addition (. J I he I. , I. -..iim, III. ic. I [■.•among
the moi-e mi mite gniuinj; plants, sonic licautiful

138

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AuctST 17, 1901.

species of tlie early Saxifragas, and the
like for which corners could be found, or even
arranged in masses. For all the foregoing,
a good and sandy-loam would be suitable for
the majority, while such as Saxifragas, Somper-
vi^iims, Scdum, Dianthus, may lio assisted
with the addition of old mortar with the soil.
As to planting such I il.uTs ilicir is no better

time than early autii s:iy(iilobfr ; if the

plants are well estalilishcd iji pi .Is, they may
be planted from September to end of March,
provided daily attention is afforded them in
respect to watering, &c. But for tlie majority
the early autumn is preferable. E. H. Jrnkinti,
Hampton Hilt.

THE YARROW ON LAWNS.— There can be no
doubt but that the past three or four hot, dry
summers have very greatly favoured the
growth of this weed on lawns, as in many
directions now one sees it displacing grass so
much that the verdure is far more that of the
Yarrow leafage and much less that of grass.
Those who may contemplate the making of new
lawns, whether Ijy means of turves or by
sowing seed, should be most careful to see
that, in whichever way, any small piece of the
Yarrow found is ruthlessly exterminated
Svhile yet young. Care sliould also be taken
that this very common wild plant is not
allowed to flower in the vicinity of lawns.
When first in evidence it is well to expend
some labour in extracting the roots, in putting
.some fine soil over the places thus made bare,
and in sowing good pasture seed, also (o top-
dress liberally with soot, basic slag, and
sulphate of ammonia, so as to give the grasses
every possible help. The use of a coarse
iron rako over the Yarrow patches helps
to keep them in cheek, but it is a case in
which once the enemy gets a foothold it is very
difficult to expel him entirely. ,1. D.

THE PROPERTIES OF THE SWEET PEA.—
Every mciiibor of the National Sweet Pea
Society will appreciate your references on
p. 94, to the Society and its work. As the
committee uudertake to deal with seedlings,
and dill indeed do so on the first day of the
exhibition at the Royal Aquarium, it may
interest lovers of the fragrant flower if I give
the part'eulars of a standjird of properties the
committee have drawn up and adopted as a
basis for the future. So far the properties
constituting quality in tlie Sweet Pea have not
been defined, and the connnittee of the
National Sweet Pea Society which is composed
largely of Sweet Pea experts, have, as a guide
to their own proceedings laid down the follow-
ing points as criteria in estimating the value
of a new variety. t. Form. — The standard
must be erect, waved, or only slightly hooded.
The standard, wings and keel to be in such
proportion to each other as will constitute
a harmonious and well-balanced flower.

2. A'in/idi'y ()/ Bhioinx on a Htfm. — No variety
shall lie recognised that has not at least three
blooms on a stem, gracofidly disposed.

3. Colour. — Distinct and clear self-colours are
most to be desired, and tlierefore striped,
watered, and edged flowers will not be awarded
certificates of merit unless they present
quite new or remarkable combinations.

4. Exceptions. — Perfectly distinct new colours,
such as approacliing the" blue of Salvia patens,
the yellow of Coreopsis grandi flora, or the
.scarlet of the zonal Pelargonium shall be
recognised, even if the variety should fall
short of the foregoing properties. The com-
mittee insist upon all' seedlings submitted to
it being named, in order that "a record of the
variety may Ije made for future reference.
R. Dean.

THE SEASON OF WASPS. -AVe liave destroyed
some dozens ol nests in and around the gar-
tlens here without making any apparent differ-
ence to the great numbers which are attacking
not only all kinds of fruit, but spoiling
Fuchsias and other- flowers. We have found
the nests three and four together within the
space of a few yards. To destroy them we use
turps or tar, the former, though more costly,
being most effectual. One gill is snftieicnt to
destroy any nest where the formation of the

hole will admit of its reaching the com
This must be done at night, when the wasps
are all at home, and there is no further need
to dig out the nests. We only use cyanide of
potassium in very difficult cases, whei-c turps
or tar cannot be poured in the hole leading to
the nest, for it is dangerous wlu-re there is
poultry or life-stock of any description. 1 was
told the other day, at a large garden not two
miles from here, they had not yet been
troubled much with wasps. Wiltiani ]VHkins,
Tlic Gardens, Wliitley Abbey, Corentrij.

As you suggest, on p. 114, 1 think Mr.

Sim|)son's experience must be a record. We
killed some semes of queen wasps this season
as usual, but wasps are still numerous, though
they do us very little damage, being kept
down in the following manner: I boil lib. of
commercial arsenic in 1 gallon of water for
20 minutes, then bottle it. Half-a-pint is put
into a wide-mouthed bottle, adding sugar to
make it syrupy, also a little beer. The mix-
ture is ]nit into any pieces of glazed crockery
that will hold a spoonful or two, and fragments
of fruit, if any, put in and sprinkled. They
seem fonder of cai-rion than fruit, so pieces
of flesh or fish will answer, cooked or un-
cooked. Last year tlie wasps attacked
our Cherries. Sundry broken crockery were
placed on the top of tlie wall, and replenished
daily with the mixture. In throe or four
days not a live wasp was to be seen, jjut
numbers of dead ones were on the top of
the wall and on the border. This year it
is the Gooseberries they have att<icked first,
l)ut they are kept down, and as soon as a
wasp is .seen in the vineries it is my practice
to provide some of the mixture, and 1
would not hesitate to undertake to keep
them down in any garden by commencing in
time. We have a niunlier of vineries here, but
I do not lose a score of berries in a year —
and verv little else — since 1 adopted the
above method. \Vm. P. Itoherts, Cnerdcn Hall,
Preston.

TREE AND PLANT LABELS. — ^Mr. Harrisou
Weir and other writers on this subject overlook
the fact that most fruit trees travel by rail
from the nursery to the buyer. If metal
labels were wired to each tree before being
tightly drawn together in a bundle, the trees
would lie cut and marked in all directions
by them. We always advise our customers to
order "Acme" labels at the same time as
they do the trees, and attach them when
planted, though this may be done at any
time within the first twelve months, now
that the name of the tree as well as that
of our linn is |)rinted on the t<'niporarv labels.
■/. ];. Pearson & Sons, Cliilwetl y'nrseries,
Lowdliani.

TERRIFIC HAILSTORM AT HAWICK, N.B.^

This part of the country was visited with a
most terrific hailstorm on Saturday, Aug. 10,
accompanied by a heavy thunderstorm, and
followed by deluges of rain. The hailstoiies
were in many cases as large as marbles,
causing the sewers in the to\vn to get
choked, with the inevitable result of flooding
in the lower parts of the town. The damage
done to growing crops is incalculable. Vege-
tables of every description ai-e broken and
smashed to a pulp, and bedding plants are
comi)letely ruined. Where flower-gardens
looked gay on Friday, there is nothing but
destruction. Fruit trees have suffered severely.
Apjiles and Plums are strewn on the ground in
wholesale fashion, and late Goo.seberries and
Black Currants are beaten into the earth.
The glasshouses are entirely ruined. The
Bucclench Nurseries, belonging to Mr. John
Forbes, have suffered worst in this respect,
whole houses being left with scarcely an
entire pane of glass, and the damage done
by falling glass is very great. The plants
in the outside nur.sery are entirely wrecked.
Wilton Hill Nurseries, owned by Mr. George
Wood, are no better, whole houses being
destroyed here also. Allotment gardens, of
which there are several hundred, have under-
gone the same treatment, and the glasshouses

belonging to the amateurs are all destroyed-
The gardens here present a pitiful sight, and wc
have a quantity of glass broken in the green-
houses. The hailstorm occurred only in a
small area extending a few miles. R. TnrnbtiU,.
Stirches Gardens, Hawick, N.B.

SOME HERESIES NOT PROVEN. — lu reply to
" C. P. C."s" remarks on p. 119, 1 beg to say
that the inference drawn by your corre-
spondent, " W.," in theissueof the Gnrdeiier.s"
CItronicle for July 27, p. 78, is a practical and
reasonable one in the circumstances indicated
in his communication. Last year the Grapes
in a large vinery here were practically grown
and ripened in a cool-house, and four rows of
4-inch hot^water pipes which existed were not
used. This house (200 feet by 25 feet) is
planted, the first half with thirty-four Canoni
Hall, twenty Muscat of Alexandria, six Madres-
field Court and Black Hamburgh canes ; the
second half being planted with Black Alicante,
Gros Colmar, and two Vines of Appley Towers^
and one of Lady Hutt. All the variil ies men-
tioned ripened their crops satisfactorily
enough. In the Gardeners' Clironiclc for-
September l.j, 1000, will be found a letter-
describing in detail the conditions undei-
which the crop was grown, and it proves that,
the above-mentioned Grapes may be grown and
ripened in a cool vinery in seasons like those
which we have experienced during the past
four years. Tliis year my Grapes are also-
ripening satisfactorily in the same vinery in
which no hot-water has been turned on in tho
pipes since the early part of March, 1900.
Of coarse, where a r?gular supply of ripe-
Grapes has to be placed on the table by a.
certain date in May onwards, fire-heat must
be used. In conclusion, 1 may be permitted
to repeat what I have stated in my letter pub-
lished in the Gardeners' Chronicle for Septem-
lier 1.") last, as already stated, namely, that
my vinery was treated in the matter of venti-
lation and moisture entirely in accordanee-
witli the i-equii-iMuents of the Tomato-plants-
|)laiited therein, as well as the thousands of
young plants grown on in pots and boxes,
for planting out-of-doors by tho end of May
and early in June; abundance of fresh air
being admitted to the house day and nii;lit in
order to promote and maintain a sturdy gi-ow t h
in the plants, and at the same time to harden
them off preparatory to removing them out-of-
doors. As an old grower, and a successful
exhibitor of tirapes and other choice fruits,
at the leading metropolitan and provincial
shows, my last five years' experience leads me-
to say that equally good, if not better, results-
may lie nhlaiiicd iliniiigli u--iiig less fire-heat,
and liv acliiiitliiig more fi-esli air ill the process*
<ir lurciiii;-. n. IV. Ward. Raijlei<jli, Essex.

POPPIES.

Few people seem to fully realise the deco-
rative properties of these flowers — in all
ways various, both in flower, foliage, growth,
habit, time and season. Beloved by the poet,
and by them and others used as descrip-
tive of dream-like i-everies, or for its pain-
assuaging or ameliorating virtues ; while that
of a certain hue is said to be " a poppy-red."
This would doubtless most generally be iit
allusion to our "field Poppy "(Papaver Khteas),.
and not less so to our garden species, Papaver
orientale, and perhaps the larger more crimson,
bi-acteatnm. What a grand show these latter
make in the fresh spring-time, the sweet of all
the year! From a slight eminence look dow-ii
on a hundred or so of these in the full bloom
of their vivid beauty, and as they catch-
and bend with the breath of the " May "-
scented breeze, they Hare and flicker like a sea
of fire. Descend, as I have done, and take any
individual flower, and if the sun shines, -what
a marvel it is, as itspetals "lieabioad," tocatch
the warm, life-giving rays. In the centre are
the black stigmas, blue-black at their lightest,
and these set in a blacker bed, made by

August 17, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CUR ONI CL E.

139

fho bases of the scarlet petal surroundings.
"What flowers 1 " "What foliage!" How
the Miilbcrry-Icaf green helps to add splendour
to the high stem-supported flower ! Then there
are those black blotchless, orangy-scarlct
throughout, some to a crimson more inclined,
but in a way, all scarlet, a blaze of floral
beauty, strong in its powers of self-assertion,
and like it, too, none the worse for being, as
j^nch should be, short-lived ; for even beauty
tires that halh no change. So pass we on with
the gathering liglitful days, to newer lives
and other sweet engagements. Now it is the
refined, the elegant, the tender blossom, fragile
modest beauty of the love-tended and love-
reared Sliirlcy Poppy, the peerless peer from
the lowly-born, thcchild of ''selection " allied
with "culture." This, unlike the former,
must be, or should be closely viewed. It can
be looked on without the stand-point rise,
though not of the four-foot giant height, it is
scarcely a dwai-f, and when in clusters and
clothed with its "all different flowers," its

early morn adds a now joy to the garden-
lover's happiest hours. If the man who could
make two Ijladcs of grass grow where there
was only one Ix'fore was a public benefactor,
then what shall be sai<l of the Uev. Williain
Wilks, the <-reator of the .Shirley Poppy, of
whom .John Kuskin wrote that "it added
another and a new pleasure to life."

And now to the old garden Poppy (Papaver
somniferiuu), which country folk call " The
.July." Here is another high order of beauty and
art tutoring a plant of singular attractiveness,
even its very leafage azure -grey, as it is of
curious almost fantastic forms differentiates it
from all else. In the garden it takes its place
as something apart from the other plant life.
Its manner of growth keeping, by contrast, to
the oljservatiou of thosi' far less pretentious,
but when in l)looniits floral grandeur is superb.
Just now I can look on in luy little " home of
flowers," scattered in one, twos, threes, or
grouped a hundred and more, in the full bloom
and pride of youtli and bo;iutj-. l"or manifold

description, too grand and glowing for the
painter's art. Here 1 must leave tliem, one
and all, to thei'oader's most vivid imagination,
which should be great, strong, and lasting.
Ildrrisoit UVir, Poi)l(trHall,Ai>ple(lijrc, Kent.

DELPHINIUMS.

The two varieties of Delphinium illustrated
in fig. 41, were shown by Messrs. Kclway &
Sons, Langport, Somerset, at a meeting of the
Koyal Horticultural Society on .July 2.

The single flower, Dorothy Daniel, was more
than two inches across, deep purple in (-olour,
with creamy-white centre, and the Ji'loral
Committee recommended the variety an Award
of Merit. Though not included in tlie
" Award " list on that date, the variety
William Kelway, with double flowers, is very
admirable. In colour, it is a delicate shade
of mauve and light blue. Each of the
varieties is well worthy to represent its
section of these usefid border i)lants.

I'u;. II.— TWO fiioicr: dki.piiimi'ms.

beholding is a luxury to the sense. And all
this loveliness, all this varied colour, and
colour markings, came and hits come from
the humble and too often despised red field
I'oppy (Papaver Hlneas), and this, because it was
" trained up " in the way it should go, through
the appreciative will, persevering energy,
vigilance, and unrestful zeal of one who de-
signed "anew delight," a reflective pleasure-
able beauty, and— " made it." I^ook at a bed
of tliese "Shirley Poppies." Their variety
balfles words to describe, and the florist's
hand that fashioned outvies the painter's art.
They must be seen, and even then their
rarity of delicate hues, tints, and markings,
seem but as harbingers of others, view the
master - hand in colouring and moulding.
JJxtraordinary are someof the blendings, those
even unlhought of times since are realities
now. (Jne of a clear scarlet, with blue-grey
stigmas and stamens, and each petal entwined
with a grey edging. Was ever siicli combi-
nation seen before'/ And now there are
huiulreds whose blossom to watch for at

foriu and colour the sight is magni(icent, and
dwarfs description. Then- in the hot sun, with
uplifted heads, in the full glare, or in the
more restful light of dewy eve, or in the later
gloaming; it is all the same to their many-
coloured, never-ending beiulies. Oorgeous at
all times, the eye revels and the senses more
than delight in their niaguiflccnt beiiuly.
What art-made forms are these by Nature
grown, while their dazzling floral brilliancy is
beyond compare ! On<; can only gaze in
pleasurable wonder. Tiiere is the almost
black, many-petallcd, deep and souibre ; the
glowing scarlet, carmine-blended, by its side
softer-tinted orange-red, like a ball of fire ;
then lavender, again a more varied scarlet,
dense purjjle, crimson, many of the rose's hue,
some saluion shaded, these in tender giadation
to the pun- and lovely white, all rounded or
loiig-petalh'd, and full doubled, even to almost
bursting. Still, in the <|Mict, early morning,
they stand as it conscious of I heir transcendent
beauty, each and all "a thing of beauty,"
once seen, to be " a joy for ever." Beyond

II.'VMPTON COURT.

Tni: l!i:ni)iN(i. — In these flno gardens, so
well managed by Mr. J. Gardiner, the public
may enjoy such a varied display of flowers
as very few wealthy estate owners can
boast. Mr. Gardiner informs us that practi-
cally the whole of the l;!l large liotls which
are in the chief combination have to bt;
changed three times a year, viz., in spring,
sunnner, and autumn, and the broad bord(n'
uncb'r the wall, which is one of the liuest,
borders of its kind in the country, and wliicli
is COU yards long, requires cojitiiuially reno-
vating in one part or other, although a certain
proportion of the plants are hardy pei'eiinials.
In the gardens this year several important
facts are noted. For example, it is shown
that this year is a very flue one for Uo'-es,
which dining all the long peiiod of dry, hot
weather, made a grand display in all parts of
the garden. With the rains came a check, but
the prospect of a fine and long display, ex-
tending into the winter, seems assured, 'llic

140

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AUOUST 17, 1901.

Clematis also, which in some ijrevious years
went off here and tliorc in the most unnecount-
able manner, have this year borne gor-
geous displays of b!oom, some of the
plants -wliieh had seemed to die last year,
even before the flowers expanded, being as
good this year as those previously unaffected.
Flowering Cannas outdoors are finer than
usual this year, and some of the rarer shrubs,
whicli usually flower but sparsely or not at all,
are this year blooming profusely. The best
example of this kind is a large and iinely-
formed tree of Kolreuteria paniculata, in
what was, imtil about five years ago, when it
Avas thrown open to tlie iniblic, the private
garden, and which is literally covered with
large panicles of pretty yellow flowers with
reddish centres.

The before-mentioned long border beneath
the wall, covered with Clematis, Roses, and
other .flowering wall-shrubs, is made u]> of
lierbacoous perennials, dwarf shrubs, bedding-
plants, and showy annuals; but it is so
arranged by planting in groups that there is
great variety of effect, and a very dissimilar
character about tlic different sections, although
the whole combine to give one brilliant effect
from end to end viewed from any point. In
the various groups in the border, the Salpi-
glossis are very sliowy, the double Hollyhocks
harmonise well with the shrubs on the wall
behind thorn ; a panel of double yellow Matri-
caria, groups of tuberous Begonias, Fuchsias,
Phloxes, Montbretias, Godetias, Asters, &c.,
make a great show. The various groups
are skilfully linked by uniformity in the
edging, and between all the groups of summer
flowers appear many herbaceous perennials in
flower.

In arranging the numerous lai'ge bods, much
skill has been displayed, and while carpet-
bedding and old-time beddiug-plaut displays .
are almost reduced to the vanishing point,
still examples of them are retained in order
that all styles of gardening may be repre-
sented. Of carpet bedding, there is one very
pretty design, principally in Alternantheras,
and of the scarlet Pelargonium class of bedding,
the three or four beds around the fountain this
season, will bring no reproach, for the hot,
dry weather has suited them admirably ; they
are masses of brilliant colour. On the other
liand the single tuberous Begonias, which have
largely displaced the Pelargoniums, are not
quite so satisfactory this year, the show of
them only now becoming important. On the
contrary, the dwarf, double- bedding Begonias
Lafayette and Count Xephin have been thickly
studded with brilliant flowers all througli
the season, and will continue well into the
autumn.

The plan adopied in many of the largo beds
is to have tall specimens of showy tilings, with
a carpeting of dwarfer plants beneath. The
effect is good, and a greater amount of show is
made than when the effect is on one plane.
Among the more striking were noted in one
bed, tull plants of the orange-coloured .Strepto-
solen Jamosoni, with an undergrowth of Bego-
nias edged w-ith Lobelia and variegated
Koniga ; another had tall Campanula pyra-
midalis, carpeted with Verbena venosa and Cen-
taurea candidissima, edged with variegated
Konigaand Eeheveria. Avery effective bed was
one of tall blue Plumbago capensis, with pink
Hydrangeas beneath. Another fine bed was of
dark-foliaged Aealypha tricolor, planted with
clumps of white Lilium longiflorum and Iresine
Lindeni, the whole edged with Chlorophytum
varicgatum. Large plants of the fragrant
white Bouvardia Humboldti corymbiflora, plen-
tifully flowered, carpeted with blue Violas and
edged with 8te!laila graminea aurea, was novel

and effective. Tlie Fuchsia-beds were very fine,
so also Chelone barbata, with Violas. Among
the many showy flowers in the herbaceous
borders, the salmon-scarlet Phlox Coqueliquot
i^ one of the showest ; the Carnations are flue
and well flowered, and all parts of the garden
in the best possible trim, notwithstanding its
gi'eat extent and the fact that it is visited by
large numbers of visitors, especially in the
summer months. In what used to be the pri-
VcXtc garden, Rhus Cotinus, Kolreuteria pani-
culata, and other flowering shrubs are very
beautiful, and in the basin in the centre are a
number of the rose-coloured hardy AVatcr-Lilies
now so popular.

The famous Vine, now sixty-eight years of
age, is again bearing a very large number of
bunches; and the fine Yews, 300 years old,
which run beside the main walks, and are such

THE LATE JOSEPH MEKEDITK, OF GEAPE-
OEOWING FAME.

a fine feature in the gardens, are still vigorous,
and not exhibiting signs of decay, as so many
trees in the neighbourhood of London do. A".

Ml!. NAYLOE'S JN'URSERY.

The extensive walled-iu kitchen and fruit
gardens of Hampton Court, with the ranges of
glasshouses let for the purposes of a nursery,
and for the jiast few years in the occupation
of Mr. James jVaylor, are in fine condition,
and worth}' to be alongside the fine public
garden ; a state of things which did not exist
for some time before Jlr. Naylor took it over.
At present, in the open ground, there is a
splendid stock of all the shrubs and trees
used for decorative work in and around
London, and the C(uarters in which they are
planted arc well and trimly kept. Quantities
of Roses also are grown both indoors and out,
the varieties A'iphetos and Catherine Mermet
especially.

Chrysanthemums and bedding plants are
grown largely ; herbaceous perennials, and
hardy flowering shrubs ; Tomatos, Cucumbers,
Palms, Ferns, Bouvardias, Pelargoniums, &c.

In one house is a very fine pink Verbena, an
improvement on the one now in favour in the
market as a pot plant ; and some seedling
Heliotropes of a fine type, one or two of which
have extraordinarily large heads of bloom,
and very fine individual flowers.

The various fruits, which form a very im-
portant feature in these nurseries, are satis-
factory beyond the average this year. Apricots
being luiusually good and plentiful. A'.

THE LATE Mk. JOSEPH MEREDITH.

5Iv first acquaintance with Mr. Meredith
was during the years 1851 — 56, when I was an
under-gardener at Trentham. He was fre-
quently in the habit of making visits to his
brother-in-law, Mr. Fleming, whilst I was
there. Meredith was a man of marked kindly
character, and had more than an average share
of natural ability, so that in anything he
undertook t? do, suecess would be sure to
f illow. I think it was during the spring months
of 1801, after 1 had been tliree or four years
at Combe Abbey, when my newly-planted Vines,
then growing in the best turfy-loam the park
could produce, and the Grapes were be-
ginning to make a mark for me, that I had
a'l opportunity of \-isiting Mr. Meredith at his
Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpood. He was
pleased to show me his Vines, all of course in
the best health. He took gi'eat pride in
opening the door of a little cupboard, to show
uie some nice Lady Downe's Grapes he had
there in bottles. These he told me he intended
to keep as long as he could, and then send
them up to one of the Royal Horticultural
Society's meetings.

I happened to have also in a cupboard just a
similar lot, of which I said nothing to Mr.
Meredith, l)ut waited until he had shown
his ; then I sent up mine. Of this trick
Mr. Meredith did not forget to remind
nio when next wc met. Some time after
tliat, we met at the Crystal Palace. We
were showing Black Hamburgh Grapes.
He was awarded 1st ; I the 2nd. It was
generally allowed we should Jiave been placed
equal ; but Mr. Meredith very humorously
said how pleased he was that the judges gave
him the benefit of the doubt. It was about
this time that Mr. Meredith began to carry
e\erything before him in the way of Grape-
growing. As Achilles was the great hero of the
Jliiul, so Meredith was the great hero amongst
thi> (iiape-growers of his day.

.J ust before he went to Paris with Grapes,
lie called upon me at Combe to see what mine
were like, and whilst with me the late Mr.
Lane, of Berkhamsted, also came in. The
latter had some idea that he would find Mr.
Jleredith with me. Over the circumstance of
their mooting they had some friendly banter.
Fi.rHic iiii|i('tus given to Grape-growing, the
pic>.cii( generation of gardeners owe much to
tlie lead given them by the late Mr. Meredith,
who was the undisputed pioneer of all modern
Giape-growing ; and it would have been ex-
ceedingly interesting, had the Fates so spared
and favoured him, to have continued a little
while longer with us, so that he could have
taken his place, and still have won immortal
laurels in his old and favourite field of Grape
cultivation.

I can give no particulars as to the manures,
artificial or otherwise, Meredith used. What-
ever he did in this way, he evidently managed
to maintain always an active and healthy
root-action. This was the true key, 1 take
the liberty of surmising, added to his skilled
overhead culture, which led to the grand and
mastei-ly finish we always found upon Mcre-
ilitli's Grapes. Health and vigour form always
tliri first and best defence against the insect
pests and sundry ills that Vines are heir to.
ir. MiUer, Berkswell, Auijftst 14.

ENQUIRIES.

Basic Slag. — "Enquirer" asks readers to be
so good as to relate their experience of the use
of this substance for crops in general, and for
grass in particular. In what proportions per
acre should it be used ?

BoussiNGAULTiA BASELLOiDES. — Has anyreader
of the Gardenei-s' Chronicle had exijerieuce
with this climber ? I have tried it in various
ways without having seen it flower. It is
])lantcd-out in the greenhouse, and grows very
rapidly. The plant should flower in August,
liut I am afraid it will not do so. I have tried
it in a warm-house with no good results. A. J. L.
[The flower is not very remarkable. Ed.]

AncusT 17, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIKOXICLE.

141

Societies.

BOYAL HOBTICULTURAL.

August 1.3.— There was a very pretty show at the
Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, Westmiuster, on Tuesday
last, when the usual fortnightly meeting of the Corr.-
niittees was held. Sufficient space was easily found for
eveiything shown, and the Hall was tumished to a
degree that aflfords the best efTect. Tlie display was
essentially a floral one, and many of the giotips of

owers were almost too gorgeous in their presentment
of colours for veiy close inspection, and they would
have been more charming had they been relieved a
little by green or other foliage.

The Orchid Committee had exceedingly little work
to do, and made no awards whatever, a cii'cumstancc
sufBciently unusual to be noteworthy.

The FLon.ir. Committee recommended awards, in-
cluding tlirec First-class Certificates and seven .Vwards
of Merit. One of these was to Cyrilla racemifioi"a, which
seems to have been introduced to this country from
America a centuiy and a half ago, but which vevy few
persons appeared to recognise. It is a somewhat
slender-gi-owing evergreen shnib, probably needing
protection in Britain. This plant, and others to which
awards were recommended, arc refciTCd to l>clow
under " Awards."

The Feuit and Veoetahle Committee awarded a
First-class Certificate to an early-fruiting yellow Plum ;
and Awards of Merit to Blackberiy Wilson, junr., and
Gooseberiy Howard's Lancer ; also to several varieties
of Potatos, Cabbage, and French Beans.

At the meeting held in the afternoon there were
seventeen new Fellows elected, making a total for the
present year of 705.

A Lecture on " Tender Plants for Out-door Garden-
ing," by Mr. W. J. Townscnd, was read by the Rev. \V.
Wli.KS, M.A.

Floral Committeo.

PrfHnI : W. Marshall, Esij , (Chairman; and Messrs.
Chas. T. Urucry, R. Dean, H. B. May, G. Reutlie, Jas.
Walker, W. Howe, W. Bain, Jas. Hudson, K. T. Cook, C.
Dixon, E. II. Jenkins, Chas. E. Pearson, W. J. James,
Geo. Gordon, W. P. Thomson, and II. Selle Leonard.

R. C. Foster, Escj., Sutton, Surrey (gi-., Mr. W.
Simpson), showed a collection of Sweet Pea flowers,
representing forty-eight of the best varieties in com-
merce. The Ist prize in the largest class at theNatioiial
Sweet Pea Society's show this year was won by flowers
from this garden, where they arc cultivated very
successfully (Bronze Flora Medal).

Messrs. JNO. Laino & Sons, Forest Hill Nurseries,
London, S.E., exhibited a group of tubcrous-roolcd
Begonias, single and double varieties, of a capital
strain, and well cultivated. A first-class bedding
Begonia, B. Bavaria, was shown as lifted from the beds.
It is about .■) inches high, rose, single, exceedingly
floriferous (Bronze Flora Medal).

Mr. Amos Perry, Hardy Plant Farm. Winclimore
Hill, London, N., exhibited a collection of hardy
flowers, and in addition to these, a few nice flowers of
varieties of Nympha!as. There were many bold hunches
ot Knipholias of various tints, llelenium pumilnm
inagnificum, H. striatum, Lilium tigiinum, Seiiecio
pulchcr, with large, single, rosy-purple flowers: the
beautiful Scabiosa caucasica, the brilliant Lychnis
Ha.ageaua, Staticc latifolia, and some cITcctivc varieties
of herbaceous Phlox (Silver Baiiksian Medal).

A curious group of Abutilon plants in pots came from
Prof. IIautoo, Cork. The flowers of many of them were
of the type of \. vexillariuni ; other flowers were more
globular. None of them were named, and the average
flowers wer<r nr)t attractive.

Messrs. Wallace & Co., Kilnflcld Nurseries, Col-
chester, made an exhibit comprising a large number of
Gladiolus spikes, Lilium longifloruni giganteuin, L. aii-
ratuin, L. tigrinum splendeus, and the double-flOHCring
variety of this popular garden Lily; L. Henryi ; L. sjic-
ciosum compactum, L. Batcmanuia;, Jic, The Gladioli
included varieties of the Lcmoinei, Childsii, and
Gandavensis types. There were flnc spikes of Ihe
tall-growing Gallonia candicans, and plants of Mont-
brctia "Gcrjuania, " which obtained an Award ot Merit
at the last meeting (Silver Banksian Medal). '

Messrs. Jones & Sons, Shrewsbury, had an" early
exhibit of D;ih]ias, showing many varieties of the
Cactus, show, and Pompon sections, the flowers being
of good quality for so early a date. The same firm
made a large exhibit of Sweet Peas, including about

fifty varieties: these were exhibited over a green cloth,
and were very effective (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. Maurice Pkitchard, Christchurch Nurseries,
Hants, had a showy group ot hardy flowers, in which
we noticed a good number of fine border species: Rud-
beckia piunota. whose ray-florets proceed from the disc
back around the stem, being almost likc.au inverted
Cyclamen ; Echinops ruthenicus, a richly coloured
species, splendidly exhibited ; fine spikes of Veronica
longifolia subsessilis. Coreopsis grandiflora, Asclepias
tuberosa, with its orange-scarlet flowers; Montbretias,
Lilies, many varieties of Phlox, and some excellent
Gladioli, of the Nanceianus, Childsii, and Lcmoinei
types (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mrs. D.wies Evans, Ilighmead. Llangbythes, S.Wales
{gr., Mr. Fox), exhibited a dozen bunches of Nymphaju
flowers, vei-y strongly grown (Bronze Flora Medal).

Messrs. J. CHEAi. & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley,
exhibited sprays of Bobinia pseudo-Acacia angustifolia,
R. p. semperflorens, with white flowers; R. p. neo-
mexicana, and the varieties Bessoniana and inermis
varlegata : R. hispida, also shown in flower, is the
most showy plant of them all : R. pseudo-Acacia aurca
has yellow-coloured foliage. The same firm showed a
few seedling Dahlias (Vote of Thauks).

Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, N.B., and Orping-
ton, Kent, exhibited their excellent African Marigolds,
Prince of Orange and Lemon Queen, the names of
which describe the colour of each. A group of flowers
of double Zinnias deserves notice from the exceedingly
good quality of the flowcre, and consequently of the
strain.

Mr. J. Russell, Richmond Nurseries. Surrey-
exhibited a large group of Codiajums (Crotons). The
plants were of moderate size, and most of them
possessed capital colour. .\ great variety was observed
among them, and we particularly noted Chclsoni,
Nestor, Warrcni. siipcrbum. Golden Ring, &c. The
group was edged with Phyllauthus nivosus, with its
delicate looking white leaves, and Panax Victoria;
(Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. T. S. Ware, Ltd., Hale Farm Nurseries, Fcltham,
exhibited a gxoup of hardy and other flowers, which
included Caiinas, Gaillardias, .\selepias tuberosd.
Dahlias, Gladioli. Campanula Mayi, «&c,

Leopold de Rotilschild, Esii., Gunnersbury House,
Acton (gr., Mr. J. Hudson i. cxiiibitcd an uniciue
collection of flowers of Watcr-Lilics, as many as forty-
two varieties being represented. The flowers and
foliage of these varieties were shown in very shallow
pans, and appeared almost as though gi'owing. It
would prol>.'ibly be impossible to exhil>it these
Nymi>hicas in a more natural manner than thr.t now
adopted by Mr. Hudson, and the pans were very
properly placed upon the floor, not on the tables. The
three blue-flowered varieties, stellata, gigautea, and
pulcherrima, showed to excellent advantage. Fortiie
rest, it must sulllce to say that almost all varieties in
coniinercc were represented (Gold Medal).

Mr. A. W. Wade, Riverside Nursci-j-, Colchester,
had a gi'oup of* hardy flowers which included a number
of blooms of Arctotis Stoccliadifolia (grandis), ilUi!--
tratcd in our last issue.

Mr. S. Mortimer, Rowlcdgc Xursci-y, Farnhaiii.
mitdc a display with Dahlia bliKuns, showing a large
number of Cactus and show varieties (Silver Flora
Medal).

A spray of the well-known slirub Schinus Molle,
was shown in berry liy Dr. Bonavia, Worthing.

Messrs. H, Cann ell & Sons, Swaulcy, Kent, showed
a group of plants of a variety of Fuchsia Miss Ida
Moack, exceedingly free-flowering, and dwarf in habit
with red sepals and purple corolla.

Gladioli were exhibited very extensively by Messrs.
Kei.way & Son. Langjiort Nurseries, Somerset. Their
collection included as many as .'>oo flower-spikes, repre-
sentative of :k«i varieties. We can only mention a very
few of these, which in size, form, or colour, were parti-
cularly attr.ietivc. Edward VII. is bright scarlet willi
prettily marked throat; Mrs. .Sophia Miller, wliilc.
with small purple eye, and a line of same colour on the
lower petals ; A. F. W. Hayvvard. Ijright rose colour,
with white throat ; John Barry, purple, veined white :
Barnum, deep red ; Alfred Henderson, cherry-scarlet ;
Duke of Devonshire, scai'Iet, wifli white stripe on the
two lower petals; Beauty of England, cream and white
(Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road, Chelsea, cxdibitcd a group of flowers in
" which bold spikes of Kniphofia (Tritoma) liyl)i'ida in
many varieties were showy. Hcliaiithus rigidus was
well shown, also several varieties of H. multiflorus, as
Bouquet d'Or, Soleil d'Or, <&c. .Some lilossomsof Rdni-
neya CouUeri were very pretty.

The same firm exhibited a nice lot ot blooms ot their
beautiful greenhouse Rhododendrons, besides the
following shriibs :— .\ndromedu arborea, an excellent
plant of which had beeu lifted from the opeu ground
when fully in bloom ; Koelreuteria japonica, which
seems to be blooming well generally this season ; and
Clerodendron (richotomum, uncommonly well bloomed
(Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. .\. Worslev, Manderville House, Isleworth, ex-
hibited a species of Hippeastnuii near to H. stylosum;
audLycoris squamigcra with mauve-coloured flowers;
some seedlingColeus were not of a noteworthy cliaradcr.

Awards,

Amanjttis BeUadonnn maxima.— nni is a glorified form
of the well known and much prized Bclladouua Lily.
Flowers were sho*n from Mr, Leopold de Roths-
child's garden, Gunnersbury House, Acton, W. (gr.,
Mr. J. Hudson) (Awftrd of Merit).

Canna Mrs. G. A. Strohlein.— An exceedingly bright
crimson, self coloured variety, with large flowers and
broad petals, growiug about :)'. feet high. Shown by
Messrs. H. Cannei.l it Sons, Swanley, Kent (.Vward of
Merit).

Caruation Sir R. Waldie-GriffUk. —This new border
variety was referred to on p. lU of our last issue. The
flowers are rich orange-scarlet colour, a little palo
yellow colour being visible on some of the petals. They
are large in size, of good form, fragrant, and do not
burst the caliees. It is very hardy, and the blooms
exhibited were cut from the opeu border. Shown by
Laing & Mather, Kelso, N.B. (Award ot Merit).

C'l/riita racemiflora. — .\n evergreen shrub from the
Southern United States. West Indies, and Brazil, said
to have beeu introduced into this country in 17tj.\ l)Ut
rarely or never seen in gardens. The plant is probably
too lender for cultivation out-of-doors. Its growth is
slender, about (ifeethigh, and Ihcleavesobovateoblong,
about 2 inches long. The inflorescence is peculiar, con-
sisting of a whorl of racemes several inches long ot
minute white flowers, produced all round the stem at
the point where last year's wood is joined to that mado
in the present season. Theplants shown were less than
a feet high, but they attracted considerjible attention.
From Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons (.Vward ot Merit).

Gladiolus Lumineux.— One ot M. Lemoine's hybrids;
colour of flowers primrose-yellow, with red throat ; a
distinct and pretty variety. Shown by Mr. M. Prichahd
(Award ot Merit).

Gladiolus Due d'Abntz:i.~ Another ot M. Lemoine's
hybrids. The flowers are largo, lioUl. and in colonr
purple and white. Shown by Mr. M. I'kuiiakd (Award
of Merit).

Pelargonium Kndii'c/icrt'n»Km.— Introduced from tlie
Taurus in 185.i, and figured in the Botanical MayaUiie,
t. lOlti. Grows about 2 feel high, with radical and
caulino leaves, all cordate, plicate, with deep sinus.
The stems arc erect in habit, herbaceous, and Ihe plant
possesses a large root-stock. The flowers are rose-
coloured, and the two larger petals arc marked with
five nerves, deep purple. An excellent plant in a 12-in.
pot was shown by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Biir-
ford, Dorking (gr , Mr. Hain) (Award ot Merit).

.SagiUaria Japonica. jl -pi.— A double-flowered variety
ot the common Sagittaria. Shown from Mr. Lkopoli)
UE Rothschild's garden, Gunnersbury House, Acton.
The specimen was grown rcmarkal)ly strongly, ami
the double blossoms were very large (First-class
Certinc,^te).

Sarraccnia x Dormcrf.— Supposed to l)o a natural
hyljrid from S. purpurea and S. llava, and was intro-
duced under llic name of S. purpurea. As shown, the
plant is not so ornamental as some of this genus; the
prevailing colours ot the growths were green and
purple. Shown by Messrs. R. Veitch & Son, Exeter
First-class Cerlincate).

Lonicera IHldehrandiana.—.'i notiec ot this haiHlsnuii'
species ot Honeysuckle appeared in Gardeners' i'lu-'uiidr.
Dccenilier 16, 1893, p. 712, and it was further descrilini
and illustrated in Gardeners Vlironicle, September i;,
1898, from a specimen that flowered with Mr. F. W.
Moore in the Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin, Dublin,
which was probably the first time the species had
flowered in cultivation. This was just al)out ten years
after its discovery in the Slian Hills, iiy Sir H. Collctt.
in 1888, at 5,0(X) feet elevation. The leases are stalked,
a,5 to fy inches long, 2 to 3J inches liroad, ovate, oi-
elliptic-ovate in outline, rather abruptly and oljtusely
pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, and quite
glabrous. The calyx is about one-third of .m incli long,
but the brilliant flame-coloured corolla is 5, or even
ti inches long, and the lip measures 2,i- to 2J indies.
Lonicera Hildebraudiana was first described by Collett

142

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 17, 1901.

Mild Hemslev in tlic Jo'irn. Linn. Sue., vol. 28, p. 64, t. !!■
It liai not ii-oviously been known tliat the plant will
snc'cocd oiit-cf-doors in tins country, but the Rev. H.
EwBAXK sent a spray to the meeting, gathered from the
open at Ky.iipliot St. Ccorge, S. Molton (Fii-st-flass
Ccr'iticatc).

Orchid Committee.

P.emit: Harry ,T. Vcitch, Esf|., in the Chair; and
Me.j.rs. do B. (;rawshay, W. Cobh, E. Hill, J. Douglas,
II. M. PoUett, W. H. Young, and H. J. Chapman.

Mcisrs. J. Veitch & Sons sent a group including
llirce very fine varieties of Cattleya x Atalanta (gut-
la'a X Warscewiczii), these differing considerably from
each other in colour aud shape, but illustrated the
froe flowering characteristics of the hybrid. Luelio-
Cattlcya x Parysalis (L. inimila x C. Bowringiana),
I.a^'ia X splendeiis (crispa x purpurata) and Lielio-
Cattleya x Nysa (L. crispa x C. Warscewiczii) are very
similar to L,-C. x exoniensis, and would be difficultto
distinguish from (he older hybrid. Cattleya x Niobc
(Aclandire x Meiicleli) has creamy-while sepals and
pclals, spotted with miniature purple spots, the open
lip bright purple on the front lobe, yellow on the disc,
the side lolies pure white (Vote of Thanks).

J. W. Thornton, Esq., Brockhall. Wecdon, sent a
pretty variety of La;lio-Cattleya .Miilanta.

J. S. Moss, Esq., Bishop's Walthain, sent a cut tlmver
of La^li I X lona (tcne')rota x Da.yan!i).

Sir ,T. MiLi.-.K, Bart., Manderston. Duns. N.B. (gr.,
Mr. J. 1 taniilt on), sent a hybrid between Lajliatenebrosa
and C. Echofieldiana which would be difficult to distiu-
gniSh from L -0. elegans.

Col. M. .\. .SwiNFiN-BowN, Swinfin Hall, Lichlield (gr.,
Mr. 11. Collycr), sent a white variety of Cattleya Eldo-
rado with a fliisli of pink in the sepals and petals.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

P/rse«i.--G -n. Ilunyard. Esc|., Chairman; and
Messrs. Jos. Clical, W. Bates, \V. Farr. S. Mortimer,
Alex. Dean, W. Pope, Geo. Keif, H. Markham, Geo.
Woodnard, F. Q. Lane, Jas. H. Veitch, W. Poupart, W.
Wllks, J. Willard, and Geo. Reynolds.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, exhibited
a collection of fruits and fruit-trees. The Apple-trees
in pots were very well cropped, and were good speci-
mens. Wo noticed the following varieties :— Dumelow's
Seedling (Wellington), Bismarck, Lady Sudeley, Devon-
sliirc Quarrenden, Warner's King, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Bramloy's Seedling, Stirling Castle. Yorkshire Beauty,
Red Astracluni, Ac. Fruits in dishes included Pears
and Apples. Of Pears, there were Louise Bonne of
.rer,;ey. Jargonelle, Princess, Beurri5 d'Ainanlis, Pit-
maston Duchess, and other early or second early
ripening varieties. The most conspicuous va-
rieties among the Apples were Bismarck, 'Twenly
Ounce, Emperor Alexandei', Grenadier, Warner's
JCing, Beauty of Bath, and Mrs. Gladstone. There
were pretty fruits of Toinatos Golden Nugget, and
larger ones of Cannell's King, a first-class heavy-
cropping red v.ariety. Altogether there were forty-five
<lif lies of fruils (Silver Kuightian Medal).

Messrs. W. Ray & Co., Mount Pleasant Nurseries,
Teynliam, Kent, exhibited fruits of their new Cherry
" Nolile.'' which lias been figured and fieijuently de-
scribed in these columns.

Messrs. H. E. & W. Lock, Sheep .Street, Wellingboro,
showed fruits of a variety of Rod Currant bearing the
name of Lock's Champion Red.

D.r. BoN.wiA, Worthing, showed same nice fruits of
the Cape [Gooseberry, Pl.ysilis Peruviana (Cultural
Commendation).

An excellent collection of fruit was shown from the
garden of Miss Adamson. South Villa, Regent's Park
(gr.. Mr. G. Keif), whi .'h were very noteworthy, remem-
bering that the fruits were grown in a spot not more
than two miles from Charing Cross. Of Grapes we
noliced Black Hamburgh, Foster's Seedling, Muscat
of Alexandria, and Buckland Sweetwater. There were
many dishes of Plums, Peaches, Cherries, Melons,
Nectii.rines, Tomatos. &c. (Si'.ver-gilt Knightian Mediil).
A collection of eighteen dishes of Peas was exhibited
by Alderman A. Walker, Low Hills, Liidley, Hudders-
ficld (gr., Mr. B. Lockwood) (Silver Banksian Medal).
kwaxCs.
Goosebern/lIIoward's] Lancer. —A large green variety, of
good flavour, shown by Mr. Geo. Woodward, gr. to
RociER Leigh, Esq., Barliam Court Estate, near Maid-
stone. Some sprays that were exhibited were crowded
Willi fruits (Award of Merit).

lllackbemj M'Usoii Junior.— Messrs. Jas. Veitch &.
Sons showed a cane, 6 or 7 feet high, of this variety. It
was very abundantly cropped with jet-black fruits,
wliich wc tliouglit to posfcss but little flavour (Award
of Merit).

P(iii« Earlu lellow.—A very early variety, with sm.all
fruits of very moderate qualit>'. See notes on p. Uo
of our last iisue. From Mr. J. Fraseu, South Wood-
ford, Essex (First-class Certificate).

Fren:h Beans. S.ni/the's Fawn ami Surrey Prolific, cxiii-
bited by Mr. A. Dean, Richmond Road, Kingston-on-
Thames. Sec 1'. 120 in our last issue (Award of Merit ).

Cabbages Little Qaeenand Best-of-AU, from Messrs. Baku
& Sons, King Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C;
aud Improved Nonpareil, from Messrs. Nutting & Sons-
See p. lio in our last issue (.\ wards of Merit).

Potatos. (ilury of Denbii/h, from Mr. R. D. Hushes,
So, Middle Lane, London ; Early Jubilee, from Messrs.
Dickson & Robertson, Manchester; and Express,
from Messrs. Chas. Sharpe <t Co., Ltd., Sleaford. See
p. 120 in our last issue (Awards of Merit).

The Lecture.

In the afternoon a lecture on '■ Tender Plants for Out-
door Gardening." by Mr. W. J. Townscnd, Sandhurst
Lodge Gardens, Wokingham, was read by the Secretary.

Among the plants recommended for this purpose
were Fuchsias, Habrothamnus (Cestrum), Newelli, and
Aurantiacuiu: Abutilons Canary Bird. Brilliant, and
Boule de Neige ; Solanum jasminoides, Ivy-leaved
Pola,rgoiiiums, Plumbago capensis, ifcc.

Some .-ensil)le directions were given as to planting
Fuchsias and other species, in such a manner that the
efTcct of each plant is not destroyed by its neighbour,
the system described by Mr. Towusend being known as
the "dot " system; standard plants over a carpet of
dwarfer species, as practised in many of the London
parks, and in those belonging to the Zoological Society.

Mr. Jas. Hudson supplemented the list of plants
grown by Mr. Townsend, having seen Bougainvillea
glabra and Swainsonias used to excellent effect in the
garden under the charge of Mr. Townsend.

Mr. Geo. Bunyard (Chairman) said that Cassia corym-
bosa, Ceanothus, and Streptosolen Jamesoni, were also
capital plants for use In bedding.

It is curious, however, that none of the speakers
mentioned the Celosia, the use of which has so altered
the appearance of the bedding in London during the
past five or six years.

HARLOW HORTICULTURAL.

July .31. —This society held its annu.al show at Moor
Hall (Essex), the pretty country seat of John Balfour,
Esq. The marquees were erected in the park, in wlii,-h
the sports were also held. Tlie cottager's classes were
well filled, tliough the effects of the drought could
be plainly teen. A large tent contained the ladies'
table decorations; there were eighteen tables, making
quite a feature of the show. There was not much coiu-
petition in the fruit classes.

Miscellaneous groups of plants arranged in a space
11 feet by H feet in semi-circular form were very
good. Mr. Jefferies, gr. to John Balfour, Esq., Moor
Hall, was easily 1st with an elegant group of well
grown plants; Acalypha hispida, Crotons, Huineas,
and Gloxinias being a few of the chief plants employed.
Mr. Coleman, gr. to E. Webb, Esq., of Dorrington
House, was 2nd.

For a collection of twelve distinct kinds of vege-
tables, Mr. JEPFEBIES was 1st. He had very fine
Onions. Celery. Peas, Tomatos, and Beans.

The grciunds were thrown open by kind permission
of J. B;ilfi'Ur. Esc,. Mr. Cowlin and Mr. S. Deards are
joint hen. scL-ret;u-ics.

NATIONAL AMATEUR GARDENERS.

(LIVERPOOL BRANCH.)

AriiusT 1.— The holidays arc just now at their height,
but that did not deter many members from being
present, consequently the Common Hall, Hackins Hey,
presented a tine floral picture. Members are en-
thusiastic, and although the classes are not large,
there is keen competition, and a lively interest
maintained.

Mrs. Stevenson took the leading honours with
excellent spikes of Gladiolus, and in the open class for
a plant in bloom with a large-flowered Lilium auratum,
for six Toinatos, and the President's prize class for a
Fuchsia. Mr. Dodd had grand i.lcixinin (lowers, also a

rich assortment of cut flower- hi il 1,11 class prize.

Very superior single Begoni;i- mkI ciicfus Dahlias

came from Mr. Robins. Caniiii - ir Mr. Tinsley

were faultless, blooms of (Im- Ihmx >' ni^od "Nigel"
being amongst the best iih'I wiiIi ilti^ ^^eason. The
President's prize for cut blomii^ \v;i^ divided betweeii
Mrs. Morris and Mr. Robins. There were two table
decorations 6 feet by 4 feet, and again a division of the
prize between Mrs. Stevenson and Miss Hunter.
From a professional standpoint, the judgment over the
latter class was considered by some to be decidedly at
la lit, the former lady, with a charming arrangement of

Sweet Peas, pink Carnations, and handsome traceries
of Cobtca and Smilax, being many points in advance.

Instead of the usual monthly lecture, the evening
was devoted to questions and answers, and very
profitably too.

THE BRITISH PTERIDO LOGICAL.

.Vi'i.usT .5.— In accordance with Ihcir ;iiinu;il custom
the members of this Society assembled at the Institute,
Bowness, Windermere, on the above date, with the
object of comparing notes respecting the progress of
British Fern-culture and discovery, aud hearing papers
read treating of this interesting branch of study
generally.

The ,-rttcndance was highly satisfactory, also the ex-
hibition of photographs, plants, and fronds of new and
improved varieties. Among those present were Mr.
C. T. Druery, F.L.S., V.M.H. ; Mr. C. B. Green, Acton;
Messrs. Smithies, J. Edwards, Manchester; J. L. Smith,
Blackpool ; W. Troughton, Preston ; J. Lovelady, Has-
lingden ; J. Garuett, W. Martin, W. F. Askew, Bow-
ness; W. H. Atkinson, Batley; S. Hudson, Nelson ; R.
Whiteside. Lancaster; J. Ciott, J. Wiper, G. Whitwcll,
(Hon. Sec), Kendal.

After the usual f.iniKil liusiness had been transacted,
embracing an .niiirix ,iii, factory report as regards
funds and incroa-iH m. miicrsliip, the President (Mr.
Cliarlcs T. Drurn ,,,11,, --,,1 11,. ■ it,,-,-! inu. :ind in the
C3urse of his ivnu; - I ili,-,i il,,. n.'iv Kcix-

\nm\^. Tkr Il0i,k . I ,■ , >i ,i , Hmh i ii 1 1 M- I'VesS,

and would shortly :i|.:>i.:n-. ijraiitit.illi' lUiislrad.'d, and
replete witli matter which should interest both the
eral reader and the expert. This book will be the
■esoliition passed Last year, and the

liiillr,. s|.criallv a]i|..nnlrd In fi niiilllate
Iri I, V,,, ,,.|ir- ,H! flir -Il LM Iiim'- lil thO

it.-nmc

cdltu

and

compiler, Mr. Druery, aud others.

The officers of the Society were re-elected en
b'jK, and the President then read a most interesting
liapn ( iiilrlliutod by Dr. F, W. Stansfield, who was
iiii.i\..i,l:iMy ahscut, ou "The Cultui'e of Some Difficult
l;iii]-li l\a ii,," in which he dealt at length with such

s| ii>. iiil varieties a- arc particiilarlv exarting in

lli..|r .liiiiaiid- iii.Mh 111.' .(illivaloiV rirr, iH-iiiL.' cither
■■|iiiH\,'mi nr.il.lviii r:,ii-lilnliMn, ,,!■ ivImi,,' h.ilatats

and .■iivir ncnt^an- nal iiially Muii as ills ilitticult

to imitate under culture. This led to an animated tlis-
ciission, in which it transpired that a vast deal de-
]>ondcd upon the locality in which the growers dwelt,
s..lli,il th.- lUt .if F.Tii'^ found dillirult in one place

,Mr, (■ 1; i.n-.ai. ul \riMn. inll.iu ,■((. a ficr an interval
for lllucli, uUh a capital paper ou the Hartstongue,
"Scolopendrium vulgarc, its Varieties and Culture,"
which treated solely of this beautiful species in its
multiform varietal tyiics, and their peculiar needs.

Til. M'.! I II 1- hav iiiL'l..aai r.'a.laii.l ,li..il-M''l.a \ .ay large
luuuhci-oi I lull. I- ».!■.■ I,. Ill .III III., lalili-, ill conjunction
with some pli.il. .ji ,1 ph- mi. I |.l,.iii>, some of which
showed marki-.i mU in..', .■ I'l'l'lly among the fim-
briated, frilled, .an. 1 . r.:.,i.-.l llarNt.ingnes. Among new
wild finds, there was oxhihited a very neat, almost
tripinnate form of Lastrea propinqua, found by Mr,
Troughton on the previous day in Kentmerc, where a
few of the party availed Ihcmsolvcs of an opportunity
forahuut. Mr. Inn. r\- .xliii.it.al a ^pk■nliid liipinnate

or "omnilaccruiii ■ l..i- I l'..ly|..Mlniiii vulgar.', lound

by one of the mciiil.ci- in C.jinwall, a decidedly finer
form of that section than any hitherto seen. Mr. H.
Bolton, of Carnforth, exhibited a very beautiful muri-
catc. fimbriate, and crested crispum Hartstongue (S. v.

Ill ill

■tarv I.Mr K Whitwell, Serpentine
r..ii,iL'.a K. ii.l.il. ami 111.' I'l ..•M.l..-iit (11, Shaa Road.
A. tun, W .1 would he glad to coiiiiiiuuicate with British
Fern-lovers desirous of joining the Society. The sub-
scription is very small, and the oljject, the encourage-
ment of the culture of our beautiful British Fern
varieties, at once interesting aud patriotic.

WEST DERBY HORTICULTURAL.

.'VuuusT .'^.-^Tliis is one of the l>est of the shows in
the Liverpool district, and was held in the Rectory
Field on the abov^e date.

The miscellaneous group class was the leading feature,
Mr. George Osborne, gr. to Dr. Duffus, The Brook.

will 11 ill. J Willi a luiL'lil arraliL'.aii.-lit consisting of clioice

i.ihi'j.. .iiiii l|.l^^.lnl^ |.|.iii!-, -.1 111 a groundwork of
Mai.l.'iiliair I'. I ii . I li.' iii. .11 ni I, I ..a iii; topped by richly-
colonicd Crotons Golden Ring, and clothed with Cala-
dium argyrites and faint touches of .\cliiiiienes Dazzle,
one of the oldest yet the best of scarlet flowers for
grouping.

Mr. Osborne also scored in the classes tor twelve
Gladioli (chiefly Lemoinc's hybrids), twelve bunches of
hardy flowers, and twelve treble Carnations or Picotees.
He staged the 1st prize collection of twelve vegetables.
The prize for six varieties was taken by Mr. W. Cross
gr. to Mrs. Wright, West Derby.

ACGUST 17, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

143

Mr. Eastaff, gi-. to G. Lavbourn, Esq., had the best
six Dahlias (Cactus), staging Night, Exquisite, Miss
Webster, Starfish, Mrs. J. J. Crowe, and Bi-itannia.
Other classes for cut (lowers and vegetables were well
competed.

Fruit is always ot special quality here. Mr. \V. Cross
won 1st prize for six dishes, in which Black Hamburgh
and Buckland Sweetwater Grapes. May Duke Cherries,
and Elruge Nectarines were in capital condition.

Mr. T. Gaunt, gr. to P. Walker. Esq., had line bunches
of Muscat of Alexandria Grapes. Mr. Cross following
with richly-coloured Buckland Sweetwater, also win-
ning the class for six dishes of hardy fruit.

Xon-CompelUorg.—iiv. C. A YocNG, Floi'al Nursei-y,
West Derby, had a charming collection ot Carnations
an-anged in Bamboo stands ; Messrs. Rowlands,
Cactus Dahlias; and Mr. J. Skitt, gi\ to Mrs. Bright,
Knotty Ash, giand Black Hamburgh Grapes, and
herbaceous plants; and Mr. Twist, gi*. toMrs. lU'rcHISOX
showed Campanulas.

NOBTH WARWICKSHIRE
HORTICULTURAL.

August .s.— Tlirough tlic kinilness ,.t 11. 11. c. llors-
fall, Esq., this Society held its twentieth annual exhi-
bition in Penns Park on the above d.ate, when the
well-wooded park was thronged with visitors. Last
years exhibition resulted in a hiss to the fociety of
dEoO, through a wet day. As far as could be judged, this
years show will be a decided financial success. The
exhibition is one of the best in Warwickshire.

The an-angements were carried out by Mr. J. Ellison
(Secretary) and a committee in a very praiseworthy
manner.

Groups.

For a gi'oup of plants, arranged tor effect in a space
not exceeding 120 sq. ft., T. B. Sjiith, Esq., Copely Hill,
Gravelly Hill, near Birmingham, was 1st; W. L.
Gordon, Esq., St. Chad's, Lichfield, following.

Stove and greenhouse plants were not well shown,
and there were few of them. Some well-gi'own specimen
Fuchsias were staged, as was a splendid trio of speci-
men Pelargoniums. The premier prize-winner in the
latter class was J. Holt, Esq.. Sutton Koad, Erdingtou.

Table decorations were a prctly feature, several ex-
tremely beautiful arrangements being made. Looking
down the length of these tables, one could not help but
be struck with the superiority of the small Poppiesand
Sweet Peas over any other Howers utilised. Miss M.
Ludlow, of Beech Hill. Erdington, was a decided 1st.

For six specimen Gloxinias, .V. Pilkington, Esq.,
St. Bernards, Wvkle Green, was ist; 2nd, E. J. Byron,
Esq., Gravelly Hill.

Roses were shown well for such an unfavourable
season, sonic twelve entries being made in two classes.

Sweet Peas, arranged in various ways, were very
conspicuous.

Vegetahlks.

Seldom can a finer display be seen than was staged at
this show this year. Messrs. Sutton & Sons' Ist prize
for a collection was won by R. G. Blood, Esq., Erding-
ton; J. Bishop, Esci., Sutton Coldfleld, being 2nd.

For Messrs. Clibran'a prizes for a collection, E. S.
Moore. Esq., York Lodge, Erdington, was Ist; J.
Holt. Esq., Erdington, being 2nd.

Many excellent dishes of Onions weie staged of the
Ailsa Craig and similar types. Thirteen braces of
I n.-Miiibers were entered in one class. AH other
'I'tles were clean and well grown.

Fruit.

A PILKINGTON, Esq., was well to the fore for three
bunches of black and white Grapes.

For a single Melon, S. C. Emerv, Esq., was Ist.

Some twenty dislies of fiooseberrics were staged, all
of them of high merit, this fruit being extremely well
grown in the district. All other fruits were well
represented in their respective classes.

NON-tOMPETITIVE EXHIlllTS

included a grand table of herbaceous cut flowers in great
variety, from Mr. T. B. Grove, Wyiidley Nursery, Sutton
Coklticld. A gioup of plants in llower. .as well as cut
flowers, was elTectively set up by J. Austin & Co ,
nurserymen, of Gravelly Hill, Tliis firm was awarded
a Royal Horticultural Society's Medal. A similar
award was also made to Mr. .\. F. Phillipson, of the
Aklridye Nursery, for a like exhiliit.

MADRESFIELD AGRICULTURAL
CLUB.

August 8.— By permission of the Right Hon. the Earl
of Bcauchamp (President), this Club held its eighth
annual show in the park at Madrcsfield. The day was
fine, and there was a large attendance.

The exhibits were numerous, exceeding those of
former years; and the quality of the animals excel-
lent, more especially the horses; some of its prize-
winners would have won similar honours at any show
in the country. At lunch-time the President took the
chair, and the company had the pleasure of listening
to a genial and practical speech from his lordship. A

glance around the tent at once assured a visitor that
his lordship and tenants well understood each other.

lu these days when one hears so much of depression
in agriculture, it is good to see a large landlord on
such occasions mixing with his own tenants and other
farmers, comparing notes since I he previous show, and
discussing agriculture generally, and the merits and
value of the animals and vm-jons bi'ceds. Without
going into details of the prize-winners, it may I>v men-
tioned that the President took the premier award for
the best team of draught horses in the show.
G. 11. Richards.

KIRKCUDBRIGHT HORTICUL-
TURAL.

August si.— The annual exhibition of the Kirkcud-
bright Horticultural Society was lield in Bourtree Park
in rather unfavourable weather. The entries in nearly
all the sections were more than those of last year : and
despite the liea\-y rains of the past few days, llowers
were shown in beautiful bloom, cut flowers and pot
plants being both very good.

In the gardeners' class, William McGulTog. gr. to the
Countess of Selkirk, Balniae. carried olT the majority
of the prizes for pot plants; and in ciit flowers and
fruit, James Allan, gi\ to John Primrose, Esq.. .\riindel
House, Dumfries ; and James Uukf. Threave, divided
the honours, Mr. Duff also being well to the fore with
vegetables.

In the amateur classes, the principal prize-takers
were W. M'Corm.ack, Tarff; and G. Benson. Borgue
Messrs. Kerr Bros., Dumfries, had a fine display of
Cactus Dahlias, Gladioli, Sweet Peas, lic. ; and Messrs.
T. Smith & Sons. .Slanracr, showed a beautiful stand of
Hoses.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENE-
FIT AND PROVIDENT.

August li'.— The usual iiiouthly commitlcc meeting
was held on this date. Eight new members were
elected, and one nominated. The amount paid to sick
inembers since the last meeting was £3!) 18. The Trea-
surer reported having £li«i sw. ul. in hand, and was
instructed to invest £Kkj in the best available corpo-
i-atioii stock.

TROWBRIDGE HORTICULTURAL.

AiKasT 11. Ti-uwl. ridge, geiiciiilly so full oi visitors
on the day of its Annual Flower Show, was pr.nlically
empty, for the rain fell in steady downpour, and but
few found their way to the Show-gi'ounds, but hang
about the railway-station and such places in the hope
the rain would cease. It incaiis, of course, a gical
flnancial loss to the Society.

Plants,

Several of the peculiar features of a Trowbridge Show
arc still maintained ; one of them is the Fiulisias.
Trowbridge Fuchsias are uni(|ue. Jamks Lye has
ceased to exhibit, but GEO. fucKER, of llil|iertoii,
has conic to the fore, and grows splendid specimens
according to the old style; he is 1st with six plants,
the like of which probably cannot be matched in the
kingdom. His dark varieties are charniing, and Dodo
Favourite ; the light ones, Mrs. 11. Roberts. Mi>. Bright,
Tucker's Rival, and Western Beauty. Mr. II, ChislotI,
gi-. to T. i). FoxcROhT, Es(i., llintou, Chartciliousc,
was 2nd. He has Elegance, dark ; and Arnbella and
Western Beauty, very fliic. Mr, TucKEH was also 1st
with four specimens; he had finely-developed plants of
.Vrabella, Final, Charming, and Mrs. H.Roberts; and
Mr, Ciiisi.E'iT 2nd. Very good specimens are also
shown by working men in other classes.

Next ill importance come the stove and greenhouse
plants ; and here Mr. Matthews, gr. to Sir R. \V. Brown,
Bart,, Trowbridge, was Ist with a veiy good lot. chief
among them Allamandas nobilis and Williainsii, Kondc-
letia speciosa major. Erica Eweriana clcgans. Plueno-
conia prolifera Barnesii, Ixora coccinea, Ac, Mr. Geo.
Tucker, nurseryman, llilpcrton. was 2nd.

Mr. Tucker was 1st witli six j. hints, all very good:
Stephanotis floribunda, Stalice Gilbert!, Eric^i Kwer.
iana supcrba, and Rondcletia speciosa major were the
principal ones. Mr. H. Matthews was 2nd.

The best new or rare plant was Campanula Balrliin-
iiiH.i i.l.i\iiii:is in scores were very good from Mr, J.
Ki Ml Ml 1, TtU'KKii took the 1st prize for six cxccl-
!■ Ill i>. I niH 11, of singlt-lluwered Hegonias: and Mr.
W, r, C1..VKK ]i>r the same number of double Begonias,
ill admirable diaracler.

There arc two classes for groups of plants, .mid it is
required that one he in a circle, the other a halt-circle.
In the former case Mr. J. C. Pope, gr. to E. Bailey,
Esq., Froiiie, was 1st.

Til the other class Mr, F, King. gr. to E. Hatciiehlev,
E-.| .Tiv.wl.ri.l^'c, »MS 1st,

A M'lV liii.' hiilun- n,,. ll,,.,.]

gans, some fine Adiantums, Ac. ; Mr. G. Tucker came
2nd, also witli excellent specimens ; and two equal ;^rd
prizes were given.

With nine fine foliaged plants, Mr. H. M.vithews v as
1st; Messrs. E. S. Cole, nursci'ymen. Bath, were 2r.A.

Cut Flowers.

Roses were iiuicli fewer than usual, and generally
small. With twelve trebles, Messrs. G. Cooling & Son i
were Ist.

The eighteen bunches of garden Roses, from Messrs
Cooling & Sons, was an excellent feature. They stated
ill excellent character, Bardou Job, Climbing Safrano,
I'riiu'css (le Monaco, .\rchduke Joseph. Madame Georgei^

: spreading Tree-Ferns

for twelve Fcnis. tlie
Mit. taking the Ist prize
]ilaiifs. chief among tiicni
plcndid Davallia Moorc-

>i;i.-.

^stcis. quilled. Victoria, and Comet types, were all in
icli better cliar.icter tliaii could have been anlicijaled.
■s.M's. M-VITHEWS and Tucker were 1st and 2iid, wilh
cnty-tour bunches ot stove and greenhouse cut
wers. Messrs. W. J. Stokes & Son, Hilperton. weie
the only exhibitors of twenty-four bunches ot hardy

flower?

Show, f.n

gOOli. II,

Kkim -

taking the 1st prize

lip.

ith

id selectin

mill

:ls T>:i!lli

lUii.lloli

were all good.

Fruit.
The best twelve dishes came from Mr, W S run; n km,,
The Gardens, Rood .\sloii. who li;ul llln.u IIumiI iiruli
and Muscat of Alcxniidnii (Uiiiics. .'Sca V,-\r re. , hrs.
Pineapple Nectarine, Figs, Plums, ^^-i-. .M: '..n 11.11,
gr. to Lady .-Vsuijurton, Romscy, was Jiid lie 1 ad llic
same varieties ot Grapes, two dishes ot Peaches, two ot
Nectarines, Figs, itc, which appeared on llic wliolc to
carry a few more points than Mr. Strugneii.'s

iillc
Wilh

nil.

i-as 1st ; and Mr. STUUcf
t with two bunches of
Mr. II. Clarke, gr. to
I with two biiiH-lic:; oi
lu'ld Court; Mr. STuuii-
iif Muscat of Alexandria,

ihes Mr, Hall
NKi.i. :.'ik1, Mr, Ham, was i
Black Hamburgh i.'niii.-s
C. E. Colston. i:-.| .Ml'.
Black Muscat, Iiumul' M.nii.
NELL was 1st with (H,.l.nii,li.-
Pcaches, Nectarines, Morello Cherries, Aiu'icots. and
Plums, were also shown in good character. Dessert
Apples, ill pairs of dishes, were very good. Astracl an
and Beauty of Bath, the best, both in fine cliaiactcr,
Pcasgood's Nonsuch and Einpci'or Alexander were the
best Ciilin,ary .Vpples ; Windsor and Jargonelle tl'.c
best Pears.

Vegetadles

were not so numerous as usual, but what there were
good in quality. Messrs. WEHii & Sons, Messrs. SurroN
A Sons, and Messrs. ToooooD it Sons, spo ial prizes,
brought good competitions, and the cot; agcrs exhibited
in admirable form. .Mtogether, the reputation ot the
Trowbridge Show was well maintained.

wM.

METEOROLOGIC Al. i ii;si;i; \ .\thjns taken in the
Royal Horticultural Smicly's iiaidens at Chiswick,
London, for the period August 1 to August 10, 1901.
Height above sea-level 21 feet.

At9A.H.

a

X)

■^

3

%

«

«

<s

is

«

Tempera- ;
tureofthe|i

S0ILal9A,M,ll

Sun. 4
MoN. .5
Tubs, li
Wed. 7
Tiiu. 8
FBI. fl
SAT. 10

w.s.w.
w.
s.w.

S.W.
S.W.
N,E,
E.S.E.

bfl bo bo

i«< •» .58 -2 07 -21.56 'OJO' OltSli '7 64 ■.5 (iO '2 -I
80 '1 '.54 '8 BO -0 .51 •;) 0' Oil'IM '6 lit o'cO 'l!']

'r.7ii|7-5

.57 -.5,70 -2.1

■1 '2

ITO

Iilll82'7
07 0 8,5-2

63 '7 03 -2 60 -4 I
|'fl3-2 0O-4.=
65 -363 -4 60 -2 4
07 -564 -0 60 -2 .5

00 -4 00 -0,75-7 66'4 0- 10 05 -2 63 -7 00 -3 48 8

ana, Gymnogramma, CUrysopliylla, Chcilanthcs elc-

Remarks.—T\\c weather during llic first ] nrt of
week was dull and rather cold, witli a little ii
I ccoming brighter and much wanner aflcnvauln.

144

THE a A U D ENER S ' CUR ONI CL E.

[August 17, 1901.

GENERAI- OBSERVATIONS.

The following summary record of the weather through-
out the British Islands, for the week ending August 10,
is furnished from the Meteorological Office :—

"The vrnlhiT duiing this pei'iod was unsettled and
rainy in I'l i li. i i-rr im -li-ru and north-western parts
of tile I PI I > I III iiiM^ily fine over eastern, central,

and -MM i: I. .-I.iinl, iin Saturday tliuuderstorms

were exj...! lumul iu moot parts of Great Britain, and
also at a lew places in Ireland.

" The temperature just equalled the normal in Eng-
land, S.W., but was above it elsewhere; iu England, E.
and N.E. the excess was as much as 4". The highest of
the maxima were generally recorded on the 9th, when
they readied sil' in England. E., 89° in the Midland
Counties, 87° in England, E., 85° in England, S., and
82* in the Channel Islands. In Scotland, W., and in
Ireland, N., the thermometer did not exceed 69°. The
lowest of the minima were registered, as a rule, either
on the 6th or 7th, they ranged from 44° in England, S.,
and 45° in Scotland, E. and W., and England, S.W., to
SO' in Eugland. N.W., 61° in Ireland, S., and 64° iu the
Channel Islands.

" The rninfall was considerably in excess of the mean
over Scotland and in Ireland, N., and .iust equal to it
iu the Channel Islands. Elsewhere tlie fall was less
than the nonn.il. that at our stations in Eugland, S.
and E. lioinij very slight. In some localities, however,
the rainfall during the thunderstorm on Saturday was
exceptionally heavy — at Aberdeen l"o4 inch was mea-
sured, while at Caistor (Lincolnshire) as much as
2"0 inches fell during the space of two hours.

"The hri:ili' fniifliine was deficient in all districts
excoi'l lOiijInnl. s. The percentage of the possible
duratiiiii i.iii^LiI Horn 47 in the last-named district,
43 iu theCliaunel Islands, and 41 in England, E., to
less than 20 in tlie north-western and extreme northern
parts of the United Kingdom generally, and to only 8
in Ireland, N."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.
A WEEK of changeable, but on the whole, warm wea-
ther. On two days the temperature iu shade exceeded
80°, but on two others did not rise above 69°, while the
night readings were equally variable. At 2 feet deep
the temperature of the ground is at the present time
4° warmer, and at 1 foot deep 3° warmer, than is season-
able. Light showers of rain occurred on several days,
but the total measurement for the week amounted to
less than a tentli of an inch— hai'dly sufficient to moisten
the surface of the ground. No measureable quantity of
rain-water has come through the bare soil perco-
lation gauge for ten days. The record of bright sun-
shine proved good, averaging nearly nine hours a day.
The winds were of about average strength, and the
direction almost exclusively some southerly or westerly
point, while the atmosphere remained, as a rule, very
dry. E. .1/., Ilcrklmimilt'd, Aiifiusl K, 1901.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Ai'i'LH ScHuNKli Von Koskoop : Pineapple.
Write to one of the many nurserymen at
Boskoop, Holland, whose addresses yon will
find in the Gardeners' Year Book. You
should have no dllliculty in obtaining trees,
the variety being very well known there.

Ueri'H-true : B. W. E.x;amine the tree to see
if there are any white scale insects (Coccus)
upon it. If there be none, we cannot guess
the malady without a knowledge of the
local conditions, or seeing the affected tree.

Beetle : T. & Co. Dytiscus margiualis,
common water-beetle.

Botanical Terms : M. M. The word Phloem
is Kaegeli's term for the bast elements
of a vascular bundle ; it is separated
from the wood (xylem) by the cambium.
Xylem, means the woody elements of a
vascular bundle, possessing tracheal tis-
sue. Instead of consulting the admirable
book yon mention, you would do well to
procure ,1 Gloasanj of Botanic I'erms, by
1!. 1). Jackson, publi.shed by Duckworth &
Co., last year — a work wholly devoted to the
explanation of botanical terms.

Fk;s : Hiibscriber. The malady is caused by a
fungus (Cereospora Bolleana), which was
fi,gured and described in the Gard. Chron. for
.luly 7, 191)0. p. .5. In that article Mr. Geo.
Massre s.iid that although admittedly a very
(lestriiolivc jKu-asite when present in quan-
tity, no .serious attempt has been made to
arrest the progress of Cereospora Bolleana
1 eyond collecting and burning all diseased

fallen leaves. Probably spraying would prove
to be of service in checking the s|)read of the
fungus if takru in time. Thi- ^imhis Cereos-
pora contains a I II lilt 2.")0 spiTiis, .ill |iaiasitos,
and in many instances guild has ri'sulleil from
the use of dilute Bordeaux Mixture.

Gardener's Notice -. T. B. A head gardener
is a domestic, or menial servant, in the eyes
of the law, and in the event of no contract
existing to the contrary, is entitled to one
month's notice, or money in lieu of that
notice. — E. G. An under gardener paid by
the week would probably have some diffl-
culty in establishing a claim to notice for a
longer period.

Globe Artichoke : E. M. B. Varieties differ
in the amount of flesh upon the crown.
We would advise you to get a fresh stock
from a reliable seedsman, and cultivate the
plants strongly.

Hyacinths, Ti lips, and Narcissus, for
Various Purposes : Hxjacinth. Our " Notices
to Correspondents" would need to be com-
menced on the first page of each issue, and
could not be completed on tlie last, were
we to answer many such omnibus questions
as you have asked. If you have no knowledge
of the particular varieties of these bulbous
plants, we should advise you to place your
orders with a reliable firm of seedsmen,
and leave the selection of varieties to
them. Tliey know them well, and are not
likely to abuse your confidence.

Insects: E. Donner. The insects that made
such "sad havoc" as you describe upon
your Peach-trees, and on Perns, made their
escape owing to the " sad havoc " the post-
men wrought uijon the box in which you
sent them — albeit the box appeared to be
made of block tin. Thanks for information
respecting your two years' service ; l)ut wc
must remind you that we do not publish a
directory. — G. H. S. Caterpillurs of the buff-
tip moth (Pygera bucephala), a very common
.species. The parent insect lays its eggs on
the outer liranchcs of various forest trees ;
and the caterpillars feed in colonies, com-
pletely defoliating the branches. C. R. V,

Mesembryanthe.wims : Mrs. A. Lomj. Write
to Messrs. H. Cannoll & Sons, Swanley, Kent.

Names of Fruits : H. McL., Manelieater. Very
small, iioor fruits. Send again when they are
approachingripeness. — J. B., Guildford. Pro-
bably Golden Noble, but very much over- ripe.

Nainies op PljVnts : Correspondents not ansivered
in this issue are requested to be so good as to
consult the folloiving number.- — Veritas. Lselia
xanthina. — J. McC. 1 and 2, both Silphium
laciniatum. No. 1 has a so-called double
flower, owing to the production of ligulate
flowers wliere ordinarily tubular flowers are
formed. It is the " Compass plant " of the
Americans. — U. V. S. 1, Pteris argyraja; 2,
Blechnum occidontale; 3, Nephrodiu'm molle ;
4, Lastrea aristata variegata ; .j, Pteris Wim-
setti ; C, Pteris serrnlata eristata ; 7, Adian-
tum hispidulum; 8, SelaginellaWildenovi ; 9,
Gymnogramma chrysophylla; 10, Adiantum
capillu-s-veneris ; 11, Pteris cretiea Mayii. —
H. L. 12, Circeia lutetiana. Ferns next
week. — C. G. Medicago echinus, Calvary
Clover ; Ononis arvensis, Rest Harrow ;
Medicago lupulina. — G. C. 1, Thuya occideu-
talis ; 2, Thuiopsis dolabrata ; 3, Cupressus
Lawsouiana ; 4, Jimiperus virginiana ; 5,
Cryptomeria japonica ; 6, Juniperus druiiacea ;
T.Hypericum Andro-sremum. — S. iV. l,Gesnera ;
2, Asclepias curassavica ; 3, Traehelium
civruleum. — J. Tl^. 1, Ceanothus azureus ;
2, Catalpa bignonioides ; 3, Escallonia rubra ;
4, Calyeanthus occidentalis ; 5, Ceanothus?
no flowers; 6, Rhus Cotinus. — J. B. 1,
Claytonia perfoliata ; 2, not recognised,
please send fresh specimen. — T. V. Should
address the editor on such matters ; Sapo-
naria oflicinalis, double fi. var. The leaf of
the hard-wooded shrub is probably a Metro-
sidcros " Bottle- brush." Send when in
flower. — T. H. P. Leycesteria formo.sa.
— //. S. S. Perhaps the leaf of an Erythrina,
but this is a mere gues.''.

OiL-HB.ATED BoiLER : if. M. B. The hot-water
apparatuses of which you send illustrations
would not be harmful if used with care,
because if such care were exercised, no ap-
preciable volume of smoke could occur. At
the same time, one can imagine the lamp
being carelessly lighted, turned too high,
and emitting such a smoke that in a closed
house would undoubtedly cause injury to
tender plants. If you have a stove placed
inside the house, you must lie prepared to
afford the increased care then necessary.

Plum Early Yellow : Pineapple. This variety
was sent to Chiswick by Mr. Fraser, of
South Woodford Nurseries, Essex, and pro-
bably you could olitain trees from him.

Spurge Flax : A'. We have heard Daphne
Mezereon, so-called, but it is a name that
would best be ignored, for the plant is
neither a Spurge iior a flax, nor anything
like either.

Stanihipkas tigrinuji and Wardianuai : W. D.
The plants having just flowered there can
bo no better time to remove them to larger
baskets than now. It you wait until our
next issue, some directions for doing this
work will appear in the Orchid Houses
Calendar. See "The Week's Work."

T(_i:\i.\TOs diseased : U'. K. Your fruits are
at taeUod by the " Black Spot " fungus, Clado-
s|iorium lycopersici, figured and described
in the Gardeners' Chronicle, October 1, 1887,
)i. 409, and frequently repeated. Remove
and burn any fruits as soon as they show
signs of disease. Another season obtain
fresh seeds and soil, and in the early stages
of growth spray the plants with the Bor-
deaux Mixture.

Weeds: E. li. If you succeeded in proving
damage to your own garden the Court might
grant you an injunction.

Communications Received. — Secretary, Dahlia So-
ciety—Sr-.icl.n-v, 8hin|.sliiri-- llnrtii-nltiirnl Society-
Secret;!! \,NjiiMi,,,l r,,-n|..!Mi iv s,,rirtv (u itli thanks)
— lir. M r r |i |i M:,,l!ito-h i:, I;, W. R. F.—
II. J, II. .1. r. \ Sons -p. W.-ll, K. II.— J. E. D. -
11. T. M.—F. T. M.— J. OH.— A. P.— S. A.— F. P.—
W. Rock-E. J.— N. E. D., Sweden— G. W., Rugby—
A. B.— n. Kempshall— E. Webb & Sons— J. M. L.—
Ouden & Son, Noordwyk— H. W.— G. H. Berkeley,
California, copy sent as requested — E. F. L — Cochet,
Luisnes— W. E. G.— C. W. G — L. M.— H. L.— J. C—
J. S.— Dr. Dammer, Berlin— llenkel, Darmstadt.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

BULBS, ETC.

lloi.i^ ,ic KonKursos, -JS. M;il-v Slrcl, H
J.\S. VErrCHi;.SONS. 1.1.1 . lo.\:!l y\'' ■ ^
IHIKSOX tt ROIUNS.ix, (lia Mill- I ' M
DKKSONS &C0.. 1. Wlllrlii... P1;m '■ 1 ■:

J. K. PE.MiSON & .Suns. I'hihvrll mu ■■

Notts.
BuowN & Wilson, 10. Market Place, Mancliester.
E. P. DixoN & Sons, Hull.

W. Ci.iiiUAN & Sons, hi and 12. Market Street, Man-
chester, and AUrii!rh;iiii. Cliosliire.
DoniE ct Mason, 22. 1 mk stnri , M;iin-hcster.
Bell & BiEBEusrEDT, Sritli. N.P, iwholesalo).

HORTICULTURAL BONES.
E. S. Wiles & Lewis, St, Albans, Herts.

FOREIGN.
Alexis Dalli£re, Chaussce de Bruxelles, Gand, Bel-
gium.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS.
L. Sp-\th, Baumicluilenwc.e. li.'rlin. Germany.

AGRICULTURAL SEEDS.
TuiHiOOD & Sons, Soulli^iiiipli.ii.

'hclsea.

iiwdham.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. W. Scrivenee, for the last fmii- .iml a half yiars at

Enville Gardens, Staffordsliirc lia^ ii aiii-nnitod

(Taidcucr to Kandle L. M.vnncws. Esii., Sluiiton
Courl. ^itiiurliii.lLT.

Mr. Geo Punh lia> m arceded Mr. W.Earp as Gardener
to till Ihiw.i^. r I •iintess of Harkowby, at High
Ashin>t. liorkiiiLv

Mr. Edw IX CLEMENis, late Steward and Gardener to
Frederic Bennett, Esq., Thomaston Park, Birr,
King's County. Ireland, as Gardener to Col. Coke,
D L.'. J. p., Brnokhill Hall. Alfrcton. Derbyshire.

Mr. Joseph Tijimin, fur tlir i.a^l Ini vrars Gardener

and Steward Im Wn n \^ 1 u\ , K-.| .al .Vl.l.urs

Hill, Hemcl llrt,:|.^tr.i,l 11,11-. a- i.ariliaiii- to
Edward Steinkumi-. Iv-i| , l,vilhur-i, llavwards
He.ath, Sussex.

Mr. R. Perkins, for the past two years Orchid grower
at Tring Park, the seat of Lord Rothschild, as
Gardener to H. P. Burrell, Esq., Brooklauds,
Alton, Hants.

Mr. W. 11. Gale, for the past sixteen months Gardener
;o L. S. Dyer, Esq., Westliope, Craven Arms, Salop,
as Gardener to Chas. Saxton, Esq., Riverdene,
Cookhain, Berkshire.

(For Markets, see p. viii.)

August 24, 1901.]

^HE GARDE^i'ERS' CHRONICLE.

U5

THE

No. im.— SATURDAY, AUG. 24, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Ilasic slag as a garden
inainirc

llciui. •• Centenary" ...

]N>ii^.singaultia bascl-
loidcs

<';irijct-bedding

<;liry^antlieinuni lile-
ratiire. recent

C.ok. Mr. T. H., pre-
sentation to

lialili:i, an unusual
d»nl>le

X'ruit crops, remarks
on the condition of
the

*:ardens and the Gar-
deners' Royal Bene-
volent Institution...

<;ooseherry ■' Gun-
ner," alias Cobliam

Humphrey, Mr. Geo.,
retiring from the
gardens at Nash

.Mealy-bug

McliMis. fruitless pur-
suit of

Mii^linioms, glut of ...
"■ Nature study "
Nursery note —

Dickson A Robinson,
Mancliestcr
t)rchld notes and glean-
ings -
Odontoglossum cris-
pum Pittianuin ...

Pclargoniuia Eudlich-

erianuni .

Phyllostachys nigi-a in

flower

Ripening of fruits and

tlic wood

Roses. Gold Medal, of

1901

Societies-
Bishop's Stortford
Horticultural ...
Cooperative Flower

Show

Englisli Arboricul-

tui"al

National Dahlia ...

Koy.-il Horticultural

(Scientific Coiu-

inittcc)

Shropsliire Horti-
cultural

Royal Scottish Ar-
Imricullural
Strawberries, record

weight for

Vine, a large

Wall-gardens

Wasps, the season of..
Week's work, the—
Flower garden
Fruits under glass .
Hardy fruit garden .
' Kitchen garden, the
Orchid-houses, the..
Plants under glass .

Wistarias

Yarrow on lawns

ILLUSTRATIONS.

grown l)V Messrs.
incnt)
il.itcdby Mr. Hudson,

ur. I.. 1 ' -!■■■ < <' !:■ ■ ■ M.Esq

l.iliiuii \ I ' ii .lanan

I.iliiiiii liii ii! 11,111 \ n I Miiiia. Held of, in Japan .

OdontogliisMiiii i-rispnin I'ittianum

Pelargoiiium Endlichcrianum

RECENT CHRYSANTHEMUM
LITERATURE.

A LITTLE more than four years ago, I
contributed an article under the above
bcrtilinf; to tlii.s journal (.see Card. Chron.,
M;ii(h 0, 18!)7). On looking over some later
•iiiiuisiitions, it has occurred to me that a
few notes bringing the subject up-to-date
■may prove welcome to such growers as arc
interested in the flower from other than .a
liurely cultural i.taiidpoiiit.

During the interval that ha;; ela[>f^ed, it
(i-annot be said that any great effort has been
made on the part of horticultural authors
to produci! anything of a very striking
character in the way of a handsome book on
this popular flower. About a score, prin-
cipally cheap unpretentious [lamphlets, have
been the output, and several of these are
.simply reprints from official pulilications,
such as the journals of local horticultural
societies.

Considering the activity on the part of the

French, who are now well over the threshold
of the enthusiasm for growing the Chrysan-
themum as an exhibition flower, whose
shows are yearly increasing, and who are
much occupied with everything concerning
its progress, it is not surprising to find that
since my last contribution they have aug-
mented the literature of the sul>jeet l)y the
largest number of independent treatises.
Of re-prints or re-issues of works already
published it is not intended in this article
to take account, or it might certainly be
extended. One of the earliest, and decidedlv
one of the most important new works, is the
little volume issued by the French National
Chrysanthemum Society, containing the
papers read at its Orleans Conference in
1897. and judging from enquiries that have
been made of me it contains matter that
might prove useful to some of our English
growers. Especially is this the case in such
articles as Diseases and Parasites, Fertili-
sation, and the best manures and composts,
all three articles being written by men well
(jualified to speak on such subjects. Follow-
ing closely on the publication of this was
one by M. Cabos, of Havre, who issued a
little pamphlet the same year (1898) called
Le ChriiMnthhiie,mii Hiftoire,sa C allure. M.
Ernest Baltet the same year issued as a re-
print from the .Journal of the Societe Hnrlieole
de I'Auhe a short brochure entitled " Culture
du Chrysantheme," which he continued in
the next year by one called "Chrysanthtmes
Rustiipies en Plein .Vir." The only remain-
ing treatise published in 1899 was one by M.
Ragot, entitled Cullnre Ratioiielle du Chnjsan-
Iheiiie precedee dr I'Hixloire de son Inlruduclion
en Europe, li-r.. but the somewhat limited
size of this little treatise leaves very little
scope for the authiir to do full justice to
the iiuestion of history. The following year
saw two new works, one a curious P'ranco-
Japanese kind of pamphlet, entitled Tout le
Monde Chriinantheiiihle. Melhode .faponainc
simple el ■lan.s Knurnis. The author, T. Oasma,
of Kumamoto, .lapan. being chiefly concerned
with the recommendation of growing the
Chrysanthemum in " terre de Camphrier."
Theotlier, Le ('hriisanlhemeHistoire el Culture,
by .1. Locliot, being by far the most im-
posing of the scries, and indeed, the only
one worthy of the name of a book, A l>ricf
notice of this has already appeared in the
columns of the Gardeners' Chronicle.

I think America is justly entitled to the
next place. Chrysanlhemum^ of 1896, by
L. H. Bailey and "Wilhelm Miller; and The
Fourth Report upon Chrysanthennuns, by
Wilhelm Miller; being respectively Bulletins
l.'JO and 147 of the Cornell University, are
similar in form and style to the one men-
tioned in my previous article. The Chrysan-
themum, its Past. I'renent, and Future, by
Edmund M. Wood, looks very much like a
separate reprint from the Transaelion.i of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. The copy
in my possession is dated 1898. In the
ensuing year a compact and handy little
book, for which I am indebted to Mr.
Leonard Barron, was published by American
Gardeninti, called //"»• to Grow Chrysanthe-
mums. It is well [irinted, and contains
several very useful illustraiions, not the least
important of which are those dt^aling with
diseases affecting the plant.

English authors have little to boast of in
the interval of four years. Modern Chrysan-
themum Culture for Ih" Million, by Geo.

Garner; The Show ChrysanfhcniKii) and its
Cultivation, by C, Scott ; The Chnjsiinlhiunnn,
by H. J. Jones, issued by Biggs A Son in
their handy series, are small, inexpensive
pamphlets. One other, however, H. J. Jones'
Portfolio of Xew Chrysanthemums, which was
issued early in the present year, is a distinct
artistic effort, reminding us very much of
his previous edition de luxe, which he called
the Chrysanthemum Album.

Belgium has only contributed one addi-
tion to the literature of the Chrysanthemum,
viz., Troisieme Supplement a la Li--stc Descrip-
tive d's Chrysanthemes d'Uivcr, by M. 0. do
Meulenaere. From frequent enquiries that
are made of me for dates and raiser's names,
I cannot but regard M. de Meulenaere's
literary work as a very useful one. Unfor-
tunately it appeals to only a limited section,
and I understand this catalogue will in
future cease to appear.

Holland, like most of our near neighbours,
has its Chrysanthemum Society. On the
occasion of its show in 1897 the Ncder-
landsche Chry.santhemuin Club, as it is
called, issued an official handbook and cata-
logue, in which Mr. J. K, Budde wrote a long
account of the origin and history of the
Autumn (^ueen, to which was apjjended a
cultural guide and other matter. This has
subsciiuently been re-issued.

From other countries. Denmark, Italy,
Germany, and Portingal, where the flower is
advancing in ]niblic estimation, nothing of a
bibliographical nattu'c appears to have made
its appearance siiKc the last comnninication.
It will be remembered that reference was
made to what was then a new feature in
connection with Chrysanthemum literature,
namely, the appearance of |>oriodi(;il publi-
cations devoted mainly or exclusively to the
dissemination of Chrysanthemum news, and
the names of several such were given.

One of these, the Nord Horticolc, the official
organ of the Northern French Chrysanthe-
mum Society, has ceased to exist ; but Le
Chrysantheme, \iT.iiUc.i\ by the French National
Chrysantheiuum Society at f^yons, still
appears at regular intervals, and in its way
has no rival. The Journal of the Chrys-
anthemum section of the National Horti-
cultural Society of France is still supplied
to members, and has been enlarged and
much improved in every way. New comers
in this department of literary activity remain
to be noticed. Of these // Crisantemo is
certainly the best. This is the official
publication of the Italian National Chrys-
anthemum Society, and is a most creditable
production for so young a society. It is
larger in form than any of the others, is well
])rinted, frequently illustrated, but is rather
meagrely supplied with news other than
local. The newest aspirant of this descrip-
tion for public; favour is L" Soleil d'Automne
the monthly organ of tln^ Swiss National
Chrysanthemum Society, a publication more
on the lines of the defunct Nord Horticolc,
in which Chrysanthenmm matters are very
largely dealt with.

Altogether, we may fairly assume that
while literary workers arc paying such atten-
tion to the Chrysantheimun, there is good
ground for supposing thtit its adherents arc
still a numerous company, and that tiie flower,
as I have before obstM-ved, has not yet entered
upon the period of decline that was pre-
dicted of it by some well-meaning but
mistaken people a few years ago. C. Harman
J'ayne.

146

THE GAnDENERS' CIIUOXICLE.

[August 24, 1001.

LILIES AND THEIR CULTURE.

(Conliiiacdfi-om p. 130.)
LiLIUM LONCilli'LORUM AND ITS ALLIES. — This

is a group of very popular Lilies, embracing
such species as longiflorum, sulphureum,
Browni, odorum, and several others. All
have long, funnel-shaped, fragrant flowers.
A few are not absolutely hardy, save in select
situations, whilst others have been rendered
less so by continued cultivation under glass,
and by the selection of larger-growing sports
without regard to hardihood. One in par-
ticular, L. longiflor-uni var. Harrisii, is best
left alone, owing to its liability to disease, and
the possibility of its affecting other varieties
of the same species. They are all vigorous-
growing plants, having abundance of both

atmosphere, frequent syringing, weekly fumi-
gation, and an occasional application of a very
weak solution of nitrate of soda or diluted
drainage from cowsheds when showing flower,
are stepping-stones to successful cultivation
under glass. Anyone can grow longiflorums,
provided they water cai-efully — too little being
even less harmful than too much. A well-
grown plant should have raised itself bodily
fully an inch in its pot by the time it is fit to
flower by means of the development of roots
below. It should be at least .3 feet Iiigh, and
.should bear eight or ten flowers. A periodical
re-selection takes place on Japanese Lily
farms, and several distinct forms (horticultu-
rally) are now sent over, all of which are
marked improvements on the Lilium longiflorum
of twenty years ago.

longiflorum, named formosanum, is al.so good,
planted -butside ; it flowers in the open fully a
month earlier than longiflorum does, compared
with which it is distinct in its dwarf stature
(IJ ft.), and in the bronzy tint iirovailing on
the outside of the perianth. The flowers are
not so lai'ge, nor so freely produced, as in
longiflorum; but notwithstanding these short-
comings, the plant has its value for general
planting. The flowers have the fragrance of
L. odorum, not of L. longiflorum.

L. eximium ^ Wilson i is a big-growing form of
longiflorum, having pure white flowers, differ-
ing from the type in the markedly revolute tips-
of the petals, and in the greater length of the
tube ; it is the finest of all longiflorums, but is.
only suitable for pot culture (see fig. 47, p. 147).

Albo marginatum is a form resembling the

-FIELD 01' LILU'iM ALEXANTIRB CTLTIVATEO IN JAPAN BY MESSRS. L. BOEIIMKR AND CO.

kinds of roots. L. longiflorum is the most
freely-grown Lily in the genus ; tons of cut
flowers are produced by this plant for tlie
London and provincial markets, and its culti-
vation has become a great industry. In the
first place, it is not absolutely hardy ; it will
flower well the first year, if planted about
March, and freely watered throughout the
Slimmer ; half the bulbs will die in the succeed-
ing winter, and the survivors will not flower
well in the succeeding year. To all intents and
purposes it is an annual, in that profitable
cultivation ceases after it has flowered once.

Lilium longiflorum may be grown in a variety
of ways : planted in beds it is one of the most
effective of plants; potted for greenhouse
decoration it is invaluable, but it must not be
overwatered. All the white Trumpet Lilies
quickly lose their roots if soddened, therefore
it is not desirable to over-pot them ; a mode-
vately damp condition at the root, a buoyant

A selection known as gigautcum is the best
for commercial and private growers, ou
account of the size and number of its flowers,
and its vigorous healthy growth. It is not
necessary to particularise all these forms, as
there is little doubt but that they will give
place to others in course of time. Three
marked varieties, however, must be mentioned.

L. Takesiraa is a dwarfer plant, with longer,
more linear foliage and stems, tinted with
purple below, the flowers are more tubular than
those of longiflorum, and they are also tinted
with violet on the keels ; the depth and
extent of the colouring being dependent upon
the amount of shade the flowers get. L. Take-
sima is the best of all longifloruuis for all
outside planting, as the bulbs do not perish in
the first winter. Tiiey will not flower quite so
well in the second year as in the first ; the
difference, however, will be but slight.

Another hardy and useful variety of L.

older types in its flowers, with leaves hand-
somely margined with white. The variegatioi*
is almost as good as that of Dracjena Godsef-
flana; it makes a very useful decorative pot
plant.

The var. Harrisii, as I have said before, is
best left alone ; it is not particularly wanted,
for the improved forms of L. longiflorum fill its
place to a nicety. Their flowers are of equal
commercial value, and the bulbs of longiflorum
improved are less costly than those of L. 1.
Harrisii; they may also be forced or retarded
with every facility. In purchasing retarded
bulbs of this or any Lily, I may here note that
it is well to bear in mind the fact that small
bulbs suffer considerably from the freezing
process, and that good results cannot be ob-
tained from them; in fact, they are almost
useless. Under any conditions, the purchase
of cheap, small buliis of the trumpet Lilies is
mistaken economy, larger bulbs costing twice

August 24, 1901.]

jlHE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE.

147

the money are cheaper in the end. Before
leaving the true longiflorum Lilies, I Tvonid
again imjiress upon growers the need for
careful watt^ring — a happy medium is the best
state. Soddened plants or plants that have
been allowed to become dry at intervals flower
badly, and iuvariably with a split perianth,
and with numerous green blotches and other
deformities on the petals.

Lilium Browni and L. odorum,* both of
which are closely allied to L. longiflorum, have
been subjects of much controversy amongst
botanists as to their separate speciflc rank ;
and I do not think the matter is yet fully
cleared up. For garden purposes, it is advis-
able to regard them as distinct plants. Lilium
Browni is a slender growing plant, attaining
a heiglit of 2 feet or more ; the leaves are

posure to sunshine the plants get. If grown
under glass they should be placed outside a
week before the plants flower, in order that
the outer brown colour may be developed.
Both L. odorum and L. Browni and its varieties
grow as well as L. longiflorum under similar
treatment, and they last several years under
cultivation without deteriorating. Thej- flower
in .July in the open, and may be forced to
flower as early as May with ease. A warm
situation, and a rich, moist soil brings out their
best qualities ; they rarely fail to flower, and
may be regarded as most accommodating Lilies.
Lilium neilgherrense (see p. 53, July 20), is a
moderately strong growing Lily, with fragrant,
narrowly funnel-shai>ed, pale yellow flowers,
widely spreading in tlio upper third in the
manner of the flowers of Xicotiana allinis. It is

side of the three. It has widely funnel-shaped
flowers, coloured a warm rosy-brown on the
outside, the tliroat being of a rich creamy-
yellow tint. It groW'S 5 or more feet in height,
and bears numerous bulbils on the mature
stems. The Indbs are easily distinguished by
their black-purple colour.

L. nopalense grows to about 3 feet in height,
and bears drooping, funnel - shaped flowers
about .3 inclies long, of a pale yellow colour,
whitest at the entrance to the throat. The
upper third of the perianth limb is much
recurved, and the petals have a wax-like
texture — a most beautiful flower.

Three rare Lilies, most suitable for green-
house culture, are L. polyphyllum, L. Lowi,
and L. philippinonse. They are all slender-
growing plants of rather delicate constitution.

I'll.. 17.— ni:l.l) Ol' LII.IIM l.''NiMI'l.llUlM VAK.

■:\IMIA ( I MIVATKI)
)l' VOKiillAMA.

IN .1 \I'\N il^ .\ll>si;-^

i!iii:ii.\n:i! ami

linear-lanceolate, arcliing, and of a deep green
colour (the leaves of the vai-. Icucanthum arc
completely rolled at the tips). One flower is
produced on each stem (rarely two or three),
coloured a uniform violet tint outside the tube :
the inside of the flower is pure white, and the
petals rocurvoat the tips to the fullest extent.
It is narrower in the tube, and longer in the
entire flower than in L. odorum. L. odornni
(see supplementary illustration, .July 20),
flowers a fortnight earlier, has pale green,
rigid, oblauceolate leaves, and one or two,
occasionally three massive flowers coloured
creamy-white when it first opens, changing to
pure white on the fourth or fifth day. The
outside of the flower is flushed a warm brown,
t he extent of the colouring in tliis plant and
ill h. Browni being dependent upon the cx-

* L. odoiiun 13 also known as L. japonicum Col-
chcsterciisc, a name given to it by tlic laic Dr. Wallace,
of Colchester, but now superseded.

not snlliciently hardy tn grow in the open In
most parts of Britain, \n\\ planted at the foot
of a south wall, and aft'orded plenty of mois-
tiii-e, it is likely to thrive.

lioth this species, L. sulphureum, and L.
nepaleii.se, do not make much growth till very
late in the first season of planting outside,
iiiiless the bullis are potted and started into
growth by plunging them in a warm propa-
gating bed of tan as homi as received. Even
then tliey will not flower well the first season.
Thej' grow well enough the second year,
getting away very curly, insomuch that tlie
young growths often require protection from
frosts. They are most satisfactory in pots for
gret'iiliouse decoration, but do not last longer
than tliree years in good liealth. If possilile to
estalilisli tliem outside tliey last much longer,
wliiist the ideal spot for tlicm is a border under
glass, where they can grow when they will.

L. sulphureum is the l;est Lily to grow out-

They succeed under such treatment as would
lie given to greenhouse Begonias, both as
regards soil anil atmosphere.

L. polyphyllum has bottle-shaped buds, and
lialf-reflexiiig flowers of elegant shape, coloured
whitish-cream ; the inside of tlie flower is
covered with a multitude of linear, mauve-
coloured spots, most dense near the middle of
the petal. The outside of the perianth is
green, or greyish-green.

L. Lowi is a very distinct plant with white
flowers, prominently keeled green outside, tho
inside being heavily spotted purple. Two or
tin-ec flowers are borne on each stem.

I., iihilippinense is the aristocrat among
t rumpet Jjilics. It has very slender steins,
linear-lanceolate leaves, and a pure white,
long-tubed flower, longer than any longi-
florum, the tips of the petals alone rellexing.
Geo. n. Mallei f.

(To be continued.)

148

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AlGLST 24, 1901.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF

THE FKUIT CROPS.

(Hec Tables, ante, pp. 88—94.)

{Coittiniiedfroiii p. 129.)
5, SOUTHBUN COUNTIES.
Bkuk'shire. — Apples and Pears bloomed
abuiulaiitly, but set badly. Plums have been
much blighted. Peaches, Nectarines, and
Apricots on open walls have a fair crop of
fruits. Small fruits, especially Gooseberries,
Raspberries, and Currants, have yielded well,
and are good in quality. Strawberries, on the
other hand, suffered severely from the excep-
tional drought, early sorts being the best, and
later varieties all but a failure. Walnuts are
very plentiful, and Filberts a good crop. Thos.
Plumb, Holme Park Gardens, Sonniiig.

As a rule, Ajjples are a failure. I have

a nice sprinkling of Wellingtons, but my Pay-
the-Rcnt takes the lead, as usual, for cropping.
It is a capital, all-round Apple. Mr. Yeitch
has got it, but I do not think he will ever be
bold enough to exhiljit it in a modern bloated
collection. Roht. Feiin, fitiUminstead.

The fruit crops are fairly .satisfactory,

with the exception of Apples, which have
failed. Oil bush and pyramidal trees, how-
ever, we have some fruits of Bcklinville, .
Stirling C.istle, Frogmore Prolific, and Margil.
Small fruits have been exceptionally plentiful
and good. Plums have been disappointing, for
although appearing to set well, many dropped
at an early stage. W. Pope, Highclere Oardeiis,
Newbury.

The crops are heavy generally, but the

fruit, Apples in particular, will be small. The
total rainfall from May 11 to Juno 28 was only
4'9 inches. The following varieties are carry-
ing heavy crops, and in some instances will
be thinned considerably, .ipples — AlUngton
Pippin, Red Astrachan, Beauty of Bath, Duke
of Davoiishire, Beauty of Stoke, Bismarck,
Chelmsford Wonder, Christmas Pearmain,
Claygate Pearmain, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Dutch Mignonne, Ecklinville Seedling, Golden
Noble, Frogmore Prolific, Gold Medal, James
Grieve, Lane's Prince Albert, Lord Derby, Lord
, SuUield, Newton Wonder, Peasgood's Nonsuch,
Ribston Pippin, Pott's Seedling, Rosemary
Russet, Royal Jubilee, Wealthy, Duke of York,
Malcolm Dunn, and Williams' Favourite.
Pears — Beacon, Beurre Baltet, Beurre Clair-
geau, B. d'Ainanlis, B. Gifford, B. Superfln,
Clapp's Favourite, Citron des Carmes, Duron-
deau. Doyenne Bussoch, D. du Comice, Fon-
dante d'Automme, Le Leotier, Marguerite
Marillat, Marie Louise, Louis Bonne of Jersey,
Thompson's, Olivier de Serres, Petite Mar-
garet, Vicar of Winkfleld, Pitmaston Duchess,
and Winter Nelis. Peaches — Premier, Prince
of Wales, and Stirling Castle, are fine here out-
side. Strawberries — The earliest was Noble,
picking commenced outside June 16, and being
a dry season, the quality and flavour were
good. Royal Sovereign was about a week later.
Leader was very large, and of moderate flavour.
It should make a good market variety. Aro-
matic is very prolific, and one of the best for
travelling ; Countess is distinct and good ; and
Waterloo, best for late crop, of which I am now
(July 17) gathering very fine berries. Oireii
TlionMs, Royal Gardens, Windsor,

DoasETSHiRE. — Several varieties of Apples
are cropping well. The best are the following :
Cox's Orange Pippin, Duke of Devonshire,
King of Pippins, Irish Peach, Lord Suftield,
Margil, Ribston Pippin, Northern Spy, Keswick
Codlin, King of Tomkin's County, and Worcester
Pearmain. Pears are very scarce, the best are
Beurre Diel, B. Ranco, and Glout Morceau.
Czar is the only well-cropped Plum. Damsons

are a failure. Cherries have been a very good
crop. Gooseberries, and Red and White Cur-
rants arc good, Black Currants moderate.
Strawberries were good, but the season was
a shortone. Thos. Denny, Doicn House Gardens,
Blandford.

The Apple crop is the worst for many

years past. On orchard standards, some few
trees only wliich failed to crop last year are
carrying a light crop this season. Free bear-
ing kinds on bush trees in the kitchen garden
are carrying an average crop. Pears also are
a light crop, many trees not bearing a fourth
of a crop. Plums are an average crop on walls,
but almost a failure on bush and standard
trees. Sweet Cherries have been excellent,
and Morellos equally good. Peaches, Nec-
tarines, and Apricots are good average crops,
and the trees are very healthy. Of small
fruits. Red, White, and Black Currants have
been specially fine and clean. Raspberries are
also very fine and abundant, so were Straw-
berries. Cobnuts are nearly a failure. T.
Tnrton, Castle Gardens, fiherborne, Dorset.

Apples are an average crop ; but sonic

of the trees in grass orchards have very few
fruits. Bush and espalier- trees are heavily
cropped. The cold rains and hail during
setting time spoiled a promising Pear bloom.
Plums are good, but under average. Cherries
are one of the poorest crops I remember.
Apricots, Poaches, and Nectarines are good.
Strawberries have borne a heavy crop, and
the quality was excellent. Den Campbell, The
Gardens, Kingstoii House, Dorchester.

Hampshire. — Big fruits in this district are
very scarce, excepting in very sheltered
jilaces ; most bush fruits are plentiful. Straw-
berries were a good crop, but did not last
long ; Royal Sovereign, Loader, Monarch,
Trafalgar, and Latest-of-AU were grand. Arthur
Lee, Palace House Gardens, Beaulieu.

Apple-trees are variable, one tree has

a full crop, its neighbour of the same sort
none. The trees are healthy, and free from
insect pests. The buds, too, are plumping up
for next season. Lord Grosvenor, as usual, is
one of the best of early sorts, and Cox's Orange
Pippin has.a fair crop of healthy fruits. Plums
and Cherries are especially a heavy crop.
Strawberries, in spite of the dry weather, have
been plentiful ; Leader, Royal Sovereign, and
Sir J. Paxton have been the principal sorts. E.
Molyneux, Simnmore Park, Bishop's Waltham.

Apples on young bush-trees are carry-
ing excellent crops of good, clear fruits. Old
trees that bore heavily last season have
scarcely any fruits. Pears are thin. Plums
are a good average crop, and clean. Small
fruits arc abundant, but Gooseberries have
suffered much from the ravages of the cater-
pillar. Strawberries have been good, but were
soon over. A. G. Nicliols, Stratlifieldsaye Gar-
dens, Mortimer, R.S.O.

KENT.^Of Apples there is a fair crop of early
sorts, but all store fruits will be scarce. Of
Plums, Victoria, Pond's Seedling, and Diamond
are best cropped. Apples and Plums were
over-cropped in 1900. Pears on walls are
good, and there is a crop of market sorts on
standards. George Bunyard, Maidstone.

The Apple crop is irregular. Some

varieties, as Cox's Orange Pippin, Duchess'
Favourite, Worcester Pearmain, W'arner's
King, Lane's Prince Albert, The Queen, Lady
Sudeley, Ecklinville Seedling, Lord Suffield,
Keswick Codlin, and Stirling Castle, are
carrying heavy crops. George Hutt, Lulling-
sf one Cfistic Gardens.

Varieties of Apples vary greatly, some

kinds, such as Blenheim Orange, being heavily

laden, while many others have no fruits.
Strawberries were splendid. Geo. Fennelt, tlie
Gardens, Fairhiwn, Tonbridge.

■ Apples, Pears, and Plums are decidedly

short in this district ; they will bo good in
quality where well cultivated. Cherries have
been splendid. Strawberries were too much
forced by the weather to pay well. Nuts are
the worst failure we have known for many
years, if they do not constitute a record.
B. Champion, Mereioorth, Maidstone.

Apples in this district are scarcer than

they have been for years past. Large standard
trees of Blenheim Orange, of which there is a
number around here, are very heavily cropped.
Some years ago, when mildew almost ruined
trees of the variety Lord SufBeld, I had
almost condemned this variety, but I am
glad now that I did not do so; for the
last two or three years it has been
perfect in its growth and development of
fruit. I know there are growers who prefer
Lord Grosvenor to SufBeld, bat why I cannot
quite understand, as the latter is a much better
and stronger grower, and the shape of the
fruit is better and it is more solid. " Stone's "
is the most reliable variety we grow. It has
not failed for several years past, and amongst
mid-season culinary sorts it is one of our very
best when grown on the Paradise stock.
Lane's Prince Albert is another good sort, but
owing to its heavy cropping propensities, this
should be on the Crab stock, and even then it
requires to be heavily thinned. Most varie-
ties of Pears are carrying good crops.
Durondeau, Emile d'Heyst, Doyenne du
Comice, Beurre Hardy, Triomphc de Vienne,
Passe Crassane, are exceptionally good.
The Cherry crop has been prodigious and
good. It might be feared that owing to
the large crop the fruits would be small,
but this is not the case. 1 may mention
that one acre of fruit in this parish sold
for £44 by auction. This is all profit, as the
grass pays the rent, and the grower has no
picking to do, and no troulile whatever. I have
seen the new Cherry " Noble " again this year,
and its qualities confirm my early opinion,
that for market purposes it has a great future
before it. Its two most distinctive qualities
are firmness in texture, which will enable it
to travel well, and its beautiful appearance.
A new Black Currant that I have fruited for
the first time this year is named " Boskoop."
It is a much stronger grower than any sort we
grow, and very much larger in berry and
bunch. I would advise anyone requiring Black
Currants to give this sort a trial. I believe
Messrs. Bunyard, of Maidstone, are distri-
butingit. G. Woodward, BarhamCourt Gardens,
Maidstone.

Middlesex.— Of Apples and Pears we have a.-
very thin crop ; fortunately the later kinds are
giving the best results this year ; and a few
of the best Apples, such as Cox's Orange, are
our heaviest croppers this season. Pears were
a heavy crop, but the drought caused many
fruits to drop early., Small fruits have been,
abundant and good ; but the Strawberry crop-
was a short one. Peaches and Apricots are.
good, and the trees look well. PUimsarea very
poor crop. Geo. Wythes, fiijon House, Brentford.

The St'-awberry crop was the best for a.

number of years, especially on young plants,
put out a year ago. Pears are especially good
in quantity and quality. Apples and Plums look
remarkably well, and promise excellent crops.
Bush fruits have been very good. Peaches and,
Nectarines are not quite an average crop. With,
the exception of aphis on Peaches and Necta-
rines, insect pests have not been very trouble-
some. S. T. Wright, R.H.S. Gardens, C'/iisiuic):.

August 24, 1901.]

THE G A R DENER S' CHR ONI CL E.

149

MiDDLKSEX. — The fruit crop is somewliat light,
and especially Apples; the tress which bore
heavily last year have little or no fiuit this
season. Pears are much below the average —
perhaps due to the long spell of cold, wet
weather experienced during the flowering
period. Morello Cherries are plentiful, and
soft fruits were splendid. H. Markham, Wrot-
ham Park (lardens, Baruet.

All fruit crops promised well with us

at the flowering period ; all were, however,
unusually backward in arriving at that stage.
Peaches, Nectarines, and Plums phenomenally
so. I think the warm weather that was for a
time experienced in April hastened the Peaches
and Nectarines too much, hence they failed

Surrey. — The present season has not only
given a capital crop of Strawberries that
needed only more rain to have made it a record
one ; but other sift fruits, such as Goose-
berries, Currants, and Raspberries have boon
remarkably abundant and fine. Cherries have
been very plentiful also. Apples seem likely
to bo abundant enough to make of them a
profitable crop, and with more rain should
prove a fine sample. Pears are suflieiently
abundant, and although here and thei-e thin,
especially Williams' Bon Chretien, yet there
will probably bo a satisfactory crop. Pluus
and Damsons promise in many places to be a
good crop. Walnuts are plentiful, but small
Nuts are scarce. Alex. Dean, Kingston.

Fl(i. 48. — I'F.IjVRfJONIUM ENDLICIIERIANUM : HARDY PERENiNIAL ; FLOWERS ROSE-COLOURED.
(Fioiii tlic garden of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.)

to set well. The various forms of aphides have
been more troublesome than usual, and worst
upon wall trees. Ilelative thereto I am more
convinced than ever of the importance of
winter dressings, when the application of
insecticides, owing to the greater strength at
which they can be used, are far more effective.
Owing to the prolonged drought,, the watering
of all crops has been imperative, but good
results have been achieved. The two best
Strawberries are Jloyal Sovereign and Latest-
of-AU ; these will require a deal of beating on
a light loam on gravelly soil. Aljjine Straw-
berries have been, and promise to be, far away
into October, a heavy and remunerative crop
for private consumption ; they should be grown
more than they have been — the conservative
tendency of some of us lias not favoured their
extended culture. Jamea Hudson, Gunnensbuvij
House Gardens, Ac(oii, W.

Some varieties of Apples have a good

crop, others none. Altogether they arc about
average. Tlie trees are in very good order.
Strawberries and bush fruit were very plen-
tiful and good. W. E. Iliimphrcijs, Tlie (.')(iii;;c
(lardens, Hackbriilyr.

The Apple crop is light this year,

owing to the very heavy crops the trees
carried last year. Pears are thin, owing to
cold east winds and frost while the trees were
in bloom. Stone fruits are good. Small fruits
are very heavily cropped, particularly black
and red Currants; while Raspberries are the
finest crop I have ever seen. IV'. C. Lcadi,
Alburij Park Gardens, Guildford.

Apples-trees which are bearing at all

are fully cropped ; but many trees have no
fruits to speak of. Pears are a fair average
crop all round. Plums arc a fair crop, which

is wonderful, considering the m;\rvellous crOps
of last year. All bush fruits are heavily
cropped. The Logan-berry and Strawberries
have been perfectly phenomenal, and very
good. W. \Vilks, Shirleij.

-Apples, with the exception of Blenheim

Orange, IJismarck, and King Harry, are above
the average crop. Tyler's Kernel, Flower of
Kent, Kcklinville Seedling, Lord Surtield, Lord
Grosvenor, and Ribston Pippin, bear splendid
crops, and are free from disease. J. F. McLeod,
Djrer House Gardcn^i, Roehami^on.

— — Small fruits have been exceptionally
good, especially Raspberries and Strawberries.
Apples and Pears set an average crop of fruits,
but have since suffered from the drought.
W. Honess, C'ohham Park Gardens, Cohliam. .

Wiltshire. — The Apple crop is the smallest
I liave seen in this neighbourhood for the last
thirty years. Bush fruits are plentiful, ex-
cepting Black Currants. Strawberries have
been abundant, but the season short. Jos.
Trolioiie, Loiig/cat Gardens, Warminster.

The Apple and Plum crops are excep-
tionally light, duo partly to the heavy crops
last year, and partly to the continued low
temperature during the period that the trees
were in blossom. T. Cliallis, Wilton House
Gardens, .S'<(/ifl<iiry.

7. ENC.L.WD, N.W.
L.v\'iAsiiii;i:.— All kinds of Apples grown hero
are carrying a go ul crop. We have the best
crop of Marie Louise and Williams' Eon Chrc^
tien Pears (on trees 30 to 40 feet high), that
we have liad for twenty years. Coe's Golden
Drop IMum on a west wall has a better crop
than usual. Tlie soil in this garden is very
holding, and in some parts not too well drained,
so that wo have not suffered from drought.
II". P. Hoberts, Tlie Gardens, Cnerdon Hall,
Preslon.

Wehtmorklaxd. — Owing to bullfinches, &e.,
most .\pple and Plum buds in orchard were
taken. On wall-trees the crops are light.
Strawberries were grand ; but bush fruits are
alight crop. W. .1. Miller, I'liderleij Gardens,
Kirkhii Lonsdale.

(Tu bccim'.inucit.)

PELARGONIUM ENDLICHERI-

ANUM.*
That a IV'largonium should be found in
Cilicia, is one of those facts that set specula-
tive botanists thinking how a solitary spe-
cies should bo found so far av,'ay from South
African headquarters. There is a vast number
of species of the genus in .South Africa, and
some few in Aljyssinia. Of more iauuediato
consequence fo the gardener, is tlu; fact that
this perennial species is all but hardy in Sir
Trevor I^wrencr's g.irdcn at Burford, near
Dorking, very slight protection l)eing needed.
The root-stock is fleshy, producing long-stalked
cordate, reniform, crenate, pubescent lower
leaves ; whilst those on the stem are more or
less deeply three to five-lobed. The flower-
stalks, 1 to 2 ft. in height, bear a tuft of Ave
to flftcen flowers each, with two petals only
of a glowing pink colour, tin- reticulate veins
being of a darker purple. U. is not necessary
to go further into botanical detail, as the plant
is well described in the books cited in the foot-
note ; and our illustration (fig. 48), from a
drawing by Mr. Worthington Smith, taken
from a plant exhibited recently by Sir Trevor

• I'Ki.AUGONiuM Endi,ichehianu.\i, Feiizl.— I'ugillus,
11. II) ; Boissier, Flora Ortentalis, i. (I8«7), p. 898 ; Hook, f..
Hid. )laij., i. ■liutl; Nicholson, Mcllonurji of Qardenliig,
iii. (1»k;i, p. Ill, (if, (i3.

160

THE G A E D ENER S ' CHE 0 NI CL E.

[August 21, 1901.

Lawrence, will serve to give a sufBcient idea
of the general appearance of the plant. While
strongly recommending it to the notice of
lovers of herbaeeons plants, wc have no doubt
it would respond to the persuasions of the
forcing-house, and that it would be useful for
hybridising purposes. By its means it seems
likely that we could got a hardy variety of the
Ivy-leaved section of the genus.

"NATURE-STUDY."*

{Continued from p. 12(3.)
" What better subject can be taken for our
purjiose than the insect world, which is full
of object lessons? KiliUY, in his introductory
letter to his book on Entomologij, wrote : ' In-
sects have forestalled ns in our inventions,
and we ought to pay a closer attention to
them and their ways than we have hitherto
done, since it is not at all improbable that the
result would be many useful hints for the im-
provement of our arts and manufactures, and
perhaps for some beneficial discoveries. The
Rnstruments also with which they are provided
4ire no less wonderful and various than the
operations themselves. Tliey have their saws
and files and augers and gimlets and knives
and lancets and scissors and forceps, with
many other similar implements, several of
which act in more than one capacity, and with
a complex and alternate motion to which we
have not yet attained in the use of our tools.
If we attend to the history and manners of
insects they will furnish ns with many useful
lessons in ethics, and from them we may learn
to improve ourselves in various virtues. If we
value diligence and indefatigable industry,
judgment, prudence, and foresight, economy
and frugality ; if we look upon modesty and
diffidence as female ornaments ; if we revere
parental affection ; of all these and many more
virtues, insects in their various instincts exhibit
several striking examples.' In another part
of the same w'ork in sjieaking of the value of
a study of entomology in the education of the
youth, KiEBY writes : ' All modern writers on
this study of entomology in the education of
the youth, imite in recommending natural
history ; and if tin ■ (|ii,iiiiy(i| :i<-cin:iii' discrimi-
nation, the ready |icivi'|ii i..ii nl i csiinlilances
among diversities, :iiiil slill iimho llie quick and
accurate perception of diversity in the midst
■of resemblances, constitutes one of the most
important operations of tlie understanding ; if
it be indeed the foundation of clear ideas and
the acquisition of whatever can be truly called
knowledge, depends most materially on the
possession of it;' if 'the best logic be that
whicli teaches us to suspend our judgments ; '
and ' the art of seeing, so useful, so universal,
and yet so iincommon, be one of the most
valuable a man can jjossess,' there can bene
doubt of the judi.ciousness of their advice. Of
all the branches of natural history, entomology
isuiifiucslii.iKilily the best fitted for thus d'is-
oipliiiiiii;' iiii> mind of youth; and simply from
thesi- i-iiriinisi:inces, that its objects have life,
are gifted with surprising instincts adnlirably
calculated to attract youthful attention, and
are to be met with everywhere.'

" It is not necessary to confine the examina-
tion of plants to the spring of the year, for a
very great deal may be done by indoor work
in copying Nature. In one of the American
schools, where nuich is done in Nature-study,
a very simple contrivance in-ovided interest
and instruction for a whole winter. It con-
sisted of an old crate which was converted
into a glass-sided box to form a tcrrarinm
(terra — earth, just as aquarium from aqua —

* Address by Mr. P. Hedworth Foulkes, B.Sc, F.E.S.,
at the Harper-Adams Agricultural College, August 1

water). The bottom of the box was covered
with a layer of soil. In one corner a mossy
pile, and in another a mass of Thistles and
Clover, one or two small plants and some twigs,
completed the vegetalile world. The|crysalids
and larvcB of some common insects were put
into the case with some lady-birds, grass-
hoppers, spiders, and small toads. Such an
object provided during the winter months end-
less interest for the pupils, and undoubtedly
rou.sed such interest in their minds that with
the return of spring the interest taken in out-
side objects was most marked. This perhaps
is the simplest form of Nature-study, and
should be the starting-point. The next step
would be of a little deeper character, and
along with actual ob.servation there should be
a noting of facts. In all things it is well to en-
courage among pupils this recording of what is
seen ; it is of great assistance to the memory and
useful for reference. As an example of what
I mean, take for instance such a branch as
the natural history of the plant. The points
that would be noted would be:— First, the
kind of plant, the characters which mark it ofE
from others surrounding it ; secondly, where
found : on the side of the road, grassfield, corn-
field, &c. ; thirdly, whether sheltered or not,
and its relation to other plants ; fourthly, the
nature of the root, flower, loaf, if any fruit, the
kind and form ; fifthly, the time Of flowering
and the general character of the flower ; how
the flowers are fertilised, if by insects, the
kind of insect. Witli the older pupils a few
more details may be noted, as the common and
scientific manner. After the initial work has
been done, Nature -study may become the
teaching of useful knowledge relating to farm
work. I do not advocate the teaching of what
is known as agriculture, but I believe that a
great deal of useful and valnal)lc information
may be put before the pupils in elementary
schools which will help to arouse an intelligent
intei'ost in the varied operations of the farm.
After all, the aim of the authorities in advocat-
ing Nature-study is to so educate the labouring
class of the country that they will remain on
the land and not drift into the towns to swell
the number of the unemployed.
(To III- continual.)

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. CHAP5r.\y. G.inloner to R. I. JIe.isuke.s, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddeu Road, Caiiibenvell.

Stanhojieax would probably become extinct
iu gardens were it not that the old-established
places, that make no pretension to .special
Orchid culture, continue to cultivate them,
suspended in baskets from the roof of the
stoves. The excuse is made that the flowers
are so short-lived, and the perfume is so over-
powering, that the plants arc not worth any-
thing. These are probably mere excuses, for
the plants are generally found iu a very in-
different state of health in an Orchid-collection,
and to see them really happy wo must go to
some old-fashioned garden, as it wasmy pleasure
to do a few days ago, in the West of England.
The results prove that the conditions provided
in an ordinary plant-stove are what Stan-
hopeas require ; and further, that they should
be rarely disturbed at the roots, except to
take a little of the old material away and afford
a top-dressing, which may be done annually.
I saw a plant of a variety of S. Wardi that
had no fewer than nine spikes, with thi-ee and
four flower-buds each, nearly ready toexi)and,
and it had not been repotted for years. The
best time in which to repot or top-dross Stan-
hopeas is almost iimuediately after they have
flowered. Do not repot the plants unless the
potting material has become decomposed, or the
decay of the basket necessitates it. Provide

liberal, clean drainage ; but as the Stanhopeas
usually produce their flower-scapes from the
base, they penetrat.e through the compost, and
must be afforded the means of exit through the
drainage. Tlio crocks at the bottom should be
so arranged that they may do this. The
potting compost must be of an open nature,
consisting of two parts peat, one of sphag-
num-moss, and a liberal sprinkling of mode-
rately coarse charcoal. Press this compost
moderately firm about the base of the plant ;
\vater the plants directly after the operation,
and encourage the roots to get hold of and
establish themselves in the new compost.
Shade from direct rays of the sumshine until
the plants are re-established.

Pevistevia ehita generally succeeds in the
plant-stove. I remember to have seen some
huge specimens in cliarge of the foreman of
the general plant houses in one of the greatest
Orchid establishments. I have never seen their
equals since. The man in charge of these
afterwards became the Orchid specialist, but
although he continued to cultivate the Peris-
terias, they have sadly deteriorated. I saw
jjlants producing flower-scapes freely in a
garden near Exeter, recently, where they have
grown for many years, the whole stock having
been obtained from one small iilant. These
plants are potted in the autumn each year in a
compost of good fibrous strong loam, rough
peat, a little leaf-soil, and a liberal sprinkling
of rough sand. Plants now advancing their
flower-scapes, if root-bound, should be afforded
occasional applications of weak liquid cow-
manure.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

C'ljclamens. — Prepare the requisite number
of seed-pans for the purpose of sowing seeds of
Cyclamens during this month, or not later tlian
the first week in September. Cover the
drainage material in each pan with moss, and
use a compost of loam and leaf-soil in about
equal proportions, adding a little fine mortar-
rubble and sand. Jlake the soil firm, and the
surface even, then distribute the seed, press-
ing it into the soil with the fingers ; cover to
tlie depth of -J-inch, and water with a fine
rose-can. Place pieces of glass over the pans,
and put the latter in a cold frame for a month
or six weeks until the seedlings appear. As
soon as the seed-leaf ajipears, lift the pans as
closely to the glass as possible. Do not lot
the soil become dry. Continue to afford
abundance of ventilation to plants approach-
ing the flowering stage, removing the lights at
night during the next two or three weeks.

Bulbs. — As the catalogues are now coming to
hand, selection of varieties will be necessary
that the order may be sent for them at once.
The named varieties of Hyacinths and Daffodils
to bloom during January should be potted Ijy
the beginning of September. Having already
referred to early varieties of bulbs for forcing,
the following remarks deal with bulbs for giving
a display of flowers from January onwards.

IJnacintlis. — The following varieties can be
depended upon to give good results. Single
reds: Charles Dickens, " I'Ornement Rose,"
Macaulay, Koh-i-noor, Gariljaldi, Mrs. Beechcr
Stowe, King of the Belgians, Princess Clothilde,
Qneeu of Hyacinths, Countess of Rosebery,
Vuu'rbaak, Von Schiller. Double reds :
Novelty, Princess Louise, Empress of India,
Ijord Wellington, Susanna Maria, and Venus
de Medici. Single whites : Avalanche, Alba
superbissima. Miss Nightingale, Mont Blanc,
Grandeur a Merveille, La Franchise, La Gran-
desse, Mr. PlimsoU, Princess of Wales, Queen
of the Netherlands, Snowball, and I'Innocence.
Double whites : Edison, La Grandesse,
Prince of Waterloo, Bouquet Royal, Florence
Nightingale, Globosa, and La Tour d'Auvergne.
Single blues : Marie, Queen of the Blues,
Grand Lilas, Baron Van Tuyll, Challenger,
Charles Dickens, Loonidas, Lord Derby, ICing of
the Blues, Prince of Wales, General Havelock,
Czar Peter, Sir J. Lawrence, and Grand Maitre.
Double blues : Perfection, Garrick, Charles

August 24, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

151

Dickens, Blocksbei-g, Ci-owii Prince of Sweden,
and Van Speyk. Sinjjle j-ellows : King of Yel-
lows, Obelisk, Ida. JoIdi" Stuart Mill, Bird of
Paradise, and L'Or d'Australie. All the fore-
going are recommended for single pots and
glasses. For making a display of flowers, bulbs
to pot three in a pot may be obtained at a
cheaper rate. Good varieties for that purpose
are, whites : The Bride, Rosa Bonheur, and
Elaine ; blues : Her JIajesty, Royal Blue, and
Madame Lesseps ; pinks : Cocxuette, Delicata,
Gertrude, and Yeuus ; yellows : Yellow Prince,
and La Plule d'Or.

Polyanthus XavcissL- — I name those in the
order in which they will flower: Gloriosa,
.Soleil d'Or, Bazolraan Major, Grand Monarque,
Grand Primo, and Grand Sultana.

Tulips. — Early varieties of Due Yan Thol —
crimson, scarlet, vermilion, white, and yellow
— are all good for early forcing. Of later
varieties may be named Canary Bird, C'hryso-
lora. King of the Yellows, La Belle Alliance,
Bride of Haarlem, Cottage Maid, Crimson
King, Pottebukker, scarlet, white, and yellow ;
Keizer's Kroon, Proserpine, Thomas Moore,
and Yermilion Brilliant. Of double varieties:
La Caudeur, Prince of Wales, Rex rubronim,
Tournesol, Tournesol Yellow, and Imperator
rubrorum.

Dajfodils or Xarcissus. — For pots the follow-
ing are amongst the best varieties, viz., X.
Ard-Righ, N. Golden Spur, X. Henry Irving,
N. bicolor Empress, X. liicolor Horslieldi, X.
Emperor, X. maximus, X. rugilobus, X. Tela-
monius plenus, X. princeps ; the two last-
named varieties should be grown in quantity
for cutting purposes. Tlie selection from the
medium-crowned section of DalTodils should in-
clude Cynosure, Stella, Orange I'hcenix, Sulphur
Phcenix, Incomparabilis, single and double,
Leedsii, and Sir Watkin. X. poeticus ornatu.s
and single sweet-scented Jonquils will afford
sweet-scented flowers for decorative purposes,
and should bo grown in quantity.

i\/i.sce;/(ii!eoi(.s. — For furnishing front row-
plants in the greenhouse or conservatory,
Scillasibirica, Crocuses in variety, andChiono-
doxa Lucllije are desirable. Put several bulbs
in a pot to give a good display of bloom. The
cultural requirements of bulbs will be referred
to next week.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Maynk. (;ardcner In llic li..ii. Mauk Koli.e,
liictoli. East iludlcit-li, Devulisliiro.

Coleworts. — Get out later sowings of these
while the ground remains moist; a distance of
!) to 12 inches each way will be sullicient. A
narrow border that has yielded such crops as
Lettuce, Turnips, or Carrots, will be suitable.

Lvttitccand Endive. — Plant good breiulths on
an open piece of ground, and allord a space of
12 to 15 inches each way between the plants ;
dust them with lime and soot late in the
evening or early in the morning, to keep away
slugs.

Broad ISeans .sown at the end of May arc now
yielding good crops. Clear the ground of ex-
hausted crops, that it may be planted with
Colewort, Borecole, and Kail, or sown with a
late crop of Turnips. These would supply a
remunerative crop of greens in the spring,
should they fail to form roots of a serviceable
size.

French or Kidney Beans.— Tho latest-sown
crop of these should be kept well supplied
with water when in flower, or t ho blooms will
fail to set. AVe have given Veitch's Hybrid a
trial this season, and it has i)roved a tho-
roughly good main crop variety, beinga strong
grower and very prolific. It requires to bo
sown thinly, and 3 feet space should be allowed
between the rows. A sowing should soon be
made that can be given glass protection later
when frost threatens. Those wlio have pits
heated with hot-water usually devote part of
I hem to this vegetable. The soil should be
fairly rich and light, and 2 feet or more below
the leaders or rafters. Sow in drills 2?, inches
deep and 18 inches asunder. Another 'met hod

is to sow in boxes, or pots 8 inches in diameter,
placing them out-doors for the present, where
the pots can be plunged, and shading them with
a few mats until the seeds have germinated.
Sion House. Fulmei's Forcing, and Yeitch's
Superb Early Forcing, are suitable varieties.

Parsley. — As much of the spring sowing as
can be spared should be cut back fairly hard
to encoiu'age new gro\rth before cold nights
occur, this will keep a supply up to the new-
year, or even later, providing the weather be
not too severe. Keep the siu-face soil well
stirred between the rows of the last sowing
and those iilauted out for mid-winter use.

Miscellaneous. — Weeds are best removed by
the hand, then use the flat hoe wherever it
can be worked. Keep the walks clean, and
roll them occasionally while damp. It the
walks are of turf, cut the grass every ten days
or so, finishing off with a heavy hand-roller
the week after cutting.

THE ilABDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. IIEEEIN.

H'a.sps are becoming very numerous and
troublesome, especially among Plums and late
Cherries. All nests should be searched out
and destroyed. Where the nests are in the
ground, a very easy method of destroying them
is by pouring in gas-tar by means of an old
v.atering-pot. This may be done at any time
of the day, as the absent wasps are sure to
entrap themselves in the tar on their return,
and it should be used liberally around the
entrance to the nest. The old method of
destruction with gunpowder and sulphur, and
then digging out the nest, is very effective, but
must be done at night, when all the wasps are
!it home. If the garden labourers be offered a
premium upon each nest destroyed, most of
the nests are likely to be discovered and
destroyed at night. A lump of wadding soaked
in a solution of cyanide of potassium and
pushed into the entrance of tho nest on a
pointed stick, is another means of destroying
them ; but the cyanide being a very deadly
poison, extreme care must be used, and tho
poison must not be brought at all near to the
nose or mouth of the workman.

Earwiijs are very troublesome among wall
fruits, especially where the walls are old and
contain old nail and other holes. They may
l)e trapped in large numbers by placing 'J-inch
lengths of dry Broad liean-stalks among the
brandies close to the wall. These should be
examined every morning and emptied of the
earwigs, a bottle jiarlially filled with water
being carried round for their reception.

The Fruit Store. — As the storing of some
varieties of early fruits will shortly be neces-
sary, tho fruit-store should be thoroughly
cleansed at once ; the woodwork and shelves
washed down with soap and water, and
rinsed with clear water afterwards. Where
there are brick walls, these should bo lime-
washed. When finished, throw open the doors
and ventilators until the insido is dry. If the
floor is paved this should be washed also, but
if of hard, trodden earth, tho surface should
.bo scraped off and freshened. An equalile
temperature is not always possible in fruit-
rooms covere<l with tiles or slates, neither of
which for this purpose is equal to a thatch of
good straw or heather.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Fibrous-rooted Beiimiias flower profusely in
tho beds, and are suitable for forming masses
of bloom, but they are seen to best advantage
when planted sparingly over a carpet of some
dwarf plant, and taller plants mixed with
them. Three good sorts among the fibrous-
rooted kinds are Abundance, colour coral-pink ;
Fairy Que(Mi, or Crimson Bedder, useful as an
edging; and Carrierei, colour white. In pro-
pagating these Begonias from cuttings, care
should be taken to preserve all the buds in the
axils of the leaves, even leaving the one at the

bottom of the cutting. Where jiossible, select
only such cuttings that have wood-buds, for
although tho tops of the plants will strike,
such cuttings only form one straight shoot as
plants, and therefore do not show the natural
growth of the plants. Propagate at once, if
cuttings can be obtained without destroying
the appearance of the plants. If not, the old
plants may be lifted later, and divided up or
held as stock. Two or three cuttings placed
now in small pots, or inserted in shallow pans
in light sandy soil, will succeed. Place them
in a frame, and do not keep the atmosphere
too close or wet.

.Ii!iiiiti7.s. — If a display of these is wished to
follow tho bulbs in late spring, or to furnish
flowers for cutting, a sowing should now be
made, csiiecially in cooler districts. Lark-
spurs, Scabious, Godetias, Calliopsis, Clarkias,
&c., are all very useful for this purpose, and
may be sown where they are to flower, or
for transplanting later to the ground as it
becomes available. Larkspurs have reverted
to the ordinary blue this season. Seeds bought
in, and own saved, have scarcely a light shade
amongst them. Last season tho light shades
predominated, and were very beautiful.

Gcnend Remarks. — Remove all decaying
flower-spikes and flower-trusses from tho beds ;
continue to pinch such plants as Alternan-
theras. Colons, Pyrethrum, &e. Afford sup-
ports to tall-growing plants. Remove the
flower-stems from Cannas as they pass out of
bloom, and afford tho plants copious supplies-
of water if tho weather is dry. Tie up Dahlia
growths, and afford the plants plenty of water,
and a mulch ; thin the blooms. Remove dead
flower-stems from Carnations; continue to
layer for young plants — the earlier tho Layers
are rooted the better. Alow the lawns fre-
quently ; tho grass may not grow much in the
very hot weather, but w'eeds will. Trim tho
edges of beds and walks, and maintain a tidy
appeara nee genera 1 1 y .

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Lifliwi Worn-oui Vines. — In too many private
gardens Yiues are |ireserved long after they
have ceased (o be proliliible. In tho case of
exhausted borders, in which the roots arc too-
deep, and the berries shank, the present is a
good time to lift them. The old soil should bo
carefully removed with a fork, beginning at the
outside, taking care not to injure tho Vine-
roots, and as tho work proceeds lay them
in damp mats and kcei) them moist. Take
special care of all fibrous roots, and if neces-
sary, re-mako tho border all through, adding
new drainage and drain-pipes, so as to keep tho
drainage in a sweet condition. Cut back any
old, decayed roots to a live part, spre.iiling (uit
the small fibrous roots carefully, and keeping
all near to the surface. Make the new compost
firm, but take care thai in rjiiiiuiiii; 11 you do
not injure the roots. When c(iii]plcic, sjtread a
mulching of fresh stable-manure over tho
surface, and saturate the border with water.
.Syringe the Vines several times daily, and
shade them from the sun. In most casee
a restricted border is best, adding soil
as required in after years. The most im-
portant part in lifting is to get the roots
re-covered without long expo.sure, and to
keep tho air close and moist. The compost
should consist of good turfy loam, old mortar
rubble, crushc'd bones, charcoal, and a sprink-
ling of Thomson's Vine Manure. Do not use
any decayed manure, as when used in quantity,
or there is a deficiency of root action, it
causes the new soil to sour before the roots
can take hold of it. It is surprising how soon
such old Vines take to their new conditions, if
kept moist by syringing and damping all parts
of the house. This work shoidd be done in the
autumn, as there is then the certainty of suc-
cess. Crop lightly the first season afterwards,
and do not force tiie Vines, but permit them to
grow freely, and the terminals toextend them-
selves, stopping tho laterals when they touch
each other.

152

THE G A n D EXER S ' CUE OXI CL E.

[AlGlST ■24, 1001.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— Tftf Editor dms not
underta'ce to ttail for atty coiitribvtions, or to return the
vnusfti covimunications or illustrations, unless by special
arrangement.

Illustrations.— r»< Editor will thankjully rtcttre and select
fhotognjphs or draicings, suitalle /or reproduction, o/
gardens, or of remarkable plants, Jlowers, trees, £c. ; but he
cannot be responsible /or loss or injury.

Letters for Publication, as veil as specimens and plants
firr naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.
Cammu niait ions should be WRtiTEH ox oxE side only of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the iceek as possible, and duly
signed bij the tcriter. 1/ desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending nexcspapers should be
careful to murk the paragraphs they wish the Editor to sec.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY. An;. 24-!'

1 Str.ulieai-u Uoiiicullural So-
' j cioly's Show.

TTiTj-aniv ATT,. .3- (Royal Horticultural Society's

TUEbDA\, AU1..2.., Committees meet.

Exliibiliou of Pot Plants and
i Flowers at Glasgow, bv the
Glascow andWcsi of Scotland
Horticultural Society, in asso-
WEDXESDAY. Ara. 2S elation with the Glasgow Ex-
hibition authorities (2 days).
I Harpenden Horticultural So-
ciety's Show,
Bath Floral Fete (2 days).
; ( Sandv Floral and Horticultural
'\ Exhibition.

fDTTi.i- 1,-. ,,, t Bi-adford Horticultural So-

1 KliiA 1 . At I., .i.i .J eiety's Show (2 days).

SALES.

MONDAY. Au;CST2<i.— Great Trade Sale of Dutch Bulbs,

at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.
THURSDiY. An.rsT 29.— Great Trade Sale of Dutch

Bulbs, at Protheroe <t Morris' Rooms.
FRIDAY. AUiiUST 30.— Great Trade Sale Dutch Bulbs,

and Imporied and Established Orchids, at Protheroe

& Morris' Booms.

THURSDAY. .Vul;. S<i ;

ArETiAGE TE5n>ER-\TrRE for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Y'ears at Chiswick
-60-7°.
Actual Tejipekatubes :—

LOJJDOS.— .4h<7»*' 21 (6 P.M.) : Max. 76"; Min. 5ij°.

vl!/3«s( 22.— Fine, warm.
Provinces — J iipiisl 21 (6 p.m.): Max. 67°, Home
Counties ; Min. 5i)°. Shetland.

It is always a matter of great
Gold Medal interest to losarians to know
Roses 01 1.01. ^^ ^^.j^^^^^ ^^^^ j^^. ^^.^^^^ j,jp ^.^^^

Medals for the new seedling Roses are
awarded. A tribunal which decides what
are to be commended and what left on one
side is composed of the best leading ro-
sarians, both amateur and professional, and
consequently commands and receives the
confidence of all Rose-growers. It is true
that this jury, as the French call all such
tribunals, may. like other juries, sometimes
make mistakes, but they are mistakes which
are few and far between, and not more than
are inevitable liy fallible men.

As will be seen, not only exhiliition Roses.
but a garden Rose has been decorated. And
it is also interesting to notice that two firms
which have never liefore received such an
honour, have won the ]Medals this year.
Two have been obtained l>y Messrs. B. R.
Caxt ct Co., one by Messrs. James Yeitch &
Sox, and one by Messrs. Alexander Dickson
tt Sons. Xewtownards.

It was at the Richmond Show that
Messrs. B. R. Cant & Sons obtained the
Gold Medal for their new H.P. Ben Cant
(figured at p. 13, July 6), and around it
there is a little history. About four years
ago Mr. B. CiXT (the younger of the
two brothers who now so diligently
carry on the business of the firm) began

the cross-breeding of Roses, believing that
there was much to be done in this line;
and the success which has attended his
efforts, obtaining two Gold Medals the first
year that any of his products were exhil)ited,
shows the skill and intelligence with which
his operations were carried out. '' Ben Cant "
is named after the old veteran, who was re-
garded as the very prince of Rose exhibitors ;
it was raised during his lifetime, though he
did not live to see it exhibited in its full
beauty. It is the product of Victor Hugo
crossed with Susanne-Marie Rodocanachi,
and clearly shows that it is a true cross,
exhibiting the qualities of both parents.
It is a fine sturdy grower, making shoots
3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet in height — some are
even higher; the foliage is large and pointed,
similar to that of Victor Hugo, but much
finer, and more leathery. The flowers are a
brilliant deep crimson, slightly veined and
shaded darker : the outer petals are rounded
after the Rodocanachi type, very firm and
leathery ; the centre is well defined, pointed,
and very high, and when in its best phase,
has a very bold and striking appearance,
sometimes measuring as much as six inches
across, and even when fully expanded the
flowers retain their colour, and last ex-
tremely well. It is. we are informed, tho-
roughly perpetual, throwing out a large
number of laterals, all of which bloom in
the autumn. It is destined to stay, and will
long keep before the minds of the rosarians
of the future the name of one whose memory
we of the present generation always cherish ;
probably had it lieen i-aised in France they
would have called it Souvenir de Ben Cant,
but our shorter name is more convenient
and just as efficient.

J/r.s. B. R. Cant is the name given to a
second Gold Medal Rose raised l»y this firm.
It seems likely to be a very valuable addi-
tion to our Tea-scented Roses, being very
vigorous in habit, flowering continuously all
through the season, which is evidenced by
it obtaining an Award of Merit at the show
of the Royal Horticultural Society of Sep-
tember •2':>. We have never known a Rose
obtain such an honour at so late a period of
the season ; its colour is a beautiful rose on
the outer petals, sometimes even quite a
rich red; while the inner petals are soft,
silvery-rose, suffused with buff at the base of
the petals. The foliage is a very attractive
deep rich lilue-green, the young growth
being a bronze-red. The blooms are com-
pact, full, and symmetrical, and the flowers
last well when cut.

Queen Alexandra. — The qualities of Crim-
son Rimbler are so fully recognised by
all lovers of a garden that it is certain
that it will be much used by the hybridiser*
and Messrs. James Veitch A- Sons have
succeeded in producing a seedling which
will no doubt be a great acquisition as a
pillar Rose. It is a seedling from Crimson
Rambler crossed with Rosa multiflora sim-
ples; the flowers are in large clusters like
Crimson Rambler, but of a rich rose colour
(see p. 27. July 13). A Gold Medal Was
awarded to it at the Temple Show, where
the Queen was present, and the bouquet
presented to Her Majesty consisted of this
Rose and the late Mr. Bennetts well known
'■ Her Majesty."

Edith D'Oinhrain. — Rosarians have for a
long time said, ■' I wish we could get a white
Rose with the shape of A. K. Williams."

The well-known firm of Messrs. Alex. Dick-
son & Sons, of Mewtownards, seem on the
way to accomplish this, if they have not
actually succeeded. Thj Rose at present
under notice is described by th^m as white,
with a faint flush of pink in the bud; the
blooms are said to be of the form of A. K.
Williams, and are produced singly on very
firm, erect footstalks, qualities v?hich all
exhibitors of Roses will appreciate ; it is an
excellent cut-back Rose, every shoot carrying
a bloom.

It will thus be seen that the present
season has been prolific in Gold Medal
Roses. We do not know when these flowers
■will be distributed to the Rose-loving public,
but one of them at least will be for sale
(tjueen Alexandra) this autumn, and Mrs.
B. R. Cant in June next.

Wistarias. — Wo are accustomed to see
these very beautiful plants grown as climbers
or trailers, but under certain conditions it is
desirable to grow them in a limited space, or to
arrange them in grotips as part of a decorative
design, and for this purpose they can be
grown as standards. Our supplementary illus-
tration was taken from s.imo plants exhibited
at the last Temple Show by Messrs. J. Veitch
& Sons, Royal Exotic Xursorios, King's Road,
Chelsea.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting will be hold on Tuesday, August 27,
in the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, Westmin-
ster, when a lecture on "Garden Manures"
will be given by Mr. F. J. B.vker, A.U.C.S., at
3 o'clock.

At a general meeting held on Tuesday,

August 13, eighteen new Fellows were elected,
making 700 since the beginning of the present
year.

LONICERA Hildebrandiana.— Owing to a
mischance, for which we are not responsible,
we stated in our last report of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society that this had been grown
out of doors in Devonshire, the fact being
that it was grown and flowered in the garden
of the Rev. H. Ewb.vnk, St. John's, Ryde,
Isle of Wight.

A Large Vine.— The Daily News says that
" Lord Brkad.\lbane is the owner of the
finest Vine in Europe. It was planted at
Auohmore House, in Scotland, more than half
a century .ago, and is quite double the size of
its rival at Hampton Court. It produced 4000
bunches of Grapes, not long ago, in one
season alone."

Presentation to Mr. T. H. Cook.— There
was a very large gathering at Gosford, Had-
dingtonshire, on Saturday evening, to do
honour to Mr. T. H. Cooc, Gosford, previous
to his leaving the district to fill the important
post of head gardener to his JIajesty the King
at Saudringham. Mr. CoNNOR, Craigielaw,
presided, and previous to making Mr. CoOK
the recipient of several handsome presents,
gave a brief sketch of his successful career as
a gardener, and mentioned how highly his
services had been appreciated by Lord Wemyss
and all others during his ton years' stay at
Gosford. He then handed over to Ut. Cook,
in name of many subscribers, a handsome
mounted oak tea-tray, bearing the following
inscription :—" Presented to Mr. Thomas
Cook by his fellow-servants, ou his leaving
Gosford"for Smdringham, August, 1901." This
gift was accompanied by a hot-water jug, cake-
basket, and ten volumes of Chambers' En-
cijclopa-dia, from the same donors. Mr.
ScL.iTER, Edinburgh, afterwards handed over

AiJSCSI -21. 1001.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1:3

a beautifully chased solid silver salver and
pni-se of sovereigns, in name of Aberlady and
other subscribers, bearing the following in-
scription : — "Presented to Mr. T. H. CoOK by
his Aberlady and other friends, on the occasion
•of his appointment to be chief gardener at
Sandringham to his Majesty the KlXG, August,
4901." On Monday, Lord Wemvss personally
presented Mr Cook with a handsome inlaid
timepiece, with the inscription : — " Presented
Ijy the Earl of We.myss to Mr. Thomas Cook,
on his leaving Gosford for Sandringham,
August, 1001."

Royal Appointments.— W'c have received
jgo many intimations of late that such-and-such
a firm has been honoured by a Royal appoint-
ment, that our printers have been confused
with them. It is necessary to point out that a
paragraph which appeared on p. 131 of our last
assue should have read something as follows :
— Messrs. Little & BALLANTyxE, Carlisle, have
been appointed nurserymen and seedsmen to
the Kino, having previously held similar ap-
pointments to Queen Victokia and the Prince
of WALE.S. We have also to announce that
Messrs. Jas. Veitch it Sons, Ltd., Royal
Exotic Nurseries, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.,
have been appuinted nurserymen and seedsmen
fco the KiXd.

The National Dahlia Society. — We
would roiiiind our readers that the annual
.■show of the National Dahlia Sur-icty will be
Jield at the Crystal Palace on Sept. 0 and 7.
The schedule of prizes includes forty-nine
<-hisses; and that for nine Cactus Dahlias in
giots, that made i poor display last year, ha,s
been retained, in the hope that exhibitors,
being better able a second time to get their
jilants into the best condition at a certain
<late, a better result will be obtained. The
society will al.so meet at the Drill Hall, on
.Sept. 24, for the purpose of inspecting late-
ilowering varieties submitted for certificate.

Glut of Mushrooms. —A correspondent
«otes that there ai)pears to be a glut of Musli-
(Tooms iu various parts of the country. In the
K-arly part of the week there were good
samples achieving a ready sale at Zd. and Id.
Bier lb. ; and from Carlisle it is stated thai
i)rices were as low as Id. per quart, and
farmers were complaining of the havoc caused
by those engaged in gathering the fungi. The
crop of the edible sorts in Cuniherhind last
•week was unprecedented ; last Friday night
:l(WO baskets were sent off to one town in the
north, and .so large has the supply been, that
much had to be refused by dealers— they could
mot find baskets for packing to st-nd by rail.
Some people have statiMl that so thick in
.several places was the crop, that a scythe
could have been used with advantage.

Carpet-Bedding.— The third edition of a
'handbook on this subject, entitled L(i Moniii-
^■ulliiie I'valiquc, has just been issued by
M. Albert Maumenk (Librairie et Impri-
jnerie Horticole, 84 bis. Rue de Crenelle,
Paris). The author devotes his chapters to:
the History of Carpet-bedding, illustrated by
jiumerous plans and pictures ; Decorative Con-
siderations ; Uses of Carpet-bedding ; Various
Kinds of Carpet-bedding; Colour and its Uses;
Plants and their Values in Bedding; Study of
.Styles and Patterns ; Arrangement and Plant-
ing; Application of Plans to the Cround ;
After-care of a Plantation; Plants Suitable to
the Work ; Raising and Crowing Plants for the
Purpo.se ; Carpet-bedding abroad ; Specimens
of Designs; and an Index. Thus it will be
-seen that the .scope of the book is fairly com-
prehensive. M. Maumenk by no means con-
tines himself to plants with ornamental foliage

and flowers of primary colours, with which
elaborate geometrical patterns can be wrought
out ; these, it is true, receive their due share
of attention, but there is also much said about
alpines and other dwarf or taller plants which
are to be grown for a less particular, more
general effect. This makes the book interest-
ing, not merely to the comparatively few who
still favour "mosaic " bedding, but to all who
like select plants of proportions suitable to
the places in which they are to be grown.

Double Dahlia.— Messrs. Canxell send us
a flower-head of a Dahlia, in which the ray-
florets bear at their base, where they join the
ovary, one or more strap-shaped petals, which
are sometimes confluent, and form a second
imperfect corolla. As the colour of the rays
was a deep maroon, and that of the secondary
petals yellowish, a striking contrast was pro-
duced. Messrs. Caxnell would do well to
endeavour to develop and fix this i)eculiarity.

Centenary French Bean.— Mr. Wood, of
Penrith, submits a sample of his golden French
Beau "Centenary, " a dwarf Butter-Bean, with
yellowish, fleshy pods destitute of parchment.
Having submitted them to the test of cooking,
we can say that they are excellent. Mr. Wood
claims that they are early, and come into
bearing quickly.

Publications Received. — Pvocecdbuji of

the .\(iri - ll'irliriilliinil Society of Madras,
Oc to lie r-Xov ember, 1000. Contents: Citron,
Nutmegs on the Plain, Xew tannin (Cfe.sal-
pinia digyna), Paspalum dilatatum, and notes
on other subjects. — The Agri - Horticultural
Sorietij of Madras: The Annual Meeting,
March 2o, 1901. "The year has been
one of progress in several directions. Mr.
Cavanagh, who arrived on January 17, has
already effected considerable improvements in
the gardens, and has extended the work of the
Society in various ways." — huUetin of the
hotanieal Department, Jamaica, July, 1001.
Contents: Curing and Packing Produce, Im-
perfect Coco-Nut, Foot-rot and varieties of
Cocoa.

very good assortment of Tropjeolums,all dwarfs,
one or two of which were of great beaiity ;
Ruby King is of a very distinct colour, and
worth growing, as is also Carmine King and
Empress of India. Godetias were well repre-
sented, and about a hundred useful annuals.

In the agricultural department there were
represented all the useful grasses, clovers,
and fodder plants ; some of the latter quite
new to this country, and, 1 believe, not yet in
commerce.

The party had a pleasant and instructive
day's outing. P. lU.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

NURSERY NOTES.

DICKSDN & nOBI.N'SOX, MANCHESTER.

The Manchester horticulturists were re-
cently invited to view the trial-grounds of
Messrs. Dickson & Robinson. These trial-
grounds are between 4 and 5 acres in extent,
and are situate at Northenden, a pretty little
suburb. The soil is of fair quality, and repre-
sentative of the Manchester district generally.

.Sweet Peas and culinary Peas are very
largely grown here for the purpose of com-
parison. Of the former, some of the best
varieties noticed were Salopian, Gorgeous,
Emily Henderson, Mont Blanc (a very fine
white), Americanus, Mars, Stanley, Oriental,
and Duke of Westminster ; in all about eighty
distinct varieties. <-)iie hundred distinct
varieties of culinary Peas were growing side
by side. Mr. Robinson pointed out the char-
acters and utility of the various sorts. A new
seedling, unnamed, is now in its .second or
third year of trial at these grounds ; it is also
at Chiswick this year to be reported upon. It
has a very fine habit, splendid pods, and
dcliciou.sly - flavoured Peas, and is a good
cropper. Oradus and Alderman are two ex-
cellent varieties succeeding well. Triumph
was pointed out as a good late variety.

Of Lettuces there were thirty varieties.
Beet fifty, Carrots forty, Kidney Beans fifty,
Scarlet Runners twenty, and of Potatos
seventy varieties.

There was seen also a very large collection
of hardy annuals, notable among which was a

ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM PITTIANUM.
ON May 8, 1900, H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn,
.Stamford Hill (gr., Mr. Thurgood), exhibited
at the Royal Horticultural Society this fine
blotched variety of Odontoglossum crispum,
and it was unanimously accorded a First-class
Certificate, its beauty being very much
admired. On June 4 this year it was again
exhibited, and good cultivation had greatly
improved the flower, not only in size and
substance, but in the richness of the colouring,
and experts pronounced it to be the very best
blotched Odontoglossum crispum seen up to
that date. The title of " the best" is often
bestowed on an exceptionally fine form of a
favourite species, and probably on each
occasion the owners of allied varieties would
contest the right to the honour for one of
their favourites. But in the case of Odonto-
glossum crispum Pittianura there is evidence
that the experts were ready to back their
opinions, for had Mr. Pitt lieen inclined to
p.irt with the plant he might have obtained
700 guineas for it ; or from another source,
."jOO guineas for half the plant— a very sub-
stantial profit on the aOO guineas for which ho
purchased it from Mr. Thos. Rochford when it
first flowered. But the owner of the Ro-sslyn
collection, so rich in fine Odontoglossums, was
not to be tempted to part with the best or any
of his favourites. At the same time it shoul(\
be stated that the giving of hundreds for
exceptionally fine sjjotted Odontoglossums, or
for any unique Orchid, is not such a wild
proceeding as the inexperienced imagine. In
the early days of Odontoglossum growing,
when rare plants used to be regarded witU
fear and trembling lest they should depart
this life in the hasty manner they were in the
habit of doing before their culture got to be
understood, things were different, and to give
" a long price " was a very risky tran.saction.
Then growers thought themselves lucky to
preserve the plant alive and in fair condition.
Of late years the case has altered, and by
propagation the hundred or two paid for a
plant may be well provided for, and with a
reasonable margin of profit, and at the same
time the owner is relieved of the anxiety
which must always bo felt so long as the .stock
is represented by a single plant. Now Odon-
toglossums are increased slowly but surely,
and as each of these fine spotted Odonto-
glossums or other distinct (Jrchids is unique,
there is a property in the stock which even
wealthy amateurs are comforted to know. As
a case in point, it may be stated that in Mr.
Norman C. Cookson's collection at Oakwood,
Wylam, the fine Odontoglossum crispum Cook-
sonii has been increased into a small stock,
and other rare blotched varieties are now
represented by several plants each.

Our illustration (fig. 49), from a photograph
by Mr. H. J. Chapman, represents O. crispum
Pittianum exactly of the real size. The flowers

154

THE G A R D ENER S ' CME ONI CL E.

[August 24, 1901.

are white, sliglitly tinged with rose, the sepals
and petals being heavily lilotched with red-
brown the reverse side heavily tinged with
purple. The labellum has a yellow crest
marked with reddish lines, in front of which
are brown spots on a white ground.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

BASIC SLAG.— Jly experience is as follows :
^For light, gravelly soils, sow in aiitumn, at
the end of September or October, at the rate
of 4 to 5 cwts. per acre. If it be sown in
spring, and drought follows, there will be very
little return for the money. If the weather
be showery after sowing in spring, there will
be a fair return, but not so good as if the basic
slag had been sown in autumn. I have applied
it to corn, gardens, and lawns, also to pasture
land ; but I find we get much better results
from an application of kainit and Damaraland
guano, applying about 3 cwt. of guano and
1 of kainit [to acre ?]. I may mention that
basic slag varies much in quality. G. Ftdfonl,
PresdaJes Lodge Gardens, Ware, Hcris.

— - In answer to "Enquirer," last week,
p. 140, the mamirial value of basic slag, which
has within the past few years come into such
general use, consists in the large proportion
of phosphoric acid which it contains, this
element ranging from 14 to 20 per cent. As
a. fertilising agent it is very essential that the
slag be in the form of an impalpable powder,
because in this condition the jjhosphoric acid
is easily assimilated by plants, and is attacked
without difticulty by carbonic acid and other
vegetable acids produced by the decomposi-
tion of organic matter in the soil. One ton
weight will contain about 330 lb. of phosphoric
acid, and 1,120 lb. of lime ; the latter substance
will be of a caustic character, and will act
on the nitrogen of the .soil probably more
<iuickly than the lime in superphosphate.
The phosphoric acid in basic slag acts more
slowly and over a longer period than the
same element in superphosphate. It is a
suitable manure for providing the soil with a
lasting supply of phosphoric acid, especially
in the lower layers of the soil, such as
Vine-borders ; this fertiliser will ensure the
healthy development of fruit-trees. Vines, orna-
mental trees and shrubs. It also provides
a good dressing for lawns, cricket-grounds,
and paddocks, as it encourages the growth of
Clovers and the finer quality of grasses.
Basic slag may be used in preference to super-
phosphate on all wet, peaty, and rich garden
soils, on account of it containing free caustic
lime, which neutralises the organic acids of
the soil. But it must not be used in combina-
tion with sulphate of ammonia, because it sets
the ammonia free, and causes a loss of plant-
food. Nitrate of soda may be mixed with it.
"When applied to grass and Clover, basic slag
frequently produces very striking results, not
only in the increased yield, but in the perma-
nent improvement in the quality of the herbage,
and the development of the White Clover,
which had previously, in many cases, been
hardly noticeable. In some cases where the
application of basic phosphates has not seemed
to produce any marked effect, we think it
probable, from results obtained in the grass
experiments at Rothamsted, that the soil is
deficient in potash. For example, on a plot of
permanent grass to which no manure of any
kind has been applied for forty-five years, the
average yield of hay is about 1 ton 'per acre ;
the plot to which basic slag alone is applied
gives an increase of but 1 or 2 hundred-
weights per acre over the unmanured ;
while the plot to which a mixture of
basic slag, and 4 cwt. sulphate of potash, is
applied each year, yields an average weight of
over 2 tons of hay per acre ; and tlie quantity
of Clovers and vetchlings in the mixed herbage
is, under the influence of the potash, more
than trebled. The phosphate of lime ccintained
in basic slag is not so soluble as that in super-
phosphate, and should, therefore, be applied

somewhat earlier. On pasture and meadow-
lands autumn or winter applications at the
rate of 5 to 10 cwt. \>er acre are usually the
most economical, but the full effect of this
will not be by any means exhausted in the
first year — indeed, the effect has often proved
more apparent the .second year than the first.
On arable laiul and in gardens, the most suit-
able time for the application will generally be
previous to ploughing or digging, thus giving
time for the decomposition of the material,
and the liberation of the phosphoric acid for
tlie use of the growing plants. J. J. ^YiUis,
Hitrpenden.

MEALY-BUG. — I have a vinery of ripe Grapes,
Hamburghs, Muscats, and Frontignans, which
are attacked with mealy - bug. Wlien the

twenty-three years, and will chiefly be re-
membered for the Lapagerias which he grew
so well, the variety Lapageria rosea superba
(Nash Court variety) having been introduced
by him some years ago. The magnificent
fernery, designed and arranged by Mr. Hum-
phrey, still remains a grand example of his-
work at Xash Court. WUmot H. Yates, TJie-
Gardens, Rotherfield Parle, Alton, Hants.

PHYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA IN FLOWER.— .Several

plants are in full flower here, but at present
there is a considerable numlier that show no
sign of flowering. It will be of interest to-
observe if all plants of this species in England
flower this year, according to tradition.
Charles Ellis, Frcnslmm Hall, SliottermiUy
Haslemere, August 17.

Fig. 49. — odontoglossum crispum var. pittiana. (see p. 153.)

(From a photogi-aph by Mr, II. J. Cli.Tpniaii.)

Vines were' dormant, I had them washed with
hot water taken at boiling-point to the vinery ;
after that the Vines were scraped of all loose
bark, and thoroughly washed with Bentley's
Soluble Paraffin Oil at double strength. The
house and glass were washed with hot water
and the insecticide mentioned above, in the
hopes that the pest might begot rid of; but
now the Grapes are ripe, the pest is showing
again, and getting into the bunches. I am
painting every visible sign of it with methy-
lated spirits. Can I do any more in the way
of evaporising, or in any other waj', without
doing any injury ? An.vioi(s One.

MR. GEORGE HUMPHREY is shortly relin-
quishing the charge of the gardens at Nash
Court, Faversham. Will all the old Nash
Court "boys" who wish to show some mark
of appreciation to their old chief on his
approaching retirement, kindly communicate
at once with Mr. G. Burrows, The Dell Gar-
dens, King's Norton, Birmingham ; or the
undersigned. Mr. Humphrey has had charge
of the gardens at Nash Court for the past

FRUITLESS PURSUIT OF MELONS. — I haVe

often noticed the comments and criticisms of
the Gardeners' Chronicle upon English and
foreign trade, and send the following note as
showing that there is at least some room fop
improvement. On the morning of July 29, ab
9.30 A.M., my employer. Col. A. F., said he
and his friends would lunch on the lawn at
1 o'clock (a lovely day with outside tempera-
ture about 72°), and would like a nice English
Melon. I was asked to go into the tovra
(Bournemouth), and get one at any price. At
iO o'clock I saw my neighbour. Lord P.'s
gardener. ' ' Have you got a good Melon to
spare?" "No, I shall not have one ripe for
another fortnight." I next went to our green-
grocer, A. B. "A nice Melon, please."
" Sorry I have not such a thing ; the last one I
sold was last Wednesday, to a young lady who
rode in from Christchurch." I next tried
George Day & Co., wholesale fruiterers, with
van out in the street. "Hi! any English
Melons '? " " No ! there is not one in Bourne-
mouth." I then tried another first-class green-
grocer (Jlr. L.). "A nice Melon, please."

ACGCST -24, 1001.]

THE GARD ENER S ' CBR 0^^1 CL E.

155

" I am very soitv, Melons are so dear I cannot
<lo anything with them. They are 4s. G(J. first
hand in Covent Garden Market, and there is
no sale for them in Bournemouth at the price
we have to charge." The next shop I tried
was Mr. G. L.'s, the largest and most influential
firm, having three shops in the town. " A nice
Melon, please." "Very sorry we cannot
oblige you, there is not such a thing to be had
in Bournemouth." Becoming desperate at
11 o'clock, I went to L. T. & Co., saw the
manager, and explained the matter. He said,
■"Have you tried Lord C.'s gardener?" and
kindl3' telephoned to him. "Xo," he replied,
:" I have not one; they have failed me this
season." At 11.30 I went to Slaymaker's
wholesale depot. " I want a nice Melon,
please, and do not mind what I pay for it."
■" Very sorry, but you will not get one any-
where in Bournemouth. I have not had one in

English one to compete with them. On July 2"
there was not a dish of green Figs to be
bought in Bournemouth for any price 1 offered
for them. ^y'lU'mm Gostliug, Lisle House
Gavdeus, }}oiinicmoiit}i.

BOUSSINGAULTIA BASELLOIDES. — In reply to

the inquiry by "A. .J. L.," on p. 140, 1 have
found this" rapid-growing climber flower and
succeed best generally when grown in quite a
cold house. If subjected to even a moderate
amount of fire-heat it becomes very weedy,
and will not flower. " A. J. L." does not give
the age of his plant, but lie must not expect it
to flower much until five or six years old. I
have not seen the plant growing out-of-doors
in this neighbourhood, but am growing on a
young plant, which I intend planting in a
warm corner next spring. A, C. Bartlett,
Pencarrow Gardens, Coniira/I.

have published illustrations of such a wealth
of beauty and interest in gardens all over the
country, many must, like myself, have longed
to be allowed a glimpse at places which would
do so much to imjirove the taste and know-
ledge in gardening. It seems to me within
the range of practical politics that a general
scheme should be devised, by which garden-
owners would admit the public to view their
gardens against payment, for the benefit of
the tJardeners' Benevolent Fund. A charge
of, say, half-a-crown a head would exclude the
rough element, and would not be considered
too high by garden-lovers, who are attracted,
not by curiosity, but by real interest. Would
it not be possible to form an association of
owners of gardens, who would join to bestow
l)y these means upon those interested in beau-
tiful gardens a great pleasure, a valuable
instruction in taste and knowledge, and pos-

: I I \\ VTI5R-LTUES, A.S E.VUlBITKh ]:\ Ml:. Ill DSON, CK. TO LKOPOIJI I)E nOTllSt'lIILD, ESQ., AT

I 111: |i|:ill. IIVI.l., WKST.MINSTKIt, AlCrsT l;!, AM) KKI'E.VTRn AT SlIUEWSIil ItV, AIIKIST 21 AM) 22.

(SEE I'l'. in, ICO.)

my place for a long time." " Is it any good to
try D., of the Triangle?" I went there at
11.45, more than a mile from home, saw a
IJcr.sonal friend, a member of the Gardeners'
Mutual Improvement Society, explained
matters, and he kindly teU-plioiiod to some
■dilTerent market-growers, at a radius of more
than 3 miles out, Init not one of these
had an English Melon. 1 got homo at 12.40,
and as a last hope sent my son to Hales,
Dancy it Co.'s depot, to ask if any English
Melons had come down by train to-day. "There
arc no Melons for love or money," was the
reply. At 1.20 P.M. my employer saw me
■on the lawn. "Gostling, where is the Melon? "
said ho; ajul much disappointed 1 was to tell
him that his money would not buy one, and
returned to him the J.'l , as time would not permit
oic to send to Gloucester Koail, South Ken-
sington, iiOndon, as I have done before in like
emergencies. Yet I am sure I saw tons of
Watw-Melons in Bournemouth, and not an

RECORD WEIGHT FOR STRAWBERRIES.— In
the Gdvdeiiers' Cliruiiirlc, August 17, p. 130,
Mr. Snell asks, "What is the record weight
for ten Strawberry fruits?" I have never
heard the record, but I may tell him I exhi-
bited a dish at the Dublin spring show of 1900,
twelve fruits of which weighed 201 oz. ; one
weighed 2} ox. I thought such fruits would
surely call forth some special connnendation
from either the judges or I he executive ; they,
however, did not, so evidently the record was
not reached. IF. D. Jeffreys, Caledoii Park
Gardens, co. Tyrone, IrcUind.

GARDENS AND THE GARDENERS' BENEVO-
LENT. — Tn the tianlriicrs' Chroiiirlc for
August 3, 1 read that the Kiglit lion.
J. T. S. Foljambe had thrown open his
gardens to the puljlic at a charge of l.s. i)or
head, for the benefit of the Gardeners' Uoyal
Benevolent Institution. Since . your owa
journal, and, especially latterly, Country Life,

sibly a considerable revenue to an excellent
charity? Hortiilanus. [We think many more
owners would gladly thi'ow oi)en their grounds
for the bonelit of the garden charities if the
suggestion was nmde lo them. El>.]

YARROW ON LAWNS. — I must confess my
surprise at the crusade against Yivrrow on
lawns [see note on p. 13K|. Here at Kow I not
merely encourage it, but intend sowing it ex-
tensively. ]f fi'equently mown, it forms a soft
and elastic turf, and is singularly resistciit to
wear and tear on lawns much trodden upon.
But its great merit is its tolerance of drought.
Years ago 1 remember a luwn in Gloucester-
shire where, during a dry summer, the grass
was burnt up to a sickly brown, while the
patches of Yarrow stood out in emerald-greeii
patches in vivid contrast. Of course, those
who arc the hai)py possessors of a deep and
fertile soil can please themselves ; but beggars
cannot be choosers, and 1 am convinced that

156

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AuciST 24, loot.

0.1 light, gravelly and calcareous soils. Yarrow
in dry sumrjers is a splendid stand-by. Chamo-
mile is perhaps equally good, but more difficult
to establish. After all, the question is one
which will settle itself. In old turf on a poor
soil, I doubt the possibility of eradicating the
Yarrow ; and I do not envy the man who is
bold enough to try to start afresh. W. T.
Thiselton-Dijei:

THE SEASON OF WASPS (see (lilfe, pp. 114,138.
^Last year we were swarming with wasps,
and as your correspondents say, taking their
nests mafle little or no appreciable difference
in their numbers. Having suffered so much
■we made war on the queens when they first
came out from winter quarters, and killed a
large number ; in the last three weeks of May
alone we killed over 150, with the result that,
at present, there is scarcely a wasp to be
seen. On warm, sunny days, from the latter
part of February to the middle of April, the
queens are easily killed, as then they are not
strong on the wing. A little observation will
soon reveal the best hunting grounds, but the
queens invariably show a marked preference
for the flowers of Angelica. Our County
Council Bee Expert told me that last season,
in the west of Cornwall, the plague of wasps
assumed a serious aspect ; and a gentleman
offered a 1(/. for every queen brought to him,
and to his astonishment over 300 were brought
in a single day. A. C. Bai-tlctt, Pencan-ow
Gardeny, CormmU.

■ Since my last note was written to the

Gard. Chron., stating that I had taken 127 nests
from July 10 to August 1, I have destroved
forty-nine others, and still they come. Mr.
Wilkins, on p. 138, recommends turps or tar;
the former I have not tried, but the latter is
an old and tried friend of mine. The only objec-
tion I have to tar is, that the sun must have set
before it can be used, which makes it very
troublesome and most inconvenient, especially
in our case where most of the nests are
amongst reeds and rubbi.sh in the banks of
" Becks' ' and of the river, where they are so difE-
cult to find at night. Cyanide can be used when
the nest is found. I prefer it. By dissolving
the cyanide, and soaking a piece of cott«n-wool
in it, and pushing it well into the hole, the
danger of poisoning is reduced to a minimum.
Mr. Roberts' plan (see p. [138), of poisoning I
have also tried with advertised wasp poisons,
but do not think it worth the time it takes. 1
have found more dead wasps in one nest taken
by the cyanide, than in a whole season with
poisons. I prefer a tempting mixture hung
about in bottles, to poisoning. Honey and
•water, for instance, with a dash of sour beer
and vinegar, which they prefer to any fish or
carrion, although I am well aware they
like these. It is quite evident Mr. Koborts
has not the ntimber of wasps to bother him
that we have, or he would be glad to adopt the
more practical method of killing them at home.
1 think Mr. Roberts will do well to hesitate
before undertaking to keep them down in any
garden, by commencing in time. We begin
with the advent of the queens, which I think
IS as early as possible. This year the men in
the garden were paid for seventy-two queens.
C. Simpson, Newhij Hall Gardens, Ripon.

WALL GARDENS.— I thank Mr. Jenkins for
the reply to my enquiries respecting a wall-
top garden. The following particulars will
help further to describe my case :— (1). The
heavy flat coping-stones on the wall-top cannot
he removed or altered. (2). Only one row of
bricks will be put on edge on each outer edge
of the wall ; they can be bedded and pointed
in mortar, so that the rain will be retained in
the shallow layer of soil a little longer than if
the joints were quite open. (3). The wall-top
IS fully exposed to the sun all day. (4). The
wall on one side is 2 feet above the garden-
level, so that the flowering surface of the
plants would be easily looked down uijon, and
there would be 2 feet of the face of the wall
?l '^ne ijlants to hang down. On the other
(the N.E.) side of the wall the ground is 6 feet
lower than the too of the wall. (5). In asking

for plants suitable for "such a position," I
mean, such as would thrive and flower well in
4 inches deep of soil, on a base of hard stone,
and with full exposure to sun and wind. 1
thought there would be at least a score of
beautiful hardy rock or alpine plants capable
of enduring such conditions. The Houseleek,
for instance, seems able to live on house-roofs
with little or no soil ; but I desire much more
decorative, floriferous plants more after the
type of Sedum acre aureum, Aubrietia Leicht-
lini. Phlox setacea. As for the appearance of
the bricks, J calculated on the plants spread-
ing over their tops, and covering at lea.st their
outer face, even if not hanging down to the
ground. By dividing the space between the
bricks into separate compartments a yard long,
one might supply each with just the kind of
.soil required. Htonecrop.

THE RIPENING OF FRUITS AND THE WOOD.
■ — Having read with much interest your extracts
from the Comptes Rendus, from a paper by M.
F. Kovesse (p. 114), on the proportion of water
in relation to the ripening of woody plants,
the writer seems to think that a fruitful year
follows a year of drought, or deficient rainfall.
My own opinion is, that a deficient autumnal
rainfall is a potent factor in an unfruitful
year. Our rainfall in September, 1899, was
1*79 ins. ; in October, 1-98 ins. ; in November,
3-70 ins. ; and the year 1900 was a year of
general abundance of all kinds of fruits,
berries, and nuts. The rainfall of September,
1900, was 0-50 in. ; October, 1-59 ins. ; No-
vember, 1'65 ins. — a difference in the three
months' rainfall of nearly 4 inches ; and the
fruit crop of 1901 is nearly a failure, and the
only cause I can assign for it is the want of rain
at a critical period of the year, when fruit-
bearing trees are making the final effort to
store the requisite nourishment to produce a
crop of fruit. R. M., Newbunj, AiKjiist 20, 1901.

GOOSEBERRY "GUNNER," ALIAS COBHAM. —
As prominence has been given to the Goose-
berry shown at the Drill Hall on July 30
as " Cobham," and given provisionally an
Award of Merit, it should now be equally
well known that the question of its identity
was again raised at the last meeting of the
Fruit Committee on the 13th, and ample
evidence was then forthcoming that the
variety was, after all, the old yellow hardy
" Gunner." I had, prior to the meeting of the
committee on the 30th ult., looked over the
remarkable collection of one hundred varieties
shown by Messrs. Veitch & Sons, and found
Gunner as being exactly like Cobham, but the
fruits were not quite so large as were those
from Cobham. Because of that similarity, the
award made was provisional, other members
(including the Chairman, Mr. G. Bunyard),
undertaking to compare " Cobham " with
Gunner of their own stock. The result has been
to satisfy the committee that Cobham isthesan.e
as Gunner. In consequence of that knowledge,
the award will appear henceforth as being
made to Gunner. Possibly it will be said, why
not have withdrawni the award altogether ?
That is a fair question to put, but the award
was made to the variety irrespective of cor-
rectness of name or otherwise, because of its
excellent flavour, the committee recommending
it for such reason. Dr. Hogg in the Fruit
Manual describes the flavour of Gunner as
"first-rate." It cannot be too well known
that whilst a heavy cropper, it has much ex-
cellent fitness for the dessert. It is also of
good size and handsome appearance. Certainly,
like Howard's Lancer, it is a good thing too
long overlooked. A. i). [As there was no
indication on the list of awards supplied by
the Society that the award to this Gooseberry
was made provisionally, the presumption was
that the committee considered it to be
distinct. Ed.1

Societies.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Scientific Committee.

AiTUDST 13.— Present : Dr. M. U. Cooke, in the Chaii' ;
Rev. W. Wilks, Prof. Hartog, Messrs. Gordou, OdelU
Chapman, Hudson, Worsley, Bowles, Druery, Saunders-,
and Dr. Masters. , •

Iris Leaves Diseased. — Mr. Wilks brought leaves of :*
German Iris thickly bestvovvii with bro'wn spotB. whicla
become coufluent, and eventually bring about the deatlk
of the plant. Dr. Cooke identities the fungus ae
Heterosporium gracile, and recommends spraying witlu
sulphide of potassium or ammoniacal solution olf
copper. All diseased leaves should be forthwith burnt..

Banana Disease in Egypt.— Mr. Lionel Saunders
made some enquiries about this, but, in the absence of
specimens, the Committee could not pronounce an
opinion.

Ceropegiadebilis.—My. Odell exhibited specimens of
this curious stove climber from the Zambesi.

Lycnris sqiuimigera, and other flowers.— Mr. Worslev
showed flowers of this species which turn of a slaty-
blue when exposed to tlie light. He also showed
flowers of a Hippeastruin with rosy, acute, periantU
segments, traversed by veins of a deeper colour. Th&
leaves are produced some months after the flower ip.
expanded. The filaments are more exsert than in H..
stylosum, to whieh it is nearly allied. From the same-
gentleman came flowers of the single and double-
varieties of Zinnia Haageana, and of Tagctes patula
nana. Seeds from this latter form, known as Cloth of
Gold, produced pure yellow flowers, and some had,
except in their dwarf liabit,reverted to the large African
Marigold. Both single and double forms wore observed.
Mr. Worsley also alluded to the variation in lh&
Dahlia. Seeds of a white-tipped variety produced
70 per cent, of self-coloured flowers, and 30 per cent, of
flowers varying in colour from red and yellow to white.

Diseased Crocu.s Corms.— Mr. Bowles showed diseased
corms, which were referred to Dr. Cooke for ex-
amination.

Proliferous Aconite. -Mr. Bowles also showed flowers-
of an Aconite, in which the stamens and carpels were-
absent, and in their place were secondary tiower-buds..
each with five green sepals, no petals, numerous
stamens, and generally no carpels. '

Plantago major.— Mr. Bowles exhibited fine specimensi
of the so-called Rose Plantain, in which the bracts are:
replaced by tufts of large leaves.

Mandragora nffieinalis.—T\ic egg-shaped fruits of this
species were also shown by Mr. Bowles.

Osmunda regalis.-Mr. Dhuery exhibited fronds of an
entirely new type of Osmunda rcgalis recently found
in Co. Kerry by M. M, A. Cowan, of Peuicuita, and
\V. Boyd, of Melrose. Nine plants in all were found,
six of which were fertile, and three barren, the lattei-
being more finely cut than the former, and apparently-
forming the plumose type of the species. In botl»
forms the usually simple pinnules, with quite smootl*
edges, are deeply lobed on the edges on the lower and:
larger divisions, which, towards the upper part of the^
frond, merges into a distinct and thorough terliary
pinuation, rendering the frond extremely handsome.
The fei'tile spikes consist also of rows of bead-like?
sporangia, while normally these are only slightly
lobed. Mr. Druery has named Mr. Cowan's form O. r.
deconiposita, reserving the naming of Mr." Boyd's find
until its distinct character is confirmed.

ENQUIRY.

" Manchesteu Maxl'RE." — 'Where can this
be obtained '? P.

THE CO-OPERATI"\rE FLOWER
SHOW.

The National Co-operative Festival and its alliccl
agencies require a whole week at the Crystal Palace to
carry out the full details of this great industrial
gathering, for there is an exhibition of trade- produc-
tions, meetings of various bodies, and such-like. The
sixteenth One-and-All Flower Show occupied, as usual,
two days, and on this oeca.sion, owing to the interior of
the Palace being occupied by a Military Exhibition, a.
huge tent was erected ou the terrace, which was an
eighth of a mile in extent, and right along the length
of it there was width enough for six rows oi tables
arranged longitudinally. The exhibits were seen tOi
better advantage under the white canvas than in the-
glass-roofed nave of tlie building; but the somewha*
coarse shingle on the surface made walking about the
tent a trying and exhausting process.

The entries in many of the classes were lessnumeroiis
than usual : but this can be accounted! for on two

August 24, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

157

grounds— first, tl.e incidence of tlie season, wliicli
sliowcd itself in soiiie districts in a prolonged drought,
followed by heavy storms immediately previous 1o the
show, which operated in many places to materially
damage not a few subjects which would otherwise have
appeared on the exhibition-table ; and, secondly,
through the withdrawal by the i-ailway authorities of
thosecheap facilities for travelling to London afforded
in previous years. But even with these drawbacks, the
llower show maintained its reputation for extent aud
interest; the rough, uneven samples of vegetables
which were seen at the earlier exhibitions, before
the working-men co-operators had been taught by a
series of object-lessons the particular lines of quality
fo which the judges gave their preference, have almost
entirely disappeared, and the work of the judges now
lies rather in selecting the best from good average
character, than in the old-time practice of eliminating
the worst as a preparatory process.

From the gentlemen's gardeners and amateurs of
means, the bulk of whose productions make up the
first day's exhibition, good general quality may be
expected, and it was abundantly forthcoming. The
fact that (he specimen plants have to be placed on
tables prevents any of large size being staged, but
Ferns. Fnchsias, Begonias, Pelargoniums, aud others
of ordinai-y greenhouse culture were all in good
character. Then there was good fniit, as represented
by Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines, Melons, tfcc, and also
culinary and dessert Apples and Pears, though the
latter were fewer than usual. Vegetables were nu-
merous and good ; the high quality of many of the
Potatos recalled the days of the series of International
Potato Shows formerly held at the Crysial Palace, when
Potato cultivation for exhibition purposes was elevated
almost to a fine art. In the cut flower classes good
quality was generally apparent, and of those for
subjects in which the florists takes a keen interest, the
general qualiiy displayed laid along the most approved
lines.

On llie second day of the Flower Festival came the
rush of the working-men Co-opcralors from all parts,
with the productions of their gardens. Cut flowers
and vegetabici largely prepondeiated. Of Ihc plants
which are brought with great care from long distances,
few, in all probability, found their way l>ack again.
Annuals in pols were both numerous and varied ; and
111 the class for blue colours. Carter's Hutterfly Nastui-
tiiim is a very desirable addition; Coreopsis lancco-
la;a among yellow annuals; l.inum grandiflorum
rubrum among the red stood out as among the best
for pot-culture. Some, such as Coreopsis Drummondi,
Salpiglossis, Nicotiana aflinis, <!(cc., are loo tall in
giowih to be eflectivc; but, in all probability, many
arc growu under conditions calculated to induce a
drawn up gio.vth.

Siveel Peas abounded, as represented by numbers
it was the most popular tlower in the entire exhi-
bition. Indian Pinks were a cliaiining feature, and
it says something for the seed.* ilistributed by the
.\gricuUural and Horticultural Association that the
quality was good all round.

Few exhibitions entail more cxiiausling labours
upon the jud^-co than the Onc-and-.\ll Flower Show.
The Educational Flower .Show, inaugurated by the
Countess of Warwick, was somewhat confusing and
dii^appoinling. It was the llist attempt, and the
details must not be too severely criticised inconse-
quence. There seemed to be a lack of sequence in the
ariangcment of the classes, and this made it dilllcult
for the ordinary visitor to gr.asp Ihc full inw.irdncss of
tlie olij'-ct. Tlicn of Ihc product ions staged, the general
circcl was marred by lack of intelligent arrangement.
Added to this the quality of the exhibits was not high.
Rc-oiganisalion of this department of the show is
needed. No one appeared to be in special charge of it,
so thatlhose interested in this special feature found it
dilhcult to institute comparison. The idea is a good
one, :iiid with an im]>rovcmenl in its details, interest
will grow in Ihc venture. It was, no doubt, gratifying
to Ihc Countess of Warwick to see The lloslcl at
Reading, and individual members of it, so successful
in sc cral of tl.e competitions in this department.

THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORI-
CULTURAL.

Avi.— BLIKN.S' CoTTAOF— The Hanks and Kiiaks of

BONNIK DOON — AtlCHENllHANK— Cri.ZKAN CtSTLE.

The twenty-fourth annual excursion took place last
week to the land of Burns, the headquarters being in
the auld town of Ayr. On Monday afternoon about
sixty of the parly left Edinburgh for Ayr via Glasgow.
On reaching Ayr the number had increased to over lOii.
several having joined the train by the way. Late in
tlio evening the party all dined together in the Ayr
Arms Hotel, Mr. D. P. Laiid, of R. B. Laird & Son,
nurserymen, Edinburgh, in the chair. A pleasant
evening was spent.

During the night a considerable amount of rain had
fallen, but regardless of the appearance of Ihc weather,
and the lieavy day's work in front of them, (he party
mustered in full force at 8..'!0 a.m. on Tuesday morning,
when a start was made in fourin-hand brakes; the
first one being occupied by (he Earl of Mansl'.cld,

tlie President, R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P. (Hon. Sec),
ir. Farquharson, M.P., of Finzean, Eugene Wason,M.P.,
of Blair, Mr. Edward P. Tennent, of The Glen, Mr. John
Methuen, Edinburgh, Mr. Robert Galloway, the Secre-
tary, and the joint leader of the party. D. P. Laird.Esq.
The first stop was made at .Allows .\uld haunted kirk,
and the birthplace and monument of Robert Burns, on
thebanksand braes of Bonnie Doou ; and alter care-
fully examining the cottage where Burns was born,
and other relics which are stored in the museum and
monument, the banks of the Doou. and the .\uld Brig
over which Tarn o'Shanter sped on his grey mare Meg.
after he had looked at the witches in the haunted kirk.
were visited; and "while a great number of the excur-
sionists were on tlie Auld Brig. Mr. Brown from Bath;
gate led off with " Ye Banks and Braesof Bonnie Doon. '
which was sung by the whole party with a considerable
amount of pathos.

When the time came for crossing the Doon. a move
was made for Auchendrane, the residential estate of
Miss Cathcart, and as the jarty jassed along (he
avenue, all admired the woodland beauty they were
surrounded with. Conifers of the finest order, inter-
mixed with fruit-trees, then over and above all were
large specimens of Oak, Sycamore, Silver, and Scots
Fir. Tlie largest Silver Firs were planted in 1707 by
Mr. John Muir, the first member for the Ayr burghs in
the British Parliament, to commemorate the union of
Scotland with England, and on this account is known
to this day .as the Union .ivenue. Some of (he Silvers
girth \b feet 9 inches 5 feet up the stem. Some good
Larch was seen on the bank of the Doon. One of the
old Scots Firs is known to be over 2(» years old.

In front of the mansion-house are some very large
old Yew-trees, and a very line specimen of Betula alba,
planted 182u, and now girthing no less than 10 feet 4 ins.
A very fine tree of Liriodendron tulipifeni was. in
flower on the lawn, and a number of other good things
by far too numerous to mention. After thanking Miss
Cathcart and Mr. Brown, solicitor, Mayhole, who is
factor for (he estate, and who received (he party, the
brakes were remounted, and in due time arrived at
Culzean Castle, the residence of the Marquis of .\ilsa

The party was welcomed by (he noble lord of the manor
himself, and entertained at a sumptuous lunch. The
exploration of gardens and grounds took place after
lunch; lirst and foremost amongst the guides was
the Marquis himself, and Mr. Smith, factor, Mr.
Page, the estate manager, .Mr. Dalziel, forester, and our
old friend, Mr. Murray, tlic gardener. With such a
grand selection of guides, and a place like Culzean
to wander about, the best possible use was made of
the lime at the disposal of (he party. Some wonder-
fully well grown stems of Beech were seen. Silver and
Scots Fir were in great evidence. Some grand old
trees, one of the Silvers girthing 14 feet 2 inches .'i feet
up the steui. .\ peculiarity .ibout the old Larch was
that most of llicni had from three (o six stems from
about 4 feet up, and a wonderful amount of good
timber is (hu3 got olT one root. But why it should be
so is hard to say, unless (he tops had been nipped out
of the young trees when about \ feet high, thus forming
a number of fine stems, though (hey look well and
seem (o have done well in this particular instance; yet
I hardly think (lia( practice should be followed. There
are also some very fine old Sycamores alioni Culzean.

Afler wandering aboul (he wdods and dells for some
(4nie, (he gardens and pleasuic-gi-ounds were nexl in-
spected, and one of the most striking features about
the place, and most all other places in Ayrshire, is that
the system of bedding out is almost a thing of (he
past. All borders and beds are filled as naturally as
possible; hardy perennials and Hie flncst Conifera;
being very much in use.

In the terrace gardens. Hollyhocks were in abund-
ance, with no sign of disease about them; Hyacinlhus
candicans is very largely used, aud with good elTcct ;
indeed, hardy herbaceous plants and bulbs of all kinds
arc brought into use, and grouped with half-hardy and
lender plants and annuals, and the effect is simply
charming.

Fruit outdoors and under glass arc alwaj-s good at
Culzean ; but if anything, (hey arc better than usual
(his year. Grapes being uncommonly good. Doubtless
we shall see some of them a considerable distance from
home in a few weeks' time with a red ticket on them.

The pond with its aquatic birds and plants, and sur-
rounding wild gardens, containing fine shrubs and
Conifeiic, Tree Ferns, and hardy herbaceous plants,
though hardly in the line of arboriciiUni ists. amply
lewarded llic visit(U-s for the time spent in traversing
the delightful scene.

A very large area of laud is under plantation at
Culzean, and a well stocked nursery from which a coii-

sidciiiWi- nut of planting is done cvcrvvcar. A

visit 1.. .1 -■.. 11 mallgcil w Ivind uilh iim lark of

Ilia, -I I' ivlirrr a gicai aMioviiil of ili.' limber

giijwi ilic i-i:ilc- is iiiaiiuiiiciiircd for (iilli-iciit pur-
poses, brought a most enjoyat)le and lu'ofilabic day at
Culzean (o a close. A vote of thanks was given to the
Maii|iiis of Ailsa and those wl.o helped to entertain the
I arty.

I'hf ihuiir Culzean to j\yr along the stone road

was I <l. IilIiIiuI, and the weather tlirougliout the

''i'lii- liarU .liii. (1 ill the King's Arms Hotel at R .10 p.m.,
and iiiiiiicciialcly after the dinner the general meeting
of tlic Society took place. D. L. M.

(To be continued.)

BISHOP'S STORTPORD HORTICUL-
TURAL.

AuiusT It.— The thirty-second summer exhibilioe
was held at The Grange, Bishop's Storlford, the resi-
dence of J. Barker, Esq., an ideal spot for a flower
sliow. The increasing success of the Society is owing
to the indefatigable Secretary, Mr. W. Smith, and a
committee of workers. Not only are cottagers indrcefi
to grow produce well for exhibition, but the Socicljr
rents allotments for them, and offers good prizes.

One large tent was almost devoted to the ladies'
exhibits, the table decoiiifions, no fewer than thirty
tables being laid out.

Gi-oups for effect were not very numerous, but those
that were successful were of good merit. Sir J. Blvth,
Bart. (gr.. Mr. Richardson), was 1st with a beautifully
arranged group in which Orchids figured largely. Mr-
C. Gold (gr., Mr. Clark) was a good 2nd.

At this show there is good competition with groups
of tuberous-rooted Begonias. Mr. W. Smith was a good
1st, having splendid blooms aud variety. Mr. A.
Tavi.ou was 2nd. For groups of early-flowering Chrys-
anthemums, Mrs. Menet (gr., Mr. Lodge) was 1st. The
classes for stove and greenhouse plants were not
strongly represented, though some nice plants were
stivgcd. Mr. C. Gold was 1st ; aud Mr. J. Badkeu (gr.,
Mr. G. Beech), 2nd.

For hanging baskets, a feature at this show, Mis. A.
T.wi.oR and Mr. Smith were the leading exhibitors.

For dinner-table decorations seven prizes were
awarded, the 1st ginwj to Miss F. C. Knight, Saft'i'ou
Waldoii wliohadHc£;oiMa-.LMM-scs.audEclieveria3;lmt
wo certainly thonghi 1 1,. Jn.l pi i ■cxhiliit equally goo;'.
This w-:\s shown bv iMi>s II c\ \^ iik\, Safi'ion Waldcii.

For twenty-four varieties of Lardy flowers, Messrs.
Paul & Son, ChcshunI, were 1st. In the smaller classes,
twelves, there was a strong competition. Here Messrs.
Gee, Bahkeii. and Watps, were (he i rincipal winners.
Messrs. Smith and Seal being best in the class for six
varieties.

FnuiT.

There were excellent Grapes and good Peaches. The
collcclions of eight dishes of fruit wcio very good.
Col AIICHEU Hoi'Hi.ON (gr , Mr. Harrison) was 1st,
having bcanlitully coloured Giapcs, and good Pears
and Peaches; (lie 2iid prize going to J. Bailey, Esq., MP.
(gr., Mr. Jordan). , . ,,

For baskets of fruit of four vaviclies. Col. A. Uouulok
and Sir J. Blvth were tlie winners. Black llambuigli
Giapcs were excellent, Mr. J. Baukeu being let. For
while Grapes, Mr. R. C. GosLiNO had fine Muscats of
Mexandria. For the best flavoured Melons, Mrf.
Menkt (gr., Mr. Lodge) was 1st, with Syun Perfectioi-
Col. A. HouliLON, Messrs. Neal and D.vvis, had the best
Peaches. Sir J. Blyth, and Messrs. BAitKEU aud
llouuLOS, best Nectarines.

Vkhetahles.

For a collection of eighteen varieties, Mr. J. Bahkkh
was 1st, having grand produce; Mrs. A. Tayi.oh 2ml.
For nine dishes, Messrs. Waits, Calvekt, and l.i k

were the winners.

Miscellaneous.

Messrs. Paul, Cheshunl, and CuiBUSU, Highgate, N.,
sluKcd line banks of herbaceous flowers. Mr. Moktimeu,
Rowledge Farnliaiii, had Dahlias; (he Messrs. RiVEUs,
Sawbridgcworth, a large collection of fruit-trees in,
pots laden with fruit; Mr. KuMSEV, Wallham Cross,
had Roses; and Mr. Amos Pehkv, WiuchiMoie Hill,
good Water-Lilies.

THE ENGLISH ARBORICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

BUUdHLEV-MlLlON PARK- El/1(.N llALL-TUE CONlr
FEUS AT OUTON-BELVOUt CASTLE-THE DINNEH.

AUIIUST M, 15, lil.-Tliis Socielyhcld its annual excur-
sion on the above dates, in the neighbourhood of
Peterborough, under (lie presidency of Professor
Somerville, Cambridge University. ;

On the first day a visit was paid to Ihc lusloiic
mansion and park of liurghlcy, the in;irnii.r. i.l -cat ot

the Marquis of Exeter. Thepaikol I, "-•'■■<■ ii|iin«

some splendid Oaks, Spanish Chc.-mni I Wych

Elms, the latter being one of the small leaved \aii.;lic8(i
this puzzling genus. Several Oaks were measured will
4UU cubic feet of limber, (he King Oak being a reiiiai li-
able tree, with a clean stem of over :w feet, and a gii 111
of 111 feet at.') feet up. The chief features of Buighlcy
at the present day," from an arboricultural point ol
view, however, are probably its I.inic avenues ai.d
Spanish Chestnuts. The av.nuc l,i.■l^^■ Ihc iii.mi
enti-anco terminates in a m im , m iii.n .-ximii, loii
before reaching the eiitraur,. .,ii. , Laiui,' a :'U.ir

lawn of considerable cNtciil m, n ..I Ihc lunisc. i c

.Spanish Chestnuts an ol > . I i/. , many of them beii.e
over iO feci in circumh . .m , I nrU.nately, in .somr

respects, perhaps, IIhh uiii; iilal is greater Ihau

their commercial value, as was inslanced by one
immense tree whii'h had blown down, and been sold lor
£1, which sum wa.-i ieliiii|uished by the buyer rather
than incur (he expense of removal or conversion.

Of great historic iiilcresl was the Lime-tree near the
house planted bv Queen Elizabeth, which was parllf

168

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 24, 1901.

destroyed by a storm some years ago, but is rov
forming aiiotlicr liead.

On Tliursiliiy, the Intli, Milton Park, the seat of
G. C. W. Filzwi'Uiani, Esq., was tlie first place visitea.
A grove of Oaks in the park was probably the finest of
its kind seen during the excursion, one tree in parti-
cular having a girth of about 27 feet. Some stnnii>s el
old Elms were seen, known as the Wolsey trees, from
'their association with tlie famous Cardinal.

From Milton the party proceeded to the Bedford
purlieus, part of the Duke of Bedford's property in this
district, known as Tliornaugh, and fonn.ily i«iii I'f
the forest of Kockingham. This land wo- 'Iru .il .nut
laid out in 'farms ahcint ISCO. at a cost oi £.i,'"»i. ihr
timber realising ii;""'. Six hundred acres were
retained as woodhimi, ;iihl )il.iiilcd later on withuudor-
■ wood, Oak, Asli, ami hiirii.ancl now fornis one of the
best examples of sylviculture to be found in the
country. One portion of this wood, consisting of the
above-named mixture, is' in practically perfect con-
dition, and forms a fine ob;ect-lesson in economic
forestry.

Elton Hall, the property of the Earl of Carysfort,
K.P., was next visited, where some tine timber was
also seen, but the lin. ^t lrc;it for the horticultural
section of the p;ni\ i\a- inr-nited by the Conifers at
Orton Hall, the M.um"i- "L llimtiv's residence. The
WcUingtonia avciiiir hn,. i- la-Mbahly the tiiiest in Knt'-

and, beinu- mai ly l,al ll.' in Iru.jtli, all.l Wllll.ail ;i

gap throUL'li'iill ll \\:i- pianlcil ill l-:,i, ainl CMiiIall! -
140 trees, pal I !\ -.rillnrj- and inrHy raisi-il frMinrinlilrj.-,
tlieforniiM' linn;; ihr liner trees. Tlie trees now'average
7U feet in IhilIiI. Willi a girth of 15 feet 1 foot from the
ground. Mnrh iiihi.>i was excited by a fine specimen
of tlie fetid Yinv ('ioncya myristica) on the lawn in
full fruit. Tlie appearance of this plant, thickly hung
fvith its large green, i>lum-shaped berries, was a most
unusual one, and rarely seen in this country. Amongst
Other Conifers at Orton were Finns inuricata, hi feet in
circumference; P. macrocarpa, 64 feet high; two Libc-
ccdrua decurrens, 60 feet high, &c.

The last day of the excursion was devoted to a visit to
Belvoir. The fine, straight Oaks and Yews of unusual
hciglit below tlic Castle were much admired, but the
cream of tlie ilay's ..iilini; lay in tlio lieauf ifiil slopes ..f
theFr.>g II. .How. laid ..iil ami plain, -.1 nil li ,'X.|iimil..
taste by tlic Iiii.-li.'s- ..i Kuilaii.l, ami .•lii,.|ly i.laiil.-.|
by the late Mr, Ingram. Some iutcrcbtiiig facts were
furnished by Mr. A. Scott, the Dtike's agent. In \i:\A
the owner of Belvoir was Williaii'i Albini, who granted
a charter to the monks of the'adjoining Priory, by
which they were aIlo«.-.i i.. mil Tli..rii> ami ..ih.-r
timber in the Warn-ii, |.r Iiim iln-\ l.ii nmli-i m I...I

the liarcs, plieas.aiils. ami nil. I. its C.l.li.-ll i, a|... -ai.l
to liav.' l.ccn 111.. III. ■an- ..I a lai-.- i iliml ..m . .1 .\.M . la ,,

hciim l.laiil.'.l 111 111.' .A I- ..1 11. IS. iili-v. l.\- iioIiiil:

in hi.- VM illl.L' 111.' n-miili..-- ..l lln' lia-o ami il,- lt-ovHi
at r,.>!v..ir. Ilniimjfli.' I'l-.n.'li u a l. Walnuls wcr.. ex-
tensively planted around llie Castle, in order to furnisli
wood for gun-stocks. From 1864-67 about half a- million
trees were planted in the Birkstone wood, but time did
not allow tliese to be visited.

At the annual dinner on Wednesday evening. Prof.
Somerville urged the Society's need of central hcrvd-
q'uarters in the south of England, and suggested London
.as being tlie most suitable place. He also announced liis
intention of ofTering a i.rciiiium of ten guineas to the
meint.er who should lie instrumental in adding the
greatest number of ujtsv, members to the Society in
1902, this licing the year' of i'ts majority. Referring to
. tlie need of nn expcriuientnl forest area, Professor

S 1 . ■';.■ ii, ij,.\,,i !:■.. n,.' -,.,•;, 'ly should practice

Mil! ■ , , . I. . . I '. |. I ;; I iiaitle area on joint-
si." ' ■■' • II : !■ ' I iiig £10 in such an

umJcu.iLiiiLi, ,L .,i..n. .ll k,i.:,l cniil be raised, and their
descendants, if not themselves, would reap the benefit.
.- The further consideration of this suggestion was
adjourned. .1. C. ywbes.

SHROPSHIRE HORTICULTURAL.

^SHiiEwsriuHY, August 21, 22.— In brilliant weatlicr
the Shropshire Horticultural Society opened its highly
popular exhibition on Wednesday last. The day was
all that could be desired for the pui-pose, and a very
large number of persons came to see it. It was gener-
ally acknowledged that in all departments the exhibi-
tion not only maintained, but actually exceeded the
quality of previous years.

Not only was the competition keen in the class for large
specimen jilants in and out of flower, but the class for
tliii-ty plants under similar conditions was also well
tilled. The group classes were never better in cither
class. ...

In the foliage class, as a case in point, there were
seven entries. Mr. J. Cvphek being beaten both in
this'and in the class for thirty small plants in 10-in. pots.
Cut'flowcrs in all sections were never shown in such
fine condition bcfoi-e ; nor has the section for fruit
.ever been so generally fine. Overflow tents liad to be
erected to accomirodate several exl ibits.

A summary obtained by the courtesy of Mr. Ntiunton,
the indefatigable colleague of Mr. Adnitt in the office
of Hon. Sees., informed us that the entries this year
compared with last year were as follows :—

Plant classes 98 entries 71 in 1900.

Cut Ihnvcrs 250 1»4

Wild do 34 , 29

Fruit 367 „ 'J78

Vegetables 433 „ 340

do., cottagers 1195 „ 1173 „ .

2377 217-1

being an increase of over 200 entries.

PLANTS.
The plants were very fine, four collections competing
in the class for eighteen varieties, Mr. J. Cyphee, Chel-
tenham, taking the 1st prize with magnificent examples
of Kehtias Forsteriana, Belmoreana, and australis;
Crotons Sunset, Warreui, Queen Victoria, and Chel-
soni; Ericas Marnockiana, Aitoniana, Irbyana, Eweri-
aua; Clerodendron Balfouriauum, AUamanda nobilis,
Statice intermedia, Jxora Duffii, two or three being in
duplicate. 2nd, Mr. B. Cromwell, gr. to T. Sutton
TiMMS, Esq., Allerton, Liverpool, who had fine examples
of Crotons Queen Victoria and Countess, Ixora coc-
cinea superba, very fine ; Lapagerias rosea, and r. alba,
St.itice iiitcnnedia, Ac. : 3rd, Mr. W. Finch, Coventry.
Till' I.e. I LI-.. up of plants occupying 300 superficial

i.a 1. ,. II .Mr. ,T. CVPHEE, one of those elaborate

i.ml ai li-ti.- ai r.iii'.'cmcnts he is in the habit of setting
up: Mr ,1. W . .M.li.niald, gr. to G. H. Kendkick, Esq.,
Edgl.a-i.ni. nil iiiingliain, was 2nd; also with an elabo-
rate i;i.mp loll. .wing on the lines of Mr. Cypher, Mr.
W. Finch \vas :;rd ; and an extra prize was awarded to
Mr. W. V.\USE, Leamington. With a group of orna-
mental foliaged plants occupying a space of •too feet,
Mr. J. Tliompson, gr. to G. H. Turner, Esq., Littleover,
Derby, was 1st. He had a number of cone-shaped
Crotons, Dracsenas, green-leaved and variegated sub-
jetts'-^a very attractive exhibit : Mr. Cypher was 2nd,
with much tlie same sjiecies nicely arranged ; and Mr.
J. Re.^d. Brclliy Park Gardens, Burton-on-Treut, 3rd.

Willi thirly stove and greenhouse plants in pots not
excccdinu' 111 iiichc.-. Jlr.'x. Lambert. !;r. to Lord Har-
I F.ll, ( l~wi-~lry. wa. 1-1 Willi a rciilarkal.ly good collcc-
1 1..II. lam-i.iimj ..I .I.L'aiit Palms ami Crotons, Ix'oras,
|ii].laili.iiias. .\.'aly|.lia liispida. CkT...lciidron, Staticc,
Ac. ; Mr. .1. CYPHER was 2nd with similar subjects; and
Mr. B. Cromwei.t., 3rd. This was botli an interesting
and instructive class.

-The best specimen stove and greenhouse plant was
I ri':i Miriiockiana, from Mr. J. CYPHER; andMr. W.
\ VI -1. WIS 2nd with the same.

I'EUNs ill sixes were Hiicly shown by Mr. T. Stevenson,
gr. to .Mrs.' .1. II sivMv. .--innnyport, Wellington, who
had large sp... im. : uiiiiam. .1 ; Mr. 'A. Jones, gr. to
G. Burr. Esi| . ii.iklami-. was 2nd; and Mr. J.
H.\nt-ER,'3rd. ...

With six Dracajnas. Mr. T. Lambert was 1st, showing
bold, well coloured examples: and Captain H. L.
Br'TLER was 2nd ; as these were placed down the centre
of a tent, the names could not be ascertained.

Specimen Colons were fairly well shown. Some very,
fine Caladiums were staged ; the best six came from
Mr. B. Cromwell; Mr. H. H. T. Hayhurst (gr., S.
liremmell), was 2nd

Fuchsias were somewhat poor,)3u.t double and single
zonal Pelargoniums were shown in very fine examples
by Mr. .\. MYERS, nurseryman, Shrewsbui'y. Beaoiiias
ill, sixes were fine, shown by.Messrs. H. R. D.ivis* Son,
nurseiyiiicii. Y. aivil, and F. D.wiS, Pershore; bjoth of
them liii.l x.Tv line quality.'" ' j '

The 1..-I i".l\ e (tloxinias came from Mr. T. Ki.^hards,
gr. t.i Mr. \V.u;i;kn; and Mr. W. L. BasTin, The Gar-
dens, Buscot Park, Farington, Berks, had the best
twelve table plants.

The best collection of thirAy miseellaneous plants
eamc also from Mr. T. Lambert: he had nice little
>|ieriiueiis of Vincas. Boronias, Crotons, Dracauias, Bc-
^..iiias. t'ce. Mr. Cromwell was 2nd; and Captain
11. L. Butler 3rd. ;■

Certain classes were set apart for the county of Salop.
Tiie best group of l.iii square feet came from T.F. Kyn-
beijslEv.'Esii.. Ironbridge (gr., W. Phillips); and Mr.
H. II. F. llA^ iiriisr was 2nd. With six stove and grcen-
hoii-.' -|..'. nil. .1-. .Mr. T. Lambert was 1st; he staged
goo.l . \aiiii.l. - ..I Ixnra Prince of Orange, Encharis
ama-.iiK.i \.' hiii'a liispida, AUamanda Heudcrsoni,
a 111 . K ; 1 I ' .iia. and Croton Countess. Mr.

11 M 1 ll\,i. 1-1 I - L'lid. With six stove and green-
],,,ii . i.,.i ',.... Ml Ihree in bloom, Mr. H. ,1, Scott,
Be-i..i.l II. .11-.' 'ji-.. .1. Lamb), was 1st. with .\lhimaiida
Ileml.i -oni lamgainvillea glabra, &c. ; Mr.'R. Taylor,
Abl.iy loii-ual.'. was 2nd. Fuchsias iu_ the foi'in of
small bushes were shown in threes; and sonic good
Begonias were also shown in tx'ebles.

CUT FLOWERS. '

Class 24 was for a display of floral arrangements in a
space of 6 feet, and plants and cut foliage \verc allowed
to be employed. The 1st prize went to .Messrs. Jones it
Son,. seedsmen, Shrewsbury, who had many tasteful and
elaborate designs, in number about two dozen-oi^ so ;
and to this exhibit >vas..also awarded the'Siirer Cup

given by the Royal Horticultural Society of London.
Messrs. Perkins & Sons, Coventry, 2nd; and Messrs.
R. Tucker ct Son, Oxford, were 3rd.

The best ball and bridal bouquets were staged by
Messrs. Jenkinson & Son, Newcastle, Staff's., both ad-
mirably executed; and Messrs. Perkins & SON were
2nd. The best two bouquets of the same character,
with Orchids excluded, were from Messrs. Perkins &
Son ; and Mr. J. Kikk, nurseryman, Oxford, was 2nd.

Mr. W. Treseder, florist, Cardiff, was the only ex-
hibitor of a shower bouquet of Cactus Dahlias, and was
awarded the 1st prize.

Mr. W. Kirk had the best shower bouquet of Roses.
Mr. W. Tbeseder took the 3nd prize.

The best feather-weight bouquet, composed of Orchids
and .\sparagus, was from Mr. John Kirk. Messrs.
Perkins & Son were 2nd. The latter had the best
basket of cut flowers, a very handsome one, of mixed
subjects ; Messrs. Jones & Son taking the 2nd prize.

Messrs. Keynes & Co., Salisbury, were awarded the
1st prize for a stand of cut flowers, from which Orchids
were excluded; and Mrs. Mary E. Jones, Grapes
Hotel, Bicton, was 2nd, both having pretty designs in
Sweet Peas.

The best fancy Bamboo stand arranged with Cactus
Dahlias was from Messrs. Jones & Son. Mr. J. C.
Watebhouse, Macclesfield, was 2nd. Messrs. Perkins
& SON were 1st with six button-holes and six ladies'
sprays.

Cut flowers from stove and greenhouse plants in
bunches of twelve, made a very fine feature, especially
tiie 1st prize collection' from M. B. Cromwell, which,
in addition to being of excellent quality, were well
set up. Mr. J. C. W.^terhouse was 2nd.

Collections of Cactus or decorative Dahlias, occupying
a space of 75 feet, were a very fine feature, bold and
effective displays being set up. There were several
competitors, the 1st prize was awarded to Messrs. M.
Campbell & Son, florists, Blantyre, N.B., who had
stands and lines of blooms, wil h shields and panels of
the same, interspersed with api.i ..|.riaii- foliage; the
ciuality was vei'y fine throui^hont. .Messrs. Jones &
Son, Shrewsbury, were 2nd ; and Messrs. M. V. Seale <fe
Son, .3rd. In the following class for a collection oE
Dahlias, any types, Messrs. Keynes & Co. were placed
1st, through an error on their part. which was overlooked
by the judges ; and Messrs. M. \' .sk m f ,v Son 2nd. The
liiatter was referred to the eonimii i. .■. ami the nature
of their decision had not tian-i.ne.i when our report
left; Xi would appear that Messrs. seale & SON were
thc'bnly exhibitors.

The best collection of Roses, occupying a space of
.10 feet with their buds and folia..;.-, .-ame from Messrs.
Hi &AV. Croll, nurserymen, Imn.l..-. ami was com-
posed of good blooms for the t nil.' ..I y.i. .M.'.srs.J.
TOWNSEND & SON, Worcester, were Jml . ami Messrs.
Perkins & Son, 3rd.

Hardy Flowers, from which shrubs and annuals
were excluded, made a very fine feature, and they were
mimcrously shown. Messrs. Harkness & Son, Hitchiu
and Bedale', were 1st, with Lilies, Montbrelias, Phlo-xes,
aiid such like^subjects, in bold and attractive bunches ;
Messrs. G.' Gibson <t Co., nurserymen, Bedale, were
2ad; and Messrs. Kerr Bros., Dumfries, 3rd.
'with a colle'ction of Gladiolus, Lilies, and other
bulbous plants, Messrs. Harkness <t Son were again
ls't,"liaving'Mbntbretias, &c. In addition to those
il^ijicd. all were in fine character, but unnamed ; Messrs.
Gibson it Co. were again 2ud.

.Carnations as represented by wliite ground, flakes
and bizarres, and Picotees, were poor ; it is past their
season. The best collection canie from Messrs. M.
Campbell it Son, and consisted largely of fancies and
border varieties ; Mr. W. B. W. Veenon, We'st Pranck-
ton, was 2nd.

With eighteen spikes of (ila.ln.li. Messrs. Harkness
it Son were 1st, showing go...l \." i.ii.-- iiniiaiiied ; and
their neighbours, Messrs. Gihs..n .y r. . were 2nd.

Roses were in fairly good el.ara.i. i . ihe fiestas might
be expected came from the m.i ili. n. .in .Messrs. D. it W.
Croll. The best were Cai.i. Ihi. im.i.i. J. S. Mill,
Caroline Testout, Alfred Colom'.. ' . it-' Kaimhaud,
Charles Lefebvre, Marchioness of I, '• ■ i I'lince

■ Caniille de Rohan, La France. .M - i 'i. and
Countess of Caledon. Messrs. J. Ti.vv --i i .'. -on were
2nd; and Messrs. Perkins & Sox, 3rd. With twelve
Koso3,c3nflneatotheeountyof Salop.Mr.T. Aldersey-
' NjCi^ Brace, was 1st.

Show Dahlias. were in. pretty good' character, and

, there were several collections of twenty-four blooms of

show and fancy, varieties. Mr. S. Mortimer, Swiss

>?ursery, Fani'i.in. .. i i~t, having good even blooms;

Messrs. Ki-n \ . . ' ■ re 2nd.

With twclv, \..i :. . .Mr. T. Jones, Ruabon, was 1st.

With twciily-ioui 1.I..OICIS of Cactus varieties, shown

i.ii hoards, Messrs. Keynes it Co. were 1st.

With twefve vases of Cactus varieties, Mr. E. KlNO-
KiNii was 1st, and Messrs. Keynes & Co. 2nd.

IMessrs. B. K. Davis & Son, Yeovil, had the best
collection of cut Begonias, having double and single
varieties nicely set up. Mr. J. B. Blackmore, florist,
Bath, was 2nd, having double varieties entirely.
Mr. F. Davis, Pershore, had the best twelve blooms o£
d9uble varieties, and they were of vei-y fine quality.

August 24, 1901.]

THE GARDESEnS' CHRONICLE.

159

Asters were represented by the Victoria type ; the
best twenty-four blooms came from Messrs. Clabk &
Sox, Bodley, Leeds.

The best twenty-four bunches of hardy flowers, in not
fewer than twelve varieties, were from Messrs. Hark-
NESS & Sons ; Messrs. Kesr, Dumfries, were 2ud ; and
Lady Watkixs-Wixx 3rd.

Sioeet Peas were shown in several classes, and some
very fine blooms for the season were staged. Mr. W. L.
Chew, Market Drayton, was 1st with twelve bunches,
and Mr. W. Shropshire, Cheswardine, 2nd. The Eck-
ford Challenge Cup for thirty-six varieties was not
awarded, the judges did not think the flowers good
enough. The best eighteen varieties of Eekford's
Sweet Peas were staged by Mr. E. L. Kenyos, Oswestry ;
and Mr. W. L. Chexe won Mr. Sydenham's prize for
twelve.

X'EGETABLES.

Whilst in some respects there was a falling off in the
number of competitors in some of these classes, two or
three former and able gi'owers being absent, there was
still to be seen superb quality in many of the dishes, in
spite of the summer having been one of exceptional
difficulty to vegetable glowers. Lord Aldexham's able
gardener from Elstree, Herts, was again the champion
exhibitor, the three collections with which he took
tlircc 1st prizes amounted to twenty-three dishes, and
were about as fine and perfect as vegetables well
could be.

In Messrs. Sutton <fc Sons' competition for nine kinds,
Mr. Beckett's gi-oup comprised very fine .VUsa Craig
Onions, Early Giant Cauliflowers, Prizetaker Leeks,
Perfection Tomafos, Tender - and - True Parsnips,
Windsor Castle Potato?, Autocrat Peas, New Inter-
mediate Carrots, and Solid White Celciy. Cauliflowers
were the weakest dish, Irat the season' lias been most
unfavourable for these vegetables. A very close 2nd
was another first-class giower, Mr. Gibson, gi-. to
W. UUDSOX, Esq., Marlow, Bucks. Some day no doubt
we shall sec this good gardener turning the tables on
Mr. Beckett. Just now it is a case of Greek meeting
Greek. This exhibitor liad veiy fine Leeks, Solid White
Celery, Supreme Potatos, Duke of Albany Peas, Per-
fection Tomatos, Best-ot-All- Runner Beans, fine Ailsa
Craig Onions, and Cauliflowers. Mr. W. Pope, gi-. to
tlie Earl of Carxarvox, llighderc Castle, was 3rd,
Iiaving capital samples. Mr. Asliton, gr. to the Earl of
Lathom, Ormskirk, was Ith ; and Mr. L. Bastiu, gr to
A. Hendersox, Esq., M.P.. Buscot Park, Berks, was
otli. There were seven collections.

Messrs. Jas. Carter <t- C'o.'s Prfees.— These were offered
for collections of six kinds, but only four were com-
petitive. Mr. Beckett, again 1st, had huge Ailsa Craig
Onions, Scarlet Perfection Carrots, Jeannio Deans
Potatos, Duke of York Tomatos. Standard Bearer
Celei-y, and Early Autumn Cauliflowers. Mr. Bastix
was 2nd, having Onions, Celeiy. Runner Beans, Potatos,
Cauliflowers, and Tomatos. Mr. A.shton was 3rd ; and
Mr. Read, gr. to Lord Carxarvox, Bretby Park, Jtli.

Messrs. fVebb <i- Sons' Prfceg.— Tliese were ofTeied for
collections of eight kinds of vegetables, Mr. Becketi-
with this performing what may for tlic purpose be
called the " hat trick," as tills made tliree Ist prizes for
collections. In tliis case were seen very fine samples
of Exhiliition Runner Beans, Masterpiece Peas, Giant
Wliite Celery, Jubilee Tomatos, Motor Potatos, Ailaa
Craig Onions, and good Carrots. Mr. Asutox was 2nd
with fine cxliibits, especial Progi-ess Potatos and Exhi-
bition Peas. Mr. Bastix was 3rd, and Mr. Read ith.

Tliere were but two dishes of Tomatos sliown in tlie
firm's class for any sample of tlieir own sending out,
the best coming from lligliclere Castle.

Tliere were but four dishes sent of the firm's Golden
Butter Beans, Mr. Settle, gr. to Col. Middleton Ross,
having the best.

Messrs. Marrcll ct Co.'s Class.— Bat two competitors
entered in the class for twelve dishes of vegetables
arranged by these local seedsmen. Mr. E. Walker gi-
to Sir W. IlONYMAN, Bart., Cliristchurch, was 1st: ami
Mr. J. Birch, gr. to Captain Butler, Shrewsbury", was
2nd. There were four collections of six dishes, the
best coining from Mr. Kearsley, gr. to the Hon. M. C.
llERiiEUT, Wellington, wlio had nice Ailsa Craig
Onions. Runner Beans, Potatos, Celery, Carrots, and
Peas. Mr. Abbott, gr. to Mrs. Guise, Hadnall, was 2nd ;
and Mr. Darnell, gi-. to W. L. Kexyox, Esq., Oswestry'
was 3rd.

Mr. R. Sydenham's Classes.— Thevc were no collections
in tliese, single dishes predominating. Mr. R. A
IloRspooi,. Ruabon, had the Ijcst two dishes' of Peas
in fine Gladstone and Duke of Albany; Mr. Read
coming 2iid with Autocrat and Ne Plus Ultra. Mr. E.
Walker liad the finest dish of Runner Beans; Mr.
Leitu coining 2nd. Mr. UORSPOOL and Mr. Read were
again 1st and 2nd with tlirce Cauliflowers, tlie 1st ones
being exceptionally good. Again they took tlie same
places out of seven exliibits, witli six Carrots ; but with
-ix Parsnips Mr. S. Cole, gr. to Earl Spexcer, Althorp,
was 1st; Mr. Read coming 2nd. Mr. Leitu had the
Ijcst Onions; Messrs. Horspool and Read taking tlic
best plares with Wliitc Turiiips,and also with Tomatos,
I lie foniicr li.iviiig Polcgatc and (lie latter had Rosc-
leigliGoiii. With Celery, Mr.-Grindrotl, gr. to G. T.
Hate.s, Esq., Hereford, was 1st, having good Bibby's
Wliitc Defiance; Mr. Cole coming 2nd witli Standard

Bearer. There were eight pair dishes of Potatos: Mr.
Read coming 1st with very handsome samples of
Windsor Castle and Ideal ; Mr. COLE coming 2iid with
the same varieties.

The Societt/'s classes. — For much smaller prizes there
were three collections of twelve dishes, the best coming
from Mr. W. Pope, who was very strong with fine
examples of Mammoth Cauliflowers, Ideal Potatos,
Ailsa Craig Onions, Intermediate Carrots. Autocrat
Peas, Snowball Turnips. Solid White Celery, Hollow
Crown Parsnips, Every Day Cucumbers, Perfection
Tomatos, Best-of-All Runner Beans, and Blood Red
Beet ; Mr. Hoespool was 2ud ; and Ml-. Ashtox 3rd.

There was a big competition in the cottagers' vege-
table classes, the exhibits generally being of gi'eat
excellence. It is very satisfactory to find at tliis, the
greatest of the provincial shows, where ahnost lavish
prizes are o/Tered for so many things, that vegetables
are so well encouraged; were their economic values
fully understood, they would be even more encouraged.

FRUIT.

The fruit classes at Shrewsbury are invariably well
fiUed, and no portion of the show excites greater en-
thusiasm amongst experts than this -section does.
Three classes, as during the past years, again stand out
prominently, viz., those for a decorated dessert table,
fruits and flowers combined ; for a collection of twenty
dishes of fruit (too many for all save a few gi-owers
who may be counted upon the fingers of one hand),
and for twelve bunches of Graiics. Each of the last two
classes have also to be decorated with flowers and
toliagc.

Collectioxs ok Fecit.

Under this head come the decorated dessert tables,
in which the eompetition was as keen as usual. The
stipulations are that the table, which is 10 feet by
1 feet 6 inches, shall be decorated with fruits, cut
flowers, plants in pots, and foliage, the fruit to be
limited to fifteen dishes. iTIie judging has to he done
by points, the relative value accorded to each dish or
kind of fruit being printed in the schedule of prizes,
hence such as count the most points arc those mainly
chosen.) The premier position in this class was ac-
corded to Mr. G. Mulliiis. gr. to Lady HExnv So.mehset,
Eastnor Castle, Ledbury, who had a fine and a remark-
ably even exhibit— well set up. The Grapes were
Muscat of .Mexandria. loii^,- tapering bunches, well-
finished and fine in berry : Duke of Buccleuch, a flno
bunch, clear in berry, and well ripened; Black Ham-
burg, one bunch, berries large and colour good ; Black
.\licante, a medium bunch, well coloured: four dishes
of Peaches, Bellcgiirde, finely coloured and large;
Harrington, rather larger, but not so good in colour;
Stirling Casdc. with the cxcc|itiou of one fruit, a fine
dish ; .and tirossc Mignoiinc, medium in si/c, but well
I'olourcd: four dishes also of Nectarines l>iiic-.\pi)le
extra good in colour; Pitinasion Orange likewise so;
Slanwick Elruge very fine, the best of the lot; and a
good dish of Lord Napier. Of Melons there were
splendid fruits of Hero of Lockingc, and a Seedling,
presumably a scarlet flesh variety, after Sutton's Seed-
ling in appearance, and Brown Turkey Fig. cxira fine
in every sense. The total iiuinbcr of poinls accorded
to this table was Uh. This table lacked viuiely some-
what, it certainly should have had a dish of Pears.

The 2ud prize was taken by .Mr. Mcludoc, gr. to Sir J.
W. Pe.vse, M.P., Hulton Hall. Guisborougli, who was
very strong, having gi-ea(er variety; flic Grapes were
Black Hanibro and Gros GuUIaumc, both finely
coloured bunches, equal to the premier prize in these,
l)ut weaker in the while class, which were Foster's
Seedling and Buckland .Sweetwater; two extra fine
Melons were put up here, better than on the Ist prize
tabic, these were Yorkshire Beauty and H. W. Adiiitt,
both being gi'and fruits; a superb dish of Souvenir
du Congi'ts Pears, the fruits being well ripened ;
four dishes of Peaches were also set up— these were
extra large fruits of Sea Eagle, Golden Eagle, and
Princess of Wales, with a good dish .also of Violette
native; the Xectarines were Pine-Apjile, Lord Napier,
and Spcucci-, the lattervcry fine indeed ; the other dish
was one of large early .\pricols, which lost points
against his antagonist's Figs. The total points awarded
were 112, which denotes the close competition.

The 3rd prize was awarded to Mr. Goodacre, gr. to the
Eaul of Harrixoton, Elvaston Castle, Derby, who
had, of Grapes, four varieties, in each of which quality
preponderated over size, the varieties shown were of
while kinds. Canon Hall Muscat. Muscat of Alexandria,
and of Blacks. Madrcsfield Court, finely coloured, and
an excellent bunch of Muscat Hambro', moderately
set. Two splendid and wcigiity Melons were also shown
here, Sutton's .\1 and Countess: the finest dishes of
Kectarines were staged on this table, these were grand
examples of Elruge (a rcniiirkable dish), Spenser
(equally so),' and Pine- Apple (also fine). Figs were
represented by a fine dish of Brown Turkey; Peaches
by Royal George ; Pears by Dr. Jules Guyot ; Plums by
Kirkes; and Apples by Kibston Pippin, and L.ady
Sudeley, both alike good. Total number of points 108.

The 4111 prize went to Mr. Tullett, gr. (o Lord
Barnard, Raby Castle, Durham.

The floral decorations and general arrangement in
the preceding class was valued l.y the judges as follows:
1st prize table, 18 points; 2ih1 prize table, 22 poinls:
3rd prize, I'i points; 'Ith prize, 11 points.

Ill our opinion the 1st prize table with IS points was
superiorjiu its arrangement, and especially so in its
blending of colour, to cither of the others ; the materials
used were Montbrcti;i- nid l'r;Mu;oa raniosa, lightly
arranged with well-iMl.nii « ,1 .|.i;iys of Ampelopsls
Veitchi trailing aiiioii.-i ih,' i;i.i|u's and upon the
cloth, with a fcu-;iN(. ..f ', -imimju - .IrtlcMis.

For twenty di-li,-- ..i nun -ui-.a wiilnii a sp;ice of
8 feet by 4 fort >; mrhv- d-.-.'r.iin-ii, mrlii.lfd. (Pines,
it should be noted, arc > .x.huUa fioui this and the
foregoing class, so also are Strawberries, Autumn
Raspberries, Bananas, the Grauadilla and the Moustera .
Why all of these are shut out from a lariro class is some
what strange.) In this c'.ass Mr. Jlri.i.iNs »:i- iii:aiu
1st, and that, too, in a liishlv crcditaMc uunni. i : ihctC
consisted of Muscat of AU-xaiulria in ■jv.iud . .ni.liti.m,
fine bunches, well c.I..uv.d; h.-nMly -honldcvd
bunches of Blade llaml.r,.'. r.l.irl, Mitmhc an.) liiTS
Maroc. both well lliii-hr.l: i;r-i-, .i- Ml M.-|..ii-. (our
fruits well ripened oariitv, Ih.u.vcv. would \r.<\r been
better); Peaches, five dishes, consisted of Barriiigton,
Stirling Castlcand Uellegardc ; aud Nectarines of three
dishes of Stauwick Elruge (extra fine). Total
points 132J. Here it ^hMuld Ih- nnUd tluit lb. iv was
a decided lack of varun. (,r,ii..^. m.Imu-. I'r.i.lies,
aud Xcctarines only in luu' rr]'n-,uird. lUr *.ivhit in
view-evidentlv heiivj !■> 'jaiu iln- Lu.air-I innulifv ot
points. irresiio.-nvr,,M, nun \.. dmu.v lablc would
be complete Willi -u.li a -ri, .uh.u .ii mmiy dishes.

The 2nd pri/.- «as «,iii l.> Mr. i .....u m i;k, who was
not so strong with linipcs; his In -i >-' " '•' ' ■iiuui
Uall Muscat and Muscat of Alr\ i ii Mcly

coloured, with Black Hambro' and I : ' ^i '' ">
addition. Nectarines here were again mi-,i t l-i^ ■ ilics c
being Pine-.\pple, Spenser, aud Lord Napier, all cf
largo size and fine colour; Peaches of Royal George,
' Walburton .\dmirable, Raymakcrs and BcUcgaidc ;
Melons of Frogmore Orange and Sutton's Al, and a
fine dish of Souvenir du Congrts Pcai-s. Total points
awarded 125.

The 3rd prize was awarded to Mr. J.uics. ^r . !<• Mrs.
F. Need, York House, Great Malvern. wIm' \>.i n-uigcv
in Grapes, pointing four more than In Mpioumi, Mr.
Goodacre. These consisted of Gros .M:unc, i^xtia line
in berry and bunch, two bunches; the saine uuuibcr ui
Madrcsfield Court, gi-and bunches, but lacking coUnir :
two of Muscat of Alexandria, moderate only; and two
more of Black Hambro', extra im. ,ii ImucU and berry ;
Peaches here (Six dishes) con-i nd .a tlir ,.ld but lugu-
class sorts, Roval (Icorgc, Sin hi. a .all., and Violette
native, all of lir-l ,d.,^. iiui~h. -N,-,iani.cs were reprc-
seiiled by tw.. .li-li. - .■! Mamvick Klrugc and Melons
by Hero of la..kiii' . ni.l N.' I'lus Ultra. Total points,
121, or one less tliaii in tli.- i.rcccding.

The 4tli prize went to Scotland (du' ^'"Is iiiusi look
to their laurels in this class) aud to Mi K laiins.Kr.
to Jas. Martin White, Esq., Halru. hi. r> . luin.i..- the
Grapes here pointed sliglilly less lliaii liic piv.c.luig,
but they were grand hunches, in h.ury cs|,ccKdly so ;
these were Black Hambr.i', perfect (ii..t p.nidcd lith
enough in our opinion); Ma.Ucslicld Court, graiul in
berry also, and in bunch, hut deficient lu coloui ;
Muscat of Alexandria, heavy bunches, one hardly
finished, and Alnwick S.-cdling Ihsl-rale ; Melons here

were specially large, Md la n, ^. nii. 1.-. and well

npeiied; Peaches wcr.^ i .■|a..i.i.d la i.in . Miaii.iiiiic
and Early Alfred, an. I .N.aiain.i- i.> dm. \|'r> ■'""
Rivers' Orange, which u.us un.ai.nnca bicusci, lU.- i.ini
dish being Clapp's Favourite Pear ; tolal number ol
points 120. ■ . ,. ,

Twelve dishes of fruit in twelve disliucl varieties and
in not fewer than niiH' I.iihI-. d.iuiian c.i-aii .i.i-- im
many growers than Ih. |.i.-..diiia li.-ii .i nav.' luo-

duced a better conip.i 111. Ill ~''-"''' ] '' '"'•'""'

being 6 feet by 4 feel Ii in. Ill-; Hn ,iii..» 111..1.. looni
relatively for staging than 1.1 Ha I" ■ '" "'^ '■ •'•«^-

llercMr. F.Jordan, gr. t. i.x.. uh. - of "ic l^itc.

J. Cobhett, Ksi| , liii|.iicy llall, I' IM. h, H.vs pi.uca

first with fine .h la - ■•' '''■■"'<■ "' ''' ' """ "-';'"" '"
berry); Mus.a.i .a m. >. nai. 1,. n,. ..1.. ;" "! ',;' ,' .;
two fine Meh.n , i-iiiiia <•■'• [" " ■• '

still green ; g."..i i'.i""u ''"'■' '"■ ""' , .■I'm '
Nectarines, aii.l iiid lai. .'. Hill. I.- ..1 KM a as. ^

The2udpriz.- aa- ,..■,: ■.II.. ^"■^j''y.'||" ,',';".""|','|(;

;?^:^efwel^M:M^'"^VV..i^:...:ii:Mu;.at of Alex-
andria (good a... I lai a I —I '■™s Maroc ; here

was the first d M'" ll" ■ laines we nolcd, also

excellent Pea.da an. I \. . laiincs.

Nincdislies.il nmi ...p. n I., (he county of Salop only)

under the 'aiii. ' '^ tl>e prccediilg,' except as

retards i;" . ■ " '■ "1 i'^ I ft. 0 in., which is rather
too'liiiiii. .i 1..1.1 I.. ' I' I' 1 1 should have been allowed.

Hlj. J.,,,.!,. a 1.1 Ih. laa.l. T, M. BULKLEY OWEN,
Te(isiu<.r.' llall. U.^.l IMI..n. was a yuod Isl, tllO
Grapes here lacked qualily 1.1 'III .a ..11 ..1 In- year,

being Black Alicante and Fn-t. I ..' ''<''i' """'',"

bunch and in finish; Jar^ ii. I'. ^ im.' I -'Ics

Early Peaches, aud Early Ruci , ;.n :.u im .. . uuiiiii s
Golden Gage Plums, and Shipley's Apricots were also

"The°2ud'pnze went to Mr. Phillips, gr. to S, P.

Kyxnersley, Esq., Leighton Hall, Tonbridge,

Grapes.

Collection of Grapes, twelve bunches, in four or more

distinct varieties, but not more tliah tour bunches ol

160

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Al.GUST 24, 1901.

auy one variety, is a popula)- .I.i-, ;il Slnrnvsliury, and
invariably brings togetlier si.hm- cxir;! linr prodiuo.

Ou this occasion Mr, Cam.w I'.ili inl.lcry, Dundee,
was the winner, and tliat in sijlcndid kisliion, totalling
no', points out of a possible llj. Tlio Muscat of Alex-
andria liere were the finest in the show, and inigUt
fairly have been pointed at least tliree points higher ;
tliey wore extra fine in bunch, grand in berry, and with
one exception finely coloured. Of these there were
four bunches; Madresfield Court, two bunches, were
extra weighty, grand iu bunch and berry, but a
little deficient in colour: Gros Maroc were note-
wortliy tor the huge berries, large bunches, and high
finish; Black Hamburghs left nothing to be desired,
being tine iii berry, bunch, and colour ; the remaining
tivo bundles were of Alnwick Seedling, huge double
bunches well finished. Tiiis was the finest exhibit of
Grapes in the Show, and it is tolerably safe to say that
iio two other exhibits, if combined, could have beaten
.them. Tlie 2nd prize also went north of the border,
and to Messrs. D. & W. Buchav.w, Kippin, Stirling,
tlie bunches here wei-e also of high-class finish, being
possibly heavier on the scale th.an in (he 1st prize lot ;
these comprised two grand buiiches of Alicante,
tlic hii-LTcst of which was fairly worth the maximum
uijik^, ;iii(l its companion nearly as much. Two
iiiiallcT .Mio.antes were also staged here; two also of
Cooin'i'- I'.liM'k, wliich, in spite of all that may be

__sajd I.I (I iiili'.ny, is, in our opinion, so close to

"Gros .Mam. ,1, In deceive all but those who may
-be gv.twiiiL' liii- two kinds. Four grand bunches of
Black Ilaiuliur^'h were also staged, better in bunch
aud finei- in berry. The two remaining bunches
.were of Madresfield Court, a little deficient in colour:

.,ai)d

(.What
'nouph

by Ml

Citable
rV^ompared

The

'ly lini^Iiod example of Alnwick Seedling.
^ inline in ihc preceding exhibit was a
I. Ill'- Iii ,\ln: i:its.) The 3rd prize was taken
s'lci. yr. |(. Liud Hastings, Melton Con-
points allotted to this exhibit were 81, as
th 83 to the 2nd prize exhibit. Tlie 4th

prize, with IH points, went to Mr. Muli.ins.
In the last fpur classes, additional prizes are offered

,for the decorations other than those given to the fruit.
Iu all nine prizes were otfered. The chief of these were
awarded ,ns follows :— 1st to Mrs. Need in the class tor
twiMily fli>lios of fruit, the cliief features being lightness,
the iiKiIci iiilusedbeing long, trailing shoots of Lycopo-
(iiniii . :r.i;im, with the bronzy tints upon it; a few Cy-
yi ll..■.liulll^ and Carnation blooms, lightly setup with
i;y|.-...l.liila moderately used. The 2ud to Mr. Mullins
in till' cl.i^s for twelve bunches of Grapes ; the material
used here was Eulalia japonica varieeata (plants).
trailing shoots of Aspai'agus plnniusn- :in.l V Sj.ien
gcri, with, as floral accompaniments, .Mi.nti.i etia:, and
Ih-acrcuas. 3rd to Messrs. Bulh.w.w hi tlie ^anic
class witli well coloured small plants of Crotons, As-
paragus, and Maidenhair Ferns, with cut foliage of
variegated Ivy and Ampelopsis Veitchi being the chief
features, 4th to Mr. McIndoe in the class for twenty
Jishes .if fruit; the colour here as imparted by An-
ihuiiinii .^ehcrzcrianum, Kalanclioe flammea, and
[len.Inr:i sanguinea, Clerodendron fallax, with Pan-
■'i:il inni iragrans, and a backing of pretty plants, made
iliiit^lii (lisjilay. sth to Mr. Jordan in the class for
tuelve .h-lies of fruit, who had pretty light plants of
Urolous aud Eulalias, with Crowea saligna (beautiful),
and, a light touch of Montbretia and cut Asparagus
jd.cflejcus.

, , J"or four l.itnclie^- of Grapes, Mr. Bannehman was ls(;
villi e\.ellenl. « rll li n i -lied examples of Muscat of
Alexaii.il I,, iinl (.1..- M:ir.ic;Mr. Hall, gr. to J. C.
,Vi'Aii-:i;in.r-i , i:-.| . I'iesthury, Macclesfield, with two
su|ieiii iiiiii. hi - ..I .Madi-esHeld Court and two also of
^lii. .1 ..i \h\,indiia, not so good, was placed 2nd,
, gr, to Lord Harlech, Brogyntyn,

weslry. ::ia,
?or Hhick llai

, tol-.ua THEV

lurgh, three bunches, Mr. W. Dawes,
1!, Brynkinalt, Chirk, was a worthy

1st, witli ui ;iik1 liiniches of the finest colour aud finish.

2\]<\ to .Ml ,], ].\\iu,EY, with large bunches, scarcely

iiilel i.n t.. Ihi- ].rei-eding,

, F.ii .Mu-.Mi III .\lexandria, three bunches, the 1st
• grizi; \\a- .lu.M.i.d to Mr. W. NiELD, Holmes Chapel,

Chcsluie "iih lii-avy, compact bunches, fine in berry

Md lini-h. ihe :iid to Mr, Coates, gr, to Col. Platt,

.Gooddiuug, LUuiUirfcehan, who had long tapering

^Siinches.

,.'"Teu other classes were provided for Grapes, some for

."li'ircej.^ud others for two bunches.

The classes for separate kinds of fruit were also well

£lled ;. tins was specially notable iu tliose for Peaches,
jSie'clariiles, Melons ; those for Plums also were quite
!^ip fo.tlie average, although it is yet quite early enough

ior Hie best dessert kinds.

MISCELL.iiNEOUS EXHIBITS
-A-cic numerous, aud it was oxtronicly difficult to gather
lip a list of the awards actually made, but so far as
tiould lie learned, Gold Medals were awarded to Messrs.
F. RivEKS tt SOK, nurserymen, for oichardhouse trees
iM*. pots, Peaches, Nectarines, Plums, Cherries, Vines,
&c., with bunches of Grapes; to Messrs. B, R. Davis &
.Son, Yeovil, for a very fine collection of liegonias in
pots; to Messrs. Dobbie it Co., nurserymen, Rothesay,
for a superb collection of Pentslcmons, from their
nurseries at Orpington ; to Messrs. R. Harpland <t Co.,
Lough Nurseries, Cork, for Gladioli, and other cut

flowers, a fine and varied coUeclion : and to Mr. John
Gheen (Hobbies Co.), for a large and representative
collection of Cactus Dahlias, including several pre-
mising novelties.

Small Gold Medals were awarded to Messrs. Pick-
sons, Ltd., Chester, for a collection of cut flowers of a
varied and interesting character; to Mr. A. Myer.s,
Sutton Lane Nurseries, for floral decorations, with
zonal Pelargoniums, Ac. ; to Messrs. Jokes & Son,
Shrewsbury, for a collection of Sweet Peas and other
flowers; to Messrs. J. Peed it Sons. Koupcll Park
Nurseries. London, for a fine gi'oup of Caladiums iu
variety; to Mr. Heney Eckfoed, Sweet Pea merchant,
Wem, for a very flnecollection of Sweet Peas, including
some new varieties of promise; to Messrs. Hinton
Bros., nurserymen, Warwick, for a large and varied
collection of Sweet Peas; and to Messrs. J. J.arman &
Co., seedsmen. Chard, for a bank of varied cut flowers,
and a table of their specialties in vegetables.

Silver-gilt Medals were awarded to Messrs. J. IT.
White & Son. nurservmeu, Worcester, for a collection
of cut flowers; to Messrs. R. Smith & Co., St. John's
Nurseries, Chester, for a large and interesting collci-
tion of plants and cut flowers; to Mr. S. Mortimer,
Swiss Nursery, Farnliam, for Show, Fancy, and Cactus
Dahlias iu great variety; to Messrs. Webb & Sons,
seed merchants, Wordsley, for cut flowers of various
kinds, including a good strain of Gloxinias ; to Mr. E.
MURRELL, Portland Nursery, Shrewsbury, who had a
varied collection; and to Mr. J. Ching, nurseryman.
Forty Hill, Enfield, who had a large gi'onp of Ferns.

Silver Medals were awarded to Mr. H. Deverim,
Banbury, for a collection of cut flowers; to Messrs.
GusN & Co.. nurserymen, Olton, for hardy flowers in
variety; aud to Mr. W. Pattenson, Shrewsbin-y, for a
collection of sprays and vases of Violas.

Mr. J. Hudson, The Gardens, Gunnersbury House,
Acton, exhibited blooms of Nyaiphtei gigautea, Ama-
ryllis Belladonna ina,ior, Sagittaria japonica, fl.-pl.,
aud Nelumbium species. Mr. S. Cole, The Gar-
dens, Althorp, Northampton, had blooms of his new
Sweet Pea Countess Spencer. A collection of stunted
Japanese trees were shown by Messrs. M. Peitchard it
Son, Shrewsbury.

Certificates of Merit were awarded to Cactus Dahlia
Fire King, from Mr. S. MoiiTiMFR, very bright in colour;
.and to Miss Grace Cook, a charming rosy-pink variety
from Mr. J. Green, Dereham.

torrajpondenl^j

Beech : Handrhlrje. It is not a fungus, but an
insect allied to Coccus, and to the American-
blight whicli affects the Apple. It is very
injurious ; petroleum emulsion may be tried,
but we have little faith in your being able to
apply it sufliciently to all parts of the tree.

BOOKS : T. 1). R. The standard book is
A Manual of Forest rij, by William Schlieh,
C.I.E., Ph.D., in four volumes, published
by Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd., 8, 9, 10,
Bouverie Street, London.

Cyanide of Pot.vssium : U'osji.s. You can
obtain this from a chemist, and the best
mode of applying it was described on p. 114,
in our issue for August 10.

Goat Barking Apple Trees: H. B. Mix a
wine-glassful of .spirits of tar in 2 gallons of
■white-wash and clay and cow-dung, making
the whole with water of the consistency of
thick paint ; and with this coat the stems to
a height of o feet.

Grapes, «&C. : G. C. Your berries arc suffer-
ing from "shanking." This arises from a
variety of cau.ses, all the result of faulty
management. The Tomato is imperfectly
ripened. Tlie hard patches are due to excess,
and consequent granulation of one of the
constituents caused by lack of potash in the
soil. Use sulphate of potash to remedy the
evil, not kainit. There is no fungus. The
names of the Ferns will be given next week.

Ivv-leaves : Index. The leaves are swarming
with an Acarus, the so-called red-spider.
Syringe the leaves with 1 oz. of kerosene-oil
to a gallon of soap-suds, keeping the mixture
■well stirred. Burn the affected leaves as far
as you can.

Live Caterpillar : J. M. The caterpillar of
the Death's-head Moth. It generally feeds
on Potato haulm.

Melon-leaves: DUjswell. There is nothing
wrong with the leaves. Examination of

roots and stems are necessary, to enable
a statement as to the cause with certainty.
G. M.

Names of Fruits : O. W. Your Apple is the
true type of Keswick Codlin. We have
gathered fruits of this variety as early as
the middle of July in a similar district to
that you name. In .some places it can be
gathered still earlier. — A. B. The fruits
were damaged in transit, and all except two
were too smashed to bo recognisible, these
are, 1, Nectarine Hardwicke ; 4, Apricot,
Large Early.

Names of Plants : Correspondents not answered
in this issue are requested to be so good as to
consult the folloiving nnmber.- — T. IV. Bur-
lingtonia pubescens. — X., no name. 1, Sela-
ginella denticnlata; 2, .S. Mertensii ; 3, S.
viticulosa ; 4, Adiantum trapezi forme ; 5, A.
Pacotii ; 6, A. capillus-veneris ; 7, A. deco-
rum ; 8, Pteris hastata ; 9, Lastrea filix-
inas ; 10, Nephrodiiim molle ; 11, Athyrium
filix-foemina. The ordinary garden names
are given. Most of the Ferns were
immature barren fronds, or portions of
fronds, very difficult to determine.
Where possible, mature, fertile, and barren
fronds of each should bo sent. — H. It.
1, Pteris WirasettI; 2, Pteris cretiea albo-
lineata ; 3, Pteris cretiea Mayii ; 4, Adian-
tum pubescens; 5, Adiantum hispidulum ;
6, Pteris serrulata cristata. The Odonto-
glossum X Ruckerianum is a remarkably
handsome aud finely-coloured form. — A. W.
Phillyrea decora, Quercus cerris. — Snel-
(/rovc. Tecoma radicans.^ll'. E. D. Hibiscus
syriacus, commonly called Althasa frutex.. —
O. B. C. Ecorcmocarpus scabor. — G. li. 1,
Inula Helenium ; 2, Atropa Belladonna; 3,
Saponaria officinalis ; 4, Pyrethrum uligino-
sum ; 5, Lupinus ; 0, Scdum Telephiiim
var. — Anxious. 1, Podocarpus ; 2, Veronica
Traversii ; 3, Veronica spicata ; 5, Anten-
iiaria margaritifera ; 6, Tanacetum vulgare,
if .the flowers arc yellow; 7, Bocconia
cordata. — Kijlc. 1, Silpliium laciniatum ; 2,
Helianthus rigidus ; 3, Impatiens Roylei ; 4,
SpirEea Douglasii ; 5, Sedum telephium va-
riety ; 6, Eucryphia pinnatifolia. — G. Austin.
Koelreuteria jjaniculata. Label mislaid :
scarlet flower, Zauschneria californica.

Peaches : J. B. W. Your fruits are affected
with a fungus, the ordinary Peach mildew.
Dusting with sulphur is the best plan to
follow, but it is too late now. Burn the
fruits.

Pony on Lawn : W. H. Y. A simple remedy
would be to immediately throw over the
grass affected a bucketful of water, thus
diluting the ammonia contained in the urine.

Shrub: W.Sharpe. Can you give particulars
of the shrub sent? We cannot trace it.

Vines : Vine. The trouble is at the roots of
the Vines, which are suffocated for want of
air, the soil being too compact and water-
logged. When these defects are remedied,
the foli.age and roots will develop vigor-
ously. G. M.

Violets: Dowtgadec. The in,iury is caused by
a fungus— Phyllosticta viohe. The leaves
should be sprayed with an ammoniacal solu-
tion of carbonate of copper. This acts best
when done early in the season. Diseased
leaves should be collected and burned, other-
wise spraying next spring will be almost
useless. G. M.

Communications Received.— W. B. J,, many thanks,
but it is too late for the present season— A. J. L.. the
writing was insufficiently legible — S. A. — E. E. —
J. O'B.,. Secretary Derbyshire Agric. and Hort. Soc—
T. S. Ware, Ltd.-G. Smith-G. W.-Dr. B.— H. T. M.-
J. Snell— H. G. ;C., Secretary Glasgow aud West of
Scotland Hort. Soc. (with thanks)— J. W. M.— G. H. R.
—J. C— E. B.-C. C— W. R. F.— J. M.— S. A.— A. P.—
T>. R. W.— E. M.— R. L.— C. T. D.-J. O'B.— D. R —
W. E. B.— F. T. M.— N. A. D.— J. H. E.— W. R. L —
T, Russell.— W. J. G.— Oakfield.— H. Edwards (thanks).

(For Markets and Weather, see p. x).

August 31, 1901.]

;///; GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

161

•J III-;

No.W>.—SATUIlI)AY, AUG. 31, 1901.

CONTENTS.

A»lcr». pi;rcriiii:il I'i'. N;itiir<; nluilii'-i

Isaxii' xlaK 170 I'ruiiiiii I'iK»ai<ll. friilt-

liiiok iiolfi'tM— iiigof

';l.-iH({i,w)i<.f!micGar- Kooi. iM-ops for »ccd,

(Icii. fJuidc to ... ItW Bolcclloii of

llaiidlMiokB for tlic I'ujsc utocks and bud-

ilolidayd I« ding

iJMiHnliigaullia baitcll- SaKitiaria jaiionica.

oldca 1»1(> (loublc-lloworcd var.

Cloiilal Ilolaiilr- Oav .Socictluj,—

•Iiiirt. iirisbaiic ... Ifll Olangow and West i.f

<'i.i><-iila nihlninda ... ITU Hcolland llortli-ul-

Ifi-i -.i'W'.i fi-agraiiB, lural

.Sn|i|>lr,-iiicnl I<Vi National Clirj'Dan-

Kiuii f.'iopi. rcnjarka llicnium

on llic<-<.ndilionof . I'SI Reading Ilorllenl-

niJit'i atlaiking Cu- Iiiral

ciiiiilicrrootH .. lii» Royal llorlicnitural

<.on«cbfMiy Ounncr Swaimca llorlicul-

«(('/» Cobliani ... IW Inral

Ilr:liniiiini iiuuiiluni Taiinlon I>can

iiiagnidcnin 170 SliawbciTlCB, Bwi-ct

lloincroralllH auran- fruited

li.u'a major 17ft Sutton, Martin, Mr.,

.Icini-v Tolalocrop ... ItW decorated nit li Cro»ii
I, iiiilid EnlatcAgcntB, of f^.'gion of Honour

.-."•i.-iy of I«l> TliouiaH. Owen, Mr.,

I,ii|jvni.> ujagcllanicux liV> addrcnn to

l.iliiM and Ilicir cul- \V<;ek'«i Work. Ilic—

lore IW Flower Garden

l.iliuni Hulpliiircum ... I6» Frnil» unibT Olann..
.Mcreditli. JoHcpli, llic Hardy Kniil Garden

late ... •• ... I«» Kiiriii-n Garden ...
Oivlild notes and Oii'liid lloUHeH

glcaningx M2 I'lantH under (ilaji» .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

iVi'anic GardenH, Urif*l)ane, V'icwH in the ... 112,
lirai'iiMia fragi'aiis (.Supplciiienlai-y IIIUHtration).
M:u'.Malion, Mr. I'., lJlre<-tor of tbe IlriRliaiie

llotanir Garden
Magittaria japonlra

COLONIAL BOTANIC OAIiDKNS.

BIIISHANK.— The jounu-yinf,'H of ir.K.H.
till' I>iiki- of (Cornwall iiixJ York to our
>-(!V<Miil colonicH liavf prosi'd fiiiiricntly
f-atigfactory alike to our colonial lirotlierH
sind to ourselvef. In niOHt, if not all, of tho
<;olonifi8 the Duke and DiuOichs have visited
the botanie gardenw, and we have heen
f'naldecj, tliankn to the courtesy of the
^^I'veral directors, to obtain illustrations of
llic gardens under their charge. We have
alr«ady published some account of the
botanic garrlens at Malta, J'eradeniya, an<l
Hydney; and in the present issue we give
illustrations of the puldic garden at Bris-
bane (see figs. 01, .",2), together with a
[)ortrait of the Director J'liili)) MacMahoii,
Ks(|. (sec p. le.'i), whom sonii- of our older
ieadcr-< will remember as Curater of the
Hull IJotanic Gardens in years gone by.
No single thing can give a better indication
of the .'<tage of |)rogress reached in a new
country than the condition of the botanic
gardens. .Fudged by this list, the Indian
and Australian settlements stand out pro-
minently. We take the following account
of the Jirisbane ganJen from an article
kindly contributed to our columns by Mr.
i. H. Veiteh, and subseijuently re[>rinted
in that very interesting and richly illus-
trated volume entitled A TravidlfrH Soti'H.

"The fJoveniment Botanic Gardens, but a
few liniuired ynrds from the l)eail nf Queen
Btreet, lirisbane's Icadinj; thoroughfare, are
triangular in shape, and occupy 40 acres. The
confines are marked on one side Ijy the Bris-
Imne river, on another by the Government
domain attaelK-d to fJovcrnment Ifoune — a
noble pile, and on the third by a broad public
road. In the latter, the hroadcst enil, are the
three public entrances, the gardens gradually
narrowing to a point at Mr. MacMahon's
house, the extreme limit. Labour is naturally,
.as throughout the colony, the greatest diffi-
culty to cope with. Ordinary wages are £2
per week, carpenters and skilled workers
obtaining more. The gardens, largely pat-
roni.scd by the publii-, contain a fair-si/.ed
cricket-field and a lawn-tennis court. All
is under grass except the bcda and asphaltc-
paths.

The entrance nearest the Government House
looks over a pretty undulating lawn, with
various single specimens in view. I'etwecn
this entrance and the central onr;, shadr-d
by a magnilicent I'oinciana, and approached
through thick hedges of variou.s Acaly-
phas, is a duck-pond, containing some mag-
nificent clumps of Papyrus antirjuorum, and
which is surrounded in places so much as to be
entirely hidden by .some e<|ually fine Hambu.sa
arundinacea, .30 to 10 feet high, growing with
vigour in the present great heat and frcfjuent
thunderstorms. Just beyond, on a neat ter-
race, a fountain and circular tank afford a
home for the white Xymphwa of Europe.
Moderate-sized Cocos plumosus encircle it,
and individual specimens of Areca lutescens,
seedling I'ho-nix reclinata, SpathfMlea eam-
panulata, Liquidambar styracifiua, Ilrassaia
actinophylla, I'andanus Veitchii, &c., are
scattered about.

Between the central entrance and the one
on the river bank is the erickct-fl(dd, a consi-
derable stretch of groiuid, ample for thi: pur-
pose. From this entrance-, running the whole
length of the garden, is a row of Araucaria
Bidwillii, from 10 to fiO feet high. As hero
seen, little can be s.iid in praise of this tree
for ornamental purposes; it« branches, 10 to
1.5 feet long, are almost invariaidy leafless,
except from 12 to 21 inches at the end. The
immense cones, of several pounds weight, are
clustered at the top, hidden from view, and
difiiciilt to obtain without tho assistance of a
storm.

Kicus macropliylla.also a native tree, is very
hand.somt'. In the gardens is a broad-spread-
ing specimen, with a stem 2 feet in diameter,
the roots exposed for many square yards
around the base ; the fruit, not large, is frcjely
borne, and the brown iinder-surfaco of the leaf
offers a pleasing contrast to the solid green of
the whole. Kigelia pinnata is at home, and
bears many loose racemes of large deep car-
mine blooms, on pendent stalks 'i to .5 feet
long.

The Rfjse-gardcn, containing many beds sur-
rounding the finest Araucaria Itidwillii in the
grounds (a specimen about 70 feet high), is
filled with well-grown plants, almost exclu-
sively Teas and Chinas, as one might expect.
A Box-wood tree, Ibematoxylon campechi-
anum, with a much-divided stem, is close to
Quercus suber, Q. Toza, and Q. cerris, from
South Europe ; they are, however, scarcely
fine specimens, though the English Oak,
Quercus pedunculata, sce<l8 well, and makes a
good tree. Lifjiiidambar and Liriodendron are
also both evidently thoroughly at home.

Near Mr. Mac.Mahon's house is a fine bed of
Arabian ('offee, loaded with berries. A bed of
Allamanda neriifolia, close by, was one mass
of flower.

Cedriis Deodara, Magnolia grandiflora, and
Eriobotrya japoiiica, are not good, the climate
Ijeing evidently too dry and hot for them,
though a Camellia seems in a very fair con-
dition. Plumcria acuminata is as fine and
free-blooming ,is in India ; as is a species of Tcr-
minalia, with its peculiar oblong sessile foliage.
Xear a I'oinciana regia, its stems carrying
many immense I'latyccrium alcicornc, is a
group of I'alms, two of which are probably tho
best specimens of the order in the gardens —
one a Julxea spectabilis, tho other a Sabal
Palmetto. Al.so fine, are an Oreodoxa rcgia
:J0 feet high, and some broad masses of llhapis
flabelliformis.

The most successful examples of growth
here, as in I'owen Park, are unquestionably
the Bamboos. Several large clumps of Bam-
busa arundinacea, with thickly interlaced
tough stems, 10 to .jO feet high, cracking and
bending in every breeze, shade, near the
centre of the grounds, one of its prettiest
sjiots — a large open-air fernery, containing
Alsophilas, iJicksoidas, Asplernum nidus, Platy-
ceriums, Kav(-nalas, Cannas with flower-spikes
8 feet high, Caryotas, Livistonas, &c. At the
end is a neat avenueof Guavas (Psidiura guava),
the smooth Stuartia-like stems, and pale
glossy foliage, through which now peep tho
innumerable friuts just commencing to swell,
being v<;ry pretty.

The Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospennum
australe), of course does well, as do Butea
frondosaand Strychnos nux-vomica. A curious
tree is IJavidsonia pruriens ; each leaflr^t of its
large pinnate foliage is nearly of the substance,
size, and colour of a good-sized Lw|ual>lcaf.
Sterculia riipestris, the narrow-leaved Bottle-
tree, is more noticeable still ; of one specimen,
the smofjth circular stem is 4 feet in diameter
at the base, but narrows gr.idually to 1 foot at
H feet from the ground, whence for the re-
mainder of its height (another 7 feet) oidy tho
smallest branches arc seen.

The native trees do not, as here represented,
strike me as particidarly ornamental, though
in the bush, frora all accounts, some must bo
very fine. In the gardens, however, some
tre<!s are not particularly interesting. Agathis
robu.sta is an exception. This can be picked
out anywhere by its tall, slim clean stem
and pcar-sliapcd head of dark foliage. Two
good specimens are not less than 70 feet in
height.

Eheocarpus grandis, Spondia pleiogyne (the
Burdekin Plum-tree), Al6urites moluccana (the
Candle-nut-tree), with long-lobcd foliage and
bunches of green fruit each as large as a
good-sized egg- Plum; Erythrina Vespertilio
(the Australian Bark tree), and (Cassia Brew-
steri, its thin, circular, brown pods, 12 to
\T) inches long, hanging in profusion, are all
representative of the native flora. On leaving
1 pa.ssed beneath an Indian Cluster Fig, Ficus
glomerata, the fruit on short stalks in thick
bunches of every shatle of colour, from green
through yellow to bright red, clustered on tho
old brancli<;s \H inches in diameter. The
masses of fruit rotting on tho ground beneath
the tree testify to its extraordinary produc-
tiveness. I also noted on leaving Combretum
purpurcum, and Bcaiimontia grandiflora, grow-
ing luxuriantly. At the end of the garden Mr.
MacMahon has erected a tall house, composed
of long twigs so tied on rafters as to give
partial shade. Beneath, sheltered from the
sun's fiercest rays, are Philodendrons, An-
thurium Scherzerianum, Dracasnas, Marantas,
Gymnostachyum Pcarcei, Ixjmaria gibba, 8e-
laginellas, Aspleniums, Platyccriums, J>ick-
sonia antarctica, Alsophila australis, flowering
Begonias, and a fewOrchids, chiefly the native
Dendrobium undulatum."

162

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 31, 1901.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

SELENIPHDirM ; (IRANDE.
A vnuv roniarkable flower of this hylirkl,
between S. caudatiira iind S. longifoliuui,
kindly sent by Messrs. Charlesworth & Co.,
Hcaton, Bradford, Yorks, shows abnormal
charaetcristics. The upper and lower sepals
are united into one blade with a concave base.
At riglit angles is a narrow purple-tinted petal
of the normal form, and about •") inches in

plants of the orange-scarlet D. subclaiisum,
imported by Messrs. Jas. Yeitch & Sons, has
been identified with the above-named species
at the Kcw Herbarium. The plant is of slender
growth, and bears short racemes of rosc-iiurple
flowers, three or four on an inflorescence, and
in colour aud appearance to a casual observer
rather like D. glomeratum. The structure,
however, is very peculiar, and totally different
from that species. The sepals and petals are
short and not eonsiiicuously displayed, but the
lower sepals are continued into a thick spur.

The Royal Inflmary, Livori)ool, who remarks : —
" It grows with me in an ordinary greenhouse
better than in the warmer Dcndi-obium-house,
and produces slender ijseudo-bulbs about 2 feet
in length, bearing racemes of sever.il flowers
at the extremities. The roots seem to be
pubescent or rough, and adlierc closely to the
wood of the basket." The flowers are white
tinged with rose, and with a yellow crest to
the labellum. These remarks may be useful, as.
the plant is often found in a declining and
unsatisfactory state in warm houses. It is by

FiC. .jl.— VIEW IN TlIK BOTANIC GARDEN, BHISRANK. (SEE

length. The labellum, instead of forming a
pouch, is formed into a large tolerably flat
blade, round the wavy margin of which the
other purplish petal is attached like a riband
frill, looking very singular surrounding the
whitish, rose-freckled blade. The columii juts
out stiaiglit from the ovary, with the stigmatic
plate at the apex, the anthers appearing on
short filaments beside it.

DENPRODIU.M COKNTTUiM.

A very pretty and extremely rare Dcndro-
bium appears in the collection of Major Joioey
at Sunningdale Park, and which Mr. Fred. J.
Thome, his gardener, statci was received with

which closely follows the under side of the
flower-stalk and ovary, so that they appear to
be almost united ; and both ovary and spur
being of the same bright rose-purple colour,
they form a very showy and striking feature.
The short labellum is also peculiar in slmpo,
the front forming a pouch with up-turned apex,
above which the column appears. It lasts a
long time in perfection, and the rose-purple
flowers being darkest over the vcining, variety
in the colouring is given.

PENDROBIUM iMUTABILE (TRIADBNILM)-

Flowers of this pretty though not large
Dendrobium are sent by Francis 11. Moore, Esq.,

no means a common plant, although it has been
imported frequently, and probaljly the practice
of growing it in too high a temperature may-
account for its scarcity:

NATURE -STUDY.-*

(Concluded froM p. 10i> )
"THE natural interest in a living thing (be
it an animal or a plant) which is possessed by
almost every child, should be taken advantage
of. Companionship with plants and animals
means a great deal. There is something real
^"•^Vddrcss bv MvTl^HedwortU FoiUkes, B.Sc, F.E.S.,
:>t the 1 lavpoiv Adams Agru-uUuvo.l College, August 1.

August 31, 1901.]

THE GARDEXEES' CHRONICLE.

163

and genuine about it— something suggestive.
A'ery much could be done by teachers in en-
couraging the pupils to grow for him or her-
self, be it only a single plant. It does not
matter much what the plant is, only let it lie
grown from the beginning. A grain of Wheat
or Barley, a Pea or any weed even, will serve
for a beginning. Something that grows and
matures quickly is perhaps more interesting
and attractive. The next step may be the
growing of something which is useful — a

there will be something new to speak of, and
to demonstrate. The comparison of common
well-known plants in their early stages will bo
most useful and interesting.

" Another direction in which very useful
work may be done, among more especially the
older pupils, is in teaching the elements of
' germ " life ; to call it bacteriology would be
misleading, and perhaps bring down the un-
deserved criticism of scientists.

" There is, however, a good deal of the

individual realised what the danger of the
practice of spitting in public meant. lint
before perhaps such an ideal state of affairs
could be reached, the humblest individual must
be taught wherein the danger lies. Witlimillc
as the object, much useful teaching can be done
in showing how the organisms in the fii-st jilace
are present in the air, and on enteriiig the
milk bring about a change in its composition
and cause the milk to turn sour. Further, it
could be shown that at times such a state of

\ii:\\ i\ Tin; iinr.wn (.mmucx. lutisii \m:. (si.-.i-: i'. li'.l.)

Lettuce, Uadish, Potat >, or Strawberry. Single
plants will serve the puiposc. 1 do not suggest
this for teaching gardening, but simply and
solely to encourage among the youngest pupils
apleasurable in tei'est in a living, growing thing.
" l'4>t cultivations ai-e of great u.se, and
serve as objects for a number of lessons. Take
lor example a grain of Wheat. Kii-st will come
the germination, and to make the lesson in-
teresting a few grains of Wheat, a I'ea, or
IJcan, &c., may be induced to germinate on a
<lamp cloth. The conditions that are neccs-
sai-y for germination, moisture, air, warmth,
oan very easily be demonstrated. Next will
come tlie root and stem, and seed leaves, and
fiO on. J).iy liy day during thr life of the plant

science of organic lile which ean bo taught to
pupils in elementary sclinols. Micro-organisms
play such a jiart in every-day life that it is
most essential for everyone to know some-
thing»of the rudiuients of the laws which
govern those minute I'orms of life. During the
recent Tuberculosis Congress in London, a
great deal was said about the spread of this
deadly disease, and much stress has been laid
ui)on the (|uestion of prevention of spitting
as a precautionary measure against the spread
of the disease, in New York city it is a
misdemeanour to sjiit in a public place, and
the punishment ni;iy be as nnich as one
y(vir's imprisonment or a tine of 500 dollars.
Such a law would not lie requii'cd if the

affairs can be made use of, and is even neces-
sary. l''rom milk 111 Ikt liranclies may be toucheil
updn which, while pi-rtcctly simple, anil aliove
all free from tcclinicalit lc^s, will be helpful to
the pupil in undcrslauding those subjects to
Ijc met wit h in e\('i'y-(lay life. , - ;.•

" The one dangei' that perhaps wo sliould. ho
oh guard against, above all others, is thivt' of
making Nature-Study a di-y lifeless Ibsiftoni
Vitality of interest is the secret of success." '

" l''inally, let me say, cultivate enthusiasm 'in
youi'sclves, and from yourselves it will sjiread
io your ])upils. Let spontaneity be a ruling
f<>atnrc, .and with a devotion that inspires an
abiding faith in boundless possibilities yolli'
woi-k will be ci-owned with success."

164

THE G A R DENER S ' CIIR ONI CL E.

[August 31, 1901.

LILIES AND THEIE CULTURE.

(.Con'inucdfromp. 147.)

LlLIUM HUMBOLDTI AND L.WASHINr;TONIANUM.
^Tliese two Lilies, with their garden varie-
ties and 1.1. colunibianiim, comprise a group
which falls mid-way l)et\veen liordcr Lilies and
the Marsh Lilies of Western America. Tlicy
produce a few serviceable stem-roots, but
depend mainly upon their basal roots for sup-
port. They all require a well-drained .soil, not
necessarily peaty, so long as it is fairly open,
and copious supplies of water when growing.
The rainfall of Gi-eat Britain is scarcely
enough for tliem, and they must therefore be
watered by hand. The bulbs are of loose
build, and are easily fractured ; they all grow
in an oblique direction, yet are not Ciespitose,
or strictly rhizoraatons, as in L. parvum and
L. pardalinura ; those of L. Humboldti are a
dull pink or red, whilst those of L. Washing-
tonianura are white in colour ; their leaves arc
whorled, as in the Jlartagon group.

L. Humboldti grows to a height of 5 feet, and
bears twenty or more large orange-red flowers,
reflexod and pendulous, each 3 to 4 inches
across, and spotted on the inside with large
purple spots (see fig. 37, p. 144, Jan. 31, 1874).

The var. Bloomeriana differs from the type
in its paler flowers, and in having a purplish
shading throughout, densest near the tips.

L. columbianum may be described as a very
small Humboldti ; it has small, whorled leaves,
more or less bronzed, and two or three flowers,
about an inch across, coloured bright orange,
and spotted throughout with black and purple.
The petals are much refloxcd, forming a com-
plete roll ; its ovary is also spotted. It likes
a light, open soil, and plenty of water, which
must pass away quickly, or the plants soon
discolour and ultimately wither.

L. Washingtonianum, a grand trumpet Lily,
4 or 5 feet high, bears fifteen to twenty flowers,
each' 3 inches across, white in colour, tinted
purple on the inside, where also a few spots
occur on the margins. Its leaves are whorled,
broadest and longest below. It is a very
graceful Lily, of tolerably easy cultivation,
succeeding with Humboldti (see fig. 20, j). 00,
.Tuly 20, 1901).

Its var. purpurea is a slender-growing
plant, 18 inches high, the leaves of which are
curved and undulating. Two or three flowers
are produced by each plant, they are large in
proportion to the size of the plant, are white
in colour, 3 inches long, and are minutely
spotted pale purple or lilac about the middle.
A delicate flush of lilac suffuses the whole
flower a few days after opening.

A still smaller var., rubescens, has much
reflexed flowers, in shape like Lilium colum-
bianum, coloured white when it first opens,
shading to a rosy-lilac on the second or third
day. The flower is also heavily spotted a
similar colour. The scent of these Washington
Lilies is very sweet and refreshing, resembling
that of a Hymenocallis. The flowers are very
tielicately tinted, and possess a grace pecu-
liarly their own. All these Lilies are very
liable to "sunstroke," and it is best to plant
them where they may be shaded, but in such
a position that the drip of trees cannot reach
them.

LlLlUlM (UGANTEUM AND L. CCIUDIFOLU M.

These two Lilies are woodland plants, de-
lighting in rather dense shade, a damp, not
dark, situation, and a root-run of dead leaves
and vegetable dvhiU ; they cannot be culti-
vated with any measure of success in the open
border. L. giganteum, the biggest known
Lily, is a grand plant when well grown. Large
bulbs, though so frequently planted, arc prac-
tically useless, for they push their flower-

spikes before the plants have had time to
establish themselves, and the inflorescence
rarely develops properly. Small three or four-
year-old bulbs, about the size of a small
cocoa-nut, are more satisfactory, for they
have a few years in which to establish them-
selves before the flower-spike ascends. It is,
however, only those plants that have origi-
nated as offsets from previous bulbs, and
which have grown away undisturbed, that
produce the finest spikes. The stem averages
8 feet in height, and bears upwards of a dozen
greenish-white, fragrant flowers, each a foot
across, and tinted purple on the inside. The
flowering-stem not only exhausts the bulb and
reduces it to a moist mass of pulp and fibre ;
it also emits a large number of extremely
thick roots from its base, which pierce the
tough scales of the bulb in all directions,
feeding on the decaying tissues as it passes
through to the outside .soil. The destruction
of the bulb is so complete that only a mass of
tough fibre and a few offsets are left on the old
basal disc. These offsets quickly get away
into growth, and in order that these may not be
disturbed whilst they have no roots, the stems,
should be cut down, not uprooted. An annual
top-dressing of rich soil and leaves, and
copious waterings in dry weather, should be
given to every colony of these plants, or they
will wear out in the course of time. Imported
bulbs or large bulbs newly planted that have
attempted to flower soon after planting should
not be uprooted as failures, but allowed to
grow as much as they will ; the offsets they
always produce will, if left undisturbed, prove
far more successful than their parents, it is
merely a case of hope deferred. A clump of
this fine Lily in flower is a grand sight, and
worthevery effort thatcan be made to obtain it.
Lilium cordifolium is a rai-er plant than L.
giganteum. It has a stem about 3 feet high,
and bears six long, erect-growing, tubular,
white flowers, spotted purple on the inside,
and drooping, heart-shaped leaves, which are
whorled in the lower portion of the stem.
For garden purposes it may be described as
a small giganteum, with erect, more tubular
flowers, and drooping leaves. Where L. gi-
ganteum grows, this plant is likely to succeed,
but it is rather difBcult to keep it thriving
(sec Gard. Chron., July 20, 1901, p. 51). Geo.
B. Mallett.

(To be continued.)

ROSE -STOCKS AND BUDDING.

As the budding season is still with us, I wish
to make a few remarks which may be followed
to advantage by amateur gardeners or others.
I am dealing now with the Standard Briar-
stock. The hot weather of late has not been
very favourable for the Briar pushing out
shoots unless the surface of the ground had
been heavily mulched during winter and
spring, which, maintaining the moisture near
the roots, would prevent evaporation ; even
now, or immediately after budding, a good
mulching of manure would be beneficial to the
plants, and as a consequence to the buds.
Briar-stocks sometimes break irregularly, but
the three strongest and best placed shoots
should be selected, and as near the top of the
stock as possible, which, when budded, are
usually sufficient to form a good head for the
ensuing season. [Many gardeners are satisfied
with one bud. Ei>.] In case of a miss, two
extra shoots can be left as a reserve to work
in August, but if not required, they can be
removed. The shoots, when I'eady for budding,
should bo about the thickness of a lead-pencil,
and mature. I prefer making a parallel cut,
and slipping the scion in the opened bark

without the right angled T or cross-cut, as a
much better union is effected, and the shoot is
not so liable to be broken off by the wind,
or from other causes, only it requires an expert
hand to do it. It is best to choose scions with
good prominent buds. It is often a vexed
question whether the wood from the scion
should be removed in all cases or not. If the
woody part does not leave the bark freely, the
better plan is to leave it in, but if it comes
away easily, well and good. In new or choice
viirieties, whero it is desirable to use all the
available wood, the former plan can be used to
the best advantage.

There is sometimes a difliculty in finding
early scions suffieiently developed when the
stocks are ready ; this 1 have met by taking
well-ripened wood from plants gently force<l
under glass. Tying in the bud is an important
matter, which should be done neatly in the
form of a bandage, finishing off with the two
ends at the tojj, and well covering the incision.
The best material I have found is cotton waste ;
this has an advantage over raphia in being
more elastic, and not so liable to cut into the
rind when the bud begins to swell. I have
known cases where, through neglect to sevci-
the ligature, the bud has been ruined by
raphia. The ends of the shoots should be kept
in a can of water or damp moss, while the
budding is proceeding. At first some stocks
will not run. I usually shorten these back x
few inches, and leave them for the last
working, or what is generally called " filling-
up," as by that time they will have pushed a
few lateral shoots, which, bringing up the
sap, causes them to run right enough. Under-
favourable conditions the ligatures can be
removed three weeks from the time of budding,
but this will depend on the character of the
weather, which might cause it to be a week or
so later. J. D. Oodicin, 29, Cleceliind Road,
iS'oiif/isefi.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF

THE FRUIT CROPS.

(See Tables, aute, pp. 88-94.)

iCoutinucd from p. 149.)

8. ENGLAND, S. W.

Cornwall. — I have not seen Peach-trees
looking so badly for a number of years. The
cold winds that we had in the months of
March, April, and May blistered the leaves
very much, and killed in some cases last year's
growth. Small fruits are very good, especially
Strawberries. W. H. Dennett, Menabillij, Par.

Early and maincrop Strawberries were

gigantic in size and of very good flavour.
There are next to no Apples, although in a few
places I hear of very good crops. Small fruits
are abundant. Raspberries especially so.
Filberts are a complete failure. Sledlars bear
an average crop, and Figs are very fine.
A. C. Bartlett, Pencarroiv Gardens.

Devon.shire. — Dry east winds, occasional
sharp frosts, and a low temperature by night
at the time of blossoming, had a bad effect ou
wall fruits, causing the trees to set badlj'. A
great improvement in the weather came in time
to save Apples and Pears. Caterpillars were
more abundant than usual on Gooseberries and
Currants. AndreivHope, Prospect Park, Exeter.

Apples are much below the average,

and small in size. Pears are a partial crop.
Peaches and Nectarines are very good, but the
trees were blistered early in the season.
Small fruits are very plentiful, but small.
Geo. Baiter, Membland Gardenia, Plymouth..

The Apple crop will again be good.

Plums against walls ;ire a heavy crop, and I
do not remember seeing the trees so free from

ACGCST 31, 1001.]

THE GARDENERS' CUR ON I CLE.

K)5

red-spider. Apricots and Peaches are looking
well. Pears, as a rule, do not carry very heavy
crops, except Williams' Bon Chretien, which is
laden. Small fruits have heen abundant and
good. James Mai/ne, Bicton, East Budh-Ujh.

Devoxshtre. — The fruit crop in this neigh-
bourhood is generally good, but Apples arc not
so plentiful as last year. Walnuts and Col;-
uuts, Peaches and Nectarines, are excellent.
C. W. Bloije, The Gardens, Pinhatj, Lijme Rcyis.

The Apple crop in these gardens is the

lightest for some years, although there was
abundance of bloom. Pears in the open are a
very light crop. Peaches and Nectarines gave
promise when in flower of very heavy crops,
and appeared to set well, but the north and
north-east winds caused the fruits to drop ;
while for some years past I have not seen the
trees so badly affected by leaf-blister. Plums
are a heavy crop again this season, especially
Kirke's. T. H. SUidc, Poltiinore Gardens,
Exeter.

Gloucestershire. — During the thirteen
years that I have lived in this locality, I never
remember seeing the fruit crops so good,
although reports reach me from tlie Pcrshore
and Evesham district that the crop there is
somewhat partial, Geo. W. Mars/i, .St. Geortje's
Nurserij, C)ielten)iam.

The Apple and Pear crops vary very

much this season ; the best Apples are Hlen-
heim Orange, Bramlcy's Seedling, Flanders
Pippin, Ecklinvillc, White French, Warner's
King, Pott's Seedling, Worcester Pearmain,
King of the Pippins, Duchess of Gloster, and
Early Margaret. The best Pears are Ucurre
d'Amanlis, Beurre Diel, Duchesse d'.\ngou-
leme, Chaumontel, Huyshe's Prince of Wales,
Uvedale St. Germain, Catillac, &c. Alfrcil
James, Woohtone Rectory Gardens, Clieltenhaiii.

HEREFOlflJSlliRK.— The fruit crops generally
are looking well, and the trees are clean and
healthy. Plums are a full crop, both on walls
and bush trees. Strawberries were the best
we have had for years. Tlios. Speneer, Goodrieh
Court Gardens, Ross.

The Apple crops are good, and look

promising. The great pest, the Pear-midge,
has reduced the Pear crop to very small pro-
portions, and has done so for the last few years.
John Walkiiis, Pomona Farm, W'itliiiiijlon,
Herejord.

MoXMOlTllsiliRE.— Apples will be below the
average in this district, and not at all clean.
Some varieties have again proved their supe-
riority. Calville, Blanche d'Hiver, Mere de
Menage, Hawthorndcn, and (iolden Pippin, in
particular, are carrying immense crops ; while
young pyramid trees of Cox's Orange Pippin
have a few nice fruits on them. I'ears arc an
average crop, Madame Trevye, Marie Louise,
Doyenne du Comicc, Durondeau, and Louise
Bonne of Jersey being the best. Peaches and
Nectarines set well, and required much
thinning. Gooseberries and Currants are most
abundant. Strawberries have been plentiful,
and of good flavour. W. F. Woods, LUiufrerhfa
Granijc Gardens, Caerleoii.

Apples and Pears collectively are a

good crop, and promise to be of good quality.
Insect pests have not been very troublesome,
where the customary winter and summer
sprayings have been carried out. Cherries are
excellent in qualify, and abundant; while
Peaches and Apricots are gocd in every
respect. I'lums, although they blossomed
freely, urv Datura!!? very thin, after the heavy
crops of the past two years. Strawberries
were plentiful and good, as are also a'l bush
fruits. TIkis. Cuumbcr, The Uendrc Gardens,
Monmoniii.

Somersetshire. — Small fruits have been
abundant, and of capital quality. Apples are
under average, but of very good size. Some
Apple and Pear Orchards have plenty, and in
another one near by there are no fruits at all.
Thos. Wilklns, The Gardens, Inwood House,
Henstridfje.

Poor as are the crops of x\pples, Pears,

and Plums, they are better than I expected
after last year's exhaustive crops. The fruits
are clean and good, and the trees are very
clean. Cox's Orange, Ribstou Pippin, Scarlet
Pearmain, Domino, and Lane's Prince Albert,
are our best Apples. Julm Crook, Fordc Abhcij
Gardens, Chard.

Worcestershire. — Excepting Apples on
orchard standai-ds, which were heavily
cropped last year, the fruit crop is remarkably
good, and of excellent quality. Apples on

IMIIl.U' M.K.MAHIJN.

(Director of llic Hrisbaiic liotanic Garden.)

(Seep, nil.)

garden bushes and pyramids set very heavy
crops, and have been thinned severely. As
garden trees are more under the control of the
cultivator, the crop can be thinned, and a
crop obtained again the succeeding season.
Pears are excellent in quality. All fruit-trees
are healthy, and free from ijisoct pests. .1.
Younij, Witlcij Court Gardens. Stourport.

There was a grand show of bloom on

all kinds of fruit-trees in this district, and
there are good crops of fruit. Strawberries
were very line, Hoyal Sovereign, Leader, and
Waterloo being our best varieties. All bush
fruits have been heavily cropped, and the
fruits are of good quality. The Apple-maggot
is very destructive, and American - blight
seems worse than ever this year. F. Jordan,
Inipnetj Gardens, Droilwieh.

This has been a remarkable season of

extremes in temperature and moisture, vary-
ing from periods of cold and wet to intense
heat and aridity. This has affected the fruit-
crops in various degrees, according to local
conditions. The immense advantages of deep
and thoroughly good cultivation with a free,
open subsoil have been remarkable this
season. It has enabled the crops to withstand

lieriods of drought without serious chock;
whilst those crops growing on shallow lanil
and hard, unbroken subsoil have quite failed.
Insect attacks have been numerous and per-
sistent. It is only by a policy of " war to the
knife" with proper insecticides that their
attacks have been repelled. The Strawberry
season was short, but exceptionally high
flavour was secured. Apples are clean, and a
fairly good crop. Apricots also have been
very good in quality and size. W. Crump,
Madresjield Court Gardens, Malrern.
(Til he cmdiimed.)

HEiSBAGEOUS BOiRDER.

LATHYRUS MAGELLANICUS.
A VE.VRago I sent to the Gardeners' Chronieli
a note ccnceriyug the history of this rather
famous blue everlasting Pea. The name was
adopted by me on the authority of Don iii
Sweet's British Flower Garden, Series II.,
tab. 344 ; and is that by which Lord Anson's
Pea is generally known amongst amateurs,
liut it appears that this Pea, which was firsfe
ilescribed in Miller's Dietionarii as Pisum
iuuericanum, was called in Lamarck's Die-
ti'inarij Lathyrus norvasus ; and another Pea,
with dull, magenta - coloured flowers, was
nuned I., magellanicus. In Index Kewensis,
the priority is rightly given [^to the name U
norvasus (Laniard;), and this is the name by
which Lord Anson's Pea is known at Kow.
Mr. liulley tells mo that he has the true L.
magellanicus (Lamarck), and that it has .just
lii'cn verilicd for him at Kew. As for Lord
.Vuson's Pea, which I rightly described last
year as a disappointing flower, I have, by the
help of seeds and cuttings, managed to keep
it alive; and one plant flowered rather freely
I ist June, having lived on a south wall through
winter without dying down ; but the colour is
rather <Iull l)hie, and by no means liUe the
ccilouriu.g of Sweet's portrait, though tlio
plant agrees with it in all 'other cliaractcrf).
C. Wolleij Dod, ICdije //<i", Malpas, .{uiiust -22.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

PERENNIAL ASTERS.

Till-; .\sters unciiiestionably form t)ue of tlio
flnest groups of native American plants. The
number of species is unusually large, they
pres<'nt a great variety of colour and habit,
and tliey are nearly all hardy and useful in
cultivation. Most of them take to the gardeu
very kindly. They thrive and spread in th»
hardy border, and grow large and lusty under
the gardener's care. Some of them are .".t
home in the shade, while others prefer the
sun. Sitme will endure severe drought, though
others do best in a rather moist situation.

It cannot fairly be said that the native:
Asters have become thoroughly popular in
American gardens. The common gardener's
mind turns always to something exotic. And
then wc have not yet learned in this country
the lesson of how to grow hardy plants in a
border. Occasionally you may see a good ono^
showing that our climate and conditions are
not unsuitable to it ; but for the most i)art we
have not passed the flower-bed stage of gar-
dening yet. We are making progress, though.
The most popular, and probably the best, of
all is the New England Aster, A. NoviC-
AngliiC. This has large, showy, blue flowers,
which are borne in largo trusses on a very
stately plant. The i)lant, when well culti-
vatedi reaches a height of 4 feet, or evei^
imu'c. The flowers appear late in the siinuuer,.
or ill early tail, about September 1 in tlii.'!.

160

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 31, 1901.

latitude, and last for a considerable time.
There is a beautiful variety of tliis species,
the rose-floweriiig sort, whieli should be given
almost equal praise with the "True Blue."
This is really the only one of the native Asters
which is well-known, and ^yhi^h may bo had
from all nurserymen.

Aster Isevis seems to me to ))e the next best
species in cultivation. This species is common
along old fences and in woodland borders, but is
aiot well known in gardens, it responds well
to cultivation, however, and is a fine, stately
l)lant, somewhat smoother of foliage and tidier
of habit than most of its congeners. It has
sky-blue flowers, borne in great abundance.

Aster coi-difoliiis is a beautiful plant along
-woodland borders, where it often grows in
large masses. It must be seen iu fairly large
masses to give the best effect. Though the
plant is graceful, with a large and well-set
inflorescence, tlie individual flowers are so
small that they do not make much show till
•they are properly aggregated. They are white
■or pale blue.

Other good species are Aster patens, A.
spectabilis, A. erieoides, A. multiflorus, A.
■diffusus, A. p.anioulatus, A. Novi-Belgii, and
A. puniceus. There are several besides these
which are well worthy of cultivation ; and I
«an think of no genus of common plants which
one might make a collection of with greater
satisfaction. There are a few nurserymen who
are beginning to see the value of them, and to
list them in their catalogues. I feel confident
that the demand for them will increase as
.Sarden(?rs learn their value, and doubtless
most of the common species will come into
cultivation one after another. F. A. Wangh.

Fungi Attacking Cucumber Roots.

It was with the greatest interest I read your
articleon the supposed origin of Potato-tubers.
There have been several good articles in the
<iardeners' Chronicle about fungi, and they
Jiave helped me to find out the origin of a
plant disease that before was hidden in the
greatest darkness for me.

Here I have a great house containing Cu-
•cumbers. They are nursed in the same manner
that is customary in English gardens. For
.^everal years they have behaved to my satis-
faction, but this year they have nearly failed.
The roots of the Cucumbers have swollen con-
siderably, and consequently have given a
small amount of fruit. For a long time I was
■not able to decide the origin of the disease.
The plants have been given the best manage-
ment possible, and have been nursed as other
years. In one point only is there a change.
This season I have used Bamboo sticks across
the trellises as support for the young plants.
They are what the Germans call " Tonkin-
■stabe," and are directly imported from Tonkin.
After having read the above-named article, I
am apt to think that the Bamboos must have
been infested with spores of a fungi, closely
related to the smut of Oats, and this is the
cause of the swollen succulent stems of Zizania
Satifolia. Having considered the facts, I am con-
vinced that the swellings of my Cucumber roots
may be traced to this origin. Moreover, two
months after planting, the sticks were covered
all over with a black, sooty powder—mature
Spores, as I think. Apparently this powder
"has fallen to the ground and attacked the
roots, causing the swellings. Those are not
large ; some are as great as a common Pea,
the biggest are as Walnuts. They resemble
in colour and structure a Turnip, "though not
s~> irregular in shape.

" I think it is singular, and proves that plant-
roots respond to the irritation of a fungus.
Sioeden. [Are not our correspondent's Cu-
cumber-roots attacked by eel-worms ? Ed.]

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Lilinm cantlidiim. — This chaste Lily is useful
for a variety of purposes, whether planted in
the mixed flower borders or among Azaleas,
and has a good effect as large clumps. In
order to extend the flowering season, bulbs
should be planted in different aspects, and
always in sheltered spots where the wind will
not damage tlie blooms. The bulbs should be
obtained forthwith, and planted without delay.
Any clumps existing iu the garden may, if
strong, be taken up before growth recom-
mences, and replanted. The replanting may
be done at a later date, but progress is then
almost at a standstill for a year. The species
thrives in almost any kind of garden soil, but
the best results are obtained in loamy soils.
Manure should not be applied when planting,
but a mulch of half-rotted manure will be bene-
ficial afterwards, and some of this may then be
forked into the soil so that tlie roots may find
it as they extend.

Lilinm titjrinnm. — Plants of this species are
now in bloom, and, like the preceding one, they
are excellent for sunny positions. A light or
sandy soil is best suited to their needs, and in it
fine large flower-spikes are formed. There are
man}' other species of Lilies, some requiring
special attention in regard to soil and treatment ,
that are well worth growing where their re-
quirements can be met. Among them is Lilium
giganteum, established bulbs of which carry a
large, massive spike, but it is not a free
bloomer. A sheltered position, a well-drained
and fairly rich soil, appear to suit this species.

Dutch Bii/bs.— Catalogues have begun to
arrive, and the list of the quantities required
will demand attention, for nothing is gained by
delay in posting the bulb order. Where bulbs
will be planted in the open the ground, wherever
this is possible, should be got in readiness,
but where spring and summer bedding is the
rule, the bulbs cannot be planted for some
time yet.

Annua! Asters. — These flowers are very fine
this season, the showery weatlier during the
past two or three weeks having greatly aided
the plants. The gardener is amply repaid in
fine blooms for a liberal treatment of the
plants, whether in the mixed border or in beds
by themselves. Asters have not been so good
with us for several years as is the case this
year. The plants were pricked out Into their
permanent quarters when of quite small size,
and therefore they received very little check.
The Comet strain is an exceedingly useful one,
few plants lifting better when iu bud, or their
flowers just expanding. The now variety
named "Ostrich Plume," or " Feather," is a
decided acquisition amongst white Asters, the
blooms measuring over 0 inches across, resem-
bling a white Chrysanthemum, while a strong
point in their favour is the length of stem the
blooms possess.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Orchids of the Coollionse. — During the next
few weeks, particular attention must be paid
to the plants in this house. There exists
amongst cultivators, differences of opinion in
regard to the most suitable season in which to
repot the plants. 1 may say, that I find the
autumn months the most suitable, as then the
plants become established without the draw-
backs entailed by potting in the spring. The
more robust growing Masdevallias, such as
Ignea, Veitchi, Harryana, &c., should be re-
potted at the present season, and that
without delay. It is not necessary that
tliese species of Masdevallia should be re-
potted annually, but rather that considera-
tion be given to the size of the pots
used, and such sizes afforded as will hold
the required quantity of compost, and afford

root space for a longer term than one year.
This is the more desirable when dealing with
specimens of large size. Masdevallias, for a
great portion of the year, require a consider-
able quantitj' of water, therefore the drainage
materials must be ample. In dealing with
large specimens, an inverted pot should be
placed at the bottom of the jjot or pan, and the
remaining space filled to the desired depth
with clean crocks. I have tried bracken
roots after thoroughly drying them ; but
care must be taken to use none in which
any saj) remains, or it will quickly turn sour,
and probably breed fungus. The plants have
succeeded well here with this material, but I
cannot see any marked difference in the case of
those plants as compared with others that have
been afforded the ordinary materials; and the
same has also been found to be the ease with
Odontoglossums. If bracken roots are made
use of, potting must be very lightly done ; and
the compost should contain a larger quantity
of sphagnum - moss. Affording water is a
critical operation, for if too much be applied
the tips of the leaves soon decay. The most
suitable compost is one of chopped sphagnum-
moss two parts, and one of turfy peat,
together with a liberal use of clean coarse
sand or finely broken crocks. Having turned
out the plants, remove all dead matter
about the bottom, which will improve their ap-
pearance, and do away with the risk of
moisture accumulating ai)out the base at unde-
sirable seasons, i.e., during the winter months.

Odontoglossums. — The cultivation of Odonto-
glossums has engaged the attention of growers
during recent years to a greater extent than
formerly, and much progress has taken place
in the management of O. crispum. A few
years ago, we were largely dependent on Con-
tinental cultivators to supply the demand for
the cut flowers ; but now we have growers for
market who make a specialty of Odonto-
glossums, and who have supplanted the foreign
grower. The Odontoglossums are at the
present day better liked and more valued than
ever. This success must be attributed to a
better knowledge of the requirements of the
plants, especially in the matter of ventilation,
the dispensing with the use of crocks and the
use of choppod-up bracken-roots, and to more
careful methods of affording water. Any re-
potting or top-dressing that may bo deemed
necessary should now receive attention,
affording a compost of sphagnum-moss two
parts to one of peat, and pressing it tightly
about the base of the plants. Repotted plants
should be thoroughly watered as soon as re-
potted, carefully shaded from the direct rays
of the sun, and the house kept slightly closer
for a few weeks.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Herein.
Gathering /niit.— Early varieties of Pears
should be' inspected, and the more forward
fruits gathered and stored in the fruit-room.
Of these, it may be mentioned that Jargonelle
keeps but two or three days after being
gathered, and is often foxmd to be "sleepy"
at the core, whilst outwardly it is still sound.
The best all-round early Pear is Williams' Bon
Chretien, which, by having trees of it on walls
having south, east, and west aspects, and also
in standard form, may have its season con-
siderably lengthened. By gathering the
largest forward specimens, the remainder
attain a larger size than would be the case if
all were left and gathered together. Fruits
from bush-trees and standards have usually
the best flavour. The ground being now very
dry, a heavy application of water will have a
very beneficial effect on Pear-trees in general,
iu developing the fruits. Souvenir du Congres
succeeds Williams' Bon Chretien, and grows to
a larger size than that variety. The variety is
excellent on bushes and pyramids. [A few
Pears of merit ripening in September besides
those our contributor names are : Beurre
d'Amanlis, B. Superfin, and B. de Beguines.
Those who have the space for a standard-tree,
should plant the autumn or common Bergamot.

AucusT 31, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

167

It is an abnnelant bearer in the south, and
the fruit is melting, juicv, a'hd richly flavoured.
Ed.]

Apples. — Early varieties of Apples of the
type of Mr. Gladstone, Beaiity of Bath, and
Irish Peach, ■which are now in use, should be
eaten direct from the trees. The same remark
applies to the highly-coloured variety Lady
Sudeley, whose fruits lose flavour when stored,
and are best eaten direct from the tree. Devon-
shire Quarrendeu is an old favourite variety,
and may be kept in the fruit-room for sever il
weeks. This is seen in the best condition in
the county from whence it takes its name, and
wliere the pulp and rind attain a rich red
colour, and the flavour is finer than I have
remarked ia other districts. In the midlands
it does best wlien grown as a bush on the
paradise stock, and given an open sunny
position.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIxtyre, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tkskaxt, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire.

Htvawherries for Forcing. — After the runners
are thorouglily well rooted in pots, they
derive but little further advantage from being
left longer connected with the old plants.
Those in small pots especially should be at
once separated from tlie old plants. Stand
them on a liardsultstance for a few days before
they are shifted into (i-inch pots to fruit.
Those layered into C-im-h pots may also shortly
be severed from the parent plants, and arranged
thinly in a sunny plaice on a bed of ashes. This
has beenafavoural)le season for procuring young
plants, there being large numbers of well-
rooted runners that liavo not been layered.
These may be lifted and potted up, and if well
looked after will grow to a serviceable size,
either for late forcing or for planting-out. A
moderately rich loam, with an 8-inch potful of
wood-ashes to a barrow load of soil, covering
the drainage with a layer of half inch of bones,
suits Strawberries well. The ball of soil and
roots should be in a moist state when the
potting is done, and the soil should Ijc flrmly
rammed down, a good space being left for
holding water. Afford water very carefully at
first, but when the pots are full of roots'the
plants will need a great deal. All runners
must be pinched off, and the plants kept clear
of weeds.

Pines — Pottitui Hooted Suckers. — Suckers
obtained from (he summer-fruiting plants will
soon be ready for potting. It is well to divide
the plants, (ho strongest Cayennes being
shifted into ll-iii<-li pots as soon as they are
ready, and the Queens into U)-inch ones.
Afford the plants a position near the glass in a
light, airy house, and keep th<>m growing gently
now and through the winter months. There
ought to be strong suckers available on the
plants of the Smooth Cayennes and Charlotte
Rothschilds, and these should be left till they
have become 2 ft. long. When the suckers are
taken, employ 7-inch pots for potting the
larger suckers, and smaller ones for the
weaker ones. Let these pots be clean or new,
and well drained ; use light turfy loam,
roughly broken up, add a small quantity of
bone-meal only, pot (Irmly, and plunge the pots
ina bedhavinga bottom-heatof 85'or!>0°. Keep
close, or lightly shade them from bright sun-
shine for aboutafor(night, and afford only just
enough water as will keep the soil moist in a
slight degree. When rooted, increase the
amount of air and water ; never allow the soil
to become quite dry. Those plants of Queen
Pines intended to fruit early next year
should now be rested by gradually applying
less water, less heat, and rather more air.
Only as much water should be afforded as will
prevent the leaves from shrivelling; and by
the end of the month they ought to be in a
dormant state, and kept so by means of a lower
temperature, the night heat not <!xcee<ling O.j",
with a slight increase in the day time. Succes-
sion plants must be kept growing for another
month, a moist atmosphere and a moderately
strong heat lieing maintained.

Re-arrawjiiuj ilie Vlanls. — A re-arrangement
of the Pino plants should now be made, in

order to separate the fruiting from the non-
fruiting ones, as many of those that were
started from suckers of last siimmer's fruiting
plants will have swelling fruit. Those plants
that are not fruiting will have completed their
growth, and should have air very liberally
for the next sis weeks, whenever the tempera-
ture exceeds 80°, maintaining the bottom heat
steadily at 80° ; and all plants well established,
that is, well rooted, should have a bottom
heat of 80' to 85\ but recently-potted suckers,
or those not having roots well established in
the fresh compost, should have a bottom heat
of 90° steadily maintained to insure speedy
rooting.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts. Gardener to Hussey Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

Hijacintlts in Pots and Glassei. — As soon as
these bulbs arrive they should be luipacked,
and without delay stooil in a cool place till
the potting can be performed. Before com-
mencing to pot, let a selection of the earliest-
flowering bulbs of Hyacinths, Polyanthus Nar-
cissus, and Daffodils be made, and pot these
within the first two weeks of September for
forcing early. Later b;i(ehes of all varieties
may be potted up to the end of October, and
after that date Dutch bulbs begin to dete-
riorate. The most important point in bulb-
growing, i)articularly the Hyacinth, is the
potting compost, which should consist of turfy
loam, dry cow-manure rubbed small, leaf-soil,
and coarse, clean sand. These ingredients
.should be well mixed beforehand, and placed
in a heap for a fortnight before proceeding to
use them. For single bulbs of Hyacinths, use
a pot having a diameter of 't inches, and it it
be deeper than the ordinary flower -pot, so
much the better. Having crocked the pot, fill
it loosely with the compost, making a hole
with the hand for the reception of the bulb,
placing a handful of sand in the cavity ; on
this place the bulb, and press down the com-
post and bulb together, and make the soil llrm
with the fingers, with the crown of the bulb
well above the surface. Kor miniature Hya-
cinths, or varieties grown for making a good
display of bloom, it is usual to put three bulbs
in a (i-inch pot. The potting finished, afford
enough water to permeate the entire mass, and
place the pots on a bed of ceal-ashes outdoors,
and cover to the depth of fi inches, as i)re-
viously advised for Itoman Hyacinths. Here
they should remain undistnrlied for live to six
weeks, when the [xits will lie found to be filled
with roots and growth begun, and the bulbs
in a suitable condition for bringing into cold
frames and gradually inuring to the sunlight,
and later into the forcing-honse. Hyacinths to
flower in glasses should consist .solely of the
single-flowered varieties, which may be put
in the glasses forthwith if wanted very early.
Nearly (ill the glasses with rain-water, in which
place some small bits of charcoal, and arrange
the bulbs in theglasses so that the bases barely
touch the water, and place in a cool, dry, dark
situation till the roots of the bulbs nearly
(ill the glasses, when they should be set
in a moderaU.'ly light posit inn, fret; from
cold draughts. If the water should become
foul, or evaporate, the fresh water afforded
should be of the same temperature as that of
the room in which the Hyacinths are growing.
Hyacinths which have been grown in flower-
pots may have the soil carefully washed away
with water applied with a syringe, and be
placed in glasses.

PoUjantlius Narcissus, Daffodils, and late
T'ulips, require much the same kind of treat-
ment as Hyacinths, but the potting-soil need
not contain so much manure, liut rather nujre
leaf-soil and loam. The bnllm should be potted
rather deeper than Hyacinths. The treatment
after potting is the sameaslnr the last named.
It is usual to put Polj-anthiis Xarcissiis to the
number of three or five in a 7-inch pot ; Daffudils
to the number of five in a pot 0 inch< s in
diameter, and Tulips five in j)ols of that size.
It js better to err on the side of liaving too
many in a pot than too few.

MaUnaison Carnations. — ^The season of bloom
being over, repotting will require immediate
attention. Any two-year-old plants that ar&
worth retaining should be transferi'od to-
10-inch pots, each shoot being secured to a
neat stake. For the next four or five
weeks the plants should be well ventilated,
but protection against heavy rain should be
afforded. Succession plants which have given,
one spike of bloom, which arc grow-ing in 7-inch
pots, should now be potted into 9-inch pots ;
and they will atford flowers after the larger
plants are over next year. The earlier layers
being in a condition to be severed from (ho old
plants, may bo potted in large OO's or ."U-inch
pots in a compost of turfy loam two parts, leaf-
soil one part, and some fine mortar-rubble
and charcoal. To the larger jilants we adfl.
one part of turfy peat. Pot the plants (irmly,
but do not use the potting-stick or rammer,
more especially in repotting plants in pots up'
to 9 inches ; and be sparing in the use of (he-
watering-pot after repotting. AlTonl plenty
of air, and apply shade during bright intervals;
for a month or six weeks after repotting.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mayne. G.irdcncr to the Hon. Makk Koli.e,

Biclon, East Budluiyh, Devonshire.
Cabbage. — The earlier sowings being fit for
transplanting may be put out in Tiursery lines-
at 4 inches apart, as may also the later sow-
ings W'hen fit. Some gardeners jneler to plant
direct into the permanent quarters, eonsiiler-
ing the plants grow away more kindly if sub-
.jectcd to but one removal. There is no doubt
that pricking-out does give a check, but it is-
beneficial rather than otherwise, as trans-
planted they are furnished with numerous-
fibrous roots and a ball of soil if the operation
be carefully ])erformed with a trowel. There
is then no check of any consequence ; and
the plants being of good size are less liable
to be devoured by slugs, and (hey are more
under the ej'e of the gardener, and i-eniedics.
are easily applied.

Onions. — In most gardens the Onion croi>
will be ready for lining, and should fine wea-
ther continue the bullis can remain on the
ground to get dry after clearing off weeds and
rubbish. In (ho event of showery weather
setting in, the bulbs must be laid on boards,
hurdles, &c., or in an open shed or undei-
glass, turning them a few times, so as te
thoroughly dry them. Onions should be
stored in a cool place. The bulbs with the
longest nooks should ho sot aside for present
use, or when the Tripolis are finished. If any
of the latter are out-of-iloors they should now
be got under cover.

L«(e Pea.s.— In gardens where crossbills aiul
other birds devour the Peas, and I am sorry to-
say they are a great worry here, netting, having
a !-ineh mesh, must be jilaced over (he rows,
and pegge<l down (o the .soil, in order to kee|>
these <lepredators from the crops. If the soil i»
still dry, afford water copiously, and a mulch
if po.ssible. Hunner Means claim the same
attention in this respect.

HpiniicU sown towai-ds the middle of the
present month will ucihI to bo thinned to .5 or
(i inches apart, and the soil well stirred be-
tween the plants, (jiven a mild autumn,
Spinach seed sown in the first week of Sep-
tember often proves remunerative in Devon-
shire gardens.

Lettuces and Endive. — A sowing should be
made of the hardier varieties of Lettuce named
in an earlier issue to stand the winter. Thin
and transplant the stronger plants of sowings
made early in August into an open position.
During dry weather it is wise to plant in
drills -1 inches in depth and 1 foot asunder-
each way, affording water to the same a few-
hours beloro putting in the plants. Tie up the
forwardest of the (!os Ijcttuces oneo a week,
and when (he leaves are quite di-y. lOndive is
not much in request so long as good Lettuce
can l)o had. To blanch them, they should be
tied up similai-ly to Cos Lettuces, a flat tile or-
inverted pot placed over each, so as to exclude
the light.

168

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[ACGCST 31, 1901.

APPOINTMENTS FOR SEPTEMBBB.

EXHIBITIONS.

/ Preston n.nd Fulfovd Hovticul'

nl Si!

■ lull

WEDNESDAY, Sept. i

al Exliilii-
'itli

WEDNESDAY.SEPT.ll

i,h(-"ij\v ,111.1 \V of Scotland
Uoiticiiltiual Suuicty (2days)
Bei-wifkslili-e Hoiticultural
. Society's show at Duns.
Royal CaledonianHorticultuval
Society Exliibition, Waverley
Market, Edinburgh (2 days).
Derbyshire Agri-Horticultural
Society's Show at Derby (2
days). ,

Arundel, Littlehampton and
I District Agri-Horticultural
I and Poultry Show in the
\ grounds of Arundel Castle.
i Central Horticultural Society
SATQED.VY, SEPT. U- of Nancy (France) great Horti-
( cultural E.xhibition.

MEETINGS.
„ „ ,1 SociiStd Franeaise d'Horticul-

SATURDAY, Sept. 7 \ "^j.^ Meeting.

„ ( United Horticultural Benefit
MONDAY, Sept. 9^ & Provident Society Meeting.

TUESDAY,

i Royal Horticultural Society
Sept. in- Comm. Meeting at Drill Hall,
( Westuiiuster.

("Royal Horticultural Society s
TUESDAY, Sept. 24- Coiuinitlees at the Drill Hall,
( Westmiuster.

SALES FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MOND.VY, Sept. 2.-Dutch BuUis. at Prothcroe .t
Morris' Rooms.

TUESDAY, Sept. .'i,— Dutcli Bull's, at Prolheroe &
Morris' Rooms.

WEDNESDAY, SEPT. 4.— Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroo &
Morris' Rooms.

THURSDAY, Sept. 5.— Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe &
Morris' Rooms.— Clearance Sale of Greenhouse
Plants, Glass Erections, Piping, &c., at Smiths
Nursery, St. Mary's Gardens, St. Marys Road,
Lower 'Edmontou, by Protheroe & Morns, at
1 o'clock.

FRIDAY Sept. 6.— Dutch Bulbs and Imported and
Established Orchids, at Prolheroe & Morris' Rooms.

Ateeage TempeeatupiE for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Y'earsat Chiswick
-59-5'.
Actual Tempeeatuees :—

London.— .iHtrusf 28 (6 p.m.) : Max. 64' ; Min. 48°.

Ju!7!tsi29.— Fine, chilly.
Peovinces,— j4M(;«si 28 (6 p.m.): Max. 61', Ecilly;
Min. 48°, Orkneys.

A small increase of sug.ir and its allied compounds
adds enormously to the nett feeding value of the
roots.
Specific GE.4VITY OF THK Kmikf r.dOT.

It is demonstrable I h:i I ilir h, -her the density of
a root, the better the kr.'i.iiiii M'l 'Illy-

A small deviation lu Ihc pcicculagc ot water
alters materially the value of the crop in keeping
properties.
Specific Geavity of the Juice.

The higher the specific gravity of the .iuicc, the
better the feeding quality (albuiuen and carlio-
hydrates).

The new method is to analyse each root_plauted
tor seed purposes, and reject all whicli~do not
reveal a strong combination of the above qualities.
Examination of roots and valuation of root-crops
on these analytical principles bring to light their
true and only value for feeding.

Scientific appliances ;iic devised so as to test each
root in a manucr to a iii;iiliriii:ii i.jl exactness, and
vet not destroy it for >c.m1ii,.j |iiir|i.ises.
' Roots which stand these crucial tests provide for
the next year a hardier race and more generous
food producers. -, . , .

Contrast this method with that of the seed beds
of the nineteenth centuvy.

The new nietliod, while not neglecting weight
and size, uses tliem only as an instrument to
convey the greatest nett feeding value, which is the
only value either to the farmer or his live stock."

DRAC/ENA, SYN. (ALETRIS), DRAC/<ENA fra-
GRANS VAR. LINDENI (SYN. ALETRIS FRAGRANS).

(Supplementary Illustration).— lu this haiul-
some, grcon-leavecl species from the coast of
New Guinea we have a Palm-like shrub grow-
ing to a height of 10 feet under liberal culti-
vation. The head is composed of a eomose
fascicle ot leaves arranged in several ranks,
horizontally diverging, recurved, strap-shaped,
lanceolate, and slightly channelled ; the flowers
are white, very numerous, and arranged in
glomerate umbels. The plant flowers in the
stove at various seasons, and the flowers have
the scent of newly made hay. It is a good
decorative plant, and. can be used in the
summer months in beds of snb-tropical plants
if previously inured to sunshine. We are in-
debted for the opportunity of figuring the
plant to Jlr. L. G. WalivER, gardener to Sir
H. BlNBlitv, Bart., Barton Hall, Bury St.
Edmunds.

We are pleased to sec that at
The Selection ]gnoth growers are beginning

of Root Crops ^ ° ^ ■ .1, I i.1 c 1 i
for Seed. to recogniSB the truth of what
has been often pointed out,
•viz., that the mere size of roots is not the
point to be aimed at, inasmuch as these
■monster Mangels contain infinitely more
■water than nutritive matter— a very wasteful
way of supplying water truly. Messrs. Jas.
Carter & Co. now issue the following re-
marks, which we heartily commend to all
growers : —

" Previous methods of root selection have all had
for their primary object increase in the weight and
volume of the crop.

Agi-icultural chemistry has been applied to arti-
ficial manures and feeding stufTs, but the food-
producing powers of roots have been neglected.
Total Solids.

The solids in a root contain all the nutriment.
These solids are not uniformly nutritive.
All roots are [very] largely made up of water.
The variations in the quantity of water and of the
digestible solids represent enormous differences in
money value to the farmer.

Five tons of one crop may contain as much solid
food as ten tons of another.

The food value and digestilnlity or otherwise of
the solids is determined by analysis.
SuoAit and Allied Compounds are of rin.sT Im-
poetance.
Historical parallels to a degree are found in the
great achievements by continental Sugar-Beet
growers who have increased the saccharine matter
in Beets no less than four-fold.

The sugar and feeding qualities of Turnips,
Swedes, Mangels, &c., can be increased and
uuultiplied.

Mr. Owen Thomas. — A sympathetic address,
handsomely engrossed, with views of Mr.
Thomas' residence at Progmore, was pre-
sented (on the 23rd inst.) by the garden
staff to Mr. THOMAS on the occasion of his
retirement from his position as Superinten-
dent ot the lloyal Gardens, Frogmore. The
gardeners at the Privat.e Gardens, Hampton
Court ; "White Lodge, Richmond ; and at the
Royal Pavilion, Aldershot, were also asso-
ciated in this interesting ceremony. The
address, which was presented on behalf of
the subseribors by Mr. Kdwahds, is credit-
able to all concerned, and must be very grati-
fying to the recipient. We subjoin a copy of
the document : —

"Royal Gardens, Windsor.
To OWEN THOMAS, Esq., V.M.H.
We, the Staff, Young Gardeners, and Era-
liloyes of the Royal Gardens, Windsor, have
learned with deep regret that you are retiring
from the position you have so ably filled for
the last ten years as Superintendent of the
Royal Gardens.

It has been the privilege of most of us to
have worked under your direction the whole
of that time, and we desire to place on record
our grateful acknowledgment of the courtesy
and kindness wo have invariably received
from you ; also to bear testimony to the earnest
and energetic manner in which you have
carried out the responsible duties of your
oflice, whicli has been an example to all.

We ask your acceptance of this Address as
a slight token of our esteem and regard, and

pray that Almighty God will bless you with
health, happiness, and prosperity for very
many years.

Signed, on behalf of 130 subscribers, June i9,
1901 :—

Thos. Edwards, Chairman; John Dunn,
Treasurer ; Edw. Harris, Secretary ; W. Bar-
ker, James Brown, J. Chennell, James
Green, G. Hampton, J. Tack, J. S. Lindsay."
Mr. Thomas, in his reply, bore testimony to
the loyal support ho had always had from the
staff, and presented each member with a
portrait ot Mrs. THOMAS and himself.

Flowers in Season.— Messrs. Kelway
send us a selection of magnificent Gladioli,
robust in habit, large in flower, perfect in
shape, rich and varied in colour. To be sure,
the flowers all face one way; but that Is
esteemed a special virtue in Gladioli. The most
noteworthy varieties are Nilus, with magenta-
coloured flowers ; Taunton Dean, salmon-pink,
with white at the base of the segments ; Lord
Roberts, of a similar colour, but with less
white ; Mrs. Wood, rich crimson ; Sir Evelyn
Wood, reddish-crimson ; Governor Cleveland,
rich rose, with white stripe ; Regalia, pale
magenta ; Lady Llangattock, salmon-pink, with
white stripe; and Kenwyn, pale buff, tinted
with pink.

"Guide to the Glasgow Botanic Gar-
OENS."— This guide to the gardens and the
conservatories and greenhouses is by Mr. C.
Sherry, and appears at an opportune moment,
when the exliibition at Glasgow is drawing
many visitors to the city. The garden has a
faniHis liistory, for it was here that Dr., after-
wards Sir, William Hooker succeeded in
introducing so many novelties and interesting
plants, the Professor availing himself of the
opportunities furnished by his influence with
Glasgow merchants aiid shippers. There is first
in the book before us an introduction, giving a
brief history of the gardens, then accounts of
the glasshouses and descriptions of the more
notable plants therein, which should enable
the most unlearned to recognise the specimens.
Next is given an account of the hardy herba-
ceous plants, arranged according to their
natural orders ; and, after this, lists are pub-
lished of the principal Miisci, and Hepaticse,
and fungi, and of the birds to be found in
tlie gardens. Among the birds, it is curious to
find the singularly sparrow-hawk named first,
and as a "too-frequent visitor." The Guide
has many illustrations, and should prove useful
to non-botanical admirers of the Gardens who
wisli to understand a little about the collec-
tions around them. The book is published by
David Bkyce & Son, Glasgow.

Handbooks for the Holidays.— Many
attractive handbooks written for intending
holiday-makers, have reached us. Among these
is vol.12 of the Homeland Handbooks, " Dul-
verton and the District ; the Country of the
Wild Red Deer" (second edition), by P. J.
Snell (St. Bride's Press, Ltd., 24, Bride Lane,
Fleet Street). This volume treats of How to
get to Dulvertbn ; Dulverton, its scenery and
story ; Exmoor sheep and ponies ; for fisher-
men ; stag, fox, hare, otter, and badger-
hunting ; flowers and Ferns, and pleasant
places on the Exmoor border. This addition
to the series is quite equal to its forerunners ;
it is lightly written, and plentifully illustrated.

" Views of Hastings and St. Leonards, the
popular Health and Pleasure Resort," is the
name given to an attractive album of pictures,
giving a good idea of the watering-places under
discussion. There is a preface, dealing with
the historical and other attractions of the town,
and the little album is a pleasant variation
from many similar books because it has no

Adotst 31, 1901.]

THE a AUD EXER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

109

advertisements to distract the reader from his
chief subjects of iuterest. The ijublishors arc
P. T. Parsons, Ltd., 14. Claremout, Robertsou
Street, Hastings.

The Great Eastern Railway Company sends
Ks some "annotated time-tables" concerning
the Cromer and JIundesley expresses. There
is a brief commentary on the objects of inte-
rest along the line, and some pretty pictures,
which should still more attract visitors.

The Jersey Potato Crop.— A Jersey
correspondent kindly forwards us some inter-
esting statistics relating to the yield and
value of the Potato crop from May 1 to
July 20 :—

Date of Shipments. {Tons.

Average
Weekly
Price.

1901.
From May 1 to May 18 , 60
From May 30 to May 25 385
From May 27 to June 1 2,170
From June 3 to June 8 8,695,
^rom June 10 to June 15 11,900
From June 17 to June 22 10,625
yroin Junci'i to June 29 9,815
From July 1 to July 6 5,910
From July 8 to July 13 2,000
From July 15 to July 20 \ 180

£ >. d.

e I.

d

32 18 8

1,976 0

0

27 1 8

10,427 1

3

13 13 0

29,620 10

0

8 0 4

69.7W IS

t

5 8 4

W,J.W 6

.•>

5 17 0

62,1.t6 5

0

5 4 0

51,038 0

0

3 18 0.

23,166 0

0

3 18 0

7,800 0

0

Totals .

51,750

320,901 15 0

From this statement it will be seen that the
amount exported was approximately 51,750
Ions. This is the lowest tonnage since 1887,
when just over 50,000 tons were exported.
This of course points to a poor crop, but it
must also be roniemborcd that less land was in
i'otatos this year than for some considerable
lime past. The monetary return for these
31,750 tons was £:J20,!)01 15s., the smallest
n-esult since 1800, and almost £1 '25,000 less
itlian la.st year. In 1887, when the tonnage
■was less, the amount received was just over
i;lOO,000 in excess of this year. From May 1
to May 18 the average was K'ii 18.s. 8(1. per
ton, while for the last six days, that is from
July 15 to .July 20, the price was but K'A O.s. hi.
j)er ton. The heaviest days were from .June 1(»
to June 15, when 2M,1.>5 packages, repre-
senting 11,900 tons, were exported. Kroni
May 27 to June 1, ti:i :Js. was the average
j)rice. After this latter date, however, there
was a big droj), and the next six days' average
A;8 only per ton, and the next six days show
l>ut an average price of 1:5 8.s. Id. The follow-
ing table shows the amount and value of the
Potato-crop each year from 1883 to 1901, both
inclusive.

Mr. Martin Sutton. — In the absence of his
Excellency M. Cambox, the French Ambas-
sador, JI. Rey, Offifier d'Academie, yesterday,
at the Abbey Hall, Reading, in the presence
of a large assembly, presented to Mr. Martin
J. SlTTON, head of the firm of StTToN & SONS,
the insignia of the Ordre du Merite Agricole,
as a further recognition by the French Go-
vernment of Mr. Sutton's successful efforts in
the improvement of grass and arable hus-
bandry in France and England, and especially
in the advancement of agricultural education
in both countries. Mr. SlTTOX was decorated
with the Cross of the Legion of Honour by the
President of the French Republic in 1878, for
international services rendered to agriculture.

LiLIUM SULPHUREUM. — Messrs. T. Wark
sends us a flower of this species, sometimes
erroneously called L. Wallichianum var. su-
perbum, and sometimes L. ochroleucum. It has
long, funnel-shaped flowers, 6 to 7 inches long,
with narrow, oblong, acute segments, recurved
at the tips, the inner ones broader than the
outer; all white externally, flushed with
primrose-yellow, and marked with a central
line of pale purplo internally; deep yellow in
the centre. The anthers are goUlen-brown,
the stigmas 3-lobcd, club-shaped. The flower
emits a powerful fragrance. A coloured figure
is given in the liotanical Maguzhie, tub. 7257.

The Society of Landed Estate Agents.
— We have pleasure in announcing the inaugu-
ration of the Society of Landed Estate Agents,
the principal objects of which are: — (1) To
promote and in-otect the interests of the pro-
fession. (2) 'i'o advise by mutual conference
on all matters of practice relating to the
management of landed estates, (.'l) To dis-
.scminate information by means of publications,
correspondence, &c. (4) To watch legislation
on matters affecting the interests of agricul-
ture and land generally ; and (5) To provide a
centre in London for members. The provisional
Council consists of the following gentlemen :
—Colonel Halifax Wyatt, for many years agent
to the late Karl of Sefton, K.G., President,
pro tern.; E. F. Chamier, Esf]., jigent for the
Kollo estates, North and South Devon ;
Dudley \V. Hnuinnoiid, Esq., D.L., J.I'., agent
forth."' estates <if tli-' High! Hon. Earl Caw-
dor, Sir James Druinniond, Hart., and others
in S(mth Wales; Reginald C. Glanville, Fsij.,
agent lor the Antony and other estates in
Cornwall ; Godfrey Lipscomb, Esq., agent
for the Margam estates. South Wales; E. O.
Wheler, Esq., Chief Conunissioner to His Grace
the Uuke of Nortlminlierland ; and the Secre-
tary (pro (i^iii.) is Mr. William liroomhall, Hi,
Cockspur Street, Pall Mall, S.W. Membership
is restricted to landed estate agents, their
pupils ;in(l assistants.

1883

36,468

262,472

3

d.

4

1884

53,655

376,841

IS

0

1885

48,524

319,464

3

4

188B

64,820

309,1.'>5

«

11

1887

60,073

423,888

18

III

1888

60,988

242,109

U

S

1889

52,700

264,153

15

()

1890

64,109

293,681

9

2

1891

66,810

487,642

1

8

1892

66,3.32

376,!i35

15

10

•1893

67,762

327,.3«6

13

4

1894

60,605

462,895

10

5

I89.S

S4,290

3.'.9,»89

4

8

.1890

64,683

435,192

0

6

1897

63,856

402,274

9

10

. 1898

56,227

.•««,269

0

0

1899

65,040

a'»,421

0

0

1900

54,012

445,872

0

10

1901

.51,760

320,901

15

0

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

THE LATE MR. JOSEPH MEREDITH.— I should

like to add one small tribute to the kindly dis-
position of the late Mr. Meredith, as what
little 1 learnt about the special sort of culti-
vation needed by the Madreslleld Court Grape
was given me by him. Ho was really the man
who first brought to light the wonderful
capacity of this grand Grape. The flrst exhi-
bition bunches of this (irape I saw were these
ho stiiged in Liverpool twenty-four years since.
They were not monstrous bunches as wo now
see them, but they had extremely fine berries,
oven in size, and covered with that dense
bloom which makes all the difference in
examples of this Grape. Mr. Meredith at that
time had one Vine growing near the partition
of a small vinery, and seeing how suitable the
variety was for extension, he removed the
partition and gave the Vine much greater
space. It was, however, specially in the cul-

ture of that prince of Grapes Black Hamburgh
that Mr. Meredith became famous — and cer-
tainly the existing conditions were none too
favoiirable. The small lean-to vinery from
which he cut his gr.and examples of this Grape
had an eastern aspect ; but, as Mr. Miller
says, health of foliage was his leading feature.
"When showing me, with pardonable pride,
these Vines, along with the Jladresfield Court
above alluded to, ho endeavoured in his kindly
and forcible manner to show the absolute ne-
cessity of obtaining and maintaining perfect
foliage, as without this, he said, "you cannot
have satisfactory Grapes." All practical
Grape-growers know that this is quite true,
and experience shows this to be true, and true
also of the opposite. E. MoUinetix. [Mr. Mere-
dith showed, at the Royal Botanic, Itegent's
Park, on July 5, 18C5, the biggest biuich of
Black Hamburgh Grapes of which we have any
record, viz., 9.\ lb. It had six shoulders, each
as large as an ordinary bunch, and the fruit
was jet black, and had a beautifnl bloom. El).]

GOOSEBERRY GUNNER, ALIAS COBHAM. —
I notice you refer to Gunner as the old
yellow haVdy variety. My experience of
Gunner is that it is a dark green both
inside and out, more round than oval,
large, very hairy, an excellent cropper, and
one of the Ijcst early dessert Gooseberries
grown. In east Kent it goes by the name of
Greeng.age or Gunner. With reference to
Howard's Lancer, it is one of the finest
flavoured late (iooseborries, similar in appear-
ance to White Lion, quite as largo, but more
oval. I have seen bushes 5 to 0 feet through the
centre, aiul nearly as high, carrying a bushel
of fruit. Although it is a very late Gooseberry
to i)ick ripe, it is ready as one of the first to
pick green. 1 quite agree with the editor's
remarks, that tliev are two good things too long
overlooked. l\'. II.

BOUSSINGAULTIA BASELLOIDES (p. 1,55).— This
luxuriant-giowiug plant is quite hardy here,
havingbeen planted at llic loot of a south wall
ton years ago, and it lias r.'.rivcil no protection
at any time. The shoots ^n killed down by tlio
first autumn frost, but throw up stidiij; young
growths again towards the end of May, which
reach tlie top of the wall (1"^ feet) Ijy t lu- end
of July, producing its small, white, fragrant
flowers early in August. Our only trouble
with it is to keep it from encroaching on other
creepers too much. Clmrlfs Dixon, The (Jav-
(/cH.s, llolUtnil lloitxc, Kciisiiiiiton.

There can be no doubt of the complete

hardiness of this plant. 1 have grown it hero,
out-of-doors, for certainly over twenty years,
and I do not think any winter would hurt it,
though its roots are absolutely on the surface.
It dies down every winter, but by the middle
of Juno it finds its unassisted way up a wall,
and grows 10 feet or more in that time. H. JV.
KlUiruinbc, Hilton Viranifjc.

PELARGONIUM ENDLICHERIANUM (p. 149).—
Voiisiiggcsl (hat this might l)e used for hybridi-
sing purposes, to get a liardy variety. Would
not P. australe do better? It is more hardy,
and the flower, though small, is perfect. It
seeds freely, and the seedlings come up every-
where ; ill fact it is almost a weed. 1 enclose
flowers. Ilciirij N. ElUtronthc, Billon Vicaraae.

SOME EXCELLENT PEACHES. — On Monday,
August 19, I had the pleasure of paying a
visit to Moor Park, the beautiful residence
of H. Williams, Esq., near Harrogate; and
amongst the many things of interest, I noticed
what I may say was the finest lot of Peaches
I have seen for many years. The variety
which took my attention most was a variety
which the gardener, Mr. G. 0. Warrior, in-
formed mo was "Exquisite." It is a young
tree, and carried about forty very line fruits
of a very high colour, and excellent vinous
flavour, it is a variety worthy of more exten-
sive cultivation. My friend h,as also a very
promising lot of Chrysanthemums. Jno. Hnell,
Ihirnleij Harden:*, (Jtlcij.

SWEET - FRUITED STRAWBERRIES. — Just A

word in appraisement of some of the well
remembered varieties of bygone years. TherQ

170

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 31, 1901.

arc many persons to whom the acidity of some
of onr fine, large, new vaiieties of Strawberries
are distasteful, and who woiild gladly go back
to the popular varieties of fifty years ago,
■which had not the rather doubtful property of
briskness and sprightliness to the extent of
setting one's teeth on edge. I may instance
the Hautbois in several forms, Trollope's
Victoria, the plant a great bearer, and a
fruit round and pinkish, of not (xuite the
largest size, and that was not good for
travelling ; but as it was not then the custom
for a private family to sell its garden produce,
that was of no account. Then there was
Keen's Seedling, which few will grow now
because it is not big ; but it is very sweet and
nice flavoured, and hard to beat. British
Queen was as highly prized then as now, and
later there came out Dr. Hogg, which resembles
it in most respects, but will grow in almost
any soil, which is not the case with British
Queen, and the fruit ripens to the tip ; Myatt's
Eliza, equal to either of these in flavour, is a
good bearer and hardier ; Carolina superba has
fruits of a very large size, ovate, and regular ;
few surpass this variety for flavour, although
many do so in f ruitfulness. The writer has had
it growing in a grass orchard, where it received
no more attention than an occasional dressing
of dung ; the variety bears well under the shade
of trees. Frogmorc Late Pine is a variety
that should not be omitted, for the flesh is
tender, juicy, red throughout, and richly
flavoured when quite ripe ; it is late, and a
free bearer. Those who are not captivated by
mere size may grow that very early Straw-
berry Black Prince, which has small obovate
fruits of a dark red colour, and prominent
seeds. Along with those old varieties,
which I fear are in too many gardens
being elbowed out by the more showy Nobles,
Royal Sovereigns, W'aterloos, and Trafalgars,
mention should be made, I think, of the richly-
flavoured novelty Veitch's Perfection, a cross
between British Queen and Waterloo. It has
gl-eat sweetness, and a flavour markedly re-
sembling that of British Queen. There are
other old varieties having a sweet, pleasant fla-
vour, but their inclusioji would make my note
unduly long, and I refrain therefrom ; and the
names and descriptions of the new, are they
not to be found in all present-day fruit nursery-
men's lists ? Mentor.

BASIC SLAG.— For the last five years 1 have
used basic slag largely— many tons per year—
on various crops, and have found it very
successful in all instances save one. This
curiously happened in two fields, but with the
same crop, viz., yellow Turnips ; with 2 cwt.
superphosphate of lime, I used the same
quantity of basic slag per acre when drilling
the Turnips in July. The Turnips grew away
freely at the first, but in the autumn they
commenced to rot, and before Christmas nearly
all had disappeared. In one of the fields I
used 4 cwt. superphosphate per acre alone on
3 acres as an experiment, alongside the basic
slag. In this instance not a single Turnip was
lost, although every other condition was the
same. Since then I have not employed basic
slag for roots, but intend to give it an exten-
sive trial for the next season's Swede crop, as
an experiment against the growth of " finger-
and-toe" in this root. I have employed this
manure, too, in Apple culture, but I cannot say
the results have been at all satisfactory, cer-
tainly not to the same extent as farmyard
manure. It is with grass that my experi-
ments with basic slag have been the most
extensive and satisfactory. Having over
100 acres of grass-land in liand, and this not
satisfactory, I endeavour to improve a certain
number of acres annually. As early in No-
vember or December as possible, I ni'ix 8 cwt.
basic slag and 4 cwt. kainit together, and
spread this evenly over an acre, using one of
Ben Reid's Basic Slag Distributors, which
does the work so much better in every way
than can be done by hand. Some persons may
think this is an enormous quantity to sow over
an acre ; well, it is a good dressing, but I find
it lasts with striking results for four years, and
perhaps longer. Certainly the results justify

the outlay. The grass is so much thicker, the
''herbage," as it is termed here, is so much
improved ; many sorts of Clover grow where
not any was to be seen before. Even if
nothing was added to the pasture in weight of
grass, the addition of the Clover is well worth
the outlay, as these plants make all the differ-
ence to the pasture, whether it is intended
for hay or feeding. When grazing the flock,
the shepherd can point out the spots where
basic slag was used, even if he did not know
where it was applied, as he finds a difQculty in
keeping the sheep away from those portions,
for they evidently lind the grass so much
sweeter there. It is said to be an excellent
stimulant for AVheat crops ; in that case it
should be applied when sowing the Wheat in
October. I may say that the soil here is some-
what heavy in character, although not wet,
owing to the presence of so many flints. Not
far from here excellent results have been
obtained on grass-land which is of a gravelly
nature. E.Molyneux, Houth Hants.

HELENIUM PUMILUM MAGNIFICUM.— If, as
Air. Perry says, tliis plant is a cross between
H. autumnale and 11. i)uniilum, it is unfortu-
nate that it was not given another name, as
the present one would lead anyone to think
that it is simply a large-flowered form of
H. pumilum. It does partake much of the
character of that useful border flower, Ijut it
is a much superior plant. As it is growing in
my garden it proves one of the best of the
yellow Composites, which are now so plenti-
fully in bloom. It has proved, also, a good
dry weather plant, and is thus acceptable in a
garden where summer droughts tell badly on
flowers which do not like to be dry at the root.
It is also of a good, erect habit, and in a rather
sheltered corner haw stood erect without stake
or tie — a circumstance which has added much
to its beauty. In my light soil it grows about
three feet high, and bears a number of solitary
soft yellow flowers nearly three inches across.
The terms in which it was referred to in the
Gai-deners' CIn-vnicle of July 28th, 1898, were
not too complimcntai-y, and one is grateful for
thus having been introduced to so good a
plant, fi. Arnolt.

PRUNUS PISSARDI FRUITING. — Some little
time ago a corresjioiulent in the Gardeiiera'
Chronicle doubted if Prunus Pissardi ripened
its fruit in this country. I enclose one taken
from a bush that is growing here — the only
fruit I can see on it. The severe frost that
occurred while the tree was in flower is no
doubt the cause of the poor crop. Two years
ago this and another bush carried several
fruits which ripened nicely ; but I cannot say
I appreciate the flavour of them. James Mtiyne,
Bictoii Oardcnn, Decoii.s/iire.

HEMEROCALLIS AURANTIACA MAJOR.— I have
been waiting patiently for three years to see
a bloom of this plant, and was rewarded by
seeing my first bloom on August 10. It was of
a beautiful soft orange colour, larger than the
double form of H. fulva, with broader foliage,
but not so tall, about 15 inches. It is far and
away the best of the race I know, and one of
the best hardy herbaceous plants I have seen
for many a day. I have never seen the fact of
its blooming mentioned in your paper, and not
long since a correspondent wrote and sug-
gested that England was not hot enough. This
looks as if it did not liloom freely. It seems to
increase slowly, and 1 take it that it wants age.
Mine is a very poor sandy soil. W. U. Fryer,
Vcrwood Manor, Kimborne. [This is by no
means the first time this handsome variety has
flowered in this countrj'. One of the earliest
blooms exhiljited was that figured in the
Oanlcncrs' Chronicle, July 20, 1895. Ed.]

LiLiUM CANDIDUM.— It mayiuterest some of
the readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle to
know of our success in sulphuring the bulbs
of Liliuin eandidura. In 1898 we had in these
gardens a very fine liorder of Lilium candidum,
such plants as are seldom seen. In 1899 they
were so badly attacked by disease that not a
single flower opened. We at once adopted
the remedy of sulphuring the bulbs, which was

described in the Gardeners' Chronicle at the
time, and carried it out to the very letter,
with the result that in 1900 they flowered
well, although, on account of the lifting, they
were not so fine, for they greatly resent this.
This year there is still a great improvement.
A photograph shows how Avell the Lilies have-
done. We hojje next year that our Lilies wilt
quite come up to the standard of 1898. C.
Cupp, Gardener, Hat is House, Gosford, Suffolk.

CRASSULA RUBICUNDA.— I have been desi-
rous of acc[uiring the above plant for some few-
years, I cannot ascertain where it can be got.
1 had a plant resembling it sent me luider tliat
name, but it proved to be wrong. C. rubicuuda
is a strong-growing plant, has channelled
leaves, finely speckled with a dark colour.
The leaves are 3 or 4 inches long, stems stout,
about the size of one's little finger, and pro-
ducing in autumn a largo head of Rochea-liko
flowers, but darker in colour. Height about
1 foot or more, according to conditions. A
plant was received from the Royal Gardens,
Kew, under that name many years ago. I
should highly esteem any information of its-
whereabouts. Surely it must be in someone's
keeping, such a beautiful jilant as it is. J. C.,.
care of Editor.

CULTURAL MEMORANDA.

— ♦ —

CUCUMBERS.
Largu, handsome Cucumbers may suit some
people, but those of medium size are better,
especially when space is limited. A variety
which will grow to the length of 14 inches is-
large enough for family consumption ; and the
variety which gives a large number of these is-
better for the gardener than the long, sparse-
fruiting ones. In order to cut Cucumbers.
contiiinously for a long period of time, the bino
must be kept thin, the old barren parts removed,
and young bine laid in ; and besides this, dress-
ings of suitable materials should be applied
when tlie roots reach the surface of the bed.
Dryness at the roots must never occur, neither
slidulil the soil be afforded an excess of water.
Li(|uid iiianure may be applied occasionally,
and for tills purpose nothing is better than,
the drainings from a cow-stall. H. Marlcdora,
Wrotham Ptir/c Gardens, Barnet.

SAGITTARIA .JAPONICA.
(Double Flowered Variety.)

Olh illustration (fig. 54) was taken from a
drawing by Mr. Worthington Smith, of a
specimen exhibited before the Royal Horticul-
tural Society, on August 13, by Mr. Hudson,
gr. to Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Gunners-
bury. It is very similar to our common Arrow-
head, liut the flowers are much larger and
very double. We presume the plant is nearly,
if not quite, hardy, and if so it will be a most
desirable addition to our " water-garden."

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

AUGUST I'T.— Tlic lirill Hall on tliisocciibiuu presented
au unwonted appearance, exhibits being comparatively
few, and tlie promenading space ample.

The chief features of the meeting were cut flowers o£
hardy herbaceous plants, a few choice Oi'chids, Gladio-
lus gaiidavensis, Caladiums, and Alocasias; and two
excellent collections of fruits, one of them indicative
of early varieties of Pears and Apples. 0\ving to the
exodus of Fellows and others from London, visitors to
the Hall wcie but few.

Floral Committee.

Pin^cut : W. Marshall, Esq., in the Chair ; and Messrs.
C. T. Drucry, Jas. Walker, H. B. May, Geo. Nicholson,
R. Dean, (i. Eeuthe, J. Jennings, J. Hudson, W. Bain,
W. HOHC, C. R. Fielder, C. Dixon, E. T. Cook, W. P.
Thomson, E. II. Jenkins, J. \V. BaiT, G. Paul, and R. C.
Xotcutt.

Messr.-;. Haeeison & Sons, nurserymen, Leicester,
showed a collection of liiantlius diademalus flore pleiK>

Adgdst 31, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

171

andD. diadematus, the type with single flowers. Tlie
.double forms appeared vahiable for variety's sake, but
in regard te effectiveness, the single-flowered forms are
to be preferred : all the tints occurring in the latter
.s-.ppearing in the former. Alongside of these were
bunches of blooms of D. Hoddewigi, D. chinensis flore
pleno, and D. laciniatus. The firm showed about a
score of modern varieties of Sweet Peas of good quality
(for the present date.

Messrs. M.\urice Young & SoK, Milford Nurseries
Wilford, Godalraing, showed an interesting collection

splendens, somewhat larger than the type, and
L. rubrum. The eighteen bunches of Sweet Peas which
he showed in separate colours, were excellent for the
time of year (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. Maueice Prichaed, The Nurseries, Christehurch ,
Hants, showed extensively hardy herbaceous perennials.
Gladiolus, bulbous plants, <ic. Amongst the Gladiolus
were, besides those whose names arc fouud iu our list
of Awards of Merit, G. Ministre Pichon, rosy-purple
with white blotch, and streaked with rosy-crimsou, a
pretty variety ; and several of G. Lemoinei, as Baron

-.SAClITAItl A .lAPONlCA: ll.VlillV WATKI! PLANT
(SKK V. 170.)

VKEtS WIIITi;.

<)[ hardy Ericas, including tlio many varieties of
!•:. vulgaris (ling), such as the silver-slripcd variety,
-lurea, florc-plcno, dumosa, and Ilanimondi, with dense
spikes of wliite flowers, and others. Tljorc were like-
wise Krica stricta andE. vulgaris alba minor, two not
verj' common species. Tiie naming of the exhibits in
some instance left mudi to be desired, whicli was
greatly to be regicttcd, so rich was the exhibit in
.-pccics and varieties (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. AHTHUR W. Wade, Riverside Nurseries, Col-
<licstcr, showed a small collection of liardy perennials
-ind Sweet Peas, including Montbretia Bouquet Parfait,
M. fJcrbe d'Or, an orangc-cok)iired flower, not niucli
expanded; M. Potts-ii grandifloia, Liliuin tigrinu;n

Joseph llulot. .Some flowering sprays of Polygonum
baldschuauicum weic shown. The while (lowers are
very minute, and arranged in branching terminal , and
axillary panicles. St.-itice incana, Chclone glabra,
with a pretty tint of old rose; lEscallonia montevid-
cnsis; Slatieo Bonducella, having yellow flowers;
Heliantlius mollis, a rare Japanese species with downy
stems, leaves, and calyx, disc and rays of a yellow colour.
The blooms h.ave a widlli of:iin., and (he plant a height
of 5 feet. We noted Montbretia Golden Sheaf, Hcdy-
sai-um muUijiigum, Helonium autnmnale superbum,
larger than the type; Veronica longiflora subsessilis,
with fine flower-spikes of dark blue colour; (Enolhera
speciosa rosea, Ilelianlhus scnii-pleuus, a fine big

flower; Phloxes, Eupatorium-purpureum, Apera aruu
dinacea, with awus of silvery-brown— a graceful subject
for bouquet making (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Baer & Sons, 12 and 1.3, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C, had a small exhibit of hardy herbaceous
perennials. Water-Lilies, &c. We remarked llclianthus
mollis, Knipliofia coi-allina superba, a fine, brightly
coloured bloom ; K. Plitzeri, several Moutbretias,
flower-spikes of the old Lobelia cardinalis, Alstroemeria
psittacina, many bright-looking Phloxes, Tiger Lily,
<fcc. This firm likewise made a great show with cut
spikes of Gladiolus gaudavensis, many of them of great
beauty, but none received any special award. The
bank of bloom, which consisted of about 100 bunches,
in as many varieties, %vas faced with cut Pentstemons
and Pompon and other Dahlias (a Silver-gilt Banksian
Medal).

A. Bexso.v, Esq., Upper Gatton Park, Surrey, showed
flowers of Lapageria rosea var. Bensoni, which were o£
a lighter tintthau those of L. rosea, especially iu the
interior of the flower ; and some of I., rosea var. gat-
toniensis, which did not appear to difler greatly from
the type.

Messrs. Cankell A Sons, Swanley, Kent, exhibited a
plant of Kochia scoparia, a plant with linear leaves o£
a light green colour, 2 to .'1 inches in length, and of an
exceedingly dense, bushy habit of growth, and forming
a pyramid S.feet in height.

Dr. E. Bonavia, Worthing, showed two blooms of
Datura Knightii.

Messrs. Uuiiic L')w & Co., Nurseries, Bush Hill
Park, Enlield, showed two blooms of llippeastrum
procerum.

A plant of Pteris Belheli was shown liy Mr. G.
liKTHEi., Hayes Nursery, Oxbridge— a species of a bold
si>readiiig habit.

Messrs. John Laino & Sons, The Nurseries. Forest
Hill, arranged a semicircular floor group of Gala*
diums, 20 feet in its ;iongcst diameter, and consisting
of small plants of the more showy modern varieties
(Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. John Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Richmond,
Surrey, made a capital display with a floor group of
Alocasias, including the species and varieties argcntca,
giindavcnsis. Sanderiana, macrorhiza, Watsoniana (very
lai'ge leaf), Lowi grandis, Martin Cahuzac, nielallica,
Johustoni, Mortefonlainensis, and others. The plants
were excellently grown, and faultless in leafage (a
Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

.■V few Dahlias, show varieties, were shown by Mr,
G. S. S. Pierre Harris, Orpington, Kent. They wero
good blooms in nice condition.

A variety of Alteruanthera ama'ua spcctabills, with
(he additional name grandiflora, was shown by Messrs.
Cannkll it Sons, Swanley. It is an cITective plant,
with foliage mostly of a bright red tint.

Sir Trevor Lawhknce, Bart, (gr., Mr. Pain), showed
a form of Gladiolus Lemoinei called Nuage, a flower o(
lilac and purple tints; and a variety of G. Nanceianus
Capt. Urantot, of a scarlet colour, and having a crimson
blotch edged with wliite on the lower segments.

. i FnisT-CLAss Certificates.

Xe'.umbiwn speciomm rostum plenum.— A i-osc-coloured
blossom, (i inches in diameter. Shown by Leopold de
Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House, Acton (gr.,
Mr. J. Hudson).

Xcl'ntthiiiiu HpecioKum album plenum.— A large, opaque
while bloom. Shown by Leopold dk Koi iiS(.'iiiLi),Esq,
(gr., Mr. J. Hudson).

Awards ok Merit.

(Itadloliis Lemoinei ICclipie.—A flower having a wliito
ground, with a blotch of dark crimson on the lower
segments. Shown by Mr. Maurice Pkichahd, Christ-
clinreh, Hants.

Gladiolus Colu>tMne(a Childsii liyb.).—.\. scarlet self,
with a few splashes of a deeper tint, and some of white
o;i the lower segments. The flower in its widest part
measured ij inches. Sliowii by Mr. Maurice Prichard,
Christehurch.

Clematis ViUe de Lyon.— \. climbing variety, with a
flower of a rich rosy-purple tint, and aliout 3 inches in
diameter. Showu by Messi-s. Barr &. Sons, King
Street, Covent Garden.

Acer Segundo var. aureum Odessaitum.—A variety of
which the foliage is inoi'e yellow than green. Shown by
Mr. Ed. Kromeh, Roraima Nursery, Bandon Hill,
Croydon.

riladioUis Ilybridus Princepe.~A variety apparently of
the Childsii strain, very large, being 0 inches wide,
and adorned with white feathering on the lower seg-
incnts. Sliown by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart,
Bnrford Lodge, IJoi'king.

172

THE GARDENERS' CURONICLE.

[August St, t9at'.

Orchid Committea.

Present: H. Veitcli. Esri, in tlie Cliair ; and Messrs.
ae I!. Crawshay. E. Hill, J. G. Fowler, T. W. Bond, H. T.
Pitt, F. J. Thome, H. A. Tracy, and H. ,T. Cliapman.

Messrs. J. Veitch ct Sons, Ltd., sent a most interest-
ing group of liybrid Cattleyas and La;lias, the most
attractive among them being tlie remarkable Ltclio-
Cattleya x Digbyano-Mendeli, the flower being much
larger and more highly coloured than in the typical
introductions of M. Maron ; L.-C. x Anderiaua (bicolor
X elegans), showing the intermediate ciiaracters of the
parents; L.-C. x Wellsiana superba (Triana; x purpu-
rata), has larger flowers than the type, the petals and
sepals rosy-lilac, the broad front lobe of the lip rich
crimson, shading to yellow in the throat ; L.-C. x Robin
Measures var. Ena (xanthina x Schofleldiaua), has
bright golden-yellow sepals and petals, and a rich rosy-
purple lip ; Lffilia x Pacavia (tenebrosa x purpurata),
rosy-purple sepals and petals, and crimson lip, lined
at the base with darker markings; it has the
intermediate characteristics of the parents from which
itwas derived; andL.xStella (crispax elegans) one of
the most useful of the older hybrids, flowering during
a season when Orchid flowers are scarce.

H. T. Pitt, Esq.. Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr., Mr,
Thurgood), sent a very meritorious group, considering
the advanced season of the year, and was awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal. The most prominent subjects
in the group were Cypripedium x Chapmani (bella-
tulum X Curtisii), the dorsal sepal creamy- white,
spotted and lined with purple at the base ; the un-
usually long petals richly suffased with crimson, and
covered with minute brown spots ; the lip purple,
shading to white; Lffilio - Cattleya x callistoglossa
ignescens (C. Warseewiczii x L. pui^purata), with two
flowers ; L.-C. x Broomfieldiensis (C. Dowiana X L.
pumila Dayana) has the distinct purple longitudinal
Ifties through the lip ; Cattleya x Atalanta (C. guttata X
C. Warseewiczii); Vanda coerulea, Odontoglossums,
Oncidiums, and Miltonias, were well represented.

J. J. Coleman, Esq., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr., Mr.
Bound), sent a pretty variety of Odontoglossum tripu-
dians. and the natural hybrid Miltonia Travassasiana,
a distinct variety of the M. Regnelli section, with yellow
sepals and petals.

D. B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Seveuoaks, also sent
interesting plants of natural hybrid Miltonias, and
varieties of M. Regnelli.

Reginald Young, Esq., Scfton Park, Liverpool
showed the interesting Cypripedium hybrid C.xKubclc
(a?nanthum superbum x Youngianum).

DhewettO. Deewett, Esq.,Ridiug-Mill-on-Tyne, sent
Cypripedium x Bryan = C. tonsum x C. hevigatum,
and C. Miss Fanny Wilson, C. Sanderianuni x C. Argus,
but the flowers were past their best.

Mr. W. M. Appleton, Weston-super-Mare, showed
Cypripedium x Massaianum = supercilare and Roths-
childianum ; C. x gigas = C. Lawrenceanuni and C.
Harrisianum, C. x Transvaal = C. Chamberlainianum
and C.Rothsehildianum, showing its origin by the inter-
mediate characteristics of the flower.

Lord Rothschild, Tring Park (gr., Mr. Hill), sent a
line cut raceme of the rarely - seen Schomburgkia
Lyonsii.

Sir F. WiGAN, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gi-., Mr.
W. H. Young), sent a pretty variety of Lielio-Cattleya
Violetta = C. Gaskelliana x L. purpurata.

First-class Certificate.

Lielio-Catlleya DigbyanoxC. Mendeli (Veitch's variety),
derived from the parentage indicated by the name.
The flowers are much larger than those of the typical
kinds. The flowers wholly of rosy-lilac excepting the
yellow spot at the base of the lip. It is certainly one
of the finest of the Digbyana section of hybi'ids. Exhi-
bited by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., King's Road,
Chelsea.

Awards of Meeit.

Lxlio-Caltleya Robin Measures, var. Ena (L. xanthina X
Schofieldiana).— The sepals and petals clear yellow, the
lip white, sulTused and margined with white ; petals
green on the basal halves, becoming suffused with
purple on the margin and at the apex, the whole
covered with dark brown spots ; the lip deep brown,
shading to green. From R. I. Measures, Esq., Cam-
bridge Lodge, Flodden Road, Cainberwell (gr., Mr.
Chapman).

Lielio- Cattleya x Haroldiana (tenebrosa X Hardyana).
—The sepals pale yellow, with slight rose markings ;
the petals yellow, deeply suffused with rose; the basal
lip rosy-purple, shading to crimson at the base and
throughout the throat. It has the intermediate charac-
teristics of the parent species. From R. TuNSTiLL,Esq.,
Monkholme, Bricrfield, Burnley.

Cypripedium Rolfei ibelUitulum X Rothschildianum), — The-
dorsal sepal greenish-white, lined with broad bands of
dark purple. The long petals greenish-white, lined
and spotted with dark purple. The lip white, covered
with bright rose-purple markings. Fi'om the collection
of W. M. Appleton, Esq., Tyn-y-Coed.

Cypripedium Unixia superba (Harrisianum superbum X
Laicrebel). — A fine, bold flower, the dorsal sepal green,
suffused with deep purple in the central area, the
outer halves rosy-purple. Shown by R. I. Measures,
Esq , Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road, Camberwell.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : G. Bunyard, E«q., in the Chair ; and Messrs.
H. Esling, W. Farr, W. Bates, A. Dean, G. Keif, F. Q.
Lane, G. Norman, J. Smith, W. Poupart. A. H. Pearson,
and W. Wilks.

An extensive collection of hardy fruit was shown by
Messrs. S. Spoonee & Sons, Hounslow Nurseries,
Middlesex. Of Plums we noted Denniston's Superb,
Bryanstone Gage, Pond's Seedling, Gisboru's Early
Transparent, Belle de Louvaine, and Victoria. Apples
were shown in baskets piled up into pyramids, with
wood-wool as the foundation. Very fine were the
varieties Lady Sudeley, Worcester Pearmaiu, Royal
Jubilee, Grenadier, Williams' Favourite, Red Quar-
renden, Goodenough's Nonsuch, Beauty of Bath, and
Eckliuville Seedling. A few varieties of Pears were
shown (Silver Knightiau Medal).

A large exhibit of Early Apples, Pears, Plums, &c.,
was made by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Royal
Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea, and the various lots were
shown in pyramidal form in baskets, as in the other
exhibit. All were particularly clean-looking, un-
blemished examples, and for this early date, of good
size. The Denniston's Superb Plums and Nectarine
Plums were very good, as were the samples of La Con-
stante (red), and White Dutch Currants. There were
nice specimens of Pears— Jargonelle, Beacon, and Wil-
liams' Bon Chretien. The finest baskets of Apples were
Worcester Pearmain, Lady Sudeley, Peter the Great,
Duchess' Favourite. Langley Pippin, Early Julian,
Beauty of Bath, Early Strawberry. Duchess of Olden-
burgh, and Irish Peach (a Silver Knightiau Medal).

Mr. H. W. BUDDICOM, Esq., Penbidn, Mold, Flint-
shire (gr., Mr. W. Taylor), showed red-fruited Tomato
Klondyke, seemingly a prolific variety, having slightly
corrugated fruit.

A seedling Apple from Mr. C. Ross, gr., Welford
Park ; two varieties of Plums, one of Neetarines, two
Melons, and a Iqk Dain.sous, completed the list of fruits
shown.

The Lecture.

At the three o'clock Meeting, at which Mr. A. H. Pear-
son presided, Mr. Baker read an excellent paper on the
theory and practice of manuring. He urged the import-
ance of tillage, and of the employment of suitable
manures in sufficient quantities, at the proper time;
dwelling on the fact that the requirements of the living
plant needed more careful study than the analysis
of the dead soil. This information was to be obtained by
careful comparative experiment, which every gardener
could carry out for himself. The. necessity for the
application of lime under suitable circumstances was
insisted on, and the action of nitrate of potash,
phosphates, and other fertilisers duly explained.

GLASGOW & WEST OP SCOTLAND
HORTICULTURAL.

SHOW OF POT PLANTS AND CUT FLOWERS IN
GLASGOW INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.

August 27, 28.— The firstof the shows arranged under
the joint management of the Glasgow and West of
Scotland International Horticultural Society and the
authorities of the Glasgow International Exhibition
was opened on Wednesday last. The exhibition was
one of plants and cut flowers exclusively, a fruit and
vegetable exhibition having been arranged for Wednes-
day and Thursday in the following week.

The show just held was certainly a success, as it
ought to be, considering its association with so suc-
cessful an institution as the Glasgow International
Exhibition has proved itself to be.

Gi'Dups of miscellaneous plants arranged for effect
were very good, but it is worthy of record that the best
of these was shown by a " single-handed " gardener.
Readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle will know what that
means !

Then the cut flowers were glorious ; the Dahlias, the
Gladioli, the Roses, the Pentstenions, the hardy herba-
ceous species, or what are known as '' border" flowers,
were above praise ; and they were shown in profusion.
It was exceedingly evident that the Scotsman's /orit; is

his hardy flowers. He grows them well, and hisclimat«
and his soil make this possible. At the same time, it.
may be pointed out that Mr. Moetimeb, of the Rowl-
edge Nurseries, Surrey, is proud that he has now foi.-
the first time beaten the Scots growers in Seotland in ;■.
class for Dahlias, having won that for forty-eight sho\'i
and fancy varieties.

A very weak feature of tlie show was the section foif
stove and greenhouse plants. These were very inferiori.
and this failure is probably due to the fact that of
late years Glasgow has not held the large horticultural)
shows it might do; therefore, specimen plants, that
take years to attain an appreciable size, arc not fortli-
coming.

The total area of the tents was 28.0UO square feet-
and it was well filled. Mr. Hugh M. Mackie and hi&
committee are entitled to congratulation.

GROUPS OF PLANTS AND SPECIMENS.

The "Group" class, a feature nowadays at almosft
every horticultural show, was represented at Glasgow.
In this case the exhibits were upon spaces of 30 feet by
10 feet, and prizes to the value of £40 were offered in
this "open" class. The 1st prize was won by Mr. Jnc-
Gault, gr. to Morris Carswell, Esq., Murcia House,
Pollokshields, with an exhibit of much excellence. The?
best plants in the group were Codiffi-ums, some of
which ranged from 2 feet to .S feet high, and were of
grand colour, not inferior to plants e-xhibited in th&
South of England. The exhibit was provided with a
background of a steep cork-covered wall of varying,
height, and its relation to the exhibit itself was not suffi-
ciently close to afford the best effect. The arrangement
generally was not so praiseworthy as the quality of the:
plants shown, which included Pancratiums, Lilium
speciosum, Odontoglossums, Palms, Cordylincs, Deu-
drobiuins, itc. Mr. Hugh Dickson. Belmont Nurseries,
Belfast, won the 2nd prize, and showed a group that in
arrangement was commendable in design, but toC'
heavy in execution. This exliibit had not such finely-
cultivated and coloured Codiseums, and it was probably
principally due to this fact that the prizes were
awarded as described above. In the centre of this*
group was a fine lot of varieties of Lilium lancifoliuni
and L. auratum, and at each cornera gro\ip of tuberous-
rooted Begonias. 3rd, Messrs. R. B. L.\ird & Sons.
Ltd., Murrayfield, Edinburgh, who introduced into the-?
groundwork a few mirrors to represent water. Thera-
were nice Codireums, Lilies, and Epacris in the group.
There was one unsuccessful exhibitor.

A smaller class was one for a group of miscellaneoue^
plants to be shown exclusively by gardeners and ama-
teurs, the exhibits to be arranged on circular spaces of
10 feet each. The 1st prize of a Memorial Medal and £■?•
presented by the Trustees of the Veitch Memorial Funcil
was won by Mr. Thos. Hall, gr. to Mr. Campbell,
Williamwood, Kennishead ; 2nd, Mr. Adam Knight, gr.
to Mr. WooDiE, Millersneuck.

The principal "open" class for specimen plants^
called for twelve stove or greenhouse plants, not fewer-
than eight of which were required to be shown in bloom.
The 1st prize was gained by Mr. Alex. Jack, gr. to W^
Connell, Esq., Roselle, Partick, the individual speci-
mens shown by whom were not of striking merit. They~
lacked size, and were not choice, for the inclusion of"
Madame Dcsgranges Chrysanthemum could not be saicb
to add greatly to the value of a collection of " stove ancQ
greenhouse plants." There was a large well-flowered,
plant of Vallota purpurea, carrying seven flower-spikes-
with five or six blooms each. Lilium speciosum, several
Palms, a Yucca, and two Begonias, were also included-
The 2nd prize went to Mr. Jno. Neil, gr. to A. B .
MUEEAY, Esq., .3.=>, Crawford Street, Partick.

The class for a collection of six plants was won by Mr..
J. Bishop, gr. to A. Dunlop, Esq., Craigdarrock, Cove,,
his plants being Vallota purpurea, Statice, Lilium spe-
ciosum var. alba, Sedum spectabile of very poor colour,,
and two tuberous-rooted Begonias; 2nd, Mr. Jno. Neil.

Ferns were shown in classes for six and for foui-
specimens. The 1st prize for sLx specimens was won by-
Mr. Ino. O'Niel, gr. to H. B. Murray, Esq., .3.i, Crawfoi-dj
Street. Partick; and the 1st prize for four specimens by-
Mr. Landsborough, gr. to Mrs. MuiR, Beechwood»
Bearsden.

In a class for two exotic Ferns, Mr. Michael Rae,.
Ferinelea. Biggar. staged large specimens of .\diantum.
cuneatum and A. gracillimum.

British Ferns were exhibited better than the exolrtr
species, and the 1st prize collection for nine specimens,
shown by Mr. William Baillee, Stewart Street, Miln-
gavie, was praiseworthy, consisting of plants in 12-inch
pots, or larger, and of the following species and
varieties Lastrea cristata, Polystiuhum longc-

ACGUCT 31, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

li'iuata, Athyiiuni coronatuin, Scolopendrium vulgaro
(.-rispum lobustum, Polypodium Cambricum, Seolo-
pendi-ium vulgave crispuiu var. Miss Kitson, Atliy-
rium geinmatuni, aud Lastrea cristata ■' Gem."

The best coiled iou of foui" British Ferns was shown
by Mr. Jno. Lyou, gr. to Maor MoORE, GreenliUI,
Blantyre.

Exrly- flowering Chrysanthemums were allotted a
class for twelve plants, but the specimens exhibited
were not nearly in full Qower. aud tlierefore do not call
for comment in detail.

There were some very finely gi-own Cordylines-
(Draca;nas). Tlie 1st prize for four specimens was won
by Mr. Adam Kuight, gr. to Peter Wordie, Esq.,
Millersneuk House. The varieties Lindeni, amabile,
terminalis, <tc., were about 3J feet high ; 2nd, Mr. W.
Landsborough, gr. to Mrs. MriK, Beechwood, Bearsden.

The prize in the class for six specimens was won by
the same exhibitors, who won in the same order as
they did in the smaller class.

Codisums {Crotons) in the class reserved for them
were capital. Mr. John Gault, gr. to Madrice ClRS-
WELL, Esq., Murcia House, Pollokshields, who won
lit prize for tour specimens, Iiad plants 5 and 6 feet
high, of good form and colour, witlt leaves over-
hanging the surface of the pots; 2ud, Mr. William

L.VN'DSBO ROUGH.

Table plants, or plants sui'able for the adornment of
the dinner-table, were shown very well, and seemed lo
indicate that the Seoich gardeners have to make the
provision of such plants a matter of the first considera-
tion. The 1st prizes for twelve plants and for eighteen
plants rcspccMvoly were won by Mr. Adam Knight, gr.
to PifEB WORDIK, E5.|., Millersncuk. The plants were
pretty specimens of Codiiuunis and Cordylines, willi an
Aralia, Palm, ic. The Coditcums were splendid, and
the only fault that could be urged against the collec-
tion was that it lacked varicly. The 2nd prize was
taken by Mr. \V.M. LANDSIiOROU(iH ; and the .trd by Mr.
A. Ward, gi-., to M. I). Ale.xandkh Asiiiiury, Millikcn
i'.irk. Tlierc were numerous exhibits in Ihis class. Mr.
Mum took the and prize in the class for eigliteen plants.

Tlie 1st prize for six specimens was won by Mr. A.
Kellock, Sawmill Koad, Tarlick ; and Mr. Jas. Jauvie,
liura licxa House, West Bridge, Falkirk, look the 2ua
prize.

Cur Flowers.

/>'(/iHn» constituted quite a feature of the cut flower
section of the exhibition. The 1st prize for twelve
blooms of Cactus varieties was won by Mr. J.vs. Kohert-
SON-, KedcIiHe, Johnston, who showed very bright
blooms of fine size and quality; 2nd. Mr. J. W. Tkm-
I'LETO.N, 7, Alienee Street, Kilmarnock; and 3rd, Mr.
11. Martindale, Snnshill, Cathcart. Tlic larger class
for twenty-four blooms was won by Mr. Peter McCowan,
gr. to A. COLVILLE, Esq., Arngomery, Kippcn, and
amongst a large number of competitors tlic most suc-
cessful for the 2nd prize was Mr. Jas. Ilaire, gr. to Ja.mes
ADAM (?), Esq., Ordiard House, Carluke; 3rd, Mr. Geo.
Cole, gr. to Col. HARHiNoroN, Stuart Torrance, East
Kilbride.

Tlie sliow and fancy varieties were shown in extremely
laigc blooms, and the best collection of twenlyfour
specimens were shown by Mr. jA.s. Haire ; Mr. Roiieht
SurnERLAND, Awikl Aisle, Kirkinllllock, was 2nd; and
Mr. Thos. Rouertson. Eastwood, Tlioiiicliank, was .3rd

A wonderful display was made by the class for a dis-
play of Dahlia blooms upon a spare of 10 ft. by«ft.,
there being as many as eight competitors in the clasf.
Though some of the exhibits ran pretty closely to each
other in point of merit, the 1st prize was well won by
Messrs. Camphell & Soss, Blantyre, who had very
large flowers of the stilT show blooms; also a good
telection of varieties for Pompons and Cactus, and
very few singleflowercd. It was a capital exhibit, and
the arrangement elTective. Apparently there is need
for more white varieties among Cactus Dahlias. Mr.
S. Mortimer, Kowledge Nursery, Farnham, who was
2rid, exhibited a very representative collection; .3rd,
Messrs. Alex. Lister & Son, Rothesay.

For forty-eight blooms of show and fancy Dahlias, the
lit prize was won by flowers from Surrey, shown by
Mr. S. Mortimer, Rowledge Nurseries, Farnliani. The
exhibit contained excellent blooms, and won against a
large number of exhibitors. 2nd, Mr. J.NO. Smellie,
Pansy Gardens, Busby, N.B.; .3rd, Messrs. Campbell &
Sons, High Blantyre. N.B.

Cactus Dahlias, shown in jasper vases, were vei-y
Iiiotty; the best came from Mr. W. Gold, nurseryman,
liurhainbank, Wishaw; 2nd, Mr. John Smellie, who
however won 1st prize for forty-iright blooms of Cactus
Dahlias shown in boxes. This was a very large class,
containing numerous exhibits, and the 2nd prize was

won by Mes5i"s. Alex. Lister &. Son, Rothesay ; the 3rd,
by Mr. W. GOLD, Wishaw.

Pompon Dahlias in vases were best shown by Mr. W.
Tbeseder, Cardiff; and Mr. John Ireland. Bridgend
Terrace, Kilbirnie, was 2nd.

Gladioli were shown in considerable quantities, aud
consisted of very strong fiower-spikcs, and large
brilliantly coloured flowers. The best collection of
forty-eight spikes, in not fewer than thirty-six varieties,
was shown by Mr. Geo. Mair. nurseryman, Prestwick,
N.B. Some of the varieties in this collection which
showed to best advantage were Dahlia de Mirbilc.
Sultana, Grand Yainqueur (an excellent late one\
Formosa, and Thais. The 2nd prize went to Messri-
Harkness & Son, Bedale, Yorks, who also showed very
fine flowers in the freshest condition possible. 3rd,
Mr. J. W. Carnegie, gr. to M. Smith, Esq., Roselea,
Prestwick.

The best exhibit of twenty-four spikes of Gladioli in
the .Vmateurs' class was shown by Mr. J. W. Carneoie,
and the flowers were capital ; 2iid, Mr. J.4S. Forsyth,
30, Wilson Street. Alandria ; 3rd, Mr. Jas. fiisliop, gr. to
Arch. Dunlop, Esq., Craigdarrock, Cove.

The only collection of twelve spikes came from Mr.
Adam Brydon, Tweedbank, Innerleithen.

PenUtemons were capital, the varieties having extra
large flowers, and the stems were erect in habit. The
best exhibit of twenty-four varieties came from Mr.
James Rowatt, Glassford; while lUe2udaud .3rd prizes
were won by Mr. J. Stewart, Lcnuoxtown; aud Mr.
Aitken Brown, Blantyre, respectively.

The Amateurs* class for twelve varieties was won by
Miss Gemmell, Oxenward House, Kilivinning.

Fancy I'annies were of good size, and generally the
(juality was of average merit. The best collection of
twenty-four blooms came from Mr. Alex. Ollah,
Camphelton ; and Mr. Chas. Kay, Gargunnock, was
2nd. Of four otlier exhibitors, the most successful for
3rd prize was Ml'. Jambs Paul, Druinbcg, Killeary.

riofcM.-Tlicre were six exhibits of collections of
tivclve spi-ays, all of which were shown in vessels
aflixcd to upright boards. Excellent flowers were
shown by Mr. Alex. Ollar, Campbclton, the size of
them Iwing much larger than we sec them in the
south. The varieties were Diike of Argyll, Duchess of
Argyll, Bcthia, Nellie Carrie, Bnttcrfly, W. P. A. Sniythe,
Maggie Cnnic, Sunshine, Saturn, J. C. Erskine, IsaUic,
aud Lark. 2nd, Mr. Archd. Milloy, jr., Craiganriock,
Campbeltown ; and 3rd, Mr. Jas. Pault, Drumbeg,
Killcain.

Hwcet Peas wore shown in two classes. The best
collection of twelve glasses of Sweet Peas was shown by
Mr. Robertson, gi-. to the Earl of LoODOUN, Loudoun
Castle, who showed the virietics Gorgeous, Countess
Cadogan.Geo. Gordon, Lady M. Orinsby Gore, Coccinea
(very fine), .Sadie niirpec. Countess of Powis, Lady
Uriscl Haniilton, Othello, Salopian, X,ady Mary Cunie,
and Calypso. The 2nd prize was won by Mr. Adam
Brvden, Tweedbank, Innerleithen, and these also were
very good flowers. Altogether, tlicrc were seven
exhibitors.

The best collection of Sweet Pens, upon a space of
8 feet by H feet, came from Mr. Colin Muir, gr. lo S. II.
Strange, Es<i., Westwood, Busby, who had very fine
flowers shown in Bamboo stands and glasses of varying
heights, all stood upon a while ground. Messrs. Jones
& Sons, Shrewsbury, were 2nd, and Messrs. Kerr
Bros., Dumfries, .3rd.

Carnnliom were shown in gl.isses containing six
blooni.s each, aud relieved with natural foli.igc. The
1st prize for twelve glasses of Carnations or Pieotecs
W.13 won by Mr. Davis Walkhii, Kilmarnock ; some of
the best border varieties were contained in this exhibit,
and a number of seedlings.

Messrs. M. Campbell & Son, Blantyre, made a grand
display of flowers of Carnations and Picotees upon a
spaire of 8 feet by 6 feet ; they were arranged in Bamboo
stands and in glasses, and a great variety of Carnations
was included in those shown; generally, loo, the
quality of the flowers left nothing to be desired. 2nd,
Mr. Thos. Whitehead, Selkirk; and 3rd, Mr. Chas.
Freeland, Larkhall.

Roses were exhibited in several classes, and were of
good size and quality considcriug the late period of
the season. The 1st prize for twenty-four blooms
(amateurs) of 11. P. and H.T. varieties was won by Mr.
A. Gray, gr., Middlcton ; and the 2nd by Colin Muir.
gr. to S. II. Stranoe, Esq , Westwood, Busby. The
varieties best shown included Madame Joseph Combel,
pale lemon colour; Alfred Colonib, DupuyJaniain, Clara
Watson, Duke of Wellington, Gustavc Piganneau, Crown
Prince, Chas, Lcfebvre, Ac.

But in the open classes the (|u:ility was very iiiwli
better than in that already noticed. Messrs. D. &. W-
Ceoll, nurserymen, Dundee, who won 1st prize for
forty-eight blooms of II. P. and H.T. varieties, showed
capital blooms of surprisingly large size, good form,
and high colour. Particularly noticeable were Chas.
Letebvre, Ulricli Brunner, Victor Vcrdicr, Madami!
.\bel Chalenay, Capt. Hayward, Countess of Calcdnii.
Gnslave Piganneau, Horace Vernot, and Caroline
Testout. 2nd, Messrs. A. Dickson A: Sons, Newtownard's.
Ireland ; 3rd, Messrs. D.tV!D Kobektson & Co., Mossciii
Nnrseries, Helensburgh.

The best collection of twenty-four blooms of Teas ot
Noisettes was shown by Messrs. .\dam & Crakimilk.
Fcrnielea, Rubislaw, Aberdeen, and they staged a vci'/
pretty exhibit of moderate-sized, fresh-looking bloon^s
of good colour. Mrs. Ed. Mawley, Luciole, Medea, ciil
other new varieties were included. Mr. Georgji
Prince, Oxford, the excellent grower of this section tt
Roses in the South, had to take 2nd place ; but lie bc;it
two other exhibitors, namely, Messrs. D. & W. Croi.i,
Dundee, who were 3rd ; and Mr. Hugh Dickscn.
Belfast.

The best display of Roses, on spaces of 8 ft. by H ft.,
was shown by Messrs. Jas. Cocker & Son, .\bcrdccn.
Messrs. Croll, Dundee, were 2nd; aud Mr. Hugh
Dickson, Belfast, .'ird. Mr. Geo. Prince gained no pri;.>!
against the Northmen in this class.

Ilardii Herbaceous Floaers. — lUc best twenty tonr
bunches of hardy herbaceous flowers were shown by
Messrs. Jas. Cocker it Sons, Aberdeen, and they won
against a number of exhibitors who staged colleclioii«
of niiirh merit, conspicuous in Messrs. Cocker's cxhibi'«
were Lilium speciosum roseum. Gladiolus gandavensii
•• D.'. Bailly," a bright scarlet variety; Phlox Lc SifciMo,
Scabiosa cancasica, Phlox Sylphide (hIuIc), Montbrctifc
Go'.don Sheaf, Lythruin "Rose Queen," Veronica, longi-
folia subscsissilis, Ac; 2nd, Mr. Win. Young, gr. to Mrs.
Fleming Hamilton, Craighlaw, Kirkcowan. Eucomi-.,
regia, Galtouia candicans, Chclone birbata, &c,
were included in the exhibit; 3rd, Mr. W. Stokkih.
Garngabcr.

The class for twelve hunches was won liy Mr. Ai)a»,
Brydon, Tweedbank, Inneiieilhcii, who IkuI line bold
bunches of llowcrs ot Lolielia cardinalis. Lalliyivu.
splendens alba, EucoraJs regia, ?itc. ; 2nd. Mr. Lauchhiii
McKiunon, gr. to Campbell Martin, Esq., Druinhciifl
G.irdons; .3rd, Mr. William Young.

The d.ass for twelve bunches of any sorts of ml
flj.vers from the open border was won by Mr Ada*
Brydon, but the selection of varieties in Ihis con -
po!ition was similar to that in the cases of harilj
II nvers generally. Mr. Colin Muir was and.

Spaces of 15 feet by 6 feet were devoted lo collectiniis
of flowers and foliage from the open border, and II. <,
exhibits in this class were grand. The Ist prize «aa
•won by Messrs. Harkness A Son, Bedale, who made u.
splendid show, in which Gladioli, Pentstcmnns, llcli-
anthns, Gallonia candicans, and Dclphiniuins veio
conspicuous; 2iid, Messrs. Jas. Cocker it Sons, AIkm-
deen ; and 3rd, Mr. M. Cuthbkrtson, Kothcsiiy. Tlicic.
were four exhibits in this class.

Floral Designs, Bouquets, &;■.
The principal class for cut flowers wiis one foj-
fliiral designs (bouquets and baskets exchulcd) In
occupy a space of 8 feet by « feet. There were four
exhibits, aud the best of those, exhibiting most variety
and greatest excellence, was adjudged to be one froiji
Messrs. Perkins A Sons, Coventry, the rcdoubtablu
florists we meet at almost every large show sonlh oif
the Tweed. The principal item in this exhibit was i.
very large floral harp, with strings formed of Lily of
the Valley blossoms, and the framework of choice
flowers in great variety, but including very tew Orchids.
There were floral cushions, albuins,wreaUis,erosses,<i<;..
which, from the florist's point of view, left little to be
desired. 2nd, Messrs. W. IIaklky & Sons, -.im, Saucliic-
hall Street, Glasgow.

A class for six .bonqnots .ind six baskets of cnf,
flowers made a gi'eat display, there being four exhi-
bitors. The best collection came from Malcolm Camj^
bell, Ltd., florists, 18, Gordon Street, Glasgow ; and
the 2nd prize was awarded to Messrs. Jones &Son,
Shrewsbury; Inil the Ist prizewinner led by a con-
siderable distance.and showed some charming bouiinetn
of Orchids; 3rd, Mr. John (fault, gr. to MORRlsCAH.S-
WELL, Esq., Murcia House, Pollokshields.

A class for two shower bouquets was won by Messi-i
Perkins & Sons, who showed bouquets composed
almost exclusively of Orchids, Pandanus, Lily of the
Valley, and suitable relief ; 2nd, Malcolm Campbeli,
l.'d. ; aud 3i-d. Miss M. Small, 112, Rotton Row. Glasgow.
The best boiKjiu'v of Koscs had llavcHcd all tl.c«a.r

174

' THE G A R D ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[August 31, 1901.

1r6m Cardiff, aud the 1st prize went to the 'Welsh
■Diirsery of Mr. Wm. Thkseder. The flowers were
sliown in a very fresli condltiou.

■ ■ NON-COM I'ETITIVE EXHIBITS.

Messrs. Austin A- Mcaslav, 89, Mitchell Street.
.(Glasgow, showed ii collection of stove aud grcenhonse
rlmts, in which ivc noticed good Codiieums, well-
iloomed plants of llyJrangoa panicnlata grandiflora,
Cordyliues, early-flowering Chrysanthemums, Palms,

Mr. Thos. S. Ware. Hale Farm Nurseries, Feltham,
Lendon, exhibited a very large group of tuberous-
rooted Begonias iu flower, the varieties and cultivation
evidenced, being of the firm's usual first-class quality.

Messrs. J. Hii.l & Son, Barronfield Nurseries, Lower
Edmonton, Middlesex, exhibited an immense group of
Ferns in much variety, also some fine plants of Facus
radicaus variega.ta, which will answer the purpose in
cold houses that the old Pauicum serves in the hot-
liouse.

.. Messrs. Smith &Simons, 38 and 38, West George Street.
Glasgow, exhibited a group of stove aud greenhouse
plants, iu which Palms and Pandanus were a principal
featui-e.

• Messrs. Hugh Low &Co., Bush Hill Park, Enfield,
sxhibited a group of plants made up mainly of choice
Godia?ums, Phrynium variegatum, Dracrcna Sandcriana .
■Nepenthes RaHlesi.ana, Aralias, Erica Marnockian.n.
now less seldom seen iu tlie south, but well worth
retaining in cultivation. Also Cattleya gigas, C.
Leopoldi, C. Harrisoni, and Oncidium x Mantiuii. The
Godia?ums were of moderate size, but excellent colour.
A collection of Japanese dwai-fed trees was shown by
Lord Hamilton, of Dalzell (gr., Mr. Angus), there being
about two dozen specimens.

Messrs. Wallace & Co., Kllnfield Gardens, Colchester,
exhibited a group of flowers of Lilies and Gladioli in
vai-iety, giving to one of the tents quite a familiar
appearance, suggestive of the Drill Hall, Westminster.
Messrs. Stu.aet & Mein (Laing & Mather), Kelso,
N.B., exhibited Golden Privet, alsoEuonymus radicaus
Tariegata, Carnations, &c.

Messrs. Brown Bugs., Uddingtou, showed Violas and
early-flowering Chrysanthemums.

Mr. John Forbes, Hawick, exhibited a grand lot of
Carnation blooms Cover 200) all on paper collars ;
Dahlias, Phloxes in variety, and a batch of plants of
the new Begonia Caledonia, and the white Gloire de
Lorraine.

Mr. H. EcKFOKD, Wem. Salop, showed a collection of
olioioe varieties of Sweet Peas.

Mr. Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill, London, N., exhi-
bited- hardy flowers in which some very fine Tritomas
were a grand featprc ; also choice Water-Lilies, &e.

Mr. CH.4S. Irvine, nurseryman, Jedburgh, N.B.,
showed collections of shrubby Phloxes and Pcntste-
laons. both in great variety, and well.

Four very fine plants of Sarracenia purpurea were
shown by J. B. Mirrlees. Esq., Redlands, Kelvinside
(gr„ Mr. Geo. Russell), and from the same garden came
an excellent specimen of Lycopodium scariosum, but
seldom seen iu a horticultural show-tent.

Messrs. Lister & Son, Rothesay, exhibited a capital
flollcrtiou of Dahlias, Pansies, Sweet Peas, etc. '
"Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham, Norfolk, made a
gr'iat display witJi Cactus Dalilias, arranged in half
pyramids and in other ways, interspersed with
Asparagus-fronds.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rotliesay. and at Orpington,
Kent, exhibited Dahlias largely, and iu another part of
the general exhibition have a permanent stand of cut
flowers, Tomatos, &c. ■ . -^

'Messrs. Jas. VEir('H & Sons, Ltd., Royal Exotic
Nurseries, King's Road, London, S.W., exhibited a
group of ornamental foliage plants, composed of very
choice specimens, sliowing excellent cultivation. The
Codianuns (Crotons) were grand, the colours of parti-
cular varieties being highly developed. These included
LMcy, a new one, with twisted, rather narrow leaves,
suitable for table adornment ; Prince of Wales, Princess
of Wales, Mortefontaineusis, Golden Ring' Aigbuvlh
G'elii. &c.; also Maraiitas, Nepenthes, including fine
examples of N. mixta, N. Mastefsiana, and N. Dickson-
iana: Ferns, including Plwtycernm Veitchi (new).
Davallia fijiensis robusta, aud several varieties of
Gyinnogi'amnia, &a.\ Cordyliaes (Dracaenas), in con-
siderable variety (18), including The Queen and Exqui-
site, all of veiy flnc colour; Alocasias, Antliuriums,
two very large specimens of Acalypha Macafeeana, 6 ft.
high ; Caladinms, including the varieties Mrs. McLeod
and Mrs. Bause; Eulalias, Ficus radicans variegata,
and some flowering specimens of Messrs. Veitchs
greenhouse Rhododendrons (Javanicox jasmintlonim),

retarded Lily of the Valley flowers, &c. The whole were
arranged over a groundwork of Eulalia japonica
variegata and Adiautum Ferns.

Messrs. Jas. Cocker & Sons, Aberdeen, showed a col-
lection of hardy flowers aud herbaceous and bulbous
flowers in great variety.

Messrs. Skinner, Board & Co., Biistol, exhibited
Board's patent greenhouse (wire tension), with plants
in it ; and the West of Scotland Agricultural College
showed a series of pots containing vegetables and
cereals, illustrating the effects produced by artificial
manures on farm crops.

Awards.

The awards made to non-competitive exhibits wqre
as follows ; —

Special Awari> of Merit.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Ltd.

Messrs. Hill & Sons.

Mr. T. S. Ware.

Lord Hamilton.

HIGHLY Commended.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co.

Messrs. Austin & McAslan.

Messrs. Smith & Simons.

Certificate of Merit.

To Lygodium scarriosum, from Mr. Russell.

No medals were awarded, but Diplomas (mounted)
will be issued in accordance with the above scale of
merit.

TAUNTON DEAN HORTICULTURAL.

August 1.5.— There were, as usual, seven tents for the
variovis exhibits, aud iu the two largest of these, where
the open class and gardeners' productions were staged,
the exhibits were inconveniently crowded, so great
was the increase in the entries over those of last year.
The show arrangements made by Mr. J. S. Winsor were
excellent ; they should be studied by some other socie-
ties, for they were perfect, and all the work of making
the Awards went smoothly aud expeditiously. There
was, as usual, a very large attendance.

As is usual at Taunton, specimen jilaiits made a very
fine feature. Mr. James Cypher was therefrom Chel-
tenham, aud took the 1st prize; Mr. Wilfrid Mar-
shall, the President of the Society (Mr. Thomas, gr.).
was 2ud.

In the class for specimens there was a stiff fight
between Mr. W. Finch of Coventry, and Mr. Cypher,
the prizes going in the order of their names.

With eight fine foliaged plants Mr. Cypher staged
magnificent Palms, and the four following Crotons in
fine character — Flambeau, Angnstifolius, Queen Vic-
toria, and one other. Mr. W. Finch was 2nd.

For eight exotic Ferns, Mr. Geo. Tucker was 1st, he
had finely developed even specimensof Gymnogramma
suli'liurea. Cheilanthes elegaus, Adiantum Williamsii,
A. Farleyense, &c. Mr. H. S. Bailey, Glastonbury
(W. Merrett, gi-.). was 2nd.

The best foliaged plant I'ccently introduced was
Croton Reedi Improved, from Mr. W. Finch, but its
variation from the type is scarcely perceptible. ; The
best flowering plant recently introduced was Begppia
Caledonia from Mr. J. Cypher, but somewhat disap-
pointing as shown.

The best specimen stove plants were Acalypha his-
pida from Mr. W. Marshall, and Bougainvillea Coker
Court variety, which appears to be identical with B.
Sanderiana, from Mr. W. A. Sandford, Nunheafl
(3. Kidley, gr.). these two being placed equal. Mr.-G.
TccKEE had the best specimen greenhouse plau,ts,
having a fine Statice. Messrs. Neal the best Lycopod,
having a good example of Selaginella cognata [?]. There
were specimen Ferns, Pelargoniums, Begonias, &c.

With four Orchids, Mr. W. Marshall was 1st with
c;ipital examples of Cattleya Leopoldi, C. Eldoi-ado
splcndida, C. Sanderiana, aud Cypripedium Roth-
EchiUlianum. Mr. Cypher was 2nd.

Begonias in collections of eight varieties were finely
shown by Messrs. W. Mabsh.\ll and G. TucKER,,]the
prizes being awarded in the order of their names.
There were good specimens of single and double zonal
Pelargoniums ; Fuchsias in fours were in the form of
bush specimens, and there were single specimens also :
and Cockscombs, which, though rather small, were of
good quality. ••:■

In the Amateurs' Division, which includes gentle-
men's gardeners, there were also some excellent
specimen plants, aud here the exhibits were as incon-
veniently crowded as in the open class tent. With
twelve stove and greenhouse plants Mr. W. Marshall
was the only exhibitor, and he had 1st prize also for
six varieties ; Mr. W. A. Sandford was 2nd. ■ 1

Mr. H. S. BAILEY had the best tour plants in flower,
and also the best six exotic Ferns. Mr. W. M-AESHall
was also 1st with four Orchids, staging in this division
good examples of Cattleyas Warneri and gigas, Dendro-
bium Devonianum, and Cypripedium Rotiischildianum.

Fuchsias, Begonias, single and double zonal Pelar-
goniums, Gloxinias, Achiraenes, Petunias, Coleusi
Caladinms, Cockscombs, &c., were all well shown.

There were two classes for groups of plants arranged
for effect. In the open division Mr. W. Finch was the
only exhibitor; while Mr. W. A. Sandford was 1st in
the Gardeners' Division.

Open Classes for Cut Flowers.

Messrs. J. Townsend & Sons, Worcester, took the
1st prizes iu the principal classes; Messrs. J. Cray &
SON.S, Froine, were equally fortunate in all the Dahlia
classes, showing good blooms throughout. Mr. G. Hum-
phries, Chippenham, was 1st with twelve spikes of her-
baceous Phloxes : while Mr. A. -\. Walters, Kensington
Nurseries, Bath, won for German and French Asters.
The Rev. J. D. Pring, North CuiTey, was 1st with the
Comet type, aud he had the best Phlox Drummondi.
Mr. S. Dobree, Wellington, won, as is usual, the 1st
prize for spikes of Gladioli. Carnations, selfs and fan-
cies were shown in good character by Mr. A. R. Brown,
Haudsworth; stove and greenhouse cut flowers in
bold bunches came from Messrs. W. Marshall and
G. Tucker; double and single Begonias were finely
shown by the Rev. J. D. Pring ; hardy Perennials by
Messrs. W. J. Stokes & Son, Trowbridge; and A. A.
Walters, Bath; while Sweet Peas were abundantly
shown in two classes, the Rev. P. W. Bbancker taking
the 1st prizes.

A tent was set apart for floral decorations in the
class for an arranged dinner-table. Messrs. E. S. Cole
<fc Sons, Bath, were placed 1st, and Mr. J. Cypher,
2nd ; both used choice Orchids with excellent effect.
With an epergne, Mr. Cypher took the 1st prize.
Some excellent hand bouquets were shown by Mr.
Coles and Mrs. Cuff.

Fruits and Vegetables
were generally good, and with eight dishes Mr. J. Lock,
gr. to E. SwiNFEN Eady, Esq., K.C, Weybridge, was 1st,
with excellent Madresfield Court and Muscat of
Alexandria Grapes, Sea Eagle Peaches, Early Rivers
Nectarines, Plums, Figs, &c. Mr. Geo. Hall, gr. to
Lady Ashburton, Romsey, was 2nd; he had Black
Hamburgh and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, Royal
George Peaches, Pineapple, Nectarine, &c. With, four
dishes, Mr. W. Mitchell, Romsey, was 1st; he had
Madresfield Court Grapes, Royal George Peaches, Pine-
apple Nectarines, and Moor Park Apricots. Mr. W. A.
Sandford was 2nd.

Mr. MrrcHELL was 1st with two bunches of Black
Hamburgh Grapes, also with two bunches of any other
lilack, having Gros Maroc. Mr. Lock came in 1st with
two cxcelleut bunches of Muscat of Alexandria ; while
Mr. Alderman W. II. D.\viES came 1st with any other
wliite, having well finished bunches of Buckland Sweet-
water ; the 2nd prize going to three wonderful Ijunches
of Foster's Seedling, from the Rev. F. Sterry, Old
Cleve, which lacked finish, though very fine in bunch
and berry. Melons, Nectarines, Apricots, dessert
Apples and Pears, culinary Apples, Plums, Ac., were
all sliown, but the pressure of the crowd was too great
to admit of tlie details being gathered.

The open class vegetable tent, as well as that for
cottagers, were filled to overflowing with exhibits of a
very high order of merit. The special prizes offered by
Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Messrs. Jas. Carter & Co.,
Messrs. Webb & Sons, Messrs. Daniels Bros., and
others, contributed to the number of exliibits. It
Would perhaps be difflcult to show such a collection of
cottagers' produce as that seen at Taunton ; the soil of
the district appears to suit the various vegetables, aud
they were seen va very fine character.

' Non-competitive Exhibits.

Miscellaneous collections of plants and cut flowers
were furnished bv Messrs. R. Veitch &. Sons, Exeter;;
Kelway & Son, Langport ; White, and Bare & Son,
London ; Jarman & Co., Cli.ard ; Davis, Slade, &c. ,

SWANSEA HORTICULTURAL AND
GARDENERS'.

AUGUST 15.— This Society held a very successful show
in Swansea Market, aud the energetic Secretary and
his committee may be congratulated on the result of
their efl'orts. The exhibits generally were of con-
siderable merit, and the vegetables, fruit, chief classes
of cut flowers, wreaths, aud bouquets, together with a
large collection of Gloxinias, exhibited by Messrs.
I'ARSONS & Co., of Swansea, were especially noteworthy.
Geoups of Plants.

For a group, arranged in a space of 20 ft. I)y 10 ft.,
Mr. Carpenter, gr. to Mr. Buckley, Llanelly, was 1st;
Mr. Hughes, gr. to Mr. Richards, Hill House, Sk«tty,
2nd.

For twelve stove and greenhouse plants, Mr. Car-
penter won with nice, fresh-looking plants, including
Croton Baron A. de Rothscliild, Kentia Belmoreana,
Stephanotis floribuuda., Ixora coccinea superba. &e.
2nd, Mr. Hawkins, gr. to Mrs. Tuberville, Hendrc-
foilan.

ACGUST 31, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

ri5_

The class for twelve tabic plants made a line display.
Mr. J. Dalling, gr. to Mi-. J. J. Thomas, Swansea, beiiig
1st with a beautiful set. Mr. Hawkins, who was Snd,
liad larger plants.

In a class for six stove and giccnliousc Ferns, Mr.
Hawkins led with good specimens of Adiantum Sanc(;e
Cathcriua;, Pleris Wimsetti, Platyccriiini akicorne,
Gymnogi-amma Lauclieanuia, Jcc. Mr. W. Sewcombe
2nd.

CiT Flowebs.

The best cxliil)it of twelve bunches of Sweet Peas was
shown byMr. .\DEV, Penarth, a noted gi-ower in this
district of Sweet Peas : he had a splendidly set-up lot.
Mr. Abbott, Neath, was a good 2nd.

For a collection of Roses, arranged for effect in a
space 20 ft. by .-s ft., the 1st prize was a Silver Cup,
valued at £.5, ollcred by the President of the Society,
Col. W. L. Morgan. This brought three exhibitors, who
made an attractive display. Messrs. J. Townsend &
Son, Worcester, witli upwards of 100 varieties, were
placed 1st, and -Mr. Crossling, Penai-th, 2nd.

For a collection of Dahlias, in a space 20 ft. by .3 ft., a
similar cup to tlic above was given by the President,
and won by Mr. W. Tresedeb, Cardiff, who appeal's to
be in-esistible in Ibis district.

In a class for a collection of Carnations, in a space
1.5 ft. by 3 ft., Mr. Tresedeb secured a cup offered by
Mr. Ben. Evans, of Swansea, with a fine lot of blooms.

Fkuit.

The class for a collection of eight dishes was won by
Mr. IHWKINS, Willi good Grapes, M,-idrefificld Court
and Muscat of Alexandria, Figs, Nectarines, Peaches,
>tc. ; Mr. Mitclicll, gi-. to Col. P. Tuberville, Ewening
Priory, following.

For six hunches of Grapes in thi-ec distinct varieties,
Mr. MiTCHEi.i, was 1st with good Muscat of Alexandria,
Bowood Muscat, and Alii-aiite.

Mr. Crafts, gi-. to Mr. Vatkihan, Rhcola, Ncatli, was
18t for Black Hamburgh Grapes; and Mr. G. PilLir,
gr. to Miss Tai-bot, Peniice Castle Gardens, for
Muscats. There were good exhibits of Peaches, Necta-
rines, and Melons.

Veuetables.

These were numerously and well shown. In an open
<lass for nine i-arielies, Mr. P11.1.AK was awarded the
leading prize for a grand collection, every dish being
remarkably good.

Trade Exniiiits. — .•ii''i)'i' :

A Silver Medal was awarded to Messi-s. Parsons .t
Co. for a group of Gloxinias, inclndiiig'tlie old variety
but rarely seen witii two rows of petals; said to conic
true from seeds.

Mr. Harris, Black Pill Nurseries, was awarded a
Certificate of Merit for a collection of miscellaneous
plants and flowers.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

The executive committee met at Cair's Kestauraiit,
Strand, on Monday evening last, altera long interval,
Mr. Thomas Bevan presiding, there being a good
attendance of n embers and delegates from aOiliated
societies. Itwill beremcmbcredthat at Ihelastannual
general meeting an illuminated address w.ia voted to
thelatccliairiiian of the executive committee. It was
on this occasion submitted to the committee previous
to presentation, and (he execution of the address by
Mr. \V B. Pratt, Newgate Street, was greatly admired.
It set fortli that the presentation is made to Mr. Walercr
"ingi-ateful recognition of his services to tlie Society
as the vice-cliairman of llie executive committee in
1897-1K98, and as chairman of the executive committee
m 1899-1900." It bears the signatures of the late Sir Ed-
win Saunders, as President, and of Mr. Richard Dean as
Sccrctaiy. A small deputation was appointed from the
committee to make the presentation to Mr. Waterer
A good deal of routine business was got tliiougli A
suggestion thrown out by Mr. Norman Davis that
some form of memorial of the late President
should be provided, was considered, and action
postponed until the next meeting of the Committee
i;rsolutions to convey thanks to A. Tate, Esq., and
I1-. Tate tor their permission for tlie members to
It tlic gardens of Downside on the occasion of

r annual outing on July H, and for tlicir generous

-pitality; and to A. Dixon, Esq., for the privilege of
uing Cherkley Court on tliat occasion, were passed
acclamation ; and the Secretai-y was instructed to

iivcy theSociety'sacknowledgments to the gentlemen

rued.

I he subject of appointing a new Piesident in succcs-
■ 11 to the late Sir E. Saunders was mentioned, and
1 ■limmai-y action taken. It was resolved that llie
Hiual dinner should he held as usual at the end of
"veniber, and a small committee was appointed to
1 1 with the same and to report. Nineteen c.andidatofj
I incnibcrship were duly elected, and the following
• letics admitted to alllliation :-Tlie Tamwortli and
ii,lrict Clirysantheinum Association; the Stoke
Ncwington. Stamford Hill, and Clapton Chrysanthc
"luni Society; the Gainsljorough and District Chrysan-
I hcninrn Society ; and the Olvcston (Glos.) Clirysanthe-
inum Society.

EEADINa HORTICULTUEAL.

Au(,usT 28.— This exliii)iiion took place, as usual, in
the Forbui-y Gardens, several tents being required to
accommodate tlic exhibits. In addition, the fruit and
vegetables were placed under a long verandah, where
they wci-e seen to much advantage. The day was fine,
and there was a good attendance of the public.

In one tent were pl.-iced the group classes, and in the
leading class, for a group occupying a space of lijO feet.
-Mr. G. Fulford, gi-. to F. D. Lamuebt, Esq., Cookhaui,
took Uie 1st prize witli a very bright and pleasing
arrdngement. Palms, Codi;cuins, Orchids, Lilies, Humea
elegans, Ac, with various foliage plants, artistically
intermingled. The owner also becomes tlie holder of
the handsome Challenge Cup of the Reading Horti-
cultural Society for the space of one year, and a
money prize of jK goes to the gardener. Mr. D. ,\ger,
gr. to M. Bode, Esq., Reading, was 2nd with a yrell-
aiTangcd group, in which greon-foliaged plants prc-
pondei-ated.

The best gi-oup shown by amateurs, the term being
widely interpreted, came from Mr. Tugwood, gr. to
D. U. Ev.ANS, Esq., Pangbourne-a bright and atti-active
gi-oup.

There was also a class for a smaller group, and two
classes for groups of Cannas. Tlie best came from Mr.
Pigg. gi-. to J. S. Stbanc^h, Esq., Reading, the plants
dwaif, and nicely blooincil.

In the division open to all, the 1st prize for six stove
and greenhouse Ferns fell to Mr. Leith, gr. to If. W.
Thornton, Esq., Basingstoke; a fine piece of Micro-
Icpia hii-ta cristala was a prominent featftl'c in tliis
class. Mr. Wills, gr. to Capt. Simonds, FavciSilrain, was
2nd ; he had a good example of .VIsophila alroviicus.

In division 2. Ferns were also shown in fours.

Six very good specimen Fuchsias were shown by Mr,
Bright, gr. to J. Fredi.ander, Esq., Reading; two of
Ml*. J. Lye's new varieties, viz.. Brilliant, dark, and
White Queen, a light variety, were 80 line in quality
tliat they were awarded Certilicates of Merit. Fuchsias
. were also shown in another class.

Some excellent Palms were ^Imwn in the open class
for three. Mr. TuawooD took the Ist prize with fine
examples of KentiaForsterianaandCliainicrops cxcelta
in duplicate. Mr. J. Collis, gr. to S. B. JOKi., Esq ,
Reading, with smaller but adniii-ably-grown specimens,
unnamed.

Variegated and handsome foliage plants were shown
in fours, and also stove and grcenliouec plants of tlie
same number. Mr. Leith was awarded the 1st iirizo.

Coleus were shown in fours; there were some fair
specimens of double zonal Pelargoniums, and tulierous
Begonias, shown in sixes, were a satisfactory feature.

Ctrr Fi.owKRs.

These consisted of Dahlias, tlie best twelve blooms of
►how and fancy were staged by Mr. J. Walker, Tbamc,
who had in very good character Rebecca, T. W. fiirdlc-
stoue, Colonist, Miss Cannell, Mabel, Daniel Johnson,
and M.abel Stanton; Mr. K. Tranter, llcnley-on-
Thanieu, was 2iid. In the class for twelve bunclies of
singles, Messrs. Chkal A Sons, Lowdeld Nurseries,
Crawley, were Ist, and they had in good form Leslie
Sealo, Girlie, Allia perfccla. Puck, Formosa, Naomi
Tiglic, and Florence ; Mr. J. Walker was 2iid.

With eighteen blooms of Cactus Dahlias, three blooms
each of six varieties, Messrs. J. Ciieal & Sons were 1st
with Britannia, .\jax, Countess of l.,onsdalc, ,Vf., in
fine form ; Mr. F. W. SHAiir, Twyford, was a ilosc 2nd,
he had Vesta, Jealousy, Enid. iVc.. in capital character ;
Mr. John Walker, who was ;iril, had Canary, a charm,
iiig canary-coloured variety of great promise, which
was awarded a Certificate of Merit.

In the open class for (wdvo Koscs, Mr. Will Tavlor
ll^mpton, was Ist, with pooil Ijlooms of Gufilave Pii^a-
neau, La France, Viscountess I'olkeslone, Caroline
Teatoqt, Maiiiau Cocliet, Prince Arthur, Mrs. Jyliii
Laing, A. K. Williams, &c. ; Mr. J. Walker was 2nd.
Mr. T.VVL0Rwa8 also Ist with twelve Tea-sccntcd, and
Mr. J. R. Tranter, 2nd.

Very creditable blooms of Koses were 8liown by
amateurs. Mr. Tavlor also cxliibitcd a collection of
Roses not for conipctition.

Messrs. Ciieal it Son liad tlie best twelve spikes of
Gladiolus.

Mr. R. Chamberlain, gr. to F. N. Lonehiian, Esi|..
Reading, waa Ist ivitli twelve bunches of cut llowei-t,
sliowing excellent subjects well staged; and Mr. Leitu
was 2nd. , ,

\Vith twelve liunehes of Sweet Peas, Mr. Leith was
Ist wiOi an excellent selection ; and Mr. Chambeki.vin
was 2nd.

There waa a class for nine tmiidics of Sivcet Peas in
the Amateurs' Division, and for Roses, Dahlias, and
hardy flowers. •

Floral decorations included epergncs, baskets of
sweet-scented flowers, a couire for a dinner-table, Ac ,
all of an interesting character.

Friet.
Tlie exhibits of fruit wcie in general of good dia-
racter. The Ist prize for a collection of eight dishes
came from Mr. 11. Brown, gr. to G. C. Raphael, Esq.,
Englcftcld Green, who liad excellent Muscat of .\lex-
andria .-vnd Lady Downcs' Grapes, Princess of Wales

Peaches, Victoria Nectarines, Kirkc's Piuins, Melon,
itc. ; Mr. R. Malicr, gr. to A. Waierhcuse, Es x., New-
bui-y, was 2iul.

With six dishes, Mr. Cole, gr. to Sir C. Ku.^sell, Birt.,
Swallowfleld, Reading, was Ist with Muscat of Alex-
andria and Black Uamburgli Grai-cs, Walburton Ad-
mirable Peaches, Figs, &e. ; Mr. Page, gr. to J. P. Fob-
tescue, Esq., Dropiiiorc, was 2nd.

With two bunches of Bhack Hamburgh Grapes, Mr.
Cole was 1st with finely finished examples; and he
was also 1st with ■ two excellent bundles of Muscat of
Alexajidria. ' .

The bdst tWo bunclies of any other black was Lady
Dowues from Mr. Brown. Tlie best dish 01 Peaclics
was very fine Noblesse from Mr. Lfiirii. Mr. Willis
had the best dish of Nectarines in Pine.applo. The
three best dishes of Plums were Victoria, Washington,
and Belgian Purple, from Mr. Collins. The three best
dishes of Pears included Clapp's Favourite, Beurr6
d'.Amaulis, and Bon Chretien, from Mr. Booker, gr. to
W. B. MoNcK, Esq., Coley Park. Mr. N. Kneller, Mal-
shanger Park, had the best three dishes of culinary
.\pples in Peasgood's Nonsuch, Lord Sudield, and
Warner's King. The three best dishes of dessert
-Vpples were Irish Peach, Miller's Seedling, and Beauty
of Bath, from Mr. R. White, Bcnham. Melons, Cu-
cumbers, and Tomiilbs, Were alto shown.

Vegetables.

Messrs. Suttoh & Sifns' haudsomc special prizes for
nine distinct kinds of vegetables in twelve varieties
brought seven very fine lots, and Mr. N. Kneller, gr.,
Malshangcr P.irk, was iiwardcd the 1st prize; Mr. J.
Gibson, gr. to R. W. Hudson. Esq., Dancsllcld, Great
Marlow, was 2nd ; and Mr. W. Poi'E, gr., Highclero
Castle, Newbury, wis 3id. The .award of the judges in
this particular class were inncli criticised, and there
was a strong cxprossion of opinion that Mr. Becketc
should have bgcn 1st. , In furnishing tliis report, the
writer expresses no opiifion ; it is enougli for him to
record the fact that. this ditrcrencc of opinion was
expressed. Tliere were several classes for vegetablct,
the bulk of the exhibits being from cottagers.

Mrs. PiiippEN, court florist, Reading, had a stand of
floral decoi-atioii in many artistic designs, which was
highly commended. ,

ENQUIRY.

Retarding Ihls Roons.— Will some of ont
readers kindly state if it be possible to retard
or freeze Iris bulbs in the niannor [jilics of
the V;illcy, Spirajas, &e., have been rotartled
during the last few years ':■

amntm

Mtorrejpondent'-j

AlM'LK: .1. If. f.'. The iii.sect is (he jjiiili of
the Leopard Moth, Xoiinera tesciili. Hook
the grub down with a curved wire, or thrust
a piece of cotton-wool steeped in a soliitioH
of cyanide of potassium into the borc-liole
iiuido by the insoct; but reincinber, you are
dealing with a most powerful poison.

Applks: King Iledlcy. The Apples submitted
are undoubtedly infested with tlio grubs of
the Codlin Moth — -no other grub was present;
with tlicrn. They arc about two- thirds
grown, :tnd are very probably a second
brood, which, if exclusively proved, is of
much economic importance, as so far the
species is believed to be single-brooded in
this country. You are wrong, however, in
supposing the gri'^b " has not entered from
the eye of the fruit." In all the examples
but one the otitranoe passage^ from the eye
could be distinctly liiLci'd, anil in (wo exam-
ples theantciior prtrl ion of llio fruit was badly
oaten, indicating that llie grub had led tliero
for sonic considea'able time. Externally,
liowcvcr, there was very little evidence of
their presence; thooharacteristic pileof Irass
usually found in the eye of infested fruit was
barely traceable in two examples. It is not
unusual to find the grub infesting Pears, and
they al.so attack stone-fruit, and have been
found in Walnuts and Chestnuts. The small-
iiess of the grubs is due to inniiaturity. It
would be interesting to ascertain how long
the grnbs remain in the fruit befori! pupa-
tion t.akes place, and whether Hk; moths from
them hatch at blos.soming-time or later in the

1T6

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 01, ISOl.

ycai-; tliis oniiUl l)o ascrrtniiietl by rcariiif;
\Mv K'riilj-. iiiifl if yt'" \v(Hil(l care to send
about fifty or more diseased fruit to 11. New-
1 stead, Grosvenor JNluseuni, Chester, ho would
V)e pleased to carry out the investigation
and report later through us.
Xooics: C. W. The Ai-t of Bnddiiuj and G/-a/f-
iu(i, by Charles Baltet (W. Robinson, :^i/,
Southampton Street, Covent Garden, W.C).
flAUNATiONS Out oi'-rooiiS : AJpha. A sandj-
loain moderately enriched with well decayed
.<;!,able-dung and leaf-mould, and not ot less
depth than 1* ft. thrown up a few inches
above the surrounding soil, unless it be on a
natural slope.
€attleya "Wahscf.wiczii (Gigas) Failini; to
Flowt.R : ir. L., Alton. Probably your plants
were kept too close (not sufficient air ad-
mitted) and too heavily shaded during the
time the flower-spikes were developing. If
they had been suspended near the glass of
the roof the flowers would have been more
likely to develop satisfactorily.

* illRECTiON : Mr. John Kirk, of the Wellington
Nursery, Heaton Chapel, Stockport, was the
only Kirk who exhibited in the bouquet
elasscs at the recent Shrewsbury Show, and
was awarded two 1st, two 2nd prizes, and

■ cue 3rd prize. Our report notwithstanding.

Date Seeds -. M. A. H. File the seeds at the
suture, and stratify them in Cocoanut-fibre
refuse, sand, or leaf-mould, in the dark in a
warm house, and when they have begun to
germinate, put them into pots or shallow
boxes in heat ot 05° to 80". Repot before

• the roots get entangled or pot-bound.

Skoayed Pine Needles: J. Jackson. If tho-
roughly decayed, it is as good as any other
for garden purposes. It should be screened,
lu- passed through a halfinch-mcshed sieve,
and sweetened by turning the heap several
limes before it is marie use of in potting
plants.

Fruit-room : T. R. Have ground for the floor,
which you can coat with sand or fine gravel
annually. Have double or rather hollow
walls, and lot the room stand 3 to 4 feet
t dow the ground-level. Fit it with a double
door 4 feet wide, and a small window at each
end or in the roof for ventilation ; and let
Uiere bo one or two larger windows provided
with wooden outer shutters, as fruit keeps
jiluuip for a longer time in a dark place than
a light one, and we imagine there are fungus
attacking fruits that like not the darkness. If
the racks, tables, shelves, and drawers can be
made of Willow, Poplar, Beech, Sycamore, or
ether wood not containing turpentine, all the
Ibotter for the fruit. Never use hay or straw in
the room— it gives a musty flavour toaiiy fruit
lyin" on it. Let the sharp edges of battens
used for shelves be bevelled slightly. Above
all, use reed or heather thatch, not slates or
Viles. If thatch of this kind be employed,
and it is H ft. thick, no ceiling will be re-
quired. A fruit-room built in the manner
described would need no heating apparatus
— ^at least, not south of the Tweed.
ffli.OBE AUTiCHOKES: Ewpiirei: We are unable,
in the absence of any information regarding
the method of culture pursued, to give a
reason for the plants not flowering. Are
they seedlings, or are they stools of great
age ?
"Icn Api'LE: " ir. .J. G. Kindly say what is
intended by this term ; it is unknown to us.
Insect- J. Hiig/ies. The insect on Penta-
rhapia speciosa is the greenhouse Orthezia
(O. insignis), the only coccid ot the genus
occurring under glass in this country. It is
a comparatively recent introduction, and
unfortunately a very destructive insect.
You should destroy the infected plant, or i-o
eut it down that it may be thoroughly cleaned ,
using either the paraffin emulsion in common
use or Gishurst Compound Soap.
iN-iEOTS OM FERN'S: .S'cott Elliot. 1. The curled
fronds aro pseudo-galls of a species of Ceci-
djmyia, c0-n'.a3nly met with on bracken.

Collect and burn them as soon as they
appear. 2. " Aphids." No. A species of
plant-bug. Collect them by beating the
fronds over a net or tarred tray. 3. " Scale
insect." No. Excreta of an insect, possibly
ot the plant-bug. Fronds undoubtedly in
an unhealthy condition. Cultivation probably
wrong.
LniE 1<"0R Lawn Dressing : J. Jackson. Slaked

stone or chalk-lime.
Names of Fruits: D. Mclntijt-e. 1, Royal
(ieorge, the fruit arrived in bad condition ;
2, Emmerton's White (white) Nectarine, but
the example was not in character ; 3, Pit-
maston Orange Nectarine.— A. TV. Crimson
Galande (large flowers) is probably Grosse
Mignonne ; the Crimson Galande (small
flowers) is correctly named ; and the other
variety of the same name (small flowers) we
cannot identity with certainty. One needs
leaves and yottng shoots in naming these
fruits.

Names of Plants : Correspondent ^ not answered
in this issue are requested to be so good as to
consult the following number. — Gurneij Wil-
son. Aira pulchella.— G. Coou. 1, Vitis
heterophylla variegata ; 2, Polystichum
angulare ; 3, Davallia hirta cristata ; 4,
Pteris Ouverardii.— A. C. T. Lycium sinense,
so-called Tea-tree.— J. K. Blechnum boreale,
also called Ijomaria spicant.— T. If., Want-
age. Blechnum boreale (Lomaria spicant).—
E. S. II. 1, Blechnum boreale (Lomaria spi-
cant) ; 2, Asplenium trichomanes ; 3, Lastrea
rigida; 4, Polystichum angulare; .5, Sedum
spurium ; 0, Sedum Telephium var. — T. R. ■
Helenium autumnale var. striatum. Lithos-
permum prostatum.— U'. H. 1, Rudbeckia
speciosa (Xeumanni) ; 2, not recognised ;
3, Helenium autumnale; 4, Echinops Ritro;
5, Eryngium alpinum ; C, Lythrum salicaria
var.— iS. R., Worcester. l,Dactylis glome-
rata var. ; 2, Tanacetum vulgare ; 3, Arabis
albida ; 4, Ceanothus azurens ; 5, Pseudo-tsuga
Douglasii ; U, Cryptomeria japonica ; 7, Arte-
misia Dracuuculus, Tarragon ; 8, Origanum
vulgare. Another time do not send more
than six.— K. IV. 1, Angracum fa,lcatum, a
Japanese species, growing well in a cool-
house ; 2, Xylobium squalens, figured in
Botanical Magazine, t. 29.j.j, as Maxillaria
squalens; 3, Catasetum viridiflavum. — A
Reader. 1, Sedum Sieboldi ; 2, Ophio-
pogon jaburan var. ; 3, Diosma alba ; 4, Son-
chns iaciniatus; 5, Cestrura elegans ; G,
Achillea Millefolium, red var. ; 7, Achillea
aurea. — M. C. Saponaria officinalis. Soap
Wort, double-flowered variety.
Over - wintering Antirrhinums that have
Flowered : A. TV. H. In a sheltered wai-m
spot the Antirrhinum is hardy enough to
stand the winter in your county (Warwick),
provided the land is well drained. In many
parts ot the south, east, and west, espe-
cially near the sea, the plant is really a
perennial.
Peach : W. J. S. Peach Mildew. Too late
to do anything now ; another season try
dusting with sulphur.
Penzance Sweet Briars : Alpha. May be
struck from cuttings of half-ripened shoots
on a slight bottom heat towards the end of
the sununer, using small pots with one
cutting in a pot. The cuttings must have a
thin heel of older wood, be under 6 inches in
length, have their leaves reduced in size
somewhat, and not be inserted deeper than
an inch. The proper sort of soil is one
consisting of sifted loam J, leaf-soil ], and
enough sand to make it very porous. Press
this firmly, and insert the cuttings with the
aid ot a dibber. Sprinkle the frame night
and morning, give shade during the hours ot
sunshine, and keep close, except tor about
fifteen minutes between 6 and 7 A.M., when
the lights may be drawn off. Cuttings 8 to
0 inches long, also with a heel, may be inserted
in a bed of sandy soil in a sheltered spot
out - ot - doors early in October. These
should be arranged at 2 inches apart in
trenches having an upright side, and C inches

in depth. Before putting soil into the
trench, sprinkle coarse sand at the bottom.
The soil should be made firm round about the
cuttings. The loss will probably amount to
20 per cent. You might try present budding
or winter grafting.
PiCOTEES : Alpha. The flower is a purple-edged
Picotee. W^e cannot name varieties, and you
should send it to a specialist or large grower.
Rose-leaves : C. C, Jlarkthom Hall. A fungus,
which looks like a species of Puccinia. Super-
ficially it closely resembles immature speci-
mens of the Rose-scale (Aulacaspis rosfe),
but the mimicry must be accidental. Collect
the leaves and" burn them. Spray in early
spring with Bordeaux-Mixture. R. N.
Sheep- DROPPINGS and Soot eor an 18-gallon
Cask of M.4.nure-\vater : JM. A. H. Soot, a
peck placed in a canvas bag, and swirled
about occasionally. The bag should be hung
in the cask free from the bottom. Sheep's-
dung, i bushel. The whole should be stirred
thoroughly occasionally, and allowed to
stand till it becomes clear, or at any rate
less turbid. For the plants you name, 1 to
8 or 10 ot water would be strong enough,
and once a week is quite as often as it
should be given. If the manure ferments
much, this can be stopped by using a little
white vitriol.

"Stick" Insect: B. T. Unless you send the
specimen we shall be unable to identify the
species.
Superphosphate of Lime and Sulphate of
Ammonia: T. R. Good dressings of quick
lime, or superphosphate, would benefit
your light sandy soil by making it more
compact and retentive of moisture, and bo
better therefore than sulphate of ammonia ;
besides, the sulphate is the more expensive
artificial. Lawes and Gilbert used the
following mixed manure tor pasture-land : —
500 lb. potassium sulphate per acre, 100 lb.
sodium sulphate per acre, 100 lb. magnesium
sulphate per acre, 800 lb. ammonia salts per
acre, 40t) lb. sodium silicate per acre, 3-icwt.
superphosphates per acre. This manure pro-
duced Uk cwt. of hay (first crop) per acre
during the twenty-fifth season of using
artificials." Grittiths, in TrefiliscoK Afani(re.s.
You would find this small book ot much
usefulness in your work. The publishers
are George Bell & Sons, York Street, Covent
Garden, W.C.
Thrips in a Vinery in which the Grapes are
nearly Ripe : Oakjield. Wo cannot recom-
mend anything better than NL-AU, giving
no stronger vaporisation than the cubical
contents of the vinery demand. Afford
plenty of air afterwards.
Tomato : Vine. The so - called " sleepy
disease." We fear there is no cure. Turn
out the plants and burn them.
Violet • C. Ings. See last week's Gardeners'
Chronicle. The balance between the amount
of food supplied and growth has been upset;
then comes fungus, and completes the
disaster.

COMMUNICATORS RECEIVED.— G.D. -WE. O.— R. D.-

K T— W K — G F — W. E. B— W. F.— W. P. K.—
„ w W-\V M-E H. J.-E. C.-A. G.-D. R-G- W.
-C T b.-A b.-W. W.-S A.-D. R. \V.-E. M.-
G. A.— H. F.-Constant Reader.-A. L S — G. r.—
A W S.-C. B.-G. D.-R. C. B.-J. U.-H. J.-R. M.-
B. S.
Photogkaphs Received with Thanks.— G. D.— W.E.O-
— W. R. C, Dundee.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of tne
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."
IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. - The Publhher /jnv
(he ^aH'faclion of announcing that the circulation of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle" has, since the reduction m the
price of the -paper .

as- TREBLED. •=«*

Advertisers are reminded that the '' f'*™'"'^'*" fl™''"''''
omnnfl Country Gentlemen, and all Classes oi
GARDENERS .4ND Gaeden-lovers «( Aomc, (A«i «( An*

a SIKCinllv hn;„- FOREIGN AND COLONIAL ClECDLA-

TION nii<) thai it is preserved for r^erence m all the

t^rinripal l.,l„;,ri.:. ^^^^^^_^__^^

(For Markets and M'eaiher, see p. x).

Supplement to the ' Gardeners' Chronicle.- August 31, 1901.

Drac.^na fragrans var. Lindeni in flower in the Garden oi- .Sir Henry BuNiuri<.v.

September 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

,177

THE

No. 1Q1.— SATURDAY, SEPT. 7, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Books, notices of —

Botanical Magazine

Memories ol the
Montlis

Kew Bulletin

Journal de la Sociel 6

Kationalc d'Horti-

cultuie de France

Colorado beetle, the...

Erica Stuarti

Fcms at flower shows,

British

Ferns, gi'oup of
Fruit crops, remarks

on the condition of .
<Jrapes at Chiswick ...

<;rapcs, prize

<;unnersbury Park

Gardens

Hardy slirubs.autuinii

propagation of
Jleuierocallis auran-

tiaca major

Ice Apple, the

Jamaica Banana trade,

the

Lilies and their cul-

Melons, fruitless pur-
suit of 190

Metropolitan local
markets IW

Midland garden, a ... 177

New and note>\rortliy
plants—
ArctotisGumbletoni 178
Neonicholsonia Wat-
son i

Orange, tlic Sylhet

Orchids, air-roots of... 181
1*7 Orchid notes and

gleanings —
183 L:elio-Cattleya x

186 1 elegans 178

Lselia monophylla... 179
Odontoglossum as-
188 pidorhinum ... 179

186 1 Schombui-gkia Ly-

190 onsii 179

Plums at market ... 187

181 Publications received is^
186 Sagittaria japonica fl.

pi 190

182 Societies—

188 Bruges Hort. ... 192

189 Eastbourne Uort. ... 191
French Nat. Hort.... 192

190 1 Glasgow and W. of
I Scotland Hort. ... 19.1

183 I Royal Horticultural
I (Scientific Com-

190 mittce) 191

190 South Eastern Agri-
i cultural College ... 187

180 ; Synonyms, how manu-
factured 190

181 Veronicas, hybrid ... 182
Weather lore for Scp-

190 tember 19i>

Week's Work, the-
18* Flower Garden ... 18.1

177 Fruits under Glass.. 18.'t
Hardy Fruit Garden 181
Kitchen Garden ... 181
Orchid Houses, the. 181
Plants under Glass . 181

178 Winter Salads 180

190 Zauschneriacalit'ornlca 1h;i

ILLUSTRATIONS.

-•Mr-roots of Oichids 181

ArctotisGumbletoni 179

Asterogync Martii, details of male flowers 178

Calyptrug>'nc glauca, details of male flowers ... 178

Colorado iiectlc, the 187

Call on .\bics amabilis 191

Gi-apcs, collection of, shown al Shrewsbur>' 189

Group of Fcms, shown by Messrs. Hill S: Son at
the last Temple Show (Supplementary Illustration).

A MIDLAND GARDEN.

IT i.s ail admiraljle testimony to the pro-
gress of good social feeling that during
the last twenty years many wealthy men
M'lio deli(,'ht in their inagnifieent garden.*
tjiiow them open to the general puMic
(luring certain sca.sons of the year. Thou-
sands of [lersons of all classes take advan-
tage of this kindly privilege, and gain from
it health, enjoyment, and education. We
liiive several such gardens around Leicester.
One of them, helonging to W. H. Walker,
Esq., is celebrated for its display of Kho-
»lodendrons. These splendid shrulis are
sirranged in a curve<l bank about a hundred
yards long and 4 or ~i yarils deep, with the
iiack row about 10 feet high. Behind them
is a belt of fine trees, chiefly well-grown
<'onifers in great variety. At one jioint the
bank is Ijroken by a small excavation, which
i- filled with hardy Azaleas. When all this
mass is in flower, during about three weeks
of .liine, the combination of harmonious
colours and lovely forms is enchanting to
tlie cultured eye, and makes a useful ini-
j)ression even on the dullest.

These grand Rhododendrons have only
been intinduccd during the last half cen-
tury, from the Himalayas, t'liina, .lava, and
vai ious parts of North America. When I
was ' boy, we had nothing but I'onliinm
jiiid Catawl)iense. Now there ai-e ii hundred
si)ecies, besides hyljiids.

Mr. Walker's residence, called Hirstall
Holt, is a picturesque modern mansion,

built of that pleasant Elizabethan mixture
rod brick and white stone, and harmonised
with its surroundings by creeping Ivies,
.Jasmines, Roses, and Clematis, that drape
the walls and windows with many-coloured
Idooms. It stands upon a green slope with
beautiful distant prospects between the
grand old trees that stud the park. With
one of its present residents, now an old man
like myself, I used to go botanising sixty
years ago, and as we toiled homeward along
the dull high road he would recite with
excellent humour "The Jackdaw of Rheims,"'
which was to me a never-failing stimulant.
In a sheltered angle of this house there is a
fine specimen of that handsome Chilian
shrub Buddleia globosa nearly 20 feet high,
bearing in profusion its orange-coloured
balls of flowers.

It is an interesting study to watch iho
unfolding of the flowers of the yellow Even-
ing Primrose, CEnothera biennis. They
open hero between 6 and 8.30 p.m. Tlie four
large yellow petals are coiled up spirally
within the four long narrow lobes of the calyx,
and when I'oady to open they endeavour to
unroll themselves, thus exerting pressure
upon the calyx, the lobes of which ad-
here slightly, and will not easily separate.
Small slits open lietween them which
gradually lengthen, and at last they give
way with a slight jerk, dividing into two
sections of two lobes each which rapidly
with a visible motion bend backwards. The
struggling i)etals are then free to expand,
and in a few minutes the flower is wide open.
£ach flower lasts only about twenty-four
hours, fresh- ones opening each evening as
the spike lengthens. The anthers discharge
their pollen before the flower opens, but
they do not fertilise their own pistil, as they
are generally too short to reach the stigma,
which moreover does not ripen or expand
its four arms till several hours after the
o|)ening of the flower.

In a lirevious article I said that I know of
no recent book on sweet-scented flowers.
The Editor named two such, and I have met
with another, Swi'i^l-ieented Flowers and
Froijrdal Lfiarci, by D. McDonald, 189.5, a
catalogue of more than a thousand species,
with interesting remarks upon most of them.
In the Journal o/ the Royal HorlicullurnI
Sorielji for Octolx-r, l^^SS, there are several
important papers by V. W. Burbidge on the
same subject. It seems that fragrant odours
are now considered to 1)e generally healthful,
cooling, and antiseptic, producing ozone and
absorbing heat. It is desirable, tlunefore,
that scented flowers and leaves should lie
freely used in our homes, and in all pulilic
meeting places. Scented leaves seem to be
more useful than flowers for permanont
odour. Their essential oils are less volatile,
and their fragrance lasts longer.

I think thishas not been a good season for
spring-sown Lettuce ; it has been too dry and
hot. I SOW 'd a mixture of Brown and White
Cos the last week in April; liy .July 10 the
White was in fair condition for use, Ijut
every plant of the Brown Cos had I run to
seed. The bed had Ix^cn thinned, and the
best of the thinnings planted out, Imt with
the same result. I conclude that the white
varict^' is the safer to grow, at least in a dry
season. On thc^whole, however, the Cabbage-
Lettuces have stood the dry weather better
than the Cos. They have been crisper, and
have shown less tendency to run.

For tying up flowering plants that require
stakes I have been using short pieces of thih
wire instead of string or raffia, and have
found them very effective. My right hand
being partially paralysed, it" is difficult
for me to tie a knot, but by making a hoo.k
at each end of the wire I can easily pass, if
round, join the two hooks, and pinch them
close, and I think it takes less time than
tying. If the wire is passed twice round, it
will hold without hooking. The wire I use
is rather thicker than that which florists use
for wiring short-stalked flowers.

Among half-hardy annuals, the Ziniiiai
take an important position. They are handi-
some, varied, and very lasting, and they
seem to do best in the most sunny places;
Partial shade retards them considerably.
They come from the sunny land of Mexico,
and nothing but the Ijrightest sunshine that
England can afford them will satisfy their
longing for the light. At the same time
they must have plenty of water and good
food, or thoy will be unable to weave thoir
showiest drosses. Those who grow Zinnias
for the first time are often disappointed with
the first blooms, which come out small and
poor; but they ha\e the habit, common to
niany Composites, of growing after the
flowers appear to be fully expanded, so that
the flowers which look poor at first become
in a few days of normal size and colour. On
examining a number of flowers with refer-
ence to this point, I find that there is limph
variation. In some plants which are not
Composites, the corolla grows after the f|ower
opens, in others it does not. I am not prc-
jwred at present to say which is the rule of
the majority. F. T. Molt, F.R.O.S., Birsiall
Hill, Leicester.

(To be ciintinwd.)

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

AHCTOTIS tlUMBLETONI (.7. D. Hookey in
Bol. Man., tieptcmher, 1901, tab. 7790).
This is one of tlie finest iu flower of all the
species of Arctotis. The diameter of the
flower-heart is quite 4 inches, and the ray
florets are of the most brilliant orange colour.
Tlioro is besides a handsome ring around (ho
disc, of dark brown-red colour, formed by a
blotch nearly at the base of each ray-llorot.
The upper portion of the plant is well isliowii by
tlio acconipaiiyiii}? illustration (llg. 5,5, p. 178),
Imt in the case of the Camhrirtgo plant, kindly
contributed by the introducer, the i-ing ha.s
been narrower, and with less uneven margin.
It is practically acaidescent, flowering first
without any evident stem, though afterwards
producing very lino flowers from branches
whi<-li bear a few leaves at the base. Thes(>
brandies, however, are not very persistent ;
tlioy appear to ho the last olTorfc of a plant
which seems scarcely perennial, and, at la.st,
after flowering, having but slight attdchniont
with a partially decayed stem, they readily
break oil, and unfoi'tuiiately are not easy to
strike. The plant 1 have has nearly ex-
hausted itself by flowerint;, and my only
hop(^ of saving it rests in one snuili shoot
wliich remains upon it. ^

This fine .species has been dedicated by Sir
Joseph Hooker to Mr. W. E. Gumblcton, of
ISclgrovo, near Qtieonstown, Ireland, wIioho
interest in good Composites of this and similar
genera is well known. A figure is to appear
in tin' ItiAiinirul Ma<iaHiie this year, and 1 am
grcally iiidohted to Sir Joseph Hooker for liis
kind iMforniation of the name which he pro-

178

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[SBPTIiMBER 7, 1901.

poses to adopt ; he remarks, " in tardy recog-
nition of Mr. Gurabletoii's services as a raiser
and flowerer of many line new plants."

Sir Josepli Hooker lias satisfied himself on
the point of novelty, and he has very kindly
placed his oviw MS. description at my disposal.
I am able, therefore, to benefit by his diagnosis,
and in order to distinguish this new species
from all others in cultivation, and from no
doubt the great majority of species, but
omitting the finer details, which would not be
of general interest, it may thus be described : —
Steraless ; the entire plant, with the exception of tlie
flower-lieads, clothod with thin white felt of liiiir,
notable as strongly jiroscnt and permanent on the
upper surface of the leaf; loaves H to 10 inches lonp,
narrowed into along petiole, pinnatitid or pinnatisect,
with a large terminal lo)>c whirli is crciiiite or lolnilate.
lower lobes either wantiiii; 111 iiiipci- Icmv.s. i.r varyiii!;
to an inch long with roinided apex, oiifive: peduncle
stout and hollow, mucli longer tlian the leaves : Hower-
heads distinctly variable in size, but about 4 inclies in
diameter, with ray-florets Ij inch long, and about a
J inch across the middle, of deep orange colour, with
brown-red blotch near tlie base composed apparently
of conlluent lines. A native of Namaqualand.

Some time ago I made a note that this plant
must benear A.ljevis (A. grandiflora, Jacquin),
but from that species, as described in Do
Candolle's frodromus, it differs in not being
fruticose, and in having a decided clothing of
felted hair, as well as in having, I think, no
semi-amplexicaul leaf bases. Prom many
species it differs in being quite without trace
of the stiff hairs which are not uncommon in
the genus ; from a number it differs in not
being distinctly caulescent ; and among those
with flowers of a yellow kind of colour, it
belongs to the much more limited number
which have flowers of deep orange, with a
ring. In the examination of this plant I have
made an interesting observation. The disc-
florets, of course, are male in function, and
the stigmas exist only as piston-like heads for
the purpose of driving out the pollen from the
anther cylinder, in order to bear it aloft, for
insects to carry away.

This is quite usual, but I find, in the
case of Arctotis, that the styles project to
their fullest extent only in full sunshine, and
retract when light is dull. This alone is
curious, but I find, further, that when the
styles are fully projected, they are acutely
sensitive. The slightest touch serves to cause
a sharp bending over to the side of the impact,
the style immediately reversing its inclination
when touched on the other side. The pro-
jection of the style appears to be due,
mechanically, to its thinning out, and its
retraction to the reverse process of thickening.
This I thought was new, and the phenomena
are, I believe, unknown to the present day
physiologist; but, on looking up the descrip-
tions of the species of Arctotis, I found the
whole matter referred to in the Latin descrip-
tion of A. aureola, in the first volume of the
Botanical Register. R. Irwin Lrjnch, Botanic
Garden, Cambridge.

NBONICHOLSONIA, DAMMER.*
A New Genus of Palms from Central

America.

Amongst a collection of Palms which I

received from Central America, I found two

species hitherto unknown t« me, but worthy

* JVcoiMcftobcmta, Dammer.— Floras monoici ; i ealyce
parvo trifido : corolla 3-pelala ealyce plus duplo majore ;
starainibus6-liniM l,,i^i inni mii connatis, filamentis sub-
ulatis ; antheris -.luiii.iiis slaniinibus duplo longiori-
bus; pistilli rudmnnlo < onico, stylis tribvis ima basi
connatis; ? imniaturi ad descriptionem non suppe-
tunt. Bacca.

Palmee aeaules foliis pinnatis ; infloresceutia spicata,
spathis ? floribus leviter immersis, ternis ?

N. Oeorgei, Dammer, n. sp.— Infloresceutia peduncu-
lata, sine pedunculo ad 65 cm. louga; foliis pinnatis
vagina ad 20 em. longa, petiolo glabro quadrangular!,
ad 48 cm, longo, rachidi glabra basi quadrangulata

^a^-

&

'•11 /

Fl' . 5.5.— ARCTOTIS GUMBLETOXr, Hook. f. : FLOWERS ORANGE WITH A BLACK CENTRE.
(SEE r. 177.)

Septembek 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

179

©I eiiUivation. as they form stemless Palms
with pinnated fronds of 4 to 6 feet in length.
Fortunately I received also some good fresh
seeds of one of them, from which I raised
some good strong seedlings. The seedlings of
Palms show generic characters often at an early
stage, if not always, which afterwards disap-
pear for a long time. A close study of
Palm seedlings is therefore of the highest
systematic value. The seedlings of one of
tliese species have a character which is very
striking. The first leaf is not bifld as in
other species of that affinity, but bears four
pinnules, two on each side of the rachis.

A closer inspection of the flower showed that
the plants belong to that little group of
Central American Palms which is formed by
Asterogyne, Calyptrogyne, and Pholidostachys.
Of the latter I saw no flowers, so 1 was
obliged to look for Asterogyne and Calyptro-
gj-ne. Asterogyne, Wol. (see fig. 50, A), has
stamens which arc united at the base into a
stipitate column ; the filaments are short, and
bear two free half-anthers, which are united
by a broad connective, which covers over the
anther as a flat incurved rostelhim. The
ttrst leaf of the seedling has an elongated
blade, which is incised at the apex only
to about one-third of its length. Calyptro-
gyne, Wol. (see fig. -JO, is), has stamens, which
also are united at the base into a stipi-
tate column ; but the short filaments bear a
IjiloccUatc anther of more or less sagittate
form. The connective is short, more or less
swollen, and does not reach the apex of the
anther. The first leaf of the sceilling has a
blade which is cleft down near to the base.

The plants which I received from Central
America have male flowers, the long stamens of
which are united at the base only in a short not
stipitate ring, the anthers are long, sagittat-e,
and have a thin subulate connective, which
runs out beyond tlie apex of the anther into a
fine nuicro. In the centre of the male flower
is a short conical rudimentary ovary, with
three styles, united somewhat at the base.
The first leaf of the seedling is pinnated, with
two pinnules at each side of the rachis.

I have named this lunv genus of Palms Xeo-
nicholsonia, in compliment to Mr. (Jeorgc
JVicholson, when retiring from the curatorship
of Kew. A Nicholsonia has been alreadj'
founded by De Candolle, but which now is
considered a section of Desmotlium.

Tho species, which is in cultivation, may bo
named Neonicliohonia (leovqei, Dammer. The
stemless plant has leaves with the blade about
4^ feet long, the blade being 8 inches long,

apleein versus triangulata, ad «7 cm. longa, piunis
utriusccus 10— U, lanceoIati9,3ongc;ac«i.iinalis, ncr\'is
primariis tribus, uno incdiano, duobus iiiargliianlibus,
iiervls secundariis paruin piomincnlibus utiiiisccus
-■i— I, .30— .'W cm, loiigia, 08-5 cm. latls, iiiliiiiU oppositi-
(an semper?) ceteris alteinaiitibus, .'i— ».'> cm. distaiiti-
bus, phinis terminalibus imabasi tantumconfliicntibus
:wcm. longis, .Tern, latis. Folium primum plaiitie jus
venilis utriusccus phini.s binis lincart lanccolati^.
Habitat : America Centralis. Costa Rica.

A. WatmiH. Dammer. n. sp.— InflorCBccntia pcduncu-
Lata sine pedunculosa, lu cm. longa, valde tcnuiore
<iuam specie! pirocedcntis ; foliis piniiatis, vagina.
Hi— i; cm. longa, petiolo glabro ad 8.3 cm. longo qu.id-
langulari, racliidi glabra basi quadrangiilala apiccm
versus triangulata ad IKi cm. longa, pinnis utriusccus
o— :o, clongato-lanceolatls caudatis, nervis primariis
<ribus, uno mcdiano, duobus marginantibus, nci-vis
secundariis parum prominentibus 4—7, ,■)!- 40 cm.
longls, 2 n— .i cm. latis, plus minus omnibus oppositis,
carius alinuot alternantibus .1—12 cm. distantibus;
piunis tcrminalibu.s ima basi tantum conlluentibus
25cm. longis, .5 cm. latis. Floribus <t 6 5 mm. longis,
<ralyee tritido, mcmbranaceo, lobis late ovatis, acumi-
uatis, corolla .3pctala calycc plus duplo longiorc,
pctalis lanccolatls acutis, striatis ; staminibus 0-flla-
mentis ima basi tantum in annuluni brevem connatis,
snbulatis, 2-.5 mm. longis, antliei-is sagittatis ad .5 mm.
longis dorso medio atlixis, conncctivo tenui antheras
iiunutissimesuperante; pi.itillii-udimentoconico stylis
litbus ima basi coniiatii. Habitat: America Centralis,
Costa Rica.

the glabrous quadrangular petiole 20 inches,
and the rachis, which becomes triangular at
the upper part, about 27 inches long. The
rachis bears on each side ten or eleven pin-
nules, which are lanceolate, long, acuminate,
with three primary nerves, one central and
two marginal, and six to eight secondary
nerves. They are 12 to 16 inches long, h to
2 inches broad, the first pair opposite, the
others alternate, 2 to 4 inches distant e.ach
from another, the terminal pair confluent only
at the base, 8 inches long. 1 inch broad.

The other species, which I hope to bring into
cultivation in a short time, may be named in
honour of Mr. Nicholson, and his successor
Mr. Watson, for several years associated with
him at Kew — yeonicbolsonia M'atsoni, Dammer.
This differs in its longer leaves, viz., about 6 ft.
long, of which come upon the blade about 6 to
7 inches, the quadrangular petiole 33 inches.

•^.c^MRpri —

Fid. .51!.-
A. Asterogyne Martli (Wcndland); o, Male (lower;

fc. Stamen from tho side ; c, Stamou showing the

inner face.
n, Calyptrogyne glauca ; (i, Male flower; e, Back of

the stamen ; /, Stamen from the side.
c — ^, Male Dower; h. Androecium; (, Sl.amen ;

j. Rudiment of pistil.

and tho rachis 36 inches. Tlie pinnules, nine
to ten on each side of the rachis, are elongate
lanceolate, caudate, 13 to 18 inches long, 1 to
2 inches broad, more or less opposite, 2 to
5 inches distant one from another; the terminal
pair being confluent onlyat the base, 10 inches
long, 2 inches broad.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

I..HU()-CATTIJiVA KLICdAX.S VAU.
A VKltV remarkable variety of this showy
natural hyl)rid between Laslia purpurata and
Cattleya Leopoldi is flowering with Walter
Cobb, Esq., Dulcotc, Tunbridge Wells (gr.,
Mr. .1. Howes). The variety, in the size and
texture of its flowers, is the nearest to L. pur-
purata which has yet appeared. Its sepals
and petals, which are white, tinged and veined
with lilac, closely imitating the same parts in
h. purpurata; while the labellum, which is
whitish on the tube outside, and yellow inside,
has fine dark lines oxtendiug from tho base to
tho front, exactly simil.ir to those invariably
seen in all forms of L. purpurata, tho front
lobo being purple, wilh a lighter area at tho
apex, as in L. purpurata. The form of tho lip,
with its narrow isthmus between the front

and side lobes, is of typical L.-C. x elegans,
though broader than usual. Tho fine plant
bears a ten-flowered inflorescence.

L.FXIA MONOPHYIXA.
Several pretty specimens of this neat,
dwarf-growing L»lia, bearing showy orange-
scarlet flowers, are now in bloom in Mr. H. A.
Tracy's nursery, Amyand Park Road, Twicken-
ham, where it thrives admirably in small
Orchid-pans suspended in a cool house. The
species is interesting on account of its wide
difference in habit from the rest of the genus,
and from the fact that it is the only Lselia
that is not a native of the American continent.
It is a native of Jamaica, where it grows on
St. Andrew's Mountains at 3,500 to 5,000 feet
elevation, in the i-egion of Mosses and filmy
Ferns. The earlier importations all perished
through being placed in too high a tempera-
ture, Jamaica having the reputation of being a
hot, moist country. Of late years the difference
in temperature between low lands and moun-
tiiin ranges, even in the same countries, is
better understood, and consequently many
species from high altitudes which used to be
imported only to perish, are now grown
satisfactorily in cool houses. Livlia niono-
phylla makes a good companion plant to
Sophronitis grandiflora, and it succeeds well
under similar treatment. It is an evergreen
species, requiring water at all .seasons, but a
more abundant supply when growing than
when at rest.

ODONTOCLOSSUM ASPIDORHINUM, I.f)i?ll.
In describing this elegant species in the
Gtivdeiiers' Chi-onicle, Septomber 28, 1895, its
discoverer, Consul F. C. Lchmann, says :—
"This is beyond any question the most
floriferous Odontoglot yet discovered. Not
only does every pseudo-bulb produce two
flower-spikes at one time, but tliey do so for
two, and even three, years in succession, a
character which, though common among Mas-
devallias, has not boon observed among Odoa-
toglossums." Under cultivation the peculiarity
has been well maintained, and in the few col-
lections where tho plant is found, tho pro-
fusion of its elegant sprays arching all round
tho plant renders it highly ornamental. Several
such in the gardens of T. F. ISlackwell, Esq.,
The Cedars, Harrow Weald (gr., Mr. J. Dins-
more), are in great beauty, and form striking
features in the floral arrangement in the
Orchid-hou.so. Tho individual flowers may bo
likened to tlio.se of O. blandum, but the largo
white crimped labellums, more or less spotted
with jiurple, are larger than in that species.
The sepals and petals are yellow, marked with
purple-brown.

SCIIOMUURCKIA LVONSII.

This handsome and rare Schombiirgkia is
again in flower in Lord Hothscliild'K gardens
at Tring Park, where Mr. E. Hill, hisgar<lcner,
succeeds in flowering it and other reputedly
shy-flowering Schomburgkias, and the allied
Liclia supcrbions, regidarly every year.
Schomburgkia Lyonsii is a plant of noble
habit, bearing tall flower-spikes, having on
the upper portions handsome flowers, borno pn
stalks 2 or 3 inches in length, and having at
the base of each a conspicuous bract, which
falls away when tho flowers mature. Tho
flowers are white, beautifully marked with
purple. The plants were imported from tho
hills of Jamaica, and are grown in a light
intermediatc-hou.so.

Another fine Schomburgkia, which has been
in great beauty, is S. undulata, " Tring Park
variety," bearing dense heads of glossy dark
purplish-rod flowers, with undulated aogmonts.

180

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Skptkmber 7, 1901.

COLONIAL NOTES.

THE JAMAICA BANANA TRADE.
There are, as is -well known, a great many
varieties of Bananas. In tlie Kem Bulletin,
1894, pp. 229-314, an account is given of about
100 named varieties existing in various parts
of the tropics. Tliey are supposed to have
had a primitive existence in tropical Asia, and
to liave been diffused at a period " contempo-
rary -with or even anterior to that of the human
race." According to Oviedo, the edible
I^ananas were introduced to San Domingo,
soon after the discovery of the Now World,
from the Canaries. It is believed they did not
previously exist in any of the eastern parts of
the American continent. ,

The Banana hitherto exported from Jamaica,
and so largely consumed in the United States
and Canada, is the best of the large Bananas,,
and is highly esteemed by Europeans tbrough-
oitt' the West Indies. It was at first cultivated
at Jamaica under the name of Martinique
Baiiil'ila ; in Trinidad it is called Gros Michel,
aiitl "m Dominica La Roso. It is now the
established Banana of commerce, and over
2O,(W)0,O06 bunches are annually imported into'
thb IJi'iited States, and consumed as a dessert
fi'rlit.

'There can be ho question as to the Jamaica
Banaiia being a first-class fruit. It is large,
attractive in colour, and bears transport better
than any other sort. When at its best — that
is, gathered when fully developed and ripened
slowly — it rivals" in lusciousuess and delicacy
theiiiost delicious Pear. " It is almost identical
mth ithe celebrated Champa and Ram Kela
fruits of Bengal. It is probable that, so far,
it ihas not reached England in the best con-
dition. That, however, is only a question of
time. . . ,

Jfl the West Indies the Banana (Musa sapi-'
entum) and the Plantain (M. sapientum, var.
paradisiaca) are closely allied, but distinct
friiiits. Thei former (or Sweet Plantain) is a
dessert fruit, while the true Plantain is eaten
cooked as a vegetalile. In India and Ceylon '
both' sorts are commonly known as Plantains,
but they are used differently, as in the West
Indies.

The Canary Banana is yielded by another
species. Originally from Southern China; hence
called Musa chinensis. The plant is smaller '
than that yielding the Jamaica Banana, and it
is often cultivated in this country under
glass. The late B. W. Cooke, R.A., grew it
with great success even in London. It is'
commonly to be seen in fruit at Kew, Syon '
House, and other gai-dens. In 1894; two
plants were growing at Parkfield, near Wor-'
cester, " carrying clusters of fruit weigh-
ing between 80 and 100 lb. each." It is
generally known in England as the Chinese or
dwfirf Banana. It is well adapted for culti-
vation in the Canary Islands, for it is suited
to sub-ti'opical conditions, is easily protected
from strong winds, and thrives under irriga-
tion. It is well known in tropical countries,
but is not largely cultivated in the West
Inclies, probably because it is not so pro-
ductive on a large scale as the Jamaica
Banana. It may be interesting to place on
record that the introduction of the Chinese
Banana from the Chatsworth gardens into the
Polynesian Islands by John Williams, the
Martyr of Eromanga, put a stop to the famines
that previously had devastated some of those
islands. The Chinese Banana was found to be
much less affected by violent storms which
caused considerable damage to the taller sorts.
It bas been often suggested that the delicate
nd luscious Bananas known as "Fig Bananas ' '

and "ladies' fingers" should be introduced to
this country. They are undoubtedly superior
to the Jamaica and Canary Bananas, but the
skin is too tender to admit of their being
handled for export purposes ; besides, the
bunches are so small that they woiild be
acceptable only to a very small section of the
community. These very choice and desirable
fruits, which cannot be largely grown outside
the tropics, will probably be unattainable else-
where for some time. There would be no
difficulty in growing Plantains in any quantity
in Jamaica, but it is doubtful whether they
would Suit European taste, and there is the
possible diCBculty with the cook. A fruit to be
eaten raw is easily dealt with, but an unknown
vegetable presents difficulties that would take
years to overcome. D. Morris, Imperial Com-
migaioTier of Agriculture for the West Indies, in
tlie'^' Times.'' . •

,. WIN,TEE SALADS.

Lettvcfs.— Til eirder to furnish winter Let-
tuces, prci\ isiiin should be made some months
in advailce, Bitd there must be heated pits,
house, iSrr. l,(-tiuces of certain varieties are
the chief iii^^niliciitsof winter salads, and there
is no better liuic than the present to sow for
an early winter supply. Of course, it is now too
late for obtaining large blanched heads. A
note on winter salads would be incomplete
if reference was not made to the useful
practice of sowing Lettuce-seed in warmth at
this date, and later- in boxes or frames ; but
this can scarcely be termed a winter supply,
still it may be had in time to eke out the late
summer-sown or midwinter salads.

Let us take Lettuce for furnishing salad
from the month of November to :March, the
month the most critical time of all, for if
the I>ettucc raised from seed sown at the
present time or slightly earlier is much
advanced, it will ;iiot keep if blanched,
and if sown too late, unless the plants are
of great strength, they will not pass througli the
winter safely. Give frame-protection from
November. The AuguiSt sowings will afford
the best Lettuces if soil and situation are
favourable. Late August sowings are not
advisable in north-country gardens, and the
sowings in that part of this island must be
quite a fortnight, and in certain parts three
weeks, earlier than what is deemed proper in
the south. I have found it advisable to have
a second supply up6n which to fall back, and
if a sowing be made in cold frames in August,
and the thinnings pricked out wl\cn large
enough, that will be sufficiently early to get a
fair- growth or root»hold ; these plants will
then turn in usefully should those in the open
ground fail. The seedlings that are left in
the seed-bed will afford a February or March
supply. So far, we have found it useless at
Syen to transplant seedlings in the open, no
matter how protected, the damp being fatal
to them ; on the other hand, there is no great
ditHculty in maintaining a supply from August
sowings up to Christmas ; as if, say late in
October, the plants are lifted with a ball
of earth and the roots are intact, and
planted in frames or fruit-cases free of damp,
they will last till the time named. By cover-
ing with mats in the open, the larger
grown plants afford Lettuces well into the
month of November ; and if quantities are
needed, sowings should be made thinly in
drills; but we have met with a fair amount of
success by planting the thinnings on Celery
ridges for a late autumn supply, and the
plants are readily covered whenlfrost threatens.
By lifting and housing half - grown plants,
affording plenty of air in favourable weather,
and planting close to the glass, and keeping

a dry air, removing decaying leaves, anxl
affording very little water, good Lettuces are-
obtained in winter. It is a good practice to-
strew dry wood-ashes on the surface as a.
I'emedy for mildew.

As regards varieties, there are differences in.
hardiness, and one of the best is Brown Batlt
Cos, with black seeds; and good Cabbage
varieties are Stanstead Park, Hardy Hammer-
smith, and Sutton's Intermediate, the latter a
dwarf cross between the Brown Cos and a.
hardy Cabbage. It is never advisable to rely
upon one variety, but to sow several, so that
if one or more fail, there are others upon
which to fall back. Sowing thinly is a most
important matter, weak plants being useless.
for standing the winter. For sowing under
glass in August and September, I prefer the -
Intermediate and theCabbagc types, and of these
we sow large breadths in frames, thinning when
ready, say, early in October. These are placed;
in boxes, and furnish Lettuces fit for salads.-
as soon as the supply of lifted plants is ovet
early in the new year, as the plants grown in-
boxes are afforded cultivation under glass from
the start. The Varieties grown in heat, seed*
of which are sown in December, are Commodore-
Nutt and Golden Queen, and quite three-
months are needed for their growth, and they
do well if a frame with a slight bottom-heat
be afforded them. This method should not be-'
cverlooked, as the demand for Lettuce in the*
eai-ly spring is greater than at midwinter.

Endivbs.
Endives are of a hardier nature than Letw
tuees, and more easily grown. At Syon, two-
varieties are grown, namely, the Green Curie*
and the large round -leaved Batavian. The
Batavian should be grown in quantity foi-
winter supply, it being more hardy than the
other. August is a suitable time for makingn
sowings for the latest supplies, as plants grown,
in rich soil, not blanched, and given ampler
space, are more hardy than those sowra
earlier, and which are blanched. For a.
supply from October to March, and later,'
sow early in July for providing Endive till
Christmas, as with'no lack of Lettuces, Endive
should be saved till as late as possible. The
Batavian winters fairly well in a sheltered,
warm spot in the open ground if the land be
thoroughly drained. At Syon the Endive
suffers greatly from the dampness of the dis- ■
trict, so that frames are largely used to pre-
serve it, the plants being lifted in October or-:
November, and placed therein. I have win-
tered the latest-sown Batavian at the foot of a> -
wall by covering the plants with dry tree-
leaves in frosty weather, and exposing them,
freely in fine weather. I have made fine sloping
banks against a wall, and planted Endive
thereon, and by using frame-lights and mats
in hard weather, tlie plants have passed
through some very severe weather. The
earlier-sown Endives will not need lifting, bufe '
merely covering so as to blanch the hearts,
flower-pots of 7 inches in diameter answering
the purpose, the leaves being first tied up, and
if dry leaves or long dry litter be placed be-
tween and over the pots, the Endive can be
kept in a good condition for several weeks;
Imt they must not be covered up if frozen,
or when in a wet state.

Corn Salads, &c.
Other plants useful as salads in this country
are Corn Salad, not grown so much now as it
deserves to be. It is very hardy, and if seed
be =own in June and August thinly on well-
manured land, it will give a lot of leaves for
cutting (the Italian has the largest leaves).
In the south, sowings made in September afford
leaves in the following March.

September 7, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

m

Watercress isavaluible salad-plant, which
may bo grown In pots, boxes, or cold frames
for winter use. I prefer to sow seeds for mid-
winter supplies, pricking the young plants
into boxes or cold frames. Chicory is a plant
of such simple requirements that it need only
be mentioned. If seed be sown in Jime, there
will be strong roots for forcing in the winter ;
the Witloot is much the best variety. There
are other aids for furnishing the salad-bowl.
Dandelion forced is most useful, and the large-
leaved French is the best ; this needs much
the same culture as Chicory. Sorrel and
Celeriac should not be overlooked, both being
useful, the former being lifted in October,
planted in a cold frame, and the young growths
cut as required ; and the latter stgred in the
root-house in a bed of soil with heart leaves
retained and exposed to the light, for unless
it grows the roots wither or rot. Then there
are Tarragon, Chives, and Mustard and Cress.
G. Wythe^.

[When are our growers going to copy their
American brethren, and grow Lettuces in very
large quantities under glass with the electric
light ? If it pays in the States it should do so
lieve. Ed.I

Ferns require, as we see at Kew, an acre or so
for the accommodation of their representative
forms. With very many of these no exotic
Fern can compare for delicacy of make and
novelty of form ; in fact, quite a number of our
native types and some of the best, are alto-
gether missing among exotic varieties, and our
best plumose Lady Ferns, Shield Ferns, and
frilled Hartstongues, stand unrivalled among
the Ferns of the world. What then are the
secretaries and organisers of our home shows
about, that year after year this unique branch
of horticulture is practically ignored, and
little or no provision made in their schedules
for the encouragement of this peculiarly
British cult? In all probability the response
would be disappointing at first, but a schedule
defining exhibits on proper lines, i.e., instead
of six or twelve British Ferns, " six or twelve
plumose or crested ones, preference being
given to the greater number of species," would

THE AIR-ROOTS OF ORCHIDS.

Thk sj)oiigy covering of the roots of epiphytal
Orchids is generally considered as affording a
means of absorbing watery vapour. Moreover,
they have iK-en considered to have tlie power
of condensing watery vapour, and thus sup-
plying the plant with liquid water. M. Nabo-
kikh, a Hussian naturalist, according to the
Revue llnrlinilc docs not adopt this view, but
considers that the spongy coat has the function
of protecting the roots against the ill effects
of too low a night temperature. Again, tlie
reservoirs for air, "pneumatodes," which
occur in the spongy tissue, siijjply the living
ti.ssues with air during the danii)est portion of
the year. Without the presence of these
" pneuinatodes," the roots would besulTocated
Ijy excess of water and deficiencv of air.

of a fine frilled or tasselled Hartstongue, or fea-
thery shield or Lady Fern, it only the horti-
cultural powers that be would educate him or
her up to the level of its acquisition. Now,
however, when the prize batch of British Ferns
at the local show is an eyesore, badly grown
and badly chosen, a scarecrow rather than an
attraction, the visitors are educated the wrong
way about, and accepting these as full repre-
sentatives, naturally abjure them. Chas. T.
Dnierij, F.L.H., V.MJf.

BRITISH FERNS AT FLOWER

SHOWS.
Ii' an audit were made of the various classes
of plants scheduled for exhibition prizes at
the innumerable flower shows held in Great
Britain during the year, it is a lamentalile fact
that no class would 1)0 foiuid to be so badly
represented as British Fern varieties. As a
rule, they do not figure a( all, even in counties
which have contriliuted most prizes to the
Pern hunter ; and when they do figure, it is in
an insignincant fashion, and as we have noted
on more than one occasion, is responded to in
a style to fit, the exhibits often being merely
huge bunch-grown specimens of little varietal
merit and no novelty, and which have periodi-
cally carried off the prize year after year by
virtue really of their size. Ao country in
the w(jrld is capaljle of even remotely chal-
lenging Britain in this particular direction of
beautiful and diverse and purely native pro-
ductions. Several of our native species have
varied so much and so widely that a large and
beautiful collection can be formed of varieties
of one species only ; the writer, for instance,
has forty distinct forms of our common Poly-
pody, many of which are capalile of easy cul-
ture in pans, and become magniflc<>nt feathery
or tasselled specimens of great decora-
tive value. A well-managed frame full of
these is a sight for sore eyes. The same
and iiuicli more, as regards diversity, may be
said of the Hartstongue, a complete collection
of which would fill a very large house ; while
the Lady Ferns, Buckler Ferns, and Shield

( /)

Fi<i. 57.— THK All! HOOTS 01" onriiiDS.

be a step in the right direction, always pro-
vided they were subsequently properly judged,
and the award given not on the mere basis of
bulk, but of projier and clean culture, and
intrinsic merits of form.

The plants should also be named. At the
present time British Ferns appear to be
popidarly appreciated only in the Midlands
and the Lake District, where in many of the
gardens wo may see numerous varieties, and
well-grown plants frequently deck the cottiige
windows, in which situation nothing so well
repays a little care and attention as a thorough-
bred form of a British Fern. Once established
it will last the owner's lifetime, annually don-
ning a new set of fronds, and oidy now and
again requiring repotting and division, should
it tend to form a crowd instead of an indivi-
dual. Requiring as they do no heat in the
winter, British Ferns, though worthy of posts of
honour anywhere, are pre-eminently plants for
folk of limited moans, and in thousands of cases
where unsightly, leggy Pelargoniums and
similar window decorations (?) arc used, the
owner would get immensely more enjoyment out

LILIES AND THEIR CULTURE.

iCoucUided from p. 1<H.)

"Swamp" or "Bon" Liliiss. — A group
of peat and moisture - loving Lilies poovi-
liar to Western America, having markedly
rhizomatous bull)s, whorled leaves, and pen-
dent flowers, which are contracted and tubular
below ; the apical and greater portion of whose
petals are expanded widely or fuUj' reflexed.
The terms "bog" or "swamp" Lilies have
been applied to them, but such terms require
qualifying, as they are likely to mislead the
cultivator. The plants revel in a peaty soil
and an abundance of water, which must bo
allowed to pass away freely, or the peat will
become sour and sterile, and the bulbs will
speedily rot. A position somewhere near trees
that would shade them most of the day is
necessary for them. If no natural brook or
rill exists on the banks of which a plantation
of these Lilies could bo made, a bed must be
dug out 2i feet deep near a good water supply,
and filled with spongy peat and leaves, adding
a fair proportion of loose sand. If the peat is
very light, such as would not hold water in
suspension for more than a day or two, add
some flbrous turf and mix well together, using
the compost in a rough state for filling in.
The bed must be drained if the subsoil is a
retentive clay. The bed when finished should
lie below the level of the surrounding soil to
preserve it from the influence of drying winds,
and to keep it cool. Plant the bulbs as soon as
obtainable, for they lose much of their vitality
out of the soil, having no fat scales to maintain
them fresh and plump. They are best disposed
in colonies at some distance from neighbouring
species (some of the rhizomes travel an inch or
two every year), enveloping each bull), and
charging the surrounding soil freely with
sand, especially above the bulbs, for it is hero
that free drainage is needed, or the btdbs will
rot whilst at rest in winter. Roots are emitted
all over the bulb, and they travel in any direc-
tion where moisture is obtainable, and it is on
this account that water should bo withheld till
the stem is well above ground, in order that
the roots may be driven downwards in search
of moisture. There they are safe from summer
droughts and great heat, whilst in winter they
are not harmed by severe frosts. The bulhs
keep safe and sound in a fairly moist mediimi,
the roots in the wetter soil below them. This
is practically the key to their successful cul-
ture, and the conditions under which many
swamp plants thrive.

Lilies succeeding under those conditions are
canadense, a slender - growing plant with
nodding yellow flowers, freely si).it ted black.
A variety of this (rubrum) h^is I1.,\v<ts coloured
rod externally. L. canadense tloweis do not
expand to the fullest extent, and much of their
l)eautifully-spotted interior is not seen from
above.

L. superbum is a grand Lily, with larger,
more reflexed flowers, coloured yellow or
orange on the inside, the petals being heavily
tipped with red ; the inside of the flower is
heavily spotted black. It is a tall, strong-
growing Lily, of easy culture.

182

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Kki'Tkmurr 7, 1901.

L. parviira, a dwarf, slender-growing Lily in
the way of canadense, has reflexod petals
flushed with reddish - orange on an orange
ground colour. It is a very pretty little
plant, flowering in the latter half of June. It
is scarcely 18 inches in height, and bears but
two flowers.

Others, such as L. Roezlii, which has
brownish, reflexed flowers, spotted and flushed
with crimson ; and L. Parry i, which has buff-
yellow flowers, more or less trumpet-shaped,
and sparsely spotted with chocolate, represent
the choicest of the slender-growing Lilies of
this type. These two latter plants require
very careful cultivation, as they are not easy
to suit. Their flowers are among the most
pleasing, though of small size compared with
many.

L. Grayi (see fig. 24, p. GO, July 27, 1901), a
plant resembling superbum in its manner of
growth, but whoso flowers are much less showy ;
and L. pardalinum in variety, which does well
anywhere so long as it is moist enough, must
close my list of Lilies requiring wet places.
A new species, L. Masseyi, looks like a useful
plant of easy culture. Geo. B. MaJlett.

HYBRID VERONICAS.
I SEND herewith specimens in flower of new
hybrid shrubby Veronicas, along with their
parents, now in flower for the first time. They
were raised about two years ago, and a good
number arc still to flower, but they appear
to differ from each other in some respects.
R. Lindmu, Miiri-aijfield, Midlothian. [We have
added within brackets some notes on the
specimens sent by Mr. Lindsay. Ed.]

1. Veronica Pioneer x .—The result of a cross
between V. Lindsayi x , itself a hybrid, figured
in the Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 331, 1898, as
seed-parent, and V. pimeleoides, Hook, f., as
pollen-parent ; the flowers of this hybrid are
of a rich crimson colour, the general appear-
ance like V. pimeleoides.

[Glabrescent. Leaves 15 mill. ; lanceolate ;
broad at the base, acute at the apex, concave
above. Flower-spikes 25 mill, long, stalked in
the axils of the upper leaves, densely many-
flowered. Bracts oblong-lanceolate. Sepals
oblong-lancoolate, ciliateat the edges. Corolla
white.]

2. V. Forerunner x . — The same parentage as
the former, but has light blue flowers. The
habit of both plants is good, and they ought to
prove quite hardy everywhere.

[Branches puberulous. Leaves somewhat
compacted, sessile, spreading, 16 mill, by
12 mill., broadly oblong, rounded, sub-acute,
spoon-shaped. Flower-spikes 30 mill., stalked
from the axils of the upper leaves ; conical.
Sepals oblong, puberulous. Corolla white.]

3. V. /i/aciiirt.— The result of a cross between
V. Balfouriana, Hook, f., as seed-parent, and a
species from New Zealand, whoso name I do
not know, as pollen-parent. This is a very
pretty plant, but may be slightly tender.

[Branches spreading, puberulous, glabres-
cent. Leaves subsessile, 15 mill, by C-7 mill ;
oblong-acute, flat. Flower-spikes stalked,
loosely panicled, many-flowered ; 40 mill. long.
Sepals oblong-obtuse. Corolla white].

[V. inmcleoides (Hook, f.).— Shrubby young
shoots, puberulous, afterwards glabrescent.
Leaves decussate, sessile, spreading obovate,
spoon-shaped, acute, 15 mill, by 7. Flower-
spikes 13 mill, long, stalked, springing from
the axils of the uppermost leaves; pyramidal,
4-sided, 4-anglcd, 4-furrowed. Flowers white,
flushed with lilac ; half as long again as the
bract. Sepals oblong, lanceolate, ciliate at
the edges.]

[V. Lindsatji x. — Branches scarcely pube-
rulous. Loaves sessile, descending, oblong-
rounded, spoon-shaped, 22 mill, long by 1.5 mill,
lat. Flower-spikes 25 mill, long, stalked,
arising from the axils of the upper leaves ;
conical, densely many flowered, each flower
half as long again as the bract. Sepals
oblong, acute ; corolla white, flushed with
rose. Flower-buds oblong, pink-tipped.]

CULTURAL MEMORANDA.

— ♦ —

AUrUlIX PROPAGATION OP HARDY
SHRUBS, &c.

The time is at liand when tlie gardener may
begin to put in cuttings of such plants as
single and douljle-flowered Furzes, Bupleurum
ffuticosum, Santolina incana, Chamre-Cypa-
rissus and S. incana, the more delicate small-
leaved Ivies, the hardier New Zealand Ve-
ronicas, Chamfepeuee Casabonse and C.
diacantha, Hypericum of species, Cineraria
maritima, Althea frutex in many varieties,
Iberis semperflorens, I. gibraltar'ica, I. sem-
pervirens, and I. Tenoreana, among many ;
Paulownia imperialis, ripe yoiing wood;
Bignonia radicans, Lavandula (Lavender) will
all strike from cuttings inserted in clean
sand, overlying fine-sifted loam and peat,
under hand-lights and boll-glasses in partially
shady spots.

The wood should in all cases be mature, and
the cuttings removed with a heel, and be of a
length of from 4 to 8 inches, according to the
natural growth of the plants. They should be
inserted at from 2 to 4 inches apart, with a
little dibber, and abundantly watered in, and
the glass tops i)ut over them when the foliage
is dry. Attention must be paid to shading
during the hours when the sun strikes the
glasses, but no longer. Air may be afforded
once a week for 30 minutes, jiLst to dissipate
over-abundant moisture.

Usually, all the hardier subjects may remain
where they are struck till April, or till grovvtii
begins, when they should be planted in nursery
lines, or potted— pots being best for most of
them for one or two years.

REIVIARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CROPS.
(Sec Tables, ante, pp. 88—94.)
iCiiiicluded from p. Iti^.)
WALES.
Glamoroanshmie. — The Apple and Pear-
crops in the gardens here are very heavy, so
much so that the trees have had to be propped
to save the branches from breaking under the
great weight of fruit. The trees are very free
of blight, and the fruits are swelling rapidly.
Apples and Pears in this district are a fair
average crop. Strawberries were very good,
bub were soon over on account of the drought.
A. Pettigren; Castle Gardens, Cardiff.

Pembrokksiiire. — Apples are more abundant
in the valleys of this district this season than
on higher ground, owing to high winds at the
time of blooming. The trees were to a certain
extent exhausted by a very heavy crop last
year, when the orchards on tlie higher ground
bore the heaviest crops ; the valley orchards
suffered then more or less from spring frosts.
We had no injurious frosts this season. Plums
are a very thin crop. The trees were very
much over cropped last year. Cherries are
a wonderful crop, some hedges of the wild
Cherry here are a very pretty sight. There
are more than the birds can keep down, and
that is saying a deal. Geo. Griffin, filcbcc.k
Park Gardens, Pembroke.

9. IRELAND.

Galway. — Owing to a hurricane that passed
over this district on the last day of May, the
Apples and Pears in unsheltered places suffered
very much. The crop is short, and of inferior
quality. Small fruits generally are a full crop
and good, excepting Strawberries, that suffer
very much on our limestone light soil in dry
seasons like the prcsont. Thomas Dntine,
LoiKjh Ciitra Ca-itle Gardens, Gort.

Apples promised exceedingly well, but

the low temperature and stormy weather
about the middle of May caused quantities of
the fruit to drop. Young trees are carryi"g a
he.avy crop, being more sheltered. Pears did
not suffer so much, as they were better set
when the Stormy weather came. The growths
on fruit-trees in general look well for the next
year, as we have had more sunshine than usual.
All small fruits are heavy, and of fine quality.
Strawberry Royal Sovereign gives size and
weight, but lacks colour and flavour; Sensa-
tion and Gunton P,u-k excels in all points bub
shape. A. Porter, Wuodlawii G-ardens.

LoNfiiiQiiD. — The fruit crops generally are
exceedingly bad, (lie result, I believe, of an
over cropping last season. We had hail and
frost also this season when the trees were in
flower. Raspberries are good, but Strawberries
were very poor. J. Raffertij, Castle Forbes
Gardens, Newtow.i Forbes.

Mayo. — .\pples. Plums, and Cherries were
injured by winds and a slight frost early in
May. flooseberries. Currants, Strawberries,
and Raspberries have borne an abundant crop.
Pears, Peaches, Nectarines, in well-sheltered
gardens, have done very well. Patrick Connolhj,
Craitm^re House Gardeif, Balliiirobe.

SLKiO. — Apples are a very poor crop, owing
to late frosts in spring, and the birds were
very troublesome to the buils. Small fruit.s
are excellent. J. E. Dawson, Liss((dell Gardens.

Tyrone. — Fruits of all kinds are plentiful.
This is remarkable, as we had an exception-
ally heavy crop last year. Apples would have
bsen an enormous crop, but the hot, dry wea-
ther in May and June, combined with a rather
severe attack of grub, caused many fruits to
fall. F. W. Walker, The Gardens, Sion House,
Strabane.

Atih.one. — In this garden Apples and Pears
are above the average for the district, but in
neighbouring gardens there are scarcely any.
Oar garden stands higher and drier than the
others, consequently the wood is better'
ripened. In opposition to the above, our
Strawberry croji has been much poorer than iu
neighbouring places. All other small fruits
are plentiful. The failure of Strawberries I
attribute to poor land and exhausted stock.
James Tic'cndale, Waterston Gardens.

Kiloare. — The crop of Apples is far below
the average, owing to the east winds. Pears
are better, and Plums fairly good. Fredk. Bed-
ford, Siraffan House Gdns., Straffan Station.

KiNCi's County. — The fruit crops here are
good, although Apples are not nearly so heavy
a crop as last year. Nuts and small fruits are
abundant. T. J. Hart, Birr Castle Gardens,
Parsonstown.

Limerick. — The dull, wet, and almost sun-
less summer of last year partly accounts for
the light crops of Apples, Pears, Plums, &c..
The wood was not matured, and was killed
back much during March by cold east winds.
There were green leaves on the above fruit
trees until well on into December. W. A.
Bowles, Adare Manor Gardens.

September 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

183

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

Gdernsey. — The show of bloora was fairly
good oa trees that did not suffer severely from
last summer's drought ; but Pears generally
were not very promising at the blooming time.
The set was very fair, and the promise of
quality is good where reasonable help by
watering has been afforded. C. Smith & .Son,
Caledonia yiirsery, Guernsey.

Jersey. — Apples and Pears showetl abund-
ance of blossom, which appeared to set but
soon dropped, the effect, evidently, of cold
east winds. All stone fruits suffered similarly.
Strawberries made a brave show, but dry
■weather shortened both .season and crop.
Tomatos as a main crop out-of-doors are a
leading feature here. There is scarcely a
farm without a breadth of from 1,000 to
100,000 plants now showing a very promising
crop, several growers now commencing to
pack from the open. Markets should provide
empties for very heavy shipping. H. Becker,
Caesarean Nurseries, Jersey, July 22.

BOOK NOTICE.

Memories of the Months.*

A new edition of this delightful volume has
been published this year. It has been out of
print for some years, but now that it is again
available, it should be read by every lover of
Nature who has not already ina<lo its ac-
quaintance. Sir Herbert writes lirst as a
sportsman and lover of animal life; secondly,
perhaps, as an amateur historian ; and thirdly
as a keen oliserver of plant-life. It is in the
last capacity I venture to bring him just now
before the notice of the readers of the GVir-
deners' Chronicle. Kcfcrring to the extra-
ordinary growth of the Canadian pond-weed in
a certain lake, and the consequent happiness
of certain wild fowl, he proceeds to say :—

"The introduction of this weed (Elodea
canadensis) into European waters is part of
the romance of botany. It is said that a
Cambridge professor, having received some
specimens from a botanical friend in Canada,
incautiously left them in his washhand basin,
whence they were emptied by an over-diligent
housemaid ii\to that bourn whence no speci-
men returns. A few years later, beds of a
weed new to English botanists wore found to
have taken possession of certain reaches in
the Cam, and great was the throwing up of
scientific hats at this notable addition to the
British flora, which received the name of
Anacharis alsinastrum. Hut in the fulness of
time the Anacharis of the Cam came to be
identilicd with the Elodea of Canadian lakes,
and the murder was out ; the sprigs thrown
out of the professor's dressing-room had found
a congenial home in an English river."

Sir Herbert proceeds to show that the wood
soon spread from the Cam to the canal system,
and threatened to bring tradic to a standstill.
Elodea canadensis, he further explains, is a
diceeious plant, and there will be unpleasant-
ness if any other professor imports its bride !
The appearance of this weed in ornamental
waters or reservoirs is a calamity.

Tussilago fragrans, the winter Heliotrope,
though an exotic, is very hardy. Sir Herbert
says, " Few gardeners know it or grow it ; yet
it is a herb of such exceeding merit that none
ought to be without it. Nothing but severe
frost prevents it flowering freely through the
winter months, and a bunch of it scents a
whole room with a perfume exactly like that
of Heliotrope. One word of warning — plant

First Series. By Sir llcrbort Maxwell, M.l'., I'.K.S.

it not among choice things, but in a border
by itself ; for it spreads as quickly and is as
hard to get rid of as any weed of them all. It
will make itself a home on any sunny waste
piece of ground, and once established it is a
joy for ever. You and your children to the
third and fourth generation will never cease
to thank me for telling you about it." Like
a true Scotchman, Sir Herbert shows his
familiarity with his Bible and the Short Cate-
chism frequently by his quotations. My ex-
perience of the winter Heliotrope confirms
exactly what Sir Herbert says of it. I think
it would do well on railway embankments ; if
it would make these places fragrant in winter,
what a boon it would be ! I frequently cut
it here in Bute, where we have no railways
but plenty of Nature's embankments, in
December and January.

A list of rabbit-proof plants given at p. 75
should be useful to many a forester, head-
gardener, and landowner. In a chapter
devoted to spring flowers, reference is made
to Mr. G. F. Wilson's garden at Wisley, near
Weybridge, a garden in the strict sense the
author says it can scarcely be termed ; rather
is it a <-/i(i)iip jlenri — a field of flowers some
9 acres in extent, including a hillside, an
Oak-woo<l at the foot, and a couple of level
fields beyond. lloi-e is how this chapter
concludes : —

" One question must occur to everybody who
visits this wilderness. How comes it, seeing
there is abundant variety to choose from, that
most gardens and shrubberies present such
monotony in their furnishing? Here is one
plant for instiince. Daphne Blagayana, covered
with ivory-white rosettes of exquisite fra-
grance, evergn-eri, shapely, and withal as
hardy as a Box-liush, which one would expect
to be a general lavourite; yet you shall
look for it in vain in nine hundred gardens
out of a thousand. How many ladies who
really take pains about their bonlers are
acquainted with the lovely little ground
Laurel (Epigjea repens), the chosen badge of
Nova Scotia ; or the quaint Oak-leaved Avens
(Dryas octopetala), sheeting the banks with
dark green foliage and gay white flowers':'
The Canadian ' I'uccoon ' or Hlood-root (San-
guinaria canadensis), far exceeds the Snow-
drop in lustrous wliito, and is quite as easily
naturalised ; while for matchless blue con-
sider the Himalayan [Chilian] Tocophiluca
cyanocrocus."

Sir Herbert has a kick at the bedding-
out system, which, no matter what a thou-
sand Sir Herberts may say, is still au indis-
pensable and the best of all systems for
many places. From bedding-out, he goes on
in the same chapter to talk in a charming
way of Forget-me-Nots, Pansies, School Boards,
Canon Ellacombc, Saxifragas, Sweet Briars,
and Daffodils. Further on, speaking of Salvia
— the great blue Salvia (Salvia patens) — he
tells how for eighteen years, under the window
of his bedroom, a plant has grown and flourished
without the slightest protection; and then
proceeds to point out just one of those things
which should be pointed out to every young
gardener — should be pointed out, I say, because
if this is done, the said young gardener will
never forget it: "This Salvia possesses
a beautiful mechanism to secure cross-
fertilisation. Insert a stem of grass, or
a hair-pin between the lips of the
flower, and push it gently down the
throat, and you will see the long stamens
moved down from the upper lobe of the corolla,
so as to deposit ripe pollen on the back of the
supposed insect-visitor. . . . Our bumble-bees
find it very diflicult to reach the honey, for
they are corpulent, and the passage is narrow.

. . . But if our bumble-bees have no waists tj
speak of, they have brains ; and they have
discovered the trick of biting through the
neck of the flower, opposite the honey-store,
and sucking it without further trouble."
Many of us knew all this before, but Sir Her-
bert tells it again in his own delightful way.
He recommends the planting of Stonecropis.
plentifully near bee-hives, particularly the
summer-flowering species, Sedum spurimii-,
and concludes : — " Let anyone who desires to-
possess Sedum spuriura and spectabile be
careful to get the bright-coloured varieties of
each. All are equally hardy, grow like Chick-
weed, and are easily and quickly propagated
by cuttings or ' pinchings ' ; but there are
some worthless, dull-coloured varieties which
should be avoided."

The volume ends with very practical instruc-
lions for planting Mislcto berries.

1 have still that young gardener in my eye,
and I conclude with a quotation for his benefit
from the preface of the book under considera-
tion:— " No head is constructed to carry about
an explanation of half the things noticed in the
course of a single morning's walk ; but if notes
are made at the moment of what attracts the
eye, be it a landscape, a ruin, a battle-field, »
living creature, or a flower, recourse may bo
had at home to the information abundantly
stored in books, and the significance of what
seemed commonplace or trivial becomes evidoni
at once." William Culhhcrlson, Rothestiij.

HERBACEOUS BORDER.

— * —

ZAlSCllNEIilA CAMFOUNUA.

Some sixty-two years ago a prominent horti-
cultural writer, whoso racy articles in the
Press of the time are still wcu'th perusal, wrote
in glowing terms of two plants wliieli had bcea
introduced only a short time before. After
spe.iking of the disappointments experienced
by those who purchase new plants at a high,
figure, and often find them no better than, if
as good as, older things, ho ventured into the
realm of prophesy, and said : — " I shall pledge
my word, however, that no one who will buy
the two plants that I shall name to-day will
ever feel a disappointment respecting them."
I'ufortunately, many who have grown both
will only know too well that Mr. Beaton was-
too optimistic when ho wrote these words, ati
least, so far as outdoor culture is concerned,
as the plants were Ceratostigma plumbagin-
oides, then known as Plumbago Larpentjc, anrt
Zauschneria califoruica. There ar<r many who
cannot induce the former to open its flower-
Inuls before the frost comes to prevent tlieni
from expanding, and there are a good numbeir
who think they have a good right to make *
similar conqjlaint of the brilliant Zauschneria
californica on similar grounds.

For several years I had a depressing expe-
rience with the Zauschneria, altlioiigh I could
flower the Ceratostigma ; but a few years ago-
one discovered that there are really two i)lants-
in cultivation, both passing often under the
same name, but quite luilike each other in
their time of blooming and their usefulness as.
garden flowers. It seemed strange to read the
warm eulogies of the plant by Beaton, and to
hear now and again from others of their suc-
cess with it, while one had to strive vainly to
persuade it to flower, instead of seeing the
bright scarlet blossoms of which one read and
heard with envy, for such a plant is to be
prized when the autumn days come in, and the
garden grows dull so far as its rockeries are
concerned. But the mystery was solved by
comparing notes with others, so that one
learned that there were "two Kichmonds ia

184

THE '<}ARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembkr 7, 1901.

the field," and that the one was as satisfactory
ill its flowering pi'operties as the other was
the reverse. That one plant flowers here in
July, and that the other will not bloom at all,
though I have tried it in the warmest posi-
tions, is a fact beyond cavil ; and thus that
the one is of groat service here while the other
ds valueless.

There is a considerable difference in the
appearance of these plants under whatever
names we may find them, and it must be said
that the plant-dealers are rather erratic in
this respect. I have received the free-flower-
ing form as Z. mexicana, as well as Z.
«alifornica, but I take it that it is the typical
Z. californica, and that the late - blooming
Zauschneria is that called in Nicholson's
Dictionarij o/ Gardening Z. c. latifolia. At
least, the characters answer to the descrip-
tions in that excellent work. The leaves of
the latter arc distinctly broader and much
more canescent than those of the free-flowering
form. "When one sees a plant of the latter in
bloom, one can well understand why that good
jilantsnian of the forties praised it so much
with its Piichsia-like flowers, but with the
anouth of the tubes turned up instead of down.
Ut is, I think, slightly less hardy than the
other form, but if grown in dry soil between
the stones of a sunny rockery or between
those of an old wall, it is quite hardy enough
Ifor our winters. So good a garden flower is
welcome, especially in a dry season when
other plants suffer, but this " Humming-bird's
Trumpet " remains unscathed. .S. Aniott,
/Sarsethofn hij Dumfries, N.B.

suspended plants. Vanda Sanderiana requires
much heat and plenty of moisture at the roots
and humidity in the air at this season ; but
after the plant has passed out of flower and
the points of the roots are sealed over, little
moisture at the roots is required, only as much
as will keep the foliage plump during the
winter- months.

Seedling Cattleycts of one year's growth or
upwards that may need to have potting compost
afforded, may now receive attention, for the
new growths on most of them will be at this
date maturing, and roots arising from the
base. This being so, great care is needed, for
the least touch is sufficient to bruise and
destroy the roots at this stage ; but with
careful handling the roots soon seize upon
the compost, becoming re-established with fjut
little apparent check. The size of the pots
used will, of course, depend upon the strength
of the plants, and it is never advisable to over-
Ijot small seedling Cattleyas, it being then a
difficult matter to ascertain in the winter
season the condition of the materials as re-
gards moisture. Afford the pots abundance of
clean drainage materials, and avoid pressing
the potting compost too firmly into the pots,
but retain this as far as may be possible
in a porous condition, with which intent a
liberal sprinkling of rough sand or finely-
broken crocks is of use. The smaller seedlings
of the summer sowing that have become large
enough to be successfully removed, may be
transferred to small pots. It is desirable that
each plant should be established separately
as soon as possible, being then more easily
cared for. Apply water thoroughly as soon as
repotting has been done, keep the tempera-
ture slighly closer, and avoid direct sunshine
until they have become established.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

The Cool I ntermediate-house. — The Cypri-
pediums belonging to the cool section, which
includes such fine species as C. Charlesworthi,
as also the varieties of C. insigne which have
appeared among the importations of the past
few years, which flower earlier than the typical
species, arecouuuencingtopush uptheirflower-
scapes, and they will need every encouragement
to induce them to flower satisfactorily. In the
case of C. Charlesworthi, wliich will soon be
expanding its flowers, I find if the plants are
(removed to a slightly warmer house a few days
before the flowers expand, the latter come
considerably larger than when they are
allowed to expand in a cooler temperature,
but they lose in intensity of colour under the
warmer conditions. Some of the hybrids of
this section will also be coming into flower,
and the flower-scapes and younger growths
should be closely observed daily, as the falling
tree-leaves and high winds convey thrips
through the ventilators on to the plants. I make
it a practice to fumigate tlie houses at regular
entervals, which certainly checks this pest.

Vanda Sanderiana. — It is a pity that one
rarely meets with this grand species grown to
perfection ; indeed, many cultivators fail to
keep it alive for any length of time. I find it
■does best when planted in suspended baskets,
for whenever I have tried to grow the plant
in a pot or in a basket on the stage, it has not
been satisfactory. The plants at Cambridge
Jjodge formed, in some cases, part of the collec-
tion before I took charge of it. These grow in a
satisfactory manner when planted in baskets.
The plant will be showing its flower-spikes
in most collections, and should be making
roots freely. As the young tender buds of the
flowers as well as the new roots offer particu-
larly attractive baits to cockroaches, it is
necessary for the welfare of the plants and to
preserve the flowers, to place the plants out
of the reach of these marauders. It is rarely
that I experience trouble from this cause with

THE UARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. IlEURIN.

Peaches and Nectarines.— The trees of the
early-fruiting varieties will have been cleared
of fruit, and they should have the shoots that
have borne fruits, where not required for ex-
tension, removed forthwith, together with
other surplus shoots. Those of the present
season's growth should then be laid in thinly.
By clearing away these old fruiting-growths
early, the remaining ones obtain more sun-
light, ripen well, and develop strong fruit and
wood-buds. The trees should be afforded an
occasional syringing in dry weather, and the
borders clear water, sufficient in quantity to
thoroughly moisten the soil down to the lower-
most roots. Should there be traces of red-
spider on the foliage, one or more applications
of an insecticide should be made, thoroughly
wetting both sides of the leaves, and after-
wards a daily syringing with clear water until
it is thoroughly cleansed of the pest. The past
dry, hot weather has been very favourable to
the increase of red-spider, especially when it
has been accompanied by a scarcity of water.

Gathering the Fruits. — The mid-season varie-
ties are now ripening fast, and maturing and
ripening fruits that part easily from the
shoots should be gathered and placed on
wadding on the shelves of the fruit-room.
With a very little practice, those fruits that
are ready for gathering may be easily selected
without any squeezing of the fruits, for great
care must be taken not to bruise them. A
shallow box, with a sheet of wadding and
a sheet of soft paper in the bottom, should
be taken to the trees in which to place the
fruits, which is a better way than fixing up
netting to catch the fruits ; moreover, the
flavour is usually superior to that of fruit
allowed to fully ripen and drop off the tree,
particularly Peaches.

Apples and Pears. — The protection of choice
fruits is absolutely necessary in most country
districts, lila.kliii'ds, thrushes, and the small
tits beiui;- \ .TV I roiililesome among Apples and
Pears, especially Uiu latter. Thesmall tit makes
holes in the fruits near the stalk, and one bird
will spoil many fruits in a day. Bags made of
thin, stiff canvas are the best protectors, and

may be bought at a cheap i-ate, in quantity,
of the sundriesmen. If the string is fixed to
the branch, the fruit (should it part from the
shoot) will be caught in the bag, and not drop
with it to the ground. Round pieces of card-
board with a small hole in the centre, and
from this a slit to tlie edge, will enable it to be
slipped over the stalks of Pears and Apples,
and prevent the birds pecking that part near
the stalk which is usually the part damaged.
If the cards are not stiff enough to keep in
position, a pin will fi,x the edges together
securely.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. RoiSERTS, Gardener to Hussey Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

The Stove. — The growth of specimen plants
of Codiaeums, Bougainvilleas, Clerodendrons,
and the earlier Allamandas, &c., will be
nearly over, and the flowering season at an
end, and the gardener's endeavmir should now
be to bring about the ripening of the wood
without injuring the iilants. Much less
shading will now be required, and by re-
arranging the plants, especially the hard-
wooded ones, the growths will get properly
matured. Manure in any form will not be
required now, and water should be gradually
lessened in quantity, but not withheld as yet,
or it may cause the plants to flag. Syringe
the plants twice a day, and damp the paths
and stages at noon in bright weather. Pot-on
young plants of Codifeum, Uracrena, Aralia,
and Dieffenbaehia, placing them in small span-
rooted houses, and affording them abundance of
light and a humid air. During the month and
in October, propagate Codiajums, selecting
the most highly coloured or most character-
istic shoots from such plants as have become
unsightly ; insert them singly in thumbs
and go's, and place these in the propagating
pit. Such small stock may be kept in the .small
pots in which they have been struck till the
new year. They are of use during the winter
in decorative work. Propagate Oplismenus
Burmanni, Fittonias, Lycopodiums, Pellionias,
Coleus, &c.

PefargoHJiims.— Shake out and repot into
smaller sized pots the earlier show Pelar-
goniums, success depending upon an early and
sturdy autumn growth being secured. Place
the plants in a frame, and syringe them twice
a day, affording water very sparingly at the
root till growth has become pronounced. Later
plants, when the shoots are well ripened,
which is known by the wood becoming brown,
should have the shoots pruned back to two or
three buds, and be laid on their side and
syringed. Pot rooted cuttings singly, and
place them on a shelf or close frame for the
time being. Propagate zonals to furnish plants
for flowering in the spring months.

Fuchsias propagated at this season are much
to be preferred to those struck in the spring.
A good number should be forthwith made and
inserted, and placed in a close, cool frame,
where they will soon form roots.

Cinerarias and Calceolarias. — The more for-
ward plants of Cineraria stellata should now
be put into large 32's, in which they may
flower. The right sort of compost will consist
of loam two-thirds, leaf-soil and dry cow-
manure one-third each, with a small quantity
of steamed bone-meal and sand added. Let
the plants stand on a bed of coal-ashes in a
frame facing north. Syringe them often, and
remove the lights at night. Pot off successions
of the florist's type now standing in pans,
using for these a "less rich compost. Afford
cold frame cultivation, and rear them hardily,
or the leaves will become soft and flabby,
and unable to endure the drier air of a house
later on. Syringe the foliage occasionally
with Calvert's Carbolic soft soap, used at
the rate of I oz. to 1 gallon of water, as a pre-
ventative of the ravages of the leaf-miner fly.
Prick off Calceolaria seedlings, and put the
more forward plants into thumbs, and treat
similarly to the Cineraria.

Crassula coccinea (Kalosanthes). — Cut back
those shoots which have borne flowers, and

Septeiiber 7, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

185

induce a new break by frequent syringing ;
and wlien new growths are about an inch long,
repot, and grow-on in the greenhouse.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. H. Slade. Gardener to Lord Poltimore,
Pollimore Park, Exeter.

Budded Rosses. — Standard Briars recently
budded should be examined, and if the liga-
tures are too tight to allow of the wood
swelling, strip off these and apply fresh ones.
If the bud is growing freely, cut the shoot
halfway through above the bud, or give it a
sharp bend, in order to divert the sap to the
bud ; but if there is no sign of growth in the
bud, let well alone. If the soil is very dry,
apply water, and in dry weather syringe the
budded stock once daily.

Violas. — If the plants which flowered in
early summer were cut over afterwards, there
will now be plenty of young shoots fit for
making cuttings, and many of these shoots will
have formed roots. These rooted shoots
may be detached from the mother plants
with all their roots intact, and planted in
a half shady place, and in such fashion that
some cold frames can be placed over them ;
make the bottom Arm, and on it place an inch-
thick layer of spent Mushroom-bed clung, or
similar materials, and above it another of 2 or
3 inches in thickness, consisting of sandy soil.
In this insert the cuttings at 1 inches apart ;
keep the frame close and moist more or less,
in proportion to the qu.antity of roots that the
young shoots may have, and in about Ave
weeks the plants will be fit for planting out in
beds or rows. If Violas are much employed,
there should bo two batches of plants, the" one
to succeed the other.- Pansies may bo propa-
gated in the same manner.

Anemones may I>o planted during the present
month in beds or on vacant spaces in the bor-
ders of lierbaceous perennials, which they will
help to brighten In the spring. Prepare the
ground by throwing out the soil 1 foot deep,
and placing manure at the bottom ; then put
new soil to the depth of 1 to (> inches over it,
and plant the tubers so that they will bo about
3 inches below the surface. When planting
for cutting purposes, plant in bods or on small
borders, at a distance of (i inches apart, in
soil which is in fairly good condition.

Frilillarias — Crown Imperials.,— Ol the
several species, some are excellent for plant-
ing in slirulilieries, and as margins to beds of
shrubs. Tliey are more curious than beautiful.
Among the Crown Imperials, -Vurora, rubra
maxima, lutea are the best. I>\ meloagris
(Snake's Head Kritlllary) and its varieties aro
suitable for naturalising in grass, and being not
particular as (o soil, they 7uay be grown where
other kinds of bulbs woulJl prove unsatis-
factory. When i)lanl<-d on turf, it should be
where no mowing is done until the flowering
period is past. The next few weeks will be a
suitable time for planting these bulbs.

Hedifes.— The trimming of evergreen and
deciduous hedges should now bo finished,
especially the latter, or they will present a
stubby appearance? throughout the autumn.
Evergreen shrubs may now be propagated by
planting cuttings in small trenciies, placing
the cuttings with or without a heel against
the upright sid(! of it, the cutting resting
flrmly on the bottom, then till in and tread
flrmly.

Belladonna ViUj (Amarijllis hclladoHiia). — The
decayed leaves and the weeds growing among
them should be removed, for the flower-spikes
will soon begin to push forth, and though
these present a somewhat naked appear-
ance witiiout leaves, they are pretty and
useful flowers ; there is sometimes an objec-
tion to their scent, but if it be not inhaled too
clo.sely, it is not overpowering. To flower
them successfully, the bulbs should be iilanted
in a warm, sunny place, in a well-drained soil
of fair depth. Plant the bulbs singly and in
rows, or plant sev<'ral together in clumps.
There lias been a lively demnnd for flowering
bulbs in the last two years, a sign that owners
of gardens appreciate the plant.

Clerodendron triclwtommn is a striking
looking shrub, with flowers which in colour
somewhat resemble those of C. BalEourianum.
These are very sweet-scented, but the leaves
when rubbed give off an unpleasant odour.

Pentstemons. — The great improvement
effected in recent years among Pentstemons
almost does away with the need of growing
named varieties for general purposes, neither
does it appear necessary to treat those raised
from seed as one would the perennial species.
.Sow early in the year, and at the present time
the plants will be well in flower, and continue
to produce flower, till late in the autumn they
get nipped by frost. Seedlings produce
massive spikes of bloom, and exhibit great
diversity of colour, scarcely two being alike.
They are useful for planting thinly among
dwarfer plants, or for forming masses in
beds or borders. I sow the seeds in mild heat,
and as soon as the plants appear above the
soil, they are transferred to a cold frame.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

C(in-ots. — Thin the Carrots sown in the month
of .July to a distance of 3 inches apart, then ply
the hoe between the rows. Carrots of the'
February or March sowings, if still in the'
ground, should be lifted and stored, and tho
ground otherwise made use of. ■ „/

Turnips. — Tho last sown Turnips will now
be ready for (he first I liinning, i.e., to 3 inches
apart. Xow that heavy dews and cooler nights
are with us. Turnips aro growing faster, and
neither aphis nor flea will give much trouble,
although an application of wood-ashes will
certainly accelerate growth. Hoe tho land so
long as it is n6t covered with the tops.

C'elenj. — I never saw Celery looking better
than this year, and I also hear good accounts
from gardonersaround here. Tiic plants appear
to have escaped the loaf-minor in a marked
degree. Earthing-up should be carried on
piece-meal, as previously advised, making
quite sure beforehand that tho roots are in a
proper condition as regards moisture, though
the tops must be quite dry, or decay will s6on
set in. Thocarliost rows may be Anally banked
up if Celery is ro((uired early in October. It
will be noted thai I have not advocated the
use of manure-water in any form for Celery,
believing the use of such to be the cause
of many a good row of Celery rotting away
during tho winter. Should the pl.iiits seem to
need any extra assistance, I prefer to scatter
a safe quantity of aitillcial luamire between
them occasionally, and apply water soon after-
wards. 1 find the so-called Ichthemic guano ,
to be followed by good results. The latest
planted Celery should bo allowed to' grow
without any moulding up.

Brussels Sprouts.- -\( the plants lack vigour,
and sprouts are expected to be ready about
the end of the present month, w<'ll saturate
the ground between the i)lants with manure-
water of moderate strength at intervals of ten
days; or, should showery weather prevail, a
light application of nitrate of soda will quicken
the growth, but the nitrate must bt; kept clear
of the foliage and stems.

Muslirooms. — Collect and prepare manure for
making beds, and as 1 lie spawn runs well at
this season, a bed should be made and spawned
every three weeks under cover. About a
week is necessary to get manure into a
proper state for making a bod. Tho materials
should not be too wet, nor too dry; the heap
should be turned and mixed on alternate days,
and two wheelbarrowfuls of loam should be
added to every six of manure, and when making
the betl let it be made firmly. Spawn the bed
when its temperature is 80° to H.">', and de-
clining, and in three days cover with finely-
sifted loamy soil to tin; depth of li inch, and
beat it regularly and evenlj' with the back of
a .^pade. The lumps of spawn should be about
the size of a hen's egg, and be put 2 inches
deep and 9 inches apart.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Melons. — The weather in Scotland has been
favourable for Jlelons, and good crops have
been the rule in most places. Those planted
out on ridges or beds of soil still require to^
have water applied very carefully, and none
of the plants should get dust-dry at the roots-
The discontiiuiance of fire-heat at this season,
is often fatal to the plants, and a brisk heat
should be afforded from the first to the last,
for the roots will perish in a cold or wet soil, as-
also in a very dry one, flagging occurring oh
the first bright day. Let the soil be kept in a.
uniformly moist State, and maintain a tempera-
ture at night of not less than 70°, increasing
the day temperature by 5' without, and 10"',
with sunshine. If the fruits crack, keep the-
soil and the air somewhat drier. Melons iiii
pits and frames without lire-heat very often,
ripen badly. Those still in good condition and.
with crops still green upon them should have-
very little water aiiplietl at the roots, enouglii
moisture being obtained by them from the heat-
ing material. The bottom-heat may be freshened,
up with linings of prepared stable-manure.
Leave a small amount of ventilation at th&
back of the lights ati night, keep the fruits-
raised above the .soil lit the least fl inches,
cut fruits which it |s (lesirod to keep for a.
time with a portion, <vi I be stem attached,
aud place in a dry, airy room, or it wanterti
quickly, in a warm house in flie full siin ;
but the fruits shotlld not be cut from the
plants till of full size, and developed in every
respect. ,. , .' ■

Ottcioilbei,'*.— Give 'iititertt ion to autiimn-fniit-
ing plants, affording' t'epid liquid-inauiire Ux
abundanoe, removing supm-lluous growths, and-
stopping the shoots at short intervals of time,
not allowing the fruits to hang on the jdaiUs.
after tliey become of a useable size. Main-
tain a genial atmosphere by damping all bare-
surfaces in tho morliing, afternoon, and even-
ing, but not wetting the plants, excepting in,
tho afternoon when the day has been bright.
Let no more foliage be retained than can have
full exposure to light ; earth up the roots as-
the plants advance in growth, only just cover-
ing them each time they show at the sides of
the hillocks or ridges, the soil being placed in
the house some time previously, to get warmed-
Tho water used should be of the same tempera-
ture as the air of the hou,se. If strong plants-
are now ready for putting either in fruiting:
pots or on to ridges, tliosocniej' they an- planted,
now the better Cor I hem, for but (nice allow them,
to Ijccome much pot-bound and stuiitetl, and
no sort of treatment afterwards will bo of
much use. It is imiKu-tant that an early start-
bo made, so that the plants may bo of large
size before they are allowed to bear fruits, as-
it is certain they will make but -slow progress-
afterwards. Hotbeds of det'-aying manure aro
scarcely to bo recniini-iKb d for winter Cucum-
bers, as they are ;i| ,, me merely masses.

of decaying vegcl al'li: nijlicr, and unsuited to-
the needs of the plain s. The winter Cucumber-
bed should consist of acoar.se audi iglit compost,
chioQv of light turfy loam in large lumps, with,
-some "charcoal added. If the loam is heavy
and close, leaf-soil may be added. They suc-
ceed woU in large pots, but square loose brick
pits formed, .say, on a slate staging over hot-
water pipes are less troublesome, and the-
plants do well in them. A great masi^ of com-
post is not needed at tho outset, frequent
small additions of lumps of turf serve to feetB
the roots that come to the surface. See that^
the balls of -soil are in a moist state, and the-
new composf. is quite warm at planting time.
Cucumbers do not require large quantities of
water during the winter, still, tliey must
not be allowed to become dry at the root-
Train each plant to a clear stem till the trellis
is reached. Tho night temperature should
range from 60' to 70", tho latter figure being
reached when tho weather out side? 's compara-
tively warm. Very little air is lu^eded, and!
the syringing should not be lieaNy or fretjucnt
in dull, cool weather.

18(3

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 7, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— 77ip Kdilor dors nnt
underlake to pa}/ /or aity contrilnttion^t, or to return the
unused communications or iUustrations, unUss by special
arrangement.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

EXHIBITIONS.

niovalralciInni.uiIlc,rlu-ullui;il
Sofirlv, \V:iv(-rlrv Maikcl,

wEDNEsi..vY,SK,.T.n JJ;!:;,';"'^:;;r '',::;;l„„.,„pi,.n

Af;r; ll.irli,nMui;il. ni Ann,
\ dol Canlli-griiuiiiis.

MONDAY, SKi'T. »' United Horlieultural Bcncni &
I ProvidentSofietyComimttcc.
1 Koyal Iloiticultural Society

«'ESDAY, Skit. 1(1.' f^"'"'""*",''? ',"*""r.-\' ,i?''H'
J Hall, HiKkingliamGate,West-
\ minster.

SALES.

WONDAV, SK.1M-. il.-.sixtonnlli AniiiLil Trade Snle i.r
I'ot, I'liUltsal llvs.iii J,a,lii- Nursery. llpi.c-rlOlninnlnii.
'by order (if Mr. II. li. May, liv I'r.il In i ,.c ,1. MMiri>.
at 11 (I'.'ldck. Dulch liullis .'it l'r..l lui ,.c ,1. M.hiis'
Ko(jiiis. atu (i'cl(ick.-l)iiteli Uuih^ ,.l I'l.licvl.n A
Co.'a Rooms, lij, I'ilgrim Slreet, K.C,

TUESDAY, Seit. 10. — Aniuial Trade Sale of winter
hrooming lloallis at Burnt Asli Koad Nurseries.
Lee, by order of Messrs. H. Mailer .t Son. hv
I'rollierdP ,t Morris, at 1 1 oVlook.-Diiteli liiillisa';
rr(illicr..c ,^ M, .Ills' Rooms, at 11 (.■(•hick Diilcli
llllllis.il l'..llc\!cli.V;Co.'8Rooms,fi.',, I'llKlilil .St ..K,( ■

WKDNK.suw. Si:ii. ]i. -Annual Tradi- s.ilc of winlci-
llowcniiK and ol licr I'lanls at llic NiirMMics, Soul li
Woodford, liy order 'of Mr. .loliri Eraser l.y
Prolhcroc .(; .Morns, al 11 o'clock, -iHilcli lliillis.
Lilinni llari isii, loiit;illorinii, iVc , at I'n.lheroc A
Morris' Hooiiis, al 11 o'clock - lliilcli liiilhs at
PollcNfcn A Co.'s H s, (;'.. I'lltjriiii Sl.oel, E (.'.

THURSll.W, SKi-r. II' Thirly-lhird Aiuiiial Trade Sale
of Stove and ( ,' rcciilioiisc 'I'l.iiits. Ac, al llie liiinis-
down \lir,ci le , Ci.'cii Mr,',-|. Kiili,.|,i llu..|ii,,iy. hv

order Ml M, ,1 II 11 .-,,,,, II,,, , hv l',-,,lhci.ic A

Morn,. .11 II.mI.icI, I'n.-iil ,,■11, \,i,,ilarria,lc Sale

of winlci hi,. in;; Ih-.iihs ,;l I.Mii-Liii.l, Nursery,

Sidcup, S t: , li\ ,11 ilci ,,l M, . 1, (,,, i\AEvalis

)iy I'rollier.ic .\ M ,,i 11 .. , 1,„ k Inilcli Uiilhs

at I'rollicn.c.v \h.r, I ' K , cl,i,k -I'alms.

Jiays. Uiilhs, ,\.c , al I'mIIcM.i, a Cos KoOllLS

»i. Pilgrim Street, EC.
I'RIDAY, Skpi'. 1:1. — The Denelieial Interest in tlie
liCase.also the Stove and Greenlionac Plants, at the
Blenheim Nurseries. (ir:iiiyille Uoad. Clliild's Hill,
hy order of M,s (,;,i hv l'r..lheidc A Morn,, at
12..'i'l o'clock l,,,|. ., I.'il .1,1,1 PMalih^licd (livliids,

«,UClll()doil|,.^|;. Hill ,ai-|Mli||, ;il I'lotllCldCA Mol'.

i'ls'Rooms,atlL'. moil .rk. Iiutch lluUisat I'rolhcroe
& Morris' Rooms, at 11 o'elock. -Dutch Bulhs at
Pollexton & Co.'s Rooms, «.'., Pilgrim Street, E.C.

AiVERAfiE Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick

Actual TKMrKitAirieK

I ((■ P.M.) : Max. e.'i"; Min. 52'

The following coiinmiinccation
iJeetle ' ''"^ ''^f" issuod from the Board
of Agriculture : —

"The Board of AoricuHiiro, having received
inforuiatioii of the appeanxneo of an insect
cesenihling the Colorado beetle (Doryphora
decemlineata) among Potatos on premises
iKjIonging to the London ami India Dock
Company at TiUiury Docks, sulimitted the
lioctlc and larva' to their technical advisers
ill the Natural History Museum at South
Kensington, where they were identified as
those of this pest, which has not previously
been known to have bred in Great Britain,
or to have been detected as imported in any
but isolated instances.

Inspectors of the Board were imniediatoly
sent to Till>ury to make an examination and
4-eport on the circumstances of the attack.
The inspectors found that a patch of Potatos
within a limited area on certain allotments
occupied by men emiiloyed by the Dock
Company was infested by the beetles, which
■*vere recognised as being [)resent in various

stages of their existence. In pursuance of
an order of the Board the immediate destruc-
tion of all the crops and grass within the
area affected, which was fortunately isolated
from otlun- land, was promptly carried out.

Careful examination of the surrounding
area has failed to detect any other casi^
where the beetle has made its appcarniicc,
and it is confidently hoped that the attack
has been successfully arrested. The Board,
ni^vcrthelcss, desire to advise growers of
Potatos of the danger which would threaten
the Potato crop should this voracious insect
become established and common in this
country.

Provision was made for the contingency
which has now arisen by the Destructive
Insects Act, 1877; and the terms of the
Colorado Beetle Order of 1877, issued under
that statute, require all persons to give
immediate notice to the police if any speci-
mens of this insect are found, under a
p(!nalty not exceeding ten pounds. The
police constable on receipt of such infor-
mation must at once inform the local autho-
lity (the same as under the Diseases of
Animals Acts), who are re(|uired to com-
municate by telegraph with tiic Board of
Agriculture.

It may be borne in mind also that by this
Order it is an offence, to which the same
jienalty is attached, to keep or sell any
living specimen of the Colorado Beetle in
any of the stages of its life.

The Colorado beetle (sec Fig. .VS) is from one-
tliirti to half-an-inch long, of a yellow colour,
with ten longitudinal black lines down Die
wing-cases, and with reddish-yellow and black
legs. The larva, when mature, is very tliick
in the middle, and of an orange or reddish-
brown hue, with black spots on the lower
portions, hong, oval, yellow eggs in clusters
are laid liy the female beetle on the under
surface of the leaves of the Potato, and these
may appear also in certain weeds in the
vicinity. Both larvae and beetles feed vora-
ciously on the Potato haulm, but they are
also known to feed on other plants, such as
Tomatos and I'oppies, while, failing more
congenial food, they may possibly be found
on rough grasses and other weeds."

The first notice in our columns of this
destructive pest was in 1874, when we
tivailcd ourselves of an article from an
American source, printed in Hardwickc's
Nrlence Gossip, and evidently based on
information supplied by the late Prof. Riley.

"A man must witness," said the writer,
" the myriad legions of this insect and the
ravages of its never-tiring larva' in order to
form an idea of the terrible danger with
which Europe is threatened. . . . The de-
vastations of the Colorado beetle are all the
greater from the fact of its propagating
itself with extraordinary rapidity, several
l)roods following each other in the course of
the year." The female lays from 700 to 1200
eggs on the under side of the leaf, the larva'
are hatched in less than a week, feed vora-
ciously for some seventeen days, and then
retire beneath the soil to assume the jniital
(•ondition. After ten to fourteen days the
perfect insect appears. " No description can
do justice to the marvellous voracity of the
insect, especially in the larval state."

The only remedy found useful is to dust
the haulms with Paris green, or arsenite of
copper, a terribly poisonous substance, de-
manding the most careful handling. In the
Crardi'ni'rs' Chronicle, April 18, 1874, is an

article from the late Prof. Riley on the same
subject. Our volumes for 1875, 1876, and 1877,
also contain numerous notes on the sub-
ject, especially from Professor Riley, who
doubted if the insect was likely to be intro-
duced with tubers ; but the recent discovery
;it Tilbury Docks shows that this was too
o|itimistic a forecast. A long article by the
bite Andrew Mitrkav, siunming up the
information to tlate, will bo found in our
columns March 17, 1877, and there is a
leading article, probably from his ])en, on
June 30 of the same year.

On February 19, "l881, we recorded the
infliction of a fine on a Devonshire man,
who was proved to have some live beetles in
his possession. After this time we heard
nothing more of the Colorado beetle till the
recent discovery at Tilbury — by far the most
serious invasion we have had to record.
Peojjle had come to look u])on the Colorado
beetle as a delusion, and it was made
till' subject of frivolous ridicule. The
active measures taken by the Board of
Agriculture are much more to the purpose,
and now that attention is widely called to
the danger, we may hope that the pest will
not be allowed to gain a footing among us.
We earnestly press upon our readers the
urgent necessity of com])lying with the
regulations, which reciuire notice to be given
of the occurrence of the beetle. A rural
policeman is hardly likely, as a rule, to
realise the importance of the matter, and
therefore it is most desirable that cultivators
and country residents should themselves
notify any instance they may meet with to
the Board of Agriculture or other authority.

Group of Ferns Shown by Messrs. J.
Hill & Son, Edmonton (.Siiiipleineiitary Illus-
tration).— For .several years past the show
hold by the Royal Horticultural Society at the
Temple Gardens in May has been enriched by
a weH-grown collection of handsome, rare, and
interesting exotic Ferns, exhibited by Messrs.
.1. Hill & Son, of EJmoiiton, who are re-
nowned for the cultivation of exotic Ferns.
Wo llnd, on referring to our report of the
last Temple Show (vide issue for May 25),
that the group depicted in our illustration
contained examples of Adiantum curvatuiii,
peruvianum, Henderson!, tinctum, with its
pretty tinted fronds, and the old and still rare
A.reniforme; Davallias, including assaraica,
with spreading, scaly rhizomes and fronds of
nearly equal width; D. solida, D. fijiensis and
tenuifolia Veitchi. Of Ptoris there were re-
marked Childsii, a very beautiful species of
the eretica section ; P. soaberula, P. gerani-
folia, &c. Of Platyceriums there wore tethio-
picum, grande, Willincki, and Alcioorno Halli.
Leucostegia immersa, a fine specimen, occu-
pied the centre of the group most effectively.
Other plants consisted of Alsophila paleolata,
a tree Fern, with slender stems and .spreading
fronds; Gleichenia seraivcstita, Lygodium
scandons, in flue form, showing it to be equal
to L. japonicum, which is usually grown under
the former name; Lomariaattenuata,Onychiuin
auratum, &c. The exhibit obtained a Silver-
gilt Flora Medal.

" Kew Bulletin." — We are glad to receive
numbers of this publication, dated November
and December, 1809, but which did not reach
us till the end of August, 1001. The first
article is one on the Jarrah and Karri timbers
of West Australia, much used for paving road-
ways. Jarrah is the wood of Eucalyptus
marginata ; Karri that of E. diversicolor. The
value of these timbers can hardly be over-

SEfTEMBRn 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

187

estimated. E. divcrsicolor is also noteworthy
as an ornamental tree, and sometimes reaches
a height of 200 feet, The colony of West Aus-
tralia at present contains abundance of the
trees, but it is satisfactory to learn that a
.system of forest conservancy has been estab-
lished, so that reckless felling and prodigal
waste may not accrue. The " Maromba " Vine
disease of Portugal is stated by Mr. Massee
to be due to the attack of a root fungus, allied
to Rosselinia necatrix. Carbon bisulphide
poured into holes in the soil is an oflicacious

Royal Horticultural Society. — The
next meeting of the Fruit and Floral Com-
mittees of the Royal Horticultural Society
will be held on Tuesday, September 10, in tlie
Drill Hall, Buckingh.am (iate, Westminster,
1 to .■) I'.ji. A lecture on " The Origin and
Development of the Cactus Dahlia," will be
given by Mr. C. G. Wyatt at 3 o'clock. At a
general meeting of the Koyal Horticultural
Society held on Tuesday, August 27, twenty-
four new Fellows were elected, making 730
.since the Ijeginning of the present year.

Iris Tanri, Siohe, tab.- 7703. — Sec Gardeners'
Chfonicle, 1001, vol. i., p. 190, fig. 74.

O.xalix (lis)Mr, N. S. Brown, tab. 7704.— A
.shrubby species with long-stalked, tri-foliolato
leaves, and stalked clusters of yellow flowers.
It is a native of British Guiana.

Impatieiis T/ioiii.soiii, tab. 7705.— A Himalayan
species, with loose racemes of small pink
flowers.

A)-c(o(i.s GitmUletoni, Hook, f., tab. 7790.—
.'iee Gardeners' Chronicle, present issue, p. 177,
lig. 55.

Via. 58. — THE COLOHADO BKKTI.K, SIIOWlNd TIIK KC.f.H, TMK I.AUV.K, Till! IMI'A, ANIl Till': rHIIKKCT INSKCT.

(sKK V. im.)

remedy. The holes should be 1 foot in depth,
«rnd 1 foot from the base of the Vino stump.
One ounce of the carbon bisulphide is poured
(into each hole, and immediately covered with
■earth. As the fluid is very inflammable care
nHust be taken not to manipulate it anywhere
mcar a light . Chinese wood-blocks for engrav-
ing purposes are, it .seems, derived from I'yrus
iKjtulicfolia, Eucommia ulmoid<^s, liuxus sem-
pervirens, aspcoiesof Euonymus, and Zizyphus
vulgaris. The disuse of wood-engraving ren-
•ders these details of less importance than
would have been the case in former years.
Q-'he personal details and the record of work
<lone lose some of their interest from the delay
in publication.

" Botanical Magazine." — The plants
figured in the .September number are the
following : —

Eijidemlrum osmanllium, tab. 7702. — This is
the E.Godseflianum of lloi.KK in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1802, i., p. 13(j, which it appears
had been named by Hoi)lti(;UES ten years
previously under the name here cited. It is a
fine, loos(?ly panicled species, with spoon-
shaped segments, having reddish streaks on an
olive. coloured ground ; the lip projects beyond
the s<!gmonts and is tlucc-lobcd, the two
lateral lobes an; small, roundish, crenat*, the
anterior lobe stalked, dividing anteriorly into
two roundish siibdivisioMs like the lateral
lobes ; all are white with purplish nerves.

Royal SEEOStviEN. — Messrs. Toooood &
•Sons, Royal Seedsmen, of Southampton, which
old-established house enjoyed the unique
honour of uninterruptedly supplying her late
Majesty Queen Victoria for just fifty years,
have been appointed by Royal Warrant seoda-
nien to the KiNd.

The Soutk-Eastern Agricultural Col-
lege.— The summer course lor tca(!liors at the
South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, con-
cluded on August 30. It began on August 15,
and was attended by thirty schoolmasters
from the counties of Kent, Surrey, and
Worcester. The object of the session was to
develop a scheme of instruction suitable ta

1S8

THE G A R I) EXER S ' CII R 0X1 CL E.

[Si;PTEMr.i-R

the children of a rural elementary school, and
the course, -which dealt with plants, air,
water, and soil, had been previously put to a
working test in the Wye Elementary School
during the past two years. The lectures were
followed up by practical work in the laboratory,
garden, or field, so that the teachers could
familiarise themselves with the construction
of the necessary apparatus and the conduct of
suitable experiments. Other instruction
dealt with the management of school gardens,
and the preservation of and mounting of
specimens of grasses, weeds, injurious insects,
&c., for use in school demonstrations. There
were also classes dealing with the management
of fruit-trees, bees, and poultry, the elements
of land measuring ; and on the evenings of
one week a course of lectures was given to
illustrate some of the recent advances in
chemistry. Excursions were made to Canter-
bury, to Richborough, and the Stonor Marshes,
to see both the Roman remains and the varied
flora of that district ; and again to the series
of interesting geological sections in the neigh-
bourhood of Wye. Though a course of in-
struction in practical agriculture did not form
part of the session, the teachers were eon-
ducted round the college farm and had its
management and live-stock explained to them.

Plums at Market.— Whatever may be the
case in selected cases, the price of Plums at
various local markets, and that chiirged by
small retailers, appears to" be i^easonable,
rising from lid. per lb. for fairly good
qualities, the supply of which, cannot surely
be complained of. From .sotiie favburedspots
the supplies are large— witness one instance
in Cambridgeshire, where the harvest has been
a notable one. From a local station on the
G.N.R., one day 30 tons of Plums were
despatched ; two days later went a similar
quantity ; and ia the week ensuing the 17th ult. ,
the total was 90 tons; last week's total was
140 tons, nearly all sent to London. Good
Greengages have been retailed at 4((. per lb.,
but it cannot be .said -of all that the quality
was firs(>rate.

Dahlia Show at the Royal Aquarium.—
This exhibition, which will I)e held at the
Royal Aquarium on September 17, 18, and lil,
takes the place of the Dahlia show formerly
held by the Xational Chrysanthemum Society.
It is supported hy the principal Dahlia culti-
vators and exhibitors on the grounds that it
affords an opportunity for the Dahlia to be
exhil)ited in central London, and supplies a
convenient occasion for submitting the later
flowering seedlings for inspection. The
schedule of prizes has been extended, and
classes for every type of Dahlia find a place in
it. In connection with this show, Messrs.
Bobbie & Co., seed merchants, Rothesay, offer
valuable special prizes for their pedigree
Leeks and Onions, and it is certain that the
display will be both numerous and very fine.
Schedules of prizes can bo obtained of the
Superintendent, Mr. Richard Dean, 12, Ranc-
lagh Road, Ealing, W.

Galls.— Messrs. Hitciiinsox & Co., 31,
Paternoster Row, announce the early publi-
cation of a work on British Ve(ietablc Gulls, by
Mr. Edward T. Coxnold, witii 130 page illus-
trations. This should be very serviceable to
gardeners.

Grapes at Chiswick.— The large vinery
in the gardens of the Royal Horticultural
Society at Chiswick is just now a perfect
picture— indeed, it has been pourtrayed in
these columns in previous years when in a
similar condition. There is a full crop of
black Grapes, which, at the time of writing,

were untouched, although so nearly ripe
that the crop was expected to begin very
shortly. Looking through the Grape-house,
from one door to the other, we were inclined
to echo the sentiment of one of the gardeners,
that "it seems a pity to touch it." Other
fruits now in season at Chiswick are Peaches
and Nectarines ; the Apples and Pears are as
yet hardly ripe.

"Journal de la Socie'te Nationale
D'HORTICULTURE DE FRANCE.— The number of
the transactions of the National Horticultural
Society of Prance for July, 1901, is interesting
as containing several noteworthy papers,
among which we may note one by M. Drv.\L
on Odontoglossum Adrianse, and those pre-
sented to tlic Horticultural Congress. Among
these latter is a remarkable memoir on the
species and varieties of Syringa (Lilacs),
by M. Henry, of the Jardin des Plantes,
which of itself justifies the existence of the
Congress. Tiie species admitted are S.
pubeseens, oblata, vulgaris, persica, dubia,
Uretschueideri, Josikea, and Emodi. M.
Denaiffe contributes an elaborate memoir on
the cultivated Pea, in which stress is laid on
a useful "character." This consists in the
determination of the number of sterile nodes
on the Iiaulm going from below till the first
flowering node (maille) is readied. Tluis in
the " pois d'Auvergne," the majority of plants
produce their first flowers at the twelfth node,
while in I'rince Albert the majority of flowers
are first produced at the seventh node from
the base. M. Mollet contributes a mono-
graph of the species of Eremurus, which will
be serviceable to "the cultivators of these
noble plants.

Metropolitan LocaL Markets. — Tiie
otlier day a flower vendor in an open .street-
market in the borough of St. Pancras was
fined for olistructing the higliway. The vendor
must move on, as also tlie rest of the clan, for
his was a te.st case. Not by many is thts the
flrst of such cases, noj? probably will it be the
last. Not the inhabitants, but the Borough
Coimcil, complained, and the costers are to
lieeome like so many "Poor Joes." If the
various Councils object to sucli marts, why
do not they first of all provide local market-
places where vendors and purcha.sers may con-
gregate and do business? It is years" since
the L.C.C. advocated the scheme, but if the
Borough Councils wish to distinguish them-
selves, let them band togethcrand provide (he
necessary schemes. In Paris they jieat us ; in
every arromlissement there is a local market,
which, we are assured, leaves little to be
desired in the way of cleanliness or aeconnno-
dation.

"A Guide to Cirencester."— Many in-
tending holiday-makers might do worse than
visit Cirencester, and we advise those whose
inclinations incline them to that district to
obtain this guide to the town and neighbour-
hood, which is edited by Mr. ScoTFORli
Harmer. There are plenty of illustrations in
this little book, and information concerning
the history, antiquities, educational facilities,
and other features of the town ; excursions in
the neighbourhood, sports, and natural history
of the district.

Bulletin of the St. Petersburg
Botanic Garden.— It has been decided by
authorities of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St.
Petersburg, to issue, at intervals, a Bulletin
of Miscellaneous Information. The publication

will contain brief ai'ticks only, comprising :

1, Original papers hitherto unpublished, and
relating to all branches of botany ; 2, Critical
analyses ; 3, Reports and communications

connected with the garden. Connniuiicatious
shou'd be written in Russian, and be accom-
panied with an epitome in French or G«rman^
The editorial staff hope for the assistance of
all botanists for their new publication, which-
they hope will prove of use. Each communi-
cation, adds Professor A. Fischer de Wald-
IIEIJI, should be addressed to the Imperial.
Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg, and shoulcL
bear the name and address of the author.

Zurich Botanic Garden : List of Plants.
FOR Exchange. — We have received from,
Zurich a list of plants offered for exchange by
the Botanic Garden of the Zurich University^
Aijplications should be addressed to the^
Director of the Botanic Garden and Museums.
of the University, Zurich, Switzerland.

The Society of American Florists held.
high festival lately at Buffalo. We have
nothing in this country comparable to this
association of commercial florists. The Society
has recently received a charter from the
Government, and enters upon a higher scale of
development and usefulness. The party, num-
bering several hundreds, visited Niagara Falls.-

" Nature Teaching." — The Imperial De-
partment of Agriculture for the West Indies-
lias issued a text-book, entitled Nature Teach—
iiKj, based upon the general principles of agri-
eulture. This is prepared for the use o£
schools by Francis Watts, Government
analytical and agricultural chemist, Leeward
Islands. According to the preface, the book
is an " attcmiit to place in the hands of teachers,,
both in elementary and secondary schools, a
well selected but co-ordinate body of informa-
tion suitable to West Indian conditions, to be
supplemented in each case by numerous illus-
trations and experiments in which pupils them-
selves take an active part." Nature Teach-
huj treats of the seed, the root, the stem, and
the leaf, each separately ; as regards their-
uses and structure both botanicallyand econo-
mically. There are also chapters upon the
soil, plant-food and manures, flowers and
fruits, weeds, and insects. The book is-
clearly written, but it is not intended to-
be read through, but to be used as a guide by
the teacher in training pupils to observe-
for themselves, and in endeavouring to give-
them an intelligent interest in the everyday
facts of rural life, and is very well suited for-
the purpose.

Publications Received.— .li;rii-»/t»rn( Ex-
peritneitt Statiuns oj llic LouixUina State-
Vnirersitij and A. & M. Colleye. Report for

1900. Details the operations at three sta-
tions: At No. 1 (Audubon Park, New
Orleans), with Sugar-cane, Alfalfa, Clover
and (irasses, Forage Crops, Corn, Cotton,
Orange - trees, and Tea - plants ; at No. 2
(B;iton Rouge), where farmwork generally is-
nndertaken ; No. 3 (Calhoun), with Tobacco^
Ori-liards. and Live Stock.— From the Michigan
Stitir A/iricuUurdl ColU'cje Expcrimeut Station,
HortiriiUural Dci>((rlme'nt : Bulletin 190, April,

1901. Vegetable Tests for 1900, by L. R. Taft
and M. L. Dean. The experiments dealt with
Beans, Cabtiages, Sweet Corn, Cucumbers,.
Lettuce, Peas, Potatos, Radishes, Squash,.
Pumpkins, and Tomatos. — The AUjv-Flora of
Yorkshire, by W. West, F.L.S., and G. S.
West. Contents of third instalment (four
sheets) : Class Chlorophycejp, Order Con-
jugatfe, to Class Bacillariere. — Department
of Agriculture (Canada), Central Experi-
mental Farm, Report of the Hori iculturist ,.
W. T. Macoun, 1900: "Owing to the favour-
al)le season this year, nearly everything made
satisfactory progress in the horticultural de-
partment. The arboretum and botanic garden
continue to increase in usefulness and improve
in appearance every year. The collection of
trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials i&

September 7, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

189

now very large, and in many genera few addi-
tional species and varieties can be procured."
— Agricidtiiml Economist, August 1, with
articles on Agriculture in the Twentieth Cen-
tury, Colonial Doings, &c. — Twenty-sixth
Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners,
Citij of Boston, Department of Parks, for the
year ending January 31, 1901 : Describes
the progress made, and includes illustrations
showing the beauty of many of the parks and
public gardens.— T;ie Botanical Exchange Club
of the British Isles. Report for 1900: Satis-
factory, but some members contribute fewer
specimens than are required by the regula-
tions.—Pi-occerfiiigs- ami Journal of the Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Sociotij of India,
January-March. A record of good work, which
was somewhat hampered by heavy rains. Ex-
periments with Paspalum dilatatum were very
satisfactory ; the plant weathered the hot
season and floods, and is now growing luxu-
riantly. The grass is soft, and readily eaten
by horses and cattle.— J?;iofiora : Journal of
the New England Botanical Club, July, 1901.
Contents : Obituary notice of T. C. Porter, by
'I'lioMias Meehan ; Notes on Ericaecfe of New
iMiglaiid, by W. Deane ; Scutellaria parvula
and s. ambigua, by M. L. l<'ernald; Lysimaeliia
punctata in Eastern Mas.sacluisotts, by A.
Clark ; Embryology of New lOngland Orchids,
by ]{. 0. Leavitt; Chlorantliy in Anemonella,
by 1!. L. Itobinson; Variations in Alisma Plan-
tago. liy ftl. L. Fernald ; and Herbaria of New
l':nglarul, by U. A. Mny.— Annual Report on the
Croi'crnmenl Cinchona I'Uintation and Fnrtoni
in Bengal, for Ihc ijear 18!)!)-1900. The rainlal'l
for the year 1899 was the heaviest recorded
since tlie establishment of the Government
Cinchona Plantation in Sikkim. A disastrous
rain-storm in September did considerable
damage. The continuous wet weather was
unfavourable to the growth of Cinchonas;
while, perliaps asaconsctiuence of these other-
wise unfavourable conditions, the damage done
l)y Ilelopeltis has boon considerable. — Annual
llrjiort of Ihe Rogal Bolanic Uarden, C<ilrntta,
for the year 1900-1901. The woalher .-.mditions
(luring tlic first half i>f the year under icview
were normal. In tlu; middle of September a
period of excessive rainfall sot in, which lasted
till the S.jth. The arrangements for the sur-
face-drainage of the (iardens proved inade-
f|uatc to meet the needs of precipitation so
phenomenal. In the lastern section of the

• iarden littli- damage was done by the flood.
In the wi'slern half, however, many losses
liavc Mnfnrtunately to bo recorded. Many
I lees fell, but the great damage has been the
death of many species as they stood. — Agri-

• ■idlural .lonmal of the Cape of (load Hope,
July 18. This includes reports and prospects
of various stations, and notes on Mealic-stalk
Sugar, Crass Fires, and other agricultural
dc^tails.

PRIZE GRAPES.

Wn are alilo this week to lay before our
readers an illustration of the Crapes shown in
i h(! class lor a collection, in four or more di.s-
i inct varieties, at the recent show at Shrews-
bury, by Mr. Cairns, of Balruddery, Dundee
(see p. 100 of our issue for August 24). The
photograph was laken by Mr. Bartlett, and is
excel lenl SI) fai- .-is form is concerned, but gives
no idea of the cohmr, liloom, or " finish." The
( welve bnnches were shown in two rows. In
1 lie upper row the end buiudics were of
Madresflold Court; that to the left obtained
8 poinis, that to the extreme right 8J points.
Tlie leiir central bnnches were of Muscat of
.Mexaiidria, which obtained, going from left to
right, 8, 8;, 7J, and 8 points respectively. In
the lower row, the two end bunches were of
Alnwick Seedling, of which that to the left
was awarded 8 points, that to the right
SJ points. Following the Alnwick Seedling,
going from the left to the right, were two
binielies of Gros Maroc, both of which were
.■Hljii(h;ed 8 points ; next come two bunches of
lilaeU Hamburgh, the one to the left gaining 8,
the other 7\ points. The total number of
marks was 90!, out of a possible 112.

Wo congratulate Mr. Cairns on his success.

190

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Sbi'TI-MBEK 7, 1001.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

THE SYLHET ORANGE. — This is the fine
orange, grown solely from seed in the Khasia
Hills of eastern Bengal, and sent in large num-
bers to Calcutta. It belongs to the Suntara
group of loose-skinned Oranges. A -writer in
1869 calculated that at Shalla, in those hills,
there -was an Orange-garden of about 1,000
acres, and that one might walk " for a good
hour or two, always under the shade of Orange-
trees, without reaching the limits of cultiva-
tion." I wanted to make an experiment, by
obtaining some seeds of this fine Orange from
Lucknow, where this variety is also grown.
So I asked the Superintendent of the Lucknow
Horticultural Gardens to send me two of these
Oranges in a small box by parcel post. I
conjectured that even if the Oranges reached
me in a rotten condition, I might perhaps still
be able to get their seeds to germinate. The
two Oranges came in a quite rotten condition,
and perfectly black. The seeds of one were
discoloured, but those of the other were of a
normal colour. I sowed the seeds of each
Orange in a separate small pot, and placed
them in heat. They all germinated ! And now
I have twenty-two healthy seedlings of the
Sylhet Orange several inches high. So we
now know that Orange-seeds of all kinds, I
should say, can be sent from all parts in their
fruit by parcel post ; and Orange-grOwers in
the West Indies should take note of this, and
endeavour to introduce this fine Orange into
those islands. In the Khasia Hills, iis I
said, the only mode of propagating this
Orange - tree is by seed. The history
of my little Orange - plants is somewhat
interesting. This variety of Orange is
grown in the Khasia Hills and sent to Calcutta.
Many years ago the head gardener of the
Lucknow Horticultural Garden had some
Sylhet Oranges sent to him from Calcutta, he
sowed the seeds in that garden, and now from
Lucknow the seeds of those trees have come to
Worthing, and the resulting plants may yet
travel further. If planted in proper soil and a
suitable climate, I should say the seedlings
would fruit in five or six years. The Sylhet
Orange is much like that of Magpore, but the
habit of the two trees is different. The
branches of the Magpore tree are spreading,
while those of the SvHiet-tree are upright.
£. Bonavia, M.D., Worthing, Julij 23, 1901.

SAGITTARIA JAPONICA, FL. PL.— Seeing the
illustration of this plant and your note on
p. 170, I can assure you that it is perfectly
hardy, having planted it seven or eight
years ago in the ponds here. The plant
has increased to such an extent that I am
obliged to clear it out by the wheelbarrow-
load .at times to keep it from choking the other
water plants growing in the same pond. Al-
though it will grow in water 2 feet deep, it
delights in more shallow w.ater, with a good
depth of mud ; here it has found its way into
the banks round the ponds 2 and 3 feet from
the water's edge. The flower - spikes are
thrown up II to 2 feet in height, and they
carry four to six tiers of large, very double,
pure white blooms, and have a noble appear-
ance. It grows freely in moist or boggy
ground. We have several other single-
flowered Sagittarias which are hardy, but the
most beautiful of all is S. montevidensis, which
is not quite hardy, and must be wintered
indoors. We place it in the open ponds in the
last week in the month of May, and it soon
begins to throw up its spikes of pretty creamy-
white flowers, with dark chocolate centres.
W. J. Toivnsend, Sandhurst Lodge, Berks.

ERICA STUARTl. — I enclose a specimen in
fine flower of a charming Irish Heath, Erica
Stuarti. This lovely Heath was discovered by
Dr. Charles Stuart, of Chirnside, Berwickshire,
in Connemara, during an excursion of the
Scottish Alpine Botanical Club to that district
in 1890. It was found growing along with
Erica Mackaiana, to which it is perhaps re-
lated, but is nevertheless a most distinct and
beautiful hardy Heath. B. Lindsaij, Kaimes

Lodge, Murrayfield, Midlot)iian, Julij 4, 1901.
[The specimen sent was to our thinking very
like E. tetralix, of which E. Mackaiana is a
form. Ed.]

GUNNERSBURY PARK GARDENS.^This is One

of the most charming old gardens near London,
and will bear comparison in many respects
with the best in more favoured districts,
where the air is purer and more favourable to
vegetation. Those who remember the fine old
Cedars there will regret to hear that they
show unmistakable signs of decay. However,
it is not intended to sweep these old'monarchs
of the pleasure-gromids entirely away ; after
trimming the dead branches back a little.
Ivy and other climbing plants are being
planted to cover the dead trunks, and again
clothe the branches with life. In a few years
what now appears unsightly will be pleasing
to look at, and a remembrance to many who
visit the gardens of what were once some of
the finest trees in this country. Very recently
the writer enjoyed a walk through the gardens
with Mr. Reynolds. Everything under glass
looked clean, healthy, and in gootl order.
The practised eye delights to run over culti-
vation of this kind. Lately some improve-
ments have been made in the pleasure-grounds,
more herbaceous species have been planted
for autumn flowering, and grouped beds
have been arranged of different classes of
plants. Here one comes across a whole bed of
scented foliage plants, further on one contain-
ing all berried plants, which will look cheerful
after Jack Frost has wiped out many of the
other pictures on the lawn. On the terrace,
Mr. Reynolds has arranged a wealth of large-
flowering plants which have taken years to
grow. When these are allowed to develop
their harvest of blossom, the exterior of the
mansion will look at its best. G. H. R.

HOW SYNONYMS ARE MANUFACTURED. — I
observe in a catalogue of Dutch bulbs, issued
by Messrs. E. H. Krelage & Son, of Haarlem,
a list of early Tulips, among them one bearing
the name of " Brunhilde (L'Unique), white
with golden bars (Award of Merit, 1901)."
The correct reading is Unique (syn. Brun-
hilde), because for three years past for certain,
and probably four, this Tulip has been pub-
licly exhibited by local growers at the exhi-
bitions of the Midland Daffodil Society, at
Birmingham, under the name of Unique. It is
about four years ago I saw this Tulip in bloom
in Mr. Sydenham's garden in the Bristol Road,
Birmingham, bearing the name of Unique.
Mr. Sydenham, when in Holland a year
before,' had seen this Tulip in a Dutch collec-
tion, and he imported some bulbs under this
name, together with fepaendoek, and one or
two other novelties. I was much struck with
Unique — a white Pottebakker, with a yellow
flame springing from the base of each white
petal, and running half-way up it. When last
spring Messrs. Barr & Sons exhibited Unique
under the new name of Brunhilde, I pointed
out to the Floral Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society that it had been im-
ported from Holland xmder the name of
Unique, and grown and publicly exhibited at
Birmingham as Unique ; I also said it was
catalogued by ^Ir. Robert Sydenham under
this name. Unfortunately, the Committee
turned a deaf ear to my remonstrance, and
gave Unique an Award of Merit under the
name of Brunhilde. I appealed to Mr. deGraaf,
who was present at the Drill Hall on that
occasion, and he (no mean authority) declared
that the original name of the variety is
Unique. Messrs. E. H. Krelage & Son ac-
knowledge the identity by putting Unique
after Brunhilde. On the occasion when an
Award of Merit was made to Unique under the
name of Brunhilde, Messrs. Hogg & Robert-
son, of Dublin, had the very same variety in
their collection of Tulips under the name of
"Pottebakker, white and gold." Unfortu-
nately, in the list of early single Tulips, given
in their catalogue of bulbs just issued, they
announce the variety as "Brunhilde (syn.
Unique, Pottebakker, white and gold)." If
anyone will refer to the reports of the Mid-

land Daffodil Society for the past three years,
which appear in the Gardeners' CJi)-onic(e, they
will find mention of Unique as having beeik.
exhibited in the class for six pots of early
single Tulips. I call attention to this mattei^
on public grounds. It is the duty of everyone
having reliable knowledge to endeavour to
reduce the number of synonyms, and the Floral
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society
should be most careful how they consciously
lend themselves to the furtherance of such aii
abuse. R. Vean.

FRUITLESS PURSUIT OF MELONS. — I read

the note on this subject with much interest,
and am not much surprised, as I have known
the time, about six years ago when living in,
Wiltshire, that you could only get about dd.
return for good Melons at Bournemouth.
No wonder that Melon-growing has ceased to>
a great extent. Who would care to grow
Melons for profit at that price during the-
early part of the season, especially at thes
present cost of fuel ? I see the London market,
prices are now not very encouraging. If
Bournemouth is without fruit, no doubt the
Water Melons keep the price down in London.
G. Fidjord, Pcesdu/c.--, Ware.

WEATHER LORE FOR SEPTEMBER. —
" Season of mist and yellow fruitfulness,
Close bosom friend of the maturing sun.
Conspiring with him how to bless
With fruit the Vine, that round the thatch-
eaves run ;
To bend with Apples the moss'd cottage

trees.
And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core..'''
Kcdts.

" So many days old the moon is on Michaelmas"
day, so many floods after."

" September blow soft.
Till the fruit's in the loft." J. C.

THE ICE APPLE. — The famous Mens, de la
Quintinye, who was chief director of all tlio
gardens of the French King during the lattnr
half of the seventeenth century, refers to
these as one of the sorts of Apples that ainj
good to eat "raw or baked." He did nots
prize them so much as the "Gray Pippin.
White Pippin, Autumn Calville, the Api, and
the Violet Apple," but they were "no bad
fruit." They were one of the three sorts that
are bigger than the others, and more long than
flat, and "thicker towards the stalk than
towards the head." He says they are so
called " because when they ripen, they
seem to grow transparent, without being:
really so. They are altogether greenish and
whitish, and make no great figure among any
truly curious persons." The same writef
refers to the "Violet Ice Apple and the Black
Ice Apple." There are many varieties of
Apples growing at the Woburn Fruit Farm,
but I have not seen any of this variety. The
Apples from Kashmir are bearing a fair crop
this year, I suppose for the first time in
England. They are interesting, but moi-e
curious than valuable. If Mr. Castle has any
Ice Apples, then perhaps he will tell us.
Charles J. Kilbij, Mayior Gardetis, Miitoif
Brijan.

FINE PEACHES AT WARLIES PARK, WALTHAM'

ABBEY.— On the occasion of a recent visit paid
to Sir T. Ford Bu.xton's gardens, I remarked
a fine crop of Peaches generally, and in par-
ticular on two trees of Sea Eagle and Priu-
cess of Wales planted in a span-roofed house.
The crop of fruit on these two trees was an
unusually heavy one, and the fruits of great
size. Some of the latter weighed almost 1 lb.
These trees have been planted tliree years,,
and are vigorous and healthy. B. H. P.

HEMEROCALLIS AURANTIACA MAJOR, &C.

I was interested in reading your correspon-
dent's remarks about Hemerocallis aurantiacai
major on p. 170, as I bought a plant of it from
Messrs. Wallace of Colchester early in 1897.
It was, I think, in 1898 that it flowered first.
I had to move it that autumn, but it flowered

September 7, 1901.]

HIE GARDENERS' CIIROXICLE.

IH

again the next year, though not in 1900. This
year it threw up two flower-spikes with ten
blooms on each, some are past, some coming
on. The flowers are about 6 inches or more
across, and of rich orange-yellow, a most
.striking flower, carried on stitf spikes about
24 inches in height; some of the leaves are
more than 30 inches long. The plant has now
four crowns, and is in excellent health,
although it gets practically no attention
beyond having the weeds kept down, and
being afforded water in dry weather. Next to
It is a clump of H. flava, which also grows
well, flowers profusely, and seeds freely. The
soil is heavy, but dug some 21 inches deep. I
send you herewith two leaves of Hemeroeallis
aurantiaca major, and a bud and flower, the
latter much past its Ijest ; also two leaves and
a flower-spike of H. flava. Ernest Betdeij,
Ruthmines, co. Diiblhi.

BOUSSINGAULTIA BASELLOIDES.— Will yOn
kindly allow mo a little space for my expe-
rience with Boussingaultia baselloides, my
plants of which came from India, and were
potted up in May 1899. They were kfept in
such pots until .January, 1900, when I planted
some of them against the back wall of an early
Peich-house. awl they flowered in September,
1900, the soil used being a mixture of peat,
loam, and leaf-mould, and a moderate quantity
of silver sand. I may say that some of the
leaders were quite ;iO feet long, and they
flowered at the extremities of the side-shoots.
The plant likes plenty of water and air, but 1
did not think it worth its room, so 1 threw it
out. A few degrees of frost will kill it down.
IV. Ireland, Gardens, Fota-Beg, Cork.

Societies.

HOYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

August 27. -Present : Dr. M. C. Cocikc, in llic Cliair;
Messrs. Cljapman, Driiery, Oclcll, Houston, Woislcy,
Bowles, Saunders, Kcv. W. Willis, Drs. RcndcU and
Masters.

Apricot Splitting.— Dr. CooKE reported on tlic Apricot
llic pulp of which was found to be split, ,and a foreign
subslan-c growing upon it. Tills, however, was nothing
lint tliccoinnioii blue mould which grows on decaying
niattei'. Mr. WorsdcU assigned various causes for the
splitting of the fruit.

Sileer Unf.—Vr. Cooke slated that it was doubtful if
tlieic was any essential relation between gumming
and llie so-called silvcrlcaf disease of the Piuncie.
Dr. Cooke doubtcd.wlietlier the fungus called Coryneum
Bcijerinki had any causal connection with gununing.
On the other h.and, gumming in Prunus japonica bad
been traced to Cladosporium epiiihyllum.

Miecetlniieous A'o(««.— Dr. CooKK slated that he h.-id
been unable to find any fungus on the Crocus corms
submitted by Mr. Bowles, not- on the Violet leaves sent
from Ireland: the frosted spots were due to the pre-
cipitation of the salts from the solution with which the
leaves had been sprayed [but sec Gardeners' Chronicle,
August 24, p. IiiO, col. c, where the appearances are
attributed to a fungus, Phyllosticta viola;].

(loosebernj Shoots.— Some shoots which were shrivelled
and dead were exhibited, the assigned cause being the
presence of red-spider.

A new casen/ Apofporji.—Mr. Druerv exhibited cul-
tures showing developed masses of prothalli on the
soral sites of Athyrium lllix-fuimlna var. cristatum
flmbriatum, raised by Mr. Garnctt, of Bowness, Winder-
mere. A frond of this Fern was exhibited at the recent
meeting of the lirltish Pteridologic-il Society, iind .Mr.
Druci-y remarked at once its great likeness in make to
A. f.-f. darissinium, Jones, though it differed from that
Fern in bearing long,slendcr,nuu-h divided L-issclsat .-ill
tips, rendering it a very beautiful form, On examining
the sori they exhibited so strongly the white, woolly
rharacter indicative of apospory, that pcrmissiou was
asked and obtained to put some material under cul-
tnie, the immediate result of which was an extension
of tlic sporangial growth, demonstrating once again
that abnormally slender, linear pinnules are corre-
lated with ajiospoiy. There arc some indications also
of apical apospory, but not yet definite enough to bo
ficlermined withcerlainty. Soral apospory is, however,
beyond adonbl. Tliis rci.ieseiils Ihe'fourtli instance of
apospory in Athyrium lilix-fci-mina.

Mr. DnuEHvalso exhibited a cultiu'e showing apical
apospoi-y in Lastrea j seudo-uias apospora, already
recorded ; well developed prochalli springing from all
the fimbriate tips of the crests of the pinna!.

<ioidy swellings on a .^peeie.s of Silver Fir.— A specimen
was shown of the swellings produced by a Coccus-like
insect (fig. 60). Petroleum emulsion was recommended
as a palliative, and destruction by fire of the affected
shoots advised.

Medicinal Pkint.^ in the vicinity of old. ruins. — Mr.
Houston asked for information as toauy paper dealing
with the presence of herbs around medieeval ruins.
The presence of Aristolochia cleniatitis around the
ruins at Godstow, Oxford, was cited as one illustration.

Poisonous PUints.— Mr. Bowles alluded to the poison-
ous effects produced by contact with the so-called
.\iipelopsis Hoggi, which turned out to be really Rhus
Toxicodendron.

Dr. Masters alluded to many similar cases, all
traceable to the distiihution from a particular nursery
of Rhus Toxicodendron instead of Arapelopsis.

.\ conversation arose in connection with this subject
Mr Druekv stating that lioney in any form produced

l"l(i. HO.— full. ON AUIES AMADII IS.

uncomfortable symptoms with him ; and Dr. CoOKK
alluded to other cases in which Mushrooms produced
evil elTccts upon some persons and not upon others
who partook of the fungi at the same time.

Mushrooms in Coal Celine.— X Fellow of the Society,
present as a visitor, exhibited fine specimens of
Agaricus campestris var. villaticus, which was growing
abundantly on the walls of his coal cellar. Salting the
walls was lecommcnded as a remedy.

C'/Knn/'/i/fifff.— Specimens of Beech bark were shown in
illustration of the abundance of this insect this season.
Unfortunately, the attack was so widely spread that
anything in the way of cure was impracticable.

Twin .!/);)(«.— Mr. HUDSON scuta specimen of syncarpy
in which two Apples were partly fused together at the
base, probably from pressnie causing mutual grafting
in a young state.

Ornftmentnl Grasses, ,t-c.— Mr. WORSLEY exhibited speci-
mens of Pcnnisclum macrourum from South Africa,
and of P. Ruppclli from Aliyssinia. Mi'. Woislcy also
exhibited a Coreopsis, in which the ordinary ray-lloiets
had been replaced by regular tubular ones.

" Acotyledonous" nermination in Crinnm.— Mr WORSI.EV
also stated that since his previous communication on
this subject, he had found that the seedling plants of
C. yemcuse exhibited the same peculiarity.

Two-fold Ilelianthiis.— Dr. Masters exhibited shoots of
HelianUins "Miss Mellish " of two forms, from the
same stock, one stout, ci-ecl, green, androbustinhabil ;
the other slender, deep purple, and greatly resembling
the shoots of Ilarpaliiim i igidum, exhibited for com-
parison.

EASTBOURNE HORTICULTURAL.

.Vuiiusr 21.— The annual show was held on this date in
the fine grounds of Comptou House. This is one pl.icc
in the South where may still be seen the fine specimeu
plants of bygone times, and uow so rarely to be seen
at exhibitions, and the competition in those classes is
keen. The foliage plants of Sir A, Lamb, B,art, an*.
Messrs. P. .\. Eagles and Wakren were almost too
l.irge to be accommodated in the tent.

Roses made a special feature, and Mr. Will Taylor,
nurseryman, Hampton, Middlesex, showed splendid
lilooms.

Tables laid out with fruit and set ofl' by plants, Ac..
were .another welcome feature, fruit being expected to
be the more prominent objects, and in Mr. F. W.
Thomas' exhibit this was happily the case. A word of
commeudatiou must be accorded Mr. Gore, the Super-
intendent of the tents, for the e.\cellcnt an-angenient,
he had made; to the Secretary, Mr. H. J. Capon; and
a very helpful body of committeemen.

Plants.

For stove and greenhouse plants in eight kinds, Mr.
T. Portnell, gi-. to Sir A. Lamb, Bart, Bcaupoi-t, Hastings,
was a good 1st, with grandly flowered Allamanda,
Dipladenia, Bougainvillea, Erica, Lapagcria rosea, and
-Slatiee Gilbciti. Mr. .\. Gadd, gr. to P. A. Eagles, Esii.,
llollington, was aclose2iid ; aud J. Warren, Esq , Hand
cross Park (gr., Mr. Oflcr), ."ird. In the smaller class,
^ix kinds, the same exhibitors took the prizes iu the
order of their names; but in the large foliage class,
J. Warren, Esc|., was a easy 1st, having splendid
specimens; Mr. PortNell 2nd ; and Mr. Gadd .Ird.

For six foliage plants, Messrs. Offer and PoKTNELt
were the winners.

The class for exotic Ferns brought large specimens,
and Mr. Okier took the piemier prize with beautifni
specimens of Tree- Ferns; Mr. (iAUD was 2n<l.

For eight species, distinct, Messrs. Offer and Gadb
were again the successful competitors.
■ Groups of plants arrant/ed .for effect brought scarcely
any competition, and the 1st prize went to Mr. H. T.
Dixon, gr., Woodsidc, Hailsham ; and the best arranged
i:ioiip of Ferns was that staged by Mr, T, Portnell,
who had an easy win.

Cut Flowers.

For thirty-six varieties, distinct, of Roses, Mr. \Vii«.
Tavi.or, Hampton, had very fine blooms, considering
the late dale, and \v4iilliil> i I'K i\ir ui prize; 2nd,
.Messrs. Brooke ,V: .Siis, nui , i ,i i. n, I ii bourne; aiiU
Mr. II. Harris, gr., Iictiin I'l.i ii i n , was ;jrd.

The best twelve blooms ol ,u;j .mc i.u u;ly were shown
by Mr, \V. Taylor; 2iid, Messrs. Slaughter, jAUviif,
and Stennino ; and .ird, Mr. H. Harris.

The best collection of annuals came from Mr; P.
Rapley, gr. to Miss VisiCK; 2nd, Mr. W. Peters, gr. Vu
A. J. C. Hare, Es<|.(St. Leonards.

The competition in the classes for Dahlias brotight
exhibitors from a distance, and somr cnpiial blooms
were shown. For show varieties, M. i I'l mis ,ind
Stenning were 1st and 2nd rcs|-, . lu. iv , mhI f«r
Cactus varieties, Messrs. Stennin.:, i;,ui i v, and
Peters took prizes in the order of their uamcs. Mcssre.
stensing and Grinstead were Istandand respectively
for Pompous.

Herb:,,. ■.in- |i,i .■iiiii.il-, .1- .ill (l...v.'i^ w.t.mv.'II shown

IjyMl K\llll,^\ll I'l M L- I. Ill hi - ..1 SlOVB

and t;i.'i !■-, M, -, , ,., r,,,.iM 1 1, and

WADKi.s ns|)(-.-lni ly. iih.i liiul. 1.4, -'lid, ami :iiil, in the
order of their names.

The best decorated dinner-table iu tlieopcn class w»s
that shown by Messrs. Durrant & Young, Eastbourne.
They had in the centre of it three large bowls of mixed
llowers— a rather heavy-looking feature. Mr. W. Scorr,
Eastbourne, was 2nd, his materials consisting of Sweot
Peas. The ladies' tables were better and more lightt.y
arranged, and there was more competition in their
class. Mrs. Kafkin, St. Johns, Withdean, Brighton,
was 1st; Miss Scorr Walker, Eastbourne, 2nd; and
Miss JENNER, Battle, .'lid. Some other tables, not iit
the prize list, were very cll'cctivc and much admired.

Fruit.

The leading feature, as luas been stated, was the
ilccoiated tables, and the 1st prize was won by Mr.
Thomas Wannock, whose materials consisted of
grasses and Coreopsis, well finished Grapes in much
variety, and splendid Peaches, Nectarines, a Melon, an*
other fruits. Mr. Grigg, gr. to Lord Asiiiiurnham,
Ashbiirnhani Pl.ace, Battle, \v,is 2ii(l. his best fruits
being a good (Jiiccn Pinc-aiiplc anil I'liims, but the
table was rather too much .-rowilcil with heavy-looking
plants. Mr. Penrose, WiiulmiU Hill, w.as .'ird. This
last exhibitor used Tomalos freely, wliich would have
been better left out.

In a dessert fruit cDiiipclilion, tlio Black Grape clasu

was a good UIH-, .'III rli ^..mc ..t* Ih.- I.irgcs bunches

were not tpiii.' 1 ii'. Mr ii ..w 1 1 1 wi i-t uithbuncheii

having large, u. 11 .'.il ..I ii.-ni.-, .mil .Messrs. Hk»-

G.\TE and Coi.i.,vii; were :;iul auil .inl icsiicclively.

The any other Black i.rape class brought good fruit,
Messrs. Tuiiwei.i. and Penrose being 1st and 2iid.

White Grapes made a poor show, and only a 2nd
prize was awarded, viz , to Mr. Clapson.

Figs were splendid, and rarely anywhere excepting

192

THE GARD ENER 8 ' CHR ONI CL E.

[September 7, 1901.

at Bi-igliton are siu-h flue fruits to be seeu, Messrs.
)>.Ei,LER, Thompsox, aud Dlackman were tlie winners
Dessert Apples v,oi-c good. Messrs. Gkigu, Martin
piicl rr ii-jov (mmI: i,| and 2ud prizes; and for culinary
"'■"■'"" M ■ 1^ Ti''M.vs, Colgate and Clapson' were

best.

Ml

riioMAsand Whiting showed the

,,, There were splendid PeacJ^os and Nectarines, Messrs
OOLG.ATE, SiGGs and East winning for Peaches, and
Messrs, Thomas, Tu.jwkll and Guigg tor Nectarines,

1 Iniiis were a large class, aud most of the prizes went
10 iijc cxhiliitoi-s wliosc names are given above.

The chief awards for collections of vegetables were
taken by Messrs, Rapi.bv, Goldsmith, aud Colgate :
and for Tomatos, by Messrs. Wadels, East, and
Penrose, ■

Miscellaneous.
' Messrs. Cheal & Son, Crawley, showed Dahlias
Splendidly; as did Mr. Charlton, Tunbridge Wells-
iinid Mr. Stredwick, St. Leonards.

Mr. H. T. Dixon showed Sweet Peas. Mr. Thomas had
a grand bank of Begonias. 'Mr. May, gr., Couipton
House, had a splendid decorative group, beaulUully
awauged, aud a group came also from Mr. G. T. Scott,
,4<astbourne.

THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY OP FRANCE.

■ August i-'.-The Frencli National lloilicuKuriil
Society held ill Paris au exhibition of flowering plants
on the above date. This was successful, altliough not
very roiuarkable. There were some excellent Caunas
.from the firm of Vilmokin-Andeieux, well grown, and
mcludiug small, dwarf, and well-flowered specimens of
^oiue ot the best varieties. There were no new sorts ;
.ppoi-ently Caunas have reached the maximum of
beauty, and the limit canuot be passed.
•■ Messrs. CAYEux & Le Clerc, of Paris, showed soir.e
tl^ ^'f,tl">l'. -IS did M. Gravebeau, of Neauphle, and
f. 7- y^'OR'N-ANDRiEtrx. Tlie most remarkable
i.ladioli have rounded stems, aud the flowers are set
an rouiut this axis. Messrs. Cayedx & Le Clerc sent
some hue perennial Phlox aud hybrid perennial
iJelpliiniuni.

scH^.fT!"''?"'^;'"'*'"'"' "f ^o»''e l-i E«">e, staged a
tri«rf„^ f ""'* °' s'lia-Il-truited pomaceous plants, in-
f>^„t for ornament (Crataegus, Berberis, Sorbur,
Coutca, Ka^lreutcria, Sympliorlearpus, Ac), and

.flowering branches ot Vitex Agnus Castus, Tamarisk,

•and Polygonum sachlialiueuse

,se^db',t'''"r''''°''V"' ^'"'""^ St. Legcr, showed some fine
st.ml *^. ''f"'' ""'' ^•■''■8'= fl<'"«''s a>'d erect
noliwabte"""^' """"' *""''''"■'• "^^'^ ""<= fruit was

• There will be another flower and fruit show held by

■ c UeflT'of^'rh, '^"P";""^'''- 2«. =^"1 an antuiiiu exhibition!
Chiefly of Chrys.nutliemums, on November 12 It is

.uncertain where this will 'be held The marnuce

■ uietoods" of ""'' "? ";*'■ ^""""''^ P™^«« expen";; ^L d
'« tM, L '■'•«■' last M.ay showed the inconvenience

bti^-^ """'■'■"'■'' an-angemeut. The spring exl i-

' a In o '° ?,""'"'?!"=? °f t"« =^<^'^i1'="t. "as a financial

failuie, aud complaints were so numerous as to result

CO 11 miite'cf " F^^r",?' the President ot the Organisatton

j-.o imittee. For the autumn exhibitions one of the

,. dings left from the Universal Exhibition of 1900 is

, ,,' ,'',';',., '" ;"■' : ""■ '1 — l"'iises of Cours-la-Reine,

.' l;iriv'lil c'l- 1 '. ' ' ' ' ■ "''''^ : tlielatteris particu-

,, , ', ! I ! h. (Iirysauthemum Show,

SocH.iv "I'lHi ''," '""'", '"■"'" '" "^<' ™'«^'' of fl"--

mil ees IV , wi ;'-t''o''''i ''■^''™"S''' ""^^o™ tlieeom-

e, i^ I? fe 1 i !?''■ ''"'' ^"* "^'ass certificates of

foovH, .*"■"'"?,"'=''■ "'ei-e shall be one class and

' «^ .vV"'' ■■'■' '• '''■'" '''^''" fo""d tl'at some firms

■meri'-'ydo'ulfn'M'fH^'' ^""'- "''«i-«fieate of

i,, ', aiflo not mention the class,
■. Thelastnuiulivr ol 111,. /„.,..„„; ,7,;,, c .■•,-.t,-.
.^tllovticnlture. h,-, ^ ,„:M: ,. ,,.,!, ,'f »""'"'*
, Horticultural ,•„„,,. ,,1 '' ''\,*-'^ ?""'

,.,Prelimiuaires,-|.x- v ,,■,,,;, ' !• ,i,- -s wh"7"' .,t''-''"''"'«s
suljiects fr,,- ,i{ ■ ■ *: "" '^. "hicU will sei-veas

timirefsew^fe,""!'^^''' TT '"•'"■<=stf^g commnnica-
" ecundatio n,»i i'"'™'' ^° '^""^''S "'"l' artificial

■ Heurv on Ch '" ^^t'^'* "0"og™plis: byM.L.
"Ciuj , on Syriugas aud Ligustriua ; by M Gerome

■ M S Mott'et ; '"r""""'' °' °'-^"^"'^°' °" ^-^^s ; and by
. iM. .'5. Mottet, ou Eremurus.

, The Society at the same time has also published the
.prograinme of the 1902 Congress, thus g v ng sK

months' notice to those who maj^ wish to prepare
^•Zcenii ITbe"''" " '" '" '"^ "°»«'l "'at infonnaHoii
■Wpvfn T' ," "apei-sraaybomade known the year
, picvious tu tlic Congress.

In Hms iiin,,:i,iime such interesting questions are
• "■ ' ■! • ■' ^Midyon Glasshouses; on the luflueuce

Y ' ..N.I .M, i.i..,;liicilyou Vegetation; the Society con-

1.1IIULO 1,,, iiu lie ilic generic monograplis proposed last
„year. excepting those on the genem already iealtwUh
,, The Organisation Committee also announces two

su ^lec s of discussion for the 1903 Congress, o^ie dealing
. th the Uses 01 Plant-foods; and the Committee is

«ise to have given a long time for the consideration of

so important a subject, a. T. Gricjmn.

ROCK PERRY HORTICULTURAL.

August 23.-It was a bold effort on the part of the
committee ot this newly-formed Association to offer
such a splendid prize-list on the occasion of their first
show, which was opened on Friday last in St. Peter's
Hall, a by-no-means suitable place to display the grand
produce brought together. Every room and baltony
was fully taxed, aud a large marquee erected in which
to hold the allotment exhibits, the money alone given
in the latter classes amounting to over one hdndrcd
pounds. The committee asked that all exhibitsinight,
as far as possible, be named ; but there was mueh loose-
ness in this respect amongst the vegetable classes. ''

For a group of miscellaneous plants arranged for
eB'ect, Mr. Henry Ogden, of West Derby, had, au easy
1st ; a large amount of Maidenhair Fern formed the
pillars and groundwork, charming dot-plants ot
Crotons, Caladium argyrites. Orchids, &c., bejrig used
sparingly, but yet judiciously. A fair 2ud was put up
by Mr. R. Roberts, gr. to G. C, Paton, Esq,, The Poplars,
Bebingtou, ,

In the smaller group, Mr, E, Stokes, gr to. J: H
Kenion, Esq., Egerton Park, Rock Ferry, used a less
pretentions style, a tall Palm surmounting the ^rhole
a good assortment of foliage plants being freely used,
and the flatness was relieved by some well flowered'
plants of Oncidium varicosum Rogersii. Mr J Bryan
gr. to Ernest Peel, Esq., "The Bedfords," Rock Ferrv'
was pl.aced 2nd. " '

Stove and Greenhou.se Plants.

Mr. Bryan was also successful in the classes for
stove or greenhouse plants, a typical liegonia, and a
well-flowered Plumbago capensis being attractive for
a Latauia borbonica, two' Fuchsias, and three zonal
Pelargoniums. Three excellent pyramid Coleus can e
from Mr. E. Stokes, the best two exotic Ferns from Mr
R. Roberts, and tuberous Begonias from Mr j'
Bradshaw. ' ■

Cut Flowers.

These throughout were of a most superior order the
floral display 4 feet by 2 feet being secured by Mr H
Obden, with a light arrangement of niLxed Sweet Peas
and grasses, the 2ud prize being awarded to a choice
collection of Castus Dahlias flatly arranged.

Bouquets were not of great merit, but the twelve
bunches of out-door cut flowers from Mr John Lee
were the perfection of arrangement, and brUliaiit iii
colour.

The chief Rose prize was taken by Mr. Little gr to
G. H. Pilkington, Roby, ' '

Mr, C, A. Young, of the Floral Nursery, West Derbv
had a remarkably good 1st prize collection ot Carna-
tions and Picotees, arranged with their own foliage
more conspicuous from the fact of the many beautiful
own-raised seedlings noticed.

The various table decorations were most elegant Miss
ISABEL Kendall 1st, Mrs. W. H. KEND.iLL2nd and Miss
Kenion 3rd,

Pkuit,

Every class was fully contested, the quality being
admirable. For the collection of six dishes Mr Fei
guson, gr, to Mrs, Paterson, Rockferry. had a splendid
lot, cousistiug of Black Hamburgh and Muscat of
AlexandriaGrapes, Greengage Plums, Dr. H ogg Peaches
Doyenne d'Ete Pears, and Pineapple Nectarines Mr'
C, Irvine, gr. to P. C. D. Castle, Esq., was placed'2nd '

Mr. Castle also won with fine samples of out-door
fruits. Mr. J. Richards had fine Black Hamburghs a
long even pair of highly finished Madresfleld Court
and huge bunches of Muscat of Alexandria Grapes •
the remaming prize for any other white falling to Mr'
Morgan, gr. to M. Har%-ey, Esq., Rock Ferry, who also
scored with Elriige Nectarines. A grand dish of Belle-
garde Peaches was put up by Mr. A. Crisp gr to W
Pritchard, Esq. From Mr. T. Tuite gr to T w'
OAKSHOTT, Derby House, Rock Ferry, eime Conqueror
of Europe as the best green flesh Melon • Mr Irvine
staging a rich unnamed scarlet.

Hardy fruits were remarkable in every way.

Vegetables,

The best twelve came from Mr, G, Taylor, Little
Suttou, but as they were without names comment is
almost useless, Mr, D, McLean won with six Mr J
Williams had Edgecote Purple, Windsor Castle and
International as the best three dishes of Potatos' and
excellent Onions and Celery. Mr. W. Millington
carried o a' the Tomato prize.

In concluding, it may safely be said that the Rock
Ferry Show is likely to become permanent, R Piu-
nimjton.

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION AT
BRUGES.

AUGUST25, 2tf,27,-Tlie time-worn Market Square of
Bruges was, on this occasion, transformed into a beau-
tiful garden, and the ancient belfry looked down upon
a novel sight, for nurserymen aud amateurs vied with
eacli other in friendly rivalry where in years gone by
many a sanguinary contest was fought.

The Royal Horticultural Society of Bruges (the oldest
horticultural associ.ation in tlie world, founded iu the

sixteenth century) and the Society of Gardeners united
to make this exhibition, under the auspices of a very
influential society, known as "Bruges en Avaut,"

M, le Comte d'Ursel, Governor of the Province, said
at the opening.ceremony, " I had looked for au experi-
ment, but you have made of your first exhibition a
masterpiece," The exhibits came from Bruges only, but
their number and importance show how greatly the nur-
series ot tiie district have increased of late years. A
very influential jury had been invited by the committee,
representatives of eight nationalities being present;
Great Britain was represented by the following gen-
tlemen :— Messrs, Wm, Garraway, Peter Veitch, Arthur
Turner, Robt, P, Ker. Fred, Boyle, J, Bruckhaus, and
M, K, Drost,

The main display was in the Grande Place, but an
important part was held in the Hall of the Belfry, and
in tJie Government Building, which also faces the
Square.

The most striking specialty in the cultures of Bruges
is that of the Bay trees. Over 2,000 were shown, varying
from 50 year old specimens to small plants of 2 and 3 ft.
In the ceutre of the square is the statue to two
patriots in the troubled days of old. At the base hung
a gigantic Laurel wreath some 1.S feet in circumference,
decked with red and white ribbon, the colours of the
town.

A large proportion of the Bay trees was exhibited by
Messrs. F. Sander & Co. ; in fact, this firm contributed
very largely to the general success of the exhibition,
having brought an immense number and variety of
plants.

M. ViNCKE-DuJARDiN Showed some of his big sped
men Bay trees in several forms ; and Mile. Bapaeet
DE Grass sent eight very beautiful columns, 10 feet
high, of Eugenia australis in flower. These aud the
Bays stood round the beds of Petunias, Asters, Lilies,
&c,, shown by Jules Cram, Pelargonium peltatum fronk
A'erhaeghe-Rys, and others.

Not less effective were the beds of Begonias, such as
Lafayette Surpassc, Daviesii, Perfection Rose, shown
by Messrs, Sander, whose double Begonias were well-
nigh perfect, the colours well separated in a star-
shaped bed.

Two fine groups of Myrtles were shown by Mr,
Steinmetz and Van't Pad, Further on were large
masses of Phorniiums, Euryas, Araucarias, besides
many other good decorative plants. The 1st prize for
Dracienas fell to the Socidtc " Flandria ; " and from
Cam Walhaet came good collections of Conifers,

Very beautiful was the garden thus laid out in the
very heart of the city, the numerous caf(5s around which
were decked and beflagged for the occasion. The some-
what uneven paving stones were covered with sand,
and good paths thus enabled the visitors to promenade
in comfort aud listen to the excellent military band,
which was supplemented iu the intervals by the
carillons on the celebrated Belfry Bells,

In Belfry Hall were the exhibits of the Society of
Gardeners, consisting largely of all the most useful
decorative plants in commercial sizes. Worthy of spe-
cial mention were the Bay Trees from Lindig, Latanias
from SoMEHLiNCK and Vanden Bon, Kentias from
Van't Pad,

Very striking was a group of Latania borbonica aiu'ea
—a splendid golden Palm, shown by Mr, Steinmetz,
for which he was awarded the large Gilt Medal,

A large aud varied group of Orchids was shown by
M, Vincke-Dujardin, in which were several good
varieties of Cattleya Gaskelliaua aud gigas, and a new
hybrid Cypripedium " Vinckei x,"

The Socidtd "Flandria," and Messrs, Sander, showed
fine groups of twenty-five distinct Palms, ' The latter
received the 1st prize. Their group contained very fine
specimens of Licuala grandis, Kentia Sanderiana, Gla-
ziova insignis, Licuala Jeanneueeyi, Kentia australis
and Canterburyaua, Calamus Albert!, Linospadix Pe-
trickiana, &c, ; and above all, a Kentia which is quite
unique, with eighteen leaves of B to 7 ft,, hanging down
iu a dense mass.

Fruits, vegetables, and flowers were also shown, but
there was nothing special in this department.

In the entrance to the hall ot the Government
building, vases and garden requisites were exhibited,
whilst Messrs. Sander filled the hall witli rare and
interesting plants. In the foreground of their col-
lections stood a new and unique Palm, Linospadix
Leopoldi, never shown before. An Immense plant of
Monstera deliciosa, iu fruit aud flower, attracted great
attention from the general public. In the centre was
a group of Nepenthes and .Sarracenias, plants always
interesting, N, mixta, Sander's var,, has longer
pitchers than any other excepting N, Rajah,

On the right, a group of various new and rare foliage
and flowering stove and greenhouse plants contained
some 150 specimens, Anthuriums, both Andreanum
andScherzerianum, were here in greatvariety, and most
effectively staged ; Fourcroya Watsoniana, Vriesia
Leopoldi (new), Acalypha hispida, on 3-feet stem,
Ixoras, Crotons, (fcc,

A group of new and rare Palms on the left contained
some fifty varieties, including Kentias aud other re-
markable species. The end of this hall was filled
with a magnificent display of Orchids, A dozen grand
varieties of Vanda cau'ulea formed a beautiful group,
and on the other side was the peerless Cypripedium
callosura Sanderie, also some good Ljelio-Cattleyas, the

September 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

198

deep-lippcd L. oallistoglossa. the primrose and crtmson
RolMu Measures. Atalanta, &c.

The King's prize for tlie best exhibit in tlie show was
awarded to Messrs. F. Saxder it Co.

On the second day King Leopold lionourcd tlie exhi-
bition with a visit, and went very carefully through the
plants, taking great interest iu all the exhibitors and
exhibits.

.*. very successful banquet was held at the Hotel de
Flandres in honour of the juiy. Mr. P. Veitch replied
for Great Britain iu an able speech, which was heartily
backed up by his couutrymen, who, we hope, in
common with our other guests, thoroughly enjoyed
their visit to our beautiful Bruges. C. Steiitmetz,
Secretary.

GLASGOW & WEST OP SCOTLAND
HORTICULTUEAL.

i.RfMT .~l|i)\V OF FKUIT.S .VXD VE'iET-VIiLES IN"
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.
SEPTEMiiEii, 4, 5. — Scotsmen have always held a
reputation for good Grape-culture, and'the exhibition
held in the grounds of the International Exhibition at
Glasgow, on Wednesday and Thursday last, afforded
the latest striking proof that they are still successful
in producing some of the grandest examples, of Cirapcs
to be seen [or tasted) in the whole world.

Thcie was more genuine enthusiasm in Scotland in
respect to this show than was the case last week, wlicn.
there was an exhibition of plants and cut flowers. It
was evident all the time. Even when that one was being
held, the couvcrsation turned most frequently upon'
the fruit exhibition that was yet to come. Some of the'
Scots gardeners were a little impatient of the event
TluSy were not unreasonably a little ashamed at the.
poor display of specimen plants then made by the
plant-gi-owcrs, and were eager to obliterate the in.- '
pression of it upon the southern visitors, by con '
fronting them with a display of superlative frUits)
and Vegtjfables. ' ''

It is rare, indeed, that better Grapes than' lliose'
shown on Wednesday last are staged, in the gi'eat
Grape class at Shrewsbuiy two years ago, Mr. Lunl's '
1st prize exhibit of twelve bunches may be said to.
have been uiieqii.allcd at Glasgow, but the diircrcncc
in favour of the former was not very much. The twelve
bunches then shown averaged 1 lb. per buncli, and llie
istprize exhibit of Mr. Lust's at Glasgow, in the class
for eiglit bunches, averaged .tj lb. each, the two bunches '.
of .Uicanlcs weigliing u lb. .■-,} oz., and 5 lb. 9 oz. respec-
tively. Mr. Lu.NT was quite the champion at Glasgow
in the Grape classes, winning all the principal jirizcs. '
His Grapes were not small by any means, in bunch or'
bcn-y, but beyond mere size, they had the Ijctter
qualities of good colour and perfect finish. His
success shows that the climate and soil of Perthshire,
or the Dunblane part of it, are extremely favourable to
Vino cultivation, for it is not tliat the cultivator
is a ScotBTiian. Mr. Lunt is the son of the veteran
Mr. Lunt of Ardgowan Gardens, who, though resident '
in Scotland in the same garden for forty-eight years, is
nevertheless an Englishman by birth.

Collections of fruit were good, and collections of
hardy fruits especially good. The best collection of
hardy fruits, and the best collection of indoor fruits
came from the south of England. Peaches and Nec-
tarines, Plums, Figs, Apples, and Pears were all nume-
rously shown. Occasionally the prizes went south, and
in other instances they ivere retained in the north
Vegetables were capital, both from Scotch and English
gardens.

Amongvisitors from "across the Itordcr" we noticed
Mr. Arthur Sutton, Mr. Leonard Sutton. Mr. Geo. Bun
yard, Mr. B. Parker, Mr. Win. Pope, Mr. James Mclndoq'
-Mr. H. P. Glendinning, Mr. Hunter (Lambton Gardens)'
representatives of the horticultural press, and others.
At the luncheon, the Chair was taken by Baillie Simons
and on his right were Mr. Hunter, Lambton Castle
Gardens; Mr. Whylock, Dalkeith Palace Gardens; Mr.
Jas.Whittou, Glasgow Parks; and on his left Mr.Geo.
Bunyard, Ac, supported by a large number of Scotch
nurserymen and gardeners. The usual toasts were
proposed and received in a hearty Scotch fashion The
hojKiwasgcncrallyexprcssed that the fillip th,at has been '
given to the Glasgow and West of Scotland Horticul-
tural Society, by the alliance that has been formed with
it and the International fehibition authorities, will
help to reestablish iu (ilasR.iw a more spirited horti-
cultural interest, and that thus the special efTorlstlial
have now been made will have a permanent result.
Drsvi.Av OF Fruit on a Defined Spack.
The most valuable prizes were olTcred in a class for
displays of fiuit upon spaces of 12 feet by is feet, orna
mental foliageand small plants beingpermitted, in order
to obtain the best effect. The object of the class was no
doubt primarily that of making a great and attractive

display of the best grown fruits, let them come from
whence they might, but we thiuk even in such a class it
should be required that the fruits shown shoilld be the
cultivated produce of the exhibitor. The class being
an open one and free from any stipulation, it was pos-
sible for a fruit merchant to gather fruits from the
best gardens and successfully compete for the substan-
tial 1st prize of £20 which was offered. The 1st prize
was won by Messrs. Malcolm Campbell, Ltd., IS, Gor-
don Street, Glasgow, this firm having shown the Iicst
quality fruits and arranged them very effectively. At
the back a straight wall-like screen of pale gi'cen muslin
was studded with tine bundles of black and white
Gi*apesi which hung as it were upon the wall, and each
fruit had a prettily coloured Vine-leaf at the top of it
near to the w-ood. Some silver centre pieces were laden
witii'g,plendid Grapes, Melons. Pine-apple, Peaches, Ac,
and on the white cloth-covered table were Figs, Pears,
PoaehoS; Nectarines, Plums, and excellent Pines. The
stroDgdit! feature of the exhibit just noticed was the
Piue-apples.

The 2nd prize was won by Sir J. W. Pease, Bart.,
Hutton Hall, Guisboixiugh. Yorks (gr., Mr. James
MttIiidoe),who showed in his usual Hue style, all of his
f i-uit Jieiog good in quality. The exhibit -was weak in
dee»rlitiOui or it might have been exceedingly difficnlt
to beati The Grapes— incliuling Alicante, Cooper's
Blnlki'iAJuwick Seedling, Muscats, and a vei^y large
Giiiipc called Empress of India, having long grecu
berBies, coloured red towards the point— were all flrst-
clase^'and very heavy. Figs were good. Peaches and
Nectarines large and of excellent colour. Plums Brniis
wick NeelarincJSultan, and Heine Claude de Bavay,
&c.v*A<)plOB, Citrons, Pears, NutSj Gooseberries, itc.,''
were capital,

Tho Oitl prize went to Mr. Tuos. Carlyi.k, ijs;. New
City'IUmd,Glasgow; and e(|nal 4tli prizes toMr. JAS. i
Simmons, Fa wcett Street, .Sunderland, and Messrs..
CoolPEft* Co., Howard Street, Glasgow. The last-mcn-
tionDd •exhibitor made the prettiest display in tlie
cla3t>,''butXailed very much iu the quality of the fruit ;
shown.! Tlitre were si.x collections, and together llicy
iiiado.a most imposing display.

COLi.EtTios.s or Fruit.

TboJjkrgeet collections shown were of twelve dishes
eacli^.titDrd not more than "two distinct varieties
of,ODe.«ort" were permitted. There were three
entjues^n this class, and the 1st prize woe well won by
M. ItlDOUU'JI, Esq., Ledbury Park, Ledbury (gr., Mr.
Jawi£9.Dawesj. lie had Muscat of Alexandria and Gros
Maroc Grapes, the latter very heavy bunches, and the
berries richly coloured; the Muscats were good, but
one bunch particularly needed more colour and finish
to bo perfect. There were Melons Countess and Nc
Plus'.UUra, Pitmaston Duchess Pears (very large).
Peaclfcs &;a Kagle and Harrington, 'Figs Brunswick,
Noe«%ri«>cs Humboldt, Slanwick, EIruge, Plums Belle
de Loavainc, and Apples Worcester Pearniain.

Tho and prize was won by J. THOii.>iON Paton, Esq.,
Norwood, Alloa, N.B. (gi-., Mr. A. Kirk). In this exhibit
tho GrapOB were MadrcslieUl Court and Black Ham-
burg, of ■good quality; a Smoiith Cayenne Pineapple;
MelonB Hero of Lockingc and Ringleader, Peaches
Bartington and Sea Eagle, Pears Souvenir du Congrts
and Brockworlh Park, Nectarines Humboldt, and Pine-
apple, a'nd Apples Lady Siideley. Tho 2nd prize went
to tho Marquis of AiLSA, Culzean Castlo, Maybolc (gr.,
Mr. flWid Murray); he had an uncommonly prclly
Meldn "Best of All," and a larger fruit of Blenheim
Orange ; his Pine apple was small, and his Poaches and
NcctAVincs, Grapes, Figs, ■.tc., of good, if not of the best
quality.

Tlie competition for eight dishes of fruit was ex-
cluded' from exhibitors in the preceding class, and
there was less competition in I he smaller class. Of the
five who entered, only two put iu an appearance. The
1st prize was won liy Mr. jAs. MclNDOE; he had grand
.\lnwic'k Seedling and Gros Maroc Grapes, Hutton Hall
and Green Flesh Melons, Pitmaston Duchess Pears,
Princess of Wales Pcaoh, and Piiie-apple Nectarine.
The (jrapcB were the strongest feature in the exhibit.
2nd, 'Lord 'ELPiiiNSTONE,CarlK;rry Tower, Musselburgh
(gi".,'Mr. David Kidd), who had very large bunches of
Muscat of -Alexandria Grapes, two good bunches of
.•VppIcyTowers Grapes, with Peaches, Nectarines, Pears,
.Vpples, and a Melon.

. . COLLECTIONS Ol- llAKDY FHUIT.S.

There were gi-and collections of hardy fruits, and
those exhibits constituted almost as good a feature as
the «Iiow possessed, being little less remarkable than
the Gnai»cs. A collection of twelve dishes from Mi-,
Robert Parker, gr. to the Duke of Kicu>iOND jlnd Goui i'

DON, were faultless, and wo will enumerate the varie«.
ties, wh'ich were all of first-class merit : — Figg„.
Brunswick andBl.-icklschia ; Pears, Pitmaston Duchess
and Williams' .'Bon CliriStieii ; .\pricots. Apples, Plum,^,
.\rchduke and Pond's Seedling, Peaches Dyniond, and
Nectarines Violctte native and Darwiu ; 2nd, Mr. Davii},
Gibson, gr. to Mrs. Johnstone, Coombc Cottage,.
Kingston - on - Thames, whose Peaches, NectarineSj.
Plums, and .-Vpples were capital; and ;ird, Mr. Jas.
Dawes, gr. to M. Biddulph, Esq., Ledbury Park,
Ledbiu'y. , ^ . i

Grapes.
The best collection of eight bunches (not more thaii,
two bunches of one variety) came from Captain .\.
STIRLING, Kcir, Dunblane (gr., Mr. Thos. tuul), and
included some remarkable specimens. Madrcsfield'
Court (2 bunches) were perfect in size' of berry, and ill'
colour and finish, the size of buuc'ii bfciiig not exc£;p-''
tional ; Black ' Hanibiirgli (2 bunches) Was a lieav'v,'",
short, miicli shouldered bunch of fleiiscly^colourcd,'!
berries of fair si/--; JIi'iMMt ci" ' \Ir\:iiiaii;i a' lium-'li(?s),'

long bunches (. I - ]\;-vl U'-..'\. ■,;■., ■,::-\y » ell ,■, .l.mred','

and the biinch \. i> pci i. . i m .|i.i|.r. aIhum!, >.T(niug''.
was tlie lieaviesi shown. Ihr !«,. i.iinclir- Im-ui-j very
remarkable in size and in tli.' \-'\/.v .n ili.' liti rus, tlie'
colour ;niin iiiiish' bc'ins; i-v.rj iIuul; iliiii c^.iiia lie
desired. Of th'e dl'hcr loin- cxhihitw-s. the most siTc-''
cessfnl' wfts Mr.' .\L'Eii.'ncii!k, whiVsc G'i'a{)fcs ' wcl'd''
reifi'.ii-kahip (or j^rc^t'Sizeof berry, havirtg bctii sevtWli^'
thiiincil ■ 'Tlh- \avicti(!'S w-cre (Iriis il;ir;ir. 'Mi'l^,' '6t''
BucclcuLli, MiuM.k .-^ccdliu!:, and M.i-lr.Wi.l,! i ,,in-f.
Thel«:'i.hvsri,l.l fMui-t nndcros Mar...- v..t.- Hi.- Ur^t iii
([uallty and lini-li , ,irii; ;\Ii ;, CcNri^, I'li.ulim ll..nsc,'
PcrHi'(g-r.,Mr, .In.. L,.>ln... Th.. i.r,l III nil . . Ala'bi'l;''
were BiJii-k Ali.,inio ,ui.l i;i.., .M..i... , i.,.ili ..( uhicli"
varieties were shown in very laVgc bunches affft
exctfllen't tiiiish.'' -'■''■■" .-..': i... .n-,,. ,■ i;t?*

Four bitncVei:, {tixtinct varldlirs.—The 1st prize in "lljis
class was won by Mr, Hami;!, Kiui), and lie shpwcil ilia"
varieties (iros M;ir,.,-. ,. ni..ilcralc s'izcd.biiiicli. vci-y,
large inliciTy, ;;.),.il linish ; Mrs. Pluc'c's ilus'cat, a loiigl,
bunch of fairly wcjl finished berries fof-'fiiis rather
difiicult v.ariety ; Cannon Hall Muscat, a large bunch
of well ripened berries> sLigilitly disfigured.; and Applop
Towers, a very .good bunch in size and .colour. 2nd,H
Messrs. W. Murray & Son, PaikUall .Nurseries, Pol-r.
niont, their viuietios.ljcing .Vlicanlo, ilaroc,' Aliiwicls.j
See<lling,nn<miack .Hamburgh. ; i.. iii;n ;i'i;

Tun btmrhr^, Mutcat nf AloMTnlria.^iilr. Thosi-Iai»t.*
won Ihc 1st pVizc, and staged fino buncheti of wdll'
colbiircd, T>crfcctly iViiishod berries^ .2nxl, 1>. Mi'roriKH.;"
Esq., The Caslle, Larg (gr., Mr. While), llifc were very '.
good: 'biihclicsi .'jrij, Lnrd''Ei,P«iNSTONE, > w'ho had
larger bimwhos ot IcsSfliiishedtppearauCt. fthcro werb'.
four competitors. ' ' " '■ lui..' . nv

Two hunches, lllack Ilamhunjh.—Tilr. LuNi' took 1st
prize witli moderate sized hunches, .large berries, aiul
grand co|lour. Of the large number of other exhibitor^, ,
(there H;crc twenty entries), J. A. Hauvev Brown, Esq.^ ,
Dumpacc,. Larbcrt (gr., Mr. Jus. Mcnzics), ^won 2ii,d,
prize, and was rather near to Mr. Lunt iu the quality ;
of the Grapes shown; 3rd, Col. North, IJ^ilrymplo,;,
Hamilton, Burganny, Daillytgr., Mr. D. I)ucl(i>imn). ..»

Tivo hnnchc!*, Jltack yllicfinte, were grand from Messrs.
I). <i W. Buchanan, Forth Vineyards, Kippen, N.B.
Their's Were large, heavy, good shouldertid btliichcs ot ,,
finely finished berries, and represented this cxccoii^
ingly popiilar Grapo in its liest character. For 2hd ,
prize Ml'. Lunt waS the winner, and had beiiutitii'l
bunches of good weight; 3rd,' W. MuuftAY&Soij. Park,
Hall Nurseries, Polmoiit. There were seven entries. ""
Two bvnclics Mrs. Pinee.—Uere Mr. Lunt again proved
champion exhibito^, and showed the Grapes with a,.
high finisli it rarely attains (o. . They were very pretty,,
specimens of good weight. 2nd, Karl of Galloway, ,
Galloway House, Garliestown (gr., Mr. James Hay) ; au^ ,
3rd, Colonel North.

Two bunches Gros Colmar.—Mr. Jno. Leslie, of lour-
exhibitors, liad the best Grapes iu this class, tho,
bunches being good, but not so remarkable as some of.,
those shown in other classes. 2iid, Mr. White, wlip,
had better biifiches, and larger berries, but hickod finish.,-
rico bunclu:n I.ndy Domies.—Mv. Tiios. Lunt won lst.(
prize in this class again, and as usiial in Mr. Luxr's
Grapes, the chief points in them were quality and
finish. 2nd, Mr. D. KiDD ; and Sid, Mr. William'
White. There were ten entries in this class.

Two hunches of MadresJlcUl Court.— Those were grand-
examples from Mr. LUNT, the berries being finely
plump .and very elongated, showing exactly the cha- '
ractcrlstte that makes this variety the handsomest '
Grape kifdwn. 2nd, Mr. Jas. Day, gr. to llio Earl oF
Galloway. There appear to be fewer cultivators Of

194

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septejider 7, 1901.

this fine Grape than of oHicr varieties, as only two
oxiiihitors competed in tlie class specially for it.

Two bunches of any other Black Grape.— In this class
ilie variety Alnwick Seedling was shown superbly liy
Mr, Thos. Lunt. The Iranches were long and heavy.
^ut tlicse were not their best points, for in quality and
finisli they were perfect. The 2nd prize was won by
Messrs. D. & W. Buchanan, with two unnamed bunches,
perhaps Cooper's Blaclt ; .'Srd, W. II. Dobbie, Esq., Dollar
Beg, Dollar (gr. Mr. Jno. Waldie), with Gros Maroc.
Tiiere were Muscat Itaraburgh, Cooper's Late Black,
and others shown in this class, in which there were
fourteen entries.

Two Bunches any other White ftrapes.—Thc 1st prize was
awarded to extremely large lierricd bunches of Duke
»f Buccleugh, shown by Mr. John Leslfe. The berries
needed just a few more days to get the best colour ;
2nd, Foster's Seedling, shown well by Thos. Hinshel-
WOOD, Esq., Kennyhill House, Glasgow (gr., Mr. Peter
Toung); Srd, also Foster's Seedling, from Mr. James Day.
The varieties Raisin de Calabre, Empress of India, a
■ cw variety referred to above, Chasselas Napoleon, and
Cannon Hall Muscats were also shown in this class,
in which twelve entries were made.

Oiw Bunch 0/ n H'Arte Grnpe.— Prizes were offered in
Hiis class for the heaviest bunch shown, and (he 1st
prize went to a bunch of Gradisca, weighing 9| lb .
.iliown by Mr. John Leslie ; 2nd, to A. A. Speirs, Esq..
Houston House, Johnstone (gr., Mr. James Brown), who
I id Trebbiano.

One Bunch of a Black Grape (heaviesl).— Mr. John Leslie
also won 1st prize in tliis class, and showed a wonder"
ftil bunch of Alicante, which weighed 8J lb. One of the
alioulders was qufle as large as a fairly-sized bunch of
tliis v.ariety. Tlie berries were also of good size, hardly
well coloured, butliy a little thinning tlie bunch could
lie made to ajipear very satisfactory for so heavy a
apecimen ; 2nd, Messrs. D. & W. Buchanan, with un-
»amcd bunch (probably Alicante), weighed 61b. 2 oz. ;
*d. Sir D. C. Buchanan, Drumpellier. Co.atbridge (gr.,
Mr. A. Aitkeu), who also had .an unnamed hunch.

Melons.

The best three fruits of a green or white-fleshed
Melon were of the variety " Best-ot-All," shown by
r> Scott Ferouson, Esq.. Thayston, Kirtonkillock
(gr , Mr. Tiios. Christie); they were small fruits, in
perfect condition, and of good fl.avour. The 2nd prize
A»;ui won by Mr. LuNT, whose fruits were distinct, and
included the varieties Hero of Lockinge, The Countess,
and Royal Sovereign ;ird, the Earl of Hosie, K.T.
hr., Mr. W. F. Archibald).

The best scarlet-fleshed Melons were Scarlet Premier.
.sJiown by Mr. Jas. McIndoe ; whilst Klondike, from
Mr. Thos. Christie, was 2nd.

Ficis.
The best Figs shown cinie from so tar south as Good-
wood, being shown by Mr. R. Parker, gr. to the Duke of
JtiCHMOND AND GoHDON ; they were some of the
largest fruits of Brunswick we have seen. 2nd, Mr.
Jas. Dawes, also from the south ; and 3rd, Mrs. John-
stone, Coonibe Cott.age, Kingston-on-Thames (gr., Mr.
Uavid Gibson).

Peaches and Sect.arines.

There was a first-class show of these in four classe?.
Tlie 1st prize for twelve fruits in two varieties was won
by A. Campbell, Esq , Craigie House, Ayr (gr., Mr.
Robt. Blair), who liad magnificent specimens of Prin-
•c.e of Wales, and good ones of Bellegarde: 2nd, Mr,
KiCHAHD Parker: and Srd, J. A. A. Wall.ace, Esq.!
Bridgend Cottage, Cairnryan (gr„ Mr. Wm. Downie).

The best dish of six fruits was shown by Mr. Robert
Ci-rindrod, gr. to G. Bates, Esq., Whitfield Gardens,
Hereford, who showed very large fruits of Sea Eagle;
a-id, the Earl of Carnarvon, Highclere Castle, New-
berry (gr., Mr, W. Pope) ; and .Srd, Mr. D. Buchanan.

The best dozen Nectarines was from Mr. Thos. Lunt,
»id they were some of the best developed, higliest
Holoured specimens of Elruge and Pineapple we have
ever beheld ; 2nd, Mr, David Gihson, with the same
rarieties; and Mr, David Mure.av, with Spencer and
Pine-apples. These exhibitors were awardad equal 2nd
>i'izes.

Apricots and Plums.

The 1st prize for twelve fruits of Apricots was won
h6- Mr. W. Smith, gr. to the Earl of Stair, Oxenford
Castle Gardens, Dalkeith. These were the only samples
sViown.

The best dozen of G.age Plums was shown by Mr.
lAMEs Dawes, who had very large and excellent speci-
mens of the variety JefTerson ; 2nd, Ml. W. Pope, with
liiyanstoii Gage; and iiril. Mr. David Gibson.' wifli
Grceu Gage.

The best yellow Plums were magnificent specimens of
White M.agiuim Bonuin from Mr. Pope ; 2nd, Earl of
London, tJalston (gr., Mr. J. W. Robertson), with the
same variety ; Srd. Mr. Jas. McIndoe, also showing the
same variety.

For red or purple Plums, the best was Kirke's Seed-
ling from Mr. Robt. Blair; 2nd, Mr. W.Smith with
Pond's Seedling ; and :3rd, Jno. Malcolm with Victoria
and Kirke's Seedling.

Pears.

The best three dishes of Pears, distinct, grown in the
open air. came from H. J. Younger, Esq., Benmore.
Kilmum (gr., Mr. Robert Greenlaw), who showed
Doyennd du Comice, Pitmaston Duchess, and Beurr<5
d'.\inanlis ; 2nd, Mr. Jas. Gibson ; and Srd, Mr. W. Roe,
gr. to E. W. Cuddick, Esq., Caradoc, Ross.

The best tlu'ce dishes of Pears cultivated under glass
were shown by Mr. Thos. Gordon, gr. to Walter Neil-
son, Ewenfield, Ayr, who had very nice and nearly ripe
fruits of Magnate, Louise bonne of Jersey, and Duron-
de.au; 2ud, Mr. Robt. Greenlaw; and Srd, Mr. l>.
Kidd.

In the larger class, for twelve dishes of Pears in
twelve varieties, there were numerous collections of
good fruits. The 1st prize was won by Mr. Thos. Gor-
don, who showed General Todleben, Beurr^ Diet, Marie
Louise d'Uccle. Beurre Bosc, Durondeau, BcurriS
d'Amanlis, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Doyenni5 du Co-
rnice, Magnate, Conference, Beurre Superfin, and
Clapp's Favourite. The 2nd prize was aw.arded to Mr.
Robt. Grindhod, and the Srd to Mr. James McIndoe.

Apples
Were shown numerously, and generally they were good.
The 1st prize for a collection ;of twelve distinct v.a-
rieties was won by Mr. Robt. Grindrod (Hereford),
who had capital fruits of fine colour and considerable
size ; 2nd, Mr. David Gibson, Kingston-on-Thames.

In a class for twelve varieties of culinary sorts, Mr.
Richard Parker won 1st prize with very Large fruits ;
2nd, Mr. Jno. Ketly, gr. to Campbell & Gettinh,
Glewstone, Ross; and 3rd, Mr. Robert Grindrod.
There were twelve entries in this class, and two equal
4th prizes were awarded in addition to the collections
referred to above.

The best collection of six dishes of dessert Apples
came from Mr. John Kelly, gr. to Campbell & Getting,
Ross, and he showed very finely coloured fruits of
Lady Sudeley, Warlington, Cox's Orange Pippin, Beauty
of Bath, &c. ; 2nd. Mr. David Murray, Ayrshire ; and
Srd, Mr. James Dawes, Ledbury. There were fifteen
entries in this class

Collections of VEciETAnLEs.

There were numerous collections shown in a class
for the following thirteen varieties, the chief induce-
ment being a Veilch Memorial Medal and £•^ ofTored by
the trustees of the Veitch Memorial Fund. None but
gardeners andainateurs could compete. The collection
was required to include dishes of sLx Cauliflowers, six
heads of Celery, six Leeks, six Parsnips, six Carrots,
six Beet, six Turnips, four early Cabbages, two Vege-
table Marrows, twelve Onions, twelve Potatos, fifty
pods of Peas, and fifty pods of French Beans. There
ivere as many as fifteen entries in this class, and the
1st prize was won by Mr. Clias. Traill, gr. to Jno. Mar-
SH-ALL. Esq., Ashgrove, Kilwinning. He had good Lion
Giant Leeks, Winningstadt Cabbages, Veitch's Autumn
Giant Cauliflower, Moor's Cream Marrow, Miller's
Bountiful Potato, Cranston's E.xcelsior Onion, fine
Golden Ball Turnips. Celery, &c. ; 2nd, Mr. Jas. Brown,
gr. to A. A. Spiers, Esq., Houston Gardens, Johnstone;
:Hd, Mr. James Dymock, gr. to Wentworth Vernon,
Esq., Stoke, Stoke Brueerne Park, Towcester; 4tli,
E. Beckett, gr. to Lord Aldenham, Elstiee House
Gardens, Hertfordshire.

In a similar class for which prizes were offered by
Messrs, Sutton tt Sons, Reading, the 1st prize was won
by Mr. Jas. Gibson, gr. to R. H. Hudson, Esq., Danes-
field, Marlow, Bucks. This was a grand collection, and
included Prizetaker Leeks, Standard Bearer Celery,
Sutton's Autumn Mammoth Cauliflower, Tender-and-
Truc Cabbage, New Intermediate Carrots, White Vege-
table Marrow, AilsaCraig Onions, The Student Parsnips,
Sutton's Satisfaction Potato, Duke of Albany Peas,
Snowball Turnips, Canadian Wonder French Beans,
and Sutton's Black Beet. 2nd, Mr. Jno, Waldie, gr. to
W. H. Dobie, Esq., Dollar; and Srd. Mr. James Brown,
gr. to A. A. Speirs, Esq., Houston House, Johnstone;
4tli, Mr. W. Pope.

X smaller class for nine dishes of vegetjvbles was won
by Mr, John Gemmell. gi-., Flakefield, Chapelton,
I'lid, Mr. Hugh Watson, Crossford, Carluke; and Srd,
Mr. Colin K. MacPhail, Ardeer House, Dumbarton.

There were plenty of Potatos shown, and a large
number of good tubers were staged in a class for
twenty-four varieties. The best lot was shown by Mr.
John Gemmell, gr., and the tubers were remarkable
for a clean appearance and good even size. 2nd, Mr.
Jas. Service, iiui-serymau, Maxwelltown, Dumfries.

The best collection of twelve varieties of Potatos came
from Mr. Allan Caldwell, gr.. Mill Hill, Polmont.
These were also very good indeed. 2nd, Mr. Jas.
Brown, gr, to A. A. Speirs, Esq., Houston House,
Johnstone ; and Srd, Jessie Gentleman, CraigmaiTie,
Armadale.

There was a special competition for flavour in
Tomatos, and in this class the winning fruits were
Debbie's Champion and Holmes' Supreme, both red
varieties, shown by Mr. James Martin, gr. to Mr. Swin-
burne, Winchcombe.

A splendid collection of Tomatos was shown by Mr.
Hugh Bennie, Loams Nurseries, Troon; a large
number of dishes of medium-sized fruits of good Per-
fection shape were shown amidst a gi-oundwork of
Sniilax foliage. 2nd, Mr. John Hood, gr. to T. G.
Bishop, Esq., Dalmore, Helensburgh; and Srd, Mr.
Robert Morton, Braidwood, Carluke.

Carrots, Beet, and Parnips.— The best exhibit of six
roots of eaeh was shown by Mr. W. Hewitt, Temple
Saw Mills, Glasgow, and the comparative quality of his
roots may be judged when it is known that there were
thirty-four entries in this class ; 2nd, Mr. W. Downie,
gr. to J. A. A. Wallace, Esq., Cairnryan; Srd, Mr.
James Havie, gr. to James Mann, Esq., Orchard House,
Carluke.

In the smaller cl.asses the vegetables were of gene-
rally good quality, and the following were the principal
prize-winners : — For Cucumbers, Mr. W. Pope, Mr.
John Wood, gr. to T. G. Bishop, Esq., Dalmore, Helens-
burgh ; Tomatos, Mr. John Waldie and Mr. John
Wood; Onions, Mr. Ed. Becketp, who had immense
specimens, and Mr. Robt. F. Kae, Gunlaws, Roxburgh ;
Leeks, of which a vei-y large number was shown, Mr.
John Hood, and Mr. David Pitt, Eccles, Kelso ; Celery,
Mr. James Miller, gr. to Mr. C. S. Stuaut, Castlemilk,
Rutherglcn, and Mr. E. Beckett.

Non-competitive E.xhibits.

Messrs. Lister & Son, Rothesay, N.B., showed a large
quantity of Tomatos of the variety Lister's Prolific.
There were thirteen whole plants cut oflT at ground
level, bearing an exceedingly prolific crop of fruits,
also numerous bunches of fruits, and gathered fruits
upon plates. The variety is a red one, of good Perfec-
tion shape, and remarkable for its abundant cropping
qualities.

Messrs. Smith & Simons, 36 and S8, West George
Street, Glasgow, exhibited a collection of fruits, includ-
ing Apples, Pears, Peaches, Tomatos, Grapes, Apricots,
Plums, &c. From the same firm was shown a group of
ornamental foliage plants.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, in addition to refur-
nishing their permanent exhibit in the exhibition with
fresh vegetables and cut flowers, also showed Tomatos,
in thirty varieties, and a number of ornamental Gourds
A variety of the Currant Tomato, with racemes of fruit
more than 2 feet long, and some with three branches,
formed part of this exhibit.

A magnificent collection of Grapes, grown in the
Channel Islands, was shown by Mr. Fred Le Poidevin,
La Porte, Catel, Guernsey. These were shown as
packed for market in cross-handled baskets, there
being four baskets of Black .\licante, two of Hamburgh,
and one of Muscats. There were also good Melons and
Tomatos.

Very much larger quantities of Grapes, also from
Guernsey, and packed similarly in baskets, were shown
by Mr. jAS. Gattens, The Bazaar, Glasgow; Mr. Robert
LUPPIN, Candlcriggs, Glasgow; Messrs. L. & H. WiL-
Li.AMS & Co., Bazaar, Glasgow. In this case the origin
of the Grapes was not stated, but presumably they were
grown in the Channel Islands.

Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading, made a vei-y im-
posing exhibit of horticultural produce, representative
of the specialties of the firm. The exhibit took the
form of a great mound in the centre of a large fruit
tent, and had a promenade all around it. At the top of
the mound were Palms, and a number of varieties of
Lilium speciosum ; also excellent Salpiglossis, very
rich in their colouration ; Tydeas, Achimenes, varie-
gated Maize, Begonia Gloirede Lorraine, .\sters,&c. Then
below, on shelves, there were pots of Lilies of the Valley,
Chinese Asters, Dianthus, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine,
tuberous-rooted Begonias, Gladiolus, cut flowers of
varieties of herbaceous Phlox. Of vegetables, there
were fine Tomatos, red and yellow; Onions, Celery,
Leeks, Beets, Parsnips, Carrots, Beans, Marrows. There

Septkmbeh 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

195

were also good Melons. The whole exhibit, was fur-
nished with a delightfully freen edging o£ Suttou's
Lawn-grass, shown in small boxes.

Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, showed a
collection of seventy dishes of hardy fruits, amongst
which were noticed grand examples of the following
Apples :-Pcasgood's Nonsuch, St. Edmund's Pippin,
Duchess' Favourite (excellent in colour), Ecklinville
Seedling, Duchess of Oldenburgh, James Grieve (the
prettiest Apple in tlie exhibit). Worcester Pearniain,
James Welsh, Allington Pippin (veiy fine), Lady
Sudely, Gold Medal, Early Rivers, and Cellini Pippin.
The best Pears included Souvenir du Congi-fcs, Williams
Bon Chretien, Clapp's Favourite, Dr. Jules Guyot,
Marguerite, Murillat, Gregoire Bourdillon, &c. There
was also a selection of Crabs, a few Plums, &c.

Exhibits of fruits and vegetables were made by
Messrs. Alex. Cuoss & Sons, Ltd., 19, Hope Stieet,
Glasgow; and the Ichthemic Guano Co., Ipswich, for
the purpose of showing the effectiveness of their
respective artificial manures.

The Scottish Ml'Shroom Co., Edinburgh and Dundee,
cxliibited tliree dishes of Mushrooms grown in the
well known Scotland Street Tunnel, Edinburgh. Tlic
samples were first-class, and as clean looking and more
heavy than good field Mushrooms.

Messrs. Campbell & GErriNd, Glcwstone Fruit Plan-
tation, Ross, Herefordshire, exhibited tlu-ough their
agents (Messrs. Simons, Jacobs & Co., Glasgow), a
quantity of Apples of the varieties Warner's King, Lord
Suffield, Worcester Pearniain, Ecklinville SeedliDg,and
Lane's Prince Albert,

Messrs. D. & W. Buchanan, Forth Vlncy.ards,Kippcn,
exliibited a fine collection of (Jrapes, and among tlieni
several new varieties, such as Diamond Jubilee, wiili
Cooper's Black and Black Morocco for comparison.
Empress of India, liaving large bunches with long
berries, in shape something like Black Morocco, colour
greenish-yellow, tinted with red towards end of berry;
and Queen Victoria, a vci-y large-berried white Grape,
which promises to be a good \aricty. Tlie bunches
shown needed ratlier Ijctter colour, whicli probably
they would attain to with a little longer period to
ripen. We cannot speak for the flavour of these new
Grapes, but are alluding only to their appcai-ancc. Tlie
bunches of Diamond Jubilee shown liod berries less
long than Black Morocco, but rather longer than tlie
round berries of Cooper's Black, and the bunches were
not quite the same in shape as those of Black Morooco.
The berries of Diamond Jubilee would appear to have
something of the character of Madresfield Court in
tlicm. Whether or not it is distinct from all bla<-k
Grapes, it seems to be cultivated more easily and
colours more quickly than does Black Morocco, at any
rate at Kippen.

Awards
Were made as follows ;—

Special .Vwaud ok Mehit.
Sutton it Sons, Reading.
Geo. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone.
iJobbie & Co., Rothesay.
Alex. Lister <S: Son, Rothesay.

r>. it W Buchanan, Kippen; and to a grower of
Grapes in Guernsey.

IIIOHLV COMMEXDKD.

Smith & Simons, Glasgow.
Campbell & Getting, Boss.
Alex. Cross & Sons,

MARKETS.

COVERT GARDEN, HKPTKMliFAl :>.
Plants in Pots.— Averaoe Wholesale Prices.

d. s.rf. i s.d. s.d.

0-7 0 Ferns, small, per

Adiantums, doz.
Arbor-vilic, var.,

per dozen ... 6
Aspidislnis, doz. IS

— specimen, ea. f>
Cannas, per doz. 18
Crotons, per doz. 18
Cyclamen, p. doz. 8
Dracicnas, var.,

per dozen ... 12

— viridis, doz. 9
Ericas, var., doz. 12
Euonymus, var.,

per dozen ... 6
Ever^^rccns. var.,

]>or dozen ... 4
Ferns, in variety,

per dozen ... 4

100

0-M 0 Ficuselastica, ea. 1 *- 7 o
0-;!B u Foli.ige plants,
0-10 « various, each 1 0- .1 0

0 — Lilyof Valley, ea. 19-30
()-.tO 0 Lycopodiunis, p.

0-10 0 dozen 3 0-40

Marguerites, per

0-30 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz. B 0- fl o
0-30 0 Palms, var., each 1 0-15 0
— specimen, ea. 21 0-63 0
0-18 0 Pelargoniums,

I scarlet, doz. 8 0-12 0
0-18 0 1 — Ivylcaf, per

I dozen 8 o-io o

0-18 0 Spirasas, per doz. ti 0-12 0

Ctrr Flowees, &c
s.
Asparagus 'Fern,'

bunch

Carnations, per

dozen blooms
Cattleyas, p doz.
Eucharis, p. doz.
Gardenias, doz.
Lilium Harrisii,

dozen blooms
Lilium lancifolm.

album, p. doz.

blooios
Lilium rubrum,

per dozen ...
Lilium longifirm.

per dozen ...

Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. e.d. s.d.

Lily of Valley, p.
10-20 doz. bunches 6 0-12 0

Maidenhair Fern,
0 6-11) doz. bunches 4 0-80

9 U-I2 0 Mignonette, per
2 0- .•* 0 doz. bunches 4 0-60

0 6-16 Odontoglossums,

per dozen ... 2 6-60

2 0-40 Roses, Tea, white,
per dozen ... 10-30

— Catherin e
16-30 Mermet, per

doz 10-30

3 0-60 Smilax, p. bunch 30-50
Tuberoses, per

2 0-401 doz. blooms 03-06

FiiuiT.— Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d.

s.d.

Apples, home-
grown, Suf-
field, Kes-
wick, W a I'-
ll e r's King,
Mank's, »&c.,
sieve

— Quarrcudens
sieve

— Worcester
Pearniain, sve.

Bananas, bunch

— loose, p. doz.
Blackberries, pck.
Cobnuts, Kentish,

per lb. ... 0 6- 0 T
Figs, perdozen ... 0 8-10
Grapes, Muscats,

home-grown,

per lb, ■

-do.,B.

— Alicante, lb.

— Gros Colinar,
per lb.
Gros Maroe,

?erlb.
lamburgh, per
lb., A 1 6-

apes, Belgian,
black, per lb.. 0 6- 0 »
Greengages, sieve 3 0-36
Lemons, case, ... 12 6-30 0
Lychees, new, pkt. o 10 —
Melons, each ... 0 9-13
16-20 — Valencia, case 66-76

— Rocks 2 0-26

3 6-40 Nectarines, A., per

dozen ... 8 0-12 0
2 6-40 — B., per dozen 20-40
7 0-10 0 Oranges, case, 120 lo 6-16 0
10-16 Peaches, A., per
2 6 — dozen 7 0-14 0

— B., per dozen 16-40
Pears, Williains,

Bon Louise,
Duehesse.itc,
in crates ... 2 6-46

— — sieves ... 3 0 —

— E'glishChalks,
itc, per bush. 3 0-36

Pines, each ... 2 6-40
10-16 Plums, various,

jier sieve ... 0 9-20
Egg, sieve ... i o- l 9

2 0-26
0 8-10
0 »- I 0

1 .-}- 1 9

: 0

. 0 4-07 Walnuts, per peek 40-60
Vegetables.— Average Wholesale Phicbs.

s.d. s.d.
Mushrooms, out-
door, per lb... 0 2-04
Onions, cases ... 5 6- 6 o

— in bags ... 4 0 —

— bunches, per
dozen

" Iiicklei-s, bags 2 6-30
Parsley, per do2.
bunches

per

s.d. s.d.
Artichokes, Globe,

per dozen ... 2 0-30
Aubergines, doz. 16 —
Beans, home, dwf .

per sieve ... 1 .T- 1 6

— runners, per
bushel ... 2 6-30

Beetroots, new,

per bushel ...20 — ,
Cabbage, tally ... 2 6-30

— dozen

Carrots, per doz

bunches

— washed, bags 3 0 —

— unwashed. bags 2 0 —
Cauliflowers. doz. 10-20
Celery, bundle ... 10 —
Cress, per dozen

punnets ... 16 —

Cucumbers, doz.

Endive. new
French. ' doz

Garlic, per lb. ... 0 2

Horseradish, fo-
reign, bunch 1 3

Leeks, per doz.

bunches ... 1 .'t- \ 6 Turnips, new, p.

liCttnccs, Cabbage,

per dozcnl ... 10-16

— Cos, per score 16-20
Mint, per dozen

bunches ... 16 —
Mushrooms, house,

per lb. ... 0 6-09

1 i;- 2 0

0 tl- 1 0
10-20

10-20
1 0- 1 3

1 0- 1
0 9 —

Peas, Blue,
bushel

Potatos, percwt. 3 0- 4 «

Radishes, p. doz.

bunches ... 10 —

Salad, small, pun-
nets, per doz. 13 —

Shallots, per lb.... 02 —

Spiijach, English,

bushel, halves 0 9- 1 «

Tomatos, Eng-
lish, per doz.
lbs 2 0-30

— Channel Is-
lands, per lb. 0 Ij-o 2

— French, crates 2 3 —
nips, new, p.
doz. bunches 3 0 —

— Hag 2 8-30

Vegetable - Mar-
rows, per doz. 10 —

— in pots ... 10-16
Watercress, per

doz. bunches 0 4 —

Remarks.— Only a few Cucumbers make2». perdozen,
and only a few Cobnuts 'd. per lb. Plums in variety,
from 9d. per sieve or h.^lf busliel ; these comprise Egg
Plums, Victorias, Princes, Black Diamond, and others
Maize Cobs 1». per dozen. Supply plentiful ; the demand
however is slow.

Potatos.

Bcdtords, and others, t50». to 7.5s. John Balk, 33 ii 34 ,
H'ellington Street, Covent Garden.

ENQUIRIES.

"American Plants."— How is it that this
exprossion has come in eoinmon parlance in
Knglaiifl to mean Kliododentlpons, Kalinias,
and a few peat-loving plants'/ Where could
such a curious synecdoche have originated ?
rermont.

NuitsKRY Work in South Akrica. — Will tlie
writer of an article on South Africa which
appeared in the Oardeiici-.s' Chvoniclc last
October, under the signature of "D. G.Ricard,
London (late of S. A.)," kindly give Gerald
W. David.son his present address, or that of
anyone likely to afford him information about
nursery worls and prospects in that country?

^f:,::t:;r;.^t;^^*:'>f

^m»^

METEOKOI.0(,ICAL OliSERVATIO.NS taken in the
Koyal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Chiswick,
London, for the period August 26 to August 31, 1901.
Height above sea-level 24 feet.

Remarks. — The first part of the week was wet and
stormy, the latter part flue but dull, with cool wind, an4
a heavy rain on the 31st.

THE WE.VTllER IN WEST HERTS.
The past week has been, on the whole, cool for (he
time of year. The temperature in shade on no day rose
higher than 68°, and on the coldest night the thcrmo
meter exposed on the lawn fell to within 6* of the
freezing-point. The soil temperatures have dccliiie<!l,
but arc still respectively 2° and 1" warmer at 1 foot an*
2 feet deep than is seasonable. Rain fell ontwodaysj,
bul on each occasion the amounts deposited were otiljr
suflicicnl to moisten the surface of the ground. The
eficct of the previous week's rain is, however, apparcirt.
(11 the percolation through the bare-soil gauge, whick
amounted to ij g.allons during the week. The bum
shone on an average for nearly six hours a day, whicfe
is a good recoid for the time of year. The air has been
moistcr tl|un for any week since the end of July.

August.

There have been only three Augusts in the last si.i-
teen years which were warmer than the past month.
This is rather surprising, for although the days were, a«
a rule, warm, the night temperatures, on the other hand,
continued with few exceptions low for the time <il
year. Only once before (1899) in the same sixteen ycain
has the soil at 2 feet deep been as warm. At 1 fo(*
deep, however, the warmth was not as exceptional.
No doubt the great heat in July, and the depih
to which it penetrated the ground, was, in some
measure, accountable tor this. Although the toliJ
rainfall fell short of the average tor the month
by only about half an inch, this August nuist,
I think, as i-egards its effect on vegetation, l,e
regarded as a very dry one. The fact is, only about
one-third of this total fall (equivalent to a watcr-
int'of loss than 3 gallons on each square yard of sur-
face) was deposited during the whole of the first,
twenty-four days. The sun shone on an average for
~i\ hours a day, or for nearly two hours a day longer
than usual. The winds were, as a rule, singularly
light ; indeed, it was not until after the 25th that the
mean rate of movement of the air exceeded in any hour
15 miles. The atmosphere, taking the month asawlmle,
was dry.

. The Summer.

This was a very warm, dry, and exceptionally l)iif;lri
season. The only two summers in the last sixtccii
years in which the duiiition of sunshine has been
greater were those of 1887 and 1899. li. 31., Dcrkhumf'etl,
Seiilciitber 3, 1901.

19-6

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[SEPTEMBER' 7, 1901.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Books : A. B. Fruit Farmiug for Profit, by
Mr. Goo. Bunyard, imrserynian , Maidstone
(F. BLUiyaril, id, Week Street, Maidstone).
Fi-uit Culture under (tlass, by W. Tliomson
(Blaciiwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London).
Floral DecoraUons for Dioeitiiif; Houses may
be met with at the second-hand booksellers.

Caterpillars : C. B. We find no trace of
& them here.

Chrysanthemum Shoots» A Youmj Oardener.
Please send further specimens. We cannot
see anything wrong.
CoRP.Hf^TiONS. — In our report of Reading Show,
appearing in our last issue, Mr. C. Sage,
K nclcncr at Dropmore, Maidenhead, gets
tlie credit of obtaining a 2nd prize for six
dishes of fruit. Mr. Sage now writes to say
that his ticket from a dish of Peaches got
put upon this lot of fruit, hence the mistake
made by our reporter. — On p. 172 of our
last issue, near the bottom of the left-
hand column, under ''Awards of Merit," it
is stated that Lfelio-Cattleya Robin Measures
var. Ena came from Mr. Measures; this is

'not correct, as the plant belonged to Messrs.
J. Yeitch & Sons, Ltd., and. was shown in
their group.
CfouiMDEU Leaves Spotted: J. H. and H.

•Jackson. The spots are probably caused by

;drip ; from being sprinkled with some irritat-

,ing liquid; or from being exposed to the
fumes from water impregnated with artificial
manure of some kind, sprinkled on the hot-

'water pipes ; and perhaps by faulty ventila-
tion, or some other point in the cultivation

Avhieh has not been what it should be.

'Similarly injured leaves havC been common
this year.

Currant Leaves : J. T. H. Wc find no insect
or fungus, and infer tha,t your leaves have
been scorched by the sun, perhaps when

'wet With dew or rain.
Diseased Brlixsvigia : Correspoiideuf. The
injury ig caused by a fungus, GUeosporium
Uneoiatum, Sacc, which is often very de-

jstructive to various Amaryllidaceous plants.
It is most frequently present on newly im-
ported plants along wjth %y)ucU it presumably

.ffome^. Washing the scape§ with soft-soap
and potassium sulphide checks the spread of

,th(j, fungus, Steins that are destroyed by

,iiM disease shpuld be burned. G. M.
GLOBE Artichokes : Jackson. The flower-

Jhcads must be cut for culinary purposes
before thoy open. The surest guide. in this
matter is the condition of the stalk just
below the flower-head ; for if this be brittle
.and very readily cut through or snapped
noross, the head is well grown and fit for
use; if, on the contrary, it is in the least

.degree tough and woody, th(3 head will be
stringy and poor eating. Globe Artichokes
need large quantities of manure and manure-
water in order that the plants may make
quick growth, and the heads be juicy and

jsucculunt.
ElUiLV Pears Ooinc SLeepy: M. B. M. Jar-
gOiu'He, 'William's Boil Chretien, Summer
PVano 'Real, Souvenir du Congres, and
■Clapp's Favourite, should be gathered as
'soon as' the flesh can be indented by very
islight pressure of the thumb applied about
half an inch down from the stalk, and the fruit
should be eaten within one or two days from

■the time of gathering. As soon as a Pear
'b'n being raised by the hand parts from the
stalk it is, if of tliese varieties, in a proper

'corWlition for eating, and there is no need

'to indent it.
Grass : G. D. 11'. The grass is the Cocksfoot
hJK-tylis glomerata, which generally occurs
when" the soil is too rich in nitrogen, there-
toi'(! do not apply farmyard-manure or nitrate
of soda or ammonia. A dressing of kainit
(potash), or basic slag (phosphatic) would be
beneficial. Unfortunately, the same manures
which would be prejudicial to the Cocksfoot
would favour the Clover, If the Cocksfoot

grass is not very abundant, it might be
spudded out, the holes filled in with loam,
and re-sown with seeds of the finer grasses,
or mended with fine turf.

Layers of Laurel, Aucubas, Daphne, Arbor
viT/E : C. B. They will not be fit for re-
, moval from the plants in less time than pne
year ; the last two probably in not less than
eighteen months or two years.

Lime-tree Leaves: T. R. The Nail Gall, the
work of a mite. It may or may not spread
on the trees, and may disappear for a number
of years. There is little probability of the
galls increasing in number this year.

Names of Fruits : G. P. Mere de Menage.

Names of Plants : Correspondents not answered
in this issue are requested to be so good as to
consult the following number. — E. C. C. D.
Loasa hispida, introduced from Lima in 1830 ;
an annual. — No letter, specimeu tied into a
cigar-ho.r, post mark Utanniorc. Tecoma
radicans. — J. H. 0. Tropseolum spcciosum.
— J. S. Rhamnus catharticus, tlie common
Buck Tliorn. It makes good underwood and
hedges, but we do not know whether tlie
berries act in the .same way on birds as they
do on human beings. — Jacksou. Herbs, not
" weeds." 1, Origanum vulgare. Marjoram ;

2, Melissa oflicinalis, Balm ; 3, Artennsia
; Dracunculus, Tarragon ; 4, Rosmarinus

officinalis, Rosemary ; 5, Marrubium vulgare,
Horehound ; 0, a Labiate herb, too much
withered to bo recognisable. — R. C. B. Rubus
lasiocarpus Sm. — T. W. R. Ciethra alni-
folia. — An Assiduous Reader, Geneva. Not
Yarrow,, but Potentilla reptans. — J. T., Dart-
ford. Cattleya Gaskelliana. — F. E. A. 1,
Platyloma falcatum ; 2, Asplenium bulbi-
ferum ; 3, Cyrtomium caryotideum ; 4, Ono-
elea sensibilis ; 5, Polystichum angulare ; 6,
Polypodium venosum. — C. Fitscot. 1. Phaius
bicolor ; 2, Anthericum lineare variegatum ;

3, Asparagus tcnuifolius ; i. Asparagus plu-
mosus.^i*. 11'., Magdeburg. The one IS a
very finely coloured Cattleya intermedia,
and the spotted one is known in gardens as
Cattleya intermedia punctatissima. — E. S, R.

1, Salix, perhaps S. vimiualis ; 2, Tsuga
canadensis ; 3, Chelone barbata ; 4, Polyijo-
dium vulgare ; 5, Lastreafilix-mas. — F. B. B.
Abelia triflora. — Windsor. 1, Berberis duteis ;

2, Spir;ea opulifelia ; 3, Deutzia crenata ; 4,
Spir?ea japonica ; 5, Coruus sibirica ; C, Spi-
raea confusa. — ./. R., Wantage. Omitted last
week — Sambueus racemosa. '.

Potato Malformed: H. Turner. It arises
from injury to the " chats," and consequent
production of adventitious buds.

S.vMPLE of Melon Soil : Cactus. The sample
is not what we should call a " good " Melon
soil, being too friable and light. .Some
clayey loam would improve it as a Melon
soil, if added to the extent of one-sixth. In
any case, soil of the description of that
wliich is sent would have to be made very
firm. It would answer well for Melons in
pots, as then it would be practicable to ram
it firmly.

Seedlini; Heath : A. W. S. Tlie common ling,.
Calluna vulgaris, which has come up from
seed in tlie peat.

Shrub from a Welsh Abbey: A., Worksop.
Staphylea pinnata. Job's Tears, St. Anthony's
Nut. It is a shrub rather than a tree. The
plant is a native of the South of Europe;
and wo should much doulit if the monks
brouglit .seeds of the plant from Nineveh to
this country in the middle ages. If you
wish to sow the seeds, do so now, or in
October, in loamy soil in pots or seed pans,
and keep in a cold pit, and they will gcr-
minatt^ in the spring. The soil must be kept
moderately moist.

Small Vei:et.\ble Garden : F. W. K. A
totally inexperienced amateur should, when
he has entered on possession in September,
trench the laud; it will doubtless at the
place named allow of this being turned up
two spits deep and the shovellings; but if it
be very sandy, gravelly, or a very stiff clay,
be satisfied with one spit (a good one) for

one or two years. Beyond heavily manuring
and digging, but little can be done before
February, unless you sowed Broad Beans in
November, and planted late sown Cab))ages,
and hardy Brown Bath Cos, and Hammer-
smith, and all the year round Cabbage
Lettuces. If the house and land are your
own, you should plant fruit-trees as espaliers
and cordons, and fruit-bushes (small fruits).
Strawberries might be planted, and they
would get established before the winter,
but there would be no fruit from the ijlants
before the summer of 1903. If you fancy
flowers in the garden, plant as soon as you
can Hyacinths, Crocus, Snowdrops, Scillas,
Tulips, Daffodils, and Narcissus, Anemones,
Ranunculus, and obtain some plants of
Myosotis sylvatioa. Wallflowers, Silene pen-
dnla, Canterbury Bells, Evening Primroses,
&c. More and more varied plants can be
got in February. We would, however,
advise you to obtain our Cottagers' Calendar
of the publisher, price 3';fJ., which will afford
just the information needed.

Tomatos: G. a. The "sleepy disease," for
which we know of no cure. — R. M. B. S. No
fungus or insect, but the result of faulty
cultivation, which has doubtless affected
the other plants in the house that you have
specified.

Varieties of Asters that Change Colour as
THE Blooms Age : 0. P. Why not Chamaeleon
Asters ?

Vines: G. A. The leaves show warts, due to
want of balance between the moisture in the
air, and the ventilation. No phylloxera.

Weed on Lawn : C. B. The plant is Prunella
vulgaris. It is generally an indication of
poverty of soil. Try a top dressing of
manure in the winter, or apply in spring
any fertiliser, such as sulphate of ammonia
in small quantities, that will encourage the
grasses.

Willows to Retain a River Bank : Alpha. If
the banks are much undermined by the
action of the water, they should be protected
by wooden slabs set on end, or by means of
faggots with stout stakes driven into the
river Ix)ttom in the frontof or through them.
Having done this, cuttings of the yellow-
skinned Willow, made 4 to 5 feet in length,
and consisting of at the least two-year-old
growth, should in the winter be dropped
into holes made with a crowbar at 12 feet
apart, 2 feet deep, and a yard back from the
edge of the stream ; or at 1^ feet apa,rt
thrust into the face of the bank, and allowed
to grow together so as to form a hedge.
Plant bulrushes and reeds against the bank
where the erosion is greatest. If the Willows
that are planted a yard distant from the
river be allowed to grow to tree size, they
can be pollarded every fourth or fifth year.
The common Willow is also a very suitable
plant.

WooDLiCE and Wall-fruit : T. J\/. To endea-
vour to lessen the plague of woodlice with-
out fir.st filling up their hiding-places in the
walls is almost wasted labour. We cannot
advise you to use other than the means you
have hitherto used, and to set traps for them
of slates, tiles, boards, &c., raised above
the ground about a 7} of an inch, examining
these every day, and scraping off the insects
found on the damp under-surfaces into a
vessel containing scalding water. In the
autumn let the walls be freshly' pointed on
both sides.

CoMMUNicATONS RECEIVED.— W. Rowles, Icttov for-
warded tij the secretary.— H. Havelock.— E. M.—
K J. A.— R. D.— W. K.— S. A.— E. J.— Harrison Weh-.
R Newstead.— D. R.— Uiitnivelled.— W. P. R.— E. C—
SubsiTiber.— R. L. C— J. K. K.— .T. Kerss.— C. J. K.—
K c— W. R. L.— J. F.— E. W. & Sons.— J. L. Cliing.

MARRIAGE.— De.\n— Clarke.— On Aug. 27,
at St. John's Church, Penge, by the Rev.
Theodore Wood, Ernest William Dean, of
Buenos Ayres, eldest son of Richard Dean, of
Ealing, to Charlotte Alice, youngest daughter
of Mrs. Emma Clarke, of Penge, and the late
Alexander Clarke, R.N.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle," September 7. 1901.

(rKOlJI* ol-' Tm-:RNS, SIIOWX I'.V J. HlI.L AND SoN, IM).M()NT(>N.

Hl-adl>iiry\ A^nrtv& Co.. Lii., PrittUi-s, LoudOn -lUU toitbi Ujie.

SKPTEJrBER 14, 1901.J

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

l%\

^anlcner.^ CItronicle

No. 766.— SATURDAY, SEPT. 14, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Araclinaiitlie Lowei ...

<;altlcva X Hardyaiia
LiiKk'Hi

('hrysaiithemums :
rii)oning the wood...

Coui'cience on Plant-
breeding, 1902

Dendrobium cornu-
tUIJl

TCnglisli fruit-growers
and the Paris Exbi-
bition

Fenn, Robert

" Kl<tra of Tropical
Africa"

rood of some birds

iuliabitlug an oi'-

• chard

Grape Diamond Jubi-
lee

Herbaceous plants,
ringing of

Iris Ka,'iiipfcri

L:eIioCattleyaxDigby-
ano-Mendcli,Vcitcli'3

variety

Xiliuni auratum

Manuring

Midland garden, a ...

TNcw and noteworthy
plants—
Cyrilla rai'emiflora..
Silcne Fortunel

Nursery notes

Plant-breeding Con-
ference, Wa

Plant lice

Potato, hiictcrial dis-
ease of

I'otalos, planting

Koses, single-flowered

Royal Horticultural
Society, "'Jourual " of
Sefton Park, Liver-
pool, gift to

Societies-
Aberdeen Royal

Horticultural
Bristol and District

Hort

Dumfries and Gallo-
way Horticultural
Ghent Chanibre Syn-
dicate

National Dahlia .
Newton and Earls-
field Horticultural
Preston Horticul-

tuiul

Koyal Caledonian

Horticultural
Royal Horticultural
Sandy Horticultural
United Horticul-
tural Benctit and

Provident

Squill, the autumn ...
Stocktaking : August .
Tsar and Tsarina,

presentation to
Wasps, destroying ...
Water Melons and

lionic 'growers
Week's Work, the—
Flower Garden
Fruits under Glass..'
Hardy Fruit Garden
Kitchen Garden ...
Orchid Houses, the.
Plants under Glass .
Whitakcr Park, Raw-

tcnstall

Worm-killer, a new ...

ILLUSTRATIONS.

emiflora

ryrilla

I,a'lio - Cattleya

variety ...

Whilaker Park, Rawtenstall

Digbyano -Mcndclii, Vcitch's

THE FOOD OF SOME BIRDS

INHABITING AN ORCHARD.
''I'^HKSE remarks are exclusively confined
J- to ol)servatioiis made during the month
of August, tiic locality selected was a typical
old turf-covered orchard, chiefly of cider
fruit, situate in the West of England, about
live acres in extent, and well isolated fioin
the farm premises to which it belonged.
It is only fair, therefore, to assume that
the food obtained by the birds was only
.■sucli as was provided by nature. Tlie
trees were all of tliem very old— possibly a
hundred years. The majority of them had
long since seen their best, and some had
i|uite decayed, and the limbs were strip])ed of
t heir bark by woodpeckers. Many, however,
were the pictures of health and vigour,
although they bore scarcely any fruit. The
ilense foliage of the "Huff Cap" Pear, and
the thick old hedges wliicli bounded the
orchard on two sides, afforded excellent
retreats and roosting -places for the birds.
The only plants of importance which grew
beneath the trees were the grasses wliich
1'iiriiied the turf, an<l the Dog' and Marsh, '-
Tliistlcs, which were thickly dotted amongst

it. The Brambles^ were ripening in the
hedges, and there were also fruits of the
Elder* and Dogrose.* The grass had been
grazed by cattle, and their dung was lying
here and there throughout the field.

In this comparatively small retreat eleven
species of birds could generally be seen and
heard at any time of the day ; and there
were, besides, occasional visits by other
birds ; but my observations will be confined
to those species which were more or less
residents of the orchard.

Provided with an excellent pair of Trieder
Ijinoculars, I sat beneath the shade and
watched the haljits of the birds. Some were
busy in the trees and hedges, others among
the grass; l)ut one and all seemed bent on
the one object — the almost ceaseless search
for food. What was it they found to eat ?
was the one question I wished to solve.
Insects, I presumed. But this was too
vague, and I set myself the task of going the
round of trees, grass, thistles, and dung.
'• Beating " the branches produced very little
indeed; there-were scarcely any caterpillars,
but a few plant-bugs and an occasional
weeviK' fell to my net. The thistles, how-
ever, attracted the common species of
humble bees," the nauseous soldier and sailor
beetles," edible weevils,' and numbers of a
beautiful little flea-beetle,'" of the most
brilliant coppery-red. Sweeping the grass
produced hundreds of two-winged or dij)-
terous flies of the hou.se-fly type, and also
weevils of the genus Sitoncs ami Otio-
rhyiichus; while deep down in their burrows
under the dung were scores of large dung-
beetles," and nearer tln^ surface were many
of tlieir smaller relations. Wasjjs, too, were
unusually abundant ; but the only nest, near
the orchard, was one night unearthed and
eaten by a badger.

So far this was satisfactory; but how-
could one tell which of all these, or what
other insects were eaten by the birds ?
Only one cour.sc was open — that of making
ponl-morlem examinations where it iva.i oihrr-
vise impossihh' to tell. And although I dis-
like taking the life of a bird, I trust that
those which fell to my gun may serve to
enlighten us as to the exact nature of their
food. Of the commoner species, two exam-
inations were made of each; of the rarest
species only one, the results of wliich ai'c
here given :—

Song Thrush (Turdns musicus, Lin.) — This
species was unusually common ; on one of
my visits I counted over thirty inilividuals
in one portion of the or<'hard. I also found
them e<iually abundant elsewhere in the
district, but they seemed more i)articulai'ly
attached to the older orchards. They were
chiefly birds of th(> year, and, like their co-
gencr thi^ Blackbird, were remarkably shy.
Th(>y fed chiefly out in the 0|)en, but on the
slightest alarm Hew tip into the trees, where
they could scarcely ever be detected. Two
examples were found to have fed u])on the
following: Many maggots of small flies,''-
grubs of small moths,'^ weevils,'* ants,'* a
small sjjecics of land -shell,'" and wirc-

> Carduus lanceolatug.

C. palusti'is.

Rubus sp.
' Sambucus nigia.
Rosa sp.
Sitones sp., Pliyllii

bins sp., and Poly-

drosus.
' Donibus tcrrcsh-is and

lapidarius.
Telephorus rusticus

and lividuH.
Sitones.

'° Crcpidodera sp.

" Gcotrupcs stei'cora-
rius and spiniger.

" DIpteia.

" Micro-Lepidoptera.

" Otiorhynchus »p., Si-
toncs sp.

''' Formica fusca and
Myrniica rubra.

" Coclilicopa lubrica.

worms.'" Most of these are more or less
noxious species, and the wireworm is of
course a great enemy to the horticulturist
as well as to the agriculturist, and it is quite
refreshing to find it has a new enemy in the
thrush.

Blackbird {Turdus merula, Lin.)— This
persistent fruit-robber, which has won for
itself a name of unenviable notoriety, was
not quite so numerous as the preceding
species, but was very common. One of the
two examples examined had the stomach
filled with pieces of hard, uiuipe Pear. I
also found the following insects : Numerous
remains of weevils,'* earwigs," two species
of ants,'-"" one caterpillar of a noetuid moth,
and the remains of a humble-bee.^'

As there was no water near at hand, it is
just possible that the Pear had been taken in
lieu of it. I am quite certain their attack on
the fruit was not general, as I failed to find
any trace of injured fruit in any part of the
orchard excepting in one instance, and this
was attributable to the rook. The weevils
and the earwigs may be classed among the
worst of pests. Almost all kinds of insecti-
vorous birds devour the former, but the
latter has, so far as my experience goes,
decidedly fewer enemies, and it is at least
interesting to know that the blackbird
devours it. Previously I had never known
the blackbird to eat bees, and the record is
of interest.

Flycatcher {Musn'capn grisoln, Lin.). —
There were at least two families of this useful
little migrant, and it was equally common in
an adjoining orchard. The habit of this spe-
cies is to perch itself upon some conspicuous
l)lace in the orchard, generally a compara-
tively naked branch projecting below or
beyond the rest. In such places it awaits a
passing insect, which it invariably takes
upon the wing, returning again and again to
its place of vantage. I have occasionally
seen it give chase to a butterfly, -^ liut never
saw it make a successful capture. Not that
the liird had any difficulty in overtaking
the insect, but when apparently within easy
reach it seemed to hesitate, as if there was
something to fear, and the insect invariably
escaped. One of the specimens examined
contained a humble-bee,^ and there were
besides numerous minute fragments of
other undeterminalilc insects. The second
example contained wasps,^'' fragments of
ichneumons, and a blow-fly.-' Truly an
extraordinary mixture, and one not only of
economic importance, but also of great
biological interest. Here, I believe, we
have the first recorded instance of a British
bird feeding upon wasps. How far they
enter into the dietary of this bird it is not
possible to say. There can bo no doubt,
however, that wasps form part of its regular
food supply, as the bird could not have been
pressed by hunger to eat the wasi)s, seeing
that other orders of insects were swarming
at the same time. At first sight the blow-
fly docs not appear of much importance,
but when we come to considcn- tin; ravages
its larva; inflicts upon sheej), often with loss
of life, we may be thankful it has at least
one natural enemy besides man. 7?. N. ''
(To be cmiMnued.)

'' Agriotes ap.
'» Forflcula sp.
*' Boinbus terrestris.

^ Picris sp. (? raptt!) and

Satyrus janira.
'■^ Bombus ap. ?
** "Vespa vulgaris and sp.

non-dct.
" LuclUa sp.

IfS

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Sbptembbr 14, 1903.

MEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

SILENE PORTUXEI.*
We are indebted to Mr. Amos Perry, of the
Hardj' Plant Farm, Winchmore Hill, for a spe-
cimen of this pretty plant, "whicli, though
gathered by Staunton in China in 1793, and by
many subsequent collectors, and introduced
into botanic gardens as long ago as 1847, has
not found its way into our gardens generally.
"We noted it, however, some few years since
from Kew. It is a branching annual or peren-
nial (?), covered with glandular viscid hairs,
with slender, wiry branches. The upper leaves
are sessile, viscid, narrowly oblanceolate, about
3 cent. (1-1- inch) long, 4 or 5 mill, broad, and
sharply pointed. The numerous flowers are in
loose, erect, panielcd cj'mes ; each flower is
about 4 cent, (li inch) long, with a long
tubular, striated calyx, dividing at the top
into five rounded obtuse, membranous lobes ;
petals five, half the length of the calyx, lilac,
each with a long claw, expanding into a wedge-
shaped limb, dividing at the apex into three
or four deeply laciuiate lobes. It is a near
ally of our wild Nottingham Catchfly, which
occurs on the cliffs near Dover, but the present
plant is more ornamental.

Cyrilla racemiklora (see fig. 61, p. 199).
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons rendered good
service recently by exhibiting a flowering
specimen of this rare shrub. It can hardly be
considered as a novelty, seeing that it was
introduced from the Southern United States as
long ago as 1765, according to Nicholson. That
may be so, but few can have seen it out of
botanic gardens. It was figured in the Bot.
Macj., t. 24.56, and in Loudon's Arhoretnm, iv.,
■J.577. It has many claims on our notice. It is
an elegant greenhouse shrub, which possibly
might prove hardy in our southern counties.
Its botanical structure is such that botanists
are still puzzled where to place it, and its
geographical distribution is remarkable, ex-
tending as it does from Brazil through the
West Indies, and northwai-ds from Florida to
N. Carolina, and westward to Texas.

Cyrilla racemiflora, says Sargent, in his Silra.
" is found from the coast region of North Caro-
lina southward to about latitude 30° in Florida,
growing inland in South Carolina and Georgia,
at least as far as the neighbourhood of Augusta.
It re-ajjpears on the keys of southern Florida,
extends westward along tlie Gulf coast to the
valley of the Neches river in Texas, and has
been found in Cuba, Jamaica, Dominica, Deme-
rara, and Brazil.

'• Cyrilla racemiflora inhabits rich shady river-
bottom lands, the borders of sandy swamps,
the shallow ponds of the coast Pine belt, and
high sandy exposed ridges rising above
streams near the Gulf Coast. In such situations
as the last it attains a real arborescent habit,
and its largest size, usually growing with the
Clif tenia and Yaupon, with Water Oaks and
Gum-trees.

" Cyrilla often occupies, with the Water
Gums, the Cliftonia, and Andromeda nitida, the
shallow ponds so common in the Pine forests
of the Gulf coast, where the water stands to
the depth of 1 or 2 feet during three-fourths
of the year. In such partially aquatic situa-
tions its mode of growth is peculiar. Fifty or
a hundred stems of all sizes, from half an inch
to a foot in diameter, spring from a common
root and spread in all directions like the stalks
of a tussock of Sedge, interlocking and forming
a dense, impenetrable thicket 30 or 3.5 feet
high. The leaves are often only an inch or an

* Silene Fortunei, .ViHani. Hort. Patav. (1847), ex Liipnta
xxiv., 181, fide Heiusley in Jom. Linn. Soc, vol. xxiii.,
p. 65.

inch and a half long, oblanceolate, rigid, and
more persistent than those on jjlants growing
in drier soil. This variety, which is not rare
in the coast region from Florida to Louisiana,
was first noticed by Dr. A. W. Chapman near
Apalachicola, Florida, and is mentioned in his
Flora of the Houtheni States, 272."

"Cyrilla racemifloi'a was first noticed by
Dr. Alexander Garden, a resident of Charles-
ton, who, in 1765, sent it to Linnjeus. Two
years later it was, according to Alton, intro-
duced into England by a Mr. John Cree ; it
flowered near Paris, in the garden of J. M. Cels,
in 1786. Cyrilla racemiflora, although valuable
as an ornamental plant, on account of its hand-
some lustrous foliage and graceful and abun-
dant inflorescence, has probably seldom been
cultivated except in botanic gardens.

" According to Nuttall (Syiwi, I.e.), Cyrilla
i-acemiflora proved hardy in John Bartram's
garden at Kingscssing, near Philadelphia,
where, in 1840, he found a specimen 20 feet
high, with a trunk 26 inches in diameter. This
plant disappeared many years ago. Cyrilla
flowered in the Loddiges' nursery at Hackney,
near London, in 1824, and the figure in the
Botanical l\Ia(jaziiiewas made from this plant."
Sargent, I.e.

As shown by Messrs. Yeitch, it forms a
small shrub, with slender, somewhat angular
branches, with prominent leaf-scars at remote
intervals. Fi'om the centre of each scar a
raised line runs down the branch almost to the
next scar beneath. This line causes the branch
to be somewliut angular.

The young leaves are at first crowded in
tufts at the ends of the shoots, but as growth
goes on the shoot elongates, the internodes
become separated, and eventually the old
leaves fall, leaving merely the scars, and a
tuft of new loaves at the apex of the shoot.
In the tropics, the leaves are said to be ever-
green ; in colder climates they are deciduous,
and assume a bright red colour in autunjn.
The petioles are very short (about 1 cent.) and
are encircled at the base by a fleshy cup,
which pi'ocecds from the cortex of the shoot.
The blade of the leaf is somewhat leathery,
glabrous. A small leaf measured o cent, long,
15 mill, broad; but most of the leaves were
larger, all oblanceolate, tapering gradually
towards the stalk, acute at the apex, quite
entire at the margins. Racemes numerous
in tufts at the end of the " old wood,"
pendulous, many flowered, each about 7 centi-
metres long, snow-white, like the bracts
and the parts of the flower. Pedicels slender,
recurved, triangular, springing from the axil
of a lanceolate bract nearly as long as itself,
and bearing at the apex two short linear
bracteoles. Flowers 4 to 5 mill, long, rather
longer than the pedicels. Calyx synsepalous,
cup-shaped at the base, dividing below the
middle into five valvate, deltoid, acute seg-
ments ; corolla polypetalous, twice the length
of the calyx, of five oblong, obtuse petals
twisted in the bud. Stamens five hypogynous,
free springing from the outside of an hypo-
gynous disc, with flattened, awl-sliaped fila-
ments attached to the back of the small sub-
globose, two-lobed anthers, which open longi-
tudinally, and mature before the stigmas.
Pollen grains as observed by Mi-. Worthington
Smith, simple elliptii.

Disc encircling the base of the ovary, deep
green, fleshy, cup-shaped. Ovary flattened,
or somewhat triangular, 2-celled, with a short
bifid style. Ovules two, pendulous from the
inner corner of each cell. Fruit described as
capsular indehiscent. Seeds pendulous, with
fleshy albnmen.

The polypetalous nature of the corolla, with
the twisted jestivation of the petals, the
hypogynous stamens, the deep cup-shaped

disc, and the position of the ovules, form a
combination to which it is very diflioult to
assign the correc: position. Some say the
Cyrillacete are like the EricaceiC. indeed there
is a general resemblance in our plant tO'
Clethra. Others place them near Ilicineae andi
Celastracese. Lindley suggested an affinity
with Olacacese, to which they are evidently
nearly allied. The presence of a thick nectar-
forming disc, and the circumstance that the
anthers ojjen before the stigma matures, sug-
gest that the flower is fertilised normally by
insect agency, the white colour of the inflor-
escence and of the flower serving to make the
flowers conspicuous. It is singular that the
artists who have drawn the plant should so
many of them have omitted to represent the
green disc which is so conspicuous in the fresb
flowers.

The manner in which the racemes are formed
at the end of last year's wood, encircling the
terminal Inid, which lengthens into a shoot
before the flowers expand, and the branches-
denuded of their leaves give a peculiar appear-
ance to the shrub.

It is not necessary to cite all the authorities
who have written on this order ; it will suffice-
to mention some of the more recent ones : —

Baillon, 7/ist. Plant., xi. (1892), p. 211 (sub
Ilieaceis).

Sargent, Silra N. Amcr., vol. ii. (1891), tab.
51 (Cyrillacefe).

Gilg in Engler, Natnrl. Pflanzen Jamilien, iii.>
5 abtheil, p. 181 (1896), (Cyrillacea?).

Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora oj N,
United States, ii., 389 (1897), (Cyrillacese).

Bailey, Ctjelopcedia oj American Hoz-ficJiUiice,
vol. i. (1900), p. 439.

Cyrillo was a Professor of Botany in Naples in
the middle of the eighteenth century. M. T. M.

A MIDLAND GARDEN.

{Continued from p. 177.)

I AM fond of the Hornbeam tree, and liave
usually included it among my plautings. I
like the expression of the tree; it implies a
strong, determined, resolute, and somewhat
rugged character -which will just do its duty
through all the storms of life, and come up
smiling even to the end. Very little grown,
and rarely seen in this part of the country, it
thrives here nevertheless, making a good
shade tree, and keeping its brown autumnal
leaves far on into the winter. For the latter
reason, and because it will stand cutting
and chopping and twisting, hedges are made-
of it in some districts; it is worthy, however,
of a nobler fate. Content with any situation
and any soil e.xcej)t chalk, wind and storm
and frost have no effect upon it ; it grovp^
slowly, but the wood it makes is hard and
tough, and one of the best for fuel. The
Hornlicam in this garden is 25 feet high-
and has a trunk 8 feet in diameter after
twenty-five years' growth. In the month of
May it decks itself with pretty tassels of
the" male and female flowers separately, of
which the female are the prettier, as they
should be.

In consequence of something I have said
in one of these papers, I have had several
private inquiries as to the best method
of educating and training a young gardener.
For a mere gardener's laliourer much educa-
tion is, of course, not necessary. Anybody
can learn to dig and hoe and get up Fotatos ;.
it is a matter of practice only. But a man
who has higher aspirations, who means to-
he -liead-gardener on some great estate, or at
some public institution, or a professional

Sbptember 14, 1901.]

THE GABD EXER S ' CUB OXI CL E.

199

uurseryman on an important scale, must
prepareiihimself by a fair, all-round educa-
tion. He ouglit to have some knowledge of
Greek, Latin, Frencli, and German, for all
these languages are necessary to the com-
prehension and pronunciation of plant
names, in science he wants some acquaint-

it can teach him, he may by hard work get
the rest for himself. Self-education is the
most thorough after all. In finding things out
for yourself, youget so much collateral know-
ledge, and have it more deeply impressed upon
the memory. It is real education, whereas
school work is often no more than instruc-

praetical art of gardening in all its many
branches— the growing of vegetables, of
fruit, and of flowers in the open garden ; the
management of the frame, the greenhouse,
the stove, the vinery, _the orchard-house;
the various methods of propagating by
liudding, grafting, layering, and striking

KlU. CI.— CVKILLA R.\CEJ1U'L0KA : OKElS.N-llllUsi: SliUUn ; FLOWEItS WIIITK. (SERP. 198.)

rtncc with geology, chemistry, botany, en-
tomology, and ornithology. These, of
cour,sc, in addition to the '-"three R.'s," and
the ordinary English curriculum. To get
all this he must be at school till he is fifteen
at least, and he will be a clever lad if he
gets all he wants by that time at any average
school ; but if his school is not below the
Average, and if he diligently learns all that

tion. '• Where there's a will there's a way,''
says the proverb. If a man means to get
himself sufficiently educated, he can gene-
rally do it; and if he does not, he must
aspire to a somewhat lower position
than that of a first-class head gardener.
When he leaves school he must still
devot(! much of his leisure to his studies,
and his working days to acquiring the

cuttings; each of these has to be distinctly
learnt, and books alone cannot teach them.
It is probably impossible to get an all-round
knowledge of these various Ijranehes in less
than ten years. Schools of Gardening are
now beginning to be established, and if they
are well arranged, a year or two at one of
them might be well spent. But the best
method, as things now are, is to get employ-

20O

THE GARD ENER S ' CIIR 0 NICE E.

[September U, 1901.

mcnt as an iindor-garderier at some good
eijtablishment, and as soon as the student
feels to have learnt all he is likely to learn
there, he should change to another place
where the work is different. A clever young
fellow who prepares himself in this way
ought, by the time he is 25, to be worth £3
a week [But will he get it? Ed.]. If he
can raise a little capital, he may make more
money by establishing a business as a nur-
seryman, a seedsman, or market gardener,
and an established business is a heritage for
a man's family, but it is not everyone who
has the genius for business, and the work is
in some points less agreeable. F. T. Molt,
F.R.G.S., Bi, -stall Hill, Leicester.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

CHIIYSANTHEMUMS: RIPENING THE
WOOD.

This is a matter in which many gardeners
fail, in their desire to protUice perfect blooms,
by not getting the wood ripe. Undoubtedly,
the thorough ripening of the wood is rao.st
essential to the highest development of the
flowers, and it is more apparent in incurved
Chrysanthemums than in others, because in
the former the depth and solidity of blooms
are very essential matters, and these are only
to be obtained when the wood (shoots) are well
ripened. Ill - ripened shoots will produce
flowers of large diameter, but they will be
lacking in depth and inferior in form. There
are three chief causes which tend to the pro-
duction of immature growth, viz., loose pot-
ting, which allows of the roots readily
rambling into the soil, and thus resulting in
shoots of a soft nature; secondly, a too rich
potting soil, or the excessive use of manures,
such as nitrate of soda, which induce luxuri-
ance of growth. This luxuriance may please
those who do not understand its effect on the
blooms, but it is nevertheless deceptive, for
the tissues never get well solidified ; thirdly,
crowding the plants together, so that the
shoots get attenuated and the leaves ill-
developed. Plants that are huddled together
in huge bundles, with their shoots encircled by
raffia and tied to a stake, cannot obtain that
exposure of the shoots to the sun and air that
is so desirable. By the time that the plants
are in bloom, the shoots should be almost of
equal hardness to a piece of Oak, and the
colour of the bark should be of a rich brown,
with a rough, uneven surface. The leaves of
such plants assume in September a bronzy
tint, some varieties indicating this character-
istic more than others. There is no such
thing possible as growing the plants of great
strength and then ripening the wood sud-
denly, so to speak, by withholding water so as
to check further growth. The growth must
be gradual throughout, from the cutting stage
till the flowers expand.

Many a disappointed exhibitor has found
fault with the judges when he has staged
blooms extremely large in diameter, but what
is known as "thin" in their " build." Not
only is this thinness apparent at times in in-
curved varieties, but in the .Japanese, and
from the same causes. The blooms from un-
ripened wood do not retain their freshness,
either upon the plants or in a cut state, in
nearly the same degree as those produced by
thoroughly matured wood. There is yet time
to correct any mistake in the training of the
plants and crowding the branches together, or
allowing the laterals to grow to an undue
length before removing them. This is a detail
for which there can be no excuse. Promptly

remove all surplus shoots, decaying leaves^
and train the shoots or branches thinly,
never allowing the leaves of one shoot to
overlap those of its neighbour.

Plants of varieties that are late in forming
flower-buds, or which are weakly in growth,
may bo assisted Iiy a dose of nitrate of soda,
dissolved in water at the rate of half an ounce
to 1 gallon of water ; giving the plants one
dose of this will accelerate growth, and per-
haps make up for lost time in bud-formation.
Any plants that show a tendency to a loss of
chlorophyll, or colouring matter in the leaves,
may bo improved by a dose of sulphate of
iron, given at the rate of an ounce to 1 gallon
of water.

In some localities, plants are often pale in
colour in their leaves, owing in some eases to
the large quantity of lime in the soil. Lime is
an essential to success in Chrysanthemum-
culture, brightening the colour of the blooms ;
but it is present in excess in some soil. Plants
with leaves pale in colour are not unhealthy
when it is caused by the reason stated, nor
are they less healthy when the cause is attii-
liutable to the application of water obtained
from wells dug in the chalk. Plants constantly
watered during the summer with such water
cannot but be pale in colour ; yet when they
are placed under cover in the autumn, re-
quiring less water at the roots, and that given
to them being from stored tanks, really rain
or soft water, it is surprising how quickly
such plants assume their proper lint.

I mention this loss of colour in the leaves
with a view of reassuring the inexperienced,
who may happen to have plants affected in
tliis manner. K. Mutijneii.v.

patches of chrome-yellow on each side of the
middle portion. There is a fine collection of
C. :< Hardyana and C. aurea at Baronshalt.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ARACIIXANTHE LOWEl.
A NOBLE specimen of what is commonly
known as Vanda Lowei, with several tall stems
bearing altogether about a score of its pendent
flower-spikes, which vary in length from ;:! to
7 feet, is now in flower at Messrs. F. Sander &
Co.'s nursery at St. Albans. It is a very
stately and remarkable Orchid, and would well
repay a visit from anyone who has not seen
this species in bloom. The plant is a fine
variety from out of the original importation
from Borneo to the Luddemann collection :it
Paris, and it affords striking proof that
Orchids do not necessarily die or degenerate
under cultivation, if jjropcrly cared for. The
flowers are yellowish-white, heavily barred
with dark brownish- red, and a remarkable and
striking feature is observed in the flowers,
those on the bases of the flower-spikes being
qinte dissimilar from the others, being broader
in the segments, and of a dark yellow colour
spotted with crimson.

Cattleya X Hardyana Lindeni.
Flowered by Messrs. Linden of Brussels in
1894, and illustrated in Limlenia, x., p. 75, of
the same year, this natural hybrid was very
much admired, and doubtless realised a good
round sum. It is now in flower with Henry
Little, Esq., Baronshalt, Twickenham (gr.,
Mr. Howard), and its flowers show an
improvement, when compared with the illus-
tration to which allusion is made, the flowers
being larger and of a much finer colour. The
sepals are light purplish-rose, with a slight
creamy-white freckling, and silvery mid-rib.
The petals, which are also light purplish-rose,
have similar white mid-ribs, and a delicate
veining of silvery-white between the coliniring.
The lip is of a glowing purplish-ruby-crimson,
with rich gold veining on the side lobes, and

THE ROSARY.

SINGLE ROSES.
Amongst the developments which have
taken place in Rose-culture during the past
few ye:irs there is none that can be more
warmly welcomed than the taste for single
Roses, and it is more than probable that wo
shall sec much progress in this direction
before long ; some of those which we now
have are distinct species, while others are the
results of the efforts of the hybridiser. Some
of our most successful hybridisers have already
given us the results of their work, and doubt-
less others will follow on in the same direc-
tion. The increased culture of single Roses is
due to the desire to have something that will
make our gardens gay and beautiful without
the stiffness and formality that attaches to
largo-flowered Roses, and as most of them are
of rambling or climbing habit they are admir-
ably adapted for covering walls, fences, out-
houses,or for training as pillars ; and here again,
as in so many other things, we are indebted to
Japan and the far East for many of our most
valuable additions ; many of them are, indeed,
of such rampant growth that, unless ample
psacc can be afforded, they will soon absorb
everything. I remember seeing at ray late
friend's (Mr. T. W. Girdlestono) a plant of the
single R, polyantha which covered a space of
10 ft., and I believe would have gone on for
40 ft. more if it had been allowed to have its
way ; and I had one myself which I was
obliged to cut away altogether, because it had
intruded most obtrusively among other Roses
which I was anxious to retain. I think it is
needful to proceed caatiously in this matter,
and not, because we advocate their growth,
disparage those beauties, such as the Hybiil
Perpetual, Hybrid Teas, Tea'", and Noisetta
classes, which have given us such pleasure,
and will, 1 hope, continue to do so ; for I an>
quite sure of this, that had it not been for the
exhibition of these Ihie show varieties, the
zeal for Rose-culture would have long-
ago cooled; and it is idle, I think, to
run down these boxes of big blooms, which
have led so many to cultivate thera
in the various sections which now solicit the
care and affection of the Rose-grower. Years
ago the Hybrid Perpetual Rose absorbed
nearly all the care and affection of the Rose-
grower ; Tea and Noisette Roses were few Id
number, many of them also were delicate in
habit, while others created disappointment by
being budded on the Manetti stock, which
was too strong for many of the varieties, and
so oftentimes the stock flourished while the
Rose died. I do not propose to speak of all
the single Roses, but select a few which will I
feel sure give satisfaction. I have already
noticed the single Polyantha, which I believe
will repay those who grow it; then there is
Rosa macrantha, a most beautiful white single
Rose, with a cluster of golden-yellow stamens
in the centre. Although very rampant in
growth and very free flowering, it can hardly
be described as a climber; it is one of the
most delightful of the single Roses.

Paul's Simjle White (Paul & S(.in).— Very flue
flowering, evidently of Noisette origin ; in
some way in size and colour it is very like
the preceding, but with dark stamens insteatl
of golden ones. Blooms of it can be often had
in the autumn.

Carmine Pillar (Paul & Son). — A most vigorons
and free-flowering single Rose, producing large

September U, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

201

bunches of 8i wers from 3 to 4 inches across ;
a beautiful bright carmine. The plant will
grow from 10 to 12 feet high, and makes an
admirable pillar Rose.

Roijal Scarlet (Paul & Son). ^A single-
flowered H.-P., brilliant in colour, probably
the most scarlet of all our R jses ; it is also
■well suited for bedding.

WaUha-.n CUm'jei; .\''o.3(William Pjul & .Son),
.1 dark crimson climber, very vigorous, free
flowering, and sweet-scented.

Ttiera is another K~>s^ of most brilliant
ctl luring, but not quite single, though it will
requcntly come so— B;irdoa Job. It generally

Irish Glorij. — A largo flower, brilliant in
colour, its beautiful veining rendering the
inside of the petals of a lovely marbled silvery-
pink, while the outside of the petals being
crimson, the contrast of the golden anthers
renders it a striking flower. It is very sweet,
and a good grower.

Iriah Modextij. — Another very beautiful
variety ; colour a delicate pink, the base of
the petals suffused with pale golden-yellow,
with delicate straw-coloured anthers ; the
blooms are large and plentiful.

These three make excellent border plants,
while their vigorous habit renders them admir-

as the ground falls more than in."> feet from
north to south, the formation of a cricket
ground, as well as a level space for boys' and
girls' playgrounds, gymnasiums, &c., has in-
volved the moving of agreat qu mtity of earth.

A series of small lakes connecting with minia-
ture waterfalls, form a striking feature. A
very handsome fountain, which is erected near
the main entrance, is fed from the lowest lake.

The new park was formerly the Oak Hill
estate, and with the mansion comprises "28^
acres. The spacious mansion and the original
garden about it are retained ; the former is t^a
be the home of the public free library, while
the garden has been entirely renovated.

-PLAN 01.' WIIllAkl.l.

slAl.r,, t.AXCS.

attracts the attention of any visitor. All these
single Roses, however, have one defect — they
only bloom (mce ; that is, they are not per-
petual ; l)ut those well-known Irish growers>
Messrs. Alexander Dickson & Sons, have
endeavoured to remedy this defect by the
production of three Tea single Roses, which
follow the hal/its of that class by blooming up
to a very late autunni. In my own garden 1
have some of them now (Septeml)pr) still in
flower.

Ji t»/i Daniilij. — Pure white in colour, with
bright golden anthers, Avhich give it a very
distinct appearance, borne in clusters of very
fragrant flowers. Being very large, sometimes
5 inches across, the plant is very vigorous,
but not rampant.

ably suited for this purpose. It will thus be
seen that we have already some very beautiful
single Roses, combining fragrance, delicacy of
colouring, and vigour of growth. U'ild Ilosc.

WlllTAKER PARK, RAWTENSTALL.

A l'ri)i;ic park, 2'2 acres in extent, was
oi)en<'d on August :! at Rawtenstall, in Lan-
cashire, by Mrs. Whitaker, tho wife of the
donor of the park, who not only gave the site,
but provided the money for the laying out.
The park (sec fig. 1(2) was designed, and the
groundwork and planting carried out by
Messrs. William liarron & Son, of Elvaston
Nurseries, Borrowash. The park is situated
on the side of a hill sloping to the south, and

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

IIENDROBIUM CORNUTUM.

I SKK by your issue of August 31 , just recei ved ,
that this Dendrobe has just flowered in Major
Joicey's collection. With me it flowered in,
March last year, and again at the same tim&
this spring, together with "D. glomeratum,"
only it is a few days later in coming into,
bloom. I also received it with " D. glome-
ratum"—I sent the bloom for identilication to
the Orchid Review, and the answer was—
" Dendrobe, allied to 'D. glomeratum,' species-
unrecognised, see F. 90, 'Correspondence.'
It is a delicate plant, and docs not make the
vigorous growth of its companion- ' I), glome-

202

THE G ARD ENEIl S ' CIIR ONI CL E.

[Septembek 14, 1901.

ratum.' " I grow both on the east side of ray
hottest house. 11. J. Itoss, Poijcjio-Gtienivdo,
Florence.

NURSERY NOTES.

PHLOX DRUMMONDI'S AND SNAPDRAGONS
AT READING.
Very recently I had to wait an hour at Read-
ing, and to utilise it profitably went up to
Messrs. Sutton & Sons' Portland Road nursery
to see what I could there. Whilst the houses
were, as usual, full of Begonias, Gloxinias,
Streptoearpiises, Aehimenes, Gesneras, and
many other plants, the potent attraction for me
was found in the truly wondrous and beautiful
collections of annual Phloxes and Snapdragons
growing out in the open ground. To describe
the beauty seen in these plants would be impos-
sible. In both there seem to be throe distinct
tyijes — very dwarf, medium height, and tall.
Of the Phloxes, the medium seem to be the
most perfect of summer-flowering plants to be
seen. Single ones, 12 inches over and C inches
in height, were the most comiilete floral masses
«3onceivablo. Would that the firm could grow
a few score in pots, and show them at the
Drill Hall, as 1 saw them at Reading ! What
glorious, yet what varied colours! What
perfectly formed flowers ! and all easily to be
had from a few packets of seed, sown in gentle
warmth in the spring. In the very compact or
dwarf sorts, as in the old free-growing forms,
colours are legion. To select properly, the
varieties should be seen in bloom. Of Snap-
dragons, the tall, that is plants reaching when
in bloom 30 inches in height, seemed to be the
most attractive. Amongst these are some
flowers of novel and very lovely colours, quite
fresh tome. What remarkably beautiful effects
■could be got from these Snapdragons were the
dwarf white, yellow, red, or crimson forms
some 2 inches in height, and very even, used for
■carpeting, with selected lines of the tall forms
planted in the beds. Those who are on the
look-out for Ijedding novelties should make a
ciote of this suggestion. .1. D.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq ,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddeu Road, Cambervvell.

Vanda cwrnlea. — This is one of the most
attractive of the autumn-flowering Orchids,
and its lovely pale blue flowers are always
appreciated, and useful in decoration. I am
aware of the difficulty that is experienced in
keeping this species in vigour for any great
number of years after importation, and I have
tried several different methods of cultiva-
tion. The most successful one which I have
followed for several years is to remoss the
tplants when this is carried out with other
Yandas in the spring ; I then suspend them in
the lantern-roof of the Phaljcnopsis-house, and
at the warmer end of the East Indian-house,
the plants growing equally well in either.
During the season of growth water is afforded
abundantly at the root, and the atmosphere is
kept very moist till the flowers are removed
from the plants, and then much less water is
applied at the roots, and they are removed to
the colder end of the Cattleya"-house, or one of
the intermediate houses, and kept in a fairly
dry state during the winter months, just
as much water being afforded as will keep the
leaves plump. The seasons have much in-
fluence upon the flowering of the plants, and
in a bright summer like the last, flowers are
more abundant than in a season of little sun-
shine. Strong sun-light when the flowers are
developing has a considerable effect on the

depth of the colour in the blossoms, as is
observed in flowers that expand early, the
colour being of a more intense tint.

Current work in the Houses. — The plants in
the cool divisions should now be repotted
forthwith ; and the roof-glass and woodwork
washed on both sides. All staging and the pots
should be cleansed. Where the plants have
been entirely removed from a house, it is ad-
visable to place at intervals about the steps
and on the pots small quantities of brewers'
grains or dry bran, as a trap for slugs and
snails, placing it on pieces of glass or tiles for
ease of i-emoval. By making an examination
at night with the aid of a light, many can be
caught and destroyed. The gardener cannot
be too careful in tliis respect, nothing being-
more annoying to employer and gardener than
to find the young flower-spikes have been
devoured, and the work of a year lost. A
small piece of cotton-wool twisted around the
base of the spike makes it more difficult for
slugs to climb, and often prevents them from
reaching the tender points of the flower-scape.
With the drier conditijn prevailing owing
to colder nights and the use of fire-heat,
a sharp outlook should be kept for red-spider,
a most detestable pest at this season. The
plants most likely to be attacked by it are
C3'mbidiums, the Chimajra section of Masde-
vallias, Lycastes, Stanhopeas, Catasetums, the
smaller - growing Zygopetalums, and other
Orchids with tender leaves. When remarked,
carefully sponge the leaves with weak soap-
suds made with soft-soap. Any tender plants
which have been removed to the Odontoglos-
sum-house, and especially Miltonia vexillaria,
should be transferred to the cool intermediate-
house forthwith, the cool, damp condition pre-
vailing in the Odontoglossum-house being apt
to cause spotting of the leaves. Tlie floor in
the cool division should now be damped suffi-
ciently early to allow of the moisture becoming
dispelled before the evening. Cold draughts
should be carefully guarded against.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Robe UTS. Gardener to Hi'ssEV Packe, Esq.,
Piestwold Hall, Loughborough.

The Conserratonj. — With diminished light
and shortening days it will be very necessary
to keep the climbing plants thin and open so
far as may be po.ssible, so as to impede the
light as little as possible. The abundant
growths of Passiffora now past flowering should
be reduced in number, and the rest tied in
loosely, only in sufficient quantity to give a
furnished appearance to the rafters, &c.
Most of the jjlants of Campanula, Fuchsia,
Celosia, Coleus, Balsam, being now past their
best may be removed, and their place filled
with Liliums laneifolium, speciosum, roseum,
rubrum, and album, early-flowering Chrysan-
themums, Ivy-leaved and zonal Pelargoniums,
late-blooming Fuchsias, and Begonias. Aehi-
menes which are shabby-looljing should be re-
placed with later successions, or be rejilaced
l)y baskets filled with Asparagus Sprengeri,
which will make an agreeable change. Con-
tinue to afford a small quantity of ventilation
at night, and keep the atmosphere of the
house dry. Fire-heat will not be required for
some time longer.

The Greenhouse. — With the thermometer at
34% as was the case on September 1, the need
for housing the plants will have become ap-
parent. The first to place under cover are
Ericas, Epacris, and Clivias. Camellias,
Azalea indica, and the greenhouse varieties of
Rhododendrons may be left outside a week or
ten days longer, unless the weather should
alter for the worse. The glass and woodwork,
&c., should be cleansed or painted, and clean
gravel spread on and beneath the stages. Let
every pot be thoroughly cleansed, and see to
the drainage of all the pots. Afford plenty of
air in the house day and night, so long as'the
indoor temperature does not fall below 40".
If there are no permanent occupants of the
house, let a handful of flowers of sulphur be
burned in the house before bringing in the
plants, in order to kill fungus and insects.

Winter-jloiverlnri Zonal Pelarrioniums. — The
first batch of these plants may now be brought
indoors, affording the plants a light position
in an airy house. They must not be coddled,
and the highest temperature that should be
afforded them at nights is 45% and ventilation
at all times. Discontinue to jjick off the
blooms, allowing the plants to perfect their
flower-trusses. Afford manure-water up to the
time when the first flowers open. Given later
than this, it tends to make the flowers loose.
If damp weather prevail a little fire heat may
be applied. Avoid affording the plants much
water, and do not damp the paths, or spill
water about the house more than can be
helped, and have the floors dried before
evening.

Violets. — It is essential that towards the
middle of the month Violets in frames should
be planted. If the pits or frames can be
heated by a flow and return hot-water pipe,
the plants will not be affected by damp, which
is the greatest foe to successful Violet culture.
Failing any means of heating, portable frames
should be prepared by making up beds of well-
fermented manure, which has been frequently
turned over. Make up the beds to the height
of 3 feet at the back, and 2 feet in the front,
and in a sheltered position facing south, and
thoroughly mix the material whilst making the
beds, trampling it evenly and regularly well as
the work proceeds. Having built up the bed,
place frames on it, and then put into each
light some spent Mushroom-bed dung or de-
cayed leaves, filling the lights to within 1 foot
of the glass with loam, road-grit, and leaf-soil,
in about equal proportions, and allow this to
settle and the violent heat to be dispelled
before the plants are set out. When the whole
has sufficiently subsided, and before planting,
mix a small quantity of artificial manure with
the surface soil. When each plant is lifted
dip the foliage into a mixture of Gishurst
Compound Soap — or carbolic soft-soap — made
at the I'ate of 2 ozs. of the soap to 1 gallon of
rain-water, in order to destroy red-spider,
which has been prevalent this year, and rinse
in clean water. Convey the plants on a hand-
barrow or flat tray, ami set out the plants so
that they nearly touch each other. I plant
from seventy to eighty of them in an ordinary
two-light frame. Make the soil firm, keep the
large plants towards the back of the frame,
and finish at the front with the smaller ones.
Apply water copiously, and shade from bright
sunshine for a few days. In about a week
remove the lights, and do not make use of them
except in bad weather. If the lights must be
put on to the frames tilt them at the back and
front night and day during mild weather.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Herrin.

Pears. — In order to secure a regular supply
of ripe fruits, the trees of the early varieties
should be examined at intervals of three or
four days, and the largest and forwardest
specimens gathered a few at a time, which
will generally ens-jre a constant supply, and
prolong the season of certain varieties. Besides
Williams' Bon Chretien, which will soon be
over, small gatherings of Souvenir du Congres,
Pondante d'Automne, Madame Treyve, Beurre
d'Amanlis, Doyenne Boussoch, and even a few
of Louise Bonne of Jersey may be gathered if
desired ; but those fruits should be selected
that from their appearance and size ensure
their being the forwardest specimens. By
gently lifting the fruits, it will be seen which
will come away easily from the spurs.

Out-oj-door Vines.— To facilitate the ripening
of the fruit, the surplus growths should be
kept closely pinched back, which will have the
effect of exposing the bunches to the sim and air.
The long period of bright sununer weather has
been very favourable for the maturing of out-of-
door Grapes, and they should now be ripening
fai rly well. Protection should be afforded from
wasps and flies, which are now troublesome.
For this purpose thin muslin bags are best, or
thin brown canvas ones, wliich may be pur-

September 14, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHROXICLE.

203

chased cheaply from the horticultural sun-
tlriesman. \Vasps ami flies will continue to be
troublesome until the arrival of colder
weather. Many may be trapped by double
handlights and a little damaged fruit placed
beneath them as bait. Place a handlight,
having a square of glass removed from the
top, on four bricks, one at each corner, and
upon this place a second handlight, making it
fit closely round the sides, whicli should be
blocked with a little moss, or such-like ma-
terial. Plums make an enticing bait. Those
insects which get into the upper handlight are
trapped, as they seldom find the exit. If the
borders are dry, a heavy application of water
should be made.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIxttre. Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tknnant, The Glen, Innerleithen. Peeblesshire.
Late Grapes. — The spell of dry and hot
weather will have done much to hasten the
ripening of late Grapes, which, in many in-
stances, were rather backward to please those
who like the fruit to be well ripened by the
cud of the present month, for unless quite ripe
by that time they are almost sure to be of
inferior quality, and keep badly, although
Gros Colniar will still keep adding to its
colour for six weeks. Too much shade is
objectionable; Grapes grown under a heavy
canopy of foliage frequently have very tender
skins, therefore, remove all .sub - lateral
growth, leaving nothing but the primary leaves,
and even these may, in many eases, especially
where there are no bunches on the laterals,
be drawn in closer to the main rods so as to
admit of more sunlight to the Vines and
bunches of white Grapes. In each and every
case admit abundance of dry air by day, and a
moderate amount of both front and top air by
night ; the highest temperature, which should
seldom fall below 70% being kept where
Muscat Grapes are ripening. Gros Colmar is
usually one of the first to commence and the
last to finish colouring. If not over-cropped,
and if the foliage is in a healthy state, the
colour will continue to improve till the end of
October ; but if either from over-cropping, or
the maintenance of too high a temperature,
the berries are now of a foxy colour— nothing
will remedy this blemish. Xot that those arc
necessarily deficient in quality, but they are
of fiir less value in other respects. Faulty
ventilation is responsiblefor numerous failures
to colour and ripen Grapes properly, and it
has also very much to do with their being kept
in good condition after they arc ripe. Mu.scats
still require flre-heat accompanied with a free
cii-culation of air till the Iruit is thoroughly
flnished ; they should have the foliage rather
thin; indeed, the leaves may be tied aside, as
it is necessary that the fruit Miay get almiulanco
of light and air. Keep the night temperature
at C) to 70', with a fall of o through the night,
attending to the fires in good time in the
morning, so as to allow of the temperature
being raised to 70° to 7.5", to insure a long
ripening day. When the temperature is raised
to SO iir 8.j' from sun-heat, afford a free circu-
lation of air, and even 00° to 0.5° will do good,
tlK> heat being maintained at a high figure by
reducing tlio amount of ventilation as the sun
declines. The temperature should be allowed
to gradually decline at night, only keeping
enough warmth in the hot-water pipes so as to
allow of the top and bottom ventilators being
left open to a slight extent, in order to prevent
moisture condensing on the berries. This kind
of treatment should be ctmtinued till the
firapes are thoroughly ripe, when a gradual
reduction of the temperature should take place,
otherwise tlu; fruit will shrivel. Extremes of
temperature ought always to be avoided. The
border, especially the inside one, should not
be allowed to become dry. If there is any
fear of this happening, a good application of
water should be made on a fine morning ; the
border should then be covered with dry mate-
rial, straw, bracken, &c., to keep down mois-
ture. Although good rather than harm results
from damping down a vinery in the morning
of fine clear days, it should not be practised
in dull weather, nor in the afternoon, what-

ever the weather. When the Grapes are ap-
proaching maturity, the best and the only
reme<ly to keep Muscat Grapes from shrivelling
is to hasten the ripening process. Muscats
that are now fully ripe will probably keep
much better than those not so forward by a
month. A temperature of 50° to 55° is neces-
sary for keeping iluscat Grapes in good con-
dition after they are ripe, and other houses of
late thick-skinned varieties will require a
similar temjierature for the benefit of the
Vines.

FUjs. — Fig-trees planted out in houses not
infrequently make very strong shoots, with
the result that the crops of fruit are scanty.
In that case root-pruning should be resorted
to, and the roots confined to a border 3 or
4 feet in width. A trench dug out at this
distance from the stem after the fruit is
gathered will check the tendency to make
growth late in the year, and help to ripen
the wood. If the drainage is not good, it will
be necessary to lift the trees as soon as the
leaves commence to fall, and to put into the
bottom a layer about I foot in depth of rough
stones, and on the top of this a layer 3 inches
thick of mortar -rubble freed from pieces of
wood and wood-shavings, strong turfy-loani
mixed with a sixth part of finely-sifted old
mortar or plaster, a tenth part of calcined
oyster-shells, and a bushel of bone-meal to
every cartload or 30 bushels of loam, and
well mix all together. In replanting ram the
compost, well incorporated, thoroughly about
the roots, spreading the latter out evenly at
different levels almost to the surface.
Should the drainage be good, it will only be
neces.sary to cut back the roots in the manner
described. Conline the roots to that space,
removing some of the exhausted soil from
about them, replacing it, and top-dressing the
whole with the above-mentioned compost. A
border for Figs may bo 2 feet deep. Plants in
pots, wh ich have already yielded a second crop,
should now be set outside in a sunny, drj- posi-
tion, and afforded water so long as the foliage
remains on them. Any which have been resting
may be top-dressed with a rich compost, or
repotted into larger pots, and then bo intro-
duced into a fairly brisk heat for affording
winter Figs.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mavsk, (iarilcncr to Ihc lion. Umik Koi.le,
Bictuu. £u!>l ISiulleit'li, Devonshire.

Po(n(o,s. — The tubers of Beauty of Hebron,
Karly Regent. Snowdrop, and White Elephant,
the haulm of which has died down, should be
lifted, sorted, and stored as previously ad-
vised for the earliest varieties. It is advis-
able to change the ".seed" every .second or
third year; and if the soil of the garden is
light and friable, the seed shonld be obtained,
if po.ssible, from a heavier soil, and the present
season is a proper one in which to purchase
fresh "seed" for next year's planting, for if
purchase is deferred till late in the spring,
the sets obtained arc often smaller than is
desirable, and the price higher than now.
These remarks are applicable to the later
varieties that will be lifted in October.

Cauliflowei: — As soon as large enough to be
handled, prick out the seedlings l to (i inches
apart on well-prepared ground in an open
position, as the hardier they are treated
during the next two incmths, .so much more
likely are they to pass through the winter
unharmed. In about live or six weeks after
pricking out, the plants will be ready to be
planted in their winter quarters.

Cdbbaries. — In most gaidens the plants that
were planted last October are allowed to remain
to supply sprouts during the winter and early
spring ; and where this is the case, they
should be cleared of all decaying loaves, and
the soil of the weeds and rubbish, and a mode-
rate dressing of nitrate of .soda scattered
between the rows and hoed in.

Manure. — It is now time to set about
preparing manure for use during November
and Ueceinber, and as hot, dry weather is all

against getting this in order, nothing is gained
by deferring this work. Strawy litter from
the stable-yard should have twice or more of
its bulk of partly-decayed leaf-soil that has
done diitj- for hot-beds added to it, and the
whole thoroughly mixed altogether, drenching
it with liquid-manure, or failing this, with
clear water. In about one montli the whole
must be turned and moistened as before, in
the absence of heavy rain.

Hoeiiuj. — The last week in August and the
first week of the present month brought strong;
east winds, rendering a good deal of water to-
be necessary with late-planted Lettuce, En-
dive, Cabbage, Parslej-, &c., and to break the
crust that will have formed, the Dutch hoe
should be constantly plied.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Flower Borders.- — The summer bloomers are
rapidly passing out of bloom, and must be cufc
down, or in the case of annuals, removed alto-
gether. Sometimes merely the flower-heads-
should be removed, and the foliage, being in.
presentable condition, may be left, more
especially when entire removal would leave
much bare soil. If the gardener possesses-
spring-flowering plants in quantity, these bare
places may be dug and manured, and planted
with suitable subjects. The rest of the
borders should be hood and raked, to give
them a tidy appearance. Harpaliums are now-
very bright and effective ; Kniphofias are
flowering very profusely this season every-
where in this gai'deii. Jlichaelmas Daisies-
will make the borders gay in a week or two,
and must be neatly staked, to make them pre-
sentable and preserve them from injury by-
wind.

Roses. — The plants promise well for late dis-
play. .Several of the newer varieties have
proved very satisfactory this sea.son, viz.,
Mrs. Sharman Crawford, a Kose with a fine
bold bloom of a lovely sluulo of pink, but, like
so many new Koses, dclicient in fragrance ;
H. T. Papa Keiter, said to be a yellow Caroline
Tostout, is a poor Rose with us, and the yel-
low colour entirely ab.sent. If this variety
were as good in every way as Caroline Tes-
tout, it would be a welcome addition to the
II. T.'s for quantity and freedom to flower.
The Teas are much the better ; at this season,
a good variety for massing is Dr. Grill, a-
flower of a shade of salmon-pink, remarkably
free to bloom, and a rol)ust grower. It forms a.
good companion to Marie Van Houtte, Madame
Lambard, or Porle des Jardins. Empress Alex-
andra of llussia is a novel shade of colour, and.
quite distinct, but the flower-stems are weak
and the flowers droop, and it is not, therefore,
an effective Kose in beds or as a standard. En-
chantress, II. T., is a pleasing shade of buff, of
a nice shape, and a good grower. Aurora, H. T.,
is a sturdy grower, resembling C. Testout, but
with the fragraiiicof La France. The blooms on.
our plants an- dclK-icnt in size, which may be
due to the iilanls Ijcing young. All flowers of
Ko.ses as they pass their best should be re-
moved, and before the petals droj), as the
latter give an untidy apiiearanco to beds if
allowed to fall to the ground. Strong growths-
on dwarf Koses should be secured against the
wind, but do not shorten them; it is yet too-
early, for there would be a risk of the lower
buds breaking into growth.

General Ucnmrlcs. — The propagation of bed-
ding plants should be continued, especially of
bedding Pelargoniums. Variolics that have
lu-.ide but little growth will not afford many
cuttings, and some of the plants will have to
be potted for stock purposes. In showery
weather, cuttings of a soft >iature standing in.
cold frames require water to be carefully
afforded, and the cuttings afforded plenty of
air in the forenoon, any water requii-ed being
then applied. The runners of Violets should b©
removed as soon as they are noticc^d, and the
soil stirred between the plants, and cold
frames should be prepared for the winter and
spring-flowering plants.

204

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 14, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— Tfte Editor does not
undertake to pay for any contrifyidions, or to return the
vnvsed communications or illvstrations, vnless by special
arrangement.

Illustrations.— The Editor will thanl;/ully receive and select
photographs or drawings, suitable for rejirodvctio7i, 0/
gardens, or 0/ remarkable plants, flowers, trees, t&c. ; hut he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for n'lmiiui, shnuld be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

Communications shoulil be WKiiTEH on one side only of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sendiiig to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending nen^spapers should be
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY, Sept. Irt.-Large consignments of Dutch

Bulbs. &i\, at U.So, at Stevens' Auction Rooms,

Coveut Garden.
WEDNESDAY, Sept. 18.— L.arge consignments of Dutcli

Bulbs, &e., at 12.30, at Stevens' Auction Rooms,

Covent Garden.
FRIDAY, Sept. 20.— Imported and Establislied Orchids

at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms, at 1230 o'clocli.

AVERAGE Temperatdre for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Cliiswiek
—57-8".
AcTUAi, Temperatures :—

London.— .September 11 (6 p.m.): Max. 62°; Min 54"

September 12.— Unli, warm.
Provinces— Septemfeer 11(6 p.m.): Max. 61°, W Ire-
land; Min. 63°. N.E. Scotland.

In the bad old times of the

'^''the Ro"-al "' Society at South Kensington,

iiorticuU^'ural *'^® Journal, of tlie Society, if

Society. it did not fall altogether into

al)eyanee, at least was pub-
lished at very irregular intervals. Many
■were the complaints that reached us on the
subject. Since the rejuvenescence of the
Society, the Journal has, like the Society
atself, taken a new lease of life. It is to us
SI matter of regret that many who advocated
the improvement of the Journal are no
longer among us to witness what has been
ad'omplislicd in this way by the present
indft'atigalile editor.

At the time we speak of, although some
advocated the more punctual publication
;ind the general improvement of the Journal,
foreseeing that it might lie one powerful
ijaeans of advancing the interests of horti-
culture, and the welfare of the Society ; yet
others thought that few of the Fellows
would care for it, or read it if they got it.
All realised but too painfully the financial
difficulties in the way. Times have changed.
The Journal has become a most important
factor in the development of the Society.
Like the Conferences, it will have value
when the mere records of ephemei'al flower-
shows will have ceased to have any interest-
We are induced to make these comments
as the number just issued contains some
^special features, to which we are desirous of
drawing attention. In the first place, there
is the full text of Mendel's paper on hybrid
plants, which is exciting so much attention
now, though overlooked at the time of
ipufdication. We shall have an opportun ity

of attending to this at greater length on
another occasion.

Another new departure which we hail
with great pleasure is the publication of
brief abstracts from the various European
and American horticultural journals. These
abstracts are made by experts, and though"
brief, are furnished with references which
will enal,>le the student to pursue the sul)ject
further should he desire to do so. The students
of the American horticultural colleges are
trained to make abstracts from the various
publications of past years, as well as of those
that are recent. If the Chiswick students
could be set to work with some definite
purpose of this kind, the literature of any
given subject would be rendered easily
accessible. But ■we have no space now to
discuss this matter fully, our present object
being to point out what excellent value
the Fellows of the Koyal Horticultural
Society obtain for their guinea subscription,
and to congratulate the editor on the zeal
and success of his efforts.

A RECENT number of the
Ringing of Coiiiptes Rendus contains the
Herbiiceous , ,, ■ . , ,, t

Plants. following note Ijy M. Lucien
Daniel: — " Annular decortica-
tion, or ringing, is an operation known from
the most ancient times. It is applied ex-
clusively to woody plants (fruit-trees and
Vines) to make fructification more sure, and
the fruits larger. As it had not previously
been practised on herbaceous plants, the
results of the following experiments with
Cruciferous and Solanaceous plants are
interesting : —

"1. Cruciferous Plants. — I operated upon
different varieties of Cabbage, Brussel.sSprout.s,
Kohl Kabi, Swetles, &c. In all these Cabbages
the removal of tlie ring to a depth of about a
fifth of an inch was made 2 inches from the
ground, below the first leaves, and on young
plants that had been pricked out into position
a fortnight previou.sly. Some hours after the
operation, the leaves faded. After several
days the lower, older leaves turned red, then
yellow, and at last fell. If their environment
was damp, the young organs rotted, and the
plant died of too much water. If, on the con-
trary, it is kept sufficiently dry, the plant does
not rot, and after a period of more or less no-
ticeable deterioration the wounds heal, and
the edges are wlielly m- entirely reunited. ]Jut
in nearly all the -|ieriineiis the height of the
decorticated siiecinieiis remains less than that
of the un-ringed or check plants. In time,
changes in the outward form were manifest,
but differed according to the varieties. Thus,
in the Brussels Sprouts the heart is more
open, less close, and smaller. In the Kohl
Rabi, the tuber formed well above the incision,
but was gourd-shaped instead of rounded. lu
the Swedes, operated on below the rosette,
the leaves lengthened and the tuber was drawn
out, while the radicles formed a full fringe.
Finally, the flavour of the decorticated Cab-
bages was modilied ; it was less agreeable,
and ill the Cabbages the leaves and stem
became brittle. These changes in height,
form, taste, and resistance of the tissues
perfectly reflected certain alterations noted,
but not fully understood in certain grafted
varieties of Cabbage. Evidently the cause
was the same ; that is, the modifications are
due to the temporary check and to interrup-
tion of the liberian functions, as in both cases
the liber was cut through when the wood,
sliced in grafting, is spared in annular de-
cortication.

" 2. Solanaceous Plants. — In this family M.
Daniel experimented on the very large
Aubergine from New York, and on Toinatos,
attempting to obtain larger fruit. The
Aubergine used for comparison bore fruit
weighing about a pound ; on the decorticated
Aubergine he obtained a fruit weighing over
two pounds. The Tomatos operated upon
yielded fruit in a much larger quantity than
did the check plant, but as the operator
omitted to prune the tops to facilitate the
growth of the first fruits, he obtained but a
slighter increase compared with that of the
Aubergine, although this increase was quite
noticeable on many of the specimens. The
fruits obtained were somewhat modified in
flavour ; they were more insii)id, and less
highly flavoured. From these experiments the
chief conclusions arrived at ai'e : —

1. Ringing of herbaceous plants is of prac-
tical interest. It is possible, by careful
manipulation, to cause a marked increase in
tlie size of the fruits of Solanums used as food,
and probably in those of other families which
yield eatable fruit.

2. Ringing is of physiological importance, as
by using it in connection with grafting, at the
same time and on the same kinds of plants, the
origin of certain variations of general nutri-
tion induced by grafting (decrease in height,
modifio^.tious in form and flavour, delicacy of
the tissues, enlargement of the fruits, &c.),
can be determined."

L/ELIO - Cattleya Digbyano- Mendeli,
Veitch'S Variety. — Our illustration (fig. 63)
represents the fine hybrid of I^relia Digbyana
and Cattloya Mendeli, for which Messrs. Jas.
Veitcii & Sons, of Chelsea, received a First-
class Certificate at the Koyal Horticultural
Society's meeting on August 27, and which
was adjudged to be the finest Ljclia Digbyana
cross yet flowered. It differs from other forms
in having larger flowers, which are of an.
uniform bright purplish rose tint, instead of
the pallid whitish lilac of forms previously
flowered. Veitoh's variety here illustrated is
8 inches across the petals, the finely fringed
lip is 3 inches wide, the base of the lip being
of a reddish tinge, and the disc of the lip
bright yellow.

United Horticultural Benefit and
Provident Society. — The usual monthly
committee meeting of this Society was held at
the Caledonian Hotel, Adelphi Terrace, Strand,
on Monday evening last. Mr. C. H. Curtis
presided. The minutes of the last meeting
were read and jiassed. Three new members
wore elected. Five members are receiving
sick-pay ; three others have been on the sick-
fund and off again siuce the last meeting. The
treasurer stated that he had invested £500 in
Cardiff Corporation Three per cent. Stock for
£185 15.^. The annual dinner will be held on
Wednesday, October 9, at 6.30 P.M., at the
Holborn Restaurant, on which occasion Mr.
Peter E. Kay, V.M.H. will preside.

Disease of the Potato. — At a meeting
on August 26 of the Paris Academy of Sciences,
M. G. Del.vcroix contributed a paper on
a bacterial disease of the Potato, and our con-
temporary, Nature, thus epitomises his obser-
vations : — "The disease in question, which is
very prevalent in the centre and west of
France, is due to a bacterium which appears
to be identical with the Bacillus Solanacearum
of E. F. Smith. It possesses the same charac-
teristics on cultivation, and the symptoms of
the disease observed in the United States on
Potatos and Tomatos are similar to those
observed in France. The only suggestion that

K September 14, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

205

■canllje put forward as a i-emcdy is a triennial
variation in the crops in order to clean the
soil, which appears to be the vehicle of the
-disease, from tlie pathogenic organisms which
it contains." Another paper read before the
meeting was concerned with the " invasion of
streams of water in the department of
Herault by Jussisea grandiflora, and on the
growth of this species in France, by M. P.
Carles. The growth of this plant in some
<listricts is so great that it forms true aquaMc
prairies. It has been stated that this plant
could not fructify in France, but this is now
shown to be inaccurate, since in the month of
September, on the river Orb, the fruit was
formed in the shape of capsules about "29 mm.
in length, each capsule having five divisions
containing about fifteen seeds. It is by these
seeds that it multiplies so abundantly."

Presentation to the Tsar and Tsarina.
— On the occasion of the visit of the Emperor
and Empress of Russia to France, certain of
the French horticulturists who took part in
the St. Petersburg Exhibition in 1899, have
decided to offer to their Majesties a souvenir
of their kind reception at that date. The pre-
sentation is to take the form of some of the
finest flowers and fruits grown by the donors.
A committee has been formed, and includes
among its members M. Henri Mautinet, whe
was Commissary-General for the French Go-
vernment at St. Pet<!rsburg in 1899 : Al. Vitrv,
M. Cii. Mauox, M. Licox Dival, JI. Eit.kne
DELAViER.and other prominent horticulturists.

Paris Exhibition.— Our much esteemed
■contemporary, the Revue Horticole, regrets, as
wc do, that our horticulturists took no part in
this great undertaking, and points out that to
wait at home for customers is not the way to do
business, and tliat those who do attend these
exhibitions will naturally get the preference
over the aljsentees. There is some truth iu
this, no doubt ; but, on the other hand, our
contemporary forgets that the heavy duties
levied by France on English fruit have killed
the trade that once existed. Protection may
be desirable for the French nation — on that
point we can offer no opinion— but it certainly
offers no hospitable reception to importations
from other countries. There were other rea-
sons why self-respecting Englishmen refrained
from exhil)iting, but these are best forgotten.

Diamond Jubilee Grape. — We arc re-
Huosted liy Messrs. 1). iS: \V. lirciIANAX, of the
Forth Vineyards, Kippeii, by .Stirling, N.B.,
to print the following expression of opinion
concerning this new variety of Grape.

" We, the iinilci-signcd, liave exainiiied fruit .and
foliage t)f Diamond Jubilee Grape, exlilbllcd by Messrs.
Jtnclianau, Forth Vineyards, Klppcn, and fruit and
foliage of lilack Morocco Grape from Easlnor Castle
<;ardens, at the great fruit sliow held at Glasgow on
September 4 and j, and are confident tliat both arc
distinct varieties: and desire to express our opinion
that the Diamond Jubilee Grape is a distinct acqui-
sition, of commanding appearance, and splendid
flavour.

fined), and in wines. The other and principal
decline is in the values of raw materials used
in sundry trades and manufactures. The loss
in exports is spread over nearly all the sec-
tions. The following are on usual esisorts
from the summary table of imports : —

Gcoige Hiniyai-d, V.M.Ii.,
F. K. 11. S , Chairman,
It. U.S. Fruit Committee

Jiimes Mclndoe, V.M.H.,
F.R.II.S.

Willia,m Pope, llighclcre,
F.R.H.S.

Richard I'aikcr, Good-
wood, F.R.H.S.

Alex. Kirk, Norwood,
Alloa, F R.II.S.

James Hunter, Lambton,

Judge
James Whytock, Dalkeith,

Judge
James Dawes, Diddulph

Grange, Congleton
David Murray, Culzcan,

Maybolc
James Hamilton, Mander-

ston
Malcolm Mcliityro, The

'/leii. Inncrlcitlieu."

Stock-taking: August.— The Trade and
Navigation Returns for the past month show a
falling off in both imports and exports .as com-
jiarod with those for the same period last year.
The decrease on imports is £1,1.59,919, and
£779,0.54 on exports. The falling off in imports
is U) be found in tea, sugar (refined and uiire-

IMPOHTS.

1900.

1901.

Difference.

£

£

£

Total value

42,097,059

40,937,140

—1,1.59,919

(A.) Articles of food
and drink — duty
free

13,695,22.3

14,029,129

-f 333,906

(B.> Articles of food
Adiink— dutiat>lc

3,834,385

3,103,490

—820,89.5

Raw materials for
textile manufac-
tures

3,068,535

3,298,303

-f229,76S

]?aw materials for
sundry industries
and manufactures

i,28S,36(

6,078,292

-1,210,075

(A.) Miscellaneous
articles

1,233,606

1,392,855

•Ho9,249

(B.) Parcel Post ...

94.621

84,744

-9,877

Possibly in the matter of sugar, we have
reached the close of the pre-Budget rash for a
market. The figures relating to the imports
of fruits, roots, and vegetables are this mouth
exceedingly interesting, especially in the
matter of "minus" quantities. They are as
follows : —

iMI'dllTS.

Fruits, raw :—

-Vpples

.Vpricotsand Peaches
llananas... bunches

Cherries

CuiTants

Gooseberries

Grapes

Lemons

Nuts— .\lnionds
Otliers,uscd as fruit

Oranges

Pears ... ..'.

Strawberries

Unenunicratcd,rnw...
Fruits, dried :—

Currants, lionic con-
sumption

Raisins, ditto

Vegetables, raw ;—

Onions bush.

Potatos cwt.

Tomatos ,.

Vegetables, raw, un-

cuumcratcd ...value

Cwt.

Cwt.

59,7.'iO

49,945

3.398

1,759

109,738

321,647

17,033

5,318

8,461

5,394

603

64

H6.815

140,826

"0.730

101,198

8,169

3,220

26,183

30,414

11,1.54

7,2.57

1119,107

139.810

2JO,»»9

ltf9,o:i9

146

2(«,498

183,276

19,.399

21,686

19,680

U,932

.598,773

750,394

I«i.l83

214,049

115,1,52

132,786

£o6,198

£33,390

11*1. ; Difference.

Cwt.

—9,805

— 1,6.'»
-1-111,909
—11,784

—3,067
—538

— «,M7
-(-20,468

— 5,949

+a,mi

—7,197

—,59,297

—121,06.5

—116

—25,228

-t-2,287
—7,748

-H51,621
-(-.■«,.566
-1-17,6.34

That much more good fruit would find a
ready market goes almost without saying,
and our friends across the Atlantic are making
preparations for an endeavour after a bigger
share of our custom. Choice Hritish fruit
•will ever be first in the field, and growers
will ever find their reward in improving
their cultures as far as possible. The
figures for the import values of the past
eight months foot up at £;JlC,318,.'i51, against
£337,907,068 for the .same period in 1900, or an
increase of £8,351,283. In the matter of

E.VPORTS,

we liave to acknowledge a fall of £779,054 —
£24,205,509 against £24,984,023 for the same
period last year. As we have said, this re-
duction is divided amongst eight of the eleven
sect ions, three showing an appreciable increa.se.
For the eight months the loss as compared with
the same period last year is placed at
£0,524,200. Every now and again we are
promi.scd a "boom" by some speech-making

men in authority. This cannot well take place
whilst matters remain as they are in South
America, the Cape, China, and elsewhere.

" Flora of Tropical Africa."— We are
pleased to notice that the publication of this
valuable work is now proceeding steadily.
The newest section, vol. viii., part 2, deals
with AroideM (continued), Lemnacefe, both by
Mr. X. E. Brown ; Alismaeere, by Mr. C. H.
Wright; A'aiadacese, by Mr.ARiucR Bexnett;
Eriocaulese, and Restiaceas, both by Mr. N. E.
Brown ; and Cj'peracese, by C. B. Clarke.

Plant Breeding Conference, 1902. —
The following preliminary programme of sub-
jects for tlie proposed International Conference
on Plant Breeding and Hybridisation, to be
held in tlie fall of 1902, by the Horticultural
Society of New York, has been issued over the
signature of Dr. Britton, the Chairman of
Council. The exact dates for the meetings are
not yet decided upon, and tlie programme
as given is subject to alteration : —

1. Results of ntjilridisation and Plant Bveed-
in(] iu Canada. (Illustrated by specimens.)
William Sauxdeus, Director of the Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

2. .Yo(t"s oil P/a)it Breedintj in California.
E. .J. WiCKSOX, liorticulturist. Agricultural
Experiment Station, fuivorsity of California.

3. Plaut Breedimj in New Jersey. (Illustrated
liy specimens.) B. D. Halsted, Professor of
Botany in Rutgers College, New Brunswick.N.J.

I. Hybrid Plums. F. \. AYatch, horticul-
turist, Vermont Agricultural Exi)eriment
Station.

5. V'(i)-i(ifi()iis in Hybrids Not Appearing in
the First Generation, bul Later. E. S.
OOFF, horticulturist, Agricultural Experiment
Station, University of Wisconsin.

0. Results in the Breeding of Species of Ri-
cinus. E. Mead Milcox, botanist, Oklahoma
Agricultural Experiment Station.

7. 0)1 Orchid Hybrids. (Illustrated by speci-
mens of the parents and progeny.) OajvES
Ajies, Ames Botanical Laboratory, North
Easton, Mass.

8. The Wild Hybrids of the North .\mcrican
Flora. (Illustrated by specimens of the
parents and progeny.) David (lEORtiE, Museum
Aid, New York Botanical Garden.

9. Hybrid Beans. R. A. EjlEltsON, horticul-
turist. Agricultural Experiment Station, Uni-
versity of Nebraska.

10. Cytotoyical Aspects of Hybrids. W. A.
Caxxox, Coluudjia University, Now York City.

II. Correlation Between the Fruit and Other
Parts of the Plant in Form, Colour and Other
Characteristics. (Illustrated by specimens.) S.
A. Beach, horticulturist, New York State
Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.

Other papers, the titles of which have not
yet been communicated, are also promised
from various experimentalists. ]<\irther par-
ticulars will bo made public as arr.ingements
are concluded. For information relative to
tlie Conference, address all correspondence to
the Secretary, Leonard Barron, 130, Liberty
Street, New York, August 24, 1901.

Mr. W. Bateson, M.A., F.R.S., and Mr.
George Nicholson, V.M.H., have consented
to represent the Society at the Conference.

Meeting of the Ghent Chambre Syndi-
CALE. — ,\t the meeting, on .September 2, of the
Chambre Syiidicale des Uorticulteurs Beiges
etSociete Royale d'Agi-icuItureetdeBotanique
of Ghent, the following Certificates of Merit
wore awarded : — For seedling Heliotropes, from
AI. VAX DriEssCHE ; Dracjcna Vandcn Borghci,
from M. Arthur Stand.vert ; Catasetum fim-
briatum (var. Cognauxi), from Count J. DiJ

206

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 14, 1901.

Hemptinne ; for Cattleya aiirea (par acclama-
tion) ; C. Eldorado alba, and C. granulosa var.
Buysseniana, and for C. Wavriniana (C. gigas
y C. granulosa Sclioffield (a Viinanimitc) : also
for Lpelio-Cattleya elegans, for Cattleya Patro-
vini (hyb. nat. C. Loddigesi : C. guttata var.
Leopardiua), for C. Ella (C. bicolor x C. gigas
{par acclamidion et avec feiicitations dii ptrij) ;
C. Warscewlczii (gigas) var. Gloi-y, C. Fowleri
(C. guttata var. Loopoldi x C. Hardyana), C.
granulosa var. aurea {'t I'lmanimite), C. Eldo-
rado alba, and for C. guttata pernambueensis ;
all these Cattleyas being from the Marquis
DE Wavkix. a Certificate of Merit was also
given for Odontoglossum hyb. var. Theodore
Pauwels, from M. Th. Pauwels. Awards for
cut flowers were allotted : — tor Lilacs, from
M. P. Van Driessche ; Cactus Dahlias, from
M. Burvenich, pere {a Vwianimitc) ; and for
Cactus Dahlias, from M. Fkani;Ois Ka(;els, of
Wilryck, Antwerp (par acclamation et avec
felicitations dn Jury). Certificates for culti-
vation and flowering were awarded to M. F.
Van Driessche, for Datura alba, and for six
varieties of Thunbergia alata. M. L. Henno-
Delbosse, of Tournai, received Honourable
Mention for cut flowers for his Cactus Dahlias.
M. P. Van Driessche, Honourable Mention for
cultivation and flowering for Salvia splendeus
compacta, and for two Eupatoriums ; and M. J.
Vande Kerchove for Persea gratissima avo-
catier grown in a bottle.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

STRAWBERRY ELEANOR. — Wc hear and read
so much nowadays regarding the merits of
new varieties of Strawberries, that we are
apt to forget the good qualities of many of
the older ones. We now depend at Stone-
leigh for our chief supply upon Royal Sove-
reign and Sir Joseph Paxton, and as a late one,
on Eleanor, which is far in advance of other
late-fruiting varieties. Laxton's Latest-of-
AU is practically over with us before Eleanor
is at its best. We have a border on the north
side of a wall planted with Eleanor, which
affords many good dishes after Latest-of-AU
has ceased to fruit, and both varieties are
treated alike in every resi)ect. The flavour of
Eleanor is very good, though somewhat sharp,
but this acidity is not disliked, esiieeially as
the fruit comes to table at a time when the
Strawberry season is practically past. The
fruit is soft, hence it requires to be carefully
handled, and each fruit must be wrapped in a
soft leaf if sent to a distance. I can confidently
recommend this good old variety. H. T. Martin.

MANURlNG.^ — Any contribution from the pen
of such an able authority as Mr. J. J. Willis
on horticultural soils and manures is always
especially valuable. I read his notes on Basic
Slag recently with much interest. There is,
however, one portion which I think calls for
some further remarks, he says: " In some
cases, where the application of basic phos-
phates has not seemed to produce any marked
effect, we think it probable from the results
obtained in the grass experiments at Rotham-
sted, that the soil is deficient in potash," and
he supplements this by comparing results ob-
tained from experiments between a plot unma-
nured for four or five years, one with basic slag
alone, and another where basic slag and sul-
phate of potash has been applied. This is very
well as far as it goes, and may apply to lawns,
meadow lands, or grass orchards, under certain
conditions, but perhaps not so much to general
garden practice. During last July and the early
part of August, a discussion on "Manuring,"
between Professor Wrightson and Dr. Ber-
nard Dyer, appeared in the pages of the
Agricitttural Gazette. Professor Wrightson
says: "The greater abundance of potash
in soils, as compared with phosphoric acid,
and the fact that hay, straw, haulm, and

artificial foods contain it in abundance, are
the principal reasons why experiments with
potash salts seldom give satisfactory results.
Potash salts seldom do good, and sometimes
do hariu. There, doubtless, may be exceptions,
but, as a rule, good ordinary management,
liberal feeding, and the use of phosphates and
nitrates, fulfil all the conditions for successful
manuring. Even nitrates may be dispensed
with, where oil-cake is fed, and a large head
of stock is main ained. The great art of
manuring is therefore reduced to two principal
parts, namely, plenty of live-stock, and the
use of phosphates." He also says, "These
two classes of artificial manures may be called
the right and left arms of the system of arti-
ficial manui-ing. Phosphates and nitrates
divide the field, and there is comparatively
little room for potash as a manurial substance.' '
Professor Wrightson was dealing with farm-
manuring ; but farm and garden soils and
manures are so closely allied that almost the
same conditions apply to both. The garden
has the advantage over the farm in deeper and
better tillage, and generally in the more liberal
supplies of fold-yard manures. Such soils are
rich in available potash, jjossibly without the
addition of further supplies ; but ))asic slag
could with advantage be added, not only on
account of its phosphoric acid, but also the
larger proportion of caustic lime which it con-
tains would act beneficially on such soils as these,
except, perhaps, those of the shallow limestone.
It is, therefore, a question whether the
addition of artificial potash manures to fairly
good supplies of foldyard - manure is pro-
ductive of good economical results ; that is,
as far as the sujiplies of potash are concerned.
With the exception of Potatos, very few
elaborate manurial experiments are being
carried on in this country on garden crops. 1
hope this will be remedied in the near future,
as we have yet much to learn in the way of
economical garden manuring. I have before me
some tabulated results of experimental manur-
ing of agricultural crops, and I particularly
notice that the application of artificial potash
manures with foldyard-manure gives very little
increase of crops over that of foldyard-manure
alone, or foldyard-manure with other artificial
fertilisers, excepting potash ; in others there
is a marked decrease where potash has been
added. I am comparing results from a number
of experimental stations and different soils.
These vary very much. The different varying
conditions in soils, position and climate,
possess great influence upon results obtained
from experimental manuring, that it is very
ditticult to generalise. Perhaps economy in
garden manuring may often be only a secondary
consideration, but where the application of
any artificial fertilisers to the soil has been
shown to be sometimes harmful, as Professor
Wrightson says of potash-salts, and as various
experiments show, great care should be exer-
cised in using them. Alfred Gaiit, Leeds, 61,
Belle Viie Road.

DESTROYING WASPS. — When 1 penned my
few remarks on my method of destroying wasps
(see p. 138), I thought they might be of service
to your correspondent, Mr. .Simpson, but it
appears he has a plan of his own, which differs
from mine, inasmuch as the wasps destroy his
Peaches, Grapes, &c. (see p. 114), and in my
case the wasps lay dead in thousands, and the
fruit is practically intact. As to the time it
takes, it only occupies ten minutes of my time
every morning to replenish the vessels. I did
not recommend the advertised wasp des-
troyers, as I have had no experience of them,
but only my own preparation and the manner
of applying it. I have noticed that some
of the wasi^s only remain sipping a few
seconds, and in order to ascertain if they
returned, I have, on their departure, dredged
them with flour, but not one returned. This is
a good way to discover the direction in which
their nests lie, for they can be seen more
readily, and for a greater distance, and in
some instances followed home, as their move-
ment is not rapid after being floured. I do
not know if the wasps eat their comrades that

may happen to reach home to die, but, since-
writing to you on the subject, I watched a
wasp devour a poisoned fly, after first clipping^
its wings as it with a pair of scissors, and it
crawled till it died. If the wasps are-
allowed to make a good start on a houseful of
Grapes or other fruit, it takes longer to entice
them to the mixture, and I have seen where
bottles containing all kinds of tempting inix-
tiu-es (including honey) have been hung up,
the wasps have been as attentive to the fruit
as before, and this seems to be Mr. Simpson's
experience. A week ago they commenced
to devour the Green Gages here ; though
not half ripe, three fruit were already
shelled. I immediately hung a vessel ia
the tree, picked the damaged fruit, and jjut
them in it, for they like something to alight on
in the liquid, and in a couple of hours there^
was scarcely a wasp to be seen on that tree. I
may add that I have tested the wasps with
bones and scraps of fish placed side by side
all kinds of sweet things, and have had to-
move the former to the vessels to get them to-
the mixture. ^V. P. Roberts, Cuerden Hall
Gardens, Preston.

THEFT OF APPLES. — It may interest judges
at flower shows to know, that last Saturday
night somebody went into my garden, and
carefully took from two trees of Peasgood's
Nonsuch a dozen or so of the very finest of the-
Apples. They were specially good samples, and
it is probable that they were only taken to be
sent to a show somewhere, as the thief most
carefully selected those without any blemishes,
leaving the rest on the trees. I know that in
many shows growers have to vouch that the-
fruit they exhibit is their own, and grown by
themselves, and I therefore felt that it would
be well to give these facts to any of your
readers who may be judging, and have any
doubts of a lot of the above Apple. C. J.
Morcjan, Hulsewood, Dartford, Kent.

HOME GROWERS AND WATER MELONS. — One-

gets such an unpleasant experience of Melons-
at the Pruit Committee's table at the Drill
Hall, that I hesitate to partake of the Water
Melons sold so cheaply in shops. But recently,
when in Edinburgh, Mr. McHattie, with whom
I was taking tea, invited me to partake of one,
and so nicely flavoured and generally good was
it, that it greatly excelled scores that come to
the Drill Hall as seedling crosses for awards.
The very best home-grown Melons I ever taste,
whether new or old varieties, are from plants-
grown in very limited ranges of soil in houses
where there is ample light, some ventilation,
no excessive damping, yet no red-spider is in.
evidence. Were all imported Melons as good
as the one I tasted, I fear few Melons would
be grown at home. A. D.

SWEET PEAS IN THE NORTH. — Very remark-
able to me, remembering how we had suffered
from drought in the South, were the Sweet
Peas in the nurseries at Rothesay, for they
were over 0 feet in height, in every case green
and vigorous, full of bloom with buds from
bottom to top, and almost seedless. Surely
Rothesay must be for the Sweet Pea a perfect
paradise. Messrs. Dobbie & Co. had over-
come the difficulty of obtaining proper branch
sticks in a locality not overwooded, by fixing
along the rows at intervals stout supports, to
which were fastened lengths of large-mesh
wire, 6 feet deep. A larger mesh than
4 inches would have been preferred, but it
was not obtainable. However, a first-rate
form of support was thus obtained, the Peas-
enclosed in the wire sides being secured from
the strongest winds. A. D.

"THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S

JOURNAL." — The recipients of the latest issue
of this valuable work should be greatly grati-
fied by the addition thereto of a voluminous
series of pithy extracts or abstracts from the
home and foreign horticultural and botanical
press, which forms a very practical index to
the more recent discoveries and interesting
records. These are arranged alphabetically,
according to the plant or ijlants or particular

September 14, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHROKIOLE.

branch of research concerned, and hence, by
simply glancing through the sul>headings,
every specialist can perceive what has been
done ill his particular line during the three

bettercalculated to bring the horticulturistsand
botanists of the world into closer communion,
and their thanks are certainly due to the inde-
fatigable secretary of the Society, tlie Rev. W.

207

litau publications from which the abstracts
are taken, demonstrate not merelv that "the
matter is thoroughly and intelligently selected,
out also tliat their field of research is an'ample

Fk;. 03.— CAITr.EVA l)|(;liYAM

A iwsE-uuLoiitKi) i.r.i>\vt:i; wmi a vki.i.ow ui.htcii at tuf iivsk

(SEE I'. 201.)

IK •IIIH I. II'.

r months covered by the periodicals concerned.
Th(> numbers and pages of these being also
given in conjunction with the author's name,
and the pith of the matter publislied, refer-
ence to same for further details is rendered
easy. No idea could be conceived which Is

Wilks, not merely for conceiving the idea, bub
for the very practical way iu which ho has
arranged the matter provided by himself and
the numerous gentlemen who have kindly
volunteered to assist him. 'I'lioir names, which
are given, as well as tlic long lists of cosmopo-

oiie, no likely source of useful Information being
omitted. In the various Conferences which
have been held under the ausjiices of the
Society, it has been abundantly demonstrated
how greatly knowledge is enlarged and ox-
tended by bringing siiociiilists into imiiiodiato

208

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 14, 1901.

contact with each other, and by the conse-
cxuent exchange of views wliich results. Each
one reaps some knowledge from the others,
and this interchange of views xindoubtedly
frequently brings about those combinations of
ideas from which many of our greatest dis-
coveries have sprung. A mass of information
is brought together, the individual quotas of
which, when isolated, constitute mere natural
enigmas which the single specialist is unable
to solve. The conjunction of many, however,
reveals coincidences and agreements which
ofteu give the clue to theories which eventu-
ally, by the research thus guided into distinct
channels, resolve themselves into laws of the
utmost importance. The abstracts and short
articles on research which we are considering
go very far in this same direction. Hitherto,
to achieve the same end by individual search
through contemporary records was practically
impassible, since it involved the necessity of
the reader being in every case master of seve-
ral languages, a part from the fact that several
scores of publications (some of them expen-
sive) require to l)e perused attentively, while
the items of particular and individual interest
may be lilje the proverbial needles in a bottle
of liay. Another special feature of the issue
under consideration is the opening translation
of Mendel's paper on the " Law of Hybridisa-
tion," a paper which, unfortunately, almost
fell into oblivion entirely, owing to its form
of publication, though, as will be seen by
perusal, it is of such an epoch-making cha-
racter, that the Royal Horticultural Society
richly merits the thanks of all Englishmen for
facilitating their knowledge of it by the trans-
lation given, to which we refer for details.
C/m..s. T. Di-uenj, F.R.S.. V.M.H.

A VETERAN FLORIST. — When visiting a few
days since at Rothesay I had the pleasure of
meeting that octogenarian florist, Mr. .James
Dohbie. The old gentleman is now in his
eighty-fourth year, and is surprisingly robust,
vigorous, and full of energy and vivacity.
He resides in a handsome villa on the Craig-
more side of Rothesay, from whence a splendid
view of the noble bay of that name, the
harbour, and the lofty hills beyond and far in
front are seen. He still employs much of his
spare time in the cultivation of flowers and
vegetables, especially Kales and Leeks. No
longer associated with the big business now
built up, and which retains his honoured
name, he is still an enthusiastic florist and
gardener. We may well honour these vete-
rans of horticulture, of whom Mr. Dobbic
is not tl^e least famous. A. 1).

IRIS K/EMPFERl. — Wlieii Calling recently at
Haldon House, Exeter, the seat of J. F. Banna-
tyne, Esq., my attention was directed to a
fine mass of this Iris by Mr. EUicott, the
genial gardener there. The plants under
notice are growing just below a small stream,
and Mr. EUicott informed me that they were
imported direct from Japan, and planted about
eighteen months since ; they flowered pro-
iusely this summer, many of the blooms
measuring 11 inches. There was ample evi-
dence of this from the quantity of flower-
.steras, and a few blooms on the plants at the
time of my visit. The plants were the picture
of health, some 3 feet or more in height. They
are growing in the natural soil — light loam —
to which was added equal parts of leaf-soil
and peat. They were flooded by a small
trough from the stream near by a fortnight
before flowering, this being the only artificial
watering given them, and mulched last winter
with some stable-manure. A glance through
the vineries showed some good bunches of
Black Hambui-ghs, and also Muscats, on the
young Vines planted during the past four
years which would make ]\Ir. EUicott a for-
midable opponent if placed on the exhibition
boards. There is a decided improvement in
the place generally since it was acquired by
the present owner. I'anl T. More.

THE AUTUMN SQUILL (SCILLA AUTUMNALIS).

.—It will be of interest fen- botanists to learn
that this rare plant is still to be found wild in

the London district. Yesterday I saw a
single colony of probably fifty specimens ;
but, unfortunately in another station it has
become extinct through the formation of golf
links. As this plant is unknown in Scotland
or Ireland, and only crops up in a few stations
in southei-n England, its London home is all
the moi-e cherished and zealously guai-ded. It
frequents the most arid - striken verdure.
Another equally rare plant, Spiranthes festi-
valis, supposed only to occur in the iS^ew
Forest, is also to be found wild in the London
radius, and in such quantity as to preclude
the possibility of its becoming exterminated
for some time at least. A. 1). Webster, Sep-
tember 0, 1001.

MR. ROBERT FENN. — I had the pleasure of
seeing this old Potato-raiser at his Sulhamp-
stcad home a few days since. I found him
exhibiting a marvellous condition of recovery
from his broken-leg accident of last year, for
he is now, even at the great age of eighty-four,
as active and energetic as at any time. Since
he has been at Sulhampstead, neither age nor
accident has in any way withered his intense
Potato enthusiasm, for he is still raising new
varieties, and curiously enough from a species
which has apparently never before been so
utilised in England. It is many yeai-s since
that the famous American raiser, Mr. Pringle,
sent over to ilr. Fenn small tubers of the
Jvorth American Solanum Fendleri, indeed the
date is about fixed because accompanied by one
tuber of Siiowflake, a once famous American
variety. Some seventeen years elapsed ere it
was possiWe to obtain a cross with that
si)ecies, and then a cross was- secured with
liector of Woodstock. Then later was effected
a further cross, the species being the seed
pai'ent with pollen ot Woodstock Kidney, and
from these crosses have come some capital
dwarf top early seedlings. One especially,
provisionally named Kate, a flatfish kidney, is
exceedingly promising and handsome. Four
5'ears ago Mr. Pringle sent seed of yet another
and comparatively unheard of species, which
bore the comprehensive appellation of Solanum-
bulbocastanum (Dunal), native of Guadalajara,
Old Mexico. This gave plants having dwarf
tops, and Sage-like leaves. Crosses were
effected with one or two garden varieties, and
the produce in numerous seedlings is now
being grown and tried in Mr. Fenn's garden.
How they will turn out time alone will show.
Top growth varies considerably, some being
dwarf and early, some tall and of rather wild
aspect. It is interesting to note that there
are good growth and crops associated with
some of the old Woodstock Seedlings, that
have been grown in the same ground for
twenty-five years. ,1. C

LILIUM AURATUM. — I enclose a photograph
of a Lilium auratum now in flower in
garden at Aubrey Villas, Penzance ; as you
will perceive, an extraordinary specimen, so
much so that it has drawn the attention of all
the gardening people here, and many others
interested in horticulture. One bulb only,
purchased at a local nursery for 2s., was
planted where it is now four seasons ago. No
particular attention was given it at the time
or since ; it has never been disturbed, and
nothing done to it except staking. The first
season it threw iip one stalk carrying twenty-
five flowei'S, tlie second and third scjisons two
stalks with seventy-five flowers, and 8 ft. 6 in.
high; this, the fourth season, it has three
stalks of about equal size and height, and
carrying 112 flowers ; it is clothed in glossy
dark green foliage from bottom to top, the
leaves being lOJ inches long by 2 inches wide,
the girth of the stalk is 4| inches, and the
plant 10 feet 2 inches in height. Vou will
notice in the photograph the figure of a man
who is 5 feet 8 inches, thereby showing the
comparative height of the plant. It is
thought here generally that no such speci-
men is likely to be seen again in this country.
I may add the jjerf ume from it scents the whole
neighbourhood, especially at night. Henrij
Heath. [An excellent specimen, but as others
even more remarkable have been figured in

our columns on variovis occasions we do not
think it necessary to reproduce the photograph
our correspondent has been good enough to
seiul us. Ed.]

A NEW WORM-KILLER. — Mr. John Preeland.
a gentleman well known and esteemed in fish-
ing circles in .Vberdeen, has just come forward
with what not a few think is a very valuable
suggestion. As is well known, the jelly-fish
of the sea is considered to be a nuisance by
fishermen in general, including salmon fishers ;
but, nevertheless, Mr. Freeland holds that the
jelly-fish has very great value, and is surprised
that the benefits to be derived from it have
not ere this time been recognised. Grub and
worms have been a source of annoyance to
gardeners from time immemorial, and it is for
the benefit of the latter that Mr. Freeland puts
forward liis suggestion. He holds that jelly-
fisli taken from the sea and applied to the land
will have the effect of exterminating worms of
all kinds. Of course, jelly-fish alone will be
too strong, and must be mixed with earth or
some other ingredient. Anyhow, Mr. Preeland
wishes some enterprising gentlemen to take
the matter up, and for his part he will be
delighted to give all the information his expe-
rience and practice of the sea have put in his
power. His address is Torry, Aberdeen. W.
Killij, Aberdeen.

PLANTING POTATOS. — Sometime in theearly
spring, I wrote it was just possible that the
size of the tubers ot the Potato might be
lessened by the habitual selection of small-
sized tubers for seed or planting. Acting on
this belief, I caused a row of full-grown large
ones, and another of the usual " seed " size, to
be placed side by side. The sort selected was
one known about here as Snowdrop, and a
good cropper. As is well known, the season has
been exceptionally dry — so much so that the
yield has been very poor, and the return un-
profitable, most of the tubers being so small
as to be only saleable for poultry or stock-
feeding. However, I was agreeably surprised
to find that the row of the larger tubers not
only much exceeded the smaller in the
strength and growth of the haulm, but the
crop was more, and the tubers of a far better
size, with fewer small ones ; while, also, the
row of the small seed Potatos seemed to suffer
more from the drought, which ray man said
was " accounted for by there being more
moisture to feed on in the bigger ones."
Be this as it may, there was a decided differ-
ence, and this in favour of the larger " sets."
I merely mention this, not so much as a proof,
for on so small a scale it is not that, but as a
tried experiment, and that for the considera-
tion of others as to whether they will follow it
up another year. Harrison Weir.

LILIES FROM SEED. — Ahout three months ago
at a meeting of the Scientific committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society, a question was
raised whether Lilies ever grew from seed to
flowering size without making any leaves
above ground. I said that I believed this had
happened in my garden in the case of L. mona-
delphum, and that I hoped careful observations
on the subject would be made. I have now
collected about half a pound of seed of L. mona-
delphum, and will send a packet of it to every-
one who may be willing to spare a square yard
of their garden to sow it in, and to make con-
tinuous observations of the surface during
spring and summer for the next four years,
keeping it clear of weeds. The seed will be
sent on application to me. C. Wolleij Dod. Edge
Hall, Maljyas.

ENQUIRY.

Wilt, some fellow-reader advise mo what to
plant in a wilderness near the riverside,
flooded in winter time, baked in summer, soil
alluvial, resting on London clay? Plants of
bold aspect, like the Gunneras, and of proved
hardihood, are required. X,

September 14, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

209

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Seftembeh 10.— The Di-iU Hall, Buckiugliam Gate,
vore a much gayer appearance than on the occasion of
the previous meeting; tlie cxhiliits were of gl■e.^ter
general interest, and tlic number of visitors gieater. Tlie
cliief features were hardy lierbaceous perennials, which
seem to get more popular every year; Dahlias of Cactus
varieties, Ferus, and Selaginellas, of which latter there
was a remarkable exiiibit from Mr. GfRNEY Fowler,
and hardy fruit.

Floral Oommittee.

Preseid :— \V. Marshall, in tlie chair ; and C. T. Druery.
H. B. May, H. Selfe Leonard, R. C. Notcutt, E. Molyneux,
J. F. McLeod, J. Jennings, C. Dixon, W. Bain, C. Jeffe-
ries, C. E. Pearson, H. Cutbush, H. J. Jones, E. H.
.Jenkins, W. J. James, G. Paul, C, Blick, J. W. Barr,
J. Walker, G. Nicholson, J. Hudson, F. P. Fo" erts. and
Ed. Mawlev.

I'AHLIAS.

H. CASNELL & Sons, Swanley, Kent, occupied the
cntirj length ofal>ug table on one of its sides with
bunches of Cactus Dahlias in jreat variety, the tliread
or voluted-petallcd Howers predominating. We may
mention, among many pretty flowers, CanneUs Crest,
:i deep crimson ; Lovely Eynsford, orange-coloured :
Major Weston, velvety crimson; Mars, rich ruby; W.
Trcseder, white ; Standard Bearer, scarlet ; W. Jowctt,
timilar in tint ; Mrs. Sanders, lemon-yellow ; Vesta,
rosy-carmine; Eclair, orange-scarlet : Cornucopia, soft
cerise ; Mrs. Carter Page, crimson ; Falka, and J. W.
i'ifc, rich maroon (Gold Medal).

Mr. R. C. NoTctTTT, Wood's Nursery, Woodbridge.
.showed a number of varieties of Cactus Dalilias as cut
(lowers.

Messrs. J. Cheal Jc Sons, Lowfleld Nursci->', Crawley,
showed a nuuiber of Pompon, single-flowered, and
Cactus Dahlias. Many varieties obtained Awards of
Merit, and tlie descriptions of these flowers arc given in
our award list.

fjEBBACEOUS PEREXNIAI, AND BULBOUS PLANTS.

Mr. PiiiciiAitD, Cliristcliurcli, Hants, sliowed a
quantity of handsome hardy herbaceous perennials,
Ac, which grow so luxuriantly in Hie rich, friable soil
of Christchurcli. Of novelties, mention may be made
of Gladiolus Baron J. Hulot, a purple self, and a hardy
variety, named Vesuvius ; Rudbcckla purpurea, the
pretty Veronica exaltata, which lias flower spikes s
inches in length, V. subscssUis, Hellanlhiis mollis.
Hose Souvenir de Catherine Guillot, a flower of a
-salinony bufT tint, Clieloiie obliqua alba, Buddleia
variabilis, Hollonia hcvigata, Rudl)eckia la-vigata, a
bloom of a soft tint of yellow, and numbers of haudsome
shrubby Phloxes (Silver Baiiksian Medal).

Mr. Thos. S. Ware. Hale Farm Nurseries, Felthaiu.
Middlesex, showed hardy plants in gicat variety. We
noted, among tlie rarer subjects of merit, Stokcsia
oyanea, Lilium spcciosum purpureum, and other
rarietics; Aconitum pyramidale, the flower of a deep
blue colour; Gladiolus Isaac Buchanan, of a pale
tawn tint, furnished with a few rose-coloured stripes ;
the light blue flowered Delphinium Belladonna ;
.nhrubby Phloxes with bright . tints, Milla biflorii.
Iflower ttrusses of Polygonum Baldschuanicuni ; the
whole being backed by plants of Bamboo in pots. The
exhibitor had numerous cut spikes of Canna, but no
.special award was made (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs.BARR iS0N.s, KingStreot.CoventGarden.W.C ,
had arranged a very extensive exhibit of hardy flowerv,
consisting of many perennial and annual Asters,
Gladiolus, Amaryllis Belladonna, Nympliicas floating
in vessels of water, of which we may notice N. Robin-
5oni, a flower of a deep crimson tint, which is darker
ill the centre ; N. .\ndrcana, N. James Bi-ydon, a new
form; and N. Fivebeli, very fine dark colour, but not
of large size ; Clematis Ville de Lyon, Helianthus H. G.
Moon, a tine thing, not so rampant, it is said, as some of
lliese Sunflowers; Gladiolus Nanceianus P<arha, of a
Urilliant ceriso colour ; a number of quite fresh flowci -
spikes of Kniphotla Ptitzeri ; Gladiolus Lemoiniana
Pioplietess, white h itli bloodied patch. The firm also
.sliowed some plants in a pan of Pratia repens in fruit
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. AMOS Perrv, The Hardy Plant Farm, Wiuchmore
Hill, showed extensively in the hardy herbaceous plant
line, and h!vd many good subjects, of which wc may
mention Gentiana Andrcwsli, with very dark flowers,
jippearing in compact terminal and axillary coiymbs ;

Geum coccineum flore pleno, Chrysogonura virgini-
cum, a dwarf plant, with yellow blossoms of th'; size of
a shilling ; Eueonis punctata, an old greenhouse plant ;
Colchicum Bornmuelleri, C. tigrinum, C. chinense,
Liatris scariosa magnifica, a showy, purple-flowered
species; Perowskia atriplicifolia, a grey-leaved plant,
with twiggy branched spikes of minute blue flowers •
Senecio pulcher. Clielone Lyoni, rosy-purple (Silver
Banksian Medal).

Ferns, &c.

Messrs. J. Hill i Son, Barrowfleld Nurseries. Lower
Edmonton, Middlesex, exhibited a large collection of
exotic Ferns, including many that are rare in gardens,
and all of them showing excellence of cultivation.
Good plants were observed of Brainea insignis, Pteris
Childsi, Anemia rotundifolia, Davallia fijiensis elegans,
Asplenlum marginatum, Onychium aurantium, &c.
(Silver Flora Medal).

J. GURNEV FOWLER, Esq., Glebelands, South Wood-
ford <gi-., Mr. J. Davis), exhibited a very excellent col-
lection of Selaginellas. The plants included most of
the species and varieties to be found in trade lists, and
were in excellent condition. We may mention such
rare species as S. Griflithi, S. Brauni, S. perelegans, S.
ruliella, S. erythropus, S. Victorite, S. fliicina, S.
aniffina, S. decora, S. inajquilifolia, S. Hagellifcra, S.
Lobbi, S. Schottiana, &c. The collection spoke well of
the cultural skill of Mr. Fowler's gardener (Gold

Medal).

Miscellaneous.

Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross, exhibited
beautiful baskets of Tea Roses, in fine condition, con-
sidering Hie season, such as Dainty, Fairy Queen,
Boadicea,Que3nMab, Enchant ress,<S!C. (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham, S.E.,
showed a collection of Michaelmas Daisies growing in
pots of 8 to 9 inches in diameter, the plants mostly with
numerous flowers still unopened so that they did not
obtain the recognition they will probably do later on.
Very pretty and pleasing were Aster Novi Belgii patula,
puniccus hybridus roscus, Xov;c Angliie, N. A. Mrs. J.
F. Rayner, rosy-purple, a large flower; umlxsUatus,
flowers minute, white, .ind useful tor cutting; Novas
AngliiB Precocity, purple; Sx. This useful class is
certainly taking the place it deserves in the border,
and as pot, or rather tub, plants.

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Earlswood, Redhill, showed
flowers of the semi-double flowered Clirysantliemum
Mabel Goaclier, cut from the open ground; the flowers
are white, with a yellow disc, and measuring 4 inches
in diameter.

J. WARaEN, Esq., Ilandcross Park, [Crawley (gi-., Mr.
A. OfTer), showed a bronzy, red-edged Dracicna, named
Ofl'cri. The plant has a general rcsctnblanco to D.
terminalis, but the red margin and stripes are more
marked than in that variety. The plants were well
grown, 2J feet high, and furnished with leaves lo the
base.

Messrs. J. Veitch it Sons, Ltd., The Royal Exotic
Nurseries, Chelsea, showed a number of plants of
Lilium Henryl, a deep or,-vnge-colourod, much reUexed
flower, the stems measuring ■) to 4 feet in lieight.

John Laino A Son, Forest Hill, London, S.E., showed
a massive gi-oup of early flowering Chryaantliemums,
and forty-eight cut Rose l)looms of fine quality, H. P.'s
chiefly (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. John Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Richmond,
Surrey, arranged In a corner of the hall a pleasing
groupof stove plants, consislingalniostsolelyof foliage
subjects, such as Codiicums, Alocasias, Di-.aciciias
Diefl'enbachias, Begonias, Aialias, Caladiums, Palms,
Heliconia, and a quantity of small-growing species as a
margin to the group (Silver Banksian Medal).

First-class Certificates.
yymphvn Drvoniennis.—A flower 7 inches in width, of
a bright pink colour throughout; and the petals ex-
panding to the fnllc-t extent. Grown out-of-doors at
Burford. Shown by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
Burford (gr., Mr. W. Bain).

Kochla scoparla, noticed in a previous issue. Shown
by Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley.
Awards ok Merit.
Tree CarnaUon E. Crocker.— \ deep pink self Carna-
tion, with a Picotee edge. Shown by Mr. II. J. Jones,
Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisliam.

Clirymnthemnm (JnarJier's Crimson.— A. chestnut-brown
flower, well built, witli rcflcxing florets, B inches in
diameter, rather flat, witli a full centra. Shown by
Messrs. W. Wells <Ss Co., Earlswood, Redhill.

Chryemdhemiim Orange Masse.— X semi-double flower,
of an orange or rather bufT colour, and with slightly

incurving florets. Shown by W. Wells & Co., Earls-
wood, Kedhill.

Tea Rose SoJmoiiCo.— Pink, with a fainter tint in tlio
centre ; very free. Shown by Messrs. W. Paul & Son,
Waltham Cross.

Cactus Dahlia Madame, ijico.— With yellow and orange-
coloured florets. Shown by Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons,
Cra%vley.

Cactus Dahlia Freedom.— .K flower of a crimson colour
and thread-like florets. Shown by Messrs. J. Cheal &
Sons, Crawley.

Pmnpoii Dahlia Crusoe.— A neat, light purple-coloured
flower, the interior of tlie florets being silvei-y-white.
Shown by Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley.

Cactus Dahlia F. H'. Bafdini;.— Orange-scarlet florets,
having creamy-white tips. Shown, like all the followiiig
live varieties, by Mr. J. Stredwick, Silverhill Park,
St. Leonards-on-Sea.

Cactus Dahlia .4(;)An.— Florets white, spotted and
striped with crimson.

Cactus Dahlia Kichard Deau.—A flower with scarlet-
coloured florets having white tips.

Cactus Dahlia I.itac.—A flower having lilac-coloured
florets tipped with white.

Cactus Dahlia Mrs. Winstaj>lf.ij.—A brilliant scarlet-
coloured flower.

Cactus Dahlia AVinti.— .\ flower of a deep orango
colour.

Cactus Dahlia Ophir.-An orange - coloured flower,
turning to yellow towards the centre. Shown, with
the three following, by Messrs. Kevnes, Williams Ji
Co., Salisbury.

Cactus Dahlia Geni.<ta.—.\ flower of salmon pink and
yellow tints.

Cactus Dahlia Mars.— A soft tint of crimson.
Cactus Dahlia Gabriel, of scarlet and white.
Cactus Dahlia Mrs. II. J. Jones.— A flower with in-
curved, horn-like floi-ets, white at the tips, and scarlet
below ; a striking variety. Shown by Mr. J. T. West,
Brentwood.

Cactus Dahlia Spotless Queen.— A pure white flower of
pleasing build. Shown by Mrs. J. T. West, Brent-
wood.

Slioui Dahlia Merlin.— A variety of a vivid scarlet tint,
the flnest form, and very regular. Shown by Mr. C.
Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Phragmites communis foliis variegalis.— An Anindo-Iiko
grass or reed, with foliage boldly striped willi longitu-
dinal bands of white ; height of stems, as shown, about
4 feet. Shown by Messrs. Baur & Sons, King Street,
Covent Garden.

Helianthus mollis.— A single-flower Sunflower growing
toahcightof S feet, and flowers .'1 to 4 inches in dia-
meter ; colour a soft yel low. The whole plant iiubescent,
and having a greyish-green appearance. Sliown by Mr.
Amos Perry, Winclimorc Hill, London, and Messrs.
Wallace, Colchester.

Tea Rose .Madame Ilerkley.-CoXouv creamy-white, suf-
fused with pink. Sliown by Messrs. Paul & Sons,
Cheshunt.

Canim Reicliskanzler Fiirst IIohenUihe.—A flower of a
yellow colour, and largo size. Plant of dwarf habit.
Sliown by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge,
Dorking.

Brrberldnpsis pinnatifolia.— Shown by Lord MALCOLM
of Poltallock, Locl.gili.licad, Nil.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the chair; and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (lion, sec), De B. Crawshay, H. M.
Pollett, W.Cobb, E. Hill, T.W.Bond, H. J. Chapman,
W. H. Young, W. H. White, J. W. Potter, and J. G.
Fowler.

At this meeting no groups of Orchids were staged,
and but few exhlliits were entered to go before the
committee.

J. Guhnev Fowleu, Esq., Glebelands, South Wood-
ford (gr., Mr. J. Davis), showed Lx'Iio-Cattleya x ele-
gans, ••Glebelands variety," a showy form, willi flowers
shaped like those of L.-C.xSchilleriana, but having the
rose and purple tints of L.-C.x elegans; L.-C.x elegans
"J. Davis," a Large-flowered form, with a dark rose-
coloured labollum; and a good variety of L.-C. X
Nysa.

A. Seth Smith, Esq., Silvermere, Cobham, showed
I^a^lio-Cattleya X Zephyra (L. xanthina X C. Men-
delii).

De B. Crawshay, Esq., Roselleld, Sevenoaks (gr., Mr.
Stables), showed cut spikes of Miltonia Kegnelli citrina,
difTering from the tyi)e in having citron-yellow sepals
and petals; and Miltonia x Crawshayana, supposed lu

210

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 11, 1901.

be a natural lij-bi-id between M. Eegnelli ciliina and M.
Clowesii, a supposition favoured by its bearing brown
bars on tbe yellow sepals and petals, and a sligbt con-
striction o{ the purple labelluni in the middle, in-
dicative of the influence of M, Clowesii.

WaLTER Cobb, Esq., Dalcote, Tunbridge Wells (gi-.,
Mr. J. Howes), showed flowers of two showy hybrid
Cypripcdiums.

Awards.
Cattleya x llaulyana Rochfonliana, from Mr. Thos.
ROCHFOKD, Turnford Hall Nurseries, Broxbourne,
Herts.— A very liandsome and remarkable variety, with
the general appearance of a flue Cattleya aurea. witli
■white sepals and petals. Among previously-recorded
varieties of C. x Hardyana, it comes nearest to the
fine C. X Hardyana Slatteriana, which received a First-
class Certificate, September 20, 1892, and was figured in
Lindenia, viii., p. 77; but in Mr. Eochtord's variety the
golden colouring in the lip is confined to the veining, as
in C. Dowiana aurea, and the median patches of yellow
shown in the variety Statteriana are not present.
Sepals creamy-while, with a very slight [flush of rose
colour. Petals 3J inches long, and 2J wide, white, with
a very faint freckling of rose towa'rds the tips. Lip
broad and finely trilled, purplisli-erimson, with rich
gold veining from the base to the centre (First-class
Certificate).

CalOeya x Germanin (granulosa Schofieldiana x
Hardyana), from Messrs. Chahlesworth & Co., Heaton,
Bradford, Yorks.— A very distinct hybrid, showing a
remarkable form of labelhim, liaving the distinctly
divided lobes, as in C. granulosa, which is character-
istic of all hybrids with that species. The sepals and
,J)etals cream-white, delicately tinged and veined with
rosy-lilac. Tlie lip has the side lobes of a pale rose
colour, the front lobe is projected on a well-defined
isthmus, purple, witli a lighter shade between the vein-
ing, and a sliglitly granular surface (Award of Merit).

Sophro-Uelia x Gratnxw (Lrella tenebrosa x Sophro"
nitis gi-andiflora), from Messrs. Charleswohth i Co.,
Heaton, Bradford.— A richly -coloured hybrid, wilh
flowers strangely like those of L. tenebrosa in sliipe,
though much smaller. Sepals lanceolate, purplish-redi
tinged witli orange colour; petals ovate, acuminate,
and similar in colour to tlie sepals; lip purplish-red,
with purple veining. The blending of tlie colours gives
a glowing appearance to the flower, and renders it
very attractive. The plant was a small one. flowering
for the first time. When stronger, the flowers will
improve in size (.\ward of Merit).

Epidendmm purim, from J, T. Bennett-PoB Esq
Holmewood, Cheshunt (gr., Mr. Downes).-An' orna-
mental plant with cylindrical stems, bearing bright
green leaves on the upper part, and a terminal, three-
branched inflorescence of white fragrant llowers
(Botanical Certificate).

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : J. Clieal, Esq. (in the Chair) ; and Mc-i.srs C
Herrin, W. Barr, S. Mortimer, W. Bates. A Dean G
Keif, E. Beckett, H. Markham, J. Willard, J. Basham^
J. Smith, G. Norman, F. Q. Lane, W. Poupart .T !['
Veitch, E. S. Blaker, and W. Wilks.

There were numerous subjects for notice. From Mr
J. Crook, Forde Abbey Gardens, Chard, came fruits of
Powell's Late Apricot, rather over ripe (Vote of Thanks)

Mr. W. F. Godfrey, Exmouth. sent fruit of hi^ nice
cooking Apple, Venus Pippin, to which an Award of
Merit had previously been given.

Mr. C. Ross, gr. to Captain Caestair.s, Newburv sent
Apple Ruddy, very red in colour, but now over ripe
also Plum "Crump," medium size, pale red in colour'
and a clingstone.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, put up fine
fruits of Dr. Jules Guyot Pear, but they were of poor
flavour; also the new large handsome Crab Mrs ,Tohn
Seden, and Langley Damson, in free form heavily
fruited. The fruits are of the size of those of Rivers'
Prolific, but seem to lack Damson flavour

A boxful of fine Dymond Peaches came from Mr W
Camm, gr. to Captain Forester, Battle Abbev(Cultural
Commendation).

Mr. E. D. MENziES, Isle of Wight, sent agreen-flcshed
Melon, unnamed. Mr. Bashfohd, .Jersey, had very fine
samples of Williams' Bon Clir(5tien, Beurr6 d'Vm.anlis
and Souvenir du Congrfes Pears. Cultural Commen-
dation.

From Mr. ,T. Quartermain, gr. to A. Seth Smith Esq
Silvermere, Cobliam, came well-ripened fruits of Passi'
flora cdulis (Vote of Thanks).

Clapp's Favourite Pear, very fine sample, was sent by
Mr. Bam, gr. to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Burford Lnd-e
Dorking (Vote of Tliauks). ° '

Mr.

Wright Ihad from tlie Koyal Horticultural
Society's Gardens, Cliiswick, a rather small Plum,
Redgage, but it had little merit.

From Mr. J. Uawke, gr. to the Earl of Jersey, Osterley
Park. Middlesex, came fine Dr. Hogg and Grosse Mig-
noniie Peaches, and Souvenir du Congres Pears (Cul-
tural Commendation).

Mr. G. Norman, gr. to the Marquis of Salisbury,
sent fruits of that somewhat sparse-fruiting Pear Beurrc
de I'Assomption. A sample of the same variety from
Chiswick, when tasted, showed that it lacked flavour
(Vote of Thanks).

Mr. Slade,gr. to Lord POLTiMOEE,Exeter,hadvery fine
Lady Sudeley Apples and Beurr<; d'Anianlis Pears
(Cultural Commendation).

Mr. D. S. Melville, gr. to Lord Malcolm, Portal loch,
N.B., sent branches of a very fine Blackberry (Vote of
Tlianks).

Four dishes of late Peas, to show usefulness, were
sent up by Alderman Walker, of Huddersfield. These
comprised Alderman, Captain Cuttle. -\"e Plus Ultra^
and Sutton's Late Queen (Vote of Tlianks).
Collections of Fruit.
An unusual one of these came from the Society's
gardens. Chiswick, and it included seventy-six dishes
of Pears, most of them of good size, clean, and hand-
some, and twenty-five dishes of Plums. The latter in-
eluded most of the best varieties in cultivation. The
exhibit reflected the highest credit on Mr. G. T. Wright
and the Chiswick staff'. A Vote of Thanks was the only
award that could he made. We were delighted to see
this exhibit from the old garden, and hope to see many
similar.

Messrs. W. Paul ,t Sons had a very interesting ex-
hibit in a collection of some twenty-five fruit-trees in
pots, all well cropped, and many dislies of Plums and
Apples. Amongst the fruit-trees were Morello Cherries,
full of fniit; Pears, Apples, and Plums. The Hogg
Medal was unanimously voted to this collection.

From Mr. E. Neal, gr. to Mrs. Nix, Tilgate, Sussex,
came a very large representative collection of fruit
prettily set up, including Grapes— Gros Colmar, Ali-
cante, Appley Towers, and Muscat of Alexandria, very
good ; also four Melons, numerous Plums, Apples, and
Pears ; also Morello Cherries, Red Currants, Ac. (Silver-
gilt Knightian Medal).

Mr. G. Keif, gr. to Miss Adamson, South Lodge,
Regent's Park, had a nice collection of fruit, including
good Alicante, Black Hamburgh, and Muscat of Alex-
andria Grapes, several good Melons, fetches, Pears.
itc, all of great excellence (Silver Knightian Medal).

Messrs. J. Peed A Sons, West Norwood, hadaveiy
nice collection, comprising fifty-four dishes of good
.\pples. Pears, and Plums. Many of the former were
fine samples (Silver Knightian Medal).

From Messrs. Jas. Veitch A: Sons came a superb lot
of Plums and Pears, and with these a collection of out-
door-grown Tomato plants, all heavily fruited, and
comprising no fewer than twenty-eight varieties (Silver
Kniglitian Medal).

A collection of some thirty dishes of vegetables was
put up by Mr. W.alters, gr. to Lord Gerard, Eastwell
Park, Ashford, Kent; some of the roots, especially
Carrots, Parsnips, and Beet, showed the efl'ects of the
hard soil in which they had grown. Tliere were some
good Excelsior and Ailsa Craig Onions, several varieties
of Peas, Runner Beans, fine Cauliflowers.
Banksian Medal).

The Lecture.

The suliject of the lecture on this occasion was the
"Cactus Dahlia and its Evolution." treated by Mr.
Humphries, of Keynes & Co. The lecture was valu-
able, but would have been more interesting if the
speaker's remarks could have been illustrated by
reference to some of the many varieties exhibited in
the hall on this occasion. Mr. Humphries sketched
the history and progress of the Cactus Dahlias from
the first mention of the Dahlia Juarezi, as exhibited by
Mr. Cannell, and figured with a descriptive notice in
our columns, October 4, 1S79, up to the present year.
The novelties of eacli year were specified, and mention
made not only of the work of Messrs. Keynes A Co.
who have themselves raised 40,000 seedlings, but also
of the labours of Messrs. Cannell, Ware, Turner, W'est
Cheat, and others. ' " '

Mr. Humphries objected to the term Cactus Dahlias ;
but it is too late now to attempt to make a change, and
after all, the name is less objectionable than many
popular n.ainqs.

The form of the bud was alluded to as afl-ording
diff'erentialing characters between the varieties.
No doubt the Cactus Dahlias are all varieties of the

Mexican D. variabilis, and they form a delightful
break away from the rigid exclusiveness of the old-
fashioned florists, wlio saw no beauty outside tlieir
own arbitrary and irrational standard ol properties.

, (Silver

ROYAL HORTICULTUEAL OF
ABERDEEN.

.\UGUST 22, 23, 24.— Tlie exhibition was licld in Roberi!
Gordon's College grounds, situated in the centre of the
city on the dates named. The entries this year were
some 200 in excess of last year.

Plants in Pots.
For the best table, measuring 8 feet by 0 feet, of stove
or greenhouse plants, Mr. J. Proctor, gr. to Sir William
Henderson, Devanha House, Aberdeen, was 1st. His
central plant was a fine Cocos, with two fine plants of
Oncidium incurvum depending at either side, tlie other
plants being fine specimens of Ixora Williamsii, Euclia-
ris grandillora, with twenty flower-spikes ; a fine Pan-
dauus variegatus, Alocasia metallica, Cyanophyllum
niagnificuni, and Splia?rogyne latifolia, tlie last two
being among the finest specimens of foliage plants in
the show; dwarf Orange-trees in fruit, and other
plants set in a bed of Adiantum, made a pleasing
picture. Mr. A. Griooe, gr., Fairfield, took 2nd prize ;
his collection was certainly sliown olT to better ad-
vantage than Mr. Proctor's ; but the plants of which
the collection consisted were hardly of tlie same class..
Nevertheless his exhibit attracted much attention, and
proved a worthy 2nd.

In the competition for the best table of greenhouse
plants Mr. A. Grigob was 1st, his display of Begonias.
Pelargoniums, and Campanulas being excellent.

Mr. John Sim, gr. to Mr. Murray, Glenburnie Park,
was 1st for stove or greenhouse plants ; while Mr.
Pkoctor was 2nd with a flue show of Pelargoniums.

Mr. William Kilgour, gi-. to Mr. Webster, of EdgcliilL
won in the competition for the best flowering Orchid,
with a handsome specimen of Disa grandiflora.

In the class for best foliage plant, Mr. Proctor was
again 1st. Of the otliers who occupied and well de-
served 1st honours were Messrs. A. Howie, gr., Drum-
toclity Castle ; John Simpson, gr., Varvil Bank, Aber-
deen ; and James Anderson, Aberdeen.

.\mong the working-class^exhibitors in this division,
Mr. George Duncan, Woodside, gained the silver
medal presented by the Ichthemic Guano Company,
with a most meritorious entry,

Cut Flowers.
In the section for nurserymen, Messrs. Adam &.
Craigjiile, Aberdeen, were 1st for Roses; beating
Messrs. D. & W. Croll, Dundee. The local firm led
in named Tea Roses ; and the Dundee firm was a cre-
ditable 2nd. There was a splendid display of Cactus
Dahlias, and a grand show of herbaceous perennial
plants. In the professional gardeners' classes there
were fine displays of Carnations and Pansies, and
similar terms may be applied to the show of Sweet
Peas. In the amateur and working-men classes gene-
rally the display was a most creditable one, some of the
entries being worthy to compete in any division. In
the gardeners' classes, the leading places were taken
for Roses, by Mr. G. McLennan, Fetteresso Castle,
Stonehaven; "Mr. W. Coutts, Ellon; and Mr. J. Andek
son, Aberdeen. For Dahlias, Mr. J. Ceozieh, Durris ;.
Mr. A. Ghigor, Fairfield ; and Mr. W. Milne, , Cor-
sindae ; and for Gladiolus, by Mr. J. Grigor, Maryhill,
Elgin ; and Mr. G. McLennan. For the best collection,
twenty varieties, of cut flowers and bedding plants,
including annuals best adapted for flower garden
decoration, Mr. A. Grigok was 1st, with a creditable
entry.

Fruit.

The warm, bright summer has liad an excellent effect
on fruit— so much so that the season is now practically
over, and the display, though a small one, was a good
one. Prominent among prizetakers were Messrs. A.
Howie, Drumtoclity Castle; F. Kinnaird, Broomhill-,
G. Taylor, Inchgarth ; A. King, Danestonc; J. Grant,
Eothienorman : W. Coutts, Ellon ; A. Brebner, Dal-
hibity; W. Harper, Tiilliebelton ; A. Grigor, Fairfield;
and ,fohn Grigor, Maryhill, Elgin.
Vegetables.
These formed a most creditable and excellent show,.
Potatos being an outstanding feature. For the best
display among professional gardeners, Mr, G. Milne,
Cluuy Castle, was a worthy 1st; Mr. J. Grant, Rothie-
norman, proving a good 2nd.

Mr. Alexander P-aterson, Euthricston, carried off"
the chief honours for best box of vegetables exhibited,
by marlcet gardeners.

Miscellaneous.
There were several tents containing special displays,
by nurserymen and seedsmen, and their contents were
greatly admired by tlie crowds of visitors. Messrs.
Ben. Reid & Co. had a fine display of flowers and
plants. Messrs. J.\mes Cocker &. Sons, Aberdeen,
had also a fine display of flowering foliage plants, and
Roses.

September 14, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE.

211

mSWTON, EARLESTOWN, AND
BISTRICT HORTICULTURAL.

August 24. —A more lovely day could uot have been
vvished. when the committee o£ this popular locality
iield their flfteenth aunual exliibition in a field adjoiu-
dng the Xewtou Nurseries, kiudly placed at their
disposal by Mr. John Randall, thee stccmed chairman
■of the society.

Grottpf.— The 1st prize gioup of plants from Mr. F.
Woods, gr. to Mrs. Smith, was a model of bright
colouring, the Crotons and Dracienas intermixed being
most skilfully utilised: Mr. Foden, gr. to A. R.
Thohpe. Es(i., Xewton-le-W010K3, was a good 2ud.

Tuberous Begonias were of much merit. Mr. FODEX
showing the way for six. and also with one for the best
single greenhouse plant in flower. He was successful
with six zonal Pelargoniums and six well coloured
Coleus. Mr. Woods had small but nicely flowered
tiliunis— album, Kratzeri, and Melpomene, in the
class for three; and a well grown plant of Phcenix
ledinala for a single Palm.

In the classes for British Ferns and exotic Ferns,
Messrs. Newport & Bartos won honours with small
hut neat examples; the class for Lilium auratum
falling to Mr. Collingwood.

The fruit throughout the show was an evidence of the
good care bestowed in its culture; Mr. F. Woods
leading with sLx dishes ; Black Hamburgh and Muscat
of Alexandria Grapes. Sea Eagle Peaches, and Hum-
boldt Nectarines left nothing to be desired. Mr. Foden
took 2nd honours. The same gentleman won with
moderately good Muscat of Alexandria and Black Ham-
burgh Grapes.

The Vegetable Clauses brought out a large competition,
the quality being of the best. For twelve varieties Mr.
W. SEPHTOX had best- of- All Beans, Vcilcirs Marrow,
Cladstone Peas, Polegatc Tomatos, Fidlers Special
Potatos, Telegraph Cucumbers, Dobbic's Purple Beet,
Ailsa Craig Onions, Prizetaker Leeks, Autumn Giant
•Caulillowers, and Model Carrots, Only a few points
separated Mr. FoDEx ; Mr. Woods was a good 3rd.

Six varieties of Potatos, 1st, Mr. Woods with Gold-
f.exl 1-, Vicar of Lalehani, Perfection. Royal Standard,
Reading Russet, and International ; Celery and Runner
Beans, Mr. Sephton ; and Onions, Mr. Woods.
Mr. Sidney Randall made an admirable secrelaiy.

BRISTOL & DISTRICT GARDENERS'
MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT.

August 28.— The fourtli monthly meeting of this
Association was held at St. John's Parish Rooms, Red-
land, on the above date. Mr. Garnish occupied the
chair. The subject for the evening's discussion was
•opened by Mr. C. Buidges, of Redland, and was "The
Apple : some of its Diseases and Pests, " and the
writer, witli an exhaustive p.apcr, dealt with most of the
diseases to which this fruit is liable.

Dwelling to a great extent on canker. Mr. Bridges
ijavc details as to tlic cause of this most troublesome
pest, and maintained that mismanagement, careless-
ness in lifting and planting, was veiy frequently the
cause of all the trouble; prevention being better than
cure. His paper gave numerous remedies for this, and
for its destruction. Such enemies as American blight,
mildew, moth, &c., were carefully gone into,the lecturer
imparting his kuowlcdge of e.ach in a manner which
showed that he had nu-ide a careful stiidyof his subject.
A fair di.^cussion followed, and Mr! Bridges was
-accorded the thanks of the meeting for his paper.

SANDY HORTICULTURAL.

August 2!>.— Sandy holds one of the most remarkable
exhibitions held in the I'nited Kingdom, and has done
-so for the last thirty-three years. The schedule of
prizes is remarkable, as, in addition to some 200 classes
ifor plants, cut flowers, fruits, and vegetables, including
market-garden produce, which is very extensively
grown in the neighbourhood, there is a group of classes
for faniiei a' produce, for needlework, wood carving,
photography, honey, butter, eggs, trussed fowls, bread,
and a largo number of classes for dogs, cats, rabbits,
poultry, pigeons, <ic. Nearly £rioo are oBered in prizes.
Almost every town or village within a radius of 20 or
-TO miles has a district committee, and perhaps it is not
to be wondered at that the country people corac to it
in vci-y large numbers, and excursion trains are run
irom various parts, including London. The country
.people find at the show something which interests them,
Jind they appreciate good music too, for they must have
a crack band. The show is always held in the park
of Sandy Place, and it is close to the railway station.
Fine weather generally favours a Sandy show, and on
the above date the weather there was all that could bo
desired.

Mr. James CvpuEn is always at Sandy with twelve
/lowering plants, and he may bo said to wind up the

season there. He had the 1st prize with three good
Ericas, Bougainvillea Cypher!, AUainanda nobilis,
Ixoras, &c. Mr. W. Finch, Coventry, was 2nd; and Mr.
W. Vause, 3rd. Mr. Finch had the best decorative
gi'oup, and Mr. W. Vause came 2nd. Beyond these two
classes, the remainder of the plants were locally con-
tributed ; Mrs. Astell. Woodbury Hall. Sandy : and
Mr. T. Lockie, The Gardens, Diddington Hall, Hunting-
don, being the leading exhibitors. The latter had some
of the very tine Cockscombs he grows so superbly, and
also some good Balsams. There were good specimen
Ferns, Adiantums in particular being finely developed.
Certain cut-flower classes open to all comers brought
some good Roses for this late part of the season from
Messrs. Habkness & Sons, Bedale and Hitehin, and Mr.
BURCH, of Peterborough. The former had the best
forty-eight : Horace Vernet, Maman Cocliet. and its
white variety; Caroline Testout, Marie Verdier, La
France, Helen Keller, Victor Hugo, Mrs. J. Laing.
White Lady, and Bessie Brown were the leading
blooms. Mr. BuucH had in good character Medea,
Catherine Mermet, Bladnd, Madame Hostc, Hon, E.
Gifl'ord, itc. Messrs. Hakkness had the best eighteen
Teas, chief among them Bridesmaid, Maman Coehet,
and its white form ; Marechal Niel, Madame de Watte-
ville, Etoile de Lyon,&c. Mr. Burch was 2ud.

The best twenty-four spikes of Gladioli came from
Messrs. Harkness & Sons, all veiy good: Gr.ande
Rouge was particularly noticeable. Magnifica, Gloire
de Fen, and Horace Vernet were also in excellent
character. Mr. C. Bright, Cambridge, was a good 2nd.
The Dahlia classes always attract some of the leading
southern growers, and in the class for thirty-six show
and fancy Mr. G. Humphries, nurseryman, Chippen-
ham, was 1st with good even fresh blooms of Shottes-
ham Hero, Rebecca, K. T. Kawlings, Shirley Hibberd,
Ethel Britton, Prince of Denmark, Mrs. Gladstone,
Muriel Hobbs, Thos. Pendercd, Dorothy,J.C.Vaughan,
George Hobbs, i&c. ; Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co ,
Salisbury, were 2nd. Their leading flowers were R. T.
Rawlings, Mrs. Every. Goldsmith, Mrs. Laiigtry, James
Cocker, Arthur Kawlings, <fco.

With twenty-four blooms, Mr. J. R. Tranter, florist,
llenley-on-Tliamcs, was the only exhibitor of twenty-
four varieties, staging good clean examples.

With Cactus Dahlias shown on boards and in
bunches, Messrs. Keynes it Co. were invincible. The
best twenty-four, which gained for them the 1st prize,
included Rosiue, Ajax, Green's White, Mrs. J. J. Crowe,
Lyric, Magnificent, Elsie, J. W. Wilkinson, Clown, J. F.
Hudson, W. Jowetl, itc; Mr. G. Humphries was acloso
2 id. He had in good character Island Ciueen, William
Treseder, Lucius, Innovature, J. F. Hudson, >tc.

Messrs. Keynes wore also 1st with twelve bunches,
six flowers in a bunch, having Columbia (new).
Cornucopia, Mrs. Carter Page, J. W. Wilkinson, Prince
of Yellows, Lord Roberts, Centurion, <S:c., all of excel-
lent iiuality. They were the only competitors. Messrs.
Keynes &. Co. were also 1st with twelve bunches of
Pompons, showingeven blooms of the choicest varieties,
Mr. C. Bright was 2nd.

A class for twenty-four bunches of liardy herbaceous
and bulbous plants brought two very fine displays.
Messrs. Harkness A Sons had fresh, well-developed
examples of Lilies, Montbreliaa, Phloxes, Gladioli,
Helianthus, Gaillardia, Ac. Messrs. A. W. YouSG&Co.,
Stevenage, were 2nd, with some very flue bunches, which
in some cases lacked freshness.

Mr. r. Lockie was 1st with twelve bunches of stove
and greenhouse flowers, among them what is not now
often seen, Rucllia inacrantha.

Roses, Dahlias, Marigolds, African and French Asters
of various types, Zinni.is, and bunches of hardy herba-
ceous were well shown l)y gardeners and amateurs.

Fruits, etc.

The great pressure in the fruit tent made note-taking
extremely difficult. Mr. J. Barson, The Gardens,
Hinchingbrooke, Huntingdon, came 1st, with eight
dishes of fruit. He had .Mnscatof Alexandria and Gros
Maroc Grapes, Sea Eagle Peaches, Nectarines, Plums,
Melons, ■ke. Mr. H. Foi.kes, llemcl Hempstead. Herts,
was 2nd. Mr. Cablile, The Gardens, Henlow Grange,
was 1st with sLx dishes ; he had good Grapes, Peaches,
Nectarines, &c. Mr. T. Lockie was 2nd. Grapes were
shown in four classes. Bhuk Hamburgh and Muscat of
Alexandria were good; the best any other black was
Gros Maroc; and the best any other white. Golden
Queen. There were single dishes of Peaches, Nectarines,
Plums, lie. Mr. Caklile had the best six dishes of
Apples ; three dessert, viz.. Irish Peach, Lady Sudely,
and Beauty of Bath; three culinary, Pcasgood's Non-
such, Warners King, and Emjieror Alexander.

Vegetables were shown in a largo number of classes,
and generally very good. Mrt Lockie must have
established a record in carrying otT the Ist of the
special prizes offered by Messrs. Sutton A Sons for six
dishes; by Messrs. Carter A Co. tor the same ; .and by
Messrs. E. Webb it Sons for the same number, showing
very fine produce. Potatos and Onions were very good
in most of the classes.

Some pretty table decorations were shown by ladies,
and Messrs. Laxton Bros, had a huge lyre in flowers
resting upon a pedestal similarly composed.

DUMFRIES AND GALLOWAY
HORTICULTURAL.

August 30.— The Dumfries and Galloway Horticul-
tural Society, which is one of the oldest in the counti^y,
having been instituted in 1812, resumed its annual
show on Friday, after an interval of a year. The exhi-
bition, which was held in tlie Drill Hall, Dumfries, was
opened by Lady Herries, of Caerlaveroek, who remarked
on the taste for flowers shown in the district, and the
way in which railway stations and cott.ages were orna-
mented with flowers and shrubs. Provost Glover, who
presided, presented her ladyship with a beautiful
bouquet of Roses from Messrs. Dickson & Son,
Newtownards, Ireland ; and Lord Herries, in replying
on her behalf, spoke of the advantages of a taste for
g.ardening.

The show was by far the largest and best which has
ever taken place under the auspices of the Society, and
the Executive and Mr. R. G. Mann, the energetic
Secretary, are to be congratulated upon the success
with which it passed ofT. Tlie entries numbered over
1,000, the exhibitors coming from a wide district. Some
of the plants showed signs of the cll'ccts of the heavy
wind and rain of the previous night, but most shown
were in fine bloom. Cut flowers were strong, in both
numbers and quality, but pot plants were somewhat
deficient. Fruit and vegetables made a good show,
Marrows being especially strong.

In the open class, the outstanding features were
Roses, hardy herbaceous flowers, and the groups. Mr.
J. M'Kinnon, gr. to C. E. G.\lbraith, Esq., Terregles,
was 1st for a circular group of plants ; Mr. J. Service,
Maxwclllown, being 2nd, and also 1st for plants for
table decoration.

Other prize-winners were Messrs. T. Kennedy & Co.,
York Place Nurseries, Dumfries ; Messrs. A. Dickson
it Son, Newtownards ; Messrs. W. Learmont & Son,
Larchfield; Messrs. Kerr Bros., Dumfries; and Mr.
W. Veitch. The Cemetery, Carlisle.

In tlie florists' class, the prizes were carried off by
Mr. Service, Messrs. Kerr Bros., Mr. James Hender-
son (gr. to J. D. MiNTO, Esq , Elmbank), and Mr. James
Bannister, Maryfield, Terregles.

In the gardeners' classes cut flowers, especially Asters
and .African and French Marigolds, were the best
specimens. Messrs. C. McIvoR, Linchdcu ; John
Houston, Crichton Royal Institution ; and J. Hen-
derson, were conspicuous in the pot plants ; and in
the cut flowers, Mr. J. M. Stewart, gr. to John Neilson,
Esq., of Mollance; II. Pywell, Lochv.ile ; J. W.
TWEEDIE, Mouswold; James Dull', gr. to Colonel
Gordon, of Threave; and W. Scon, Broomrigg. Mr.
J. M. Stewart carried oil most of the honours in the
fruit section. The exhibits in the amateur classes
compared well with (hose of former years, and com-
petition was much ),r. n. i Hi i: i)i i; . jiideucrs' class.
Ferns and hardy i.i . I'l x>,to specially

noticeable, and Asi. I \i i . i ,: i . nius.

Dahlias were eqn:il, n imi niMii.n, in those in the
gardeners' sections. Dr. Morton, Dunscore; Messrs.
J. & W. TWEEDIE, Mouswold; and Mr. VV. ANDERSON,
Collin, carried oil" the principal awards.

The Chami'kinmiu' 1'i:i/.k for the liest exhiliit of
horticultural ].r.uln.c was won by Mr. John Houston,

Crichton Unval liisiiluii wlio olilains llio custody of

the Fifteen Guinea Cliallciige Cup presented by the
Town Council of Dumfries.

Miscellaneous.
The exhibition was enhanced by the huge number of
tables sent for exhibition by the follow ing nurserymen :
Mr. James Kennedy, Greenbrae ; Messrs. T. Kennedy &
Co., York Place; Messrs. FnTHEuiNii ham A King, Messrs.
William Learmont &. Sons, i.aivMlrl.I ; m,',,ms. Wil-
liam MiDDLETON & Son, lOhiiLT.'ir \nr cr\ , Messrs.
Palmer it Sons, Annan: M.> r- r >\\\\\\ .t Sons,
Stranraer; and Messrs. .\li:_\am)1 i; l'irKvci\ ,t SON,
Newtownards. Mr. J. MKixnon, Terregles Gardens,
also showed a stand of stove and greenhouse plants.

PRESTON HORTICULTURAL.

SKi'lKMliER 1, .'i,— It was shiirlly afler leaving college
that tlio writer was asked to travel from Liverpool to
seethe Royal Horticultural Society's provincial show at
Preston, and to this day the thoughts of the lingo sfovo
and greenhouse plants, the fruits, and llic .illnpcilicr
superb arrangement of the great sImhv laliliMUjii
this is more than twenty years ago) it is Ju a a , irr h m
my memory to-day. Since then the cuniniii iin havi'

attempted nothing in till' «a' ..i .i un i h.iH nnhl

this year, and I can iii-aiiil'. r.a; i.ii iI^N' ihctn on

their splendid eft'orts in - i ■ ''■ •• ■ i' h .li,|il.iy

whicli was opencdin the Muui 1'.li 1. uu \\ uUnc^day and
Thursday last.

The Mayor (Alderman Ropek, J. P.),, who was aceom-
panicd iDy the Mayoress, seemed thoroughly to express
the feeling of the public when he said that in dropping
the spring show and taking on the summer, they were
benefiting those who did not possess a greenhouse,
consequently their operations were larger. When I
mention tlie f.act that the main tent was 280 feet in
length, it will give some idea of tlie sliow's extent, this
tent being devoted entirely to plants and cut flowers,
and such Uowers, too, as would have given the highest
satisfactiou to every connoisseur present.

212

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 14, 1901.

Three lots were staged in the large class, the best,being
that shown by Mr. W. Houghton, Fishergate Street,
Pi-eston. Gladiolus Childsii, Helianthus in variety, the
cream of herbaceous plants. Cactus Dahlias, and early-
flowering Chrysanthemums were beautifully inter-
mixed. To complete all, the three stands or epcrgnes
of Liliums, some 2 or .3 feet high, arranged in Bamboos,
stood out prominently, giving a handsome appearance
to the whole. The 2ud prize lot, staged by Mr. P. W.
Hayes, Preston, was altogether too crowded, yet pos-
sessing good material ; whilst the .3rd, from Mr. Shand,
nf Lancaster, was so bright, varied, and well set up as
to merit the thanks of all hardy-plant lovers.

There was a very keen competition in the plant
classes, no fewer than twenty-six classes being set
apart in the open section, the leading prize-winners
being J. B. Dixon, Esq., Ribblesdale House, Preston ;
Mr. J. Bradshaw, gi-. to Mrs. Birley, The Larches,
Ashton-on-Ribble ; Mr. C. Lamb, gr. to J. Hull, Ksq.,
Dilworth House, Longridge ; and Chaules Parker,
Esq., Ashton-on-Ribblc.

Mr. Dixon showed in tine style six stove and green-
house plants, viz., Allamanda Hendersoni, Steph.anotis
floribunda, Bondeletia speciosa, and a good Latania
borbonica. His six exotic Ferns included a good
Gleicheniadicarpa, and beautiful specimen Adiantums,
three pots of Liliums, viz., album, Krtctzeri, and lanci-
folium rubrum ; whilst a splendid single specimen of
the former was staged by Mr. Dixon, who also ran
away witli the classes for six grand British Ferns
which the society mean to encourage ; and a single
with a perfect plant of the Royal Fern, Osmunda
regalis.

Srx dwarf but well flowered tuberous-rooted Begonia,
came from Mr. G. Morgan, gr. to H. Dewhurst, Esq ,
Lostock Hall ; who was also successful with Balsams
and three capital Fuchsias.

The two classes for table plants, small and large,
went to Mr. C. Lamb with superbly grown samples.

Mr. Parked, a thorough Orchid enthusiast, showed a
beautiful seedling Cypripedium Bothscliildianum x
Lawrenceanuin gaining 1st prize in the single plant
class; the three competing plants being Cattleya Harri-
.=oniiE var. maculata, Cypripedium ciliolare, and a choice
Odontoglostum grande. In the classes for ladies' spray,
buttonhole flowers, and cut stove and greenhouse
flowers, Mr. Parker showed excellent taste.

Groups.
These lacked the finish of those met with at some of
our leading shows, yet the work was most praiseworthy.
Mr. W. Troughton departed somewhat from the usual
run by making flowering plants his strong point, the
Gloxinias and Begonias, with a free use of foliage
plants, being admirably worked. The style adopted by
Mr. E. Payne, Fulwood, was extremely good, if the
plants had not been so sombre looking. Mr. DixON
gained honours in the 100 square feet group.

Cut Flowers.

These made a lovely display, the l)est hand bouquet
being composed of Dendrobium PliaUenopsis Schroe-
derianum, Cattleya Harrisonia;, light Odontoglossums,
frail Croton leaves, and Asparagus Sprengeri, from Mr.
W. N. Wood. The 1st prize bride's bouquet was from
Mr. Troughton, perfect taste being shown. Lilium
lougiflorum and white Gloxinias had been used as a
background, with pendulous sprays of Odontoglossum
crispum and Francoa ; the foliage used being that of
Asparagus Sprengeri and A. deflexus. Mr. B. Ashton,
gr. to the Earl of Lathom, Latliom House, had fine
Sweet Peas. Mr. J. Smith moderately good Roses, un-
named. Mr. E. Gardner, the finest Gladioli, and Mr.
ASHWORTH some excellent Viola sprays.

Mr. TOMLINSON, M.P., at the opening of the show,
eulogised the work of a cottager, Mr. R. Moss, and
rightly so, for in Cactus Dahlias he showed Night,
Green's Gem, Uncle Tom, Mrs. Carter, Britannia, and
Magnificent. In show kinds he had as the test. Crimson
King, Mrs. W. Slack, Colonist, and Harry Keith, besides
taking the lead for Pompon Dahlias, Phloxes, epergnes,
and others too numerous to mention.

Fruit

Occupied a very large space, Mr. Ashton scoring
decisive victories. For six dishes, he had Madresfield
Court and Buckland Sweetwater Grapes, Brown Turkey
Figs, Earl of Lathom Melon (extra good), Elrugc Nec-
tarines, and Walburton Admirable Peaches. Mr. J.
BRADSHAW, for 2nd, had capital Pond's Seedling Plums,
Muscat Gi'apes, and Royal George Peaches.

The same exhibitors took a similar position with
superior Muscats, Mr. Ashton again winning willi
Madresfield Court, grandly finished ; also with si.\
dishes of hardy fruits and dessert .\pples.

Excellent Melons came from Mr. Morgan. The best
Peaches and Nectarines Royal George and Pine-apple
were staged by Messrs. Jones and Ganson.

Apples and Pears were not remarkable, but Plums
were exceptionally good, Mr. P. Rigby, gr. to J. Smith,
Esq., being a gi'eat winner in the classes for this fruit.

Vegetables.
In these Mr. Ashton followed again with splendid
successes, the twelve distinct being of the highest
quality and perfectly set up ; Hathaway's Beet, Sutton's
Prizewinner Bean, Cutbush's Celery, Autumn Giant
Cauliflower, Potato Duke of York, Lyon Leeks, Carrot

Sutton's Scarlet Perfection, Pea Duke of Albany, Onion
Ailsa Craig, Cucumber Lockie's Perfection, Globe Arti-
chokes, and Perfection Tomatos.

Mr. Ashton swept the board in the Potato classes,
having for six. Vicar of Laleham, Goldflnder. Sion
House, Empire, Duke of York, and Sensation. He had
Sensation as a true kidney, Bountiful as the best long
or flat, and Goldfinder as the best round. He took also
1st with Onions (.3 feet ropes) two classes. Carrots (two).
Leeks (very fine). Scarlet Runners, Broad Beans, Peas,
and the best six Onions.

Mr. Dixon had the best six varieties of vegetables ;
and Mr. Morgan good Tomatos.

Mr. Parker's seedling Orchid received a Gold Medal
as the best new plant. The Royal Horticultural Society's
Silver Medal to Mr. Troughton for the best exhibit ; to
Mr. Dixon for Phcenix ruplcola ; and First-class Certi-
fioate to Mr. Troughton for Potatos and handsome
seedling British Ferns.

It only remains to be said that the charming Park
looks perfect under Mr. Tye's management. The show
should prosper with so good a Secretary as Mr.
Troughton and his hard-working committee. Orchid.

THE NATIONAL DAHLIA.

September, 6, 7.— The Dahlia is still very popular,
judging from the number of blooms of all types staged
at the Crystal Palace on Friday and Saturday. The
show and fancy Dahlias were much more numerous
than was expected. One exhibitor went the length of
saying they were the worst ever exhibited at the
Crystal Palace show, but few would be found sub-
scribing to such a wholesale indictment. The variable
weather, the drought, heat, the rapid alternations of
hot 'days and cold nights, with inevitable storms of
rain and wind, had afl'ected the quality of the blooms.
The grower had done his best, but the mutations of
weather and temperature are beyond his control.
Some amount of roughness was seen on every stand.

The Cactus varieties were numerous, and very fine
generally, and novelties were abundant. The Pompon
Dahlias were good; despite some uneveness ; and the
singles were in excellent character. The competition
was generally good ; while the miscellaneous trade
cxliibits supplemented the exhibition by the introduc-
tion of interesting features.

The show being confined to a porlion of the centre
transept, was more concentrated than has usually been
the case. The appearance of the blooms would be
greatly enhanced could the fronts of the tables be
draped in some way, as is done at the Aquarium. Here
and there the sharp corners of flower-boxes stood out
at awkward angles, with danger to the crowd of
visitors. A national show should be characterised by
a little more style than is usual at the Crystal Palace.

Show and Fancy Dahlias (Nurserymen).
■With sixty blooms, distinct, Mr. S. Mortimer, Swiss
Nursery, Farnham, was placed 1st— an honour he has
endeavoured to gain, and at lasthas succeeded. He had
decidedly the best blooms, chief among them such
standard varieties as William Rawlings, Virginale,
Harry Turner, J. C. Vaughan, Mrs. W. Slack, Frank
Pearce (F.), Henry Walton, J. B. Service, Goldfinder,
Matthew Campbell (F.), Willie Garrett, John Walker,
Imperial, John Jlickling, Shirley Hibberd, one of the
most attractive of dark-shaded flowers ; Jas. Vick.
Mabel Tranter, J. T. West, Duchess of York, Duke of
Fife, &c. Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co., uurserj-
men, Salisbury, came 2nd, having many of the fore-
going, and in addition, Mrs. Gladstone, Dr. Keynes,
Duchess of Albany (F.), Rev. J. B. M. Camm (F), Watch-
man (F.), William Powell, Goldsmith (F.), Mabel
Tranter, &c.

With forty-eight blooms, Mr. Mortimer was again
1st, and among his leading flowers were the Rev.
J. B. M. Camm (F.), Peacock (F.), H. Turner, Maud Fel-
lowes, Frank Pearce (F.), William Powell, Shirley Hib-
berd, Perfection, Matthew Campbell (F.), John Walkei-,
J. B. Service, Mrs. Saunders (F.), H. W. Ward, W. Gar-
rett, Glowworm, John Hickling. iSiC. ; Messrs. Keynes
tt Co. were again 2nd.

With thirty-six varieties, a class which brought in
a different set of exhibitors, Mr. W. Treseder, nur-
seryman, Cardifi', was placed 1st. He had in good
character George Rawlings, Maud Fellowcs, Warrior.
Willie Garrett, Mrs. G. R. Jifford, Shottesham Hero,
Sunbeam, Prince Henry (F.), John Hickling, Dr.
Keynes, William Powell, Mrs. Gladstone, Mrs. Camj-
bell (F), David Johnson, Duchess of Albany (F.), Agnes,
Mrs. Saunders (F.), Duchess of York, &c. ; Mr. Geo.
Humphries, nurseryman, Chippenham, was 2nd. He
had, differing from the foregoing, Florence Tranter,
Harrison Weir, John Wyatt, Mrs. J. Downie (F.), and
Henry Bond.

With twenty-four blooms, Messrs. J. Cray & Son were
1st; Mr. G. Humphries 2nd; and Mr. W. Treseder,
3rd; the varieties shown being among those already
named. In the class for twelve blooms for exhibitors
not competing in the four foregoing classes, Mr. J. B.
Tranter, nurseryman, Henley-on-Thames, was placed
1st ; Messrs. J. Cheal ct Son, Lowficld Nursery, Crawley,
were 2nd.

Cactus Dahlias, Nurserymen.
The two classes for eighteen and twelve bunches, six
blooms of each, made a very fine feature, and as a.
goodly number of novelties were shown in these two
classes much interest centred upon them. With
eighteen bunches, there being four entries, Messrs. J.
Burrell & Co., Howe End Nurseries, Cambridge, wci-e
placed 1st, but the action of the judges was somewhat
freely criticised. They had in fine character Imperial,
Mrs J. J. Crowe, Calada (new), Artus, J. W.Williamson,
Britannia, Rosine, J. W. Fife, Lord Roberts, Elsie, Mrs.
E. Mawley (new), G.alliard, Lyric. Verdant (new), Vesta,
Uncle Tom, Rosy Morn (new), Lottie Dean (new), &.Q.
Messrs. Stredwick & Son, nurserymen, Silver HilU
Hastings, were 2ud, with a powerful collection of
bunches, including several highly-promising novelties,
viz.. Khaki (new), Mrs. Winstanley (new), Edith May-
nard (new), W. F. Baldrv (new). Eclipse, Admiration,
Mrs. F. Thomas, Goldfinch (new), Rufus (new), rich
scarlet; Alpha (new), a light striped variety, very
novel and distinct; Richard Dean (new), scarlet, tipped
with white; P. W. Tulloch (new), Clara Stredwick
(new), &c. J , ,.

With twelve bunches, Mr. Mortimer was placed 1st ,-
lie had in excellent character Uncle Tom, Rosine, Mrs.
J J. Crowe, Mary Service, Viscountess Sherbrooke,
Charles Woodbridge, J. W. Wilkinson, Marion S. Ware,
Major Tuppenny, &c. Mr. John Walker came 2nd;
he liad in good character Vesta, Radiance, Mrs. Carter
Page, Debonair, Britannia, J. M. Wilkinson, Lyric,
Uncle Tom, &c.

In another class, forty-eight distinct blooms were
shown on boards, and these made a good display.
Messrs. J. Stredwick & Son were placed 1st with a
superb lot of blooms, such as Caisar, Britannia, Eric,
Lord Roberts, Ella, W. Jowett, Alpha, Shamrock,
Florence, Edith Mayuard. Boadicea, Eva, Erin, Mar-
cius. Princess, ic. ; Messrs. J. Burrell & Co. were
2nd; and Messrs. Keynes & Co., -Srd. With twenty-four
blooms, Mr. W. Treseder was 1st ; and Mr. W. Baxter,
nurseryman, Woking, 2nd.

There was still another open class for Cactus varieties,
that tor twelve varieties, six blooms of each, arranged
in vases with suitable foliage. It was noticeable that
all the exhibitors had selected mainly decaying foliage,
such as bracken. The least fi'ee from this was Mr,
SEALE's 1st prize lot, but he rather overdid it by
carpeting his table somewhat heavily with Blackberries,
Ac. As the quality of the blooms employed were the
first consideration with the judges, it may be stated
that the following were the varieties staged by Mr.
SEALE : Galliard, Capstan, Countess oE Gosford,
Britannia, Mary Service, Lucius, Lyric, J. W. WUkin-
son. Major Weston, Uncle Tom, Lord Roberts, and
Lyric. Mr. W. Treseder was 2nd.

Pompon Dahllas (Nurserymen).
With twenty-four varieties, ten blooms of each, Mr. F.
W Seale was placed 1st, with rather small even blooms
of fine quality, such as The Duke, Douglas, Donovan,
Lilian, Little Sweetheart, Elsie Graham, Ganymede,
Eurydice, Nellie Bromhead, Demon, Snowflake, Ed. Har-
per Capt. Boynton. Nerissa Jessica, Tommy Keith,
Phiebe Dora, &.C. Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons were 2nd,
and Mr. C. Turned 3rd, but some thought the positions
of the 2nd and 3rd should have been reversed. Difl'enng
from the foregoiug in these stands were Dr. Jim, Flc-
lence. Rosebud, Adricnne, Norali, Crusoe, Arthur West,
Mars, Isabel, Psyche, Venus, Boule d'Or. and Bacchus.

With twelve varieties, Messrs. J. Burrell & Co. were
1st ; and Messrs. J. Steedwick &Son 2nd, both showing,
in good character.

Single-Flowered Dahlias.
As is usual, Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons were to the
fore with singles. They were placed 1st with twenty-
four bunches, ten blooms in a bunch, and they
always form a most attractive feature. The Lowfleld>
firm sent charming bunches of Donna Casilda, Florence,
Hilda, Beauty's Eye, Formosa, The Bride, Polly Eccles.
Tony Marcus, Duke of York, Rosebank, Cardinal,
Columbia, Puck, Naomi Tighe, alba perfecta, Amos
Perry Madge, Miss Roberts, Girlie, Leslie Seale,
Duchess of Fife, &c. ; Mr. F. W. Seale was 2nd, also
with capital bunches. He had distinct from the fore-
going Duchess of Marlborough, Fascination, Phyllis,
Gaiety Girl Robin Adair, Victoria, The Geisha, Miss
Glasscock, King of Yellows, Jack Sheppard, Eclipse, &c.
With twelve bunches, Mr. E. F. Such, nurseryman.
Maidenhead, was 1st; and Mr. Geo Humphry 2nd.

A very attractive class is that for twelve bunches ot
fancy single Dahlias, which includes blooms which are
tipped, striped, or edged. Here Messrs. Cheal & Sons
were again 1st with very pretty varieties such as Miss
Girdlestone, Irene, Daisy, Northern Star, Victoria,
Paragon, Bessie, Peacock, Princess Beatrice, Meta.
Shamrock, and Veronica ; Mr. F. W. Seale was 2nd. He
had diff'ering from the foregoing, Fred Seale, Edie
Obelein, Jeannette, Duchess of Marlborough, and Miss
Glasscock.

Amateurs Division, Show and Fancy Dahlias.
In the class for twenty-four blooms the judges placed
Mr E JEFFERIES, Chippenham, 1st ; and Mr. Thomas.
Hobbs, Downend, Bristol, 2nd. It was thought by
some that the stand of tke last named was points,
ahead of that placed 1st, as his blooms were more
even, more symmetrical, fresher, aJid cleaner ; Mr. W..
Mist was 3rd.

September 14, 1001.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

213

Witli eighteen blooms, Mr. S. Cooper, Hamlet, Chip-
penham, was 1st ; and Mr. E. West, jun., Heuley-ou-
Thames, was 2nd.

The ne.xt two classes were for show Dahlias only, and
here Mr. A. Robinson, Wellingborough, was 1st, and
Mr. R. BURGIN, St. Neots, 2ud.

With si.x blooms, Mr. .\. Parker, Sevenoaks. was 1st,
and Mr. C. Jackson 2nd.

Fancy Dahlias Only.— With twelve blooms, Mr. Thos.
HOBBs was a good 1st ; he liad well-marked blooms oi
Buffalo Bill, Gaiety, Prince Henry, Watchman, Her-
cules. Rev. J. B. M. Camm, Dazzler, Frank Pearce. Sun-
set, Mrs. J. Downie, John Cooper, and Chorister. Mr.
Tanstiss, Brill, Bucks, was 2nd.

Mr. E. Jefkehy was 1st with six blooms.

Cactus Dahlias.— Tliese were numcronsly shown by
amateurs. Mr. F. W. Sharp, Twyford, Berks, was
placed 1st witli twelve bunches, six blooms of each, and
he had finely developed illustrations of Charles Wood-
bridge, Britannia, Galliard, Zephyi-, Stella, Uncle
Tom, Viscountess Sherbrooke, Lord Roberts, Lucius,
Jealousy, J. W. Wilkinson, and Mary Service. Mr. W.
Peters was 2nd, and Mr. W. Mist .3rd, both showing
much the same varieties.

With nine buuches Mr. H. L. Brousson, Sidcup, was
1st; and Mr. P. W. Tulloch. Hove, Brighton, 2nd.

With six bunches, Mr. E. Mawley, Berkhampstead,
was 1st ; and Mr. S. Cooper, 2nd. In the eighteen
blooms shown on boards, Mr. II. A. Needs. Woking,
was 1st, with very good llowers of standard varieties ;
and Mr. H. Peerman, Xantwich. 2nd. Mr. W. L.
Brousson was 1st for twelve varieties; and the stand
which was placed 1st with six blooms bore no name.

Pompon Dahlias.— The best twelve hunches, six
blooms of each, were those of Mr. 11. J. Stenning,
Tunbridge Wells ; and Mr. J. Hudson was 2nd. With
six varieties, Mr. W. Peters. Baldslow, Hastings, was
1st ; and Mr. K. Aitken. Doro' Green, Sevenoaks, 2nd.

Single Dahlias.- The best six bunches of Single
Dahlias, ten blooms in each, came from Mr. C. Osman,
Sutton ; and Mr. J. Hudson was 2nd. The best six
bunches were from the Rev. S. S. Pkakce, Woodstock,
Oxon ; and Mr. E. Ma»vi.ey was 2nd.

Three classes were set apart for amateurs who had
never won a prize at an cxhibiliou of the National
Dahlia Society, and there was a good compel ilion in each.

CACn-s Dahlias in Pots —This year the illuslialioiis
of these were worthy of the occasion. The best nine,
which came from Mr. Seale. of Sevenoaks, were admir-
able, close and compact in growth, mostly dwarf, cany
ing g(](>d heads of bloom, well displayed above tl c
foliage, and Ihey suggested excellent sorts for the
border, the varieties, M.-ijor Tuppenny, -Mfied Vascy
Britannia, Keync's While, Lucius, Starlish, Magniliccut,
Mrs. J. J. Crowe, and Miss Webster. Mr. Jas. IIud.'o- ,
Gunnersbury House Gardens, was 2nd, with plants too
much drawn.

Show and Fancy Dahlias in Colours —The best
darks were Shirley HiWierd and James Vick. Tlie best
light, not white or yellow, was Mrs. Gladstone, placed 1st.
2nd, and .-ird. The best yellow. R. T. R.iwlings. which
won all the prizes. The best red or crimson. Champion.
Rollo, and Arthur Rawlings. The best white, John
Walker, there w;is nothing else. The best of any other
1 oloiir, Ihiviil Johnson, Duchess of York, and Sunbeam.
The best lipiiid f,incy, Mrs. Saunders and Peacock. The
best striped fancy. Frank Pearce and Mis. J. Downie,
and the best edged show varieties, J. T. West and Mrs.
Langtiy.

Floral Decorations in Dahlias.

Mr. J. lliDSON had the lest vase of Dahlias
arranged with any foliage ; he used a salinon-tinled
Cactus. Mr. E. Mawley was 2nd, with salmon and
rose colours.

Mr. H. A. Needs had the best basket— he preferred
salmon tiiils; and Mr. J. F. Hudson was 2nd— pink
was his favourite colour.

Mr. R. Edwards, Sevenoaks, was 1st with three vases;
he employed one variety of Cactus Dahlia in each. Mr.
II. .\. Needs, who did the same, was 2nd.

Mr. W. Treseder, Truro, was Istwitli a pretly shower
bomiuet of Cactus Dahlias (open); he used a yellow
coloured variety; and Messrs. R. W. Proctor & Co.
were 2nd, lilac tints prevailing.

S«crf;in<7».— A large number of these were staged, and
the awarding of the honours was much canvassed.
These shall be noticed in detail next week.

Miscellaneous groups were an attractive feature.
Messrs. Henry Cannell & Sons, and Mr. john Green
(HOBiiiES) <t Co., Dereham, both set up imposing ar-
rangements in bunches, pyramids, Ac, and they
attracted a good deal of attention. Messrs. Barr Jv:
SONS, Covent Garden, had hardy llowers. Water Lilies,
&c. Messrs. T. S. Ware, Ltd., Feltliam, had Dahlias in
great variety, hardy flowers, Ac. Messrs, J. Peed i
SONS, Norwood, had plants. Dahlias, Fruit, Ac, and
also Begonia blooms In great variety. Messrs. J. Laini;
& Sons, Forest Hill, had a large and varied exhibit:
Begoni.as, Caladiums, plants, flowers, fruit, Ac. Mr.
E. F. Such, Maidenhead, had cut llowers in variety, in
addition to Dahlias.

EOYAL CALEDONXA.N HOETI-
CTJIiTUBAL.

September n, 12.— Tliis sliow, which not a few
thought might not improbably be damaged by the great
exhibitions held in Glasgow, was encouragingly good
.as a whole, being rather larger than iu 1900; and the
cut flowers, if anything, fresher than those shown in
the western city. Fruit of nearly all kinds was also
up to the usual high quality seen at Edinburgh, and of
veg3tables there was a good display. Great {t:lat was
^ivea to the show through tlie kindness of the Earl of
Rosebeiy, who opened the exhibition on Wednesday in
the presence of an immense concour.'^e of people.
ladies largely predominating.

Fkuit.

For the decorated table of fruit, Mr, Smith, gr. to
the Earl of Stair, Oxenford Castle, was the sole exhi-
bitor. The Grapes were rather deficient in quality,
but Peaches, Pears. Melons, and Apples were good;
Figs, Plums, and Apricots being the other dishes. The
judges gave 9iii points out of a possible 127 for the fruit ;
for decoi-ation, 17 out of a possible 28.

For a collection of ten dishes of fruit, Mr. James
Dawes, gr. to M. Biddulph, Esq., Ledbury Park, Here-
ford, was 1st with a really line display, embracing line
Gros Maroc Grapes, fair Muscat of Alcxandi'i;i Grapes.
Ne Plus Ultra Melon, ver.v line Barringti^n Peaclu■^.
Pitinaslon Duchess Pears, Won-estcr Pearniain .\jiplos.
Humboldt Nectarines, good Figs, Cherries, and
Jefferson Plums, gaining Tr'i points. Mr. SjiirH,
Oxenford, was 2nd, with Hue Madrosfield Court
Grapes, good Muscat of .Alexandria, and veiy large
Peaches. The Grapes here were rather better than iu
the winning lot, the total number of points being 7H :
and Mr. Kidd, gr. to Lord Elpuinston, Carbciry,
Musselburgh, was 3rd, with lUJ points.

For Iwftre iliyftt^n JIartli/ Fruit. — Mr. Day, gr. to the
Earl of Galloway, Galloway House, was 1st, showing
Hcll-linished but not large examples; and Mr. William-
son, gr. to J. HOME-Riiio, Esq., Tarvit, was :iid.

For Iwetee difhes Orchard h'liisf Fruit.— Mv. Bcisant, gr.
to Mrs. G. Armistead, Castle llunlly, had the 1st place,
the Apples Emperor Alexander and Pcasgood's Non-
such being of an iiiinicnsc size; Pear Souvenir du Con-
gres, fine; Peaches Princess 01 Wales and Gladstone.
very good ; fine Magnum Houum aud Pond's Seedling
Plums, a l*ine-ai»ple. Nectarines. HuinboUll Figs, and
Cherries. Mr. Dawes was a good 2iid ; his Pear
Doycund^Boussoch and Peach Sea Eagle were his best
dishes. Mr. Williamson, Tarvit, was 3rd.

Culinary P(kmi».— The best collection was shown by
Mr. Smith, gi., Oxenford Castle, he having Grand
Duke, Goliath, Pond's Seedling, and Magnum Bonum.
Mr. Williamson was 2nd, and .Mr. Day 3rd.

Detiert i'nr«. , /our diWi/d.— Mr. SMITH was again 1st in
this cla«s, with Ljitc Gage and Greengage, Kirk's, and
Jefferson. Mr. Williamson was 2nd; and .Mr. Harvey,
gr. to J. 11. Hofi.DswoiiTH. Esii., Ayr, 3rd.

Grapes.

For six bunches of Grapes there were four entries.
Mr. Lunt,gr. to Captain Siirlino, Keir Ilimse. being
Ist, with perfect examples of Madiesficld Court and
fine Alnwick Seedling (one l)\inihl, Coopei '.s Black (one
bunch), and good Muscat of .VIexandria; Mr. Besant
was a good 2nd, with line Muscat Hamburgh, unfortr-
natcly rubbed ; very flue .\pplcy Towels (two bunches',
Mrs. Prince, and Muscat of .Vlcxaudria; :trd, Mr. R.
Cairns, gi'. lo T. M. White, Es |., Balmadcny. Dundee.

For Four Ilunclift Grik*.— There were eight enlries.
and Mr. LuNT was again 1st, with Mrs. Prince. Muscat
of Alexandria, Black Hambuigh, and Madresfichl
Court: 2nd, Mr. J. Green, gr. to Sir C. M. Palmer.
B.-krt., M.P., Loftus, ITork, with fine clusters, but less
well finished.

Two Bunchee .l/iMcn/s.— There were six entries, tliese
being less fine than usual. The prizes went iu due
order lo Messrs. Lunt, Kidd, and Green.

Two Bunches Black Ilaiiihiiriih.— There were thirteen
entries, .ind the quality was lietlcr than usual. The
1st prize went to Mr. Meiizies. gr. to J. A. IlARViE-
Brown, Esq., Larbert, for beautiful examples ; and
Mr. Cairns was 2iid.

One bunch of a rarfcf//.— Muscat of Alexandria : Mr. J.
Wann, gr. to Lord Balioiu, Kcnnct, ist. with a
capital cluster ; Mr. Lunt, 2nd; Mr. Green 3rd.

For Black Hamburgh, Mr. MENZIES was .igain 1st;
Mr. Buchanan 2nd, and Mr. Potter 3rd. This was also
a grand class.

For Alicante, Mr. Leslie, gr. to Mrs. Coates. Pit.
cuUen, Perth, was 1st with a large and well-finished
example; Mr. Sutherland. I'olmont, 2nd.

The 1st for Alnwick Seedling went to Mr. Green for
a very large cluster; Mr. l!Ei-ANT2nd.

Mr. Leslie secured 1st for Gros Colnian ; Mr. Mac-
Pherson, Mayfield, 2nd ; 3rd. Mr. Beisant.

For Lady Downcs, Mr. Lunt secured Ist; Mr. Kidd.
2ud; and Mr. Galloway, gr. to the Eail of Wkmvss
Gosford, 3rd.

Madrcsficld Court was comiieled for only by Mr

LUNTand Mr. Gkkkn. the prizes going in the order of
the names.

For any black, the prizes went to Gros Maroc, some
tine examples being staged. Mr. Leslie was here 1st;
Mr. Waldie, Dollar, 2nd : and Mr. Cairns 3rd.

For one bunch white Mr. Potter was 1st. with a fine
Buckland Sweetwater; Mr. Kidd 2nd. with Cannoe
Hall Muscat ; 3rd, Mr. Leslie.

Mr. Beisant showed the finest-flavoured Muscat
Hamburgh, and Mr. Sutherl.and the best-flavoure*.
white Muscat of .Vlexandria. Mr. LUNT sliowed Ali»-
wick Seedling (?) for finest bloom.

Tlie only Pine-apple shown was from Mr. MclNTYRX,
Tlie Glen, the 2nd prize being awarded.

Melons were not unmcrous. the Ist for gi'een-flcslic*
being taken by Mr. .\npus, gr. to Lord IlAMiiros
Dalzell, with" Baron Hamilton;" Mr. LUNT being
1st for the best scarlet-fieslied.

The best dish of Figs was shown by Mr. Cockburii,
gr. to H. W. Hope, Esq., .\berlady— good outdoor
Brown Turkey.

Peaches were a small exhibit. Mr. MclNTYRE, The
Glen, had here the best dish— grand Sea Eagle.

Nectarines were also poorly shown. Mr. Hughes, gr,
to John Grieve, Esq., ,\lyth, being 1st, with Victoria.

APPLES.

Of tliese there was an enormous exhibition, so many
dishes of single varieties being shown. The fruit was
generally about the average iu size and quality.

For tivelve dishes —yir. Whiting, Hereford, secured,
1st with a good lot. Loddington, Worcester Pearniain,
Lady Sudclcy, Stirling Castle, and Lord Suffield being
the bi.-^l disiics. Mr lUwES wa, 2nd. the fruit here
beiig liarcllv s<' well matured; the dis'.i of the var-
Wealthywasaprn^iiiiiciit one.

For twelve dishes 0/ apples rjroivn in S.'otland Mi"-
Carnegie, gr. to Mr. Smith, Esii , PrestwiiU, was a good
l^t, apples fine for so far north.

For .<■« dishes Mr. Whiting and Mr. Dawes were
respectively Ist and 2nd.

.\mong the single dishes. The Queen, Pcasgood's Non-
such. Lord Sullicld, Eckliiivillc. Duchess of OldciH
burgh, BisniJirck, and Lady SuJeliy. weic the most
noteworthy of mention.

Pears.

Tliese, like Apples, formedagood fe.Tturo of tl cs' ow,
;iud for tivelve varie'ics, Mr. Ii'elaiid, gr. to the
Dowager Marchioness of Downshihe, Nizells House,
being Ist.

For a coUeclion of (i varieties. Mr. Gordon, gr.,
Ewaufield, .Vyr, was Isl, with very good fruits; and 2iid,
Mr. Greenlaw, Beiimorc, Kilmuii, Argyleshire.

Of single dishes, Bcurrt' d'Amanlis, Hcurr<5 Superfiu.
Durondeau, Pitmastoii Duchess, and Williams' Hot.
Chretien, were the best represented.

Cur Flowers.

The Dahlia was the flower most largely exhibited.

For a coltectiun to occupy 8 .feel run nS tabling.— \ very
prelly display was made, and Messrs. Kekr Bros.,
Dumfries, were 1st, with a very nice collection em-
bracing the several sections, most effectively arranged,
Mr. Gold, Wisliaw, was 2nd; and Messrs. Campiskll,
lilanlyre. :ird. The Cactus varieties were well shown.

For eighteen bunches o.f Cactus rarielies.—Mr. Gold w.is
1st, with flue blooms, which were well displayed on »
ground of dark velvet; 2nd, Mr. Sutherland, gr„
Lciizic.

Twenty-Sour Show IluhUas.-UY. Smellie, Bushy, was
Isl, with good blooms ; Messrs Lister & Sons, wore 2nd.

Thirlii aiadiolus.—IAr. MuiR, Prestwick, vias 1st, with
clean length of spikes ; and Messrs. Harkness & Sons,
Bcdale, were 2nd.

RCSES

were wonderfully fresh and clean, and certainly bnlkc*
more largely than at Glasgow,

Twenlji-Jour Tois. -Messrs. D. and W. Croi.l, Uundee.
were Ist, with very clean and neat flowers ; Messrs.
Odan & Cragmyllie were 2nd, with good blooms.

Thirty-six Roses.— }Ar. H. Dickson, Strandtown, Bel-
fast, was 1st with well coloured examples, very goo4
indeed for the season ; Messrs. D. &, W. Croll, 2nd;
Messrs. A. Dickson it Son, Ncwtownards, were 3rd.

Eighteen Roses.— yie&ivs. Cuoll were 1st; and Messrs.
S.MITH & SON, Strauraor, 2nd.

Twcloe Vases o.( Roses.-Mcvc the riv.-ilry was keen, and
a good competition ensucil, Mr.-r- rocKER, Aliei-

deen, were 1st, with n wyy \..\ ..i ((Uite fresh

blooms, the best being Suim - 1 .ilHiine Tcslout,
Clara Walson, and Pciii: dc .l.mliii Messrs. Croll,
Dundee, were 2nd, and Messrs. A. Dickson & Sons
3rd. The last-named firm showed the best twelve white
Roses, viz,, white Mamaii Coclict.

MesM- I i,u..rsn\. Dunfermline, were 1st for twelve,
pink, uiiii Ml l"iiiig, and also for twelve sc^uiet
with flnrl, I'.rnniMT.

In achiiiuiii, ihcic were numerous fine exhibits o£
other flowers in season, with bouquets, and for—

TABLE Decorations

Were all somewhat heavy in arrangcmout. The IsC
prize, for one consisting of Shirley Poppies, went It

214

THE GARD ENER S ' CIIR 0 lYI CL E.

[Septkmber 14, 1901.

^Irs. Thomson Cajipbell, is, Raeburn Place. Ediu-
buvgli ; and the 2iid, for one consisting oJ Sweet Peas,
io Mr. DuscAN Fox, of Dims.

Plants.

TJicre were some very good plants shown, notaljly the

two Codiccums and other foliage plants by Mr. Lunt.

Ferns and Liliums were also well shown, and the

Tai'ious Begonias were good.

VEGETAUr.ES.

These were extensively and well shown in quite a
Huniber of clas;:e3 devoted to single dishes.
■For a ColleHliiii nf Tm-lrr Snrtu, Mr. Waldic. ?r. to W. II .
DoiiiE, Esq., I>.i!l,ir, w:r^ I I , ^-l-nuiiiL- vrry line Celery,
Cauliflower*. I .. [ 'in,. r..,,i c uinins. Cucum-
bers, and Tin . , ! I ,; , li Rae, gr. to
Major Scott l^ ' t; siniLr.-, i-,r|.,i, i\,i ,;ii,l. with a fine
collection; and Mr. 1;, .Stcnarl, yr. to tlic Earl of
LiUDEEDALE, Tliirestane Castle, was 3rd.

Miscellaneous.

From Mr. John Foebes, Buccleuch Nurseries,
Uawick, came a grand stand in wliich were prominent
some 200 blooms of Carnations. Several spikes of named
varieties of Hollyhocks, with stands of Hollyhock
blooms; flue Pentstemous, East Lothian .Si.:>cks, An-
tirrhinums, etc., and a small groupotBegoniaCaledonia.
Mr. Row.VTT i.i.issFOHD, Glasgow, had some grand
PenlBteiiiMiis jnd Phloxes; Messrs. Listek & Sons,
Rollie*;iy. -Ii. .,>,(! a group of herbaceous plants, with
good Violas and lialilias, and examples of Listee's Ptot
lific Tomato. Messrs. On. Ievine & Son, Jedburgh, had
a rich display of Pentstemous in variety ; the newest
forms of French Phloxes were very pleasing ; Delphini-
ums with a nice lot of flowers of herbaceous perennials.
Messrs. Keer Bros., Dumfries, contributed a like
group, consisting largely of Dahlias, Sweet Peas and
Herbaceous perennials.

Messrs. Dickson & Co., Waterloo Place, Edinburgh,
contributed a table of florist's flowers, including Violas
and Dahlias, together with decorative plants.

Laing it Matheh, Kelso, showed Privets. Ivjcs, Car-
nations, and Cactus Dahlias.

^ Fi'om Mr. E.i;r.>i;p \\-(i;!, .Miiir a table ol blooms of
Swcci l'r:i-, !' ■ M ,: ■•!' w , 1 1 1 . ]■ Wi'ight , a line new
dark lil. ,., , , ,,| ,,,, .■ ;,:-,, some bunches of
Ecklord- -hMiii mi \'ri ijru.., iiou- once more becoming
popular in flower gardening.

Mr. DOWNES, Muri'ayfleld, Pinkhill, set up a very nice
group of hardy herbaceous perennial plants, and also
a large ornamental group, oblong in form, witli
rounded ends, consisting of three groups, the central
one an architectural structure, composed of cork,
furnished with Ferns, Asparagus, foliage plants, and
Lilies, and two end portions with characteristic centre-
pieces, the bases extended .and decorated with Codi-
leums, Caladiums, Begoni.ns. PrncMniis, and plants of
the usual character made n-r oi i,m decorative
purposes. Tlie group covered .iIkhii -| ft,

Messrs. R. B. Baied & ?o\^, I'lnkhill, Jiad a group
equally large, very ,iili-i..iti ni-ajigcd, cork also
salering largely inl o ii . . n of the groundwork,

graceful Bamboos ;ind l, I .• i: h Kood, well-coloured

Codiffiums, Lilium lai... iiuli.ui in varietj-. cut Dahlias,
itc, being amongst the material employed. A stream (!)
of glass, crossed by a rustic bridge, cut the composition
in twain.

Mr. Philips, Granton, showed
Araucarias and Clematis.

^ilar group oi

Messrs. D. Methven & Sons, Leilh Walk, had a large
oval group of plants, the general effect massive. JLilium
auratum and L, laneifolium were largely employed
besides flue Cannas, and a free admixture of foliaoo
plants were contained in it, and it was finislied by an
edging of CaladiuinargyritesandPhryniumvariegatum.

Messrs. J. & B. Buchanan, Kippen, Stiriing, showed
baskets of Grapes,'glossy black, and beautiful fy finished
Cooper's Black, Gros Maroc, Black Alicante, Gros
Colman, and a new variety from tlie same cross as
Diamond Jubilee, and named Forth Vineyard. They
also showed Tomatos.

Messrs. Cunningham, Fbaser & Co , Comelv Bank,
Edinburgh, set up a circular table of Roses, and
another furnished with hardy plants, including some
good Ericas, Colchicum, Delphinium Brnnonianuin,
Origanum Tourneforti. Gentiana adscendcns. Primul.-i
Forbesii, and Nertera depressa.

Mr. Cutheeetson, Rothesay, contributed a taljle
rather prettily arranged, wholly of border flowers—
Lobelias, Asters, Sweet Pe-i = , vvcilniinii.-iing. He also
showedsomegood hi 1.1 .' . i i ; : ■; 'son's Red).

Messrs. Green tt Su-, i .: i ,i .,i^ showed a

capital lot of Sweet I',:,- \i,,i. , ,,:,; niiler florists'
flowers.

Messrs. Cockee & Sons, Aberdeen, in their usu.al
etrective manner, presented a group of uiLNed lierlja-
"teous plants of the best species and varieties, witli
Cactus Dahlias, and a variety of charming hardy
Ericas .

Messrs. Campbell & .Sons. Blantyre, set up some
grand specimen Dahlia blooms, with Gladiolus. &c., in
sreat variety.

ENTOMOLOGY.

PLAA^T LICE.

Aphides— Theie N.\tuee— Steuctuee— Honeydew—
Methods of Propagation op Aphides— Me.\ns
OF Destruction.

Every lover of plants, whctlior he grows
only a few Pelargoniums in his window, op
po.ssesses a garden in which to grow his
vegetables, whetlier he grows plants of all
kinds for tjie market, or is a farmer who
cultivates very extensive fields for crops,
must often h;i\e noticed plant lice upon tlic
leaves, stems, or even on the roots of the
plants he is growing. Here these small, soft-
bodied insects, with long legs and feelers, arc
seen in crowds, steadily engaged in piunpiug
the sap through their thread-like beaks.
Plant-lice are not tlie friends of the farmer,
gardener, or horticulturist, and to obtain some
results from their labour, the latter have in
some cases continually to fight the intruders.

Dr. Otto Lugger, the Entomologist and
Botanist of the Liiiversity of Minnesota, has
recently given a comprehensive and thorough
account of tliese insects, enabling us to
understand this family of pests very much
better than in tlic past.

There are a great many species of plant-lice,
the largest measuring less than one quarter of
an inch, while the great majority arc very
much snwller. Up to very recent times these
insects have not received the attention of
the entomologist that they deserve, and the life-
history of very many species is still shrouded
in mystery, and no wonder, for they have a
most peculiar life-history, quite different from
that of all other insects.

In shape the Ijody is usually more or less pear-
shaped. The winged forms have two pairs of
delicate transparent wings, these are furnished
with a few siniiile veins, but the venation is
more extended tlian in some other families.
The first pair of wings is larger than the
other, and the two wings of each side are
usually connected by a compoiuid booklet.
The beak is two-jointed, and varies greatly
in length ; sometimes it is longer than the
body. The compound eyes are prominent, and
the ocelli are also usually present. The
antennte are from three to seven-jointed. On
the dorsal aspect of the sixth abdominal
segment there is, in many species, a pair
of tubes, through which a sweet transparent
fluid is excreted. In some genera these organs
are merely perforated tubercles, while in still
other genera they are wanting. The fluid
which is excreted through the abdominal
tubercles is the substance known as honey-dew.
It is sometimes produced in such quantities
that it forms a glistening coating on the leaves
of the branches below the plant-lice, and
stone walks beneath shade-trees are often
densely spotted with it. This honey-dew is fed
upon by bees, wasps, and ants. The bees and
wasps take the food w"here the}' find it, paying
little, if any, attention to its source ; but the
ants recognise in the plant-lice useful auxili-
aries, and often care for them as man cares for
his herds of cows. In addition to honey-dew,
many aphides excrete a white sul)stanee ; this
may be in the form of a powder, scattered over
the surface of the body, or it may be in large
flocculent or downy masses — every gradation
between these forms exists.

The plant-lice are remarkalile for their
jieculiar mode of development. Tlu' various
species ditTer greatly in the details of their
transformations ; but the following generalisa-
tions can be made : —

At some period eggs are produced by impreg-
nated females. This ordinarily occurs in the

autumn, in which case the eggs do not hatch
till the following spring. Prom the fact that
these eggs are fertilised, they are frequently
referred to as true eggs, in contradistinction
to pse\idova. These true eggs are also known
as winter eggs.

From the winter eggs there hatches in the
spring a generation of aphides in which there
is no distinction of sex. All are females, and
each has the power of reproducing w-ithout
tlie intervention of a male. Such reproduction
is termed agamic reproduction, or reproduction
by budding. And this term is al.so applied to
the individuals that reproduce in this way.
Usually, the agamic generation produced by
the winter eggs is wingless. The agamic
female which hatches from a winter egg, being
the starting point from which arises the
generations that intervene between this egg
and the production of other true eggs, is
termed the stem-mother.

The offspring of the stem-mothers are wing-
less, or winged, or both, and are agamic. In
many cases they are born alive. This can be
.seen by extimining almost any colony of plant-
lice during the sttmmer time. While an
agamic mother is tmconcerncdly feeding or
walking about, it may be giving birth to a
young louse ; the latter can be seen with the
unaided eye, but better with a lens, emerging
from the caudal end of its mother, tail first,
and kicking vigorously, even before its head
has been delivered. In other cases, the agamic
form produces egg-like bodies, which are
termeil pseudova, to distinguish them from the
fertilised or true eggs; and. In still other
other cases, they produce living young, which
are enveloped in a pellicle, from which they
emerge in the course of a few minutes.

The number of agamic generations tliat may
follow without the intervention of sexual
forms varies with different species, and, in
.some cases at least, varies in the same species,
depending upon temperature and otlier con-
ditions. Thus, Kyber, in the early part of this
century, succeeded, by keeping the insects in
a warm room, in raising a series of agamic
generations of two species of apliides, which
extended through four years without the
intervention of sexual forms.

As already indicated, the agamic generations
are of two forms, wingless and winged. Eacli
of these has a peculiar function in the economy
of the species. The wingless generations,
which are usually the more numerous, by their
great fecundity, provide for the enormous and
rapid multiplication of individuals, which is so
characteristic of these in.sects. But this
great increase of individuals would be disas-
trous to the species, by the destruction of the
infested plants, and the consequent starving
of the insects, were it not supplemented by
other powers. We find, therefore, interspersed
among these wingless sedentary generations,
generations which are winged and migrating.
Thus the spread of the species is provided
for.

Generally, on the setting in of cold weather,
or in some cases on the failure of nourishment,
the weather being still warm, there is produced
a generation including individuals of both
sexes. The males may be either winged or
wingless ; but, so far as is known, the females
that pair with the males are always wingless.
These females, after becoming impregnated,
produce the winter eggs ; thus is completed the
cycle of changes through which the species
]iasses. In many cases, at least, the indi-
viduals of the agamic generation that imme-
diately precedes the sexual one, produce but
few pseudova. From these pseudova the
sexual individuals emerge, not as larvie, but as

September 14, 1901.]

THE GARDEXEES' CIIEOXICLE.

215

fully developed individuals, ready to pair and
reproduce ; in fact in the cases referred to.
the sexual individuals have the mouth parts
in a rudimentary state, and take no nourish-
ment. In many species the impregnated
female produces a single egg, ■which is nearly
as large as the insect itself ; frequently this
egg is not laid, but remains throughout
the winter in the dry skin of the dead parent.

There is imfortunately a generalisation in
most of the text-books on entomology that is
incorrect. It is that the winged generation is
produced only on the approach of cold weather,
and that this generation is the sexual one.

Plant lice are often very destructive to
vegetation ; they appear, however, to be more
liable to attack unhealthy plants than those
that are in good condition. The best method
of destroying the.se pests is by spraying with
a strong solution of soap, or with kerosene
emulsion. As plant lice draw their nourish-
ment from below the surface of the plants t hoy
infest, they are, relatively speaking, not injured
by the application of poisons to the plants.
J. .7. iri//!s, Uarprnden.

©bituar^.

G. Thomson. — The death took place on
Thursday, .")tli inst, of Mr. George Thomson,
gardener, Spring Grove, Kilbarchan. He had
been gardener at that place for thirty-one
years. Mr. Thomson was one of the old com-
petitors at the Paisley Show, and for a long
period took the chief prizes for GraiMJS. Mr.
Thomson was one of the l)est all-round gar-
deners in the county, and was an excellent
grower of vegetables, his strain of Parsley
heing one of the best in Scotland. He had
also by careful selection raised some specially
good strains of Antirrhinums and other
flowers.

METEOROLO'
Royal lloii
London, foi

S taken in tlie
lens at Chiswick,
i to September 7,

1901.

Height above sea-lev

el 24 leet

Tempera- ^

Temperatore

TUREOFTHE O

ISIOl

a

OF THE AIR.

S0ILat9A.M. ss

^

a a

fa
o

i

5

AtOA.M.' ti

1

1

o
•a

c =

CO 00

i

n

« s

i

s

1 ^

I

<

<

a

Sun, 1
MON. 2

BE.
S.E.

.i7 0.il -SOS -8 5.3 0 ... 61 561 l:

TUBS. .•)! E.S.E.
Wed. 4 E.S.E.

Tbc.
Fri.

Sat.

E.S.E.
E.S.E.
E.S.E.

.iS -2 .51 -4 61
.58 -2 51 aw
80 -9 .51 -3 64 -8
.58-4i.52-3«5-2
.58-9 52-Ott

42-5]
.53 -5 1
5.3 Si

10-9
61-9 56-.'»6fl-2l44-8

.59 8 61 0
.58 -4 60 '3
58 -2. 59 -9

.58-1 i
|56-8'.59-3
.57 -8.59 -1

59 0 31 -9
.58 -8 37 -2

JJenwrlj.— A week of dull weallicr, witli cold, strong
wjnd.

GENERAL OBSERVAIIOXS.

The following summary record of I lie weal licr Uirough-
out the British Islands, for the week ending Soi>l. 7,
ia furnislied from the Meteorological OfTicc .—

"The vmiihf.r during the first part of this period was
fine ;ind \<i-\<:\\\. over nearly the whole of the Kingdom,

but towards the end of the timeveiy heavy rains were
experienced in the west and south-west of Ireland, and
by Saturday unsettled, rainy conditions were extending
eastwards to all parts of the Kingdom.

" Tlie temperature was rather below the mean iu all
districts excepting the Channel Islands. The highest
of the maxima were recorded, as a rule, on the 7th, and
ranged from 74° iu the Cliannel Islands and 73° iu
England, S. and E., to «•=■' in Ireland, X., and to 64° in
Scotland, W. The lowest of the minima occurred on
the 2nd in most parts of Great Britain, and on the ijth
in Ireland, and varied from ■•■!' in Scotland, N. and E.,
.32° in England, N.W., and Ireland, N., and 34-' iu
England, N.E.. to 40' in England, S., 41" in England,
S.W.. and to .51° in the Channel Islands.

" The rnin/ai! just equalled the mean In Ireland, N.,
but was considerably more in Ireland, S. ; in all other
districts there was a deficit. At many English stations
the week was quite rainless.

"The bright sunshine again exceeded the mean gene-
rally, but only equalled that value in Ireland, S., and
was below it both in England, S.W.. and the Channel
Islands. The percentage of tlic possible duration
ranged from .59 in England, S. and E., and from 4i; in
England, N.W., to between 41 and 34 in the extreme
south-western, western, and northern parts of the
Kingdom."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.
Until the .Sth the tempcraluies continued very low
tor the lime of year, both during the daytime and at
night, but since then much warmer conditions have
prevailed. Ou the coldest night the exposed thermo-
meter fell to 33'— a low reading for so early in the
month. At 2 feet deep the ground is at the present
lime about 2' warmer, and at 1 foot deep about 3'
warmer than is seasonable. Rain has fallen on ouly
one day as yet this month, and even then to the depth of
less than a quarter of an inch, and no measurable
<|uautityof rain has now come through the bare soil
percolation gango for a week. This proved another
bright week, the mean duration of sunshine averaging
.5; hours a day. The winds were light, and the air, on
the whole, luiseasonably dry. E. .V., JlerkhtiniMed
Septetnber 10,

Plants in Pots.— Averaoe Wholesale Prices.

f.d. s.d. I s.d. s.d.
Adianturas, doz. 5 0-70 Ferns, small, per

Arbor-vita3, var., i ICO 4 0-60

per dozen .., 6 0-36 0 Fieuselastica, ea, 16-76
Aspidistras, doz, 18 0-36 0 Foliage plants,

— specimen, ea. 5 O-IO 6 various, each 10-50
Caunas, per doz, 18 0 — , Lily of Valley, ea, 19-30
Crotons. per doz, 18 0-.30 0 Lycopodiums, p.

Cyclamen, p. doz, 8 0-10 0 1 dozen 3 0-40

Dracseuas, var., i Marguerites, per

per dozen ... 12 0-30 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

— viridis, doz. 9 0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz, 6 0-90
Ericas, var,, doz. 12 0-36 0 Palms, var.. each 1 0-15 0

Euonymus, var.,
per dozen ...

Evergi-eens, var.,
per dozen ...

Ferns, in variety,
per dozen ...

specimen, ea, 21 0-63 0
6 0-18 0 ] Pelargoniums,

scarlet, doz, 8 0-12 C
4 0-18 0 — Ivyleaf, per

dozen 8 0-10 9

4 0-18 0 Spira;as, per doz, 6 0-12 e

MARKETS.

COVE^iT GARDEy, HICPTEMDEn 12.

[We cauni^t accept any rc=]HlU^ihility for the subjoined
reports, Thcv arc fiu ui-ln d to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kiuUni>, of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen. \\\i<> rcvi^.' the list, and who arc
responsible for the quoi;iiious. It must he remem-
bered that these qucLiiioiis do not reprcscul the
prices ou any rarticiilMr iliiy, but only the general
averages for the week piccding the date of our
report. The prices dcp. iid upon the quality of
tlic samples, the sujq.lv iu the market, and the
demand, and they ujay llnciuale. not ouly from day
to day, but often several limes in one day. Ed.)
Cot Flowers, Jic- .WEiiAciE Wholesale Prices.
9.U. s.d. s.d. s.d.

Asparagus'Fcrn," Lily of Valley, p.

hunch 10-20 doz. bunches « 0-12 0

Carnations, per Maidenhair Fern,

dozen blooms 0 6-16 doz. bunches 40-80

Catlleyas, p doz. 9 0-12 o Mignonette, per

Eucharis, p, dor, 2 0-30 doz. bunches 40-80

Gardenias, doz. 0 6-16 OdonloElossuins,

LiUum Harrisii, per dozen ,.. 2 6-60

dozen blooms 2 0-40 Roses, Tea, white,

Liliumlanellolm. per dozen ... 10-30

album, p. doz. —Catherine

blooms ... 16-30 Mcriiiet, per

Lilium rubrum, doz 10-30

per dozen ... 3 0-50 Sniilax, p. bunch 30-50

Lilium longinrm. Tuljeroscs, per

per dozen ... 2 0-40 doz. blooms 03-08

Fruit.— AvERAiiE Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d.

Apples, home- Greengages, per

grown, Sut- I sieve 2 0-40

fl e 1 d, K c s- I Lemons, Naples,

wiek. War- 1 ijcrcase ,..14 0-16 0

ncr's King, Lychees, new, per

Mank's, lie., |.,iekct ... 0 10 —

sieve 16-23 Mchms, each ... 06-1 3

— Quarrcudens — Valencia, case 6 6-76
sieve 3 6-40 — Rocks 10-36

— Worcester NeclarinC8,A.,per
Pcarmaln, sve. 2 6- 4 o dozen ... 8 0-11 0

Bananas, bunch 7 o-lo 0 — B., per dozen 2 0-40

— loose, p. doz. 10-16 Oranges, case, 120 10 6-15 o
Blackberries, ]icr Peaches, A,, per

peck of VJ lb, 1 6 — dozen 7 0-12 0

Cobnuts, Kentish, — B,, per dozen 10-30

per lb, ,.. 0 6J — Pears, Williams,

Figs, pcrdozen ... 0 6-09 Bon Louise,

Grapes, Muscats, Duehesse.&o,,

home-grown, in crates ,,. 5 6-86

per lb.. A, ... 2 6- 3 0 - — sieves ... 3 0 —

— do., B, ... 0 8-14 — Engl. Hazel,

— Alicante, lb. 0 8-1 o BergamotWil-

— Gros Coliuar, liams,iSic,,per

per lb. ... 0 10-1 6 bushel ... 3 0-60

— Gros Maroc, Pines, each • ... 2 6- 4 0
per lb. ... 1 0- 1 9 Plums, various,

— Hamburgh, per per sieve ... 0 9-20
lb., A 1 6- 2 0, — Egg. Sieve ... 10-16

B 0 4- 0 s — Victorias, sve. 0 9-16

— Belgian, blk„ — Princes, sieve 10-13
per lb, ,,, 0 4-08 Walnuts, perpeck 30-56

1 3- 1 6 i

2 0-301

10-20

Vegetables,— -ivERAGE Wholesale PhiceS;

s.d. s.d. s.d: s.d.

Mushrooms, out-
2 0-301 door, per lb... 0 lJ-0 2J

1 6- 2 0 I Onions, cases ,.. 5 0-= 6 0

— in bags ... 3 0-48

— bunches, per

dozen 16-3,0

picklers, bags 2 6- 3 C

I Parsley, per doz.

2 0 — j bunches ... 10-16

3 0- 4 0 ! — sieve 0 9 —

0 9-10. Peas, Blue, per

bushel ... 4 0-60

Potatos, per ton.. i;0 0-80 o
Radishes, p. doz,

bunches ... 10.-^
Salad, small, pun-
nets, per doz. 13 —
Shallots. ).cr lb..,, 02 —
Spinach, English,

linsliel, halves 0 S>- J C
Tomatos, Eng-
lish, per doz, i
lbs 1 0-3

— Channel Is-
lands, per lb. 0 ij"—

— French, crates 2 0- —
13-16 Turnips, new, p.

doz. bunches 2 0-3

10—— Bag 28 —

Vegetable - Mar-
rows, per doz. 10 —

— In pots .., 10-16
Watercress, per

doz. bunches 0 4 —

Artichokes, Globe,

per dozen ...
Aubergines, doz.
Beans, home, dwf.

per sieve

— runners, per
bushel

Beetroots, new,

per bushel ,..

Cabbage, tally ...

— dozen

Carrots, per doz.

bunches

— w.ished. bags 3 0 —

— unwashcd.bags2 0 —
Cauliflowers, doz. 10-30
Celery. 12 bundles 10 0-14 0
Cress, per dozen

punnets ... 16 —
Cucumbers, doz. 10-22
Endive, new i

French, doz. 10-131
Garlic, per lb. ,..0 2 —
Horseradish, fo- '

reign, bunch 10-1 3 i
Leeks, per doz.

bunches
Lettuces. Cabbage,

per dozen ... i o —

— Cos, per score 1 6- 2 o
Mint, per dozen

bunches ... 16 —
Mushrooms, house,

per lb. ... 0 6-09

Rkmakks,— Large .\pples of good quality arC in
better demand. Plums are plentiful at from 9d.'' per
sieve up to 28. lUl. for the finest samples of Pond's Seed-
ling and the like. Most of the Turnips are now coining
to market in bags of about 1 cwt. each, a much more
economical way of carriage than previously. The Cab-
bages are cbiefiy Coleworts, and the .spinach is rtueli
of it New Zealaud. Some Oranges in tubs realise, from
3to4». at2u». Some Blackberries have arrived from
France. Peas are nearly over, and only a few. aio
wanted, and but few are coining.

Potatqs.
Various sorts, 60s. to H<s. John lialh. 33 & 34, lITffitnif
ton Street, Covent Garden.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Glasijow, .Se/jMm/'Cr 11, —The following are tlie averages
of the prices recorded since our last report :—.\p pies
English, lid. to Ms. per cwt. ; American, 15c, to 17s, per
barrel; Pears, Havre Williams, 3s, 6(;, to ts, 6((,' per
case ; .\rgu8, Duchess, 2s. to 2s. 6rf. do. ; Louise Bonne,,
Is, iki. to Is, 9rf. do. : Greengages, English, IBs. to 20s,
per cwt. ; Bananas, Canary, 9s, to 12s, per crate ; Plums,
English, Middlesex, Victorias, 3s. to 3s. 9d. per half
sieve ; Midlands, 2s, to 2s, M. do, : Plums, Egg, 5s. to
5s. Kd. per cwt. ; Damascenes, 7s. to Ss. per cwt. ; Necta-
rines. 2s. to 4s. pe. dozen ; Peaches, home, 2s. 6rf. to fs.
do. ; Grapes. English, M. to la, per lb, ; do,, Museats,
lid. to urf. do. ; do,, Guernsey, .5rf. to 8ff. do. ; do,
Almcira. (is, to lis. per barrel ; do., Scotch, iid. to l.?,-6rii
per lb. : Lemons, Naples, «s, to l.'s-. |.i ■■ , , Melons,
Valencia, 3s, nd. to .5». 6d, do, ; Cucin,.' n '.., is. per

dozen ; Tomatos, English and Gimi i- ' , .' ' '" ■'■d. per
lb,; do., Scotch, 2d. to od. do.; Mu,,hi uum, , 'A. to Is,
per lb. : Onions, Valencia, 3s, 9d. to 4s. lici. per ease ;
do.. Oporto, ,38, 6<f to 6s. do.

Liveupool: Sept. U..— Wholes<de VeyctaUe Market.—
Potatos, per cwt. : Up-to-Date, 28. 8(f. to 3s. 2d.; Main
Crop, 4s. 3d. to 5s. ; Bruce, 3s. lid. to 4s. ; Turnips,
lid. to 8((. per dozen bunches ; Swedes, Is. 6(f. to 2s.
per cwt, ; Carrots, 6d, to ed. per dozen bunches;
Onions, English, 58. to 6s. per cwt. ; do,, foreign, 3s..6(i
to 4s. lid. do, ; Parsley, 6((, to 8((, per dozen bunches;
Cucumbers, Is, .3fi, to 28, iW. per dozen; Cauliflowers,
Is. '.id. to 2s, ikl. do, ; Calibages, 10((, to Is, 6d, do, ;
Celerv, U>d. to li. M. do. St. Johns : Potatos, Is. id. per
peek ;'G^ape3, English, Is.3((. to 28,6d. per lb,; do,, foreign,
id. do,; Pineapples, English, 6s, each; Apples, 2d. to
id. per II), ; Pears, id. per 11), ; Tomatos, 6ti. per
lb.; Damsons, \}.d. do,; Cucumbers, 3'(, to 4rf. each ;
Mushrooms, 4((,'lo 8d. per lb. Birkenhead: Potatos,
lOrf. to Is. per peek; Cucumbers, 2d. to id. eaph ;
Grapes, English, Is. nd. to .3s. per lb. ; do., foreign,
id. to 8((, do, ; Mushrooms, M. \.oM. do.

216

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septemder 14, 1001.

CORN.

Average Prices of British Corn (per imperial qr.),
ior the week ending Sept. 7, and for the corresponding
period of IStOO, together with tlie difference in the
quotations. These figures are based on tlie Official
Weekly Return :—

Description.

1900.

1901.

Difference.

Wheat

s. d.

28 7

26

rf.

5

«. d.

— 2 2

Barley

25 a

25

1

— 0 7

Oats

17 10

17

6

— 0 4

W^CorncipoTdcnU

An Inch of Rain : Yonnrj Oardencr. An inch
of rain is equivalent to 4j gallons per square
yard, or 27,l5t gallons, or 101 tons per acre.

Begonia Rust ; B'. L. and L. S. R. The mis-
chief is due to a mite. Syringe the leaves
with tobacco-water.

Boors : J. ff. JV. The Forcincf Garden, by
Samuel Wood (Crosby Lockwood & Co.',
Stationers' Hall Court, Ludgate Hill, E.C)
We are not aware of a new edition having
been published since the work appeared in
1881. Villa Gavdcning. by Hobday. Pub-
lished by Macmillan & Co., St. Martin's
Street, Leicester Square, is a useful general
manual. — W. P. How to lay out a Garden, by
E. Kemp. Published by Bradbury, Agnew
& Co., Ltd., 11, Bouveric Street, London,
E.C. ; The Art and Craft of Garden Makinq,
by T. H. Mawson. Published by B. T. Bats-
lord, 94, High Holboni, London; Art and
Practice of Landscape (lurdeninii, of the
author, H. E. Milner, Dulwich Wood, Nor-
wood, London, S.E. : orof Simpkin, Marshall.
Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd., Stationers' Hall
Court, London.

■Sentaurea nigra ; H. B. Only to be got rid
of by high manuring to favour the growth of
the grasses. As far as possible, cut off the
flower-heads to prevent the dispersion of
seed.

CillRYSANTHEMUM RusT : //. H.M. Try a solu-
tion of potassium bisulphide — J oz. to a
gallon of water.

Coast Sites for Estahlisiiinc; a Market
Garden : ir. R. L. Fogs are less prevalent
in Sussex and Kent than along the coasts of
Hants, Dorset, and Devon ; or what amounts
to the same thing, the first two enjoy, as a
rule, more sunshine the year through, with
perhaps the exception of the district about
Torquay.

BODBLE Mushrooms : J. .4. O. The accidental
union of two individuals when very young.
Specimens are frequently sent to us.

-Jbrn Damaged, Fronds Coiled : G. F. .Scoff
Elliot. Scale insects. You might try
petroleum emulsion, u.sed with a mode-
itately hard tooth-brush. You may buy
this at the florists, or make it your-
self, with one quart of warm water, one
ounce of soft-soap, and a table-spoon-
/ul of petroleum. It must be kept stirred
while being used. Ferns once much infested
with scale are seldom quite freed from the
insects till the fronds have died down or
iemoved,and then the root-stock and coiled-
up new fronds are difficult to deal with.
Repeated vaporising with XL AH would
have the best effects on these, it being
impossible to remove them with washes and
brush.

TOREST School: T. cS' Hon. Apply to the
Indian Engineering College Forestry Depart-
ment, Coopers Hill, near Staines. The
Forest School at Nancy, France, is excellent,
and there are numerous German schools.

Kall on Oak : The cherry-like gall on the leaf
is om.sei by an insect, Dryophantha folii.

Grapes: M. A. Y'our Grapes are "spotted"
with a fungus — Glceosporium. Burn the
berries.

LiMUM oiganteum : W.Clark. Immediately on
arrival, if it be open weather, plant them in
a warm, sunny, well-drained position, in a
moderately eniiched loamy soil, containing
•a considerable proportion of road grit or
coarse sand. Put the bulbs into the soil,
which should be made firm beneath and
around them, with the tops of the bulbs 5 to
(5 inches under the general level, and not
less than ?• feet apart. Having done this
and made the soil level, afford a mulch of
spent dung or leaf-mould, and if you have
hand-glasses or clochca. put one over each
bulb, keeping it on in wet, snowy, and frosty
weather, but removing it early in the spring.
This is one of those Lilies that is benefited by
having planted thinly around it some shrubs
i>r summer-flowering plants, growing to a
height of 2 feet or a little more, which will
.nfford shade to the soil and to the stems of
the Lilies. If the balbs arrive during a term
of hard frost, plant them in smallish pots,
keeping a cold pit free from frost (plunged
in tree leaves, litter, or coal-ashes), afford
little or no water, and plant in the open in
March, or earlier, according to the weather,
without breaking up the balls.

Malformation of Roots of Chf.liddnium
MAJUS VAR. : B. & S. The dense growth of
adventitious masses of roots is caused by
irritation of the roots, set up by ants. G. M.

Melons Out-OF-DooRS : F. Dent. Taking the
.seasons generally, the summer heat is not
great enough in this country to ripen off the
fruit, and then there is always the risk of
heavy rain causing the fruit to crack, and
become worthless. Our varieties of Melons,
when grown out-of-doors in Southern Europe,
suffer in this manner from rain.

Names of Plants : Correspondents not ansivered
in this issue are requested to be so good as to
consult the follotving number. — Ti'iffs. 1,
Quercus rubra, sn far as we can tell
from the leaf only; 2, gall on Oak, the
work of a Cynips ; 3, Quercus, not Ifnown ;
4, Juniperus virginiana ; .j, Juniperus
virginiana, var. Schotti ; d. Saponaria
otiicinalis. — C. R. P. 1, Codijeum (Croton)
trilobum ; 2, Cocliseum irregulare ; 3,
Selaginella rubricaulis; 4, Celsia cretica ;
.■), Odontoglossum Coradinei ; 6, Odontoglos-
suni odoratum. — H. C. 1, Antherieum lineare
variegatum ; 2, Antherieum liueare mar-
ginatum ; 3, Reineekia carnea variegata ;
4, Bambusa Fortunei variegata ; 5, Dracrena
ornata ; 6, Erigeron bellidifolium. — W. D. 1,
Acalypha mu^aica; 2, Selaginella dentieu-
lata ; 3, Hieracium aurantiaeum ; 4, Tecoma
jasminoides ; 5, Polystichum aculeatum ; 0,
Davallia elegans. — Baritm. 1, Lysimachia
nummularia : 2, Oxalis Bowei ; 3, Erigeron
bellidifolium ; 4, Sedura telephium ; 5, .Spirwa
callosa; 6, Hibiscus syriacus, the so-called
Althaea frutex.— G. C. 1, Eurya latifolia ; 2,
Thuya gigantea aureo-variegata ; 3, Thuya
occidentalis ; 4, Cupressus Lawsoniana ; 5,
Thuya occidentalis aurea ; fi. Thuya orien-
talis var. — J. K. 1, Clematis tubulosa ; 2,
Crataegus coccinea ; 3, probably Pinus ex-
celsa; 4, Quercus rubra ; ."), Acer eriocarpum ;
(1, Pieea Morinda. — J. H. Alnusglistinosa var.
laciniata. — W. J. R. Clematis tubulcsa. —
J. .7. One of the many forms of Lilium
auratum near rubro-vittatnm.

Notice to Leave Service: H. .S. A month's
notice under ordinary circumstances in the
case of employer and gardener.

pAK-(iALLS: J.C.G. Oak-spangles, the work
of an insect, Neuroterus Icnticularis.

Punts for a Small Glass-coveked Yard,
Heated with an Oil Stove in Hard
We.vther : Subscriber. Y'oueou'd safely grow
Camellias, hardy hybrid Rhododendrons, Pit-
tosporums, New Zealand shrubby Veronicas,
New Zealand Flax, Myrtles, Eugenias,
Himalayan Rhododendrons, Bignonia radi-
cans, Loniceras, common Passion flower.
Fuchsias, Magnolia fuscata, Aralla papyri-

fera, and A. Sieboldi. Ferns, such as
.Vdiantum capillus veneris, Osmunda regalis,
Woodwardia radieans, Woodsia alpina, W.
ilvensis, Trichomanes radieans, Scolopen-
d'ium vulgare in great variety, Pteris aqui-
lina common Bracken, very beautiful when
grown under glass protection ; Polystichum
angulare, many forms of this ; Polypodium
Dryopteris, P. phegopteris, and numerous
forms of P. vulgare. iLastrea fllix Mas (male
Fern), and its many forms ; Cystopteris in
variety, Athyriums, such as the many forms
of A. 'filix-fcemina (the Lady Fern). The
above named Ferns are mostly Briti-sh, and
quite hardy, or capable of enduring green-
house treatment. Cyrtomium falcatum (Holly-
Fern) should not be omitted.
Potato Malformation: Dicksons <ind W. J.
See reply to H. Turner in cur issue for
September 7.
Red-spiuer on Violet Plants : A.T. B. There
is nothing better than to thoroughly wet the
plants with a syringe having a rectangular
nozzle, holding it close to the ground so as
to reach the undersides of the leaves. It
should be done night and morning for a
week, and then only once a day, morning or
evening, accordingly as the weather is wet
or dry. Red-spider cannot endure a con-
tinued state of moisture, and they will
leave the Violets for more congenial quarters.
On naturally dry soils, this is the only way
in which violets can be kept healthy.
*** ill .spite of an extra number of pages in
this week's issue, we are compelled, much against
our ivilt, to omit mang communications and
illustrations for which space cannot be found.

Communications Received.— J. G.— C. J. M.— J. C. G.—
W. C— W. J. A.— A. R. P., Nice— Towler & Son— K. C.
—J. W. M.— Pollcxfen & Co.— R. N..— Tea Rose—
K McF.— H. Havelock-R. P.-D. R.— G. B. M.— A. D.
—J. O'B — S. A.— C. F. L. Mathew Allan— J. B.—
a. \V. E.— T. R.— H. J. F.— A. M. C— T. Smith— A.
Candy— G. F. W.— Alpha— G.M.—H. D. W.— A. Bennett
—A. Groom.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

I'lKl

tin- l.lsl

^ Gardener to

May PI a

Mrs. LEVETT, .MiIIm|,1 |I.,I1, Sl;illMid.

■. JAME.S Me Run I , in i hi ij-i i\\, . ye;irs Gardener at
Tlie Tower, Sdiiili i.niKN.nc-, .-^uiicy, and previously
for over twenty years Gardener at Watersfield
Towers, Pulboi'ough, Sussex, as Gardener to Mrs.
J. H. Leech, Hurdcott House, Salisbury.

■. \. W. Coates, for the past three and half years
Foreman in the gardens at Denton Manor, (iran-
thain, as Gardener to H. Stafford O'Brien, Esq.,
Blatherwycke Park, Wansford, Northamptonshire.

• L. Jefferv, for the last four years Gardener at
Grove Hall. Kimttingley, as Manager for J. T.
BucKTciN, Esi| , F^iirfax Nursei'y, Cemetery Road,
Bcoston Hill, Leeds.

i.i.iAM DiNcw.iiL, for the last four years Head Gar-
dener at King's Oak. High Beech, Loughton, Essex,
as Head Gardener to Edward Sthacey, Esq.,
Audley, New liarnct, entering on his duties Sept. 24.

■. E Helps, for ten years Foreman in the Gardens,
Caldecote Hall, Nuneaton, Warwickshire, as Head
Gardener to E. H. Atchley, Esq., Rodwell Hall,
Trowbridge, Wilts.

•. Henry Sharman, of Purley Hall Gardens, Pang-
liourne, and formerly at Broomfield Hall, Sunning-
dale, as Head Gardener to Alfred C. Harmsworth,
Esq., Elmwood, St. Peter's, Kent, entering upon his
duties, September 23.

•. W. Ward, for the past two years Gardener at Nor-
folk House, Brandon, as Gardener to H. Tren-
orouse, Esq., Chesfleld, Hampton Wiek, Middlesex.
[The postal order sent with announcement of your
appointment has been paid to the Gardeners'
Roval Orphan Fund.]

•. F. Clark, for the past thirteen years at Teddesley
Park, Penkridge, StalTnrd. .as Head Gai-dener to Lord
B.iTEMAN, Shobdon Court, Sliobdon, Herefordshire.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Robeht Veitch i Sons, 5t, High Street, Exeter.
TofiOOD Jc Sons, Royal Seedsmen, Southampton,

BULBS AND ROOTS.

Thos. Kennedy ,1,: 1m , llijli str.et. Imiiifries.

Dicksons, Royal Seed jn.l Hull. Warelmuse, Chester.

H. Cannell it Sons, .Swanlev, Kent

Bruce & Roberts, 4B, Castle Street, Forfar, N.B.

\V. Smith & Son, 18, Market Street, Aberdeen, N.B.

ANT. Roozen & Son, Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.
Agents : Mertens & Co., 3, Cross Lane, St. Mary-af-
Hill. London, E.C.

TooiiOOD ct Sons. Southampton.

John K. Kino, Coggleshall and Reading.

J. R. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell Nurseries, Lowdhara,
Notts.

Barr & Sons, 11, 12, and 1.3, King Street, Covent Gar-
den, London, W.C— Daffodils, Hyacinths, Tulips,
Gladioli, &c.

September 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHROXICLE.

217

THE

No. im.— SATURDAY, SEPT. 21, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Aster sinensis ;

Basic slag :

Bruges, horticultural

show at ;.. ... :

Cactus Dahlias ... I

Canua, Orchid flower-
ing "Kate Gray" ... :
Cape Gooseben-y, the :
Continental novelties-
Strawberry Johanu
Count Harrach ... :
Crinuuis, hardy, and

their culture ... :

Dahlia, Leek, and
Onion show, Koyal

Aquarium S

Experiments in hy-
bridisation ;

Food of some birds in-
habiting an orchard i
Foreign correspond-
ence-
Tulip Brunhilde ... £
Fruit and vegetable

drying i

Fruit-trees in pots ... S
Gerbera"SirMicliaer' i
German S.W. . Africa ... i
Grape Diamond Jubilee i
Grape I.ady llnit ... i
Hereford, show nf gar-
den produi'cat ... i
Horticultural lectures

in Gloucestershire... 5
I-achnanthcs tinctoria 1
Lake at Sherborne

Castle i

Lilies from seed ... :

My, reign of i

Melons, a good crop of S
Melon, Koyally. new... i
Montreal Botanic Gar-
dens 2

Obituary—
Geo. Davidson
C. M. Skinner
Orchid notes and

gleanings

Peaches, silver-leaf in
Peas, a remarkable

row of

Pentstemons

Prichard's nursery,
! Christchurch
' ProliferousCucumbers
Publications received
RosaO", the—

Autumnal Roses ...
Societies-
Derby Horticultui-al
Eaglesfield Horti-
cultural

French Horticul-
tural

Mid-Annandale Hor-
ticultural

Manchester and
North of England

Orchid

National Chrysan-
themum

Royal Caledonian

Horticultural
Royal Horticultural i

Wall gardening
Week !i Work, the-
Flower Garden
Fruits under Glass..
Hardy Fruit Garden
Kitchen Garden ...
Orchid Houses, the.
Plants under Glass .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Gray " (Supple-

Orchid-llnMcrini,' Canna
nicnl.iiv Illu-lralion).

Brufc-. Hill tu uKural Show in the Market Square 219

Cuciimlici-. pioliforous 22»

Culinary I'cu-, a remarkable row of 223

Melon-house, Hillside. Groombridge 231

Montreal Botanic Gardens 221

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DRYINO.
A New Gloucesteksiiihe Industry.

MR. JAMES HARPER, a well-known
cider merchant, of Eblcy, Stroud,
Gloucestershire, who, a few years ago, deli-
vered a series of lectures on cider-making,
under the auspices of the Gloucestershire
County Council, has for the last three or
four years lieen devoting coiisiderahle time
and attention to the question of the drying
of fruit and vogetaMcs, and tliis year he is
making extended cxiierimcnts with Plums,
later on in the season with Apples, and later
still with vegetables. Amongstothervarietics,
111' liii- successfully dried " Black Diamonds,"
■ \'i' I'll ias,"'(irccn Gages" King of the Gages,"
• Oi liiiiis," and Damsons. After carefully
testing the different dryers, Mr. Harper
considers that the " Invicta Ryder Dryer,'"
as sold Vjy Messrs. L. Lumley & Co., the
Minories, London, is the best for the
purpose. The machine in ijuestion is known
as the No. 3 (a) type, and the cost is about
.480. This machine dries from 15 cwt. to a
ton of Plums per day, and fi'om a ton to
iJ3 cwt. of Api)lcs in the same time. Small
machines, capable of drying 4o lb. weight of
fruit a day can, however, be purchased of
Messrs. Lumley & Co. at as low a figure as

3.3.S., and the work turned out by these small
machines is, in Mr. Harper's opinion, quite
equal, if not superior, to that of the larger
apparatus.

In the course of an interview, ^Ir. Harper
said that in France it was the custom for the
small grower to dry his own fruit. Ovens
are used there, Init his own experience told
him that dryers were preferable, because
while the oven not only dried the moisture,
it dissipated some of the flavour, the dryer
dried equally well, but concentrated the
flavour. The French grower took his Plums
into the market in a dry condition, and the
purchasers who were the " finishers,"' bought
from him during the months of October,
November, and December. That is the
system he would like to see adopted here. At
the present time Mr, Harper does the whole
of the drying process himself, but owing to
the difficulty when buying in a fruit market
of getting the fruit in a suitable condition of
ripeness and properly assorted, he should
much prefer to do the work of the " finisher"
only. In America, said Mr. Harper, Plum
and Prune - growing for drying is enor-
mously on the increase, and so also is
it in France, In these countries, when
there is a great glut of fruit, there is uni-
versal jubilation amongst the fruit-growers.
On the other hand, in England, when there
is a great glut of fruit on the trees, there is
something approaching universal despair —
that is, from the point of view of th(> grower
— as the prices are so bad. Having, how-
ever, proved the absolute possibilities of the
drying process, there is no reason at all why
this state of things in England should not
be altered. His hope and belief is that
growers of perishable pi'0<lucts, such as fruit
and vegetables, would be able, by adopting
the plan he suggests, to profitably increase
their production, instead of having, as at the
present time, to deplore bad markets and
poor pi'ices whenever there is a greatly
increased yield of fruit or vegetaldes.

Coming to the linaiicial aspect of the
question, Mr. Harper said that English
Plums lost from two-thirds to three-fourths
of their original weight in the drying pro-
cess. Put it at the extrenie figure, three-
fourths, and that would mean that the initial
price of the fruit had to be multiplied by
four. The price at which he had recently
bought the finest "Victorias" he had ever
seen in the Gloucester fruit market, averaged
under 4.'t. per pot of 84 lb,, which is equiva-
lent to 5«. 6d. per cwt. That would mean
that the fruit when dried would cost about
•Z\<1. per lb,, or 2is. per cwt. Putting the cost
of diying at a penny per pound on the dry
product, which was excessive, he claimed
that the fruit would be worth to the
"finisher" at least double. Dried fruit not
one bit better than that which he had
alluded to, and of foreign growth, was to his
knowledge sold at a leading shop in Bir-
mingham at I.'*, per lb, .VII fruit which he
had come across grown in England, when
dried was equal to, and in many cases
superior to, that which was grown abroad.

Dried fruit will keep for any reasonable
length of time, and he had tasted Plums
that were grown eight years before, and had
been dried in England with excellent re-
sults. Not long ago he partook of an Apple-
tart made of fruit which was stagecl at
the Windsor Show and diied in this country
in 1887.

Mr, Harper has not confined his attention
to fruit, but has successfully dried Potatos,
Parsnips, Carrots, French Beans, Peas, and
Turnips, by the aid of the same apparatus.
"When it is considered that the importations
of dried vegetables are enormously on the
increase, and that His Majesty's Government
are buying all the dried vegetables for the
troops in South Africa — auaounting to many
tons per day — entirely from Germany, be-
cause there is a lack of sufficient enterprise
to do the same thing in England, the vast
importance of the subject will be manifest
to every thoughtful person,' Wherever it is
not possible for the system to be carried out
by individual effort, Mr, Harper advocates
that the work should bo done on co-operative
prini-iples.

THE FOOD OF SOME BIRDS
INHABITING AN ORCHARD,

(Conctuited from p. 197.)
M.Mtsii TiTMOfSE (Parus pal ustris).— Curi-
ously enough, this was the commonest
member of the Paridiv observed, I only saw
the commoner blue and great titmice once
or twice during a week's close observation.
My lirst acquaintaiu'e with P. palustris was
at the commencement of my observations,
when I accidentally came across a little
fellow clinging to a ripe old Thistle head,
from which I presumed it was taking plant-
lice, or some other insect. To my sur[)rise,
however, I could find no trace of insects of
any kind upon the plant. Subsequently 1
fre(iuently saw them frequenting the heads
of the Marsh Thistle, and with my glasses
could distinctly see them extracting the
seeds after the same manner as the gold-
finch. The only individual examined was
found to contain a quantity of the seed,
besides fragments of plant-bugs, ichneumons,
and beetles. Members of the tit family are
almost omnivorous, but I was not aware
before that they would eat the seeds of
Thistles, although I had recently seen them
feeding uiion the |)artly ri|)ened fruit of the
Sunflower,

Nuthatch (Siiia avuia, Mey,), — This spe-
cies was common, but generally occurred
singly, and although the summer was far
advanced, the breeding song was often
repeated. The bird examined had been
feeding upon earwigs, small beetles, and a
plant-l)ug; all, with the exeei)tion of the
earwig, were in too fragmentar}' a condition
for identification.

Green WooDPEtJKEU (Picus viridis).— This
useful species was wisely protected through-
out the year. Every few hours one of these
birds wouM pay the orchard a visit, liut rarely
stayed for more than a few minutes. Almost
all kinds of wood -boring beetles and their
larv;e, or apparently any insect which fre-
quents the barkof trees, are devoured by these
birds; but they subsist very largely upon
ants, of which they devoiu" great (juantities.
Referring to some of my earlier ^;o.v;-//(oW(^h(.
examinations of this species, I find that one
individual taken in August contained twenty-
three earwigs, and a large quantity of ants.
This record will therefore serve as an illus-
tration of what the birds are likely to obtain
in an orchard at this period of the year.

Goldfinch (Cardiiclis deyans, St.). — This
delightful little songster was also protected in
the same area throughout the year. During
the Thistle season they seem to subsist

218

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 21, 1901.

entirely upon the seeds of these plants. One
of the most beautiful sights I ever wit-
nessed was about 5 o'clock one morning,
when I accidentally came across a small
flock of these birds feeding below me on a
huge bed of giant Thistles. Occasionally one
would utter its familiar twitter ; but they
were unusually quiet, and when the birds
flew from one Thistle head to another, the
silent flight, and the brilliant yellow band
formed by the primaries, reminded me more
of huge hawk-moths than birds. I have
never seen the species so abundant else-
where. They constantly visited the orchard,
and were altogether as common as the house-
sparrows in the same district.

Bullfinch {Pyrrkula europxa, V.). — This
bird is much less common than the gold-
finch, and confines itself more to the rough
hedges. An immature bird, which was found
dead, contained a quantity of the seeds of
the common Elder, and also a few of the
Blackberry, which conclusion proves they
had been feeding upon the fruits of these
plants.

Butcher-bird or Shrike (Lanius collurio,
Lin.). — It gives one pleasure to be able to say
that this interesting bird was quite common
— two families frequented the orchard
and surrounding fields. They were also
freely met with in other parts of the district,
but they confined themselves chiefly to the
tall rough hedgerows, where they could be
constantly seen feeding their fully-fledged
young. Strange to say, I searched in vain
for their '• larders," although I have fre-
quently found them in districts in North
Wales, where they are comparatively rare.
Humble-bees enter very largely into their
dietary, and they are also fond of the larger
species of beetles.-' The remains of the
insects supplied to the young birds may be
found at the bottom of their nest. ■

Rook {Corviis fnigilegus, Lin.). — A small
party of these birds came very early in the
morning, Ijut cleared off. so soon as the'
workmen canie.about. They were searching
chiefly among the comparatively fresh dung
for beetles, upon which they very largely
subsist at this period of the year. One
morning, at 4.55, I saw several of these birds
suspiciously engaged among the Ijranches of
an early Pear-tree. I got a long shot at one
of them, which I found on dissecting had
filled himself with the fruit and with one
large dung-ljeetle."' On examining the tree,
I also found some fruit had been broken from
the tree, and showed unmistakable evidence
that the whole party had been feeding upon
them. Subsequently I was informed that
in the previous year almost the entire crop
had been taken by these birds and carrion
crows. As a warning, I tied the unfortunate
victim to a branch of the Pear-tree, which, I
am glad to say, entirely put a stop to their
depredations.

■ LoNG-E.4.RED-0\VL (Asio otus, Lin.)^A pair
of these birds had taken up their abode in a
deserted carrion crow's nest, and, judging
from its condition, they had either reared a
brood there, or frequented it as a resting
place. Under the nest I got a number of
"pellets," and I also found others under the
adjacent Pear-trees. The birds were remark-
ably shy during the day-time, aiid invariably
flew from tree to tree on near approach.
One sunny morning, about 6..30, one of them

2« Necrophorus Immator and nioi'tuorum.
'^ Geotruiies stcrcorarius and spiniger.

flew quite away from the orchard, and
across several fields, until out of sight — a
rather unusual habit for this species. The
" pellets " referred to consist of the undi-
gested portions of the food — bones, fur,
feathers, <fec., and they give an exact re-
cord of what the biVds feed upon. The
examples I found contained the remains of
the following : — mole, common shrew, long-
tailed field-mouse, l>lackbird (one), but quite
25 per cent, consisted of the remains of
large dung beetles;-* some pellets Ijeing en-
tirely made up of them and grass. I should
add that the species of beetle referred to
was exceedingly common. I dug as many
as fourteen examples from under one heap
of dung, and in the evening one could hear
them buzzing about all over the place.

I have nothing further to add, and must
ask the reader to judge of the merits or
demerits of the species dealt with ; but I
trust that the few records which I have been
able to make will give us a better under-
standing as to the exact nature of the food
of birds found inhabiting an orchard in
August, and show us what an important,
though subtle, part they play in reducing
the number of insects which feed upon the
products of the orchard or farm. Neces-
sarily the food would vary according to the
season, and soft-bodied caterpillars v?ould
enter very largely into the dietarv of nestling
birds. R. N. '

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

We have received from Mr. Henkel, of Darm-
stadt, specimens of the following plants, many
of which are new to our gardens. Wo append
short descriptions of the specimens, but we
take the names as Mr. Henkel gives them to
us, as, although we have been able to verify
the nomenclature in some, we have been unable
to do so in other cases.

Delphinium scopulorum, Grcnj*

A toll-gi'owing species, slightly pubcrulous, with tlic
usual very deeply cut orbicular leaves, and spikes 'of
moderately sized, intensely blue, glabrous flowers,
with a spur double the length of the sepals. The plant
has a very ornauieutal character.

It is a native of the Rocky Mountains from New
Mexico to British America.

Geranium iNcisuiw.t

A tall-growing, loosely-branched perennial, from
North-west America, with the stems covered with
viscid glandular pubescence, as if to prevent access of
undesirable insects. Leaf-stalks of cauline leaves,
J inch (15 mill.). Cauline leaves 1^ in. (4 cent.), roundish,
deeply 3— .Vlobed, central lobe longest, oblong, ending
in three short lobules. Peduncles spreading, 2J ins.
(6—7 cent.) long, dividing into two pedicels about Ij in.
(4 cent.). Flowers i inch (13 mill.) across. Sepals her-
biceous, oblong obtuse, apiculate, covered with glan-
dular hairs. Petals purple, obovate, entire, thinly beset
with long white hairs. Styles and ovary thickly covered
with glandular hairs.

CaSTILLEJA INTEGRA. J
A perennial species from New Mexico, with thinly
pubescent, loosely branched stems ; cauline leaves
3 inches long (7 to 8 cent.), sessile, linear three-nerved,
villosulous, especially on the under surface." Flowers
in dense terminal spikes, each subtended by a boat-
shaped, orange-scarlet, three-nerved bract, 1 inch long
(nearly 3 cent.) ; calyx tubular beneath, dividing above
the middle into four lanceohate. one-uei-ved segments,
at first green, but which ultimately become scarlet.
Corolla tubular below, tube narrow, curved, limb

'^ Geotrupes sterco'rarius and spiniger.

» See Gr.ay. Plant, n'right. ii. 9, ex Coulter. Mainial
of the Boianv n( ihr. Rnckii .Vnimtain Region, 188.5, p. U ;
Brewer & W.atsnii. i:,iln:,ii ■:( i ■niiinr„i„, 1880, r. U.
. t Geranium imi.^nni. Xiitudl, (<\ T.irrey and Gr.ay, Fl,
1.206; Brewer :iiia S. Wats. .11 iii Jinlmui of Calijornia, i.,
1880, p. 94. '

I Castilleja integral ^ A. Gray in Torrey, Mexican
Boundary.

hooded, two-lobed, upper lobe erect, narrow, com-
pressed, partly green, partly orange, lower lobe
abortive, of three small green lobes. Stamens five from
the middle of the tube of the corolla ; filaments equal,
glabrous ; anthers linear ; ovary ovoid, conic, short
glabrous, terminating in a long, thread-like, white
style.

This plant is as remarkable in structure as it is
attractive in appearance, the orange-scarlet bracts
rendering it very conspicuous. It is a near ally of our
common Eyebright. All the flowers we examined had
five equal stamens, instead of four didynamous ones,
as is customary in the genus, but whether this is &
constant peculiarity we do not know. Many of these
plants are partially parasitic on the roots of other
plants, for which reason they are likely to be difficult
to cultivate.

Pentstemon virgatus.

A herb, with straight descending somewhat fleshy
roots. Basal leaves tufted, 4 to .5 inches (10 to 13 cent.)
long, narrow, linear acute, tapering to a broad base
entire, somewhat conduplicate, greyish-green, covered
with very minute whitish scales. Stem, 20 to 22 inches
(.52 to 56 cent.), erect, terete, green upper leaves, 1^ inch
(4 cent.), sessile, linear acute. Flowers loosely ar-
ranged in long, loose, erect racemose cymes ; lower
pedicels as long as the leaves, upper ones longer.
Calyx cup-shaped, of five green ovate lanceolate sepals,
5 mill, long, with white membranous edges. Corolla.
5 inch long (2 cent.), pale lilac, irregularly funnel-
shaped, with a two-lobed limb, upper lobe with two,
lower with three, rounded lobes. Stamens included
glabrous filaments, provided at the apex with a knob-
like process, antliers deflexed, purplish; style filiform,
white; ovary glabrous.

Presumably this is the P. virgatus of A. Gray, ill
Torrey's Botany o/ the Mexican Border, but we have not
verified it.

Pentstemon spectabilis.*

A tall-growing species, with glaucous, fleshy, ovate-
oblong dentate leaves, about 3 ins. (7 — 8 cent.) long,
rounded near the base, and tapering abruptly into a
leaf-stalk about 3 cent. long. Tlie uppermost leaves are
connate at the base, forming a cup around the stem.
Flowers in loose racemose cymes ; pedicels slender,
1 cent. long. : calyx shorter than tlie pedicel, of five
oblong obtuse herbaceous lobes. Corolla \ in. (2 cent,
long), tubular, tube narrow beneath, obliquely dis-
tended above, limb two-lobed, tipper lobe with two,
lower with three, obtuse subdivisions; sterile stamen,
with a tuft of hair at the back.

This is one of the handsomest species, and has long
been known in our gardens, having been figured in the
Botanical Magazine, tab. 5260. It is a native of California
and .Vrizona.

Aster carnosus, Hort. Henkel {not of Gray).

A straggling, loosely-branclied plant with slender
glabrous branclies ; cauline leaves, 3 inches (7 to 8 cent.),
linear entire, sessile, glabrous, upper leaves much
smaller ; flower-heads about 2 cent, across, with a
many-rowed involucre of linear bracts recurved at the
tips ; rays violet, disc orange.

This is a pretty species, but the name given to it
requires confirmation, as the characters do not agree
with tliose of the Aster carnosus of Asa Gray, Synop-
ticrH Flora oj North America, 1884, vol. i., part 2, p. 202.

Aster multiflorus, Gray.t

A much-branched species, with ascending, wiry,
glabrous branches ; cauline leaves, 2h inches (6 cent.),
sessile, linear, rough; upper leaves much smaller;
flower-heads solitary at the ends of the branches, Icent.
deep ; involucre of many rows of linear oblong apicu-
late bracts, recurved at the tips ; ray florets whitisli.

A species widely distributed throughout the north-
east and north-west United States, extending south
as far as Texas and .Vrizona, and varying much in
consequence.

Erigeron neo-Mexicanus.J

A perennial (?) sparingly beset witli coarse hairs, re-
motely branched with spreading wiry branches.
Cauline leaves 2 to 3 inches (5 to 6 cent.) long, nearly
glabrous, oblong, pinnately lobed ; lobes remote, linear
obtuse, terminal lobe largest ; upper leaves gradually
diminishing in size. Flower-heads loosely panicled,
2 cent, across. Involucre of many rows of linear,
acuminate incurved hairy bracts, increasing in size
from without inwards. Ray florets linear white re-
curved; disc florets tubular yellow; pappus faintly
plumose; receptacle flat. The plant is a native of hill-
sides in New Mexico and Arizona.

Polygonum amplexicaule album.

This is sufficiently indicated by its name. Tl-e very
long tubular •' ocreate" stipules are very remarkable,
and the long dense spikes of white flowers are not
devoid of attractiveness. It is a native of Nipal.

* Asa Gray,.in Torrey, Mexican Boundary, 112.

t Asa Gray, Synoptical , Flora oj So.-lh Anfii-a, vol. i.,
part 2 (1884), p. "185).

- I Asa Gray, Eroc. Amer. .-IcntZ:, lix., 2, es. Synop'.icaf.
Flora 0 North America, vol. i., part 2 (1884), p. 219.

SEPTEilBER 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

219

BRUGES.

We are enabled this week to lay before our
readers an illustration (fig. 64) of the recent
show at Bruges, for report of which see p. 192
in our issue for Sept. 7. The central square of
the delightful old town was on this occasion
transformed into a garden of delight. The old
Belfry has looked down on many a stirring
sight, but never on a more pictural one. We
gave a report of the show in a former issue,
and now give a view in the market square in
the hope that the example so spiritedly set
ma J' be widely followed. Of course, the tender
plants were exhibited under cover.

being the name of the white Grape staged.
The Peaches consisted of Crimson Galande,
the largest tree of which was about ten years
old, growing in a pot 18 inches in diameter,
10 feet high, and carrying about five dozen
large, highly coloured fruits ; the foliage being
large for trees of the size indicated, and
restricted at the roots to the limits of an
18-inch pot, and perfectly clean. Dagmar,
General Lee (an American variety), about
8 feet high, and carrying a good crop of large
fruit, fine in size and colour. The same
remark applies to the several fine specimens
of the Dagmar and Champion Peach, the trees

unmistakable evidence of high cultural skill
having been bestowed upon them during the
whole period of their growth, from the annual
autumnal potting up to the date of the trees
being exhibited. This exhibit, notwithstand-
ing the fact that the Mossi-s. Kivers may have
had hundreds of pot trees of the kinds in-
dicate<l to select from, was the finest of the
kind hitherto seen by the writer. The Peach
and Nectarine-trees, too, presented a graceful
and natural appearance, owing to the fact
of the young bearing shoots of the previous
year's growths having been only shortened
back a little ; in the process of pruning the

11 UAl. KXllIlirnON IN THE MAllkin SlJLAltE, UKffJES.

FRUIT-TREES IN POTS.
One of the features observed at the re-
cent Shrewsbury Show was Messrs. Rivers
& Son's exhibition of fruit-trees in pots, an
exhibit which justly enough commanded a great
deal of attention, and excited the admiration
alike of the inimerous expert fruit-growers
present at the show, as well as of the general
public appearing thereat in their thousands —
some 70,000 to 80,000 people on both days of
the show. The exhibit in question consisted
of Peaches, Nectarines, Pears, Plums, Cherries,
Apples, and Grape-vines, black and white
varieties. The Vines were two-year-old canes,
trained round and over a flat trellis about
4 feet high from the pot, these being wide and
round on the top, and narrowing down to the
diameter (12 inches) of the individual pots.
Each Vine (of which there were several speci-
mens of each kind) had about a dozen good
even-sized bunches as a crop, "Gradiska"

from 0 to 8 feet in height being in pots rang-
ing from 12 to 15 inches in diameter.
They were pyramidal iti shape, the top 2 or
2J feet of growth constituting the pyramidal
forms consisting of the current year's make.
The Nectarines consisted of Dryden, bearing a
good crop of large, well-coloured fruit ; and
Rivers' Orange, also carrying a good crop of
high quality fruit. The white Uigarreau
Cherry was well rei>rosented. Pears Louise
Bonne of Jersey, in 10-inch pots, had twelve
largo fruits each, which for small trees was a
good crop; Dr. Jules Guyot bore a like number
of largo, long, green fruit of the Pitmaston
Duchess type ; Conference was also in evidence.
Phnns Swan, round, re<l, large fruit of the
SulUm form ; and Belle do Louvain, fruit very
large and good. A small tree of Peasgood's
Nonsuch Apple ha<l several fruits of immense
size on it, these being lino in form and hand-
some in appearance.
One and all of the trees in this exhibit bore

superfluous growths having been cut cleaa
away, and in some cases spurred hard back.
Thus treated, the trees are not only more
graceful in outline, but produce larger and
finer all-round fruits, and remain in a more
vigorous, healthy, and fruitful condition much
longer than trees which have been spurred in
like an Apple or Pear at pruning time.

That such trees had copious and frequent
applications of liquid-manure at the roots, in
addition to frequent and judicious top-dress-
ings with .some approved fertiliser, before
applying clear water at the roots during the
whole period of active growth, but especially
during the time they were swelling their fruits,
goes without saying. Could the trees but have
been endowed with speech, they would
doubtless have told the admiring tliousands of
people, whose mouths their luscious, tempting-
looking fruit made water at Shrewsbury, of
the generous and skilled attention which had
been bestowed upon them almost hourly during

220

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 21, 1901.

the last six months, between the hours of
sunrise and sunset, in the orchard-house at
Sawbridgeworth, the birthplace of so many
grand varieties of the Peach, Nectarine, Plum,
&c. ; including, of course, their thorough
washings overhead with clean water every
morning and afternoon, and the abundance of
fresh air which they receive between their
" washings." H. W . Ward, Awnst 2G, 1901.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATASETUM FIMBRIATUM.

Sever.IL good specimens of this singular
and rather showy species are in bloom with
J. Porster Alcock, Esq., Northchurch, Berk-
hamsted, who intends to cross it with C.
Bnngerothi, which is also flowering with him.
The flowers of C. flmbriatnm are pale green,
with purple spotting on the sepals, petals, and
side lobes of the lip. The base of the fleshy
labellum is prolonged into a conical sac, the
side lobes extended, wing-like, and fringed,
the front of the lip being also furnished with
a short fringe. The flowers are delicately
fragrant.

Mr. Alcock finds the Catasetums thrive very
satisfactorily when grown in baskets sus-
pended from the roof of the Orchid-house.
They require drying off and resting in a cool,
airy house when the growths are matured and
the leaves commence to turn yellow.

L.-ELIO-CATTLEYA X HXEGANS VARIETIES.

The varieties of Lselio-Cattleya x elegans
of the Turneri section have been very fine this
season in the collection of Henry Little, Esq.,
Baroushalt, Twickenham (gr., Mr. Howard),
where there are a number of fine forms of this
showy natural hybrid, which have been in
flower for the last two months. At present in
bloom are two remarkable forms, giving the
extremes of variation, both in form and colour.
The one is 'of the shape of the typical L.-C. x
elegans Turneri, with narrowish segments, and
a decided division of the side and front lobes
of the lip. This form is almost entirely of a
dark purple colour, the sepals having a
greenish cast over the purple tint. The other
is in form more like L.-C. x Sehilleriana, with
a more ample labellum, not showing the cleft
between th'e front and side lobes. The sepals
and petals are light rose, the front of the lip
carmine-crimson.

Two plants of the pretty L.-C x Sallieri,
and a fine example of L.-C. x velutino-elegans
are also in flower.

Aerantues cirandiflorus.
What are knowni as botanical Orchids often
find their way into collections avowedly de-
voted to showy Orchids only ; and when, after
being well grown, thOy flower, they often com-
mand more attention than the showier and
commoner subjects. An instance of this kind
appears in the gardens of Ludwig Mond, Esq.,
The Poplars, Avenue Road, Regent's Park
(gr., Mr. J. O. Clarke), where several plants
of Aeranthes grandiflorus, imported from
Madagascar, are suspended above the Cat-
tleyas, &c., on the stage of the house.
For several months the plants have been
giving their singular ivory-white, fragrant
flowers, with inflated green spurs, borne on
slender, drooping flower-spikes from 1 to 2 ft.
in length. The flowers, which are borne in
Succession one or two at a time on each spike,
are about 2 inches across, and wax-like in
texture. In some stages they have a greenish
tint, and when passing off they are yellowish.
The effect of their flowers on stalks almost
invisible at a distance is very curious.

L-elio-Cattleya X Aurora.
A flower of a very finely coloured variety
of this hybrid between Cattleya Loddigesii
and Lrelia Dayana is sent by Mr. Staf-
ford, gr. to Fred Hardy, Esq., Tyntesfleld,
Ashton-on-]\Iersey, who ascribes its flue quality
to the fact that both its parents were selected
for their fine colour. The flower, which is
nearly 4 inches across, has sepals and petals
of a bright purplish-rose colour. Tlie lip,
which has the front lobe elongated and
crimped, is whitish at the base, with some
raised dark red lines suggestive of Lffilia Day-
ana, and a yellow blotch in the centre. The
front lobe and edges of the side lobes are dark
reddish-purple. It is a showy dwarf hybrid,
and superior to the continental form of the
same parentage called L.-C. x"Blesensis.

SILVER-LEAF IN PEACHES.

Tins dispose of the foliage in species of
Pruruis has l)oeii a puzzle and a mystery for
lU'arly n quarter of a century, and is still
almost as inystriious as evrr. The leaves
retain thrii- iKiniial loiiii. and are neither
spotted Miu' lilisti'i-cd, Ijiit are deprived of a
large ixiitioii of their chlorophyll, assuming a
silvery apju-arance, and the whole tree be-
comes of a sickly habit, and unproductive.
No spots or jiustules are detected on the
leaves, and .no fungus mycelium in the
tissues, and yet the. disease appears to be
communicable.

The only solution which appears to uie to be
feasible is, that the present disease is closely
allied to the " Peach- j'ellows " of the United
States, and possibly a modification of that
disease, and should be studied in connection
with the literature of that pest. The latest
developments seem to indicate that the
primary cause is bacteriosis, which demands
close and patient investigation. In that
case, if proven to be true, the remedy will
be almost as far off as ever, since fungi-
cides cannot be effectually applied to such a
deep-seated malady. Edwin F. Smith, of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture, says that "at
present Peach-yellows seems nearest allied to
that phenomenon in plants known as variega-
tion. It is now recognised that variegation
(pauachure) in many plants is a disease mani-
festing itself in stunted growth, imperfect
assimilation, hastened development, and feeble
vitality." In a note it is added that " there
is also, as in yellows, an alniormal ratio
of the ash constituents, both potash and
phosphoric acid being in excess, and lime
deficient."

There have been several suggestions, and
even assertions, that "Peach-yellows" is
caused mainly by bacteriosis, and this feeling
seems to have grown stronger in later years,
although in 1894 Mr. Edwin Smith was of
ojiinion that " it is almost certainly not a
bacterial disease." If later writers are cor-
rect in assuming that the disease is bacterial,
there is almost equal presumption that " silver-
leaf " belongs to the same category.

What has been said of " Peach-yellows " is
true also of " silver-leaf." " With our present
knowledge, the cure of Peach-yellows appears
to be impossible." All the preventive mea-
sures resolve themselves into extirpation, and
can be summed up in two lines : "The only_
thing which can be done is to cut out and-
destroy all trees as soon as any of the signs'
have made their appearance. It is l>est to
burn the diseased trees, roots and all, if
possible."

Both in Pennsylvania and Connecticut, laws
are in force " to prevent the spread of the

disease in Peach-trees known as the yellows,"
whereby it is enacted that " it is unlawful for
anyone to knowingly or wilfully keep any
Peach, Almond, Apricot, or Nectarine-treo
infected with the contagious disease known as
the yellows," &c.

This, then, is the only remedy which the
American Boards of Agriciilture have been
able to adopt for Peach-yellows, and we fear
that it is equally applicable to "silver-leaf."
M. C. C.

THE ROSARY.

AUTUMNAL ROSES.
There are many admirable varieties of the
Rose, even among so-called Hybrid Perpetuals,
which thougli they bloom profusely during the
summer, seem incapable of achieving anything
in the floral direction during the autumna!
months. It is possible that many of these
flower so luxuriantly in June and July as to
exhaust their strengtli ; but this cannot ex-
pressively be said of such Hybrid Perpetuals
as Duke of Edinburgh and Horace Vernet,
which however impressive by reason of their
almost matchless beauty, do not give us more
of I it even in summer than we could desire to-
receive. As a general rule, however (with the
exception of the Austrian, Persian, and Pen-
zance Briar Roses, and such varieties as
Crimson Rambler, Paul's Single White, Car-
mine Pillar, and the Ayrshire Rambler), those
which do not bloom well in autumn, flower in.
summer somewhat late. It is generally about
the beginning of August that, Duke of Edin-
burgh—at least in my garden— is seen in its
full beauty ; and Charles Lefebvre may bo
similarly characterised. A. K. Williams, on
the other hand, which here flowers very early,
is a fine autumnal bloomer ; its earliest pro-
ductions are often veritable miscarriages, with
hard and hopeless buds ; but this grand Rose,
so luminous in aspect, is seen in its integrity
when autumn with, its coolness and clearness
has come. <■ At that period, also, .Roses are
more valued, though they have many formidable
rivals in our gardens. Such, for example, as
the magnificent, Cactus Dahlias, and those
superljly beautit;ul Oriental Lilies, Lilium au-
ratum and .Liliuiu speciosum ; l)ut even the
august presence of, these does not affect very
materially our interest in the Rose. It is
exquisite', nevertheless, to see them in our
gardens, growing in perfect harmony side by
side.

Of all autumnal Roses, the most fascinating-
are the Teas and Hybrid Teas. Conspicuous
among these are Anna OUivier, Madame Lam-
bard, and Marie Van Houtte, these three
Roses being extremely prolific, and of the
highest artistic capability; Hon. Edith Gif-
ford, which is also very productive of its
flesh-coloured flowers ; the venerable Souvenir
d'un Ami, and its lovely derivative, Souvenir
de S. A. Prince, which has, during this unique
season, been exceptionally fine ; Clara Watson,
an extremely vigorous and free-flowering,
Hybrid Tea, and an incomparably beautiful
Rose when adequately grown (but it is not
everywhere that this superb variety sue-,
ceeds) ; Viscountess Folkestone, famous for its!
productiveness, its charming colour, and
delicate fragrance ; the tenderly tinted
Grace Darling, worthy of bearing such a
flower-like name ; Jlarquis of Salisbury, aud^
Gruss aus Teplitz, a new crimson beauty of
brightest hue; Madame Pernet Ducher and^
Gustavo Regis, chiefly attractive in bud form,^
or when only half-blown ; Madame Jules
Grolcs and Madame Cadeau Ramey, recent
French Roses of charming colour, raised by
Guillot and Pernet Duchev respectively.

September 21, 1901.]

THE GARDE2\ERS' CHRONICLE.

221

oilier and more familiar Hybrid Teas are the
incomparable La France, and its near relative,
Augustine Guinoisseau, Caroline Testout, more
reliable in autumn tban either of these : White
Lady, JIarquis Litta, and the primrose-coloured
Kaiseriu Augusta Victoria. Exquisite (Wm.
Paul & Sons), Bessie Brown and Lady Clan-
morris (Jlessrs. Alex. Dickson & Sons, Xew-
townards), are recent introductions of con-
siderable merit, though not likely to supersede
such varieties as Clio or Margaret Dickson.

The great majority of the Hybrid Perpetuals
make some attempt to bloom during the
autumn, but, as I have indicated, their efforts
are not always supremely successful. Among
those that flower most freely at this season of
the year are A. K. Williams, Captain Hay ward,
Marie Baumann, Cranston's Fragrant Crimson

dug up. In the meantime, I raised some seed-
lings, and eventually i^lanted them in largo
pots in a greenhouse, at first filling the pot
half full with a compost of mould, road-grit,
and leaf-mould, and as they grew, filling up
the pot. Under this treatment they were
quite manageable and fruitful. The fine
sample of the fruit I showed on Julj' 13 at the
Drill Hall meeting was from these pot-
plants. The soil in the pots soon Ije-
came a mass of roots, and the restriction
of the pot checked their over-luxuriance, and
gave the fruit size and fine flavour. On hot
days they required water twice a day, and once
a week I gave them guano-water, a trowelful
of guano to 2 gallons of water, and each dose
was diluted again with an equal quantity of
water. I think this mode of growing the

PiCl. 65. — VIEW IN BOTANIC liAKDENS, MONTHKAL.
(From a photograph eupplicd by the Director, Professor Pcnhallow.)

Bcdder, Dupuy Jamain, Baroness Rothschild,

Clio, Mrs. Sharman Crawford, and Margaret

Dickson.

Of climbing Roses, the truest perpetuals are

Gloire do Dijon, not yet quite superseded ;

Bouquet d'Or, deeper in colour, and more

perfect in form ; Cheshunt Hybrid, Climbing
. Perle des .lardins, and Belle Lyonnaise. When
. those Roses cease blooming, we know by

instinct that winter is nigh. David li.

Williamson.

THE CAPE GOOSEBERRY.

I HAVE Iteon tryingfurther experiments with
this interesting fruit, with its unique flavour.
Last year I had some plants in pots in a green-
house. At the end of the season I found tlicy
■were throwing up new shoots from the base of
the stems, so I cut Ao\vn the old stems, and
planted the young ones in tli(> ground in a hot-
house, to see what they would do. They grew
rampantly, and soon reached the glass, and
became quite unmanageable. They tended to
shade and smother everything, .so after col-
lecting what fi'uit was on them, I had them

Physalis peruviana, for its fine flavoured fruit,
is a good one.

I also, as soon as the frosts were over,
planted some in the open ground. The seed-
lings were raised in a hot-house in small pots.
Then they wore transferred to a greenhouse
for some time, and finally planted in the open
ground. At first they took some time to start,
but as the days became warmer, they grew
with great luxuriance. The difliculty in grow-
ing the Cape Gooseberry in the open ground,
is in checking the over-luxuriance of stems
and foliage, which shade the fruit too much,
and |)revent it from ripening early in suflicient
quantity. Perhaps Hie best way of growing it
would be at the foot of a south wall, and
training it on tlie wall fan-fashion, so as to
expose the whole plant to the sun.

If one had a spare glasshouse, one miglit
also try it trained under the glass, as Tomatos
are trained. The Cape Gooseberry never fails
to sot, one fruit in each leaf-axilla, along each
of the many stems.

If horticulturists were to take up its cultiva-
tion, as they did the Tomato, they would soon
find out the best mode of raising and cultiva-

ting it, and many varieties would soon be
evolved. It is a new fruit in this country,
with an unique and very pleasant flavour.
Then there may be the prospect of its becoming
crossed with the allied Physalis Francheti, and
the possible variations. E. Bonavia, M.D.,
Augugt 18, 1901.

BOTANIC GAEDENS, MONTREAL.

We do not expect to find in Canada botanic
gardens to rival those of Peradeniya, Calcutta,
or even of Australia. Nevertheless, Montreal,
now visited by T.R.H. the Duke and Duchess
of Cornwall, isnotentirelyunprovided withgar-
dens of this character (fig. 6.5). Botanic gar-
dens nowadays mostly serve two purposes, one
scientific and educational, the other decorative
and recreative. Those of us who remember
the old continental gardens attached to uni-
versities for teaching purposes only, will
recognise how vastly they have teen im-
proved, even for scientific purposes, by an
infusion of the decorative element. Neither
should be sacrificed, but each should co-
operate with the other. In large towns where
th(!re is an ample provision of parks and re-
creation-grounds, the scientific clement may
naturally be jirincipally confined to the
botanic garden proper ; but in any case, good
cultivation, so often neglected in the old
continental gardens, should bo insisted on in
all cases.

Another point wo would respectfully urge
u[)i)n our colonial friends is to make the gar-
dens representative of the local flora and of
local conditions, and not servile imitations of
European gardens and European methods. Wo
<lo not want to see European bedding-plants
predominant in Canada, nor Chrysanthemums
in Australia. They have their place, no
doubt, but sliiHild be subordinate to the
relatively nuieh more interesting local flora.

Again, we should like to see each small
botanic garden interesting itself particularly
in someone specialty— Succulents at the Cape,
Asters and Solidagos in Canada, Acacias and
Eucalypts in Australia, wherever space is no
object. To know a plant thoroughly, it must
be watched in a cultivated condition. Her-
baria are of supreme importance for botanical
purposes, but the information they afford
requires to 1x3 controlled by, and supple-
mente<l by, the knowledge to be obtained from
the living plant in all stages of its growth.
Such knowledge is all imjwrtant to the
cultivator.

HARDY CRINUMS AND THEIR
CULTURE.

Several beautiful Crinums, one or two of
them at least as fine as any in the genus, are
sutlicienily hardy to admit of cultivation in the
open border, provided sonic prdlcilion can l)0
given to them during very mmi.' \m:i(Ii(m-, and
certain conditions with regard \<i soils can bo
secured. With these, as with many other plants
rather too tender to resist our winters un-
harmed, the mechanical conditions of tho soil
in which they are to be grown will make all
tli(? diderence bctw<>en success and failure.
Tho soil for Crinums must be rendered light
and rich, rather stony than otherwise, and,
above all conditions, it nnist be well drained
by mixing a considerable amount of rubble and
soil-siftings with tho subsoil.

The best position that can be given to them
is the base of a south wall— if in front of a
heated house so much the better. Tho border
shonld be sloped so as to drain the plants as
dry as is possible during winter, but in spring
a ridge of soil and manure mixed must bo laid

222

THE GARD ENER S ' CIIR ONI CL E.

[September 21, 1901.

around the plants to form a large basin for
holding water. The bulbs need not be buried
in planting ; if the rooting-surface is buried

3 to 4 inches deep, it will be quite sufficient
for all of them. They are very thirsty plants
when active, and must be heavily watered in
early summer, or they will not make much
growth before the autumnal rains begin ; and
such flower-scapes as they may thenceforward
produce are likely to be cut down by frost
before they are fully developed. A thick layer
of leaves strewn over the bulbs is as good a
winter covering as any, and if very severe
weather prevails, a few Archangel-mats thrown
over the leaves will help the plants through.
If procurable from a horticultural sundries-
man, a few mats of Rice-straw, which the
Japanese use for packing Bamboo-canes for
export, are better than Archangel-raats, as
they form quite a thatch when properly fixed.

One of the best known and most extensively
planted of hardy Criniims is C. x Powelli, a
hybrid between longifolium and Moorei. It
has rosy-red flowers 8 inches long, and 4 to
5 inches wide. It is a strong growing plant,
producing several scapes from each bulb in
the course of a season, each scape supporting
eight or more flowers. There are two distinct
varieties, album, a pure white form ; and
rubrum, which has soft rose flowers, much
paler than those of the type plant. So far as
I can make out by comparison, it is very
similar to the var. intermedia of continental
growers. These plants are not very satis-
factory when grown in pots, as they much
resent a cramped root-run. C. Moorei is a
more tender plant than the foregoing. Tliough
it will grow with tolerable certainty in a south
aspect, it only thrives under the shelter of a
heated wall. It is a very strong grower, pro-
ducing scapes 5 to G feet high, bearing ten to
twelve rosy-pink flowers, each 6 inches across
when at its best. The var. album is equally
useful as a hardy kind. The flowers are pure
white, but when produced at midsummer, a
soft blush of pink suffuses the flower, and
which greatly heightens the efi'eet they give.
The variegated form of C. Moorei is too tender
for planting out-of-doors ; it is a very orna-
mental plant for the warm greenhouse. In
very bleak and cold districts, and in any case
north of the Tweed, it is best to lift the plants
with as many uninjured roots as is possible to
secure, as soon as frost has cut the loaves
down, and to store the bulbs in a cellar or frost-
proof outbuilding, packed in sand as one would
store Carrots or Beet-roots. Bulbs so treated
will rest quietly through the winter in a plump
state. It is necessary that the bulbs should
be stored in an upright position, or the bulb-
necks will curve as soon as growth becomes
active. The plants are hardy with but little
protection south of the Thames. C. Moorei is
easily raised from seeds, and 1 have had
several seedlings flower early in the third year.

C. Schimperi, a native of Abyssinia, is
another hardy species. The plant resembles
C. longifolium in the flowers, which are pure
white, funnel-shaped, 8 inches long, and

4 inches across, averaging six to the umbel.
The leaves are erect, Yucca-like, but slightly
glaucous, and distichously arranged. The
plant is about as hardy as C. Moorei. It
flowers in August and September.

C. longifolium, though the hardiest of the lot,
is found by some to be rather unsatisfactory
under cultivation outside, as, owing to its being
almost evergreen and tending to grow at all
seasons, it resents being forced to rest during
the winter by cold. I think, however, that its
acknowledged liardihood lias led growers to
expose it ill winter more than is prudent with
a plant that does not naturally go to rest. It

will keep in excellent condition through the
most severe winter with the protection of a
fairly thick mat, applied only when absolutely
necessary. It is one of the first to grow, and
the young leaves are very liable to injury from
cold, cutting winds. The flowers are funnel-
shape 1, white, with a faint pinkish tint on the
inside, and a broad band of pink on the outside
of each segment ; the leaves are long, glaucous,
and very ornamental. It is a fine plant for
association witli Bamboos, Yuccas, and the
doubtfully hardy Kniphoflas, such as Rooperi,
Natalensis, and Northife. It is best known in
gardens as C. capense, and is sometimes con-
founded with C. longiflorum, which differs in
having green, not glaucous, leaves, and in
having flowers without a pink band on the out-
side of each segment, and in its much shorter
filaments.

Another Crifeum, C. latifolium var. yemense,
is likely to prove as hardy as C. Moorei, or
even more so, judging from the amount of
exposure I have given it for purposes of test
in a pot. It has a distinct advantage in being
naturally deciduous in winter, and as the bulbs
are globose and without a permanent neck, it
would be an easy matter to provide it with a
frost-proof covering of leaves. Being a native
of Arabia, it requires a dry situation. The
plant grows about 2 feet high, and bears
spreading white flowers with long curved
tubes in magnificent umbels of from fifteen to
twenty. It generally flowers in August, and
but once in a season. Several large importa-
tions of this plant have been made by European
nurserymen during the past few years, and it
is now becoming very cheap. It is a plant
everyone would appreciate, the large umbels
being out of all proportion to the small size of
the plant.

A Crinuiu which will probably prove new has
lieen distributed under the name of crassi-
foliiim by several continental nurserymen
lately. I have not yet verified its reputed
liardihood. It does not agree with C. crassi-
folium of Herbert, which Mr. Baker includes
as synonymous with C. variabile in his excel-
lent monograph of the AmarijUUleK. It is most
like C. longiflorum, much enlarged in the entire
jilant, but not in the flowers. It is very free-
flowering ; my plant, which is growing in the
open border, has produced three scapes in one
season — but as a garden plant it is a long way
behind C. Moorei, C. x Powelli, and their
respective varieties in my estimation of its
value. Geo. B. Mallett.

NURSERY NOTES.

MR. MAURICE PRICHARD'S, CHRIST-
CHURCH.

It is about a year ago that we had the
pleasure of visiting this nursery of hardy
herbaceous plants, and giving our readers a
notion of the choice, and in many instances
rare, species and varieties observed therein.
It was late in the season for many species, and
the flush of the flora was past. This year
we were more fortunate in regard to time.
One of the first plants to take the eye, on the
visitor entering the nursery from the street,
was a large example of Polygonum Baldschu-
anicum, whose panicles of minute white flowers
showed with good effect against a dark back-
ground. We had seen small flowerless plants,
but were not prepared to see a specimen
10 feet in height, and almost as much in
diameter. Close alongside of this was a great
mass of the bushy, purple - flowered Vetch,
Hedysaruin multijugum, which had been in
flower, Mr. Prichjrd informed us, since early

summer, and would continue but little re-
duced in floriferousness till late in October.
Further on in the nursery we came across
a new and handsome Aconite, A. cali-
fornicum, with a much more elongated
hood than the common species, and of a dark
shade of blue colour. This plant was about
5 feet in height. Heuehera bryzioides x , like-
wise a novelty, is a desirable free flowering,
pink coloured variety, and reaches a height of
about 3 feet.

A new Hypericum (St. John's Wort) named
galioides, growing 2 feet high, forming a com-
pact bush covered with golden-yellow blossoms,
-J-inch in diameter, habit erect, and linear
leaves, semi-evergreen, is a notable plant that
originated with M. Leraoine. Another good
plant suitable for the back rows of borders is
Ijiatris graminifolius var. dubia, apetalous, and
growing to a height of 5 feet, probably, though
the plant remarked was never that height.
Of this Liatris there are purple, white, and
pink flowered varieties. The flower-spikes
measured U to 2 feet in length, and the
leaves are linear. A rose-coloured variety of
that old garden plant, Monarda didyma, was
also remarked.

Growing in the Water-Lily tanks was a
quantity of the Limnocharis Humboldti,
with yellow flowers ; and making good pro-
gress were Marliac's Nymphsea x flammea,
N. Signouretti, a flower with orange-coloured
anthers, petals yellow on the inner surface
and rose-coloured on the outside — a lovely
variety ; N. lucida, like an enlarged N. Sig-
nouretti, excepting that the flower, when ife
fades, is of a darker tint ; N. Richardsoni,
whose petals incurve — it is considered to be
the best of the white Water-Lilies. Another
white is N. pygmsea helvola, a species from
China, with small flowers, and the plant of
moderate growth ; and the finest yellow — N.
odorata sulphurea. The collection of Water-
Lilies is a very extensive one.

To return to the land plants. Tritoma (Kni-
phofla). Lemon - cream, a hybrid raised by
Herr Pfitzer from T. citrina, has a flower of a.
slightly deeper yellow tint than the seed-
parent. Several varieties of the showy large-
flowered Gladiolus Childsii were noticed, the
larger of which were Mrs. Beeeher, a beautiful
soft shade of scarlet ; and Princeton, another
of a somewhat similar tint ; also a large plant
of Buddleia variabilis, covered with its long
racemes of lilac-coloured flowers.

Pine large plants of the rich golden-flowered
Aselepias tuberosa were in abundant flower ;
this is a plant everyone should grow who can
afford to give it plenty of space, and good soil ;
as a mass on the lawn, or in a conspicuous spot
in a border of mixed plants, it is admirable.
A fine showy Chrysanthemum exists in C.
atratum, a white-flowered species. Hemero-
callis Dr. Regel, a plant sent over by the late
Dr. Regel from St. Petersburg eight years ago,
has flowers of a rich orange colour, which open
one at a time on a spike daily and then close ;
the flower measures 4 inches across. Cimicif itg.i
cordifolia, producing big masses of white
flowers, would make a capital solitary subject
on a lawn, as would also Solidago odorata, a
variety of Golden Rod, having the exact fra-
grance of a Diosma; and S. flexuosa, a plant
of peculiar elegance of habit, and requiring
ample space in which to develop to its
full size.

Clethra alnifolia grows 4 feet in height,
and possess spikes of white flowers 6 inches in
length. Eryngium serra has flower-stallfs
8 feet high, 6 feet of which are flower-panicle,
the flowers are white, leaves sharply serrated,
li foot long and 2 inches wide ; habit caules-
cent. An Andean species, and therefore per-

September 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

223

feetly hardy. The pretty Erica ^nilgaris aurea
was taking on its winter leaf tint.

Mr. Priehard has more than doubled the size
of his nursery this year, by taking in a<ljoining

span-roofed glasshouse, and a number of small
pits for the propagation and protection of the
more tender species of plants, the area being
walled in and divided into borders as regards

Fig. CC. — a ukmaukaiilk now oi' ci linakv i'i;as.

meadow-land, and great breadths of the more
saleable plants occupy the land. We observed
a large patch of the showy Sunflower, Heli-
anthus orgyalis. Still further removed from
the original nursery garden, he has erected a

the unoccupied space. Here we found two
young gardcncsses in charge, with whose work
the proprietor is very well satislied, and the
operations carried on in the department are
such as exactly suit feminine lingers.

In the house and pits quantities of young
plants were being raised and tended, anS
everything was prospering. Outside, we
noticed two Montbretias, with flowers larger
than any we have previously observed, namely,
M. aureola, having a ground colour of orange,
the centre creamy-white, with a crimson zone
on the ground colour. M. Messidor has a
canary-yellow flower, paling to white at the
centre ; it is 3 inches wide.

This small enclosure is a veritable treasury
of novelties, of which we shall hear anon;
and here good work in hjbridising and crossing
is being performed by Mr. Priehard and his
intelligent helpmates.

A REMAEKABLE ROW OF PEAS.

Ix a season like the present, when good
Peas are so scarce, it is somewhat curious to
find such a grand row as represented by the
accompanying illustration (see fig. 66) in a
humble allotment-garden on the Hunger Hills,
Nottingham, and cultivated solely by an indus-
trious amateur named .lohn Cox, a bricklayer
liy trade.

It will be readily seen there has been won-
derful pains taken throughout the growing
season to supply every want, and to thin, stop,
and tie each haulm separately to a single stake
some 9 or 10 feet high, and about 12 to 15 in.
apart.

Tlic variety resembles No Plus Ultra in out-
ward appearance ; but the Peas are too palo
for tliat variety. They were sown early in
April very thinly in well-prepared soil, and
every want carefully supplied during the
growing season.

They are profusely podded from the ground
upwards without the slightest trace of mildew.
Although tlie row is but some fifteen strides
long, it would be an easy matter to fill a wheel-
barrow without being much missed .at the
time 1 saw them a few weeks ago. Peas are
not the only well-cultivated thing in this
allotment, for Onions, Cauliflowers, Carrots,
Apples, (looseberries, Hoses, Chrysanthe-
mums, and Sweet Peas all figure high on the
pointing-sheet when adjudicating the valuable
l)rizes given ainiiuilly l)y the Corporation of
Nottingham. J. 11. Goodacrc, Elvastoit.

GERBERA " SIR MICHAEL."

TiiK m;^;uiflcent Gcrbera Jamesoni, some-
times called the liarberton Daisy, is now so
well known to all lovers of good plants, that a
perfect idea of this new and valuable addition
to our gardens may be conveyed by the infor-
mation that it is practically the same, except
for its beautiful lemon-yellow colour — a differ-
ence of great importance from a garden point
of view. There are one or two other slight
differences ; first, in the total absence of
purple tint about the leaf-stalks, and possibly
in a greater obtuseness of (he leaf-segments.
The paler coloration of the leaf is not botani-
cally important, and is, of course, in corre-
lation with the absence of red in the flower ;
while the obtuseness of the leaf-segments,
above referred to, can also be found in G,
Jamesoni, though with less frequency. The
inflorescence is quite identical, except in the
yellow colour of the ray-florets ; but this is
strongly in contrast with the flame-red of G.
Jamesoni.

The seeds of this novelty were sent to mo
fifteen months ago by Mr. W. R. Adlam, with
the request that the plant, if now, should be
named after Sir Michael Foster. A specific
distinctness was, I think, in view ; but though
this fails, and oven the position of botanical
variety, I have still the pleasure of carrying

224

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 21, 1901.

out Mr. Adiam's request in the Euglish form
of name properly adopted for good variations
of similar degree. This, indeed, may be the
first of a series ot variations which can no
doubt be obtained by crossing. I am hoping,
too, for good results from hybrids I have made
between G. Jamesoni and a quite distinct
species with w flowers which is more

easily grown, but in itself not so fine. The
beauty of Gerbera "Sir Michael " or G. Jame-
soni " Sir Michael," may be imagined, when I
mention that the first flower-head on a seed-
ling plant, witli stalk about a foot high, was
3| inches in diameter, equal in form to the
finest G. Jamesoni, and of the purest possible
«olour. The seeds were gathered near Bar-
iierton, in the Transvaal, at an altitude of from
2000 to 3000 feet. li. Irwin Lynch, BoUtiiic
harden, Cambridge.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

TULIP BRUNHILDE.

Wr have catalogued the early Tulip Brun-
liilde, which received an Award of Merit this
spring, for nearly a quarter of a century, under
the name of " Pottebakker, white and yellow,"
• and by this latter name tlie Tulip is generally
lcno\vn in Holland. It is the only name which
would have any right of priority, but is not
pleasing, and has a more or less provisional
«haracter, to be explained by the origin of the
Tulip, which is indeed a sport of the Potte-
bakker class, just as Grace Darling, formerly
Scnown as "true scarlet Pottebakker," and
■Queen Emma, formerly " Pottebakker, white,
striped red."

The name Unique has never been used in
Holland, or in catalogues of Dutch bulbs,
unless by one or two firms. We therefore had
aio objection whatever to adopt Messrs. Barr's
aiame of Brunhilde, under which it got an
Award of Merit, and has been registered in
the official reports of the Floral Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society.

We object to changing names of flowers,
and have always tried to give special atten-
ttion to correct and reliable nomenclature ;
but in the present case tlie new name has such
a decided advantage on the original name
{Pottebakker, white and yellow) — the name
Unique cannot yet be considered to be recog-
nised— that we had no objection to allow an
•exception from the rule.

Inventing appropriate names for varieties
■of garden flowers is no easy task, and the
present case again proves how important the
matter is, as a thoroughly appropriate name —
«hort, well-chosen, suggestive, and inoffensive
— ^would have no chance of being replaced by
another name. E. H. Krelarje <£• Son, Haarlem,
J^ept ember 7.

THE LAKE AT SHERBORNE
CASTLE.

Has any reader of the Gard. Chron. a true
comprehension of what is meant by 100 acres ot
Water Lilies ? Yet this is the area of the lake
at Sherborne Castle. To most of us it would
<5onvey the idea of a lovely picture of peerless
white blossom showing above a sheet of dark
green foliage, the display lasting for months.
In reality nothing is further from the truth,
for the Water Lily foliage is in a state of
perpetual decay, and the decayed brown
leaves coil up above the water-level, making
the surface rough-looking and odious to
the sight, aiul unpleasantly odorous also.
Only a few flowers can be made out near
the shore, those 30 yards distant being

invisible among the leaves ; that is the
summer aspect of the lake. In winter this is
all changed. The Lily stems and leaves have
decayed and sunk to the bottom, and the lake
fed by the clear waters of the river Yeo is at
that season a lovely sheet of water, perfectly
bright and clear, reflecting the magnificent
Lebanon Cedars and other fine trees growing
on its banks, and its surface only disturbed by
the wind, or by flights of wild duck, water-
hens, and herons, as they fly across it. At
that season a boat may be sailetl or rowed
over it, which in summer and autumn are
impossibilities, so dense is the growth of the
Water Lilies.

CONTINENTAL NOVELTIES.

STRAWBERRY JOHANN COUNT HARRACH.
A ciioss between Marguerite and Laxton's
Noble, effected by Herr Landhofer, garden
director to Count Harrach, President of the
Imperial and Royal Horticultural Society of
Vienna, which is likely to remain a valued
variety. The plant is of moderate growth,
foliage hairy, and said to be quite proof against
mildew and red-spider. The fruit is conical, of
the middle size, in colour dark red, with flesh
of a lively tint, and of a pleasant, sharp flavour.
When forced it flowers ten to twelve days
earlier than the parent varieties, and requires
no artificial fertilisation. A figure of a plant
in fruit is given in Augusf>Septomb?r number
of the Wiener Jllustrirte Garien-Zeitiina.

The Week's Work.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts, Gardener to HnssEY Packe, Esq.,
Prcstwold Hall, Lougliborough.

Chrysanthemums. — After the 20th of the cur-
rent month, it is neither safe nor advisable to
keep the earliest Japanese varieties out-of-
doors, owing to the risk of injury from wind.
Heavy rains and dews are also injurious to the
flowers of the earlier varieties. Sometimes,
owing to the desire to possess new varieties,
and a reluctance to throw away older varie-
ties, more plants are grown than the gardener
has space to properly accoumiodate, or than he
could do justice to, the consequence being that
the plants are crowded together in ]icacheries,
vineries, and other houses. Under such treat-
ment mildew is sure to infest the plants. Wher-
ever placed, it is indispensable that the plants
have all the light obtainable. It is essential
also to use the heating apparatus in damp
weather to' dispel damp ; this should always
be applied by day. At all times a constant
current or air should circulate freely among
the plantL In bright weather the plants
should be very slightly dewed over with the
spraying syringe in the morning, all moisture
being dried up by the evening. Let the pots
be cleansed, and dead foliage removed. A
beginning should be made by housing the
forwarder Japanese varieties, following on
with the incurveds and pompons, and for-
wardest of the single-flowered and decorative
varieties. Late varieties of the type of W. H.
Lincoln, Niveum, and Lord Canning may re-
main out-of-doors till a later date, means
being taken to protect them from injury by
frost. For this purpose, make a framework of
strong stakes, light, and with cross-pieces of
laths and wire, so as to cover the plants with
tarpaulin to the end of the next month. Con-
tinue to apply manure-water to all the plants
till the colour of the flowers is observed, after
which time its use should be discontinued, and
rain-water only be afforded.

Richardia icthiopica.— The recent rain has
had a good effect upon these ijlants out-of-
doors, and growth is very promising. Those
plants which were divided and planted out

should now be potted up, and if large plants
are wanted, three strong plants should be
potted together in 10-inch pots. The best
results, however, are obtained by potting the
strongest crowns into G and 7-inch pots, and
this affords a ready means, by potting into the
last-mentioned pots, of dividing the stock of
plants into successional batches. If these
plants are vigorous, they will usually afford
three blooms each. The drainage should be
ample, Richardias being plants that require
much moisture. A compost consisting of loam
two parts, leaf-soil one part, and some rotten
manure and a small quantity of bone-meal and
sifted mortar rubble, will bo suitable for their
requirements. Frequent applications of diluted
liquid-manure water will be I)eneficial when
the plants show their spathes. Place newly-
potted plants in pots or frames, and syringe
lightly for some time. The variety R. Elliot-
iana will be sufficiently matured in growth,
and water, which has gradually been with-
held, may bo dispensed with entirely. The
plants may now be laid on their sides beneath
the greenhouse stage.

PEUITS UNDER GLASS.

By IIALCOLM MclNTTEE, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant, The Glen, Inuerleitheu, Peeblesshire.

Straivberries in Pots. — Although these plants
when standing in the open do not suffer from
long-continued rain, yet they may be seriously
injured by needless applications of water.
Enough water should be afforded as will avert
the flagging ot the leaves, the soil being
allowed to become moderately dry before any
is afforded. This applies more particularly to
varieties intended for early forcing, which
must soon be put into cold frames, but only
using the lights in frosty weather or to throw
off heavy rains and snow, and ventilating
freely at all other times. Plants that remain
wet for any length of time should be turned
out and the cause ascertained. This is usually
defective drainage — due to worms or other
causes. Wherever worm-casts are observed
on the soil, apply clear lime water and put the
drainage in good order. The crowns of the
plants are more numerous with some varieties
than others — especially is this the case with
Vicomtesse Hericart du Thury, a number of
small ones clustering round the central crown.
Remove the small crowns sideways with a bit
of wood shaped like a wedge, and thus con-
centrate the vigour of the plant on a single
crown ; and then, although there will be fewer
trusses of bloom,- the crop ot fruit will be no
less. Keep the surface soil Ijose, as then the
soil cannot leave the sides ot the pots, and let
the water pass away between tlie ball and
the sides of the pot. Top-dress the plants
with dried horse-droppings or cow - manure
rubbed through a ^-inch meshed sieve ; remove
the runner as soon as it appears, and afford the
plants plenty of space so as to expose the
foliage to light and air as fully as possible.

Cucumbers. — Seeds may still be sown for
affording plants to fruit in December and
later, but the end of August or first week of
this month are more suitable times for sowing.
The old trustworthy variety Telegraph, when
obtained true, is still one of the best as a winter
fruiter ; and seeds may be sown singly in
3-inch pots and plunged in a bed having a
brisk bottom-heat, and as soon as the plants
are well through the soil, raise the pots to the
light ; but still keep in a rather strong heat,
the aim being to keep them sturdy. Shift
them into C-inch pots as soon as the roots
touch the pots' sides, and support them with
n?at stakes. A close outlook must be kept for
insect pests, this being especially necessary
when the plants are raised in the stove, a
clean start generally enstiring successful fruit-
ing. It is scarcely possible to clean plants of
large size of thrips, black aphis, mealy-bug,
and red-spider, without greatly damaging
them by the process. If there are strong
Cucumber-plants now ready for planting in
pots or on ridges, they should forthwith be
planted, nothing being worse for the plants
than for them to become pot-bound ; besides.

September 21, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

225

it is of importance that an early start be made,
in order that the plants may be of large size
before fruits are allowed to form, it being
certain that they will move very slowly
afterwards.

Tonwtos. — It is the better practice to cast
out the plants when the summer crop is taken ;
yet, if they are fairly clean, and are trained up
the roof, it pays well to lay in young growths,
which they are constantly pushing out all
over the leading stems, and these soon de-
veloping bunches of flower, a good set is often
secured. By this means a continuous supply
of fruit may be obtained throughout the winter
and spring months ; but the roots must be well
attended to as well as the top. If the border
is in the least degree deficient in moisture, let
the surface be loosened lightly, and afford
tepid water, followed by liquid-manure ; and
top-dress it with turfy loam and old Mush-
room-manure, the dressing being repeated
when it is seen that the first one is exhausted.
The same holds good if the plants are in pots ;
the latter may be plunged in a bed of soil.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. JiATNE. Gardener to tlie Hon. Mahk Kolle,
Jiicton, East liudleigli, Uevousliirc.

.Jerusalem Ai-fic/io/ccs. —These plants have
with us this season grown very tall, and for
fear they might be blown over, the stems have
been cut back a little. I do not care to shorten
them much, so long as the stems remain green,
although some gardeners cut them nearly half-
way back, thinking thereby to assist the
swelling of the tubers ; but I have found that
doing this has just the contrary effect.

iilohe Articliokes. — The ground on which these
are growing should be well .supplied with water,
and lioed frequently, that the young shoots
may be strengthened, and stand the winter
better than weakly ones.

Leeks. — Continue to add small quantities of
soil to Leeks growing in trenches, affording
treatment similar to that advised for t'elery.
Those Leeks which were planted a month or
longer ago have not made much headway
owing to the drought, and any that arc at a
standstill should have water applied weekly,
stirring the soil the day after.

Ciiiilillowcrs. — If Autumn (liant is turning-in,
apply liquid-manure, well saturating the ground
between the plants. .Search the plants for
caterpillars every day at the base of the
curd, or in the leaves folded over it.

Halad. — Sowings of Mustard - and - Cress
should bo made under handlights or in
cold frames or boxes, and of liudishes in
a sheltered spot or in a cold frame placed
on a disused hot-bed, but the lights should
not be put into use before colli nights
occur. Lettuce plants of .sowings made about
the 15th of last month may now be planted on
south borders or at the foot of a south wall, at
about 8 inches apart. 1 have a number of
these pricked out in front of a Peach-house as
advised with Parsley. A mistake is made in
planting Lettuces too deeply, with the result
that decay sets in at once, and the plants
die. Let the plants be afforded water in
dry weather till they have become estab-
lished, and hunt for slugs and snails. Whore
Tripoli Onions have come up very thickly,
single them out so that they stand just
clear of each other. Some gardeners trans-
plant as soon as large enough, but I prefer to
wait till February or even March, when, if
transplanted, they grow away freely.

Tomatos. — Plants that have !)oen prepared
for winter-fruiting, which are row standing
out-of-doors, will have several trusses tif
fruit set, and will soon need the \ ro'cction of
a glasshouse. When taken indoors the i)lants
should be placed where they will obtain full
sunlight, with the stems within 1 foot of the
roof, training them similarly to Melon plants.
A temperature at night of (iO° to (15° will be
suitably high for the present, affording plenty
of air during the day, with a smaller amount at
night in mild weather. When colder weather

arrives, the temperature should be lowered
8° to 10°. Gather the fruits from out-of-door
Tomato plants as they ripen, remove lateral
shoots once a week, and afford weak manure-
water twice a week if the weather is drj'.

Spinach. — The plants of the last sowing thin
out to about 8 inches apart. Spinach severely
thinned withstands the inclemency of the
winter better when allowed a reasonable
amount of space for development. If fresh
soot be lightly strewn between the rows,
keeping it clean of the leaves, and hoeing it
in after the thinning is finished, much benefit
will follow. Hoe the Spinach-beds regularly
till the leaves have spread over the ground,
rendering further hoeing inadvisable.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. IIEKEIX.

Raspberry Plantations. — Remove by cutting
away at the ground level the canes which
bore fruit this season, in order to allow more
light to reach the young canes whilst sun-heat
is of use in ripening the wood. If more young
canes have been retained than are required,
let the surplus be removed forthwith, leaving
only three or four of the strongest on each
stool. These canes should be loosely fastened
to the stakes or trellis, as the case may be. If
growth has not been satisfactory this season,
afford the land weak liquid-manure water,
which will assist the plants should the weather
remain warm and dry.

Strawberry Plnntations. — If a mulch of short
stablo-dnng was a|)pli(<l to the new plantations
of Strawberries, much of the moisture in the
land will have been retained in it ; still, a
heavy application of water may bo necessary
in the event of the weather keeping dry.
Pinch off the runners made by the young
plants forthwith, and if mildew should appear
upon the foliage, apply a Avash of Gishnrst
Compound Soap, or ordinary soap-suds and
sulphur, at the rate of i oz. of .soft-soap and
1 oz. of sulphur to ;i gallons of rain-water :
(irst dissolving the soap in a small quantity of
hot water, with which mix the sulphur, after-
wards adding clear water to the required
strength, giving it an occasional stir up while
being applied witli the syringe. As it is not
goo<l practice to take ruMuors for forming new-
beds from the ])Iants that have liorne fruit,
provision should bo made for furnishing the
necessary quantity of runners in IDOl', by
planting forthwith young plants in some con-
venient quarter for furnishing layers of which
each plant may be reckoned upon to produce
three or four strong ones. Nari'ow fruit-tree
borders may be utilised for the purpose, as on
such the layering can b<> conveniently carried
out. All flower-trusses should be pinched out
as soon as they appear. Potato-land may be
utilised without further preparation, other
than levelling and making it firm, if borders
are not available. Set out the plants at 1 foot
in linos, drawn at the least 2 feet apart,
.so as to give plenty of space for layers.
Should this year's forced plants of Vicomtesse
H. do Thury and Koyal Sovereign have been
planted outin the early summer, a partial crop
of fruits will be ripening and in need of pro-
tection from birds. Later, handlights may be
placed over the beds to hasten the ripening.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By n. J. Chapman-, Gardener lo R. I. Measukks, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge. Flodden Road, Canibcrwcll.

Applyinn U'afer. — One of the most important
matters in the cultivation of Orchids is, at this
season, the proper application of water to the
various plants. There can be no doubt that
many failures in Orchid cultivation ai-e duo to
lack of knowledge, and to carelessness in
affording water at tlie root, and more espe-
cially at this season. Gardeners arc apt to
forgot the fact that the sun's evaporating
power in northern latitudes is waning daily,
and to afford water to a plant in the same
degree as was done quite recently in warmer
weather is ijuite wrong, the longer hours of
darkness, and the moister conditions prevailing

outside, causing great injury to Orchids that arc
kept very moist at the roots. The spotting of
the foliage that often results from this cause is-
a permanent disfigurement to the plants, eveii.
sliould it not extend further than the leaves.
Again, the pseudo-bulbs of Cattloyas, L;elias,
and Odontoglossums, may appear one day in
perfect condition so far as outward signs go,.
and the next day the leading growths will be-
fonnd a mere mass of pulp, and often the total
loss of the plant occurs. In view of these-
mishaps, the application of water needs the
fullest consideration on the part of the
gardener. Local conditions vary greatly,,
and no exact rule can be laid down that will
suit everyone. I find that it is better to wait
until the potting compost is thoroughly dry
before affording water, provided the pseudo-
bulbs do not shrink in size ; and when,
a plant is in active growth, or the pseudo-
bulbs have about reached their full size^
they arc very apt to be thus affected if the-
supply of moisture be partially cut off, and in
order to avert any mishaps, such plants should,
bo examined daily. If a day can be chosen for
applying water it should be a bright one, the-
water being applied in the early morning hours^
and the moisture dried or mopped up before
the evening. The damping of the floors, &c.,
should be carried out at such times as will
reduce the actual coiulensation of moisture oi>
the foliage of the plants during the colder-
hours between light and darkness.

T/iiKiirts, of w-hich the growth is thoroughly-
ripened and the foliage has dropped, may be
placcd in a cool but fairly dry place, and
afforded a long rest ; and only in this way will
satisfactory strong breaks be obtained in the-
spring.

Dccidiioii.s Dendrobiitms.— Any of the i)lants-
the growth of which has reached maturity,
should bo gradually inured to a condition of
rest, and those plants whose growth is back-
ward, should bo pl:ico,l :ii I lie warmer part of
the stove and in a viimm> |H.-iiion, so as to get-,
the growth matured \<r[i<n- i ho winter sets in..

Everyreen Dendrobiums should have the ful-
beneftt of the strong sunlight and free ventilal-
tion whenever the outside conditions permit,,
no shading being applied.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

ByT H. Si.ADK, (iardencr to Lord Poltimoi-O,
I'oltiiiioro Park, Exeter.

G'oldcu-lcai'cd i'rii'ct.— This useful shrub is-
so very effective that I am surprised at seeing.,
it so seldom planted ; it is of overgreou ,
character [not always. liD.J, and few small
shrubs afford a vellow colour in the winter. It
may well be planted in pleasure grounds that
are overdone with evergreens of a sombre-
hue, and with .some annual pruning with the-
knifc it needs little attention. The colour of
the foliage is deepest two years after plant-
ing, and if the position is a sunny one ther
golden hue will lie more pronounced than,
ill a shady place. Some plants should always
be grown in the home nursery ; and as it roots.
readily from cuttings easily obtainable at this
season, there need 1)0 no difficulty about
getting up a stock of tho plant. The cuttings-
should be made to 15 inches in length, and
with or without a heel, and inserted in the--
soil 3 inches in depth and 1-2 inches apart
in rows 18 inches apart. The cuttings should
rest on firm ground and bo trodden firmly m
the rows. <

Vinca rarieyata mdJor.-^This is a most use-
ful spreading plant, and very suitable foi-
planting where the Privet might not succeed.
The plant is easily increased, tho rambling
shoots quickly forming roots at the joints
which soon strike into the soil. The best
i)lants are olitained by propagating the strong
shoots that spring from tho centre of estab-
lished plants, which may be treated in tho.
same manner as the Privet. The variety
named is the best form for general planting
the variety Vinca v. elegantissima being
smaller in the loaf and not so strong in gi;owljh.

226

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[September 21, 1901.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENS0IN6 WEEK.

MEETINGS.
f Royal HorticuUural_ Society's
Sept. 24^

(Royal Horticulti
t) Committees at t
J Buckingham
' minster.

TUESDAY, Sept. 24.— Dutch Bulbs, at Protlieroe it
Miirrib' Rooms.— Beneficial Interest in Lease, and
whole of Stock of Palms, <fcc., hy order of Trustees,
at a.5ij, Peckliam Rye, by Protlieroe it Morris, at 12..3U.

WEDNESDAY, Seit. 25.— Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroc &
Morris' Rooms.— Farming Stock, Stove and Green-
house Plants, at Caen Wood Towers, Highgate, by
order, by Protlieroe & Morris, at 12.30.

THURSDAY, Sept. 26.— Dutch Bulbs, at Protlieroe &
Morris' Booms.— Clearance Sale of Nursery Stock,
Greenhouses, &c.. at the Rose Nurseries, Stanley
Road, Roxeth, Harrow, by Protlieroe <& Morris, at
12r!0.

AvERAOE Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-55-9
ACTtlAI. Tempebatures :—

LOVDO-H.— September 18 (6 P.M.) : Max. 67° ; Min. ,53°.

September 19.— Dull, mild, some rain.
PBOwtiCES.— September 18 (6 p.m.) : Max. 60", Scilly ;
Mic. 49°, Shetland.

" Experiments ^ ^^'^^ translation of Geegor
in Hybridisa- MENDEL'spaper,which isgiven
tioii," by in the latest issue of the Joiir-
GREGOR MENDEL „„, ^j- „^^ jfg,^„; Horticultuml
Sociely_ (vol. xxvi., parts 1 to 3, pp. 1 to 32),
with an introduction and foot-notes by
Mr. W. Bateson, M.A., F.K.S., should be of
great interest both to botanists and hor-
ticulturists. It was published in 1865, and
embodies the results of eight years' syste-
matic hybridisation and observation, con-
centrated upon about thirty-four distinct
varieties of Peas (Pisum sativum, quad-
ratum, saccharatum, and umbellatum), and
the formulation of a law, now generally
known as the Mendellian law, which he
deduced from said results, and which, so
far as this special genus of plants is con-
cerned, he certainly fully established. It is
true that in a subsequent paper on Hiera-
cium he observed and recorded unconform-
able cases ; but where a law is found to
emerge so unmistakabJy from such an
immense mass of data, covering many
thousands of plants, and numerous genera-
tions, its validity is in no wise overthrown
hy the discovery of exceptions which may
quite well arise through the interaction of
other laws which have yet to be discovered.
The law of variation, independent of cross-
iiig, is as yet a sealed book, and until this is
discovered or determined with some clear-
ness, the hybridist is lialde to find his most
systematic trials vitiated by its interposition.
In any case, as Mr. Bateson well observes,
"However much it may be found possible
to limit or to extend the principle discovered
by Mendel, there can be no doubt that we
have in his work not only a model for future
experiments of the same kind, but also a
solid foundation from which the problem of
heredity may be attacked in the future."

That a paper of such importance should
have seen the light in 186.5, and should have
remained practically a dead letter until
quite recently, when the work of De Yries,
CoRRENs, and Tschermak in the same direc-
tion drew attention to its value, is cer-
tainly remarkable. Like other important
discoveries, it appeared before the world was

ripe for it, and that it was not followed up
sooner by further trials on like lines, may,
we think, be accounted for l)y the great
rarity of men who, however well qualified
for, or inclined to, such a task, have the
leisure and opportunity for concentrated
culture and observation on a similar scale.
As Mendel points out in- his introduction,
no one, until he undertook the task, had car-
ried out experiments on adequate lines since
the study of a comparatively small number
of plants is likely to lead to false conclu-
sions, and it is only when immense numbers
are concerned, and all of them studied,
that the underlying principle reveals itself-
It was also no simple matter to select a
genus, or a series of species or varieties
which at once presented a number of defi-
nite characters, and at the same time could
be systematically crossed without risk of
accidental fertilisation, which would utterly
vitiate the results eventually aimed at. As
he says : —

" The trial plants must necessarily —

"1. Possess constant differentiating cha-
racters ;

" 2. The hybrids of each plant must, during
the flowering period, be protected from the
influence of all foreign pollen, or be easily
capable of such protection.''

Both these qualifications he found to be
possessed in the highest degree by the genus
Pisum (Pea), for the reason that the ferti-
lising organs are closely packed within a
protecting keel or cover, while the anther
bursts within the liud, covering the stigma
with pollen even before the flower opens.
This enables the operator to remove the keel
and stamens at an early stage, while the
latter are still immature, and then to intro-
duce the foreign pollen with a fair certainty
of its sole action. Hybrid Peas, also, are
fully fertile, another essential factor for sub-
sequent culture and study of their offspring ;
they possess a number of distinctive cha-
racters which can be easily noted ; and,
finally, are of the easiest possible culture.
Thus observation could be directed to: —

1. The difference in form of the ripe seeds,
round or wrinkled.

•2. The difference in the colour of the seed-
contents, which is easily observed, as their
coats are transparent.

3. The difference in the colour of the seed-
coat.

4. The difference in form of the ripe pod.

5. The difference in colour of the unripe
pod.

6. The difference in the position of the
flowers.

7. The difference in the length of the
stem.

In all these we have obvious and clearly
discernible characters, especially as the
differences are well marked.

As a start, each two of the differentiating
characters were crossed together. The
crosses were also made reciprocally, i.e., the
pollen plants in one set of trials were made
the seed-bearers in a second set; and it may
1)8 here remarked that one of the outcomes
of Mendel's investigations was that this
made absolutely no difference in the sub-
sequent results — it was quite immaterial
which parents bore the seed. The first set
of trials involved 287 fertilisations on seventy
plants, embracing seven crosses, and in each
of these the hybrid character of the offspring
resembled one of the parental forms so

closely that the other parental type was prac-
tically imperceptible. This, however, is no
evidence at all that crossing has not been
effected, as superficially would appear to be
the case, it simply means that what Mendel
terms "dominant characters" assert them-
selves in this generation, while "recessive ''
or latent characters are externally sup-
pressed, only to reappear later in subsequent
progeny. These dominant characters in
Pisum are found to be —

1. Round or rounded seeds without shallow
depressions ;

2. Yellow-coloured seed contents ;

3. Grey, brown, and leather colour of the
seed-coat, correlated with violet-red flowers
and red-spotted leaf-axils ;

4. Inflated form of pod ;

5. Green unripe pods, stems, leaf -veins,
and caljx ;

6. Distribution of flowers along the stem ;

7. Greater length of stem ;

while the other characters are recessive or
less assertive.

That these latter latent characters are
existent in the plant system is clearly shown
by the progeny of these hybrids presenting
them fully developed, and it is in the propor-
tions of this reappearance that the Mendel-
lian law begins to be demonstrated, the
dominant characters appearing constantly
in the proportion of three to one as compared
with the recessive, without any transitional
forms appearing. It is impossible in the
limited space here available to give details
of the results, but summarising them it may
lie stated that out of 4,612 plants, the domi-
nant appeared in 3,453 cases, and the recessive
ones in 1,1.59 = 2-98 to 1.

In the next or second generation precisely
the same ratio of three to one resulted,
whence, quoting Mendel, "It is note dear
thai the hybrids form seeds having one or other
of the tv)0 differentiating characters, and of
these one-half develop again the hybrid form,
while the other half yield plants which remain
constant, and receive the dominant and recessive
characters in equal numbers."

In the subsequent trials extending over a
period of eight years in all, this same rate
came out from the analysis of an immense
mass of data for which we must refer to
the paper itself, and from the facts observed
Mendel deduces the principle that in
hybrids the ovules and pollen-grains do not
contain a heterogenous admixture of po- ■
tencies, but throughout retain their indi- ■
viduality, and combine with each other on
well defined lines, the eventual combina-
tions of characters being strictly confined
to the number of combinations which may
be possible between the original ones, these
really retaining their integrity through all
transmissions. The further deductions
which MENDELemphasises are the following:

"That the offspring of the hybrids in
which several essentially distinctdiaracters
are combined, represent the components of
a series of combinations in which the deve-
lopmental series for each two different
characters are associated.

" The relation of each two different
characters in hybrid connection is indepen-
dent of the other differences in the two
original parental stocks.

"The constant characters which appear in
various forms of a plant group may be ob-
tained in all the associations which are
possible according to the laws of combina-

September 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

227

tion by means of repeated artificial fer-
tilisation.''

The principles thus defined and established
'by Mendel, at any rate, as regards the
species with which he dealt, throw consider-
able light on the phenomena of reversion,
the possibility of whieli, as his experiments
show, can hardly be entirely eliminated from
the systems of the plants concerned, though
the chances of reappearance may be many
thousands to one.

The paper also constitutes a guide and a
model (as Mr. Bateson points out) for fur-
ther experiments; but it is probable that the
complexity introduced by accidental ferti-
lisation from alien sources, and that inhe-
rent tendency to vary possessed by most
plants, would in course of time render the
law altogether untraceable in distant gene-
rations, uncontrolled and uncontrollable with
the assiduous care whicli Abbe Mendel
could devote to his cultures in the seclusion
of his convent garden.

None the less, the thanks of the world are
due to him for his labours, and the masterly
way in which he has proved the existence of
a defined law where hitherto all seemed
chaos. [Students should peruse this paper
in conjunction with the dissertations of
Thom.\s Andrew Knight, and the much
more recent observations of Thomas Lax-
ton, both of which are included in the
jTublications of the Horticultural Society.]

Orchid-Flowering Cannas (sec Supple-
mentary JUii.stration). ^ Italia and Austria
^ve^e among the first of this distinct section of
Cannas, and the.so created quite a sensation
(for a time; but though the flowers were of
great size, they were found wanting in sul>-
atance, and did not make such good heads of
bioom as the Crozy section. However, I have
had a number of new varieties added since,
and 1 may yet get further iraprovoinent. Miss
Knte Gray is one of the latest and best ; it is
of American origin, and shows a great advance
on anything I have observed, the growth being
short and sturdy, and the flower-stems arc
comparatively short, with good heads of bloom.
I iiavo not yet tried it planted out, but as a
pot-plant it is decidedly one of the l)cst Cannas
that we have. Plants received from America
last autumn were started, or rather kept grow-
ing, for they had inade a good start on the
voyage. They have since thrown a number of
offshoots (or suckers), some of which have
flowered, in addition to all the first growths
•which had started when received. H. J. J.
(A plant of this variety, of which our Supple-
mentary Illustration in this issue aflord-s a gootl
idea of the form and size of the flowers and
.■spike, was shown by Mr. H. J. JoNK.s, of Hither
<Jreen, bewisham, at the Royal Horticultural
Society's meeting at the Drill Hall, Buckingham
Gate, on July 2 of the present year, and re-
■ceived an Award of Merit. The plant grows
■from 3 to 4 feet in height, and the flowers are
of a brilliant scarlet colour, with yellow
«iarkings in the throat. Ed.]

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting of the committees of the Koyal Hor-
ticultural Society will be hold on Tuesday,
September 24, in the Drill Hall, Uuckinghani
Gate, 'VS'cstininster, 1 to 5 P.M. A lecture on
■"Roses for Autumn Blooms" will bo given
by Mr. Authur Wm. Paul, F.R.H.S., at three
o'clock.

The FitriT Snow.— The Royal Horti-

cuJtural Society's great show of British-

grown fruit will take place at the Crystal
Palace on Thursday, October 10, and the two
following days. Copies of the prize schedule,
with entry form, can be obtained on applica-
tion to the Secretary, Royal Horticultural
Society, 117, Victoria Street, 'Westminster.
Intending exhibitors must give notice in writing
not later than Thursday, October 3, of the
class, or classes, in which they propose to
exhibit, and the amount of space required.
On each day of the show, after 10 a.m.. Fol-
lows of the Society — on showing their tickets
at the turnstile— will be admitted to the Palace
free.

Royal Horticultural Society's Con-
ference on Roses, 1902. — By permission
of the Earl of Ilchester, a member of
the Council, it has been decided to hold
a Conference on and show of Roses in
the grounds of Holland House, Kensington,
probably in the last week of June. The
programme and schedule will be published
as soon as possible ; but probably the only
feature which will require special preparation
will be a class for twenty-foiu- climbing Roses,
in twelve varieties, shown in pots, so as to
illustrate their habit, growth, and vigour.
Can anything more delightful for Londoners
be thought of than a Rose show in the
beautiful grounds attached to this historic
mansion? We believe the precise date cannot
bo fixed till it is known exactly when the
Coronation is to take place.

Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. — The
one hundred and sixty-second meeting will be
held at Doncastcr, for the investigation of the
Don valley from Conisborough to Doncaster,
on Thursday, September 2(!, 1901. Permission
has been kindly granted by Miss Bewick-
Coi'LKV, Mr. CliAULES E. Ei.Lis, and Jlr. W. H.
Battie-Wkiciitson for their estates to bo
visited, also by Messrs. Walkeu&Chawshaw,
and Messrs. Blaodon & Cuawsuaw for their
quarries at Conisborough and 'Warmswortli.
Scabba Wood is expressly exempted from the
permission granted, and is not to be entered.
The district embraces that part of the Don
valley where the river cuts its way through
the Permian Rocks. The natural outline of
the left bank has been much changed by
quarrying ; the right side is less altered. As
the river winds fi-om side to side of the valley,
steep rocky woods alternate with rich alluvial
meadows, forming a bit of country alike attrac-
tive to the naturalist and the photographer.
All parties will le;ivo Conisborough Station
after the arrivals of the trains leaving Shellield
at 10.43 a.m., and Doncaster 11.15 a.m.

A meeting will I>e held at Cadeby (near

Doncaster), for a fungus foray in the neigh-
bourhood of Melton, S|)rotl)<>r()Ugh, and Warms-
wortli, from Saturday to Thursday, Sept. 21 to
20, 1901. The business arrangements for this
meeting have been made by the Hon. Secre-
taries of the Union, assisted by Mr. H. H.
CoitliKTT and Mr. M. H. Stilkh, of Doncaster.
All communications with regard to the scien-
tific business of the Mycological Committee to
be addressed to Mr. Ciiossland, its Secretary.

Ferns at the Royal Caledonian Show.—
The following were the dimensions of some of
the Ferns exhibited on this occasion l)y P.
JS'KH.L Fn/V.sEl{, Esq.: — Goniophlebium subauri-
culatum, fronds, 10 to 15 feet long, SJ feet
across; Oymnogramma Laucheana gigantea,
.") feet 6 inclies across ; Davallia polyantha,
8 feet aci-oss; Phlobodium sporodocarpum,

8 feet across; Adiantum digitatum, ."> feet

9 inches across; A. Williamsii,5 feet 3 inches
across ; A. cuneatum, 4 feet across ; A. c.
grandiceps, 4 feet across.

Two-coloured Tomato. — We have oftea
seen white and black Grapes on one cane,
white and rod Curi-ants on one stalk, or others
partly red and partly white, but we had never
seen a yellow Toiuato growing on the same
stem as a red one till Messrs. Barr & Sons*
sent us a specimen from their nurseries at
Long Ditton. A plant is like a kaleidoscope ;
shake it a little, and the component parts re-
arrange themselves in a different manner.

National Chrysanthemum Society.— The
first meeting of the Floral Committee of the
above Society will be held at the Royal Aqua-
rium on Monday next, September 23, at three
o'clock. The committee will also meet on the
following dates: October 21, Oetoljer 28, No-
vember 11, and November 18, at 3 P.M. ; and
on October 8, and December 3, at 1 p.m. These
meetings will be held at the Royal Aquarium.

The French Horticultural Society. —
The French National Horticultural Society has
not yet decided where the autumn exhibitiott
will be held. It was announced, apparently
with certainty, that it would take place in the
Grand Palais of the Champs Elysees, but it
has since been found out that this building is
engaged for other purposes. M. 'VifiER, for-
merly Minister of Agriculture, and President
of the Society, has made personal application
to tho Minister, and it seems likely that the
Chrysanthemum show will, after all, be held
in the Palais, but at an earlier date, opening
on November 6 or 8, instead of on the 13th, as
was previous'y proposed.

Lachnanthes tinctoria.— This plant is,
during the silly .season, exciting much atten-
tion, even iu the Times, as an alleged remedy
for phthisis. Whatever temporary relief ib
may afford in tho case of certain symptoms, •
no one but those who jiin their faith in tho
advertisements of quack medicines would
believe that it or any other drug could exercise
any abiding inllueuce in tho " euro " of such a. .
di.seaso as phthisis in its advanced stages ; .
but that is a matter wo cannot discuss here.
We are only concerned with the botany of tho
plant. The Index Kewcnsis retains the name
of Lachnanthes, which dates from 1810, but.,
points out that it had been previously named
Gy rotheca tinctoria by Salisbury. Salisuury'*
paper is contained in the Transactions of the
Uoijal Horticultural Society in 1812, p. 327;
but the name was ignored probably for the
very suflicient reason that no description was
given, but only tho bare name {nomen nudum),
which gives no right of priority apart from a
d&scription or figure. But this is not all.
Messrs. Briiton & Brown in their valuable
Illustrated Flora of the Nortlwrn United Stales,
have discovered that Walter in his Flora of
Carolina, published in 1788, described the
plant as Anonymo (sic) capitata. In accordance
with the very curious but very unsatisfactory
plan of adopting a mutilated name, and attri-
buting it (in brackets) to some one who could
have known nothing about the name, Messrs.
Brhton & Brown now call the plant Gyrotheca
capitata (Walter), Morong, in spite of the
fact that Wai.tkr had called it something else»
thus violating onoof the cardinal principles of
nomenclature which forbids us from attri»
buting to any particular author somctliing
that ho never said or wrote, the putting his
name in brackets does not obviate the mis-
statement. A further complication arises from
the circumstance that " Anonymos " capitata
of Walter is referred in the Index Keivensis t»
Burmannia capitata. This illustration showa
the inconvenience and inaccuracy that arise
when an attempt is made to act upon tho
strict rule of priority without giving dxxa

228

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 21, 1901.

■weight to all the circumstances of the case.
The safest rule for gardeners to follow is to
adopt the nomenclature of the J»(fe.v Keiceii-
sis, of the Genera PUmiaviim, and of Nicliol-
son's Dictionani. until some competent mono-
grapher arises on ^hose critical judgment
reliance can be placed. Some will say this is
a case where the popular name '' Ked-root "
should be used, and we should concur in this
view were it not for the fact that Red-root
is an epithet applied to various species of
Ceanothus and to other plants. The unfor-
tunate plant is a herb 1 to 3 feet high, with
redfibrous roots, tufted,linear-lanceolatelcaves
more or less pubescent ; the flowers are
yellow, hairy within, and arranged in a ter-
minal panieled cyme, having superficially much
the appearance of a Cyperus. It belongs to
the order Hremadoraceaj. It was introduced
to British gardens in 1812, according to
Nicholson.

Messrs. Thomas Green & Son, Ltd.—
The old-established firm of jSIessrs. Thomas
Green & Son, Ltd., Leeds and London, have
been appointed horticultural-machine makers
to His Majesty the King. Messrs. GUEEN were
for many years royal tradesmen under the late
Queen. 'and their lawn-mowers were in con-
stant use in the Royal parks and gardens at
"Windsor, Frogmore, Sandringham, Buckingham
Palace, Hampton Court, &c., it seems only
fitting they should be the first manufacturers
of lawn-mowers to receive the honour of a
similar appointment under the King. Messrs.
Green also announce that owing to the in-
crease of their business, they have enlarged
their London establishment, and to that end
have acquired a plot of land in Southwark
Street, upon which they have already com-
menced the erection of new premises, and
of which they hope to be in occupation by
January, 1903.

A Prolific Jargonelle Pear-tree.— The
Rev. Walter Waddell, Borthwick JIause,
Gorebridge, has just taken 1100 Pears from a
tree growing on the manse wall, many weigh-
ing two to the pound, while the average
would be three to the pound. The tree was
planted forty-eight years ago, and Mr. Wad-
DELL has carefully pruned and trained it for
forty-one years. It is on a west aspect, and
has always been prolific, but this is a record
crop. — " The Scotsman," Sept. 11.

"The Scots Gardiner."— a book referred
to by Lord Rosebery, in his amusing speech
at the opening of the show of the Royal
Caledonian Horticultural Scciety, was made
the subject of an article in oar columns by
Mr. BrOtherston some time since.

Lord Rosebery, in opening the great
flower sliow in Edinburgh, remarked on the
technical terms used in horticulture. Horti-
culture is not alone in this matter; but, like
all specialties, it has its own language. This
survives when the more popular nomenclature
speedily becomes obsolete or inapplicable,
and to that extent justifies its existence. "We
have only to read a few more sentences of
his Lordship's speech to find a long list of
"popular" names, many of which are as
uncouth and unfamiliar as the "false and
barbarous" names of which the speaker com-
plained. The survival of the fittest is here
regulated by convenience. The majority of
those most concerned find, in practice, that
the "false and barbarous" names are the most
convenient and trouble-saving. It is in our
experience those who do not want to know
who make the greatest outcry. Those who do
wish to know do not find any special difficulty
about the terminology, barbarous as it may be.
Many of us like music, but not sufficiently to

induce us to become familiar with the termi-
nology of the real musicians ; at the same
time, we do not complain of the students of
music because they use a special jargon of
their own.

Books for Recreation. — Lord Rosebery
brackets two classes of books as equally suit-
able for the purpose — those relating to gar-
dens, and those concerning continental travel,
as dealt with in the continental Bradsha ir. "We
are afraid for the honour of garden literature
that only a few of the host of gardening books
now issued from the Press have any real
interest or value for gardeners, but with the
continental Bradshaw we entirely sympathise
with his Lordship.

Flower Photography. — The September
number of the Photoaram (EQingham House.
Arundel Street. Strand) contains an illustrated
article by Mrs. Cu-eb Keene on Fruit and
Flower Photography. The pictures of flowers
are very ai'tistic, but it is disillusioning to
hear they are taken from cut blossoms
arranged to seem as if growing. Mrs. Keene
finds that plant portraits taken out of doors
are likely to be spoilt by the slightest puff of
wind. So her pretty pictures are of her own
arrangements, not of natm-al groups. There
are no illustrations of fruit accompanying the
article ; which is popular and pleasing rather
than of scientific value. The Photogram is,
by the way, an excellent journal, interesting
even to those who have no camera.

Cider. — An instructive article on the
manufacture of cider in Normandy is given in
a recent number of the Journal of the Society
of Arts, p. 718. It maybe commended tothose
who desire to encourage the production of this
beverage in our own country.

Small Fruit.— Out of a total in 1901 of
56,78-5,433 acres of land in Great Britain,
32,417,4-15 are under cultivation (not including
mountain or heath land). Of this amount
small fruit occupy 74,999 acres, an increase
1'7 per cent, on the previous year (1900).

Over-sea Fruit Crop. — Through the Board
of Trade, we learn that the Canadian Apple crop
is estimated to yield 13,834,224 bushels, or a
little more than 2 bushels to each tree of
bearing age. This is less than 40 per cent, of
last year's yield. A " States " authority
reckons that Ontario will give 34 per cent.,
Nova Scotia 75 per cent, of a normal crop.
The New England crop of Apples is placed at
25 per cent, of the ordinary crop, other parts
of the Vnited States 45 per cent. It will be
interesting to note the advance in prices
during the season of consumption.

Show of Garden Produce at Hereford.
—For the past seven years, Mr. J. "Wilson,
seedsman and florist of the town of Hereford,
has held a show of the products of the garden,
exhibitors coming from far and near. This
year the show was held in the Hereford
Market on the 4th inst., a large tent accom-
modating the various things shown. There
were open and cottager's classes, and accord-
ing to our advices the exhibits were very
meritorious. Flowers formed a section of the
display, such as Asters, Gladiolus, Dahlias,
Begonias, <S:e.

Gift to Sefton Park, Liverpool. —A
handsome aviary, the gift of one of the most
popular City Councillors, Mr. J. R. Grant,
was opened to the public on Tuesday last, by
Alderman Joseph Ball, chairman of the Parks
and Gardens Committee, who in his remarks
spoke of the educational points such a gift
would create. Alderman Hollding eulogised
the above remarks, stating from experience

the value of Councillor Grant's previous pre-
sentation of an aviary to Stanley Park. The
donor, in reply, said how pleased he was to-
find his work so much appreciated by the-
people. The building is erected on the south-
east side of the review-ground, has five com-
partments, a floor-space of 2,300 feet, and is-
148 feet in length.

Horticultural Lectures in Glouces-
tershire: A Good Suggestion. — In the
annual report of the Gloucestershire County-
Council Technical Instruction Committee^
lately issued, "W. Iggllden, F.R.H.S., Frome,
Somerset, the horticultural lecturer, states,
that he has every reason to be well pleased
with the progress made during the year.
"Not only," he says, "did I receive every
assistance from various ladies and gentlemen,
interested in the welfare of all classes con-
nected with the great agricultural industry^
and more especially that part relating to the
production of fruits and vegetables for sale and
home consumption, but farmers generally are-
becoming much keener in the matter, and
attended both lectures and demonstrations in
fairly large numbers. The working-classes are-
also attending lectures better than formerly,
many of them showing by the questions they
put and the remarks they made that they tak&
more than ordinary interest in their gardens.
The good effect of flower-shows is becoming:
more apparent each year. In villages where
these are held, the best cultivated gardens
and allotments are to be found, and the keenest
audiences found at lectures." And to furthei-
stimulate this good work, Mr. Igguldex urges
that assistance be rendered by the County
Council to various deserving, struggling horti-
cultural societies.

Gardening under Difficulties.— Garden-
lovers will contrive to find a plot wherein to.
exercise their skill, however imfavourable the
circumstances. As a parallel to the back-yard
and house-top plantations flourishing in the
heart of London, our contemporary. The Agri-
cultural EcoHOHiist, mentions a garden by the
entrance of Deptford Creek, which certainly
seems an unfavourable situation. "Amidst all
the hurry and bustle and noise of the steam
winch, there is a garden on the cabin-top of
the derrick owned by the General Steam Navi-
gation Company, wherein reside the attendant
and his wife. True, its dimensions are small,
but it is as pleasing to the gardeners as the
best kept garden of the mansion." An illustra-
tion shows us the arrangement of the flower-
pots and tubs filled with growing and, in some
instances, with flowering plants. Such boat-
gardeus are commonly seen in Holland.

Flixton Hall Gardens, Bungay.— Mr.
H. Fisher, the head gardener at Flixton Hall,
writes that, " In consequence of Sir HUGH
Adair giving over the Flixton Hall estates to
his son, and of a reduction in the garden staff,
I leave here October 1, having had charge of
the gardens— first with the late Lord "Waveney,
and for the last fifteen years with Sir HUGH
Adair— altogether over thirty years. During
the latter part of the time the gardens have
been remodelled, a new kitchen-garden made,
and other improvements carried out."

THE Seed Harvest at Erfurt and Else-
where IN Germany.— We learn from Der
Handels Gartner that so far as concerns
summer flowers, namely, A&tevs, Verbenas,
Diauthus chinensis and Heddewigi, Tropseo-
lums, Salpiglossis, Mignonette, good returns
are expected if the weather during the present
month remains fine. It is to be regretted that
on September 4 a sharp hoar frost caused
<rreat injurv, and amongst other subjects to

gEPTEilBER 21, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

229

Fig. C7. — repeated draxchixo of the i>rFi/)RKscEXCE in a m.vle fiowbr of

CUCUSIBEIt, LEAFY COXKITIOX OK THE CALYX ; ISOL.VTI0X OF STAMENS,
PRODUCTION OK HKKMAPflROKITE FLOWERS, IvTC. (SEE TEXT.)

BalsatDF, Mirabilis, Agoratum, Dahlias, and
various Cucurbit.s. From other seed-.saving
■centres it is stated at Halberstadt that Cauli-
flower seed, also Cabbages and Kohl Rabi
will yield a small crop ; Spinach seed was a good
crop ; early Peasworca heavy crop,whereas late
Marrowfat varieties, on account of the heat at
the end of May and in .June, suffered greatly ;
Runner Beans will aflord good crops, and

dwarf varieties arc satisfactory ; the early
varieties, on the contrary, are less satisfac-
tory. Flowering stocks in variety show this
year a high percentage of double flowers, and
the continued drought and warmth have acted
most favourably on the quality of the seed ;
but this is at the cost of quantity, the plants
having remained of small stature, and the
seed capsules few in numljer.

Fig.

-PORTION OF FEMALE FLOWER AND FRUIT OF
CUCUMBER, SHOWING PROLIFICATION, LATERAL
AND AXILLARY, PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY AND
TERTIARY FRUITS, AND OTHER CHANGES. (SEE
TEXT.)

Publications Received. — Report on Natal
Bota)iu- (kmlens and Colonuil Herbarium,
January to June, 1901, by J. Medley Wood.
"In consequence of a very favourable
season, the trees in the Gardens are looking
well." Experiments with Indigo, Mangos,
and indigenous medicinal plants were suc-
cessfully undertaken. This report contains
some interesting notes dealing with the early
history of the Gardens, and showing what im-
provements have been mide in the last fifty
J'ears. As regards the Herbarium, a new and
better building is to be commenced as soon as
possible, the necessary funds being now avail-
able.— Qiieemshind Agricultural Journal, July,
1901. This number of the periodical is devoted
to chronicling the proceedings of the Bundaberg
Conference, which "excelled previous Confer-
ences, both in the number of delegates, in the
great extent of country represented, in the
zeal and earnestness which the delegates
brought to their work, and in the many
thoughtful papers on subjects of the deepest
importance, not only to the single districts,
but to the national welfare itself." — Agri-
cultural Gazette of Sew South Wales, July.
With papers on: Burless Medick-seed, Green
Crops of Winter Fodder, Wheat iu the Drier
Districts, Report on the 1901 Vintage, Forests
of New South Wales, I'aspalum stoloniferum,
and Trials of Wheat at Xumba. — Les Vegetatix
Consideres coiumc Pluviometres Enregistrcurs,
par Felix Sahut. (Chez I'Auteur, Avenue du
Pont-Juvenal, Montpellier.) — Minnesota Bo-
tanical Studies, July 20. — Twelfth Annual
Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
A record of satisfactory work and progress in
1900. Scientific papers included in the publi-
cation are : Disease of Kobiniapseudacacia, by
H. von Schrenk ; Crotonsof the Vnited States,
A. M. Ferguson; Agave from Arizona, J. W.
Tourney ; a cristate Pellsea, W. Trelease ; a
Pacilic-slope Palmetto, by W. Trelease; and
Garden Beans cultivated as Esculents, by C.H.
Irish, already alluded to. — From the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland. Abstracts showing the Acreage
under Crops, and the number of Live Stock in
each County and Province, 1900-1901. In the
total area under crops in Ireland there has
been in the year a decrease of 28,2.52 acres.
There has been an increase in the area under
grass, a decrease in cereals and green crops
(with the exception of Mangel Wurzel and
Deet-root) ; and an increase in l«"lax. As re-
gards the numbers of live stock, there has been
a decrease in everything save cattle. — Agricul-
tural Journal, Cape of Good Hope, August 1.
The contents deal with agricultural subjects
in general. In the horticultural section are
papers on : Disease in Pine-apples, Tropical
Fruits, Cure for Grange-root Rot, and Return
of Fruit Export for June, 1901.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

CiTKUS SINENSIS, Revue de VUorticuUure Btlge, Sept. 1.
COLEOS THYnsoiDEUS, RcvM de iUortiaUture Beige,
Sept. 1.
iHis EwBANKiAVA, Kevue IlorlicoU, Sept. 1.

MUS.t SAPIENTPM VAB. SANOUINEA, £« JardtJl, AUg. 5.

Tropical Africa.

Phi.ox maculata, Meelians' Monthly, July.

Raspbekkv Cosr.i— Revue HnrUcole, September. A
variety raised by M. Congy at Fcrriftres en Bril, in the
eaidcns of Baron Alplionse dc Rothscbild. It pro-
duces fruit in summer, and again in autumn, and Is
recommended as a good market variety.

ViTis INCISA, Meeham' Monthly, August.

PROLIFEROUS CUCUMBERS.
In the course of the summer now fast waning,
we received from various correspondents,
notably from Mr. Denny, the gardens, Down
House, Blandford ; Mr. Swan, the gardens,
Thorneote, Staines ; and Mr. David Martineau,
through Messrs. Cannell, specimens of Cu-
cumber-dowers, male and female, all more or
less malformed. The malformations were ex-
ceedingly curious, so much so that in a rather
long experience wc have never met with any
similar. It is the more remarkable, therefore,

230

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembek 21, 1901.

that we should have received all these speci-
mens from widely separated localities within a
few days of each other. In essentials these
flowers, male and female respectively, were
identical, but with various minor differences
in detail.

In the case of the male flowers, of which
remarkable specimens were sent by Mr. Swan,
the sepals were nearly normal, the petals
more or less leafy. Within the petals, where
in ordinary circumstances we should expect to
find the stamens, was a tuft of flower-stalks,
«aeh terminated by a globose head of green
scales, intermixed with which was a number
■of more or less perfect but detached stamens,
and sundry carpels, free at the edges, which
Tjore numerous ovules. The apex was ter-
minated by a short style, capped with a some-
what globose stigma. The flower was, there-
fore, hermaphrodite, or at least bisexual, a
condition which occurs sometimes in the
nearly - allied Begonias. The illustration
-<flg. 67) shows a small portion only of this
much-branched inflorescence, together with a
male flower prolifled, and, on the left, one of
the secondary flowers from the prolified
flower showing the petals, the stamens, and
the open carpels.

The marginal nature of the placenta is
obvious, and will be of interest to those who
lemember the controversy that was waged as
to the nature of the placenta of Cucurbits
some sixty years since ! Others will remember
the discussions in our colmnns carried on
some forty years ago by Sir Joseph Hooker,
the late Cliarles Darwin, and others, as to the
liisexual flowers of Begonias.

In the female flower the condition of affairs
was, making allowance for the difference in
sex, very similar. It will be remembered that
the outer part of a Cucumber or Gourd is
really a dilatation of the flower-stalk into what
is called a reeeptacular cup or tube. With
this tube the carpels are blended, so as to
become embedded in, and inseparable from it.
In some Gourds this state of things is very
apparent, because the true carpels project
-beyond the flower-tube in a more or less
dome-shaped prominence at the top of the
fruit. Exactly the same condition occurred
in the flowers sent by Messrs. Cannell. The
flower-tube bore at its margins five stalked
leaves, and the true carpels protruded for the
epace of an inch above these calycine leaves,
covered as usual with a rind, the origin of
-which is one of the puzzles to be solved.

But this state of things was simplicity itself
in comparison with what occurred in the speci-
mens figured at p. 229, fig. 68. Here both from
'the sides of the original reeeptacular tube, and
from its edge, protruded secondary flowers of
the most singular appearance. The calyx was
-represented by five stalked leaves, at the base
of which were some minute, thread-like pro-
-cesses, perliaps representatives of stamens,
and in the centre a secondary axis in the form
of a small Cucumber, often contorted, and
Ijearing a leafy calyx surrounding a mass of
imperfect petals and stamens. In some cases
tertiary shoots might be seen springing from
the sides of these secondary productions, and
constituting, as it were, a double or two-fold
prolification.

In brief, the main peculiarities of these
flowers were dependent on an altogether ab-
normal degree of branching in the floral axis
I)eneath and also within the calyx; in the
more or less complete substitution of leaves
for sepals and petals; in the production by
prolification of tertiary flowers, some axillary,
others from the sides of the secondary flowers ;
in the isolation and multiplication of the
«tamens ; in the production of carpels in the

same flower with the stamens ; in the com-
plete detachment of these carpels from the
axis, and in the want of union between the
margins.

We are afraid Cucumber-growers will not
cxuite appreciate such productions. They
may be re-assured by their extreme rarity.
Botanists will, however, be interested in these
extraordinary deviations from the normal con-
formation which would be unintelligible with-
out the aid of Mr. Worthington Smith's
drawings. M . T. M.

GERMAN S.-W. AFRICA.
The following notes on the flora of Brak-
water, in German South-west Africa, were
given by our correspondent, Herr Dinter, in
the supplement to No. 23 of the Windhoeker
Anzeiger. The trees of this district are chiefly
represented by the Mimosew, not only in the
numbers of the individuals, but in the many
varieties. Within a few square miles grow no
fewer than thirteen species of Acacia. Pre-
dominant in the valley is Acacia Giraffje, and
in places there are groups of very old Karroo
Thorn-trees (Acacia horrida, the gum-bearing
Acacia). The Capparideas claim the second
place ; they are represented by three species
of Maerua, and the well-known Witgatbooin,
whose roots when roasted serve tlie Boers and
others as coffee. On theGlimmerschief Moun-
tains and in their valleys and gorges still grows
Erythrina suberifera,with its coral-red flowers ;
a white-barked Doldenbaum ( yPeucedanuni)
araliaceum, Combretum apiculatum, Ficus sp.,
Dombcya rotundifolia, and three species of
Grewia, as well as a few less commonly known
bushes. No fewer than five species of Aspara-
gus are found on the banks of rivers and under
the shadoof the trees, and two of these are ex-
tremely ornamental in appearance. The species
of Asparagus appear before the rainy season,
proving that there is water in the hollows.
As Asparagus-plants do not push their roots
deeply into the soil, they are, as indications
of the existence of water, much more trust-
worthy than Tamarisks (Tamarix articulata),
the Willow-leaved Sumach (Rlius viminalis),
and many species of Rnshes, and the not-to-
be-forgotten Ebony-wood (Euelea pseudebe-
num), which, except here, only appears in the
Nami rivers, and in the lower lateral valleys
of the Tsoacliaub in Hereroland. A great
number of indigenous plants bloom in the
south-west African spring (from about the
middle of August to the first rainfall), yet it
is not well to be guided by them in digging
for water, as either they only need sufticient
warmth for them to push their bulbs, roots, or
reserve-structures into new growth (Peuceda-
num, Erythrina, two species of Liliacese, &c.) ;
or they are contented with warmtli, and require
only a minimum of moisture, which they are
able to absorb by means of their extraordinarily
long roots (Acacia hebeclada, Albizzia anthel-
mintica, &c.). One tree which always indi-
cates the existence of water at a greater or
lesser depth, and flowers first in December

the road from Windhoek to Little Windhoek,,
and are recognised by their large white balls-
of flowers, and the freedom from thorns oft
their thick terminal branches.

A GOOD CROP OF MELONS.
In a recent issue of the Gard. Chron. (to
which I am a regular subscriber), I observed,,
under the heading "Home Correspondence,"
at p. 154, a letter signed by William Gostling,,
entitled "Fruitless pursuit of Melons." In
reference to this it will, I think, interest your-
many readers if you can find space for the-
accompanying photographs of my Melon-house
and its contents (fig. 69, p. 231), particulars of
which are as follows : —

Dimensions of house, 16 feet x 8 x 7 ; varieties-
of Melons, two Hero of Lockinge, and green-
fleshed fruit, name unknown ; date of sowing,.
March 13 ; planting out, April 13 ; and first,
gathering, August 8.

Hero of Lockinye. — Eight plants planted in
soil 2 feet wide, 2 feet deep, 15 feet long.
Keceived no fire-heat after April 1. All
attacked and almost destroyed by wireworm ^
but, notwithstanding, twelve excellent Melons,
were produced.

Green-fleshed Fruit. — Six plants, planted in.
six Seakale-pots, 15 feet by 15, produced,
thirty-two Melons of first-rate quality and
flavour, varying in weight from Ij lb. to 2 lb.

These Melons were grown by my gardener,
Mr. W. J. Cosham. W. Edimrd Oswell, Hillside,
Groombridge, Kent.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

PENTSTEMONS. — We Seem not to produce
Pentstcmons for exhibition in the south as
they are presented in the north. There were
some superb stands of them in the flower show
at Glasgow at the end of last month, and when
with leisure I looked over a fine collection of
them in Messrs. Dobbie & Sons' HillsideNursery
at Rothesay. I noted a few that seemed to be
much finer than are commonly grown near
London. Where the flowers are, as is seen in
these newer ones, produced in long spikes of
some 14 to 15 in., they present very attractive
objects. Specially fine were Gem, with a crim-
son throat heavily pencilled on a white ground ;.
Antique, very large, and purple in colour ;.
Auguste Cain, brilliant scarlet, ; Le Prophete,.
reddish-pink, white throat finely margined
with colour ; Santillene, deep rich crimson ;
Jeannie Deans, reddish-carmine, prettily pen-
cilled ; Paul Verlain, crimson, pure white
throat; Duke of Fife, cherry -pink; Miss.
Wilson, glowing reddish-scarlet; Norah May,,
brilliant scarlet, white throat, &c. Many
others might be mentioned, but these suffice.
Anyone getting say a dozen of such varie-
ties will find them seed freely, and they caa
easily raise others in that way, probably not
less fine. Good forms are easily propagated
by putting in young tops as cuttings now, and
keeping them through the winter in pots on a
;reenhouse shelf, or in a frame ; or they may

be put out under handlights in sandy soil, if
and January (although it bears fresh foliage beneath a south wall or fence. Few border-
in the spring), is the Karroo thorn (Acacia plants are more easily grown, and if good
horrida, the Windhoeker trees). The Kamol- culture be given, remarkably fine spikes can b&
baum is accustomed to push very deeply into ^^^^ '"^ ^^'^ """*'' '^^ '"'*^'' *^ ^"^ ^^'^ north. A. D..
the soil to secure conditions needful to its
growth, yet it is also noteworthy in places
where its tow-like roots hang straight down
into the water (as at the station). In con-
clusion, it may be mentioned that a strong
decoction of the root of Albizzia anthelmintica
used several times a day is a proved remedy
for tape- worm. The tree grows also in Abys-
sinia, and is there, as well as in Hereroland,
used in the same way. The trees abound on

BASIC SLAG. — As regards the virtues and,
uses of basic slag, I can fully endorse all that,
your correspondent, Mr. Molyneux, said in a.
recent issue of the Ckirdeners' Chronicle, but I
would warn intending users not to place it.
where young pheasants are likely to be reared
next spring ; cases having come under my
notice of young birds dying by the dozen on.
ground dressed the previous autumn, but on.
being removed to other fields which were-,
not dressed with this substance, the mortality

IfePTKMBER 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

231

immediately ceased. The reason I do not
know. I only state facts which may save much
trouble and annoyance, as the shifting of some
hundred pheasant coops takes no small amount
of time, to say nothing of the loss of the
birds. C. Bailey, Leigh Holme, Leigliam Avenue,
Htreatiiam, S.W.

v/ALL GARDENING. — The further particulars
given by "Stonecrop," vide p. 150, makes the
case clearer ; and with the information as
to the wall - top, a more definite answer
can now be given. Firstly, the top is a fix-
ture; and in answer to (2) Stonecrop will find
it much better to fix the bricks on edge not in
mortar but rather in cement or strong gauged
stuff, viz., mortar two parts, cement one part.
If the bricks are not too dry when fixed, this
mixture will make a strong joint, particularly if
it be not wiped off or "clean struck " on the
inner face. The only other principal point to
be answered is embodied in No. 5, and without

such a position. The pale green rosettes
covered with their downy web in tlie one
species is only equalled by the crimson colour
of the rosettes in spring in the other kind ; the
colour showing finely through the more
sparsely-webbed rosettes. So far as the list
originally given is concerned, it cannot well
be bettered; for the plants in the majority of
instances are the most suitable, the hardiest,
and most enduring that could bo chosen ; and
I have mentioned no plant that I have not in
the past tested for this purpose, and with a
smaller quantity of soil. In my own case,
however, I tended the plants, and knew their
requirements, and took care they were not
neglected — and this is of paramount impor-
tance. As regards the planting, I would urge
that with so much space to cover, small
pieces of healthy, well rooted plants, not mere
scraps, be employed. This dibbliug-in of small
plants tightly and firmly is much the better
method of covering a large area quickly ; and

yf^m

;i.i,s<JP^w"'*''

1:1

Fig. CO.— a

COOI) CHOP OK MRr.ONS
IIILLSlIlE,

iltilWN IN IIIK CAIillKN III' W. KIlWAKI) OSWKLI., KSI^.
;l{(Ml.MI!ltllK;K. (SKK P. -J.'tO.)

hesitation I would say the success is assured
if the plants an; given each a compartment of
a yard in length and with some I inches of soil
in depth. The base of hard stone will favour
the success of the sul)jects rather than other-
wise, by reason of the uniformly cool tempera-
ture which the roots will live under. Much
of the success, liowever, will depend upon
attention to affording water to the soil, as the
position will favour evaporation ; but this con-
tingency may be modified by leaving, say,
5-inch space at the surface for holding water,
and making the surface level. One cannot
quite agree with the all-sweeping disparage-
ment of "Stonecrop" in respect to House- Leeks,
particularly .as, at p. 137, I only favoured the
" webbed" kinds, S. arachiioid( iiiiiaiid its vars.
I think if your correspondent were to establish
a patch of either S. arachnoideum rubruin, or
S. a. Laggeri, on his wall, or both, for they
are distinct enough, he would not regret
having done so ; for what can be better than a
plant that is both picturesque and beautiful
from January to December? and seeing it is
80 perfectly hardy, and requires so little atten-
tion, it is one of the first 1 would select for

with Campanulas, .\ubrictias, some Saxifragas
as Aizoon vars. and lingiilata in may be easily
done ; and again with the .Sempcrvivums above-
named. Indeed, in their case it will bo best to
mix the loamy-soil freely with broken brick, old
mortar or granite chips, and prick out the
rosettes an inch or so apart over the area.
The Onosma patch may also have old mortar or
granite mixed with the soil, and a mulching
of the .same put on the surface. This plant
must be well established previously. The two
species of Bdraiaiitlius given at p. 137 should
also be planted in the same manner as the
Onosma, while all else may be accepted as
thriving in good loamy soil, to which a fair
proportion of grit has been added. Indeed,
the plants given in the first note were specially
selected for hardiness, free-flowering, and
general atlaptability for this kind of work.
E. H. Jenkinx.

FRUIT-GROWING IN CLEVELAND. — It has been

said that Yorkshire is of no importance as a
fruit-growing county. When passing through
Potto recently, I visitiul the gardens of Mr. J.
Richardson of I'otto Hall. The gardener, Mr.

Brunton, admitted that the situation was
bleak, and the soil unsuitable. Xotwithstand-
iug these drawbacks, here is to be seen one of
the finest collections of Apples, I'ears, and
Plums to be found in the north. All the w.alls
are covered with trees that are pictures of
health and productiveness, and these remarks
apply also to bushes and pyramids grown in
the open. The crops are abundant, the fruit
of the highest quality. The question arises:
how are such results achieved ? It is by using
young trees and good varieties, and by proper
feeding and methodical root-pruning. This
last is the most important of all, for when it
is regularly and skilfully done, there is no
such thing as failure, and summer and winter
pruning of the branches is reduced to a
minimum. \Y. L.

NEW MELON ROYALTY. — This Mclou rcccived
an "Award of Jlerit " from the Royal
Horticultural Society last year. The fruits
arc the result of a heavy second crop from
plants which produced a heavy crop of largo
fruits earlier in the season, and are in con-
sequence not so large as those of the first
crop. Two crops of Melons have been grown
in the same border regularly every year for
till' Inst five years without changing the soil.
riic plant has a vigorous constitution, is a
till' setter and good bearer. Fruits medium-
sized, roundish ; skin yellow coloured, and
finely netted. Flesh white, firm, sweet, juicy
and melting. This is quite a new type of
Melon, and differs from all otheis I know, in
imt cracking round the fruit-stalk when ripe.
1 have never known the fruits to split under
any circumstances whatever ; and they will
keep in good condition after they are ripe for
a week or ten days. A. Pettigrew, Castle
Hardens, Cardiff. [An excellent sample was
sent; juicy, and of good flavour. Kk.J.

DIAMOND JUBILEE GRAPE.— It is interest-
ing to lliid that the chairman ot llu^ R.Il.S.
I'ruit Coiniiiilteo and two of his c<illeagues
should have found at (llasgow that Diamond
Jubilee (Irapo was of "commaniling " appear-
ance and "splendid" flavour. Culture, or
some other conditions, must have done much
for the (irapc since it was shown at the Drill
Hall and tasteil hy the Fruit Committee on
September 20, 1S!)!I, when it was declared to
be too much like Black Morocco, liut whether
resembling that inferior (irape (U- not, in my
opinion there was nothing in the sample then
placed before the connniltee that entitled the
(lra|)e to the expressions " cominaiiding," or
of " splendid flavour." If, however, the tjrape
has so much improved, especially in flavour, let
it be sent to the Drill Hall again. If it does not
come, we may draw our own conclusions. A.

BIRDS FEEDING ON WASPS (sCO p. 197). — I

have noticed for many years that cygnets eat
wasps, but that swans do not. D.

CACTUS DAHLIAS. — We aro getting on some-
what rapidly with new Cactus Dahlias.
Already no less than twenty-three have re-
ceived awards at the Crystal and the Drill
Hall. There is yei at this time of writing to
be held the Dahlia Show at the Westminster
Aquarium and the next meeting at the Drill
Hall, at both of which we shall sec; honours
awarded ; and it is but natural to suppose
that by the end of the month the new varieties
getting awards will have reached to forty.
If so, that will help to show the public that
when called ui)on to pay big prices for new
varieties, the game is not worth the candle.
If those responsible for the giving of these
awards do not set up a very much higher stan-
dard than now exists, granting awards to
see<lling Cactus Dahlias will have become
ridiculous. Flowers are good enough and
varied enough. It is time that stout, stiff,
eieil stems to carry the flowers was made an
absolute requirement. A., Kuij/sfoii.

LILIES FROM SEED. — With reference to Mr.
C. Wolley-Dod's note under this heading in
your issue of September 14, the idea that the
seed of a bulbous plant can acquire the cha-

232

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Sepember 21, 1901.

raoter of a flowering-bulb, especially of so
large a size as characterises Lilies, without
previouslyforming any superterrestrial growth,
appears to ine to be so utterly opposed to cur-
rent ideas, that I, and probably many other
readers, would be glad to know upon what
data it is based. The publication of those
■would doubtless tend either to encourage the
experiments suggested by Mr. WoUey-Dod,
despite the length of time or care and observa-
tion involved, or, on the other hand, to save
trouble all round by their obvious fallacious-
ness. So far as I am aware, all underground
lormations, except of cryptogamic plants like
fungi, are effected either through the direct
action of light upon the foliage, or, on a
smaller scale, by utilising a store of nutri-
ments laid up in a tuber, corm, or seed by the
same means, the extent of the subsequent
growth being determined entirely by the
amount of nutriment so stored, plus that which
may be acquired by another generation of
leaves. Bulbous plants depend, I believe, en-
tirely for their annual re-appearance upon the
previous year's foliage being allowed to per-
fect, and die down in such a way that this
function of storage, i.e., replacement of the
exhausted bulb by a fresh one, can be effected.
If this be the rule, as 1 believe it to be, how
can a Lily, or any other bulb or massive
growth fulfilling like functions, be developed
subtevrestriallj- without any foliage apparatus
at all for collecting the carbonic acid from the
air, which plays so essential a part in its
formation ? My own impression is, that under
certain circumstances Lily-bulbs are capable
of remaining dormant for a season, and it may
be several, and that such being forgotten, are
imijuted, on their re-appearance in full vigour,
to seed, as implied by Mr. Wolley-Dod's note.
Beyond this, I am at a loss to form a theory as
is how such a subversive notion could have
arisen. Chas. T. Dnie.rn, F.L.fi., V.M.H.

TOMATO " GOOSEBERRY."— In the report of
the recent fi'iiit sliow at Glasgow, mention is
made of a Currant-T<imato shown by Messrs.
Bobbie & Co., of Rothesay, as having excep-
tionally long sprays or racemes of fruits. 1
recently saw this very curious and interesting
▼ariety grown at Rothesay in one of the firm's
houses. It emanated from the Red Currant
form, so well known for its small red fruits
birne in clusters C inches long, and so
pleasantly flavoured. The fruits of the new
variety that had been temporarily named as
above wei'o about the size of good Cherries,
but the racemes hung down to lengths of from
20 to 30 inches. On one of these I counted no
fewer than forty-six fruits or embryo fruits. It
is not in the least similar to the Glory of
Italy variety. I have not seen amongst
Tomatos anything more ornamental, whilst for
dessert the fruits are admirable. 1 have thus
referred to it because it is so novel and
attractive in appearance. A. D.

ASTER SINENSIS.— Single-flowered forms of
Aster sinensis are becoming popular, and the
flowers are certainly very usefid for cutting
and for general decorative uses. I have just
received from Messrs. B. S. Williams one of
the most lovely single varieties I have yet
seen. I have grown the blue, white, and
mauve colours, )mt I was not aware that
there was a pink variety in cultivation.
This is certainly one of the most beau-
tiful single Asters I have seen, and the
form is all that could be desired. The largest
of the flowers sent to me measured 5 inches
across, and the colour is a soft pink. This
variety, together with the others named,
should make pretty beds, when mixed or in
separate colours. But their chief uses will be
for decorative purposes when cut. Thos.
Arnold.

SUB-TROPICAL BANANA-CULTURE. — May I be

allowed to make a short remark on the article
on the Jamaica J5anana trade, on p. 180 of the
Gardenerx' C'lironide. The author writes that
, the Musa chinensis, so well known from its
common culture as a fruit-plant under glass,
is suited to sub-tropical conditions. 1 have
tried many Musaceae here, and lost most of

them. Among them is the M. chinensis,
which, though it resisted for some years,
always lost its leaves in winter as soon as the
temperature touched the freezing-point. The
very severe frost last winter killed this
species, even its underground part; while the
ordinary Banana, M. sapientum, even retained
its leaves intact to some extent, though the
fruits were nearly all crippled in their de-
velopment, and none reached perfect maturity,
as is the case even hei-e, at the extreme
northern limit of Banana-culture in the open.
I understand that nowhere in sub-tropical
countries, where the temperature at any time
sinks as low as the freezing-point, can M. chi-
nensis be cultivated for its fruits ; but skould
be glad to learn otherwise, as I should be
very pleased to communicate with persons who
know of good varieties of Bananas which
can resist cold. A. R. Proschowsky, Pare Les
Tropiqiies, Ckemin des Cirottex St. Helene,
Nice {Alpes Mnritimes), France.

NURSERY WORK IN SOUTH AFRICA.— In reply

to an enquirer in a recent issue, 1 may say that
I spent two years in a South African nursery,
and should be pleased to give information
to your correspondent. The Editor has my
address. J. W. M.

GRAPE LADY HUTT. — Very suspicious are
some gardeners in the matter of new intro-
ductions, and over nothing more than new
varieties of Grapes ; not that they are alto-
gether to blame, for on several occasions
varieties have been belauded without due
reason, and in the case of this handsome
variety it is only exceptionally clever culti-
vators that have given us the Grape at its
Ijest. I have met with it in various parts of
Lancashire, and have always spoken in its
favour. One of the first to show it in good
style was Mr. Upjohn, the Earl of EUesmere's
gardener, Worsley HslI ; and on a recent visit
to Knowsley Hall I found Mr. Doe had it in
grand condition — large, beautifully-formed
bunches, berries of first size, and rich colour.
Mr. Doe will be conferring a public benefit it
he can be persuaded to exhibit bunches of this
valuable late-keeping Grape at some of our
autumn exhibitions. Orchid.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Soientiflc Committee.

Septembek It).— Present : Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S.,
ill the chair; Messrs. Hogg, Holmes, Druery, Mawley,
Chapman, Dr. Cooke, Rev. Vf. Wilks, and Rev. Prof.
Henslow, Hon. Sec. Visitor, Mr. Crawshay.

Sediim Seedlings.— Mi: Holmes called attention to
curious differences in the colouring of the Howers of
S. maximum. He ob.serves, "The liowers as seen at
Kew on tlie rockery arc green. Those of the variety
purpurascens (or atropurpureum ?) are purplish, as
well as tlie leaves and stem. la the plaut exhibited
the colouring appears to follow the development of the
flower. The unopened buds liave a purplish flusli,
which seems to disappear when the protandrous sta-
mens emerge: these then assume a pinkisli-pux-ple
tinge. Finally, wlien the flower opens, the ovaries are
at first green, but subsequently assume the same
purplish tint. This looks as it it were adapted, in the
first place, to attract insects to the flower when the
anthers are mature, and secondly to the ovaries. The
flowers on the corymb show some flowers with green
ovaries, and some with purplish ones.

Faiiffus pests of the Carnation Jamily.—K long paper on
the diseases of Carnations and other genera of the
Caryophyllace.'e attacked by fungi, in which' every
species is described, accompanied by two plates, was
presented by Dr. M. C. Cooke, who gave an interesting
abstract. The paper Twill be publislted in full in the
Society's Journal. An unanimous vote of thanks was
given to Dr. Cooke for his valuable contribution.

Polentilla with Foliaceons Flowers. — Rev. C. Wollev-
DOD sent specimens of P. nepalensis, iu which the
parts of the flowers were replaced by tufts of minute
green leaves.

ilalforrmd Vetch Leaflets.— Miss Akmitage, of Ross,
sent specimens of the foliage of a Vetch, in whidi the

leaflets in many cases resembled Pea-pods. A some-
what similar result from the puncture of insects is
known to occur to Pistacia lentiscus. In this case it is
probably due to an aphis or a mite.

Begonia Sitbnrescent.—Mv. Wilks received and ex-
hibited a flower, one petal of which was partially green.

Epilobium, monstrous.— Mr. RASOB, of Woolpit, Suffolk,
sent malformed flowers, observing :— " In a ditch some
40 or 50 yards long were gi-owing hundreds of E.
hirsutum, one particular batch of which, containing
about a score of plants, had flowers similar to those
sent. You will observe that instead of the usual rose-
coloured petals they are much reduced in size, and
have but a faint tinge of colour on the margin." The
essential organs were quite perfect, tlie pollen being
shed in the bud, the pistils finally setting abundance of
seeds, though the flowers were quite unattractive in
appearance to insects.

Odontoglossum diseased.— Mr. Crawshay asked tor in-
formation as to the cause of the tips of leaves becoming
yellow, brown, and black. The spots appear to start
anywhere, and in his opinion were endophytic. It has
been known for some six years, and though often ex-
amined, no fungus has yet been discovered. It appears
on leaves of the first bulb and on young and old plants,
tliough they may be otherwise perfectly healthy and
causing no diflference in the flowers. No interpretation
has as yet been found for the phenomenon.

Cotton-trees.— JiOY . W. Wilks asked, on behalf of a
correspondent, how these trees, presumably theBonibax
or Eriodendron of S.W. Africa, could be destroyed. The
large trunks are so soft that the timber cannot be sawn
or cut with an axe. Moreover, the natives will not
attempt to destroy them, for fear of the spirits which
they suppose to reside in these trees. Gunpowder and
dynamite were suggested, and saturating with saltpetre
and then burning might probably prove efi'ective.

Hark stripped off.— Dr. Masters referred to"an inquiry
made at a previous meeting with reference to strips of
bark of an oblong shape, neatly taken off the branches
of Larch trees ; no interpretation could then be given.
It has been now suggested Uiat the strips in question
may have been picked off by nuthatches for the purpose
of nest building.

Plwm Moots Diseased.— Mr. Veitch sent some speci-
mens, which Dr. CoOKE undertook to examine and
report upon.

Viola sylrattca cleistogamous.-Mr. Henslow exhibited
specimens of this plant iu flower and in fruit, ob-
serving that he had never found it otherwise than
with cleistogamous buds, which arc borne iu all the
axils of the leaves, whereas in V. odorata and V. hirta
tliey only occur on the runners concealed beneath the
leaves. Though not alluded to by Hooker in the Stu-
dents' Flora, it seemed to be an important distinction
between V. canina with V. sylvatica and the last two
mentioned. The structure of the buds is much the
same in all, the petals being reduced to minute green
lanceolate structures, the five anthers having spoou-
shapt'd connectives pressed down upon the summit of
the pistil. This has a short curved style with truncate
stiginatic orifice.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

SEPTEMBER 5.— There was a fair display of plants at
the meeting held on the above date. S. Geatrix, Esq.,
Whalley Riinge (gr., Mr. Cypher), exhibted Cypripedium
X Maudije Gratrix's var., a finely shaped flower with a
good proportion of white in the dorsal sepal. Cypri-
pedium X Mrs. Chas. Canham var. aurcum (an albino
form of this hybrid) received an Award of Merit.
Lielio-Cattleya x "New Century," a cross between
Cattleya velutina x Lmlia elegans, received the same
award.

The choicest plants in the exhibit was Cattleya x
Chamberlainiana, a cross between*" Cattleya Leopoldi x
Cattleya Dowiana aurea. Tlie sepals and petals were of
a bronzy-crimson, a beautiful sheen being on these
segments, the lip was intensely dark and well shaped
(First-class Certificate).

O. O. Wrigley, Esq., BuiT (gr., Mr. Rogers), sent a
few nice plants, Brassia Wraya? being nicely in bloom.
A fine variety of Cypripedium Spicerianum magniflcum
received an Award of Merit, a similar award going to a
fine cross between Cypripedium tonsum x C. Law-
renceanum.

T. St.\tter, Esq., Whitefield, exhibited a hybrid
between Cypripedium laevigatum x Rothschildianuni.

Mr. W. HOLMES, Timperley, exhibited Cypripedium
insigne var. aureum.

Messrs. Chableswobth & Co., Bradford, exhibited
so.iie good^ants, tlie best of which was Cattleya x

SErXEMBER 21, 1001. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

233

Haidyana Charlcswortli's Tai\, a spike bearing three
magnificent flowers of fine substance and rich colour,
whicli was awarded a First-class Certificate. Other
plants exhibited by tliis firm were Miltonia x Peetcrsi-
ana, Oncidium iucurvum album, O. ormtliorhyncimm
album, Cattleya x imbricata var. maculata, Cypripe-
dium X Sir Kedvers Buller.

Mrs. Briggs sent a new cross between Cattleya bi-
color X gigas, showing the characters of both parents
plainly (Award of Merit). Otiier plants from this col-
lection were Cypripedium x Maudia:, a fine plant ; C.x
Milo, and C. x tonsum x cc-nanthum superbum. P. )r.

EAGLESriELD HORTICULTUEAL.

September 7.— The anuual show uuder the auspices
of the Eaglesfield Horticultural Society was held on
Saturday in a field at Newlands. The show is the
largest- in the South of Scotland, the entries over all
classes numbering 2,400, and it proved very successful,
over 3,000 persons visiting it in the course of tlic day.
Cut flowers were strong all over, but pot plants, as has
been the case at all sliows in the district this season,
were backward. The open class was particularly good.
Cactus, show, and fancy Dahlias, Marigolds, aud Asteis
being excellent, and Sweet Peas fairly good.

The prize-takers were Messrs. Anderson, Mossknowe ■
W. D. Webster, SpringhUI, gi-. to J. E. Johnsos-Fergu-
SON, Esq. : and J. Irving, Sunnybrae, for pot plants ;
and for cut flowers, Messrs. E%ven Cimeron, Ericstanc ;
W; & R. HoTsox, Langholm ; J. Telford, Langholiri ■
J. &. W. TwEEDiE, Mouswald: and R. Johnstone, Loch-
maben. Baking Apples were the chief features in the
fruit, Mr. W. Xiven, Stapleton Towers, taking 1st prize •
aud Messrs. E. Cameron and Weuster were Ist for
black and white Grapes respectively, with outslanding
biinches.

Vegetables, etc.
were not so strong as in some of the other classes, but
Onions and I>ceks were of extra good quality.

The quality of the cut flowers was exceptionally fiuc,
the quilled and flatrpetallcd Asters being among the
features of the show, while Pansics, Dahlias, and
Gladioli were also good.

Begonias were the only outstanding feature among
the pot plants in the amateurs' class, but cut flowers
were veo- creditable, especially Roses, Antirrhinums
Asters, and Dahlias. Mr. J. Gardiner, Lockerbie, was
1st for Antirrhinums, with a stand which was con-
sidered the best seen for a considerable time.

Messrs. Kkhr Brothers, Dumfries, had on exhibi-
tion a stand of beautiful Cactus Dahlias, of the latest
kinds: while Messrs. J. Palmer* Son, Annan showed
a number of new II. P., Tea, and hybrid Tea Roses ■ and
Messrs. E. F, Fairhairn &Sons, Cariisle, foliage plants
Fuclisias, and Begonias. '

BEEBY HOETICULTURAL.

SEITE.MHER II, Ij.-Tl.c fortieth annual show of the
Derby Agricultural and Horticultural Society was held
at Derby on the above dates. The horticultural tents
were exceedingly well filled with fruit, cut flowers,
plants, and vegetables of the best quality. The entries
in the gioup class were not quite so numerous as iu
previous years, but the arrangement and quality of Iho
plants employed were of the highest merit.

Mr J. Ward.gr. toT. H. Oakes, Esq., Riddings House,
Alfrcton, Derby, who lias taken the premier honours in
this class for several ye^rs in succession, was again
successful iu winning the 1st prize. Mr. Thomson gi-
to G. H. Turner, Esq., Littlcovcr. Derby, was 2nd
Mr. J. S. Sharp, nurseryman, Huddcrsfleld, and Mr
Goo. Woodgatc, gr. to Sir Oswald Moslev, Bart Rol-
leston Hall, Burton-ou-Trent, were 3yd and itli respec-
tively. Five well-known competitors competed in the
class for a decorative dessert table. Mr J H Good-
acre, gi-. to the Eari of Harrington, Elvaston Castle
was 1st: Mr. Doe, gi-. to Lord Savilk, Rufl-ord Abbey'
Notts; Mr. McCuIloch, gr. to Lady Chermside, Newl
stead Abbey, Notts : and Mr. J. Read, gi-. to the Earl of
Carnarvon, Brethy Park, Burlon-on-Trcnt, taking 2nd
3rd, and Itli, in the order of their names. '

Grapes, both black aud white. Melons, Peaches
and Nectarines, also Apples and Pears were nu-
merous and of flrst-rate quality; Mr. Goodacre
taking 1st in both classes for Grapes, and for
Peaches and Nectarines. Mr. G. Wadeson, gr to
F A. Brack, Esq., Doveridge Hall, Derby, being 1st for
Melons, and Mr. D. Smith w.as 1st tor kitchen and
dessert Api>!cs and Pears.

In the cut flower classes the Roses, Dahlias (show.
Cactus, and Pompons), Asters, and zonal Pelargoniums
were very fine. Messrs. C. Carrinoton, J Wood and
T. Humphries were the principal prizewinners '

The vegetable classes were strongly contested, Mr J
Read taking 1st prize for Onions and Carrots- Mr
H. D. Smith for Tomatos, Cabb.igc, and Cucuni^
bers; Mr. J.Young for green Vegetable-Marrows, Cos
Lettuces, and white round Potatos; Mr. G. Wade.son
l?''/X''il* Vegetable-Marrows: Mr. G. Woodoate for
Red Cabbage, Peas, dwarf Beans, Beetroot, herbs and
Parsnips; Mr. 3. Mason for white and red kidney

Potatos; Mr. J. Clarke for red round Potatos: Mr. T.
EARPfor Scarlet Runners and red Celery ; aud Mr. A.
Buckley for white Celery.

The tents containing the products of the amateurs
and cottagers are, as a rule, well filled, this year proving
no exception, the plants and vegetables being excep-
tionally fine. G. W.

MID-ANNANDALE HORTI-
CULTUEAL.

Septemuek 14. -The annual show of the Mid-Aunaii-
dale Horticultural Society waslield on the date named, in
conjunction with the agricultural show, ou the Cricket
Field, Moflat, in favourable weather ; aud there was a
large attendance of visitors.

TIio entries showed a substantial increase on last
year, the horticultural exhibits numbering 914, against
791— the gardeners' class accouuting for an increase of
eighty, and the cottagers' class of .forty-three. The
quality of the flowers was better than last year, aud the
show was a splendid one all over. Cut flowers were
excellent, especially Cactus Dahlias, Asters, Sweet
Peas, a»d herbaceous plants.

In the gardeners' class, there w,ere three very fine
tables of stove or greenhouse plants (8 feet by 4 feet),
and the prizes for these were allocated as follows :— 1st.
Mr. EwEN Cameron, Ericstane; 2nd, Mr. Luke
Fraseh, Craigielands.

In addition to these exhibitors, the principal prize-
winners in the department were Messrs. .\dam
Rankinc, Vicarlands ; J. Raphael, Laugshawbank ;
John Hamilton, Haywood; William Raukine, Garden-
holm ; J. A. Rentou, Crawiordjohn ; and James Hen-
derson, Elmbank Lodge, Dumfries. Among the vege-
tables, Potatos and Onions were exceptionally good.

Stands of Dahlias were on exhibition by Messrs. Kerr
Bros., Dumfries ; aud Messrs. T. Kennedy & Co., Dum-
fries; and of Roses by Messrs. Thomas Smith >!i: Sons,
Stranraer; aud Messrs. J. Palmer & Son. .Vuuau.
K. J. A.

WAEGEAVE GAEDENEES'.

.\t the last mccling oi Ilio above .\ssociation, the
Chairman (Mr. W. H. Scott) read a very useful paper on
" Dahlia Culture." A short history of the Dahlia was
first given, with the various improvements which have
taken place in the plant, after which the modes of
propagation by cuttings, seeds, and tubers were ex-
plained, and hints given for successful cultivation. .V
list of those gi-owcrs who had Laboured so incessantly
to bring the plant to such perfection as we now kuow
it w.as given.

.\ good discussion followed the paper, and a hearty
vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Scott.

Some excellent blooms of Cactus Dalilias were exhi-
bited by Mr. Scott and Mr. Haskett, a flue specimen
plant of Begonia Wcltonicnsis by Mr. ROBBINS. and
good Onions and Parsley by Mr. W. J. Fuller.
//. Coleb!/. Hon. Sec.

EOYAL CALEDONIAN HOETICUL-
TUEAL.

The following awards were made to tlic undermen-
tioned exhibitors at the Royal Caledonian Horticul-
tural Society's show in the Waverley Market, Edinburgh ,
last week, but arrived too late for insertion in our last
issue.

Mr. John Downic, Murrayllcld, Silver-gilt Medal, .and
special award fen- group "f plants, itc. Messrs. R. B.
Laird & Sons, Ltd., Silver Medal, and special award for
decorative group. Small Silver Medal and awards to
the following : Messrs. Cunningham Eraser it Co.,
Comely Bank; Mr. Cuthbertson, Ratliesay; Messrs.
Cocker .t Sons, Aberdeen ; Mr. Forbes, Hawick ; Mr.
Irvine, Jedburgh ; and Mr. Eckford, Wcin.

Special awards to Messrs. T. Mcthven & Sons, Mr.
Philps, (iranton Road; Messrs. Kerr Bros., Dumfries ;
Messrs. J. Grieve & Sons, Pilsig; Messrs. A. Lister
& Sons, Rothesay ; and Messrs. Campbell i Sons,
Blantyre.

In addition, the Certificate awarded to Messrs. Laino
& Mather's new Carnation noticed last week, an
Award of Merit was accorded to Carna^ipu "Gala Day,"
a greenish-white sort of good form'i from Mr. C. Free-
land, Larkhall,

DAHLIA SHOW AT THE EOYAL
AQUAEIUM, WESTMINSTEE.

Septemuer 17, IS, 19.— The- aiiuu.al Dahlia show whicli
opened on the above dale at the Royal .^(luariuui,
Westminster, ai-ranged and carried through by Mr.
R. Dean, was a decided success. The competition for
prizes scheduled in seventeen classes was keen.

In the nurserymen's classes, Mr. John Walker,
Thame, took the premier award for best twenty-four
blooms of show and fancy Dahlias; Mr. Charle.s
Turner, Slough, being a good 2nd. Messrs. J. R.
Tranter, Henley-on-Thames, was 1st for one dozen
blooms. Mr: ILL. Bronson, Sidcup, was 1st for best

nine varieties Cactus Dahlias iu the amateur's classes.
Mr. John Walker for twelve single varieties, Mr.
Charles Turner for twelve bunches Pompons, and
Messrs. J. Bukheu. & Co., Cambridge, tor twelve
bunches of Cactus varieties. , Messrs. Keynes, Williams
ct Co., E. West, S. Cooper', and R. Burgin, secured
premier honours in the minor classes. Mr. W. V.
Seale and Mr.. Needs show the best decorative vase.

Miscellaneous subjepts were very numerous. " Hob-
bies," Ltd., (Dereham) staged a grand mass of Cactus
Dahlias which carried ofTthe gold medal. Gold medals
were also awarded' to superior miscellaneous groups
shown by Messrs. Jones & Sons, Shrewsbury, H. Can-
XELL it Sons, Swanley, J. Bprre;.l i^e Co., Cambridge,
Dobbie;&Co., Rothesay, and Sealje, Sevenoaks ; silvei'T
gilt medals to Mr: 11. J. Jones' iind Mr. T. S. Ware, and
silver nied.als,to Messrs. W. CinnusH <.V:Son, aud Mr. J.
SuRMAN for miscellaneous -groups* Messrs. Peed «fc
Son, and A. YouNG.ik Co. also staged splendid Begonias^

CEHTt-FICATED VARIETIES. .-

In the class for three vases, each containing nine -
blooms, ai'ranged with any kind of foliage, the 1st prize ,
was awarded to Mr. M. V. SSale, Sevenoaks ; 2nd, Mr.
J. Walker.

The certificated varieties were Cactus : Mrs. H. Jones
and Spotless Queen, both from Mr. J. T. West ; Sailor
Prince, from -Hobbies, Ltd."! (Mr. J. Green); Mrs.
Edward Mawley, Lottie Dean, ajid Clio. fi-MU ^lo-srs.
Burrell & Co.; Jolui Burn, iruui Jli s Mcnc 1 1 mi:i) ;
Ringdove, Gabriel, and Opliir. from Mr i k'l \\i:s,
WiLLUMS it Co.; Chloc, Uoldfincli, rlnu Sirod-
wick, G. W. TuUock, Mrs. Winstauley, Lilac, and
Rufus, all from Messrs. Sthedwick & Sons. Show
Dalilia Merlin came from Mr. C. Turner.

Pompon i«ric(u-«.— Mildred, from Mr. C. Turner:
Beauty of Seveuoaks, from Mr. M. V. Seale ; Irma and
Minna, both from Mr. C. Titrner. Singles : Robin Adair
and Royal Sovereign, both from Mr. M. V. Seale.

Many of these varieties have been described in these .
pages.

Miscellaneous Exiiiiiits :— A source of interest was
all'ordcd by the Leeks and Onions exhibited in com-
petition for Messrs. DonniB & Co.'s money prizes. Of
Onions there were thirty four, and of the former fifty-
four entries.

For six International Leeks, 1st, Mr. W. LiDDtE,
Newburn ; 2nd, Mr. A. McVinish, gr., Beau Manor,
Park, Loughborough ; .'ird, Mr. G. Cole, gr., Torrence,
Castle, E. Kilbride, N.B.

Onions were less conspicuous for good quality. 1st
Mr. E. Beckett, gr. to Lord Ai.denham, Elstrcc; 2nd
Mr. C. Drew, Chilton Foliat, Berks ; :tt'd, Mr. J. Bond,
gr. to W. E. S. DRA.>t, Esq., Olautigh Towers, Wye, Kent.

The 1st prize dish of six Onions weighed isj lb-, and
the heaviest bulb 2^ lb. The 1st prize Leeks had au
average length of,i;i inches oi blanched stalk, and a
circumference ot BJ inches. There were excellent
Parsnips, Carrots. Gourds aud Pumpkins exhibited.

George Davidson, M.A., LL.D. — Wo
I'cgi'cl to have to ;iiiiioiiin;u the iloatli oC ilcv.
Ocorgo Davidson, LL.U., parish minister of
Logic-Coldstonc, Alierdconsliirc, which oc-
currcil oil Monday, Kith inst., at tho Private
Nursing Home, Aberdeen. Dr. Davidson was
well known in science circles, and so far back
as 188C the University of Aberdeen, in' recog-
nition of liis distinguished attainments as a
scientist, particularly in the department ol
microscopic botany, conferred on him the
degree of LL.D. Through his researches ia
the region of diatoms, in which lie brought to
liglit several now forms, he was practically
the discoverer ot the " Kie.selguhr" deposits
in tho Loch of Kinnard, hear Dinnet, a soft
stone now largely iitilised in the manufacture
of dynamite. In this particular lino his name
was well known to those German savants pur-
suing the .same line of inquiry and investiga-
tion. Dr. Davidson was an enthusiastic
member of the Meteorological Society of Scot-
land, and sent his reports to tho Society's
headquarters every day with unfailing regu-
larity. Not only was he a scientist, but Dr.
Davidson was also a mechanic, and was wont
to devote part of his time to tho construction
of mechanical appliances. In the matter of
liorology he also took a deep interest, and had
a large collection of clocks in whicli he took
particular pride, taking llio time himself
every day at noon from tho sun and at night
from the stars.

234

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 21, 1901.

^ C. M. Skinner.— Whilst returning from
an aKi-icultuial show at Knutsford on the
evening of the 7th inst., Mr. C. M. Skinner,
■who had been connected with the firm of
Messrs. Clibrans, of Altrinchara, for twenty-
three years, was thrown from the trap in
whicli he was riding, and alighting on his
head, sustained injuries to which he suc-
cumbed a few hours later. The deceased
served his apprenticeship with the nnr.sery
firm of I'etcr Robertson, of Kdinburgh, and
afterwards went to Messrs. Clibrans, of the
Oldflcld Nurseries, Altrincham, where of late
years he had filled the position of ca.shier.
The interment took place on the 11th inst.,
and was largelv attended, several deputations
representative of the Altrincham Gardeners'
Association, the Conservative Cluh, and other
organisations being present. The wreaths
and other floral devices sent by sorrowing
frienils were both numerous and beautiful.
Mr. Skinner was an active member of the Al-
trincham and ISowden Horticultural Society,
and was much liked and highly respected in
the dist rict. He was 47 years of age.

TRADE NOTICES.

M Klokian Kadi, has relinquished his post
as head gardener I o I he firm of Dammann & Co.,
nursory and si'cdsmen, at San (iiovanni a le-
ducio (Niples), and established himself at the
same place as plant and seed merchant, under
the title of Fava & Uadl.

A S\viNl)l,i;it.— A correspondent wishes to
w.irn niirsorvnien and others against a man
who answers advertisements for Pelargonium
cuttings under pretence that he is a super-
intendent of a public park.

KMl'TiES.— I'erhaps some of our market friends
can supply an answer to the following queries :

1. What remedy have salesmen against
growers using their "empties" for the beiu-fit
of other salesmen in the .same or oth.iin.uUes .

2. Can r.iilwaycompanicsbecomiiclleil lixlis-
close the sender's name, if a .salesmim sees Ins
own empties c.irried by them to the addri'ss ot
other salesmen ; and can railway companies be
compel!(«l to give up such empties, whether
filled with goods or not, during transit?

THE REIGN OF THE LILY.

WuiUi what may be termed the autumnal
Lilies, such as Lilium auratum and Lilium
spcciosum, arj l.y far the most valuable, those
which appear at an earlier period, when
flowers are more abundant, would probaby be
Di>re iipprecialed but for the predominating
influence in 1 fascination of the Hose. One of
my earliest Lilies this sea.son, coming imme-
diately after L. duvuricum (whoso finest variety
is L. d. in omparabile), was that exquisite
Japanese miniature Lily, Lilium ruliellum ; its
colour iH pink, a hue among Lilies somewhat
rare. It oiilv grows about 1 foot high, as a
general rule, "and seldom produces more than
two or threj flowers, frequently sevcn^ly
limiting itself to one .solitary bloom. When I
add that it is not an upright grower, but, like
several of the speciosums, has a regrctable ten-
dency to bend forwards, thereby necessitating
the assistance of ashortstake, 1 have suniciently
indicated its merits, as well as its limitations.
It, is njt, in my opinion, nearly so precious a
possession as its predecessor, Lilium Krameri
(originally called " Kramcrianum "), also a
native of the mountains of Japan, for the
latter is of much loftier growth, and generates
larger and lovelier flowers ; but, on the other
hand, as I have already learned from expe-
rience, Krameri is less reliable. The Lily of
Kr.imer, whoso bulbs are necessarily small,
and seem mu:;li more liable than those of the

humbler Lilium rubellum to decay, sometimes
flowers charmingly for a season in our too humid
Scottish climate, and then mysteriously disap-
pears. The place that once knew them, and
which they touched with such tender grace
and delicate loveliness, knows them no more.
They do not even leave any interesting off-
spring (horticulturally called "offsets") to
grow and tower through the stormy hours to
perfect glory in the coming years.

To descend for a moment from the emotional
heiglits of poetry to the plains of practical
prose, I have a suspicion that manurial stimu-
lants, finding their way, as they sometimes do
in my own garden, to the tender bulbs of such
Lilies (which are not very partial to ammonia)
from the roots of adjoining Kose-trees, whose
nature is widely different, are not .seldom re-
sponsible, not less than our lamentable wet
northern winters, for their premature decay.
When, on the other hand, the imperial Lily
and the queenly Rose, of which the one is
majesty and splendour, \yhile the other is
ineffable grace and perfect sweetness, can be
grown side by side with ab.soUite impunity,
the floral combination is memorably fine.
"The (iarden that I Love" (1 do not mean
that of Mr. Alfred Austin, which I have not
yet seen), has many such nobly artistic effects.
Not many of our grandest Lilies, most fortu-
nately for their cultivators, arc so evanescent
as Lilium Krameri. Even Lilium auratum,
though its bulbs are .supposed to be of a some-
what unreliable character, has grown and
blossomed in the places in my sheltered garden
in which it was originally planted, for seven
or eight years, without deterioration. The
only variety that has almost invariably proved
itself a conspicuous exception is Lilium au-
ratum, var. rubro-vittata. The remarkable
distinctiveness and brilliancy of this Lily,
which .seems to be somewhat lacking in vitality,
makes me regret its deflciency all the more.
Other Lilies of a capricious nature which do
not seem to take kindly to my garden soil, are
Lilium pardalinum, for whose absence its deri-
vative, the Lily of Burbank, which resembles
it closely, makes adequate amends, though of
less imposing height; Lilium Humboldti, which
deteriorates after a few years, and the whit-e
Martagon, which I never admired very much.

1 have, however, abiding consolations in the
magnificent growth and annual floral revela-
tions of auratum, longiflorum, giganteum,
Szovitzianum, speciosum, chalcedb»i<-um, and
the fragrant Californian Lilium Washingtoni-
anum. David R. Williamson, Wiijtonshire.

Plants in Pots.

AVEKAGE WHOLESALE PEICES.

».<i. s.d. I „ »-<^' '■'^■

Adiantums. doz. 5 0-70 Ferns^ small, per ^ ^ ^ ^

^'"pe/do^zen";: 6 <K36 0 Ficuselasiiea el 1^7 6
Aspl^^fst'las. do. 18 0-.J6 0 Foliage paut. ^ ^ ^ ^

«T-^;,::: >aSes,per ^^;:

-^lil^r^ol'ltVo Mvr&erdoz 6 0-90

^"Vr dozen .:.' « 0->8 0 Pelargomunis
Evergreens, var., ^ ^^^ \ _ scarlet, d^^^

dozen 8 o-io u

4 0-18 0 Spirseas, per doz. 6 0-12 0

per dozen

Ferns, in variety,

per dozen

Fruit.— AVEHAOE Wholesale Prices,
s.d. s.d

i.d. s.d.

Apples, liome-
gro wn, Suf-
field, Kes-
wiek, War-
ner's Kin g,
Manx,&c.,pcr
sieve

— Quarrenden,
l»cr sieve

— Worcester
Peaniiain, sve. 2 6-40

Bananas, bunch .'i 0- 8 0

— loose, p. doz. 10-16
BLiekberries, per

per

2 0-40

16-23
3 0-40

Greengages,

Lemons, Naples,

per case ••■ 14 0-16 0
Melons, each ... 0 9-16

— Valencia, case 6 6-70

— Rocks 10-30

Nectarines,A.,per

dozen ... 9 0-12 0

B per dozen 10-30

Oranges, case, 120 1-5 0-17 0
Peaches. A,, per

dozen ... ... 10 0-1.5 0

— B., per dozen 10-30

[•Koerries, pci - • •Vifiiiiima

pock of 12 lb. 13-16 Pears W>n.amB

Cobnuts, Kentish,

per lb.
Figs, per dozen ...
Grapes, Muscats,

home-grown,

Serlb.,A. ...
o., B.

— Alicante, lb.

— Gros Colmar,
per lb.

— Ciros Maroc,
per lb. ... -

— Hamburgh, per
lb., A 16-19

B 0 4-08

— Belgian, blk.,
pcrlb. ... 0 4-08

2 6-30
0 8-10
0 7-10

0 9-13

10-13

Bonne Louise,
l)uchesse,&c.,
in crates ... 2 6-86

— — sieves ... 3 0 —

— Engl. Hazel,
Bergamot,Wil-
liams,&c.,per
busliel ... 3 0-10 0

Pines, each ... 2 6-40

Plums, various, „ „ „

per sieve ... 0 9- 2 0

— per bushel ...0 lOH U

— Prunes ... 19-20

— Victorias, per

sieve 16-19

Walnuts. perpeck 3 0- .t b

— per l)Uslicl ... 3 0 —

Veoetablbs.-Averaoe wholesale PHICES.

Artichokes, Globe
per dozen ...

Aubergines, doz.

Beans, liomc.dwf.
per sieve

— runners, per
busliel

Beetroots, new,

per busliel ...

Cabtiage, tally ...

— dozen

Carrots, per doz,

huuclies

e.d. s.d.

1 .■}- 1 6
1 0- 2 0 i

t.d. s.d.
Mushrooms, out-

door, per lb... 0 2}-0 H
Onions, cases ... 5 0-60

- in bags ... 3 0-40

— bundles, per

dozen ' *" „

picklers, bags 2 6-30

I Parsley, per doz.
J (i- 2 0 I buuches ... }^ ^' ' ''
1 ti- 3 0 I — sieve ... ... 0 9

0 9- 1 0 1 Parsnips, p. cwt. _

1 0- 2 0 I PeasT^Uie.busbcl 3 6-5 0
- washed: bags 3 0 - Potatos, per ton bO 0-80 0
-mwa»lied,bags2 0 - > Radishes, p. doz

raiiliflowers doz. 10-16 bunclics

gjrei-y,''."b'iM\dres lo o-.l o Salad small pun

'^^^^^un'^'^e'-ts''''"". 16-'Sharo'.l;i^rJb..
10-24

1 0 —

Cucumbers, doz.
Endive. new

French, doz.
Garlic, per lb. ..
Horseradish, fo

reign, buncl:
Leeks, per doz

bunches
Lettuce9,Cabbage

per dozen

Spinach! Knglish,

bushel. halves 0 9-1

1 0 - Tomatos, Eng-

02 — lisli, dozen lb. J 6- J

— Channel Is- -
10-13 lands, per lb, 0 IJ-o JJ

- Frencli, crates 3 0-
13-16 Turnips, new, p.

doz. bunches 2 0-30
bag '■^ *

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN, SEPTEMBER 19.
rWe eannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
rei) mt'< Tliey arc furnished to us regularly every
Tliursday, by tlic kindness of several of the prin-
■•^"il sLlcsimii wlio ivMM^ llic list, and who are
.•.l,..m,«ihic (..I'llir HiN.iMhins. It must bc remcm-
.cr,a tlial II.- . Ml ,ii,in.,nH do iiot represent the

.nvcraires lor tlie week preceding the dale of oui
Report. The prices depend i.P".i V.l?.,''"a, 'h^,,?^
tbc samples, tlie supply in the iiiaiket, and the
demand and they may flucluale, not only froni day
to day, but often several tunes in one day. Ed.J

-S^s.^e'^'Jcore Tb- 2 0 VegetaW- Ma^
"'t.,&''°""' .0-16 -inTotr""... 10-16

REM VRKS -Canadian Bartlett Pears, in cases of 100,

„ J. half cases, .■», 6«. : " G'aP«-f''"''V.r?rouan -
ir- English Grapes are now coming in large quaiUi

Potatos.
various sorts, .™. to 80,. JoM Bat/i, 33 A 34, WcUing-
ton Street, Covent Garden.

CUT FLOWEB.. *C.-AVJ.I,A0E WHOLESALE PRICES.^ pRUITS AND VEGETABLES

s.d. s.d

^^TulSJi'.'.'""":' 10-20

Carnations, per

dozen blooms 0 6-16

Cattlcvas D doz. 9 0-12 0 Migii"..^..>., f— „ „ „

Eucliaris p.doz. 2 0-30 doz. buncfies 40-60

Gardenias, doz. 0 6-16 Odontoglossums,
Lilium Harrisii, „ Per dozen ...

dozen blooms 2 0-40 Roses, Tea, white,

s.d. s.d
Lily of Valley, p.

doz. bunches 6 0-12 0
Maidenhair Fern,

doz. bunches 4 0-80
ette, per

2 6-60

Lilium lancifol
album, p. doz,

blOOMS

Lilium rubrum,
per dozen ,,.

Lilium loiigiflrm,
per dozen ,..

per dozen ... 10-30
— Catlierine

1 &- 3 0 Merinet, per

doz 10-30

3 0- 5 0 i Smilax, p. bunch 3 0-50
: Tuberoses, per

2 0- 4 0 1 doz. blooms 0 3-06

riAsfOW .SV„(em(,<-rlH.-ThcfolIowingarethcavcrage9

of^thrprrcef 'Recorded since o- last report .--App^».

English, lU, to l'- per cwt.; ^. "o. la.ge 1 ..^_^^_^^^_

do. ; American, lt.». to 19«. pd Williams, is.

canary, .s,. to ^-^^^^^^J^^f^^Z": do I Louise Bonne,

lV\J'%"Td'T n^k^T^nunsU Victorias. 2. to

Z: 11 VhaU-sieve Irish, 4». «^d. to 5,^ per w..

English Damascenes, 7« '» » ;, '"'i.J^.^, ^ ed. to 5«.
I)amsons,6..6</.to. do Peaches 11 , ^^

do.; Grapes, new, !"'• °,^*-f J^do • Guernsey. 5d.
l-^rrV""!^^; to Ii."arrel; Lemons,

Skftehber 21, 1901.]

THE a A R D EXER S ' CHR OXI CL E.

235

Naples, 8j. to 15i«. per case; Melons, Valencia, 3s. (<1.
to 6«. do. ; Cucumbers, :4s. to 4s. per dozen ; Tomatos,
English and Guernsey, 2d. to 3d. per lb. ; do., Scotch,
3d. to M. do. ; Mushrooms, id. to 1». per lb. ; Onions,
Valencia, 3!. 9d. to 5s. per case.

Litebpool: Sepl. is.— mwlcsale Vegetable Market.—
Potatos. per cwt. : Up-to-Date, 3s. to 2s. 3d. ; Grants,
Is. UHi. to 2s. 2d. ; Main Crop, 3s. 6d. to 4s. 6d. ; Bruce.
-'s. 3d. to 2s. 9d. ; Turnips, 6d. to ivf . per dozen bunches ;
Swedes, Is. 3d. to is. M. per cwt. ; Carrots, 6d. to Sd.
per dozen bunches : Onions, English, 5s. to 6s. per
cwt. : do., foreign, 3s. fid. to 4s. do. ; Parsley, 6d. to tkJ,
per dozen bunches; Cucumbers, Is. 3d. to 2f. ed. per
dozen ; Cauliflowers. 8d. to Is. 6d. do. ; Cabbages, *•(/.
to Is. do. ; Celery, Sd. tols. 4rf. do. SI. Johns : Potatos,
Is. 2d. perpeck; Grapes, English, is. to 3s. per lb. ; do.,
foreign. 3d. to 4d. do. ; Pineapples, 5s. each ; Apples,
2d. to 4d. per lb. ; Pears, id. to 6d. do. ; Tomatos, 3d.
to tkf. do. ; Damsons, Id. do. ; Cucumbers, 3<i. to 4d. each;
Mushrooms, lOd. per lb. Birkenhead : Potatos, lorf. to
Is. per peck ; Cucumbers, 2d. to 4d. each ; Grapes,
English, Is. 6d. to 3s. 6d. per lb. ; do., foreign, 4d. to
Hd. do. ; Mushrooms, 6d. to 8d. do.

COB3H.

AvERAOE Prices of British Corn (per imperial qr.),
for the week ending Sept. 14, and for the corresponding
period of 1900, together with the difference in the
quotations. These figures are based on the Official
Weekly Return ;—

Description.

1900.

IMI. DitTerence.

Wheat
Barley
Oats...

S8 2 — 2

I 24 11 — 0

17 4 +0

METEOROLO(;iCAL OI!SEKV.\TION3 Ukcn In the
Royal Horticultural Soiicly's Gardens at Chiswick,
London, for the period September .■< toScplcmbcr II,
19ul. Height above sea-level 24 Icct.

Tempera- jt

.

TEMPERATUItB

TOBBOFTHE O

1901

a

OF TBB AIB.

S0ILat9A.M. H

S

,

1 1 1^

-

o

At»A.lI.

H

B

1

JJJU

r f

o

b

s

Q

^ T

£ 5

3 3

n oa

i

s

§ i S , 1 '^

u. ^

fi 1

1 1 1

M M M ' M 1 B

MM M w

Sus. i

S.S.E.

63-9 59-3;.5-2|47-019

eo 0 89 -3 68 -6 52 0

MOS. 9

S.W.

(» -5 61 0 70 0 61 l' ...

62 -3 do "OSS- 8 58 2

TUES.IO

S.W.

.Vi-6 55-8 69-2.'>0-5 ...

61 -3 60-3 58-8 44 -3

Wed. 11

w

.S7-9.MI61T4;-3 0ai

60-7 60-558 -8 40 6

Tuu. 12

N.W.

.".S-l 56 3 65 -2 4» -3

59-2 60-1. 18 -8 41 -8

FRt. 13

N.N.E.

■=i6-9,M 56l0.'.2-3

89-2 59 -8 68 -7,44 -8

Sat. m

N.X.E.

59-9 54 -6 85-;

SIS ...

59 -5 59 -6 .W 7146 3

Tot

,

Mkans

59 -8,56 -5,67 3 51 •2 0-24

1 1 1

60-.3 59-9 88-7|46'8

iJemaris.— With the exception of a few showers on tlic
Kill and lltli. the weather during the week has been
diy and very dull.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
Tlie following summary record of the weather through-
out the British Islands, for the week ending Sept. M,
is furnished from the Meteorological Ofllcc :—

"The wcnlher during this period was mainly o( n
cloudy and an unsettled type. Rain fell almost daily
in parts of Ireland and Scotland: but over the Kingdniii
(.'euerally it was chiclly confined to the earlier half of
the week. Thunderstorms were experienced over tlic
east of England— in some places on Tuesday, and in
others on Wednesday.

"The temperature was above llie mean in all districts
—as mueli as 4* in Scotland, N. The highest of the
maxima occurred either on the Slh or 9lli, when the
Iheruiometer rose to 78" in England, S. (London), to l-i'
in England, E. and tlic Midland Counties, and to 70' or

more in nearly all other districts. The lowest of the
minima were registered atxiut the middle or latter
half of the week; they ranged from 38' in Ireland, N..
to 47° in England. E., and to .ia' in tlie Channel Islands.

"The mt" HiflH was less than the mean in .ill districts
excepting England. S.. whcic there w.as a slisrht excess.
The large fall at Portland Bill at the end ot tlie week
was very local, and probably of a ' tliundcrstoriu '
nature.

"The fcn'<7W mmhine was less tlian the mean over the
entire Kingdom, and in most places the deficiency was
i-athcr large. The percent.age of the possible duration
ranged from M in the Channel Islands, 31 in England,
N.E., and .■» in England. E.. to 22 in the MTdhiud
Counties, and 17 in Ireland, N. '

THE WE.VTHER IF WEST HERTS.
The temperature during the week has Iwen on the
whole about seasonable, the only exception being the
night of the l.Mli, when the exposed thermometer fell
to within a degree of the freezing point, which is the
lowest reading as yet registered here this autumn.
Tlie soil temperature at 2 feet deep still continues
ratlicr warm for the time of year, while at 1 foot deep
is, if anything, rather below the September average
than otherwise. On the IHth, nearly j inch of rain was
deposited, making this the heaviest fall recorded here
in any one day for moix' than two months. Previous to
this fall no mcasurablequantityof rain water had conic
through the bare soil percolation gauge for nearly a fort-
night, but since then about tbree-quartei-s ot a gallon has
passed tlirough this gauge. The sun shone on an average
during the week for only 2J hours a day. which is
nearly two hours less than the average for the month-
The atmosphere has remained singularly calm, the
mean rate of movement being only about two miles an
hour. The amount of moisture in Uie air has been
somewhat in excess of the average, and in the early
morning hours of the I'Uh the first fog of the season
was rci'orded. K. .V.. Hrrihauifted, Septftnbrr 17. 1901.

ENQUIRY.

— ♦ —
Larch Sikkits H.vkked. — A corivspoiidoiit
some time sinoo .sent us strips of l>;irk about
1 '. inch long by i, iiicli broad, t^kon from younjj
iJircli-trocs of a" hoipht of 20 to ;I0 foot." The
oblong strips wore very rognlar in sizo and
form, and wcr« takoii from about 4 to 5 foot
from the top of the troo. It has boon suggostod
that those strips wore peeled oft for ncst-
building purposes by luithatehes. [It has
since boon aseortained that squirrels were the
real culprits. Kl).]

Coast Sites kok Kstabi.ishinc a Markkt
Gardkn.— Will "W. K. L." kindly furnish
his nami' and a«ldro.ss to the ICditor of the
(■'onJciicrs' Chronicle, ;is he has a loiter for
him.

\ r \] - to

' r7Xc)pondcnt6^

Artk iioKi> ; //. /!. They ncetl ii w.irni >..il,
obtained by piittiiip: good drainage beneath
them, abundance of manure, and plenty ot
water, to make them grow rapidly. The
stringiness of which you complain will thus
bo obviated.
Books: Hi;, //cik/.tsoii. For suitable books on
■ the subject ciniuircd aliotit, sec our last
issue, under " Notices to Corr<'spoiideiits."
We do not know the prices. — F. (/. O.
E)iglish Flitiver (lanlcn, by W. Robinson.
F/ondon : John Murray, Albemarle Street,
I'iceadilly. — <;. It. M. Webster's Pnirlicnl
Forcstnj: Uider iV- Son, Hartholomew Close,
Utudon, K.C. ; or (or a nioro exhaustive trea-
tise, Sehlich's Mmninl of Forestry, in four
volumes: nradbiiry, Agnow & Co., Bouveric
Street.

ClIRVSANTIlKMl-M SHOOTS INJURED: Voilllf; (I'dC-
ili'iicr. Caused liy earwigs or weevils. Set
traps, and examine the pinuts at night.

Conks sent in a rAiu-ri, Post Hox : Sequoia
gigantea (Wellington in).

CounECTiONS. — We were misinformed as to
1 10 name of the 1 .cturtr on the Cactus

Dahlia at the last meeting of the Uoy.al
Horticultural Society. The lecturer was
Mr. C. G. Wyatt, hcid of the well-known
firm of Keynes, Williams & Co., of Salis-
bury—not Mr. Humphries as printed. The
firm raise every year -lO.OOO sootUings, from
which the selection of meritorious varia-
tions is made. In one year no fewer than
80,000 seedlings were so raised. — In a eom-
miuiication relating to Bonssingaultia bascl-
loides, the name of the writer was mis-
printed Ireland instead of Jolland. and the
name of the place should have Iwon Lot;»
Beg — not Fota. — We notice on p. 201 of this
week's G<inl<?nt'rs' Oiroiiic/c, that our Kose
Waltham Climlier No. 3 is stated by your
correspondent to Ik- a single Hose, and to
have the defect of only blooming once. Wo
lieg to s;vy that this is not correct, the
Rose in question Vicing a full flower of the
climbing Tea section, and a good autumnal
bloomer, as will lie seen from the accompany-
ing specimens. \Vm. Paul S: Son.

CVPRIPKDU-M UKI.I.ATl LIM, C. NlVEl'M. ANU C.

CONOOLOR : VVrifds. .\ tropical temperature,
much humidity, and plenty of water at the
roots at all seasons, are conditions that suit
these species. Soil, a turfy loam, and peat,
in equal part.s, with nodules of limestone in-
termixe<l, and grow them in pots, provided
with perfect ilrainage.

Dahlia, a Yellow Sport : J. M., E. Worth
cultivating proliably, but it has no snper-
lativo merit.

Dahlia Sekolincs; A. BennHt. We think,
like you, that owing to their extraor»liuary
build and rich colour, they are deserving of
distinctive names. Wo know of none just
i-esoHibling either.

Fairy HiNT.s in Ti'RK: fyiin<iisandE. R. Dres>ings
of gas-lime would destroy it, but the grass
would bo destroyed at the same time, if the
lime is applied in suOiciont stivnglh to kill
the mycelium (spawn) in the soil. The soil
inside of the rings has been exhausled of its
nitrogonou.s constituent, and will grow no
more Mushnvims or other fungus, aiul the-
herbage will bo very sparse or non-e\is(ent,
so that those parts may be heavily maiiurc-d
and dug, and when settled they shoiihl be
sown with grass-seeds, or turfed forthwith.
The land for 2 fee* in width and 1 foot deep
beyond this year's ring of fungus, and the
ring itself, may be dressed with gas-lime, or
dug out and wheeled away to the kitchen
gartlen, and fresh soil put in its place. Any
ehemicnl manure, if used in siilliciont quan-
tity, would kill the fungus.

Kl!t ITINC I'LANTKIl-Orr ViNKS: (■'. .S'. I'llless

the Vines have already furnished a ci-op of
Grapes for one or two years, the experiment
is scarcely likely U^ succeed. You will do
better to obtain a crop of fruit from pol Vines,
and to pliint young Vines on the back wall and
wait two or three years for I hem to hear
fruit. You could plant just before the fall
of the leaf, or after gi-owlh has begun in ll;o
spring. It is a good method in spring plant-
ing to spread out the r<X)ts on lioanls con-
taining 4 square foot, covering llieiii with
rich loamy soil, starting them into growth in
March, and planting them in late April or
May. IJy making the holes in the lioi-der
sulliciently large, the ni.ass of soil and roots
can be readily pushed olT the boards willi
scarcely any distiirhance or check.
Pl-Nci'S: j;. i). 11'. The labels have l.eoon e
detached on the .journey, so that the speii-
inens cannot be determined.

FlNUHS ON lUllK-UKli : U'. Hill. Sprinkling
the funji;us ((lowers of tan) immediately it is
observed with flowers-of-sulphur, salt or
boiling brine, will destroy i(.

Gardeninc .\i'pointment : W. .J. li. We Ii.mc
had the pleasure of paying ovoi' to Hie
Socri'lary of Hie Koyal Gardeners' (Irplian
Fund tlic postal oriler for "Js. (id. kindly sent
in payment of the insertion.

(!i!Ai'i:s itv rAUt'Kr. Post: II. V. Seeinfe thai
a iiackagc sent by post gets lio special care

236

THE G A n D ENER S ' CUE ONI CL E.

[Srptembfr 21, 1901.

from the emploijes of the Post Office, the
packing must be of a nature to withstand
rough usage. When sent liy rail, and the
contents of the package are stated on the
label, better treatment is assured. For
sending bj' post, light wooden or stiff card-
board boxes, holding 6 to 8 lb., are tiic
best. These should be lined with wadding
or the softest of woodland moss, and over
this should be placed tissue-paper, and
the box be filled compactly with the

• bunches, without using any other packing
materials. It is advisable to secure each
bunch, with which the sides are lined, with
tics in two places, attaching these to the
sides of the box. If sent in baskets, these
should be similarly lined with wadding or
nioss, and covered with paper, and the
bunches should be attached to the sides
point downwards, theuiicldle being left free.
A piece of tissue-paper should be laid over
the fruit before putting on the lid. If the

- bunches are cut with a piece of the shoot
attached, they can be more securely fastened
to the sides of a box or basket than when
the stalks of the bunches only are taken.

Gun Licence : R. R. No ; none is required to
carry a gun on private premises.

KiLOriRAMME: Youiri Gardener. One kilo-
gramme contains 1,000 grammes, and is
equal to about 2 lb. 3 oz. ; 100 kilos are
equivalent to 220 lb.

MavillariA elOnhata : Novice. An easily
grown plant, with ribbed pseudo-bulbs, and
large plaited leaves. It may bo grown
mider the same conditions as Odontoglossum
crispum, but the temperature should not fall
below 50°. It Requires a good deal of fresh
air admitted to the house, and to be exposed
to the fullest subdued light, and not to

, direct sunshine. Your plant will do better
in a pot than on a wood block, and will
thrive in chopped sphagnum and turfy-peat
in equal parts, sand, and small crocks a few.
The pot should orr on the side of smallness
rather than be too large. During the season
of growth the plant needs a liberal supply of
water. The plant being unhealthy should
be shaken out of the compost, the decaying
parts cut clean away, and the entire plant
washed ia warm water. Do not divide it
until it is much stronger than at present.
The drainage should be very good, and the
plant be set on a moderately high mound,
covering the latter with sphagnum.

*** Najies of Plants and ok Fruits, Si'ECial
Notice: We are desirous of assisting youmj
Hardeners and our subscribers as far as u>e
can do so consistentUj witli our editorial
duties, but our readers must kindlij remember
that suck demands fjcnerallij in rot ve some ill cou-
renience, and II tiiiyc exi>cndiliirc bulk of time

, and money on nil r part. Correspondents not
answered in tliis issue are requested to be so
good as to consult the folloiving number.

Names OF Plants: A. G., Dartford. Crinum
Moorei and Epidendrum radiatum. — T. R.,

: Wantage. Mina lobata. — F. M. The
orange-red berries are those of Euony-
mus europaus (Spindle-wood) ; the berries
(seeds) are now ripe. The other subject
is Pyrus Aria. The moth next week. —
W. U. 1, Hclianthus multiflorus, double-
flowered variety ; 2, H. maxiraus ; 3, Spira>a
ulmaria, double-flowered variety ; 4, Achillea
ptarmica, double - flowered variety ; 5,
Anemone japonica; 6, Helianthus deoa-
petalus.— G. M. It is a pleasure to name
specimens for you ; the specimens are excel-
lent, and clearly labelled, but you send more
than six. We are obliged to defer some till
next week : 1, Cryptomeria japonica ; 2, Cu-
pressns Lawsouiana; 3, Thuya orientalis
var. ; 4, Cupressus (Retinospora) pisifera ;
5, Cupressus, next week ; C, Pinus, next
week; 7, Juuiperus, next week; 8, Cu-
pressus, next week J 9, Picea orientalis ; 10,
Sequoia gigantea (Wellingtonia) ; 11, Cu-
pressus nootkatensis ; 12, Cryptomeria ja-
ponica; 13, Cupressus nootkatensis. — Con-
stant Reader. 1, a Cupressus, perhaps C.
torulosa; 2, Retinospora plumosa of gar-

dens; 3, R. p. aurea ; 4, Cupressus Lawson-
iana ; 5, a Cedar, we cannot tell which ; 6,
Retinospora pisifera of gardens. — Hughes.
1, Veronica subsessilis ; 2, Rudbeckia spe-
ciosa ; 3, Veronica spicata var. carnea ; 4,
Phygelius capensis ; 5, Doronioum sp. — A. C.
1, Vinca rosea ; 2, too far gone for deter-
mination ; 3, Anthemistinctoria. — Gardener.
Euonymus europaeus. — F. E. A. 1, Adiantum
gracillimum ; 2, Adiantum decorum ; 3 andC,
Adiantum cuneatum ; 5, Adiantum capillus-
veneris.— ir. t;. Datura Stramonium.— R. A.
Centradenia rosea, and Eucharis subeden-
tata, often called Caliphruria subedentata.—
F. Gf. G. Saponaria officinalis, double. —
C. E. Tiarella cordifolia. — Ignoramns.
Funckia grandiflora. — ir. H. B. Hibiscus
syriacus, the Althea frutex of gardens.
Najies of Priits : T. R. Winter Quoining.—

A. Mc. The conical fruit is Grey Leadington,
the other Winter Hawthorden. — U. Hughes.
Apple Ecklinville Seedling. The Selaginella
enclosed therewith is S. Wildenovi.— Dccon.
Double-flowered Pomegranate ; yellow Plum,
Denniston's Superb ; blue ditto, Prince of
Wales. Leafed shoots should always be sent
with Plums for naming. — T. .S'., Aijrsliire.
Grape Royal IMuscadine, a good out-of-doors
variety, but the sample sent was much past
its, best; Peach iGrosse Mignonue, much
undersized. — J. H. L. 1, Schoolmaster ; 2,
Domino; 3, Cox's Orange Pippin ; 4, Duchess
of Oldenburg.— A. L. 8. 1, Passe Pomme
Rouge ; 2, Warner's King ; 3, Early Julien ;
4, Pear Barbe Nelis : 5, Pear, quite rotten ;

0, Oslin. — C. A. C. 1, Parry's Pearmain ; 2,
Carlisle Codlin. — Constant Reader. Leaves
or small shoots should be sent with Plums as
an aid to the determination of their names.
The fruits received were over-ripe, and the
paper with the labels was reduced to pulp.

1, Mitchelson's ; 2, Dunmore ; 3, Denbigh ;
4, Diamond. — J. V. White Perdrigon. Yes,
it has been esteemed both for preserving in
a fresh state and for drying.

Nectarines : G. C. Most excellent flavour,
and of fine size. To have secured crops of
this fruit and Peaches every year for 28 years
is a record not easily to be matched. Can
you tell your less fortunate brethren of the
craft how it is done.

Outgrowth fro.m Roots of Chelidonium :

B. ct- S. The swelling and production of
numerous adventitious shoots from your
plant are due to the irritation set up by ants.
G. M.

Pears : H. B. Your fruits are affected with a
fungus, Fusicladium dendriticum. Destroy
by Are all affected leaves and fruits as far as
you can. Early next spring, sjiray your
trees with sulphide of potassium, | oz. to a
gallon of water. — J. U. The branches are
dead, and the fruits shrivelled and arrested
in growth. We can see neither fungus nor
insect, and without knowing the circum-
stances we can give you no fuller informa-
tion.

Pyuus JIalus Floribunda: Untravelled. The
tree meant is jirobably P. floribunda, a free
flowering Crab with deep rosy-red flowers,
and long stalked, very small, nearly spherical
fruits. It is one of the most ornamental of
hardy shrubs. In good soils and sheltered
spots it may reach a height of 20 feet. It is
a native of Japan, and hardy in this country.
It blooms in late spring like our Apples.

Six Dark-coloirei) Roses : Koses. Prince
Camille de Rohan, Emperor of Morocco,
Duke of Connaughti, Pierre Notting, Xavier
Olibo, Sultan of Zanzibar.

Specimen No. 3 : Wilts. Quercus sp. Without
fruit it is found impossible to name this.

Sulphuring a Rose-house : Tea Rose. Such
radical remedies are extremely risky, as you
seem to have discovered to your cost. We
should suppose that no more harm will occur
than the loss of the leaves and the softer
portions of the shoots. But without an in-
spection of the plants it is Impossible for us
to say whether much or little damage is
done.

Tillandsia Massangeana : Veriias. The con-
ditions prevailing in an ordinary plant-stove
are suitable. It is semi-epiphytal, and the
mixture it is grown in should be light and
porous. Spongy turfy loam, peat, and half-
decayed leaf-soil, charcoal, decayed wood,
sand, and a good mass of crocks as drainage.

Tin-box : E. D., Gainsboro. It is not pos-
sible for us to know at this time of day
which box belonged to you.

TOJIATOS Diseased : H. W., Redruth. The black
spot fungus, for which no cure is known.
Remove every affected fruit and destroy it.
Next season, dross the plants with sulphide
of potassium, J oz. in 1 gallon of water,
several times before the fruits change colour.

Vine Roots Destroyed: W. Shenvin. The
work of weevil grubs or wireworms. Has
not the soil become sour, close and imper-
vious to the air? The appearance of the
roots pointing to these conditions of the
soil being also contributory causes.

Violets: Alpha. We have examined the
flowers, but can detect no insect. If you
watch carefully you will probably find the
culprit.

Willows: Alpha. You may jilant them now
with advantage, and continue to do so
throughout October, or even later.

ZVGOPETALUM Mackayi : Novice. When at
rest a temperature of 55° to C0° F. suffices —
that is, in the winter season. When making
its growth 70 to 75 is not too much. When
in flower it will not harm the plant to afford
it 00° to 65°. Shallow pans with opening in
the side are better than jDots ; using ijleuty
of crocks at the bottom, and a mixture of

' turfy peat, sphagnum-moss, sand, and finely-
broken crocks in which to grow, and as it
requires plenty of watei- when growing, the
drainage must bo good. Stove treatment
causes spotting of the leaves.

Communications Received, — John Chinuer.v, much
obliged by report, but not available in full.— H, R.—
R. P.— R, S.— G, M.-C, T.— W. H, D.— R, S,— A, E, O'N,
— E. M.— W. M,— L. B. & Co,, Japan— G. R, W.—
D, P. P,, Montreal— G. R. M,— Ban- & Sons— H, R.—
y. \V.— W, Gibson- Simpson & Sons— J, R. Ball— A. S.
— B, & Sons— R. C, T,— Gardenei— E. S,— A. D,— E. M,
— S, Margerisoii— R, S.— T. M. E.— H, W,— C. G.—
C. Garratt— F. T. M.— G. G.— Aucieut— E. C— A. G. G.
— D. A. B— Elliot Stock— J, L,— J. R. P. & Sous—
H. S. L.— D. M.— D. P, P,

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

BULBS AND ROOTS.

Armitage Bros., Ltd., Niittingham.

GuoENEWEfiEN ifeCiE, Amsterdam, Holland.

Thos. S. Ware, Ltd., Hale Farm Nurseries, Feltliam,

Middlesex.
Leonard J. Chinq, Crescent Nurseries, Forty Hill,

Enfield, N.— Ferns.
Ben Reid & Co., Ltd., 145, Union Street, Aberdeen.
Mr. Perry, Hardy Plant Farm, Winchmore Hill,

London, N.
James Cocker it Sons, 1.30, Union Street, Aberdeen.

PLANTS AND SEEDS.

J.iMES Craven & Co., 2, Manners Street, Wellington, N.Z.
VILMORIN Andrieux & CiE., 4, Quai de la Megisserie,

Paris— Farm-seeds for autumn sowing.
Ghr. Lorenz, Seed Grower, Erfurt — Vegetable and

Floral Novelties.
Mr. John Charlton, So & 37, Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells

—Hardy Perennials, Rockeiy, and Spring Bedding

Plants, &c.
II. Henkel, Darmstadt.— Fruit-trees, Conifers, Peren-
nial Herbaceous Plants, Flowering and Foliage

Plants.
Messrs. Clibran, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincliam ; and

10—12, Market Street, Manchester. — Carnations,

Pinks, Pansies, Violas, &c.
W. H. Hudson, 34, High Road, Chiswick, London, W.—

Freshly Imported Palm Seeds.
M. Loois Paillet, Vallee de Chatenay, Chatenay

(Seine)— Tree and Herbaceous Pseonies, Lilacs for

forcing, Roses, Lily of tlie Valley. Trade list.
Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, Millmead, Guild-
ford.—Select Herbaceous, Alpine, and other Hardy

Garden Plants.
SouPERT tfc Notting, Rose Growers, Grand Duchy of

Luxemburg— Roses for Forcing, and general Rose

Catalogue, Novelties, &c.
Wm. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross, Herts— Roses.
PiNEuuRST Nursery Co., Piuehurst, Moore Couuty,

North Carolina, U.S.A.— Wholesale Prices for

Woody and Herbaceous Perennials, American

Seeds, Trees and Shrubs, &<:. Otto KatzenStein,

Manager.
WiLHELM Pfitzer, FloHst and Nurserymen, Militair

Strasse, Stuttgart— Roses, Bulbs, Hardy Plants,

Small Fruits, &c.
R. H. Bath. Ltd., The Floral Farms, Wisbech— Bulbs,

Roses, Pieonies, Clematis, Fruit Trees, Seeds, &c.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle," September 21, 1901.

( A \-\' A " k' ATI. TtPo \ \'

September 58, 1901.]

THE GA R DENER S' CHR ONICL E.

237

THE

No. T:(i.— SATURDAY, SEPT. 28, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Arabis alpina, doublc-

flowcicU 239

Bedding arrangements

ill Hyde Park ... 2W

Cape Gooseberry ... 217
Cardiff Central Librai-y 2Ah
Clenialis Uavidiaua ... 210
CIcinalis grareolcns... 240
Diamond Jubilee Ui'apc 218

Empties 2\\

Kibro-vaseular bundles 210
i-'lowers in season ... 2-l*i
<;arden City Associa-
tion 241

Kcw Notes —

.Vcpciitlies '. 240

(iiTliids 2:!9

J.cu'iui.iiiosfc. the ... 2I.T
J.iJiuiii >i)eriosum ... 241
.Ahiiiurii^;; with potash 248
Alelhounie Botanic

Gardens 2lii

Nalioiial Park, the ... 24.5
Orchid notes and

J:leaniiig8—
outoglossum Lind-
leyanuni aureuni.. 237
Peaches and Necta-
rines ou Uic came
shoot 241

Pa>ony tOllJiles

Pluiii-dryiiig

Roses, single-flowered
** Silver - leaf " in

Peaches

Socielics—
Boston and District

Dahlia

British Association.
Croydon >t District
Ilort. Mutual Iii>-
proveiiicnt... 24.>,
National Dahlia
Koyal llorlicultu

ral

Sivect Peas

Tonialos. cure for

'■ black spot" in
Visit to Ihe North ...
Weeks Work, the—

Apiary...

Flower Garden

Fruits under Glass..

Hardy fruit Garden

Kilclien Garden ...

Orchid Houses, the.

Plants under Glass .
Wliileway, Devonshire
Winter - llowcring

planis

ILEUSTRATIONS.

Arabis alpina, double - (lowered, in Mcssi-s. R.
Veitcli A Son's nurseiy, Exeter

Fruit half Peach, hall Ncelarinc

i^iliuiM ^pcciosum at " Hartsheatli," Mold

i.ithosperiiium prostratumat Wlilteway

Melbourne botanic Garden, view in (Supplemen-
tary I llustial ion).

A VISIT TO THE NORTH— I.
THE FIRST HALT.

A FEW weeks ago, I was ilpputcil l>y the
Eilitor to represent this journal at
the two hoi'tieultufal cxhiliitions feeently
liehl in the grounds of the Glasgow Inter-
national Exhibition. This affonlcil nie a
welcome opportunity of visiting several
gardens and nurseries, concerning which
.1 few details may be of interest to
readers who have little knowledge of
Si-otih gardens, or who [losscssing such
kiiowletlge are prevented from seeing them
fretjuently.

Instead of proeeeiliiig to Scotland direct,
however, I left London by the west coast
route, and lialted in Staffoi\lshire, in order
to fulfil a promise to visit Messrs. Webb it
Hen's establishment.

The seed-warehouses, offlees, glasshouses,
&e., arc at Wordsley, half-an-houi's drive or
so from Stourliridge .1 unction Kail way
Station. The buildings, including those for
Mic storage of Hops and wool, are very
(!xtensive, and additions have been made to
t-hem since my last visit. There is every
convenience necessary for conducting a very

large seed business, with separate depart-
ments for agricultural and horticultural
seeds.

The glasshouses contained groups of
Gloxinias, tulierous-rooted Begonias, and
other greenhouse flowering plants that are
propagated by seeds ; whilst in one of them
were plants of a new variety of Tomato witii
large, oval-shaped fruits, which is expected
to prove valuable, and is uncommonly free
cropping. As no name had been given, there
is no need for further reference to the
variety, until it has been given a longer
time to show whether or not its qualities
are superior to tlie many excellent Tomatos
there are now upon the market.

From Wordslej' to Kinver Edge, where the
trial-grounds are situated, it is a furtlier
distance of some miles — about thirty
minutes' run for a good horse. Since my
last visit to the place a light-railway has
been completed from Stourbridge to Kinver,
and thousands of persons from the mono-
tonous "Black Country" seek relaxation
during the summer months in frequent trips
there.

There are probalily no trial -grounds in
Britain situate in a more picturesque locality
vhan Kinver, which is some compensation
for its comparative inaccessibility. After
alighting at the old-fashioned farmhouse, one
soon discovers that the greater part of Kinver
Farm is given up to the growth of grain
crops for seed purposes. The harvest was
being finished when I was there, and
Mr. Ciias. Webb, a son of Mr. Ed. Webb,
who takes much interest in this part of the
business, appeared to be very satisfied with
the |)resent season's yield, which compared
favourably with the disaijpointingly small
crops in some districts, where the effects of
the drought have been more serious.

We arc less concerned with the agri-
cultural seed trials than with those of seeds
for the garden ; but as Messrs. Webb liave
long made a s|)ecialty of them, it may be
stated here that during the present season
there have been sixty trials of Mangolds, the
best of wliicli is said to be New Smithficld
Yellow Globe; eighty-nine trials of Swedes
and Turnips; eighty-seven trials of Wheat,
of which Mont Blaiic White and Standard
Red are specially recommended; and forty-
thnje trials of Barley, including a new
variety said to combine the qualities of the
well-known Kinver Chevalier and Burton
Malting. Of Oats there have been eighteen
plots this season, representing selections
from a hundred trials made in liKK).

One of the principal trials in the garden-
seed department has been that of I'eas,
which included as many as 158 samples. A
s('edling variety was pointed out to me,
which is the result of a cross between
Sutton's Perfection and an unnamed seed-
ling. The new one is a blue wrinkled
marrowfat Pea, with very large pods and
seeds. Though past its best when these
notes were taken, it appeared to have the
(|ualitics of a first-class mainerop Pea. The
height of haulm was altout 3 feet, and there
were often ten peas in a pod.

That excellent summer Cabbage, Welib.s'
Emjieror, was represented by a large braki;
of [ilants, that had Ijeen cut down for seed-
ing next year. Of Cabljages and Savoys the
number of trials was forty-two, exclusive of
forty-seven of Broccoli, and twenty-four of
Cauliflowers.

There were 100 different sorts of Potatos ;
also trials of Onions, Bset, Carrots, Lettuces,
Beans, and other vegetables. Among the
Beans were noticed two varieties with rich
yellow coloured pods. Golden King, a tall
growing sort; and Golden Queen, dwarf.
Though seldom cultivated in gardens, and
hardly ever exposed in our markets, this
type of Bean is very delicious when obtained
in the best condition.

Turning to the trials of strains of flower-
seeds, there was a large breadth of Sweet Peas,
representing eighty-seven varieties ; Asters
(China), fifty-two trials, including Snowflake,
with large white flowers of the Comet type ;
White Queen, a good dwarf bedding Aster;'
Scarlet King, Lilac Gem, a ratlier tall grower ;
Cardinal, bright crimson, extra good colour,
and various mixtures of Asters of different
heights. Gaillardias, the best of which is
Eclipse; Dianthus, of which GlowAvorm was
remarkeil, with large flowers of rich colour;
and a great variety of the best border Carna-
tions were making a fine display, and the
pretty JIarguerite- Carnations were a show
of bloom. Of East Lothian Stocks, the
best strain is known as May Queen, and
can be procured in four colours, white,
crimson, scarlet, and purple. Of the old-
fashioned Candytuft there were fifteen trials,
the best varieties being Snowflake and Pink
Pearl. Godetias, as represented by fifteen
varieties, were very good, three noteworthy
varieties being Pearl, lilac-coloured with rose
markings ; Fairy, white with pale tint ; and
Brilliant, colour crimson. Eschscholtzias,
Clarkias, Mignonettes, Nasturtiums, Zinnias,
Marigolds, llelichrysums. Poppies, and some
other kinds of hardy flowers were all to be
seen in the trial grounds, most of them in
full flower.

Two rows of double-flowered Hollyhocks
in these grounds were well worth remark.
They were 8 and 9 feet high, in excellent
flower, and were so robust that there might
never have been such a pest as a Hollyhock-
disease. Not a plant had failcti, if my
memory serves me rightly, and none looked
sickly.

Leaving Messrs. Webl) &. Sons, I reflected
on the amount of lioth care and time ex-
pended by our large seedsmen in keeping
their stocks as true to type as possible, as
well as in seeking for improvement upon
existing varieties, and the great busi-
nesses that they collectively carry on
would not be possible were it not that
from England, choice seeds are distri-
buted over the British Colonie.s, as well as
at home.

The next establishment I visited was
many miles further north, and the date was
nearly a week later. /'.

{To be continued.)

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ODONTOOLOSSUM LlNDLEVANUiM

ai;uei:m.

OdONTOGLOSSum Lindleyanuin was introduced
nearly sixty years ago, and since that time it
has frequently come among importations of
other species (for its wide range of distribu-
tion renders it difficult to get an importation
of many of the other species without some O.
Lindleyanum). Though not ainong the showiest,
it is interesting by reason of its constancy
and its adherence to fixed characters, which
constitute it the most clearly defined of any

238

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septejibrr 28, 1901.

species of Odontoglossnm. In the matter of
colour suppression, whereby yellow forms are
produced, although it has been one of the
earliest introduced into gardens, it is one of
the last to present the yellow form coveted by
the orchidist, for already yellow forms of nearly
all the Odontoglossums having yellow and
brown, or white and brown, as their normal
colours, have already been flowered.

At last O. Lindleyanum aureum appears with
de Barri Crawshay, Esq., Roselield, Sevenoaks
(gr., Mr. Stables), to keep company with the
many fine and rare Odontoglossums in his col-
lection. The form of the flower, and its narrow
segments, is of typical O. Lindleyanum, the
■ colour, as in all cases where brown-blotched
Odontoglossums have produced yellow forms,
being in two shades of clear yellow, the lighter
as the ground colour, and the darker yellow
marking the places where the brown blotching
of the normal form would be. The yellow
coloiu" also extends over the column and base
of the lip, the calli only being white. In
normal forms there are usually some purple
markings on the side lobes of the lip, but in
the variety aureum these also are suppressed
by the same process as albinos are evolved
amongst Cattleyas and some other Orchids.
James O'Brien.

WHITEWAY, SOUTH DEVON.

Whiteway, the Earl of Morley's seat, near
Chudleigh, South Devon, though not com-
parable to the immense pile of Saltram, the
property of the same owner, which stands on
a wooded hill in the neighbourhood of Ply-
mouth, is even more interesting from a gar-
dener's point of view, owing to the large col-
lection of choice Rhododendrons and other
subjects that flourish in its grounds. Situated
on a somewhat elevated and well-wooded slope,
facing, across a beautiful valley, the rugged
tors of Dartmoor, some 10 miles distant, it is
not exempt from the effects of gales ; but.
Rhododendrons growing rampantly, shelter
is easily provided by these efficient wind-
screens for shrubs and plants that require
such protection.

Rhododendrons being, perhaps, the chief
objects of interest in these attractive gardens,
may be first briefly touched upon. The gem
of the collection is undoubtedly a fine bush of
R. campylocarpum, believed to be the largest
in the country. This specimen stands about
8 feet in height, and has an almost similar
diameter, being absolutely covered in the
spring with countless trusses of pale yellow
flowers, when it presents a charming picture.
Close by is another yellow-flowered Rhododen^
dron, R. tritlorum, far inferior in beauty to
the first-named. R. Palconeri, R. Aucklandi,
and > beautiful pink-flowered form of the latter,
are also present, as are R. barbatum, with its
deep red blossoms ; R. fulgens, R. calophyllum,
R. campanulatum Wallichi, R. nilagiricum,
and the late-blooming R. cinnabarinum var.
Blandfordianum, with its trusses of rather
small; sol't-red fiowers carrying a bloomy sheen
on their siLlis(aiil ial petals. R. Coombe Royal
and R. Liiscdiiibiaiumi, seedlings raised by the
late Mr. Luscombe in the well-known Coombe
Royal Gardens, near Kingsbridge, are very beau-
tiful, as isR. Mrs. Butler; while R. Brayannm,
R. Broughtoni, and R. Hodgsoni are also worthy
of notice, and such sorts as Brilliant, Standard
of Flanders and Black Arab arc valuable for
their colours, that of the last-named being of a
deep maroon, approaching black in the open^
ing buds. Two healthy bushes about 4 feet in
height are recent importations from India, but
have not flowered as yet. Numerous seedlings
ha*e been raised by Mr. J. Nanscawen, the

head gardener, which include fine hybrids
between R. Aucklandi and R. Thompsoni, R.
ochroleucum, and R. gloxiniicflorum, and many
others; as well as a collection of hybrids from
seed raised in the Pentillie Castle Gardens.
One enormous specimen, 20 feet in height,
and nearly 70 feet in circiunfercnce, was moved

delightful pictures are obtained from different
points in the wide wood-paths in the spring
diys when the numerous species and varieties
attain the zenith of their display. Azaleas
are generally held to be immune from the
attacks of rabbits, but in theWhiteway woods
this is not found to be the case, and yoving.

70.— LITHOSPERJIUM PROSTRATUM, AT WHITEWAY
(SEE P. 239.)

FLOWKRS IlEEP BLUE.

a distance of 50 yards some few years back,
but its robust health gives no evidence of the
shift, the ample foliage touching the grass on
all sides. Ghent Azaleas are also raised from
seed in quantity, some of these having been
known to blossom under a year from seed.
The neighbouring woods are largely planted
with Rhododendrons and Azaleas, their num-
bers being added to year by year. Some of
the former are over 20 feet in height, and

iniprotected plants are often barked and
killed. Two tine examples of Trachycarpus
Portunei stand in tlio gardens, from the seed
of which many young plants have been raised.
A large specimen of Magnolia conspicua,
about 30 feet in lieight, is a beautiful feature
when covered with its thousands of white
blossoms, as is a fine shrub of Pieris formosa
over 10 feet high. A Judas-tree (Cercis
siliquastrnra), a very large Prunus Pissardi;

Sbptomber 28, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

239

Exochonla grandiflora, Cerasus Watereri,
Erubothrium coeeineinn, Spirreas in variety,
Cistuses, and Abutiloii vitifolium, both white
and lavender-flowered forms, are among the
most ornamental of the flowering shrubs, while
Pittosporuni Mayi, which has produced its tiny
purple-black flowers in prodigal profusion in the
south-west this season, has set fruit freely.

Among wall- climbers are Edwardsia grandi-
flora, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Solanum
Dulcamara fol. var., Briclgesia (Ercilla) spi-
cata, Mandevilla suaveolens, Tropjeolum tri-
«olorum, and numerous handsome varieties of

cipitous bank is draped with Clematis montana.
Lithospermum prostratnm forms a dense mass of
blue-starred growth over some 3 feet of hanging
rock (see tig. 70, p. 238), and Hypericum reptans
covers a considerably lai^er .space ; while the
charming H. coris also does well. Specimens
of Daphne Cneorum are in the best of health,
and annually produce their clusters of fragrant
e iral-red flowers in abundance; while Saxi-
frages in variety, among which S. pyramidalis
and S. valdensis are prominent, Onosma tauri-
cum, Hippocrepis comosa, Pentstemon al-
l)inuni, Erigeron muoronatus, Geum varie-

i;i,i:-j'r.iiWKi!i:ii aitaius mtiw, in missi:s. i;. \i:iicn and sons

NIHSKItV, KXKTKIt.

the different sections of the large-flowered
Clematis, which have been raised from seed.
Erythrina crista-galli, planted outside the
stove-house wall, has formed :i permanent
trunk som(^ ."> f<'et in height and Is inches in
oircumference, from along lh<! whole length of
which it lireaks annually. As a rule the Ery-
thrina, even in tho south-west, dies to the
ground-level every winter.

The rock garden is formed on one side of a
.•small natural ravine, along the stony ba.se of
which a torri'nl foams during the eiiuinoctial
rains. At the head of the ravine, a very large
.specimen of Pyrus Sfalus floribunda grows,
which ill tho spring spreads wide its rosy
canopy; while a litMi' lower down, tlii> pre-

gatinn, Wahli'iibergia serpyllifolia, Linum
arboreuiu, Dianthus sanguinea, Herniaria
glabra, Doiidia ei)ipactis, Veronicas, Viola cu-
<-ullata alba, (Jentiana lutea, Hryanthus cni-
I)etrifolia, Asaruin eiiropajum, and many other
plants, are also present.

Beneath the perpendicular rocks on the
other side of the ravine numbers of rare Ferns
are grown, amongst the more noteworthy of
which are Davallia novje zoalanditc, Pteris
scaberiila, Adiantiim palmatum, A. pedatum,
Polystiohum setosum, Woodsia hy])erborea,
Aspidium Ijonchitis, Onocloa sensibilis, Lo-
niaria magellanica, a species of Osmiinda from
North America, and many crested varieties.
By t'le Kern-i, Cyclam-Mi C.j'.im an t C. neajKili-

tanum grow, and freely reproduce themselves
from seed.

At a lower level Bamboos flourish, Rodgersia
podophylla perfects its handsome leaves and
white spires of inflorescence, and Oreocoma
C'andoUei lifts its graceful foliage ; while hard
by Mertonsia virginica, Trillium grandiflorum,
and Dentaria digitata grow strongly ; and the
lovely Atragene alpiua wreathes a rough Fir-
stump with its pale - blue, white - centred
blossoms, whose narrow petals drooping round
the corolla gives the flowers a distinct and
delicate appearance. An enormous bush of
Pieonia Moutan stands on the open lawn,
and measures 15 yards in circumference, its
height being 6 feet. Many tine single Tree
Pseonies are grown, and have made rapid
progress since being planted ; and the beau-
tiful single white herbaceous species, P.
Einodi, is represented by several plants,
tiaultheria Shallou has formed a spreading
mass many feet in diameter ; and a colony of
Lenten Roses from Mr. Ai'cher Hind's garden
are thickly set with flowers in the early spring.
Carnations are well grown, and tho herbaceous
borders, of which there are several, two wide
ones running across the kitchen-garden, are
tilled with handsome hardy plants ; Tiilipa
(iesneriana major providing a brilliant colour
effect ill the late spring. xVmongst other plants
to be found in the gardens are Ostrowskia
magnifica, Incarvillea Deluvayi, Cypripedium
spectabile, which grows remarkably strongly ;
Lathyrus Sibthorpi, Anemones, Irises, and
Hanunculi in variety, as well as many other
species.

In tho greenhouse the chief interest centres
in the splendid collection of Disa grandiflora,
whi(!h is for the most part grown in shallow
boxes 2 feet sc£uare, 150 spikes having been
thrown up from one box. Many Disas are
also grown in a cold frame. Besides D. gran-
(lillora, D. Taylori is also cultivated. A large
lioiigaiiivillea occupies one eiui of the house,
which contains Crinums and numerous (iiio
seedling Hippeastrunis.

The stove-house is chiefly devoted to Or<'hids,
many unnamed varieties lately imported from
liiilia giving promise of flower; while at the
time of my last visit, a tine specimen of Den-
drobiuiu thyi'sillorum was in magnincent
liloom. In this house Anlhuriums and Eucharis
Lilies are also grown, and Aristolochia elegans
is employed as a climber. H. W. F.

DOUBLE - FLOWERED ARABIS
ALl'IXA.

Tlll.s showy perennial has come into favour
again, and deservedly so. It is so long since
it was grown in this country that it was, at its
recent re-introduction, treated as a new plant ;
but wo have notes of it dating as far back as
18.30, and toratological books contain many
references to it. Our illustration (fig. 71) is
from a plant in tho nurseries of Messrs. R.
Veitch «& Sons, of Exeter. It is as easy to
grow (when the sparrows vouchsafe to let it
alone) as the common one, and is highly to bo
recommended for the rockery.

KEW NOTES.

Orchids at Kew. — In addition to the well-
known showy kinds, there is at present in
flower a remarkable collection of rare, curious,
and beautiful species, till of which, thanks
to tho good cultivation bestowed on them,
appear now at their best. Among those noted
were Cynorchis purpurascens, with lour fine
heads of light purple flowers, rising from largo
fleshy leaves a foot or more in length ; Habe-
naria Lugardi, with white flowers, furnished
with long spurs; II. Kiiigiana, a (|iiaiiit, but

240

THE GARDEKEES' CHRONICLE.

[SErTEMBEE 2S, 1901.

less showy species ; various Bulboplijlliiras,
inclmting: the large I?, graiuliflorum ; the sin-
gular and pretty Trias diseiflora ; Eulophia
Woodfordi, a large-growing and remarljable
species from Old Calabar, with tall, many-
flowered inflorescences, the blooms on which
have green sepals and petals, and a dull, claret-
pnrple lip ; E. pulchra and E. Sanderiana,
C'atasetum Trulla, C. flmbriatum. Coryanthcs
macrantha is again ilowering ; it seems quite at
home at Kew, and flowers regularly.

Of Masdevallias, Pleurothallis, and Restre-
pias many are in flower, especially noteworthy
being fine tufts of Pleurothallis picta snd
Restrcpia sanguinea ; and a fine specimen of
the rosc-jjurple Sobralia Lowei was observed ;
the singular little Sigmatostalix radicans, a
new Madagascan Cynorchis with flowers
hairy on the outer side ; Cycnoches chlo-
rochilon ; several Polystachyas, including P.
grandiflora, flowering on a mass as imported,
together with Eulophia scripta and several
other species ; Brassavola cucnllata, Dendro-
l)ium bracteosum and other Dendrobes ;
Angrsecum Chailluanum, A. Scottianum,
and the singular A. Eichlerianum ; Coe-
logync Veitchi, with pendent racemes of
white flowers ; several interesting species of
Liparis ; Oncidium Lueasianum, closely re-
sembling O. Jamesoni ; Odontoglossum retu-
sum, with orange-red coloured flowers ; Kpi-
dendrum cenanthum, B. inversum, and a
number of other Epidendrums. Pogonia dis-
color, with pretty bronzy leaves ; a number of
the yellow Spathoglottis Fortune! ; and a fine
batch of the beautiful rosy-lilac flowered
Stenoglottis firabriata from Natal, with a
specimen or two of its white variety ; and a
good number of Cypripediunis and other
Orchids, the different species being drawn
from regions very remote from each other, and
very different in climate. It is no small feat
to grow, flower, and maintain in good con-
dition, suljjects representing most of the
tropical countries, the culture of the plants
even of the same countries Ijeing complicated
by the different elevations, often unrecorded,
at which they are found.

Nepenthes.

Inspection of the grand collection of Pitcher-
plants would make many wish to try their
.skill on them, although they are generally
considered difficult. This was the case at Kew
till the present house was arranged for them,
the rockery basement being planted with Ma-
rantas, Fittonias, and other ornamental-leaved
and trailing plants, not liable to be affected by
insects, while the Nepenthes were put into
baskets suspended from the roof. The house is
kept at a comfortably warm temperature, and
moist, and the greater part of the plants bear
a profusion of pitchers, in some cases too
numerous to count.

Nepenthes RafHesiana, with its large,
reddish-brown blotched pitchers, is one of the
oldest and still one of the best species ; the
Bornean N. bicalcarata with greenish pitchers
has very distinct characters ; N. Curtisii, N.
Northiana, N. ampullaria, N. distillatoria, N.
Hookeriana, N. Rajah, and N. Veitchi are all
remarkably fine, and present curious distin-
guishing features. Botanically, Nepenthes
Pervillei (Wardi), a singular, small-growing
species from the Seychelles, andN. ventricosa,
with curious pitchers inflated at the base, and
narrowed upwards, and widened at the top
like a funnel, are among the most interesting.
i\. sanguinea, with purplish-red pitchers, is
the most uniformly coloured of the species,
but in point of vigour, size, and beauty, it is
excelled by its progeny, the handsome speci-
mens of N. X Mastersiana, both the red and

the mottled forms of which are in the collec-
tion. In an adjoining house, a good speci-
men of Dischidia RafHesiana, one of the three
species of this singular species established at
Kew, is bearing a number of pitchers. It is an
Asclepiad, and in no way related to Nepenthes ;
its pitcliers arc modified leaves, and not leaf-
appendages as in Nepenthes. It was illus-
trated in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Sept. 23,
1893, p. 360.

THE FIBEO-VASCULAR BUNDLES
OF STEM AND PETIOLES.

In connection with proliferousTomato-leaves,
the Gardeners' Chronicle of June 15, liJOl,
p. 393, states : — " Dr. Bonavia regards the leaf
as a modified branch ; but the anatomical
structure of the petiole is not that of the
stem, but of the usual kind in petioles, having
a horse-shoe-like section of the fibro-vascular
bundles, with two extra cords on either side
of the superior groove."

1 have now six Tomato plants raised from
cuttings of the leaf of this Tomato, each
cutting having a growing bud from the axilla
of the leaflet. I planted each cutting in a
small pot. All six struck, and are now
growing into healthy plants, some of which
are upwards of 2 feet high. This fact would
seem to mean that the vascular bundles of the
stem of the usual Icind in the Tomato can
produce vascular bundles of the usual kind in
its leaf, and tliese again can i^roduco vascular
bundles in its leaflet-buds, which are now
growing into stems furnished with the usual
leaves.

It would appear, therefore, that the ana-
tomical difference between the disposition of
the fibro-vascular bundles of the stem, and
those of the petiole, is of little or no import-
ance. The one can evolve the other, and rice
vena. Is it not possible that an exaggerated
importance has been given to the disposition
of the fibro-vascular bundles of the stem
and petiole, when we see that some of
those of the stem run through the petiole,
and re-produce themselves again in the
leaf- stem? With the exercise of a little
imagination, and putting aside for the
moment the school botanical vocabulary,
one might conceive the stem of this Tomato as
a huge compound leaf, with its sub-divisions
following the rule of its phyllotaxis. In the
case of the Fern called Lygodium, is it the
leaf (frond) or the stem that twines round its
.support? E. Boimvia, M.D., Sept. 21, 1001.

CLEMATIS DAVIDIANA.
Although introduced about 1804 from
Northern China by the Abbe David, this pretty
and distinct species is seldom seen in British
Gardens. At the present time it forms a con-
spicuous feature, flowering at this season of
the year when the majority of the Clematis
are practically past their best. In habit and
style of growth it approaches nearest to that
of Clematis tubulosa, another Chinese form,
and by some authorities it is regarded as
simply a form of this latter species. In growth
it forms a neat bush, growing from two to
four feet in height, sub-shrubby and non-
climbing. Its leaves are broad, disposed in
three oval-shaped leaflets. The flowers are
deep blue, with numerous yellow anthers,
tubular, about half-an-inch in length, re-
sembling in shape those of a single Hyacinth,
produced in clustered heads varying from six
to twelve together, dispo.sed generally in
the leaf axils. They also possess a very
agreeable fragrance. It grows very freely in
any good garden soil, and can be readily in-

creased by means of seeds sown in spring,
cuttings of the young growths in summer and
also by grafting. Until within a few years ago
this species does not appear to have becrk
taken in hand by the hybridist, but a con-
tinental firm has succeeded in raising several
forms ; which will, when distributed, probably
result in this type and its varieties becoming
equally as popular as the older and better-
known forms of the Clematis genus.

Cle.matis craveolens.
This is another distinct species, wiiich, like
the foregoing, is as yet bat little known ia
gardens, introduced from Chinese Tartary in
1841. In growth it forms a vigorous climber,
much branched, and of slender appearance;
its leaves are pale green in colour, smooth and
ovate in shape. The flowers, although soli-
tary, are produced abundantly from August to
October, varying in size from three-quarters
to one incli across, in colour deep, golderi
yellow, possessing a very agreeable fragrance,
resembling that of the common Lime. It
grows freely in any good garden soil, and can
be readily raised from seeds sown in spring,
cuttings in summer, and also by grafting. It is
figured and described in the Botanical Manazine,
p. 4495, but this appears to be incorrect, pro-
bably being that of Clematis orientalis, a
species very similar in habit and colour, and
not unfrequently sold for the above-namert
species. E. S'., Wokinij.

THE BEDDING ARRANGEMENTS
IN HYDE PARK.

A VISIT of inspection of the beddiug-out
method of procedure practised by Mr. Brown
in Hyde Park, London, with such good effect
is always time well and agreeably spent on
the part of country gardeners, who are, as a
rule, on the look-out for new and improved
ideas in the way of bedding-out. Such a visit
was recently made by the writer. Therefore,
bearing in mind that only a small percentage
of the gardeners living outside of the "home
counties" have an opportunity of visiting
Hyde Park during the months of August and
September, when the various floral arrange-
ments inside the enclosed sjiaces between the
Marble Arch and Stanhope Gate are looking
their best, I will give particulars of a few of
the most effective, and at the same time,
pleasing, and simply-arranged beds, which are
mostly oblong in shape.

Commencing at the Marble Arch end, a bed
having a ground of erect-growing Mimulus,
interspersed with well - flowered plants of
Tower of London Fuchsia (red), and dwarf
white Chrysanthcnuims ; the whole being
edged with Blue Lobelia (pumila grandiflora).
The spikes of the large, richly-spotted flowers
of the Mimulus showed off to advantage, and
contrasted effectively with the red, white,
and blue. Standard plants of Heliotrope and
Abutilon niveum marmoratum dotted in a
groundwork of Cockscomb and Begonias, and
edged with Snowball Lobelias, made a pretty
bed ; as also did Acacia lophantha intermixed
with scarlet-flowering Begonias, and edged
with a broad band of Alternanthera amabilis
latifolia. Fuchsia Lye's Excelsior and Sola-
num pyracanthum, set in a ground of Alternan-
thera versicolor grandis, and edged with the
golden-leaved Fuchsia Meteor, pegged down,
had a pleasing though quiet effect, as con-
trasting with that produced by the occupants
of a bed close by, having a mixed centre of
scarlet zonal (Wellington) Pelargonium, and
Zea variegata, and edged with Royal Purple
Lobelia.

A round bed, close to Grosvenor Gate, filled
with dwarf plants of Cockscombs (the combs

September 28, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

241

being of fine size and shape) and French Mari-
golds, aud an erect, gracefully growing, grass-
like plant, the name of which I did not see,
edged with the blue Mrs. C. F. Gordon Viola,
had a telling effect ; as also had an oblong bed
close by, filled with well-flowered standard
plants of Fuchsia Madame Cornellisen (single
white corolla and scarlet tubes and sepals),
and Iresine Herbsti, set thinly in a ground of
Alyssum saxatile. variegated, edged with blue-
flowerod Viola. Plants of the deep red double-
flowered Ivy -leaved Pelargonium Madame
Mongeot, intermixed with plants of Veronica
Andersoni variegata and Coreopsis grand! flora,
and encircled with blue Lobelia, made a very
pretty bed indeed. And the same may be said

LILIUM SPECIOSUM.

Oil! illustration (fig. 72) presents an example
of a very beavitiful potful of L. speciosnm, an
old inmate of our gardens, and now in its
several varieties a popular market plant. The
number of flowers open at the time it was
photographed numbered 208, and it was grown
with other Lilies in an unheatod house. It is
now in an 18-inch pot, where it has been grown
for the past seventeen years. The Lilies are
placed in the open air a few days prior to the
flowers opening.

The photograph from which the figure was
prepared was kindly sent us by Mr. David
Jones, gardener at Hartsbeath, near Mold.

Fig. 72.— Lir.ii'.M speciosim, grows in the gardens at iiaktniikatii,

NEAR MOLD, FI.INTSHIUE.

for another oblong bed Ullcd with grandly-
llowered plants of Erylliriiia crista-galli and
.Iacob;ea, double rose, cdgedwilh a good band of
-Mternanthera amiena spectabilis, dotted with
Solanum pyracanthum. Mention must also be
made of a bed of similar shape to the jireccding
one, filled with well-grown and capitally-
flowered plantsof Celosia pyramidalis coccinea
and aurea, and having a liro:id-panclled band
composed alternately of Alternant liera versi-
color grandis and Leucophyton lirownii as an
edging — a novel and telling arrangement in
the way of an edging, which should vary
according to the comiiosition of the beds which
it encircles. Huge spi'cimens of Heliotrope,
Ivy-leaf Pelargoniums, I'lumbago capensis, and
Eucalyptus (ilobulus (IJlue Gum-tree) judi-
ciously arranged in isolated groups, add con-
siderably to the variety and floral beauty of
thi.s charming part of the |iaik. II. W . W.

CULTURAL MEMORANDA.

WINTER-FLOWERING PLANTS.
The few remarks I am about to make
relating to the culture of these plants, refer
specially to a class of plants that arc often
))lanted out during the early summer, for
lifting and potting up in the autumn. The
great drought prevailing will liave taxed the
utmost resources of the grower to supply
enough water to the roots of the plants, unless
frequent surface-mulchings to conserve mois-
ture has been furnished. The most critical
time is from now onwards. Sp<;cial treatment
must be given in order to satisfactorily mature
and finish up their growth. I have found that
ordinary waterings have failed to touch the

balls of the plants, and only a few inches
below the surface ; this, unless abundance of
moisture is supplied, does more harm than
good during the hot weather we have lately
experienced, as it brings the fibrous roots to
the surface only to be scorched off by the
great solar heat.

I will now give a few hints on their present
treatment up to the time of potting up, which
in other years I have found to work well out
in practice. The plants dealt with are Violets,
Solanums, Salvias, Bouvardias, Arums, and
early autumn-flowering Chrysanthemums, &c.
Several weeks previous to potting up, I
usually dig well round and under the plants
and fill up the cracks with water several
times, till the ball of the root is thoroughly
soaked through, and afterwards well mulch the
surface, to keep in the moisture. It will be
found that, with the latent heat and water
supplied, the ground will be like a hot-bed,
and in a short time fresh fibrous roots will be-
formed ; and great care must be exercised in
potting up that the new roots sustain no-
injury.

The pots us'jd should be at least IJ inch
more in diameter than the ball of the plant
taken from the grouiul, so as to allow room for-
some silky loam, peat, and sand for the new
roots to work into. All the plants, except
perhaps Bouvardias and Arums, will be soon
throwing up their flower-buds, which it will
be the aim of the cultivator to fully develop.

When potted up, if the weather permits, the
plants would bo best stood outside in a shady
or north as|)Oi.'t for a few weeks before beings
housed ; but if there is a fear of early frosts,.
it would bo better to place them in a light,
cool house, with ventilation on night and day,
for some Aveeks, or till the plants become
accustomed to their new conditions, when
afterwards less air can be given. J. I). Godwin.

(i.\EI)EN CITY ASSOCIATION.
The annual Conference of this young society
was held in Birmingham last week, when
various papers (printed) were submitted for
consideration; but tiiue necessitated the
l)assing on to a supplementary Conference o£
several of a more or less controvi'rsial cha-
racter. Perhaps the great feature of tho-
gathering was the visit paid to the settlement
of Bourneville, where are the manufactories
devoted to the production of Cadbury's cocoa,
&c., and the many i)ulnstries growing there-
from. It was an object-lesson never to bo
forgotten by those privileged to bo witnesses.
It is in many respects a garden <-ity ; the fac-
tories have been taken from Biriuingham, antl
the workers followed in their train, und
dwellings by the hundred were built to ac-
commodate theui — some by the owners of the-
factories in (juestion, others by outside specu-
lators. The whole, we believe, is now in the
hands of a trust, and that is now separated from
the wage-payers, so that no trade influence can
be brought to bear in case of a dispute. A.
good amateur gardener is always a good work-
man ; and good workers, as a rule, make good
gardeners and fruit-growers. This fact is
observed at Bournville, and the investigating-
theorists will most certainly take to heart
what they saw, and endeavour to improve,
upon the lesson laid out in tree and plant, and
vegetable and flower-garden jilants. If the
country dweller has ever a yearning for bricks
and mortar, surely the workers in cities are
ever sighing for the sweet air of the country,
and the rjuiet delishts there to be gained. The
Cadburys employ some thousands of workers,
old and young ; it is 'lot overstating the case
to alllrrii that two-thirds of these are much

242

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 28, 1901.

Eiiterested in the art and mystery of gardening
— an interest, of course, due to tlieir descent
from the "grand old gardener "—the first of
ihis noble profession. We wait with interest
the results of this last meeting of the Garden
City Association.

The Week's Work.

FBUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McInttke, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant, The Gleu, Innerleithen. Peeblesshire.

Removing and Planting Peach-trees. — The
trees in the earliest and second early houses
onay now be transplanted or root-pruned, and
the operation being carried out whilst there
ds root action, should be under ordinary cir-
cumstances quite successful, for they will
have time to form fresh roots before the leaves
have wholly fallen. When the Peach-house is
getting crowded with trees, it becomes neces-
■sary to grub up the inferior varieties, and
afford more space to better ones ; or it may be
<lesirable to shift trees from the early house
to the next division, and vice versa. In trans-
planting, first prepare the new site for the
tree, taking care to make the hole large
■enough to admit of the roots being spread
radially, and incorporate with the fresh turfy
loam, mortar rubble freely, and a heavy
•sprinkling of i-inch bones. Before lifting a
tree, cut away all the shoots that have borne
rfruit, then loosen the rest of the branches, and
lightly bind them together in bundles. Then
■open a deep fruit trench at a good distance
-from the stem of the tree, or say at a radius of
■about half the width of the border, and
gradually undermine the whole mass of
roots, taking great care to dig out all
roots met with, and leave a compact ball
of soil which can be comfortably carried
■on a short, wide, strong board or hand-
barrow; carry this to the fresh site, and
ff)lant rather high, or sufficiently so as to keep
the root-stock or stem-base well above the
level of the border. Spread out the roots at
■different levels, removing damaged ends and
wounded bits and sucker-growths. Let tlie
mew compost be compacted round the tree
■and its roots, and new roots will very quickly
form. The border before being disturbed
should te in a thoroughly moist state, and the
transplanted tree afforded more water, espe-
■cially close up to the stem. Should the foliage
laag badly in brightsunshiny weather, shade the
foliage with mats, and frequently moisten it
with a syringe, and keep tlie house somewhat
close, currents of dry, cold air being very
anjurious. If treat<?d in this careful manner,
■only some of the leaves will drop off prema-
turely, but the wood and buds will keep fresh
.and plump ; and there is nothing to prevent
such trees being forced in due course, aud
with every prospect of getting a good crop of
fruits from them next year.

Late Peach Trees.— After all of the fruits are
gathered, thin out the shoots where crowded,
and those which have borne fruit, and any not
required for extending the tree. With free
ventilation and gentle fireheat in dull weather,
an cold localities, and the wood strong, the
shoots will mature satisfactorily. The border
should, as in the case of this tree in the early-
house, be kept in a moderately moist condi-
tion, yet not too wet. Soft netting hung under
the trees will save fruit from bruising should
at fall. It is well to loop the netting up in
small pockets, in order to prevent the fruits
from bruising each other. If the fruit is care-
fully looked over every morning by an expe-
rienced person, and the ripe fruit removed,
there will be very little use for the net.
Peaches should be gathered before they are
-dead ripe, and kept in a light, airy fruit-room
for a few days before it is consumed. Peach
Prince of Wales is a beautiful fruit when
.grown under glass and in warm soils, but it is
iby no means satisfactory against walls outside
in Scotland, or in heavy soils. Princess of
Wales is one of the best late summer Peaches,

attaining to a large size, and as.suming fine
colour under favourable conditions. Although
Sea Eagle is a pale-coloured fruit, its large size
and good quality render it a desirable variety.

THE KITCHEN" GARDEN.

By J. Mayne, Gardener to the Hon. Mauk Rolle,
Bicton, East Budleigh, Devonshire.

Cabbages.— Thoae plants which were pricked
out a month ago are ready for planting in
their permanent quarters, on the land that
was under Onions this year. As this land was
well prepared for the Onion crop, it will
merely require to have drills drawn about
4 inches in depth, and the Cabbages planted
in them. If the nurse-bed is dry, afford water
the day before. Lift them with' a trowel, and
compress the ball slightly, and plant with the
trowel. Make the soil firm about them, and
apply water if the soil should be dry. In
setting out EUam's Early, Flower of Spring,
Mein's No. 1, Beaconsfleld, and others of like
size, 15 inches apart each way will be found a
good distance. The varieties of larger growth
should be afforded 2 feet; or 1 foot, pulling up
for consumption when of useable size each
alternate plant, so as to leave them at 2 feet
apart. Any plant left in the seed-bed should
be pricked out in nurse-beds, the same coming
in usefully in early spring in filling up gaps in
the rows, &c.

Cai-doons. —When dry, the stalks should be
tied up, and earth packed round them, so as to
well blanch them, similarly to Celery.

Endive. — Continue to thin out and transplant
if necessary, allowing a distance of 15 inches
each way. Continue to tie up for blanching at
weekly intervals as many as will meet the
consumption.

Peas. — In this garden the variety Autocrat,
sown about tlie middle of the month of June, is
now yielding frequent pickings of well-filled
pods. The haulm does not exceed 5 feet in
height, and is more conveniently netted from
the birds, and less liable to suffer from wind
than those which grow higher. Keep the
ground moist, and apply weak liquid-manure
once a week. The plants may continue to
form useful pods for several weeks longer.
A long row sowed on June 28 is now in flower,
and promises a good crop, or at the least a
good set.

Routine tvork. — Remove exhausted crop.'', of
all kinds, and keep the hoes at work for the
killing of weeds aud the aeration of the soil. It
will now bo necessary to rake off the weeds
after hoeing -the land, or they will take root.
Vegetable-Marrows and Scarlet Runner Beans
should be closely gathered, so as to prolong
their season of usefulness. The former is
largely made into jam in this county, the
fruits being gathered when in a fairly ripe
condition, and it is very palatable when
flavoured with preserved ginger.

THE UARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Herrin.
Iminthering of Apples and Perirs. —At tliis
date most early varieties should be gathered,
as they keep in better condition when stored
than if allowed to remain on the tree ; such
varieties are Lord Grosvenor, Pott's Seedling,
Lord Suftield, Warner's King, Frogmore Pro-
lific, Bclinville, Cellini, Worcester Pearmain,
and others. If not gathered, many of the.se
Apples would also be blown off by the first
rough winds. If the fruit store is a good one,
some of the varieties may be kept in a sound
condition for a considerable length of time. The
warm weather was the cause of many varieties
of Apples maturing too early, and these are
now fit for gathering. Late varieties of
Apples should be allowed to hang on the trees
till as late as possible, their keeping being
considerably prolonged, and the condition of
tlie fruits much improved thereby.

Peiirs o{ the early and mid-season varieties
ripen quickly, and remain but a short time in
a good condition. Many of these should
now be gathered , viz , Beurre d' Amanlis, Louise

Bonneof Jersey, and others of this class, taking
the more forward fruits first, and the less
mature fruits in about a week later. None but
sound and good specimens should be stored,
and care should be taken not to bruise the
fruits. Late varieties may wait for another
week or two unless bad weather sets in. The
ripening of any of the above-named varieties
may be accelerated if desired by placing them
in wooden boxes lined with paper, and stand-
ing in a warm house, or any position where a
temperature of 50' to 60° is maintained.

FariOKs. — The protection of late Plums from
wasps and flies will need attention, and for
this purpose hexagon netting or thin canvas
should be spread over the trees, and tacked
down closely at the edges. If the weather
becomes stormy, it will also act as a slight
protection from rain, which, if it beat against
the trees, causes the fruits to split ; while
ordinary garden netting, placed over the trees
ill several thicknesses, will also serve as a
slight protection against rain and insects.
Some of the choicer kinds of Plums may be pre-
served for some time in good condition if, when
gathered, they are wrapped in tissue-paper
when quite dry and placed in a box, and stored
iu a dry, cool room. Where fruit-tree budding
has been carried out the stock should be
looked over, and the ties around the buds
loosened if this be found necessary. It is
desirable that the buds should not start into
growth tiU the spring, but where growth has
already taken place, it should be hastened by
removal of other growths, so that the bud-
growth may become as well ripened as pos-
sible. Filberts and late Cob-nuts should be
gathered while yet firmly fixed in the husk ; if
allowed to become too ripe, they fall out in
the gathering.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddeu Road, Caraberwell.

The East India-house. — Ai>rides having been
greatly favoured with bright weather, have
generally made good growth, and they
should be afforded all the available sunlight
possible, but the foliage must not get scorched,
as is likely to occur during the sunnier hours ;
and the now roots should be jirotected from
cockroaches and woodlice by placing beetle-
2)oison for the former, and trapping the latter
with hoUowed-out Potatos placed on the com-
post, and these baits should be examined
every morning. The lovely Aerides Lawrencese
and the creamy-tinted variety, A. L. San-
deriana, are very useful subjects at the present
time ; but as the flowers last a considerable
time in perfection, care must be taken to
remove the flower-racemes as soon as they are
properly expanded, or they will have an
exhausting ettect upon the plants. A. suavis-
simum in its varied forms is also liable to this
mishap, by reason of the long duration of the
flowers, although owing to the more vigorous
constitution of the plant, it does not suffer to
the same extent as do the A. quinquevulnera
section.

Saccolahiums will have almost completed
tlieir growth, and should receive careful
attention in respect to the application of
moisture at the roots, not allowing them to
become dry before applying water. Until the
points of the roots have become scaled over,
afford a liberal amount of humidity in the air
of the house, the amount being governed by
outside conditions. With a low temperature,
the plants take little harm if the house be
kept fairly dry.

Miltonia x Bleuana. — A very charming and
desirable hybrid Orchid. It is a rather re-
markable fact that the union of two species of
Miltonia, each somewhat difficult to manage,
has produced one of the most vigorous off-
springs that can be found among hybrid
Orchids, for not only has the growth become
more vigorous than that of the parents, but the
racemes produce many more flowers than the
best examples of M. vexillaria. The pseudo-
bulbs are now being developed on our plants,
and new roots emitted — a good time for giving

September 28, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRO^^ICLE.

243

attention to potting. The compost which suits
the plant in one consisting of chopped sphag-
num-moss two parts, and peat one part, with
ample drainage afforded. As soon as the re-
potting is finished, afford water copiously, and
then place them in a fairly bright position at
the warmer part of an intermediate-house. If
the plants possess sound back pseudo-bulbs,
they may be carefully removed with a knife,
two pseudo-bulbs being left behind the young
growth, and if these back pseudo-bulbs are
potted, and placed under fairly close condi-
tions, they will generally push new growths,
and thus increase the stock.

OncUJium ornithorhijtichum and O. o. album
are plants whose flower-racemes are now in a
forward condition, and the latter should be
neatly fastened to neat sticks, for if allowed
to grow without this attention, they are very
liable to get injured, especially the white-
flowered variety, the racemes extending to a
greater length, and being very brittle. I find
that the white variety expands its flowers
more satisfactorilj- if placed in a warm part of
the intermediate-house as soon as the buds
commence to form. Care must be taken to
avoid letting the plants become dry at the
roots.

PLANTS mSTDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts. Gardener 1o Htssey Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

Lilium lancifolitim and L. niiratnm, the
flowering of which is past, should be placed
outdoors in the sun in order to complete the
ripening of the leaves and bulbs. When this
is finished, lay the pots on their sides till the
bulbs are repotted in Novcml)cr. A variety of
Lilium longiflorum which may bo bought .'it
this season in a retarded state, is by .some
gardeners preferred to the so-called L. Ilar-
risii, and these bulbs should be potted forth-
with for early flowering in January and later.
Place the early bulb in a (l-inch, or throe
bulbs in an 8-inch pot. These retarded bulbs
should bo brought on gradually in an inter-
mcdiate-honse from the time they are potted
till they flower. The best sort of compost
consists of loam two parts, peat one part, leaf-
soil one part, with plenty of sand. Half fill
the pots with soil, press firmly, and put in the
bulbs, covering them to within 2 inches of the
rim, which will allow of a top-dressing being
afforded later on. Water must bo entirely
withheld, or applied very sparingly till
growth becomes active ; and when the pots
aro filled with roots, weak liquid-manure may
be afforded.

HippeaxtriiniK. — Those bulbs will have so far
completed their growth that they may be
placed upon shelves in vineries or Peach-
houses, and no more water applied. Thisy
should have full exposure to sunshine before
being put away for the winter.

Rofcs in Pots. — Take the earliest opportunity
to repot the stock of Koses which it is in-
tendetl to force. Largo plants of Teas which
cannot bo afforded larger pots should be staked
and tied afresh, and the crust of soil removed
down to the roots, and replaced with a rich
compost of strong turfy loam throe parts,
rotten farmyard manure one part, a quart of
bone-meal added to each wheel-barrow load.
Ram the soil firmly into the pots, and place
the latter in a sunny position. The younger
plants may bo repotted into i)Ots a size
or two larger, as may seem .advisable. The
drainage in the pots must Ix! good, the crocks
being covered with bits of turf. Let tho
plants be placed deep enough in the new pots
to admit of ample room for holding water.
Plunge the plants in a bed of aslx-s, and pro-
tect them from heavy rain. All flower-heads
must be removed after re-potting, and with
tho exception of the removal of dead and very
weak shoots, no i)runing should be performed
at the present time. Orders should be forth-
with sent to the nurserymen if plants pre-
pared for pot-work aro required. The fol-
lowing Koses are amongst the best varieties
to grow in pots :— Annio Olivier, Brides-
maid, Catherine Mermet, Comtesso do

Nadaillac, Ernest Metz, Caroline Kustor,
Dcvoniensis, lieryl. Empress Alexandra, Ethel
Browulow, Goubault, Homer, Hon. E. Clifford,
Madame Charles, Madame Chedane Guinois-
seau, Madame Cusin, Madame de Watte-
ville, Madame Lambard, Muriel Grahame,
Niphetos, Rubens, Souvenir de S. A.
Prince, Souvenir de Therese Levet, Souvenir
d'un Ami, Sunrise, The Bride, and White
Mamau Cochet. Of Hybrid Perpetuals, the
following will be found a good selection, viz.,
Alfred Colomb, A. K. Williams, Capt. Hayward,
Chas. Lefebvre, Duke of Edinburgh, Dupuy
Jamain, Fisher Holmes, General Jacqueminot,
Madame Gabrielle Luizet, Jeannie Dickson,
Marie Baumann, Marie Finger, Mrs. Cocker,
Mrs. J. Laing, Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford,
La France (Hybrid Tea), Mrs. Sandford,
Senateur A'aisse, Suzanne-Marie Rodocanachi,
Lady May Fitzwilliam. and Ulrich Brunner.
In making a selection of Roses, it is as well to
buy a sufficient number of each variety, as
when forced you can depend upon having a
supply of blooms of distinct colours for
decorative purposes.

THE APLA.BY.

i:y ExpEiiT.

Bee-driving should by now be nearly fini.shed ;
but where this has not been already done,
no time should be lost in completing it. It
must be rcmenibcrod that driven bees fed up
inKufficiently will only cause great annoyance
and loss in the spring-time, and instead of
finding the stocks strong, they will bo so
weakly, that no return will be shown by
them. All the frames should be well sealed
over before tho winter to prevent the food
from fermentingf-'^s this is very injurious to
bees.

Strengthening stocks. — Tlie hives that have
done very little this year, aiul marked on your
sheet "no returns," should have your attention
now, and either re-queen them, or if the stocks
are not very strong, unite another lot with
them, Dowering I hem first, or spraying them
with peppermint to keep them from lighting.
If the hive is old and dirty, put them into
a clean one at <mce, and have tho old one
thoroughly cleaned out and put away to be
ready lor use when required. When the bees
are kept away from the house, and they can-
not be given much spare time, place a small
piece of queen excluder-zinc over the entrance
for a couple of days. This will keoj) the queen
from coming out, and in that time they will
have settled down.

Fcci/iiif;.— It tho bees do not take the syrup,
place two or three hot bricks on the quilting
to encourage them, as the warmth will draw
them up.

Hoofs. — Look well over your roofs to see
they are water-tight, as damp will soon reduce
your bees. If tho roof is too bad for repair,
cover it with corrugated-iron or felt. Place a
little naphthaline in the hive, too.

Iloneij iiiiiiorts. — The value of tho honey im-
ported into the I'nited Kingdom during the
month of Julv, 1001, was £14,237.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. II. Si-ADE, Gardener to Lord Poltiinore,
Poltimore Park, Exeter.

Ilijpeviciim calijciniim, St. John's Wort. —
This forms a good companion plant to the
Vinca, and is one very easily increased, the
stolons that arise from the roots affording an
easy means of increasing tho i)lant by sever-
ing them from the parent plants in early
autumn and in tho spring. Other good Hyperi-
cums are Moseriainun, flowering about mid-
summer, patuluni, and for late flowering
oblongifoliuni, which is now in flower, and is
tailor and more upright in growth than tho
other species named.

Bnigmansia snarcolcns, li. Knigliti, and li.
sangninea. — Standards of these Brugman-
sias are very cITcctivo in the flower garden
during the summer months if planted thinly in
arge beds, the surface of the bed Icing

planted with some dwarf plants. Where
plants are required for next summer, cuttings
may now bo taken and inserted in sandy soil
in pots and placed on a gentle bottom heat,
and wheu rooted they should be potted
singly and grown ou gently in a temperature
of about 55°, and if kept steadily moving they
will make good jDlants for planting next
summer.

Plumbago capousis.^Large plants of this,
associate w'oU when used with Ivy-leaf Pelargo-
nium Mme. Crousse. Cuttings of the shoots,
taken at this date when the plants are lifted
will form useful plants for next summer's-
planting.

SiiMinsonid alba. — This is a plant of iise for
summer bedding, but to be effective in one
season the plants should bo specially pro-
pared and of a good size when planted. Cut-
tings struck at this date and kept growing ia
a warm greenhouse will be of a suitable size
in May.

Eclieverin secunda glaiica. — jIn order to-
winter this plant, a cold frame, tho lights of
which aro sound, should bo prepared to re-
ceive the stock it is intended to keep by-
putting some light, gritty soil into the frame
and making it level and firm. When the plants,
are lifted, first sort them out into different
sizes, and plant these separately ; it then,
being an easy matter to ascertain the number.
If this is not enough for tho purpose, the
smaller offsets should be likewise planted.
Should tho stems of the largo plants be tall,
shorten them but retain some of tho roots.
Tho soil in the frame should have a slight fall
from the back towards tho front, and the
plants may almost touch each other when
planted. Affoi'd air to tho frame freely, andi
remove tho ligiits in dry weather. Damp is to-
be feared more than cold, and if they are
afforded water once at planting time, that is.
usually sufficient for the sea.son.

Davrf Hardy Plants. — Cerastiums, Sodums,
Ajuga rcptans, Saxifragas, &c., may be lifted
and divided at this season ; or thoy may be
left a little longer in tho ground. The most
suitable place for wintering tho subjects is a
sunny, well-drained border, damp being in-
jurious to them. In light land, less care is-
uecossary.

Planting Lagers of Carnations and Pirotees.
—Tho beds, borders, or stations of clumps
should now bo deeply dug, and if the soil is
fairly rich, no manure need bo applied at this
season, only a dressing of quicklime, which
must bo incorporated with tho staple. This-
applies to parts of tho country in which
jjlauting at this season may safely bo adopted -,
but in cold parts and heavy soils anywhere,
preparations need not bo made till tho
spring. After trials for three years, I
find tho variety Viscountess Melville ono
of tho best to withstand damp and cold in
heavy land, tho variety has tho additional
merit of being a lato bloomer. The flower i.'s
of good form ; it has perfect calyx, and in
colour is a crushed strawberry. Equally gootS
in constitution is Lady Nina Balfour, which is-
a flower of large size, flesh-colourod, and
probably under glass would resemble tho old
Souvenir de la i\/almaison in tint- Mrs. Colby
Sharpiu is of a similar colour to Mrs. Ki^ynolds-
Hole ; tho flower has a good calyx, in which it
is superior to tho last-named, but of not so
strong a constitution, and does not always,
survive tho winter here in our heavy land.
Garville Gem is all that can bo wished for
here ; liut tho Old Clove Carnation succumbs
to damp ; while Mephislo, of much tho same
shade of colour, is quite satisfactory.

Flower-beds.— Tlemoyc .spent flowers and
yellowing leaves. Althougli hereabouts rain
is badly wanted, tho plants have plenty o«
flowers on them, and should the weather con-
tinue fine, and there is no frost, tho beds will
bo presentable for a few weeks longer.

Lawns. — Tho turf must be often rolled and
swept, particnilarly where deciduous trees
exist on or near the lawn.

244

THE GARD ENER S ' CIIRO NI CL E.

[September 28, 1901.

APPOINTMENTS FOR OCTOBER.

SHOWS.

Qi^.j. ,1 Nat ionalChrysantliemuni .early

TUESDAY,
THURSDAY

Exhibition (3 days).
\ Royal Hoi'ticultural Society's
Oct. 10- Show of Fi-uit at the Crystal
' Palace (3 days)
I Bri.xton, Strenthaui. and Clap-
THURSDAY, Oct. 31- ham Horticultural Society, at
/ Bri.-ctou Hall.

MEETINGS.

Oct. .i— Socicte d'Hort. de Londres.

( United Horticultural Benefit &
Oct. 11- Provident Association, Coni-

( mitteo.

SATURDAY,
MONDAY,

TUESDAY,

TUESDAY,

1 Royal Horticultural Society, at
Oct. 1.=.- Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate,

f Wcstiiiinster.

1 Royal Horticultural Society, at
Oct. 2f»- Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate,

» Westminster

SALES.
MONDAY, Sept. :;ir.— Dutch Bulhs, at Mossr.s. Protheroe
<fe Morris' Rooms, at 11 nclock.
Special offers of Bulbs for massing and naturali-
sation. Azaleas, &c , at Stevens' Auction Rooms,
at 12.30.

Nursery Stock and Beneficial interest in lease

at The Nursery, Miiy Place. Be.xley Heath, by order
of Messrs. E. Coojicr & Son, by Messrs. Protheroe

&M(i
— Ill
Pili;

riillcM.'ii &Co., Auction Rooms,

l-Mr Hill, E.G., at 12,30 o'clock.

i< h l;ulhs, at Messrs. Protheroe

TUESli.W

&Mor
Dutcli Bnli.^. :ii l'..ile\ic-n & Co., Atiction Rooms,

Pilgiiiu .stnvt. l.ii.l^.iir Hill, E.Cat 12..30 o'clock.
TUESD,\Y ;um1 \M:|i.\i:s|. \y. Oct 1 ,iiid 2— .fiilKion

Fruil Tr.r~, 11, ^Tiilhl .■,,i,,iiti.,l, I v.n IrU ' ^It

Sip

\1.

WEDKK.SDW,

dendi-ons. Ac., at Mc
Rooms, at 11 o'clock.
- — Bulbs, Flowering Plants, &c., at Stevens' Aucti

.V Mmi
'.nil.-,
Prothi

A- Morri

lis, at 12,.'!».
'h i:

. icii ttCo., Auction Rooms,
Hill. EjC, at 12.30 o'clock.
i:iilbs, atMessrs. Protheroe

Aurti.,11 l: „. i',i^-i-iiii strcei, Ludgate Hill, E.C ,

I"RIDAY. (1, I 1 -|iiit,-h Bulb.s, Orchids, at Messrs.
Protlnr...' A .Mollis- Rooms.
— -Dutch ISullis. iit Pollexfeu & Co., Auction Rooms,
Pilgruu Street, Ludgate Hill, E.G., at 12.30 o'clock.

Average Tesiperatuke for the ensuing week, deduced
irom Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
— 51'5\

ACTtJAT. TKMPFR.^TrrJES r—

LONnoN — v,-,,/,.,,,i„.,. ^.- ,f. r ,[.): Max. 68'; Min. 5B".
■^■.'■'' '" I ■' r '■-■ (if the season.

PRO'

Mi

Peaches and ^HEN this phenomenon was
Nectarines "''st Observed, it was thought

on the same to lie SO incredible that the
Shoot. testimony of a single witness

to its occurrence could not be accepted, but
the evidence of numerous witnesses was
required. In the Kew Herbarium is a draw-
ing of such a case, and attached to it is a
document (or a copy of the original document,
we forget which), signed liy a number of the
-leading botanists of the time, and bearing
witness to the truth of the alleged occurrence.
This was, if we remember rightly, in the
latter part of the eighteenth century. Since
that time many similar instances have been
recorded, and some have Ijeen figured in our
«wn columns. Another example has lately
been sent us from Ragley Gai'dens, Alcester,
from which establishment Mr. A. D. Christie
■sends us a branch with three Nectarines
and one Peach. The tree was l)ought as a
maiden Peach four years ago. Whether it
produced Peaches before we do not know.
All we can say is, that the Peach was a Peach
and nothing but a Peach; and the three
Nectarines were equally distinct in their
way, flavour included. We mention this

because it has happened to us to see a fruit
half Nectarine, half Peach (fig. 7.3). Mr.
Christie asks us how this happens, and
whether the Nectarine is a spoil from the

Peach. As the Peach was known first, we
presume there is no doubt the Nectarine is
a " sport," and the "sportiveness" is not con-
fined to the bud, but the seeds of Peaches
sometimes also give origin to Nectarines;
liut then come the questions, how '? why y
Very often these sports are the result of
the dissociation of previously blended cha-
racters. It is possible that cross -fertili-
sation occurred between a Peach and a
Nectarine some generations ago. that the
resulting offspring did not at Hrst show any
trace of the cross, but that now from some
reason which we cannot fathom, there has
been a sudden reversion, and the heretofore
mixed elements become separated. We do
not think the Mendelian '■ law"' affects the
probability of our suggestion, but in any case,
this explanation will not suffice to account
for the first production of the Nectarine.

Nectarines are generally reproduced from
seed just as Peaches are, and hence it is not
wonderful that some botanists have consi-
dered the Peach and the Nectarine to be of
different species. The occurtence of the two
on the same shoot, however, forbids us to
accept thisopinion.thougli we may fairly look
on the Nectaiine as a species i:i process of

Fli;. 73.— FEl'IT HALF PEACH, IJALF NECTAIUXE.

formation. Tlie reader will find in the first
volume of Darwins Variation of Animals
and Plants, a long discussion on the origin of
the Nectarine, the variation of Peaches, from
seed and otherwise, largely based on the
communications of jNIr. Eivees and others
to our own columns.

A GREAT deal of interest is
Empties. excited just now in market
circles by the unfair use of
'• empties," as illustrated liy some ([uestions
in our last issue, p. i34. John .Smith tt Co.,
we will say, feel aggrieved when they see
their "sieves" and other packages made
use of by unauthorised growers and sales-
men. John Smith ct Co. have purchased
the baskets in the first instanoj for the
convenience of growers, and cf their
customers, and when they find these baskets
made use of by someone else, they very
naturally resent the practice, and sometimes
have invoked the aid of the law to protect
their rights.

In order to let out' readers who are inte-
rested in the matter see how the case stands,
we have made enquiries of several salesmen
in the market, and have elicited the fact
that the matter is not so simple as it looks,
and that there is some diversity of dpinion,
and of practice.

Referring to the questions put in a recent
number (p. :i31), one salesman says : The
best way for the salesmen to protect them-
selves is to register their names or designs
under the Trade Marks Act. Several cases
have been recently tried and damages ob-
tained against the persons making unlawful
use of the "empties."

As to compelling railway companies to
disclose the names of the parties thus fraudu-
lently making use of their neighbours' pack-
ages, we are advised that as the railway
companies arc common carriers only, they
cannot be compelled to give up the names
of the consignors of goods.

Another firm issues the following cir-
cular:—

Trade Marks Act, 18S3. 40 & 47 Yict. ch. 57.

NOTICM.

We wish respectfully to call jour attention
to tlio fiict that we have registered our name
"A. U. C. & Co.," as our Trade Mark vnider
the above Act, and to notify you that all kinds
of Baskets, Uoxes, Bags, &e., &c., bearing
that Mark must not be used for any purpose
except that for which they are sent to you,
viz: — to lill with Fruit or other produce, and
[to be] returned direct to us.

Anyone using them for any other purpose
renders himself liable to the penalties attached
thereto.

A. B. C. & Co., Covent Garden.

A representative of one of the oldest and
most highly respected firms said that so far
as he knew, empties were lent to those
growers who required them (sieves) at a
charge of Is. returnahU-. He knew of some
dealers in other cities who charged \s.Qd.not
reiurnahle, but that was not the custom in
Covent Garden. It seemed that sieves be-
came almost anyone's property, and the
li^^htful owner had no redress. The value
■ if baskets was so uncertain that a man did
lint know if he took a case into court what
the value of the baskets might be when he
[larted with them to someone who bought
produce from him. He did not know their
condition, whether new, quite sound, or
decaying ; consequently, he could not put a
value on them. Then baskets, once lent to
men living at a distance, did not come back
in their full tally, but out of 100 you
might get 80 ; then in the course of a year,
the remaining i^O. If you wrote reminding
him of non-relurned empties, he would
remark on the badness of trade, or the want
of opportunity to return them. The entire
matter is imsatisfactory, but he saw no
means of altering it.

It would lie imprudent for the larger sales-
men to squeeze their customers too much,
as they would then get a reputation in the
market for being hard men to deal with.

If you saw a man, said our informant,
going to a market or railway station with
produce packed in baskets that you knew to
lie yours, you could not insist on the pro-
duce being turned out, unless he was pro-
vided (on the spot) with other baskets to put
it into. Otherwise the grower would sue
you for damage to his fruit, and perhaps the
loss of a market. In that case it would be
better to let the baskets go. Baskets, i.e.,
sieves or bushels, circulate in Covent Garden
market among dealers and growers, and are
generally or always interchangeable for one
shilling. There is a general desire among
traders to act honestly and fairly, but from
carelessness, or in the hurry of business
looseness of practice sometimes occurs.

Septithbek 28, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

245

Royal Horticultural Society's Crystal
Palace Fruit Show, October 10, 11, 12.—
Intending exhibitors are reminded that entries
for this show close on Thursday, October 3.
■Copies of the prize schedule with entry form
•can be obtained on application to the Secre-
tary, Royal Horticultural Society, 117, Victoria
•Street, London, S.W. On each day of the
•Show after 10 A.M. Fellows of the Society, on
showing their tickets at the turnstile, will be
admitted to the Palace free.

Atageneral meeting of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, held on Tu3sday, Sipt. 24,
twenty new Fellows were elected, making 760
since the Ijeginning of the present year.

Croydon and District Horticultural
■Mutual Improvement Society. — .V meeting
will be held at the Sunflower Temperance
Hotel, on Tuesday evening, October 1, when a
l^aper will be read by Mr. H. Harkis on
■" Rose*;."

Cure for the Black Spot in Tomatos.
— Ever since this fungus disease of the Tomato
.made its appearance in this country, gardeners
4iave been helpless in the mattsr of cure or
alleviation ; and beyond removing the fruit
•and burning it, so as to prevent the diffusion
•of the spores, nothing could be done. Xow, M r.
J. Thomas, landscape gardener. 1, Warwick
•Grove, Surbiton, alleges that he has found the
remedy for attacks of Cladosporiuni lycopersici,
<ind certainly some fruits, which he brought to
ns a few days ago, and which are lying before
•lis, show that he is correct in his statement,
for the fungusiskilled superficially, and appears
as a dry, brown incrustation; even the flesh
below it: is quite sound and uninjured, and the
fruit as good as possible, barring the little
blemishes of about the size of a shilling. The
inventor would willingly dross any diseased
fruits if requested to do so, but until he has
patented the substance, he will not let it out
■of his hands. It is obvious that the remedy
•should be applied to the leaves and to the
Jjcrries when quite young. It must be remcm-
1)ered also that the spawn of the fungus is
internal, so that external applications, however
•useful, are onlj' of a palliative nature.

Pears. — .Sena (cur rat.^sc is crisp, juicy,
■slightly jjerfunied, slightly gritty throughout,
-very sweet, and good eating. A fruit 2 J inches
high, and 2 inches wide ; the skin of a pale
■yellow before us, but with a rosy tint on the
sunny side; core small, and containing but
few good seeds ; stalk '. inch long, and fleshy,
-set slightly obliquely. Bcuvri Mortillet is
a handsome I'ear, bright I'od on the sunny
Jjido, and covered with minute dots ; on the
.shaded side it is, when ripe, of a pale yellow
tint, and free from dots. The fruit is of pyra-
midal form ; eye .set in a very shallow basin ;
.segments incurved, but not closing ; stalk
:, of an inch long, stout, but not fleshy, in-
■serted obliquely, and rather more on one side
of the apex than the other. We arc indebted
to Mr. Slade, of Poltimoro, Exeter, for a few
■specimens of these fine-looking early I'cars,
of which, unfortuiiately, the last-named was
flver-ripe.

Central Library, Cardiff.— Tho librarian
^las issued the lollowing note attached to a
•list of books, periodicals, and journals of value
to the gardeners of Cardiff: — "The Free
Libraries Committee has ordered to be printed
and circulated a series of special bulletins,
showing how the libraries provide for dilTerent
sections of the ratepaj'crs. This bulletin, the
.second of the series, containing information
for gardeners, was first issued in November,
1899. The library is the property of the rate-
payers, provided by their own funds for their

common use, and every department is equally
at the service of the public, the only restric-
tion imposed being good behaviour." The
list contains the titles of a large number of
books of great use to gardeners in general,
and of standard botanical works, besides those
of general interest, and some special treatises.
Gardening journals are supplied to tho Cathays ,
Roath, Canton, Grangetown Docks, and Splot-
land branches from the Central Library. The
example set by Cardiff is one that should [be
more generally followed by municipal reading-
room committees of management.

Agave Americana. — In the gardens of
Henry Lovett, Esq., Low Hill, Bushbury,
Wolverhampton, is at the present time a
specimen of the so-called American Aloe in
bloom. Mr. Sharpe, the gardener, informs us
that the flower-spike is 20 feet high, and boars
over 2,000 flowers.

The Imperial Department of Agricul-
ture OF THE West Indies.— The Department
was instituted in 1897, to impart technical
knowledge to those already engaged or about
to engage in agriculture, and thereby to aid
in the equipment of the West Indian planters
for competition against the many formidable
rivals by which they are confronted. Circum-
stances demanded that the appointed Com-
missioner should be no faddist, but a man of
sound and thorough scientific knowledge, and
also of some practical experience, and Dr.
Mounts has given great satisfaction in every
respect. The study of such matters as plant-
selection, the quality of plant-foods, the
habits and life-history of vegetable parasites,
tho comparative value and the use of fungi-
cides, the application of preventives, and
other points of scientific .agriculture, are now
receiving a due degree of attention, and
planters and scientists unite in their work.
There has been successfully laid the founda-
tions of a system of scientific agriculture, and
for this praise is due to Dr. Mourns, and he is
to bo congratulated on tho progress already
achieved. Our csntcmporary, the linrhddox
Aiiriciiltiiral Reporter, expresses our own
feelings as to the value of the work undertaken
by Dr. Mouuis.

The LeouminoS/C.— Turning over tho last
volumi! of the Wirnrr Jlliistriric (tiirteit-
Zcil iiiw;, we came upon a series of articles on
this important natural order by our old friend
and contribut'or. Dr. ICl). GoEZE, the Curator of
the Itotanic Garden at Grcifswald. Dr. GOKZK
has collected so many interesting facts to-
gether, that the existence of such a rich source
of information deserves recording. He de-
scribes their general structure, distribution,
and products of the order, and enters more
into details of the peculiarities exhibited by
various genera and species, both in structure
and physiological phenomena. Then their
ornamental contingent is reviewed, and the
whole is supplemental by a classified and
partially descriptive enumeration of the
most important useful plants belonging to
this fatnily, beginning with those which
provide food for man, with their native
countries, so far as they are known. First
come those of which the pod or seed, or both,
are eaten, followed by those in which the
leaves or tubers are the edible parts. Tho
other headings are Medicinal Plants ; Poisonous
Plants; Plants yielding Balsams, Resins, Gums,
and Oils; Plants used in Dyeing; Plants used
in Tanning; Saponaceous Plants; Plants yield-
ing Fil)res ; and Valuable Timber Trees.

P/EONY FOLLICLES. — Mr. D. A. HoFSir.
obligingly .sends us follicles of Pieony oflici-
nalis, showing the brilliant crimson axils which

partially surround the seeds, and form such a
contrast to the shining black seed-coats. The
specimens are further interesting in that they
were taken from plants which are lineally
descended from those growing in a naturalised
condition in the Steep Holmes Island. The
capsules and seeds of Iris fetidissima are also
very richly coloured, and are used for decora-
tive purposes. At the time of the famous
Tichborne Trial these seed-vessels were sold
in Covent Garden Market as "Tichbornes,"
but the name did not " catch on," and is now
disused .

A National Park. — The idea thrown out
by Mr. Bi'uniDCE in the last number of the
Joiinml of the Roijiil Horticultural Society
receives the warmest support from our old
correspondent, Mr. W. Miller. The limita-
tions of our space prevent onr printing his
letter in full, but we fully agree with him in
his appreciation of Mr. Burbidge'S paper. It
will be remembered that something of the
same kind was suggested, some years since, in
connection with Eppiiig Forest.

Motor Cars and Market Produce. — The
problem of delivering i)erishable produce, such
as flowers and fruit, in London markets by
means of motor - cars is receiving serious
attention. A service which was established
between London and Tunliridge Wells, and
which gave satisfaction and was usefiJ to
agriculturists, has had to be suspended on
account of the inadequacy of tho plant neces-
sary to cope with the large consignments of
goods sent for prompt delivery, and the service
of an increased number of vehicles is being
organised to meet tho requirements. Similar
schemes are being organised in other direc-
tions. In some trial journeys, loads of fruit
were conveyed from Maidstone to London in
less than six hours ; and in another case tho
fruit left Sittingbourne at 7.30 r.M., and was
delivered at Covent Garden Market the next
morning at 3 A.M. The fruit will require much
less handling, as the automobile will take it
almost from the farm to the market; whereas,
in tho present case, it has to bo brought to
the railway, and then re-carted from tho
London goods station to the market. iSt. James's
Gazette.

Victoria. — We learn from the pages of
Suture, that the Government of this Colony
have appointed, or are about to appoint, a
DirecUir of Agriculture. Further, that they
haveappliod to the United States Government to
recommend a suitable i)erson, and that tho
U..S. Department of Agriculture have recom-
mended I'rof. Galloway and Prof. Hay.s, both
well known and appreciated here — but is it
not a reflexion upon tho mother country that
applications should have to be made to the
new world for what ought surely to be forth-
coming from the old country?

Sweet Peas. — American journals are
lamenting the enfeebled condition and deca-
dence of the Swoet Pea. Even under the most
favourable conditions they show a precarious
struggle for existence. The Rev. W. T.
HUTCUINH, writing from Springfield, Ma.ss.,
speaks of the decadence as "an awful case of
backsliding "^" the fact remains as a ghastly
specter (sic)" — a Mark Twain sort of |)hrase
that. Some say the mischief is due to growing
in the eastern States seeds grown under tho
very different climatal conditions of California.
Others attribute it to bacteria— a convenient
scaj)egoat now-a-days, or to fungi. Some re-
commend the application to tho roots of bisul-
phide of carbon (not bisulphate as printed).
Wo are not told what enemy the bisulphide in
aimed at. Happily, we are at present exempt
from this trouble, whatever it may be.

246

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 28, 1901.

Japanese Irises. — It appears that the
Irises mentioned as growing in the gardens at
Haldou House, Exeter, were not imported
direct from Japan, butwere supplied by Messrs.
Gauntlett & Co., the Japanese Nurseries,
Redruth. These gentlemen make Japanese
Bamboos, Irises, Pfeonies, Maples, &c., spe-
cialties of their business.

Flowers in Season.— We have received
from Messrs. STORRn? & Storrie, nurserymen ,
of Dundee, some score of blooms of tuberous-
rooted Begonias, consisting of single-flowered
varieties, most of which measure 5 J to 6 inches
in diameter, and the colours include crimson
of several shades, scarlet, rose colour, and also
white. We fail to see much usefulness in
flowers of such abnormal proportions. Asspeci-
mens of great cultural skill and careful selection
the Begonias are worthy of notice, seeing that
the plants have been treated as annuals, the
seeds having been sown in the last week of
January this year, and the plants grown
steadily and continuously. They began to
flower in July, towards the end of the month.
The strain has taken about six years to lix and
arrive at its present stage of development, and
the blooms sent for our inspection were quite
characteristic, having strong foot -stalks,
which support the blooms erectly.

New Irish Industry.— We are glad to learn
that an effort is to be made to establish a jam
factory in Drogheda. The Plums are grown
around this locality, and every pound they can
make there will find a ready purchase. The
Irish Agricultural Association is doing good
■work, and if it is profitable to grow and send
from Siberia butter and other agricultural
products to this country, it ought to bo a
source of profit to Irish cultivators of all kinds
to lead the way.

Made in Germany.— A German firm of
manufacturers, availing itself of a scientific
discovery, employs 148 skilled chemists, 75
engineers, and 305 clerks, and makes a substi-
tute for Indigo by a synthetic chemical prc-
cess. This product can be made much more
cheaply than Indigo can be grown. This is
hc-w Germans make use of their technical
education !

Exhibition in the "Flora" Gardens at
Cologne.— Prom November 10 to 10 an exhi-
bition of Chrysanthemums and olijeets of the
florists' art will be held in the "Flora," at
Cologne. Persons may cxhilKt from other
parts of Germany, but they cannot compete for
prizes.

MELBOURNE BOTANIC GARDEN.

In the present issue we give as a Supplement
an illustration showing a view in the Botanic
Gardens, Melbourne, in reference to which we
may appropriately cite the following remarks
made by Mr. J. H. Veiteh in the Gard. Chron.,
Sept. 15, 1894, pp. 308, 309, and by Mr. Peter
Barr, in a Jlelbourne paper, on the occasion of
his visit a month or two since : —

During Mr. Guilfoyle's twenty-eight years' tenure
of oifice, he lias renderca tlie Botanic Garden one of
great interest to a landscape gardener. Covering some
97 acres » of ground, including a lake of 8 acres, there
IS, doubtless, ample opportunity, more especially as
the nature of the site considerably aids this end. Rich
grassy lawns and slopes, interminable winding walks,
and bold sweeping beds, in pure English style, com-
plete as fine a general landscape effect as is to be met
with anywhere. Beds devoted to natural orders,
others reserved for the flora of various countries or
continents; others still arranged from the gardener's
point of view, olTer interesting studies to all lovers of
plants. It is unquestionably the best-labelled garden
I ever entered. In addition to the botanical name, the
name of its author, the popular name, the habitat,
order, and, in some instances, the economic or medi-

* Tlie Botanic Gardens proper now cover a space of,
approximately, lotj acres.

cinal names of the plant, are legibly given. Eleven
entrances admit from the reserves ; opposite some of
these large beds are apportioned to the various natural
orders, whilst for nearly two-thirds of the garden cir-
cumference a broad border is devoted to the flora of
the Australian continent— a singularly complete and
useful collection.

Mr. Guilfoyle lias a good eye for colour, many of the
beds being picked out with yellow foliaged Neriums,
purple Caster-oil, yellow and silver variegated Euony-
mus, silver Box, yellow Elders, &c. ; these are but a
few amongst many others. Attention is specially
invited by Mr. Veiteh to several beds devoted to a large
collection of medicinal plants, every label stating in
red the various properties of the plants ; and to a large
shade-house representing by pot plants all the known
botanical orders.

A walk of nearly 1,000 feet in length winds through
the Fern gully, lined on either side by Tree-Fcrns,
-\ralia papyrifera, Alsophilas, Dicksouias, Cyatheas,
Strelitzia Regime, Grevilleas, Dracjenas (Cordylines\
Livistonas, Chanuerops, &c.

Near the Fern gully are three beds devoted to
the Monocotyledons, Dicotyledons, and Acotyledons.
Neatly painted boards are positioned, explicitly de-
fining the various difl'erences.

Tlie Museum of Economic Botany, initiated, con-
structed, and entirely arranged under Mr. Guilfoyle's
immediate supervision, is finally referred to by Mr.
Veiteh as f ollows :— " It is of exceptional interest ; the
Carpologlcal collection consists of over 2,0O0 specimens,
and in the various cases are collections of gums.
Eucalyptus oils, dyes, tobaccos, fibres, perfumes,
medicinal products. Cocoa, Coffee, iTeas, Sago, itc,
accompanied by dried specimens of the plants they are
extracted from, and labels explaining their uses.
Woods are well and largely represented by fine,
In-oad slabs. The section of a stem of Araucaria Bid-
willi is 4 feetTinclies in diameter, the bark alone being
b inches deep all round. On the other wall are massive
planks of Blackwood (Acacia raelanoxylon), Podoearpus
daci-ydioides, P. spicata, and Dacrydium cupressinum :
the more general collection being arranged or grouped
round the sides. Papers and Veneers occupy several
show cases."

It may be added, as showing evidences of good will
and practical interest, that Mr. Guilfoyle had, as seen
by the labels, many valuable contributions from the
heads of various European and other establishments,
notably, Sir Joseph D. Hooker, the former and talented
Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.

Tlie following notes record the impressiou of a
more recent traveller, Mr. Peter Barr, who says ;-

" The recent improvements along the Yarra have
allowed a few acres to be added to the gardens, which
the director is now making excellent use of with the
view to completing his scheme. The new section ad
joins the south bank of the river, and lies near the
back of Government House. At this point a massive
bank of earth stands out like a headland overlooking
the newly-planted avenue on the river's bank, and this
will probably be selected as the site for a main entrance.
A few years hence Ithe avenue opening from Princes-
bridge should form a beautiful approach from the city
to the gardens, while the distance is so short as to en-
courage citizens to visit a spot which has attractions
unknown, it may safely be asserted, to three-fourths
even of the inhabitants of the city, not to speak of the
rest of the colony."

The grounds were first laid out in the early forties,
but wlien Mr. Guilfoyle was appointed director, in
1.S73, he commenced to remodel the garden in accord-
ance with a plan designed by him ouEuglish landscape
principles. "You have here," added Mr. Barr, "gar-
dens which comprise features rarely found together
You possess an extensive collection of trees, shrubs,
and plants, all labelled with their respective botanical
and vernacular names, and easily accessible to stu-
dents; and on the other hand this immense collection
is so arranged that the highest form of landscape gar-
dening is attained. The Koyal Botanic Gardens of
England at Kew, wliich are the finest in Europe, suflTcr
in contrast with the Melbourne grounds so far as con-
cerns the latter feature. The collection of plants at
Kew is, of course, unrivalled ; but situated as it is on a
flat, it has been impossible to secure the landscape
effects so admirably worked out by Mr. Guilfoyle."
Although it is easily seen that the rises, gullies, and
slopes lend themselves admirably to efl'ective designs
in grouping trees and plants, and laying down
sweeping stretches of lawn, still this does not mean
that due credit is to be denied to the designer. New
phases and changing views are found at every turn,
Mr. Barr's idea of "no limit" is well exemplified
in one instance th.-itmay be noted. To stand on the
lawn near the office, adjoining the present main en-
trance, and look towards Government House, one is
forced to take in clumps of trees some distance away
as part of the scheme of design, which apparently
includes the timber within the garden boundary. The
fact is, however, that the boundaiy fence of the garden
is only a dozen yards away from the spot on wliich we
are standing, but it is so cunningly hidden that the
outlying vegetation appears to be part of the design.

The undulating lawns, stretching away between mas-
sive clumps of vegetation, are in places dotted with

beds devoted to difl'ereut sections of plants, while
flower-fringed borders help the general design with
their pleasing lack of formality. There are no geome-
trical plans to pain the eye with their stiff, straight
lines, but vvliene the ground slopes naturally to suit a
graceful curve the beds and plants are arranged witli
the object of conforming to designs tenduig to develop
efi'ects which look natural. A gully winds through the
gardens, and here thousands of Perus, trees,.aud shrubs
are gi-owing in picturesque masses. Thei'e are hundreds
of the native tree Ferns, which are sheltered by nati\«
and e.xotic umbrageous trees and shrubs. Platyceriums,
Polypodiums, Aspleniums and other epiphytal Ferns oE
Queensland and New South Wales are fixed to the
larger Ferns and trees, while the general appearance
of the luxuriant vegetation has a material effect in the
landscape scheme, as portions at least of the gully may
be viewed from almost any part of the gardens.

One of the most pleasing examples of Mr. Guilfoyle's
method is centred in an arrangement for rockwork, as
yet incomplete. The gardens are watered from a reser-
voir situated on top of the highest rise within the area,
under the director's control. Always an unsightly spot
in the gardens, and naturally most conspicuous, Mr
Guilfoyle hit upon the idea of building a rockery
round the banks of the reservoir in the form of an ex-
tinct volcano. This section is now complete, and the
design is so thorough that part of the lawn sloping
away from the "crater" has been grooved in a manner
suggestive of a natural formation, due to a one time
lava flow. In another direction the natural slope of
the hill will be marked with a series of rockeries^
which will appear to liave fallen naturally from the
main "crater," and a series of smaller eruptions in the
vicinity. Clumps of rock are dotted here aud there
along a natural course towards an artificial lake, and
the visitor who chooses to follow the design, through
the flowei'-beds, trees and shrubs, to its completion,,
fiuds that it is so thorough that masses of rock are to
be seen lying at the water's edge, where they have
seemingly lodged after rolling down from the source of
the main eruption. The lake covers about eight acres,,
and is situated on the northern boundary, and close to
the proposed entrance from the avenue running from
Princes-bridge. Small islands in the lake are massed,
with palms, shrubs and plants, while the Cyperus
papyrus reed gi'ows in profusion at the water's edge-
Though incomplete at present, owing to the recent im-
provements on the adjoining river's bank, the lakeforms
a most picturesque section of the gardens, and, like
other features already noted, possesses the appearance
of being a natural sheet of water. Viewed from
any of the slopes iu this undulating garden, the-,
lake is especially charming; such details as a mass of
one of the green-leaved Coprosnias, sloping towards,
the water, have lost a pleasing effect, while other speci-
mens of vegetation are grouped with admirable taste.
A further note may be made of the use to which Mr.
Guilfoyle puts Acanthus mollis. This large-leaved,
low-gi-owing plant is grown in masses along the edges
of beds, and forms a solid but beautiful foundation for
the clumps of trees and shrubs in the background-
Mr. Barr remarked that in no part of Europe, not even
in Portugal, could they grow Acanthus with leaves
bearing the beautiful gloss so pronounced iu the speci-
mens he has seen in .\ustralia. It was from the leaf of
this plant that the ancient Greeks copied the design so-
familiar iu Corinthian architecture. In this connec-
tion a suggestion is made that is worthy of considera-
tion. In some examples of modern architecture^
designs have become so mixed that in many buDdings.
it is hard to classify the style, as an architect may
utilise designs from different periods, the result being,
something of a composite character. " Would it not be;
^yell," says Mr. Guilfoyle, "if our architects sought
amongst typical forms of Australian flora for sug-
gestions before designing the buildiugs of the federal
capital? The Stag-horn Fern, for example, might be:
submitted as an effective design." Architecture, now
that the subject has been broached, may be noticed in
its relationship to landscape gardening. Kiosks, used.
as resting-places and tea-houses, are dotted about the
gardens, aud in the construction of these buildings'
Mr. Guilfoyle has adopted a rather novel idea. The
sides of some of the kiosks are made with inlaid panels,,
for which Mallee roots are used. The design attainedby
this means is uncommon and most effective, and is one.
that might well be noted as useful in some sections of
house architecture. Attention may be directed to the-
bridges. A new bridge is being constructed betweeij
two islands in the lake, aud Mr. Barr expressed the:
hope that it would be kept as plain as possible. " In.
some .'Vmerican parks," he stated " the most objection-
able features are centred in the bridges over artificial
lakes. The designer always seemed to make them,
obtrusive, aud they stood out as if saying, * Look at me,.
I am a bridge' ; but the tendency should l>e to arrange:
these constructions in such a way as to be almost
unseen to the visitor when viewing the landscape as a.
whole."

The Royal Visit.

The day after the arrival of the Royal visitors in
Melbourne, the Duchess of Cornwall and York paid a
visit to the botanic gardens, and was shown round byMr.
W.R. Guilfoyle, the Director. Her Royal Highness was-,
particularly struck with the spacious lawns of Buffalo-
Grass, the varied groups of foliage studded here and

SEPTBJrBER -28, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

247

there, and tlie picturesque views obtainable at every
few paces ; wliile at the same time notice was taken o£
the careful attention which has been bestowed upon
the labelling of the plants everywhere. At the request
of the Director, the Duchess planted a Cedar of Lebanon
on the edge of the fine sward which slopes (from near
the Government House towards the lake, and which is
known as '" Hopetoun Lawn."

On the 12th inst., the Duke and Duchess paid another
visit to the gardens, accompanied by Lord and Lady
Hopetoun. Tiie Duke planted a Cedar not far from the
■one previously planted by tlie Duchess, and afterwards
inspected the Fan Palms planted twenty years ago by
liimself and liis late brother, the Duke of Avondale and
■Clarence, when midshipmen on H.M.S. Bacchante.
These Palms are now vigorous specimens, and may be
seen on the lawn to the west side of the smaller lake,
and known ever since as the" Princes' Lawn." The same
spade with which the midshipmen planted their Palms
in 1881 was used by the Duke and the Duchess for
planting their memorial trees. Their Royal High-
nesses were in every way pleased with the gardens,
and before leaving for Brisbane, the Duchess sent to
Mr. Guilfoyle a full length panel portrait of herself,
bearing her autograph, and also a photogi-aph gi-oup of
lier three children, the Princess Victoria, and the
Princes Albert and Edward. Mr. Guilfoyle says he will
treasure these as highly as the pictures with the
.autographs "George" and "Edward" handed to him
^y the Royal Princes twenty years ago.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

SINGLE-FLOWERED ROSES.— In a very iafor-
inative article under thi.s heading l)y your
talented correspondent, "Wild Rose," p. 200
of the Gardeners' Clironicle for September 14,
at Is stated that certain beautiful single Hoses
are only midsummer bloomers. Amongst
these, " Wild Rose " includes Bardon Job, and
gives this variety a very high meed of praise,
which it richly deserves. Nothing more
brilliant and attractive on a sunny day exists
amongst Uo.scs ; but "Wild Rose " does not
•do it justice by including it with those that
are only midsummer-bloomers, as it is both
most prolific and perpetual in floweritig. My
plants were only planted in February last, and
■consequently not strong ; but it has been in
bloom since June, and now (Sci)tembcr 10)
is covered with buds. Its young shoots are
•of a most attractive reddish tint. Altogether
no more attractive Hose exists. Iv'ot the least
of its merits is that, planted in the open
border, it is the ftrst to bloom, quite ten days
•earlier than General Jacqueminot. To my
thinking, it is a much superior thing to
Crimson Rambler, and I would warmly recom-
mend it to every lover of showy garden Roses.
T. M. E.

PLUM-DRYING. — When, a few years since,
the drying of fruits here was tried, especially
at Chiswick, in 1802, it was found that the
results wore not highly encouraging, the cost
generally proving too great ; whilst in the
•case of Plums, especially our common thin-
skinned and juicy varieties, were not found
suitable. The late Cliairman of the Royal
Horticultural Society's Fruit Committee in a
private way conducted some experiments, and
ho found that whilst such inferior Plums as
the Italian Prune and the Brussels would
dry fairly well, such varieties as Victoria,
the one more than all others of which we
at times hav<! too abundant crops, were not
suitable, and would not pay to dry. The
American evaporator, tried for some time at
Chiswick is perhaps, like the dryer mentioned
l)y Mr. Hari»er. In any case, so far, the ex-
periments named have not been encouraging.
Our fruit generally seems to be more juicy
than are similar fruits grown in France or in
America. That estimate seems to bo sup-
ported by Mr. Harper's statement that Knglish
Plums lost from two-thirds to three-fourths of
their weight in the drying process. When it
is remembered that the stono still remains,
and has perhaps lost nothing, it is oa.sy to
understand how much dried fruits must bo
reduced in bulk. It is easy to say we ought
to do this, that, and the other to compete with
foreign products; but in some things profit-
able competition is not possible. I fear fruit-
drying for commercial purposes is one of them.

There has been no lack of effort to do so in the
past, but with little success ; yet it is but fair
to assume that were it possible to carry out
fruit-drying with any sound hope of profit, it
would be done, as home people are not quite
devoid of competitive spirit. A. D. [We are
afraid there is really a lack of enterprise. Ed.]

Some years ago some experiments in

fruit drying by means of Mayfarth's apparatus
were carried out in this country, but the
results were not encouraging, although the
reasons why they should not have been so,
considered in the case of Apples and Pears, I
do not know. With Plums it is different, and
there the reasons are quite apparent. The
dried Plums with which the foreigner supplies
us consist mostly of Rcine Claudes (Green-
Gages) of differeiit varieties, and the German,
Italian, or Bosnian Schwetzke, all very sugary,
delicious varieties of the Plum, which only
require a moderate degree of drying to keep
for years. These varieties are growat especially
for drying purposes in France, alMut Bordeaux,
in some parts of Austria, Bohemia, Bosnia, and
the coast-land of the Adriatic, as well as in
California. Wherever the Green-Gage is grown
in quantity in this country, drying shoxild be
carried on, on the spot, so as to avoid injury
to the fruit by transit by road and rail. It will
not do to carry the fruit to tfie drying appa-
ratus. The latter must be brought to the
fruit, and thus one source of expense oblite-
rated. The same with Apples and Pears.
Again, Green-Gages should bo grown specially
for drying, otherwise the grocers will look to
those sources whence a regular yearly supply
is obtainable; and even so in this country,
except in the most favoured counties, we
cannot reckon on a good " Plum year " oftener
than one year in four. The whole of our
commoner Pliuns are useless for drying, or for
any other purpose, excepting for bottling and
jam-making, and many of them are too large
for drying. They might make a " Slibowitz or
Pflaumen Geist,'' which only a Pole or East
Prussian would prefer to good whiskey,
although it is potent enough. What is wanted
is a whole countryside to take up the business
and grow Green-Gages and no other fruit for
the dryers and finishers. M.

THE CAPE GOOSEBERRY. — In last week's
Gardeners' Chronicle I read with pleasure some
remarks on the above. Xearly forty years
since, when gardener at Osberton, in Notting-
hamshire, I used to devote a small glasshouse to
its cultivation as a preserving fruit, Vis-
countess Milton having been fond of it. I
wonder that the fruit is not more generally
cultivated, and if it would pay to grow for
market. The plant is fruitful, grows in any
kind of soil, and the fruit when ripe has an
agreeable flavour. The only pest it has is a
white fly, very similar to the one that is
troublesome in Tomato -houses. The plant
succeeds in very warm summers out of doors,
and at Osberton I grow plants in large pots
and trained them on bare parts of the Peach-
wall with excellent results. Although it was
grown at Osberton for many years specially
for preserving purposes, it was frequently
eaten at dessert, and many of the visitors who
partook of the fruit were pleased with it,
and have come to see the plants and gain some
knowledge of my method of culture. Tlie
Tomato took many years ere it came into
general use ; why should not the Cape Goose-
berry in time find equal favour'/ Edwcird
Bennett, Farnboro', Hants.

THE FOOD OF SOME BIRDS INHABITING AN

ORCHARD. — The artiih'S on this subject in the
Gardeners' Chrunirlc have boon most interest-
ing to me, especially the statement that the
flycatcher eats wasps. In the summer of 1900,
also in the last summor, a pair of these birds
have been daily under my notice, and that
they devour numbers of bees 1 am quite
positive. My notice was attracted to them by
their frequent swoops down in the neighbour-
hood of some bcc-liives, and I saw seven
incoming bees taken in less than ten minutes ;
and moreover, the flycatchers reared a brootl
of four young ones, and fed them to a large

extent upon bees thus taken, and old and
young have been seen daily in and about the
Pine-trees near the bee-hives, and very many
bees have been captured. I made many
attempts to destroy them without success, so
sharp were they that they seemed to foresee
danger. I baited a steel trap with a live
cockroach, and fastened it to the top of the
fence, and the result was a sparrow in a few
minutes ; and 1 have proved on several
occasions since that a sparrow will leave com
or bread or even bird-seed mixture, and take
the cockroach in preference to either. Here
we kee)) a pair of grey owls in eonlinement,
and to provide them with a daily meal needs
much forethought and patience, and during
the three years they have lived, the steel
trap has taught me many things. Twice I
have baited it with a shell snail, hoping to
catch a thrush, and have bagged a hedgehog ;
and whatever may be said for or against, I
can assert that hedgehogs eat shell snails with
avidity. W. Gostliny, Bournemouth.

HOW SYNONYMS ARE MANUFACTURED. — I was
very pleased to see in your issue of Sept. 7,
p. 190, Mr. R. Dean calling attention to the
unfortunate system that allows flowers, &c.,
to be certificated under new names. The Tulip
Unique in question was known to me under
this name as far back as 1890, or eleven years
ago, and I have grown it myself in my garden
for six or seven years. I was more than sur-
prised to hear that when Mr. Dean made a
protest it was ignored, and I cannot but come
to the conclusion from observation and hear-
say, that certificates are given much too
freely by the committees of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society. We hear complaints on all
sides of the multiplicity of new names and
varieties that have been certificated by some
traders that must or should know better, and
then palm them off on the public at fancy prices,
and which are too often found to bo old varie-
tios under new names. To avoid this ever-
increasing abuse, I should say to the Royal
Horticultural Society, or to any other society,
it would bo well to call upon those who sent
up a new thing like this, to give some history
of its origin, and the names of any other varie-
tios to which it may be near ; otherwise I am
sure these certificates will bo looked upon by
all gentlemen as of no special value, and little
less than a farce, or a trick of the trade to get
a fancy price from many gardeners, who are
too fond of trying these so-called novelties at
their employer's expense, but who would hesi-
tate to do so if they had "to pay i\w jiiper.
Robert Sydenham.

HEMEROCALLIS AURANTIACA MAJOR. — Of

this variely I plantcil ou( six examples on a
border ln're twelve monllis last I'ebruary
(imported crowns from Holland), and this year
1 had four flowers towards ( he end of the month
of July and they are still iiroducing. The
plants show a few seed pods, which I am hopeful
of ripening. Hemerocallis seem to do best
ina rich and well-drained soil. Our garden lies
very bleak and cold, and has a stiff, clayey
sub-.soil sod, and evidently the plants do not
sudor from a cold aspect so long as it is well-
drained. Charles Garratt, Kent.

SILVER-LEAF IN PEACHES.— After reading
the iiit(U'esting article on "Silver-leaf in
P(!ach('S," in the last i.ssue, 1 am tempted to
relate a slight case of it which occurred hero
a few years ago, and which has now entirely
disappeared. 1 do not say the treatment
described below is a remedy for this insidious
disease, but the treatment .seemed to be suc-
cessful, and this year the tree bore the finest
crop of Nectarines it has ever done during
my charge of the gardens, and the fruits were
of a much larger size than usual. Tlu! tree is
a Lord Napier Nectarine, growing on the back
wall of a ]>each-house. Three years ago the
malady appeared on one of the branches, and I
then picked off all the largest leaves that were
alTi'cted, and applied to the roots a heavy a))pli-
catioii of diluted liquid manure from the cow-
sheds, with about half an ounce of sulphate of
iron to the gallon. This and other trees had, I
believe, two applications of liquid-manure that

248

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September "28, 1901.

year, and one dressing of air-slaked lime,
■which was well watered in. The following
winter, the border got the usual winter
dressing, using alr-.slaked lime again, for
the soil resting on sandstone needs frequent
dressings of lime. As the season advanced
the disease re-appeared, affecting a greater
proportion of the Nectarine-tree, and again
the tree was afforded liquid-manure copiously,
and the larger affected leaves were removed.
Still the disease spread, and I gave up all hope
of stopping it. But this year 1 am glad to say
not a diseased leaf has been seen. J do not
claim this to bo a remedy, biit I merely wish
to record my experience, with the hope that
some other gardener will be induced to try
the effect of this kind of treatment. May not
this disease be brought on by the want of some
vital constituents in the soil? Has this remedy
ever been tried for two or three years in
succession? J. Easter, Nostell Priory Gardens.

HARDINESS OF CRINUM CRASSIFOLIUM. —

Mr. Geo. B. Mallett, in his interesting article
in the Gardeners' Chronicle of September 21,
mentions that he has not verified the reputed
hardiness of this species. He may therefore
be interested to learn that at Cambridge it
proves to be as hardy as .my other kind. It is
the Crinum Van Tubergen of the Gard. Cliron.,
August 12, 1809, p. 1;!1 (with illustration), and
to my mind is a very fine plant indeed, in some
respects not equalled by any other. R. I.
Lynch.

MANURING WITH POTASH.— In reply to your
corresijondeut, Jlr. A. Gaut (September 14,
p. 206), regarding the use of potash salts as
manure, I cannot accept the statement that
"Potash salts seldom do good, and sometimes
do harm." The Rothamsted agricultural
experiments were commenced in the year
1S44, and have been continued up to the
present time. Most of the various farm crops
have been experimented with during these
sixty years. Crops have been grown without
manure, with farmyard-manure, and withdiffe-
l-ent artificial or chemical manures, eitheralone
or in combination. It has been the rule to apply
the same description of manure to the same plot
of land year after year, and to grow the same
crop without any change or rest of the soil by
a bare fallow. Prom these unique experi-
ments, extending over such a long period of
time, it is possible to estimate what a manure
will or what it will not do. It is found that the
effect of season has quite as much, if not more,
influence- as the manurial application on the
final result. In 1889 samples of soil were taken
from a plot of land which had grown thirty-
eight crops of Barley without any manure
whatever. On analysis, this soil was found
to contain in its top 9 inches of depth
2,503 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre,
and 36,604 pounds of potash per acre.
A corresponding analysis of the soil not having
been made at the beginning of the experiment,
it is impossible to say what reduction has
been made in these two important elements by
the production of the thirty-eight crops of
Barley. It is certain, however, that a very
large store remained in the soil at the end of
the period, but it was in a very insoluble
condition. For example, the amount of phos-
l)horic acid soluble in the top 9 inches of soil
was found to be but 139 lb. per acre, and
the amount of soluble potash but 94 lb.
per acre. It may be of interest to state
that this soil has produced an average of
15| bushels of Barley for forty-eight years in
.succession, without the application of an ounce
of manure. To similar soils as the above in
the experiments at Rothamsted, sulphate of
potash has been applied in large quantities
year after year, and generally with good effect
for all farm crops, but especially grass and
leguminous plants. 1 think I may" safely state
that notwithstanding the large amount of
potash which exists naturally in the Rotham-
.sted soils, as is shown by the foregoing figures,
the application of potash in a soluble form has
never done harm, although the total yield of
produce may not be so good in some years
as in others. The beneficial use of potash

as a manure appears to be that it acts as one of.
the carriers of nitric acid to the growing plant.
Consequently, when nitrate is applied to the
soil in a soluble condition, such as by nitrate
of soda, the soda itself acts as a carrier of the
nitric acid, and does away with the need of
potash. When the nitrogen is applied in the
form of sulphate of ammonia, the need of
potash is most distinctly marked. My own
garden soil contains an abundance of chalk ;
the nitrogen therefore gets quickly used up,
and foliage has the tendency of ripening
prematurely and of turning yellow. This
I have been enabled to correct, especially
in fruit trees, by applications of potash, with
the result that the leaves retain their dark
green colour throughout the season, and the
trees yield large crops of well-ripened fruit.
J. J. Willis, Harpenden.

DIAMOND JUBILEE GRAPE.— I was somewhat
surprised to see in your last issue the remarks
made by your correspondent "A." in regard
to this variety, and the resolution that was
signed by several well-known fruit-growers at
Glasgow. I, for one, thought the question as
to its qualities, &c., had been fully and ex-
haustively discussed in your columns, and all
that remained to be done was that bunches of
Black Morocco Grape, together with shoots
and foliage, should be staged side by side
with D. Jubilee at some important exhibition.
This has been done ; good examples of Black
Morocco with shoots and foliage being sent
from Eastnor Castle gardens ; and I am sure
that anyone who saw the two Grapes side by
side would admit that they were entirely
different in character. I am convinced that
the Diamond Jubilee Grape is an acquisition,
and is certainly of "commanding" appear-
ance and of "splendid" flavour. Messrs.
Buchanan are to be congratulated for having
put such a fine Grape into commerce. Jos.
Dawes, Ledbury.

WASPS. — I can endorse all that Mr. Roberts
has stated in reference to his method of de-
stroying wasps. I am at a loss to understand
your correspondent Mr. Simpson. Mr. Simp-
son asked for advice to exterminate the wasps
and save his fruit ; he stated the large quan-
tity of wasps' nests that he had destroyed,
but the wasps were as plentiful as ever.
Mr. Roberts kindly came to Mr. Simpson's
aid with a remedy for the destruction
of wasps. As soon as Mr. Simpson noted the
remedy, he preferred to go his own way, viz.,
take their nests and hang bottles about con-
taining beer, syrup, &c. That is more than I
cm understand. 1 am grateful to Mr. Roberts
for his invaluable recipe, viz., 1 lb. of com-
mercial arsenic, place in a pan and add 1 gallon
of water, place on the fire and boil for twenty
minutes ; take off the fire, add sugar, honey,
syrup, beer, &c. I followed out those instruc-
tions with good results, thanks to Mr. Roberts,
and that invaluable friend in need the Gard.
Cliron. G. Picker, Hesselwood Gardens, Hull.
[Our correspondent relates how he " brushed "
some of the arsenical mixture "where the
wasps were busy" in a bunch of Grapes, and
that next morning dead wasps were found lying
in all directions. It was also used on a Brock-
worth Park Pear with equal effect. We must,
however, caution our readers in the use of sucli
a virulent poison as arsenic on fruits near
the ripening stage. Ed.]

Societies.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Begonia " Vernon," with variegated leaves. Muiiilciir
il'IIorticuUiire, September 10.

Callicarpa AMERICANA.— a shrub, desirable for its
purplish-blue berries. In tlie States it is, it appears,
known as the French Mulberry, because it is neither
French, nor is it a Mulberry.

Ceanothus Fendleri. — A hardy species from
Colorado ; flowers white. Andre in Eeviie Ilorticule,
September 16.

Chinese Primrose.— .1 form with white flowers,
heavily suffused with yellow. Raised by M. Chabaud.
Jlei'KC HoHicole, September 16.

Feau Madame de Madre.— A seedling from Delices
d'Hardeupont, raised by M. Daras de Nagliin. A small
Pear ripening in October, and very highly spoken of
as regards flavour. Bulletin d'ArboricuUiire, ctc.August.

BOYAL HORTICULTURAL.

September 24.— The Drill Hall on the occasion of the
last meeting was filled to overflowing with flowers iu
season, chiefly Begonias, Gladiolus, Tree Ivies, Cannas_
hardy herbaceous perennials. Dahlias, the Cactus
varieties of which contributed the bulk of the display
of this flower ; fruit-trees in pots, and fruit in dishes.

The attendance was much larger than on the last
two occasions, and many of the visitors attended tlie-
lecture, the subject of which was "Roses for Autumn-
Bloom," by Mr. A. Paul, son of the celebrated rosarian,.
Mr. William Paul, of Waltham Cross.

A committee of the National Dahlia Society was-
extemporised on this occasion from Fellows of the-
Society present in the Drill Hall, and this fact will:
suflice to account for First-class Certificates of this.
Society being in some instances awarded together with.
Awards of Merit made by the R. H. S. Floral Committee,,
an unnecessary duplication of functions.

Floral Committee.

Present : W. Marshall, Esq., in the Chair ; .and Messrs.
C. T. Druery, If. b. May, C. E. Pearson, H. Selfe-
Leonard, J. F. McLeod, W. Howe.G. Reuthe, J. Hudson,
C. Dixon, C. Jefltries, H. Cutbush, J. W. Barr, W. P.
Thomson. G. Gordon, O. Thomas, E. H. Jenkins, G.
Paul, H. J. Jones.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, ic.

Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, showed
a grand group of " Orchid-bloomed " Cannas in variety,,
all fine large spikes, but with no special novelty.

Mr. Amos Perrv. Hardy Plant Farm, W'iuchmore-
Hill, N.. exhibited, as usual, a numerous collection of
hardy herbaceous perennials, in which Asters figured
conspicuously ; among them were A. rosea, a very pretty"
lilac-purple flower of the size of a florin ; versicolor,,
rather lighter in tint; Amellus Riverslea; Amellus-
Beauty, slightly darker ; A. latifolius ; versicolor alba,,
improved ; A. cordifolius, small, very light lilac colour ;
and .v. dracunculoides : Anemone j.apouica " Whirl-
wind," a semi-double white-flowered variety; Helian-
tlius, Gaillardia Majenta Queen, crimson and yellow;
Campanula rhomboidea, hardy Chrysanthemum Mrs.
Head, a flower white with a yellow disc, and appareutly-
robust habit ; Kniphofia McOwani, and others ; Rud-
beckia Jamcsoni and R. subtomentosus, yellow. The
group contained many of the species and varieties notecC
in our last report (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Barr & Sons showed a similar group, but one
in which Phloxes, Kniphofi.as, Gladiolus of Lemoinei'
varieties, early-lloweriugChrysanthenumis, Cactus, and
Pompon Dahlias; Water Lilies formed the more con-
spicuous contents (Silver Banksiau Medal).

Mr. John Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Surrey,
made an unusually fine exhibit of tree Ivies in pots on,
dwarf and standards, the variegated-leaved varieties-
predominating. Most of the plants were showing
flower, and 'rome of them profusely so, especially H..
elcgantissima, and the Ivy-tree. Russell's " New Gold,"
a pale yellow leaved variety, which is pretty, and doubt-
less useful. The group was semi-circular in shape, and-
measured :w feet in longer diameter liy 12 feet (Silver
Flora Medal).

ROSES.

Messrs. W. P.^dl ct Son, Waltham Cross, showed cut.
Roses, H.P.'s, hybrid Teas, Teas, Polyantha Roses, in.
white and pink of two or three shades of colour; R..
rugosa in variety, everything being most profusely
displayed, most of the Rose blooms being placed im
baskets of moss, elevated at different heights above.
tlie table. The Tea Rose Corallina iPauI & Sou) formed.
a conspicuous centrepiece. Blooms of Roses in variety ,
weie also largely shown in show boxes (Silver-gilt.
F:ora Medal).

Messrs. Paul & Son, The Old Nurseries, Clieshunt,.
exhibited w-hat was, for the season, a very charming,
number of varieties of Tea, hybrid Tea, China, Noisette,,
and hybrid perpetual Roses. Of the latter, which were-
but few, we may mention Heinrich Schultheiss, Mrs_
Sharman Crawford, Paul's Essex Blush, Lady Battersea,.
the new deep pink-coloured variety. The Teas and«
hybrid Teas were far more numerously shown, the
flowers generally in a beautiful condition, of good
size, and nicely developed. Shoots of Rosa lucida
Vivid, in fruit, were shown ; the fruits are globose,.
i inch in major diameter, and of an orange-scarlet tint..
Foliage of R. altaica, R. Carolina, R, lucida plena, R..
hispida, R. W'ichuraiana variegata, and R. humilis waa
also shown, in order to demonstrate its usefulness
when associated with flower (Silver Banksian Medal)..

SEPTBIfBEB 28, 1901.]

HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

249

Mrs. Campion, Hillside, Reigate, Surrey, showed a
very beautiful lot of Roses, chiefly Teas and Hybrid
Teas, fresh looking, and of good substance in tlie petal,
and fine of lint. Unfortunately tlicy arrived late at tlic
liall, and were t^adly placed, and with no space for
arranging giccnery among them as a setting. Very nice
were Marie Van llonttc, Paul Nabonnand, Madame
Charles. Francois Krnger, Mrs. Shamian Cra%vford,
Clara Watson, C. Testout. Gloire de Dijon, Queen Mab,
Maman Coclict, Bardon Job, Perlc d'Or, and Papa
Contier (Bronze Flora Medal).

DAHLIAS.

Messrs. J. Cheal & Son, Crawley, Sussex, exliibited a
large number of Cactus Dahlias, arranging Uiem in tlie
form of a sloping banlc. Tlie collection included tlie
pick of all the varieties, and it was especially ricli in
novelties (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Mr. W, Tbesfder, nurseryman, Cardiff, exhibited a
bank of Dahlia blooms, cut with long stalks and placed
in water, together with sprays of vVspai-agus, the effect
of which was not unplcasing. Tlie varieties so set up
were chiefly Cactus varieties, with a few Pompons.
In sliow boxes were blooms of Cactus, show, and fancy
Dahlias. Of tlic latter, nice blooms were noted of Mr.
Gladstone, a bloom of the faintest blush tint ; Soutliern
Queen, D. Ke>-ncs, Mrs. Dodds, Dazzler, F. Tranter,
Mrs. Saunders, Perfection, and Rev. T. Goodday (Silver
Banksian Medal).

Mr. J. T. West, Tower Hill, Brentwood, showed
largely. Cactus, show, pompon, and fancy Dahlias,
handsome, regular flowers, but showing in their com-
paratively small size the effect of the drouglit in Essex.
Cactus and show varieties were sliown on show-boards,
and they exhibited in both classes much variety of
form and ctolour. Of Cactus varieties, Emperor, a
flower of purplish-rose; Bed Rover, Mrs. Saunders,
yellow ; Capt. Dreyfus, Zcpliyr, Octopus and Spotless
Queen, both white, and Magnificent, were the more
noticeable (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Kevnes, Williams i Co., nurserymen, Salis-
bury, sliowed a boxful of extremely well-grown blooms
of Cactus Dahlias, Ave of them receiving First-class
Certifica'.cs from the National Dahlia Society or Awards
of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society.

Mr. F. W. Seale, Sevcnoaks, sliowed a vase filled
with Cactus Dahlias of yellow and brown-coloured
varieties, and foliage, receiving Mr. A. Dean's 1st prize.

A vase of Cactus Dahlias was shown by Mr. F. J.
Oliveh, 97, Tollington Park, N. The bouquet consisted
of flowers of yellow and brown varieties, with Oak
foliage, Asparagus, Ac. (Mr. A. Deans Special Prize was
awarded).

Mr. J. Walker, Nurseries, Thame, had a very
extensive exhibit of Dahlias, comprising most forms in
numerous varieties. The show Dahlias were par-
ticularly meritorious, and most of them were in perfect
condition (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

Mr. Jas. Stredwick, St. Lcouards-on-Sea, exhibited
very strongly Cactus Dahlias, the flowers being the
largest in the hall, Pomiions were good, but they were
stillly set up (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. T. Ware, Ltd.. Hale Farm, Feltham, showed a
bank of Da'ilias, mostly consisting of Cactus varieties,
together with a few Pompons. The bank made an
imposing display, and secured forthe e.xliibitora Silver
Banksian Medal. The bank was broken by a group of
tall Lilies.

Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham, showed some curiosities in
seedling Dahlias, several being what may be called
Auemone-flowercd. The firm also exhibited a gi-cat
number of gi-oups of Cactus varieties, arranged in
isolated pyramidal groups on a groundwork ot
Asparagus, and the same class of Dahlias. This was
without doubt the best an-anged stand of Dahlias in
the hall (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Mr. S. MoiiTisiER, Nurseries, Rowlcdgc, Farnham,
exliibited a small stand of Cactus Dahlias, mostly con-
sisting of well known varieties (Silver Banksian Medal).

Miscellaxeocs.

Messrs. J. Buurell & Co., Howe House Nurseries,
Cambridge, showed Gladiolus extensively and well,
good spikes of more than average length, and quite
Jrcsh-looking (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

Leofold de Rothschild, Esq., Gunncrsbui-y House,
Acton (gr., Mr. J. Hudson), showed a large gioup of
Celosia pyramidalis in crhnson, rose, and yellow tints
(Silver Flora Medal).

W.M. Curnusu i: Son, nurserymen, Highgatc Hill, N.,
had a gioup arranged on the floor of Erica Alporti,a
very siiiall-flowered and free-flowering species ; Carna-
tions, specimens of Oranges, Skimmias, Acers, Arundo
douax variegata, Dracicnas, Physalis Francheti, Eulalia
japonica, zebrina, ic. (Silver Banksian Medal).

Miss ADAMSON, South Villa, Regent's Park (gr., Mr. G.
KclO, showed a table of capitally-grown Celosia pyra-
midalis of moderate size, bushy, and full of flower-
spikes (Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Kilnfield Gardens, Col-
chester, exhibited a small group of Lilies, Colchicums,
Crocus, Funkia subcordata grandiflora, with long
white tubular blooms ; Barnardia scilloides. a spike
of minute pink-coloured flowers, less than 12 inches
high; a potful of Stcrubcrgia lutea major; Liatris
pycnostachya. a telling, light purple-coloured flower,
arranged on 6-inch long spikes.

Messrs. T. veitch & Sons, Ltd., Royal Exotic Nur-
seiy, Chelsea, showed Lilium leucanthemum Browni,
very fine large white blooms, with a faint tinge of rose
interiorly, and the same tinge associated with pale
green outside; Lilium llenryi, well in flowei-; L.
Browni, creamy-white in the interior of the flower,
and reddish-brown outside, rcflcxed. Tliis is L. Col-
rhesteriense, and differing from Browni in having a
constricted tube, and in the segments being less
broadly reflexcd.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Son also showed fifteen trusses
of wai-m-house Rhododendrons of the Javanico-jasmin-
flonim race.

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Earlswood, Rcdhill, exhi-
bited cut Chrysanthemum blooms ot (Japanese) Pai-isi-
anum, taken from the open ground, the blooms in capital
condition ; also Orange Masse, Robbie Bums, a rose-
coloured, yellow-centred flower, with straight florets ;
Goacher's Crimson and Mabel Goacher, Queen of the
Earlies, <tc., useful early flowering varieties.

Messrs. John Peed & Son, West Nonvood, exhibited
an immense quantity of blooms in show boxes of
flowers of seedling tuberous-rooted Begonias, in scpa-
i-ate colours, and both single and double-flowered. Tl:e
doubles were neat, regularly-formed blooms of not
more than aj inches in diameter. .\ crimson-coloured,
single-flowered variety, was remarkable for its intensity
of tint (Silver Banksian Medal).

Awards oi Merit and First-class Certificates.

Dxdtttucanlhus HVi/d'.— A plant of slender growth, 2fect
in height, flowers ot a deep blue colour, arranged on
terminal branched spikes. Shown by Colonel Beddome,
'• Sispara," West Hill, Putney.

-Yew Cnrnatton, Mrs. S. J. /fro"/.*.— White, possessing a
good circular petal, with adentate edge, flower modc-
i-atcly full. Shown by Messrs. Cltbush i Son, High-
gate, N.

Qiterctu <l«/i(nfa.—.\. Japanese Oak with large obovate
lobcd leases, in their autumn colour bright red and
green, « ins. long and « ins. wide. Shown by L. Roths-
child, Esq., Gunnersbury House (gr., Mr. Hudson).

MliHalitrt Vacliif DnhUn Xanu.—A bright scarlet flower,
exhiliitcd by Mr. CuAS. Turner, Royal Nurseries,
Slough.

Pompon D'lhtla //fdpf; fa. —Yellow florets, with a crim-
son edge, vc\y pretty. Shown by Mr. C. Turner, Royal
Nurseries, Slough.

Pompon MlUlrrd.— An orange-scarlet EClf. Shown by
Mr. C. Turner. Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Pompon Dahlia .I/o/lVij/iw ll'oof/on.- Purple and while.
Shown by Mr. C. Turner, Royal Nui-scrics, Slough.

CaclM Dahlia Mr». E. Mauleij.—A yellow coloured
flower, with incurving florets. Shown by Messrs.
Bdrrei.l & Co., Ltd., Howe House, Cambridge.

Cnctiui Dahlia Cteo.—Ot an orange and scarlet colour.
Shown by Messi-s. J. Burrell & Co., Howe House,
Cambridge.

Cacliu Dahlia .Vrt. A. F. Perkins.— Paic yellow. Shown
by Messrs. J. Cheal A SoNs, Lowfield, Crawley.

t'ndiw Dahlia Mrs. C. )Iurtimer.—A bright carmine
flower, having twisted florets, distinct. Shown by J.
Cheal & Sons, Lowfield, Crawley.

Mrs. Jlobart.—Ortntge and yellow incurving florets.
Shown by J. Cheal A Sons, Low field. Crawley.

Slngle-fiowered Dahlia .l/fitfjc— Magenta ground colour,
crimson stripes. Shown by J. Cheal & Sons, Lowfleld,
Crawley.

C'ncdM Dahlia Gold/Inch.— An orange-coloured flower,
with incurving florets. Showu by Mr. Jas. Stredwick,
St. Leonards.

Vaelm DalUia Clara Slredwick.—W'ilb Tolufed florets of
a buff salmon tint. Shown by Mr. J. Stredwick,
Silver Hall Park, St. Leonards.

Cactus Dahlia Florence.— A flower ot a deep orange
tint, and having straight florets. Shown by Mr. J.
Stredwick, St. Leonards.

C'aclas Dahlia Sailor Prince— A telling shade of
crimson, darker in the centre than at the tips of the
florets. Shown by Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham. Norfolk.

CaclHS Dahlia AuiU Chfoe.-A veiy dark crimson
flower. Shown by Mr. J. Stredwick, St. Lconards-ou-
Sea.

SItow Dahlia ^'.andard.-A deep crimson, well-formed
bloom, ot good depth. Showu by Mr. G. St. PiBBaB
Harris, Orpington, Kent.

.SAoK' Dahlia Mariner.— Uglil scarlet-coloured self ;
shoiv variety of goad daptli. Shown by Mr. G. St.
Pierre Harris, Orpington, Kent.

flingk-flourred Dahlia Maid of Alhens.—Vlbite, with
gold-edged florets. Shown by Mr. Seale, Nurseries,
Sevcnoaks.

Siwjle-flou-ered Dahlia Royal Sovereign.— Deep crimson
around the disc, shading off to white, suffused crimson
at the edge. Sliown by Mr. Seale. Sevenoaks.

Singtc-fiuu-ered D.Mia Robin Adair.— While, with a.
deep crimson central zone. Shown by Mr. Seale,
Sevenoaks.

Singl'-flowered Dahlia Beauty of Sevenoaks.—Cica.my
ground, yellow for the extent of lower halt of florets
and striped crimson ; showy variety. Shown by Mr.
Seale, Sevenoaks.

Single-Jlourrtd Dahlia SyMa.—A light and deep rose-
coloured bloom in striped, and around tliedisc a blood-
red zone. Shown by Mr. E. Mawlev, Beikhamstcd.

Cactus Dahlia Mrs. II. A. Xeeds.—A flower of a yoft
crimson colour, and incurving, very narrow florets.
Shown by Mr. W. Baxter, nurseryman. Woking.

Cactus DiMia Rinijduoe.— A pale scarlet-coloured self,
lighly built. Shown by Messrs. Keynes, Williams <Si
Co. Also tlie three following varieties from the same
firm ;—

Cactus Dahlia OpAir.— Salmon-pink, centre yellow,
inflexing florets.

Cactus Dahlia Columbia. — Brilliant scarlet, tipped
white.

Cactus />i/iifa.— The colour a buff pink, with slightly
incurving florets.

Chrysan'.hemnm Horace Martin.— A sport from Crimson
Masse. A frec-llowering variety, and classed as carly-
llowcring— a fine yellow colour. Shown by Mr. J. J.
Martin, Lcighton Buzzard.

Decorative rhriisanthemum Ood/rey's Pet.— A reflexed-
pet.-vUed. yellow- flowered variety, extremely florifcrous,
and early : good for market purposes. Shown by Mr.
W. J. Godirev, Exmouth.

Pcnnisetnn Riippclianwn.—A grass of graceful habit,
leaves green, and inflorescence of a shade of brown.
Shown by .Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley.

Orchid Committee.

Present: INiny J. Veitch, Esq., in the Chair, and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec. I, A. Little. J. W. Pot-
ter. W. II. Young, W. A. Bilncy, J. W. Odell, E. Hill, '
J. Douglas, W. Cobb, IC. Ballantine. If. M Pollett, deB.
Ciawshay. II. -V. Tracy, II. J. Chapman and' W. H. '
White.

Captain llolfoid, Wcstonbirt. Tetbury (gr., Mr. A. '
Cliapmaii), ijriilshed one of the finest and best-
arranged groups which have yet been shown at the
Drill Hall this season, and for which a Gold Medal was
awarded. In the arrangem'ent Mr. Chapman cleverly ■
got over the dilllculty entailed by the narrowness of :
the taljle, which renders it very diflicult to present
depth and importance to a group. The desired
result was secured by arranging three elevated
groups at intervals, made up of grandly- flowered
speciniensof Dendrobium Pliala:nopsisScliroderianum,
whose elegant sprays of blush-white, rose, and purple
flowers were made to droop around among the foliage
of Kentia Palms. The filling between the groups were
also of fine plants of Dendrobium Phahcnopsis, ot
which over l.jo beautifully developed spikes appeared
in tiie group. In the foreground, cleverly arranged
Willi light foliate plants, were small groups of Cypri-
pcdium Charlcsworthi. Lxlia pumila, Dendrobium
formosum giganlcuin, Ac.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford (gr., Mr. W. II.
White), had a group in which were prominent a fine ,
specimen of Maxillaria striata grandiflora, with large
yellowish flowers, striped with purple; a pretty
example of Zygopctalum (Promentea) stapelioidcs, with
fleshy, nearly black labellums on its many flowers;
Zygopctalum marginatum, often called Warscewiczella
velata; Cypripedium amanthuin, with twenty- flvo
flowers (Cultural Comniendation); plants of C. x
Helvetia, C. Morgania;, and its much finer "Burford
variety," C. x T. B. Haywood. Odontoglossura bicton-
eiise album, O. Wallisii, Dendrobium glomeratum,
Cycnoches chlorochilon. and the scarlet liabenaria
militaris (Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. lliKiii Low & Co., Bush Hill Park, staged an
effective group, in which were the clear yellow form of

250

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Skptembbe 28, 1901.

Oypripedium x Cliailes Cauham, C. x Nandii (iiiveuiu
K oallosum), C. x Lucie (Lawi'oaceauum x ciliolare),
C purpurata, two plants of Cattleya Gaskelliana alba,
■several tine Oneidliini Papllio, O. oi'iiithoiliynchum,
Jtfiltoni.3, Kegiielli citriua, Lwlio-Cattleya x Minucia
-Ashtoui, L.-C. X Epicasta., L.-C. X callistoglossa, and
£ood siKKimens of Odontoglossum grande, Cattleya
Iioddigesii, &.Q. (Silver Flora Medal>. :

Messrs. Chauleswouth & Co., Hcaton, Bradfoi-d,
"Yoiksliirc, showed a good form of L.'elio-Cattleya. X Ha-
TOldiaDa (L. tenebrosa. x C, llardyaua), recently certifi-
■cated ia E. Tunstili,, Esq , and Ihrcc other hybrids
Csee Awards).

T. W. Thornton, Esq., Brockliall, Wecdon, sent cut
examples of La!lio- Cattleya K Berthe Fournier' (C.
Dowiana aurea x L.-C. x clegaiis); L.C. x Ella (L.
grandis x C. intermedia), a pretty white. flower, tinged
■with Ulao, and with light purple lip : and a good form
of- Cattleya Leopoldi.

Messrs. Jas. \'eitch & Sons, Chelsea, showed La^lio-
Cattleya x Bletchleyensis "Rorania"(L. tenebrosa x
C Warscewiczii), a large flower with white sepals and
j>etals, delicately tinted with rose ; the showy front of
ith-e labellum wa,s purple, getting paler towards the
margiu,

J. S. Moss, Esq , Bishop's VValtbam, sent a three-
flowered inflorescence of Cattleya labiata Gaskelliana,
in which the lateral sepals were marked with orange of
ithe same tint as that in tlie labellum.

Mr. i. Douglas, Edeuside, Great Bookham, sent
Cypripedium x Clytie (Stoueixcaudatum) with curious
■wliitish flowers, the upper sepal striped, and the petals
spotted with purple, a tinge of which colour also suf-
Ifused the lip ; and C. x Youn-gianum superbum.

Malcolms. Cooke, Esq., Tankerville, Kingston Hill
<gr., Mr. Uackell), sent Odontoglossum x mulus,
•"Cooke's variety," witli unusually broad segments.

Sir W. Mareiott, Bart., Down House, Blandford (gr.,
ilr. Denny), sent Cattleya (Gaskelliana X Eldorado),
aike a large light-coloured C. Eldorado; and Lalio
Cattleya x (L.-C. x elegaus x C. Warscevriczii).

Walter C<}bb, Esq., Dulcotc, Tuubridge Wells (gr ,
Mr. J. Howes), showed Cypripedium xEvenor superbum,
D. M. Grimsdale, Esq , showed six good examples
of Oncidium Forbesii.

Awards.
FiRSr-CLAS.s Certificate.
Ctritlt'pa Luddeniauniajta .S'faK^ei/i, from Messrs.
Stanley, Ashton & Co., Southgatc.— A beautiful white
form of that fine Cattleya often called C.speciosissima in
gardens. Tlie flower is o£ fine shape, the petals vci-y
broad, and the whole flower clear white except the disc
of the lip, whieh is yellow, and the front lobe, which
lias bright purple markings between the white veining,
^iiich e.vten<is to the broad white margin.

LxHo-CaUleya x Madame Chas. Maron (L. Digbyana x
C Warscewiczii lmi)eriali.s).-A noble flowci-, closely
.approaching the fine L.-C. x Digbyaao-Mendeli Vcitchs
■variety, illustrated in tlie Gardeners' Chronicle, Sept. 14,
■p. 207, and not showing the indication of C. Wars
ccewiczii to be expected. Tlie flower was very large
(<8 inches across), of an uuiforin light purplish-rose
with* large greenish-yellow disc to the Up, which was
.finely fringed. Indication of fringing also appeared on
*he petals. The award was given subject to the flower
being arails.blc for paniting according to the Society's
irules.

Award of Merit.
Lselio-Caitleya H pr.vstaite-bicolor (L. pumila pr:estans x
C btcalor).—From Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., BUr-
«ord (gr., Mr. W. H. Wliite). Flowers of flue shape;
sepals and petals bright rosy-lilac; lip broad, and ex-
itended on an isthmus, as in C. bicolor ; and of briglit
E^uby-purple.

'Lxlio - Cattleya K Galatea (i. Dayanax C. (jranitlosa
SckoJieldiana}.—Fi-om Messrs. Chaklesworth Ov: Co.,
HeatOQ, Bradford. Sepals and petals light purple, witli
a glossy surface; lip pale rose at the base, the tips of
*he side lobes, and llie elongated front lobe dark
purple.

Caltletja x Julvescens (Forbesii x mirca).— From Messrs.
Chahlesworth <t Co. Pretty in form and novel in
colour; flowers somewhat resembling 0. .x Minucia,
but of a peculiar pink-tinted yellow, tlic disc of the lip
Ibeing rich orange, with a delicate freckling of purplish-
TCJin the centre.

,. CaiUe'ta x Iris (bicolorxDo«'iana aurea), from Jlessrs.
<;harlesworth & Co.— A striking flower with the
sepals and petals groenisli, with a bronzy tint. Side
Hobes of the lip short, and folded over the base of the
^eshy column as in C. bicolor, bjusliwhite; front lobe

on an extended strap-like base, rose-purple, with the
whitish ground colour showing through the surface
colour.

Botanical Certificate.

Morinodes Oberlanderianum, from Sir Trevor Law-
rence, Bart., Burford (gr., Mr. W. H. White).— A
discovery of Consul F. C. Lehmann, described and
illustrated in the Gardeners' Chronicle, November 3, 1900,
p. 318. Sepals and petals yellowish, witli small purple
spots ; lip cream-white with dark spotting on the lower
portion,

Odontoglossum WalUsii, from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart.— .4 pretty, small-growing species, originally dis-
covered by Wallis on the Sierra Nevada in I8H8. Sepals
and petals yellow, marked with brown ; lip white, with
usually rose-purple blotches. The plant shown had
nearly all the flowers with white labellums (O. puruiu
Reich, f.), but as has previously been proved, this
character is not reliable, as in former cases an occa-
sional flower having a rose-purple blotch on the lip
has been ol>served.

Odoniofflossum bictoniense album, from Sir Trevor Law-
rence, Bart.— Sepals and petals gi-eenish, barred with
brown ; lip pure white. The normal form has a rose-
tinted lip.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: Mr. O. Bunyard, Chairman; and Messrs.
A. II. Pearson, G. Woodward, W. Farr, W. Bates, A.
Dean, G. Keif, H. Markham, J. Willard, J. Jaques, G. T.
Miles, J. Smith, G. Norman, W. Poupart, J. Che.al, S.
Mortimer, M. Gleeson, and the Rev. W. Wilks.

Dr. BONAVIA sent from Worthing, dishes of Tomatos,
Cliiswick Peach and Orchard, not of (the Perfection
type. All excellent examples (Vote of Thanks).

From Mr. Slade, gr. to Lord Poltimore, Exeter, came
very fine samples of Triomphe de Vienne Pear. One of
tlie fruits cut was found to have a decayed centre, an
unfortunate characteristic of that as well as some
other fine looking Pears (Vote of Thanks).

Mr. F. M. Bradley staged dishes of a handsome,
llattish, wliite Kidney Potato named Lord Kol)erts.
The exhibitor was asked to have some tubers sent to
Cliiswick for trial next year.

Mr. J. Hudson sent from Gunnersbury House
Gardens, a smallish white Grape named Early Auvergnc
Frontignan, berries round, the bunches long and
tapering. The berries were sweet and juicy, but seemed
to lack flavour. From the same source also came a fine
scarlet flesh Melon named "Leopold de Rothschild."
The flesh was thick and soft, with the exception of the
outer part which was hard. May be seen in better
condition next summer.

From Mr. Peters, gr. to H. P. Sturgis, Esq., Givons
Grove, Leatlierhead, came a single bunch of the round-
berried form of Gros Maroc Grape, and two bunches of
a long, oval-berried variety he had named "Givons
Gros Maroc." The round berries were sweet, and very
pleasant eating ; the oval berries were yet unripe, and
rather acid. Some doubts existing as to whether Gros
Maroc under both forms was in commerce, hence it was
agreed to see the Grape again on October 1.5. It is
worthy of note that both Mr. A. F. Barron and Dr. Hogg
describe Gros Maroc as having oval berries, also as
being identical with Cooper's Black ; but Gros Maroc
is commonly shown having round berries. Evidently
t.vo distinct forms are in commerce under this name,
the round one, as in this instance, being earlier and
sweeter than the other.

Messrs. W. Paol A Sons, Waltham Cross, sent dishes
of Humboldt Nectarine, and Royal George, Sea Eagle,
Barrington, and Princess of Wales Peaches, from
s'andard trees outdoors, fairly well ripened, but not
much coloured (\'ote of Thanks).

From Mr. D. Thomas, of Lampeter, came a disli of
Apples not unlike King of the Pippins, but mucli
earlier, named Cardi ; these were over-ripe.

Mr. W. Farr, gr. to A. Pears, Esq., Isleworth, had a
scarlet- flesh Melon "Centre of England," which was a
few days over-ripe.

Mr. Divers, gr. to the Duke of Rutland, Belvoir
Castle, sent Plum Divers' Late Red, of the size and form
of JelTersou, but very pale red; it seemed to be lacking
in flavour.

Mr. F. Walden, gr. to Col. Warde, Barhani Court,
Kent, set up no less than twenty-five fruits of Melon
Hero of Lockinge, all very even in size, colour, and
netting, and sliowing a remarkably even, true stock
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. Farr set up a very fine collection of fruit, includ-
ing good .\pplcy Towers, Gros Maroc, Madresfleld
Court, blacks ; and Muscat of Alexandria, white Grapes,
twelve excellent bunches in all. Also dishes of Peaches
Sea Eagle, Nectarine Princess of Wales, and Marquis of

Downshirc; and of Elruge Nectarine, Plains Golden
Drop, Grand Duke, JefTerson, and Monarch ; tine Morello
Cherries, good Damsons and Medlars. Also eighteen
dishes of Apples, including fine Warner's King, Gloria
Mundi, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Lord Suffield, Transparent,
ike. ; and nineteen dishes of Pears, amongst which were
fine Fondante d'Automne, Doyenn6 Boussoch, Marie
Louise d'Uccle, Marguerite Marrillat, Emile de Heyst,
and others (Silver-gilt Knightian Medal).

A capital collection of some forty-eight dishes and
baskets of fruit came from the Horticultural Col-
lege, Swanley. There were superb samples of Peas-
good's Nonsuch, Bismarck, Warner's King, Pott's
Seedling; also good Worcester Pearmaiu, Councillor,
The Queen, King of the Pippins, Cox's Orange, Scarlet
Nonpareil, and Yellow Ingestrc. Of Pears, Doyenn6
Boussoch (richly coloured), Louise Bonne, Pitmaston
Ductless, Beurre Diel, &c., were capital. Also of Plums,
Kentish Bush, Damson, Bleaclie's Scarlet, and others,
with fine MorelloCherries{Silvor Knightian Medal).

Mr. G. Keif, gr. to Miss Adamson, South Lodge,
Regent's Park, put up a very extensive and repre-
sentative collection of vegetables, literally grown in
London, including several varieties of Onions, Turnip-
rooted and tapei-ing Beets, Golden Jubilee, Princess of
Wales. Polegate, Perfection, Sunbeam, and Red Dessert
Tomatos; fine Parsnips, Intermediate Carrots, Leeks,
Vegetable -Marrows, Best - of - All and Prizewinner
Runner Beans, Dwarf Kidney Beans, Autocrat Peas,
fine purple Aubergines, various white and Savoy Cab-
Ijages, Kales, and other things, making a total of fifty
varieties (Silver Banksiau Medal).

From Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, came
several dozens of their handsome Defiance Cabbages,
perfectly hearted, and of the most eveu description.
Tlie hearts are of medium size.

Messrs. Rivers & Sons, Sawbridgworth, set up an
interesting collection of Plum-trees in pots, including
Monarch, Primate, Pond's Seedling, Coe's Golden Drop,
Golden Transparent, and Jefferson. Also there were
numerous baskets and dishes of fine fruit of Autumn
Comp6te, Grand Duke, Wyedale, President, Late Black
Orleans, Autumn Beauty, &e. (Silver Knightian Medal).

The Lecture.

The customary general meeting of tlie Society was
held in the afternoon under the presidency of Dr.
Masters, in the course of which a lecture on " Roses for
Autumn Blooms " was delivered by Mr. Arthur Willlaiu
Paul, of Waltham Cross. The lecturer commenced by
reminding his hearers that the era of autumn-blooming
Roses commenced with the introduction of the Chinese
Rose from the East at the end of the eighteenth cen-
tury, prior to which time the Roses in English gardens
were almost exclusively summer-flowering varieties.
Hence with the earlier poets and painters the Rose is
linked with associations and sentiments of early
summertide. A quotation from Shakespeare's Love's
Ijibour Lost went to prove that Roses in winter were un-
known in his time ; whereas, at the present time, Gloire
de Dijon and other autumnals in sheltered situations
flower up to Christmas, and even beyond.

After alluding to the desirability of autumn-flowering
Roses for country gardens where the owners .ire
usually in residence at that period of the year, Mr.
Paul went on to point out tho improvement that has
taken place in this particular class of Roses during the
past twenty years. The Chinese, Tea-scented, and
Hybrid Teas at the present time furnish the most
valuable varieties for the purpose, but the Hybrid Per-
petuals and Bourbons are also good; whilst the
rugosa, microphylla. Macartney, and other autumnal
species are valuable for special soils and situations.
With a passing allusion to the special climatic condi-
tions which sometimes caused certain summer-flower-
ing varieties to flower in autumn, Mr. Paul proceeded
to give cultural directions for the various classes re-
ferred to, insisting strongly upon due regard being paid
to the nourishment of the plants by annual dressings of
manure in winter, and recommending attention to
certain details of culture for the improvement of the
autumn flowers. Planting Roses in groups or masses
of one kind was also recommended in preference to
mixing varieties in the beds or holders, greater regu-
larity of growth being; tliereby ensured, with a corre-
spondingly better effect in the garden.

Mr. Paul then proceeded to give a list of the best
varieties for autumn flowering, grouping them in tour
divisions, according as the growth is dwarf, moderate,
vigorous, or climbing. Some of the varieties recom-
mended were Coralliua, G. Nabonnand, Comtesse
Fcstetics Hamilton, Enchantress, Madame C. P. Strass-
heim. Papa Goutier, Souvenir de Catherine Guillot,
Ella Gordon, Belle Siebrecht, La France, Camoens,

September 28, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

251

Caroline Testout, Gruss aus Teplitz, Madame Jules
Groicz, Marquise Litta, and Madame Abel Cliatenay ;
tlie Chinese varieties, Queen Mab, Madame Laui-ette
Messimy, Ci-amoisie Supdrieure, and the dwarf Poly-
antlius Perle des Rouges andGloire des Polyanthas.

The lecture concluded with a notice of appreciation
of what is being done by raisers to ameliorate and
increase the number of autumn-blooming Roses, espe-
cial allusion being made to the new hybrid Briar,
Soleil d'Or, and the seedlings from the free-blooming
varieties of the French Riviera, which are being raised
at Waltliam Cross.

In the discussion which followed. Dr. Masters
alluded to tlie scarcity of autumn Roses this year in
his own garden at Ealing, mentioning Belle Lyonnaise
as almost the only variety that was flowering well ; this
Mr. Paul thought must be due to local causes. Dr.
Doig gave voice to a complaint which has been only too
prevaleht on the lips of rosarians this year as to the
persistent recurrence of mildew on the plants, brought
on no doubt by the great diiferencc at times between
the day and night teuipcratures.and encouraged by the
lengthened spells of drought. Mr. Douglas also touched
upon the same subject, and made further remarks
upon Roses suitable for walls with a northcm aspect,
in which position he stated he had found William Allen
Richardson to do well.

THE NATIONAL DAHLIA SOCIETY.

.\ very fully attended meeting of the committee was
held at the Horticultural Club on Tuesday afternoon,
to consider the Society's position. Tlie chairman, Mr.
E. Mawley, reported that £.iO had been received from
the Crystal Palace Company for the show of last year,
but that no other amount would be paid over the recent
show. It was agreed that amateurs' prizes be paid in full,
and the florists' prizes pro raid, provided the finances
did not admit of them being paid in full. Interviews
had taken place with the Royal Horticultui-al Society's
council with respect to holding next year's show at
the Drill Hall, and with the directors of the Royal
Aquarium, Westminster, with a similar object. Xcitliev
offer seemed to be satisfactory. ,\ proposal to hold the
show at Gunncrsbury in the beautiful grounds there
was warmly welcomed, but all suggestions were left
over for future consideration by a meeting to be held a
month later.

BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

Or.ASfiOW, Skptkmukh 1-1, lnol.

ISOTAXY SECTloy.

THE TRANSPORT OF BRITI.SH TLMDER.

Is this country it costs about .'«/. to grow a cubic

foot of Fir timber. On tlic average, it costs about

another .W. or 6rf. to get it into the market, and it sells

there for 8d. to Bd. per cubic foot. The chief rcitson

why it sells tor less than cost price is, that foreign Fir

is sold at the figure specified, and the growers and iin-

^ porters can make it pay. I have selected Fir at an
extreme case, in order to emphasise the fact that the
handling charges on our homegrown timber .are much
higher than those on imported timber of tlic same
species. We can grow Scots Fii- and Spruce practically
as cheaply as the continental forester, but we cannot
afford to sell it at the same price, and at the
same time compete on equal terms with him, because
it costs us more to transport it from the plantation to
the consumer, sometimes even when both are in the
same county; and until we can do it as cheaply, the
splendid efforts of our scientific botanists to produce
good and cheap timber are greatly spoiled by the hard

I facts of £ ». d.

I This you will say is an old story about all native
produce. Yes ! But because of its bulky nature it is
more ruinous in relation to native timber than, say, to
homegrown corn, because of its greater handling
charges in proportion to its value. A ton of Wheat is
sold for, say, £« 1.5». ; of this 5 per cent. (li*. or 78.) will
be paid for cartage' and railway caiTiagc. But a ton of
Spruce sold for .'i3». will cost 2U. (or 60 per cent.) for
cartage and carriage. A ton of Spruce giown in a
Baltic country will cost in transport, from the forest
there to the consumer here, about -10 per cent, of its
selling value, and a ton of Spruce grown in Canada
vei-y little more.

. Of course, the discrepancy and e.\tra cost do not
seem so great proportionately on the value of the
higher-priced limbers. But these take longer to grow,
and except in favourable surroundings, the final resullii
are about the same. There is little commercial en-
couragement to produce timber if there is no reward
but that which virtue is said to bring.
Preferential railway rates in this country arc cost-

I iBg timber growers nearly as much as the rental vaUic
of the land on which the timber is growing. Why is

' there this great check upon the cirorts to make
" forestry pay ? " One reason is, that our foreign limber

imports arc handled genei'ally in larger quantities, so
that detail work is done more cheaply.

But it is not only in railway charges that our
expenses are higher. The overland cai'riagc costs us
more. We have not the advantage of water-shoots and
great rivers, or sufficient snows and frosts to make
water or ice a generally available means of transport.
Can these overland (forest to railway) handling charges
be reduced ? I have made some enquiry about tram-
ways aud other mechanical appliances, but do not see
any advantage to be gained from them under the con-
ditions ruling in this country. The chief di-awback to
their use is that our small aud scattered plantations
would not pay for the profitable employment of costly
plant and machinery for transport. A tramway (cheap
as it is in working) is costly in instalment, and although
it would effect considerable reduction in the cost of
transporting a large lot of timber grown inasuital)le
envii'onment, and could be used again under similar
circumstances, it would, in a large number of cases, be
much dearer than the prescut system of removal by
horse waggons. Besides, public roads would have to
be used and crossed, and County Councils would not
be i-eady to allow this.

Under favourable circumstances, again, traction
engines would effect considerable economy in haulage.
A load of 12 or 15 tons might, on some roads, be carried
for less than one of 3 or 4 tons drawn by horses ; but
the good roads do not often peuctrate into the woods,
and there are weak bridges aud sharp corners to con-
tend with, which would not be ■negotiable " with long,
heavy loads, such as would be required to use the full
available power. The pole-waggons at present in use,
drawn by horses, are the best appliances at present in
existence for collecting timber from our comparatively
small timber areas in the first instance.

But if we could have partial couvcrsion of the timber
at centres close to large areas of timber, wc could con-
siderably cheapen the cost of transport, boUi by using
traction-engines aud tramways for the local work, aud
traction-engines for "through" traffic to reasonable
distances.

It is easy to complain of the iniquities ot railway
companies in charging more for carrying native pro-
duce than foreign ; and there is considerable reason
for the complaint, especially under the present chaotic
system ot measurement, and the newly insisted-on
wharfage charges. But the question is not a one-sided
matter. There is no gainsaying the fact that native
timber docs, on the whole, cost somewhat more to
transport than foreign. It is often in clumsy, dan-
gerous forms, crooked and knotty, whilst imported
timber is generally wholly or partly converted into
tidy, sli-aight pieces, making more compact and firmer
loads. Being dealt with at ports in larger quanti-
ties at one place, uuicli of the work is centi'alised and
specialised, with the result that there is a large saving
in details.

liailway-Mianagers are practical business men who
cannot afford to do work on philanthropic principles,
and they sec this difference in the nature ot the two
classes of merchandise; but at the same time wc have
no practical indication that, if any effort is made by
our home producers and menhants to centralise their
work, make their loads more compact, and arrange for
regular and large consignments, tlie railway companies
will make their charges equal those for imported
timber. Straight and crooked, largo lots and small,
compact loads and light ones, all are charged at the
same rate.

The question is a large one, and its importance is not
sufliciently realised by those who arc most affected by
it, namely, glowers of limber.

Whilst persevering in the efforts which have been
made of late years to impi'ovc our forestry, it behoves
growers to pay special attention in future to the rela-
tion of transport to concentration of produtrlioii, the
producing of timbers of the higher values, coiiipactncss
of loads, and regularity of sujiply of consiu'iimeiils.
Samttel liargcrtton.

BOiSTON AND DISTRICT DAHLIA.

8KPTEMI1KH IJ. — Boston deserves great credit for its
locally grown Dahlias. It is said that many amateurs
and cottagers at Boston are cultivating the Dahlia for
exhibition, and the entries in the section of classes
open to such exhibitors proved the truth of the fore-
going statement. A few among the cottagers cut their
l)looms a little too old, which accounted for the defec-
tive centres seen here and there. The bulk of the show
is made up of the contributions to the classes open to
all comers, as several of the leading gi'owcrs in the
south took their blooms to Boston.

In the class for twenty-four blooms, show and fancy,
Mr. J. Wai.kkr, Thame, came in Ist, with flowers de-
cidedly more perfect than those seen at the Crystal
Palace. Chief among them were Victor, Dr. Keynes,
R. T. Rawlings, J. T. West, G. Rawlings, Shottcshani
Hero, Mrs. G. R. Telford, Mrs. Greaves, Bull'alo Bill,
Rev. J.'B.'M. Camm, &c. Mr. S. Mortimer, Farnham,
wa8aclose2iid, also with vci'y good blooms; and Messrs.
G. HuMi'iiKiEs, Chippenham, and SEALE, Sevcnoaks,
were placed equal .'?rd.

With twelve varieties, Mr. G. Humphkies was Ist;
and Mr. J. Walker 2nd.

The class for twelve bunches of Cactus, six blooms oS
each, brought a very spirited competition, and Mr. S.
Mortimer was placed Ist with superb examples of
Viscountess Shorbi'ooke, Zephyi-, Florodora, John Burn,
brilliant crimson ; Mrs. Carter Page, Spitfire, very-
bright pale red ; Uuclc Tom, Mrs. J. J. Crowe, Lyric,
and J. F. Hudson. Mr. J. Walker came 2nd; he had
Canary (new), soft yellow ; Lord Roberts, Debonnair.
Mrs. Carter Page, J. W. Wilkinson, aud Lucius, all veiy
fine. Mr. Seale was 3rd.

The class for twenty-four blooms of Cactvis Dahlias-
shown on boards, brought sevcr.il exhibitors, a»d Mr.
S. Mortimer was again Isl with fine blooms of the
leading varieties, John Burn being particularly fine ;
Mr. J. Walker was 2nd ; and Mr. W. Baxter, Worthing,
was :5rd. '

Mr. Mortimer was also 1st with twelve varieties ; and
Mr. Walker 2nd.

lu the class for twelve blooms of Cactus, three blooms-
in a bunch, Mr. W. Baker was 1st, with a very gooct
collection.

Piimpon Dahlias were admirably shown by Mr. Seale,
the flowers medium-sized, fresh and even, the leading
varieties were Dorie, Donovan, Jessica, Daisy, Gany-
mede, Douglas, Ph>ebo, Tommy Keith, <Scc. Mr. G
Humphries w,is 2nd, .lud Mr. J. Walker 3rtl.

Some very fine vases of Cactus Dahlias were shown by-
Messrs. WALKER,SEALE,.andMARTiN. Vciy good Dalilias,
were shown by amateurs and cottagers, and the
competition generally was keen.

A very lino contribution of Dahlias, mainly Cactus^
aud inclusive of some very fine new varieties, was.
staged byMr. J. Green, Dereham (llouniES&Co.), and
the medal of the National Dahlia Society was awarded
to it.

Messrs. H. U. Small & Co. had cut flowers of many-
kinds; Mr. E. J. W. DisBROWK, had fine Peutstcmons,
&c. ; and Mr. T. B. Doi.HV had Dahlias ; all being local
nurserymen.

The leading exhibitors formed a committee, and
awarded Certificates of Merit to the following CactuB.
Dahlias :— John Barr (Mortimer), Canary (J. Walkfcr),
Mrs. II. A. Needs (W. Baxter); tjucen of Hearts and
Sailor Prince (Hobbies i<£ Co.); and to the following
single varieties :— Be.iutyot Sevcnoaks, Maid of Athens,
aud Royal Sovereign, from Mr. Seai.e.

CROYDON AND DISTRICT HORTI-
CULTURAL MUTUAL IMPROVE-
MENT SOCIETY.

SEITEMiiKu i;. -There was a good attendance of
members at the Society's Room at the Sunliowcv Tem-
perance Hotel on the above date, when an excellent
paper by Mr. E. Laxton, the Strawberry Specialist of
Bedford, on " Strawberries, " dealing with the history
and botanical characteristics of species and their geo-
graphical distribution, hybridisation, and evolutioii
from the wild species, the cultivation both indoors.
and out-of-doors. A unanimous vote of thanks to Mr.
Laxlon<ollowcd the reading of the Paper.

AlllHtKSS Of HUCIiCTARY dj' UoVAL ( 'AtlNXlM-VX

II()liTicn-Tt!RAL Society : T. S., oiul olhem.
P. -Murrny Thomson, 5, York Place,
Ktlinburgli.

IJElRlti: DiEL PkaU: W.D., Canon Hill. Kindly
send fruits, foliage, and slioots for our in-
spection. Wo cannot toll from your state-^
mciit wliat is the cause ot the loss of fruit.

liOiAXiCAL Books: J. L. Elemenlanj Stritc-
iiiml liotamj, Scott, '2 Vols. (A. I!l;u-I;\- ('(i.)r.
Elemenlx of liotantj, V. Darwin (Canibi-idgo.-
University Press ; Praclical Dolmiii fur /iiv/iii-
iierx, l?o\vor (Macmillan) ; A Srhnol F/oni,
W. Marsliall Watts (llivington) ; Plant Life^
Masters (Vinton i% Co.). For more advanced!
students. Vines' Studenla' Text Book (Swan,
Sonncnsclicin & Co.) ; .T. It. Green's Intr'o-
tluction to Vi;<i<:luble Plinxioloijij, Churchill-;
besides very numerous little handbooks
intended for use in laboratories.

BOLVARDiAS: -Y. Y. Z. The oolliip.se of Bon-
vardias is entirely caused by having beera
too much rushed or forced. Similar materiaB
is constantly appearing, and repeated ex-
amination has failed to reveal any anim!\i
and plant parasites. G. M.

2:2

THE GARD EXER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[September 28, 1901.

Camellias in a Verandah : H. J. B., Watford.
In a mild winter the verandah would afford
&ut!icient protection if the roots are packed
in dry tree-leaves or short litter. If the
veatlier should prove very severe, the
verandah might be covered with mafs, or
the plants themselves be covered with them,
or dry straw or bracken tucked in among the
branches.

Caterpillar: T1'. Gibson. The caterpillar of
the peppered moth. Amphydasis betularia.
A very interesting but fairly common insect.
The larvfe are variable in colour, and as a
Tule imitate perfectly the colour of the snr-
rounding shoots of their food plant, being-
dark brown, or almost black on Birch, and
green on such jilants as Pelargouiiuns and
seedling Laburnums.

Caterpillar in Poplars: Nin-.serymaii. What
you send is the caterpillar of the Goat Motb.
If they are so abundant as you say, we fear
that you can do nothing but burn the trees.
You might try cyanide of potassium. Make
a s itiirated solution of the cyanide in water,
soak some cotton-wool in it, and thrust it in
the holes of the trunk of the tree; but
remember you are dealing with a most
virulent poison, and be careful accordingly.

Elm-tree Decayint. : Chas. Fulton. The in-
jury is caused by the Elm-bark beetle,
Scolytus destructor. Prom your description
of its effects on the tree, the latter is past
■all help. It would be well to fell the tree,
strip it carefully of the bark, burning it
forthwith, and to dress the ground where
the operations have been carried on with
lime (gas-lime by preference), or the beetles
may spread to neighbouring trees.

EuONYMt'S japoxicls ALBO-MARCINATUS. .Updo.
It may be struck from cuttings put at this
season in sandy soil under a hand-glass or
cloche out'-of-doors, in pots in a cold frame ;
by layering in about a year ; and from cut-
tings taken in the spring from plants has-
tened in heat, and struck on bottom-heat.
Half ripe shoots, with or without a heel,
will strike under hand-glasses on a spent
hot- bed.

Grapes Cracking : E. F. Sludd, Oxton. The
berries have cracked as several varieties
will do, unless very carefully managed after
stoning, and the common mildew has grown
upon the exposed pulp. Grapes liable to
this mishap should be kept rather drier
at root and top, and ventilation at night
afforded. *

Grass on Lawn : Rm-in-Vrhe. Agrostis vul-
garis, or A. alba (Fiorin grass). There is not
much in such specimens to say which, but
from the length of the ligule I believe it to be
A. alba. Anything applied to the land which
would kill this plant would kill other grasses
as well. If it is only in places In the lawn, it
should be pulled or dug up. If it is in any
<iuantity the lawn had better be broken up
thoroughly, cleaned of all fragments of this
grass, tor any fragment will produce a new
plant, and then sown with suitable and
clean seeds, from which Kiorin is rigorously
excluded. W. C.

IN'SECT Eggs on Oak-leaf. X. Y. Z. The
batches of eggs on Oak-leaves are those of a
species of Geometer Moth.

Ivv ON A Hoi:SE: Alpha. Provided it is kept
close to the walls by an annual pruning in
March or early in April, and is not allowed
to get under the e:ives. Ivy shields a wall
from rain and snow, and its clinging roots
draw all moisture out of a wall. We should
doubt the capability of Ivy to make a wall
dry if there are no eaves or coping.

MAf;G0TS IN BUDPED APPLE STOCKS : X. Uu-

<loubtedly a species of Cecidomyia, re-
lated to the gall-gnats, of which several
species are known to infest Willows, causing
spindle-shaped swellings upon the twigs.
The Hessian-fly (C. destructor) is also another
member of the same family. li. N.

MUSHROOM: Hemlerson, Brechin. The Horse

Mushroom, Agaricus arvensis. — 0. H. A. It
is not uncommon to sec Mushrooms growing
one on the other in a reversed position ; but
not so easy to say whv.

*** Najies OF Plants and of Fruits, Special
Notice: We are desirous of assisting yoinKj
qardeners and our subscribers as far as we
can do so consisteiitlij with our editorial
duties, but our readers rmist kindly remember
that such demands fienerallyinroU'esomcincon-
venience, and a large e.xpenditnre both of time
and money on our part. Correspondents not
answered in this issue are requested to be so
good as to consult the follotving numbers.

Xames of Fruits : A. S. Crofton Scarlet ; the
Apple is reputedly of Irish origin, but it is
not often seen now, cither in England or Ire-
land.—J. B. D. Apple Queen Caroline, but
this should not be confused with Caroline,
which is a superior and somewhat later
variety; the Plum is Diamond, a Kentish
variety, useful for its proliflc bearing. —
T. 11'. .S. The Apple is Xonesuch, frequently
seen in old books as Xonsuch, but there is
good reason for doubting if the Apple usually
known under this name is that originally
mentioned in the seventeenth century. The
diminutive Pears sent are unknown, and are
much inferior to many varieties in cultiva-
tion. We have seen hundreds of such varie-
ties of local origin, neither worthy of names
nor of cultivation.— D. .S. Hawthornden ; the
true old type, also known as the White Haw-
thornden, all quite distinct from both the
New and the Winter Hawthornden, though
all three names are sometimes confused. —
F. C. A small example of Castle Mdjor,
which may be found in many southern
orchards.- H. F. G. Apples : 1, Margil ; 2,
Stirling Castle; 3, Sam Young. Pears: 1,
Summer Crassane ; 2, Beurre d'Amanlis ; 3,
rotten, and unrecognisable.

Names OF Plants : H. Euonymus latifolius. —
W. Gibson. Datura Stramonium. — Delayed.

1, Quercus rubra; 4, Cupressus torulosa ; 5,
Juniperus virginiana. — G. M., from last week,
o, Cupressus macrocarpa ; C, Pinus Montc-
zumse perhaps, but without cones we are un-
certain ; 7, .luniperus sphierica ; 8, Cupressus
torulosa. — James C'orke. Escallonia macran-
tha. — R.C. T. Molucella Ifevis, nativeof the
Mediterranean region, introdnced into
Australia. — Kritmlind. Ceanothus azureus.
— A. G. G. 1, Cattloya Loddigesii ; 2,
Miltonia spectabilis Jloreliana, often
called Miltonia Jloreliana. — J. R. Ball.
Agaricus (Lepiota) rachodes, very good
eating. — Constant Reader. A single flower
sent in a thin wooden match-box crushed in
the post, the flower withered, and its sticky
remains enveloped in cotton wool. We are
sure that the flower is one of the Mallow
family, and we, with some daring, guess it
may have been an Abutilon. — G. D. J . Your
Aster is killed by a parasitic plant, the
Dodder. — W. P. 1, Veronica spicata ; 2,
Polygonum Brunonis ; 3, JlelilotusofBcinalis ;
4, Hedysarum eoronarium.^ — G. H. Cratjegus
coccinea. — H'. J. W. Solauum nigrum. —
H.B. Centaurea nigra. — H.E.C. l,Skimmia
Fortunei ; 2, not recognised ; 3, Osmanthus

, ilicifolius ; 4, Erica arborea ; .j, Symphori-
carpus racemosus, Snowberry; 0, Pernettia
mucronata. — .J. M., Not tiughatn. 1, Panax
Victoriie ; 2, Panax laciniatus ; 3, Codiieum
(Croton) irregulare ; 4,Aehimenes purpurea.
The other two are hybrid greenhouse Rhodo-
dendrons, but what their names are we are
unable to say. — Oa'oh. T, 2, 3, are all forms
of Oiontoglossum Lindleyanum ; 4 seems to
differ, but the flowers are not fully formed.
It resembles the slender form of O. odoratum.
— Lancashire. 1, Ncphrolepis rufescens ; 2,
Jlicrolepia (Davallia) platyphylla. — .4 Sub-
scriber, Work.^op. 1, Atiiyrium tllix-ftemina ;

2, Polystichum aculeatum; 3, Polystichum
angulare proliferum; 4, Polystichmn angulare;
-J, Asplenium Adiantuiu nigrum ; 0, Lastrea
filix-mas. — E.J. P. 1, Clethra alnifolia; 2,
Pinus Laricio. — F. M. Genista tinctoria,
Eheagnus angustifolius.

PEARS: H. H. W. See answer to "H. B.,"

p. 236, in our last issue.
Pumpkin: J. M. S. Botanieally there is no

ditlerence between a Pumpkin and a Gourd.
Rain: Alpha. See our issue for 14th inst.,

p. 216.

Situation in a London Park : Parks. You
should apply by letter, stating your desire
for employment, and mention your qualifi-
cations and experience, age, number of
situations, &e. Usually men are taken ou
in the spring, and not at this season when
the staffs are usually not increased in
numbers. There are nineteen Superinten-
dents, whose names are given in the Horti-
cultural Directory for 1901, published at the
office of the Journal of Horticulttire, 12,
Jlitre Court Chambers, Fleet Street, E.C.

Communications Received.— A. P.— N E. B— H. J.M.,
pholograpli, with thanks— K. A. C— E. M. T. — J. M. b.
— S. M.— T. K. S.— J. Rasen— R. E. S— J. L— J. H. B.-
C Dennis— W. E. B— Grenada- C. A. Y— N. E. B.—
J. W. M.— \V. B.— Constant Reader— F. D. &. Co.—
C. Harrison- F. Brown-W. Koakes— H. F.-N. G.—
C. Liddiard— T. K. C — \V. A.— H. Woodward.— Austin
it McAslin— Jno. J. B — W. H. D.— Lee-A. Reynolds-
F. T. Mott— G. P. -Rose.

DIED. — We regret to .announce the death on
Friday, September 20, at the age of seventy-
two years, of Mrs. H. Appleby, wife of Mr.
Appleby, nurseryman, of Dorking, Surrey.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

L. Sp.^ru, ItaunKSfliulonweg, near Berlin. —Trees. Fruits,

Sliniiis. Roses. Amaryllis, Small Fruits, Herbaceous,

Perennial Plants.
Ketten FkSses, Luxembourg— New Roses, ready for

delivery November I, 1901.
HUfjH Low ct Co., Enfield, Middlesex— Plants, Shrubs.

Trees, &c.

Jules de Cock. Villa des Lauviers, Meirelbeke. rear
Ghent — Azalea indiea. mollis, and pontica; Aspi-
distras, Dracajnas, Befionia (tuberous), Araiicaria
excelsa and A. glauea. Palms for decoration and in
store pots, Laurus nobilis.

L-MNO & MATHER, Kelso, N.B.— Cavnatious, Pico;ees,
and Piuks.

V.'Enn & Sons, Wordslcy, Stourbridge— New and Im-
proved Cereals.

BULBS.

Smith & Simons, 36— X^. West George Street, GLasgow.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Ml-. H. WooD(;.iTE, for the past five years Head Gar-
dener at Thornton House, Claphain Park, as Head
Gardener and BailitT to B. L. Cohen, Esq , M.P.,
Highlicld.Stioreham.Seveuoaks. He entered on his
duties September 22.

Mr. James Wilson for the last four and a half years
Gardener at Naworth Castle, Carlisle, as Gardener
at Flixton Hall, Bungay, Sufl'olk, entering ou his
duties on October 2.

Mr. Wm. Frost, for the last six and a half years Head
Gardener at Godiuton, Ashford, Kent, as Head
Gardener to Mrs. Allfrev, Williamstrip Park,
Fairford, Gloucestershire.

Mr. Wm. Gu.vston, Foreman at Broadlands, Ascot, as
Gardener to Charles Trottek, Esq., Barton Manor,
Buckingham.

Mr. J. Ritchie, for tlie last five years Gardener at
Wrtolmer Hill, Haslemere, as Gardener to Mrs.
Stewart Hoduson, The Manor House, Haslemere,
Surrey.

Mr. Thomas Sharpe, late G.ardener at Cleadon House,
as Head Gardener to R. W. Maling, Esq., Twizell
House, Belford, Nortliumberland.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
•'GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."
IIVIPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. — The Publisher has
thr sa'is/action of announcing thai the circulation oj the
" Oardeners' Chronicle" has, s^ince the redtcction in the
price of the paper, more than

vs- TREBLED. •=»«
.idpertisers are reminded thai the ^^ Chronicle" circulates
among Country Gentlemen, and all Classes of
Gardeners and Garden-lovers at home, that it has
a specially large Foreign and Colonial Circula-
tion, and that it is preserved for reference in all the
principal Libraries.

(For Markets and Weather, see p. x).

October 5, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

253

THE

No. nn.— SATURDAY, OCT. 5, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Bark stripping
Bath, a cheap and

serviceable

Books, notices of 239, £
261. 262,
Bougainvillea glabra.

Caoti ...

Cardiff Vineyards, the
Chrysanthcmuni-rust.
Chi-ysantheniuin seeds,

germination of
City gardens

tir

entof

Florists' Floivcrs—
Chrys.inthemuins ...
Pinks. autumn-
flowering

Fruit, hardy, at Bar-
ham Court

Grape Diamond Ju-
bilee

Gardeners, an Aber-
deenshire family of.

Harvest Festivals, col-
lections at

Johannesburg, back at

Lawns, burned patches
on

Law note—
A taste for Orchids .

Lilium auratum, the
wild state of

Mildew

Niircissus Leedsli
Elaine

Xcwby Hall, York-
shire

Orchid notes and
gleanings—

DIctionnairc Icono-
graphiquc des Or-
chidces

Lindcnia

Olearia stellulata

(Gunniana)

Peach, doublc-
flowcred, bearing

fruit

RafBa made more dur-
able

Rhodesian reports ...
Ringing of fruit-trees
Rose Sladame Jean

Dupuy

I Rose, Paul's Single
I White, blooming in

autumn

Seed trade, the
Societies-
Bristol and District

' Gardeners'

' German Dendro-

logical

• Loughborougli Gar-
deners'

' National ChiTsan-
i Ihcmum ... 26J,

Royal Horticultural
i (Scientific Com-
mittee)

Fruit and Vegetable

Committee

Tamworlh Chrysan-

I thcmuni

i Stricklandia cucrosi-

[ oides

Trees and shrubs—
Lonicera Hilde-

I brandiana

, Wasps

i Weather lore for Oc-
tober

Weather vagaries,

some, of 1901

Week's Work, the-
j Flower Garden

Fruits under Glass..
I Hardy Fruit Garden
I Kilchen Garden ...
i Orchid Houses, the.
i Plants under Glass .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Bougainvillei glabra

Helvella crispa

Mamillaria sulcata

Newby Hall, Yorks. the scit of Capt. Vyner

Olearia sleilulata (Unnnianal in the nursery of
Messrs. Jas. \'eitch it Sons (Supplement)

Opuiitiachivarioidesvar. ciistati

Opuntia microdasys

Stricklandia eucrosioides

B.\CK .\T JOHANNESBURG!

JOHANNESBURG once more, after nearly
a year and a lialf of enforced exile at
Port Elizabeth. On the journey up little
was to he seen in the way of vegetation, the
end of .lunc Ijeinj; midwinter; hut pefliaps
a few rough notes may l)e of interest.

Leaving f restless Port Elizabeth, the rail-
way passes for some 60 miles through dense
bush, where elephants still subsist. Crimson-
flowered Aloes and Tecoma capensis are in
bloom, while a few Oxalis begin to unfold
their brilliant flowers. Mounting higlier,
toiling uj) the Kisli River valley, an armoured
train [H'cceded us; all honour to those brave
men who man it, and to the driver and fire-
man of our train, as rebel Boers still lurk
here and there in the fearful masses of
Prickly Pear. Oi>untia vulgaris, which has
gained the mastery of the native Imsh over
a vast tract of the Karoo veldt. Hrotlier
Boer tried to blow up oiu- train, but his
little game failed. Very nuich of the in-
terior of the ('ape Colony is so rainless that
even Kiicalypti, where not irrigated, siiuply
(lerish from diought.

Crossing the Orange River over the vast
bridge at Norval's Pont, we enter the Orange
River Colony, and grassy plains then begin
to appear, to the exclusion of the small,
dwarfed bush so typical of the Karoo veldt.
Nearing Bloemfontein, the flat-topped moun-
tains recede into the far distance, and we
see nothing on each side but enormous flat
plains covered with " Rooi " grass, Anthis-
tiria eiliata, good for sheep and cattle.

The soil is often good, and varies from a
heavy black loam to a brown, red, or whitish
sandy loam, generally free from stone, and of
a good depth. Farms have the everlasting
Weeping Willow planted round them, and
only at one homestead did I notice some
healthy young Pinus insignis. Bloemfontein
was passed at night. Lombardy Poplars
and Eucalyptus Globulus seem to do well
here. Wood of all kinds is very scarce in
the Orange River Colony, and everywhere
the wasteful, dirty habit obtains of burning
" mist," dried cow and ox-dung— wasteful
when we know it is manure ; dirty, as every-
one confesses who uses it. Even the wootl
posts of the railway-fence have been care-
fully dug up and used for fuel. The absence
of cultivation generally is most remarkable,
the country has hardly been scratched, and
is as bare of clothing as the natives. We
hope before long to see State forests began
on a gigantic scale ; the Africander will then
see with his own eyes the potent wealth of
the soil, wherever the rainfall is adequate.

On nearing Johannesburg, we were made
aware that a guerilla war was going on. An
armoured train, as I have said, preceded us
from VerecnigingtoElandsfontein,andat this
last place where we slept, a Boer attack being
imminent, the railway platform was strewn
with sleeping soldiers, gun at hand. At
three in the morning I could sleep no longer
in the railway-cariiage, thoughts of my
home and park so near at hand made me get
up and pace the platform, until dawn, in
company with a fine young Scot going to
join his regiment at Krugersdorp under
'•Tullcbardine,"a descendant we remember
of the famous " planting " Duke of Athol. It
was a biting and an eager frosty wind that
blew, nearly 0,000 feet above sea-level. How
I looked for the first primrose-tint of eastern
sky. All the great mines around us, which
two years ago blazeil with electric light, are
now" dark and cold and still. Wc left for
the Rand at sunrise, and soon we saw forests
stretchingaround,for here the land isclothed,
and may we add, in its right mind.

JOHANSESBURG.

Soon the plantations of Jeppestown bore
in sight, and it was with a curious feeling
I alighted at Park Station once more. The
town seemed half asleep, but how the
trees in the streets have grown— won-
derful. Very soon I made my way to the
Park, which was hardly to be known, so
vast has been the tree-growth in my ab-
sence. Very conspicuous were Acacia deal-
bata, mollissima, and melanoxylon, Euca-
lyptus viminalis and Globulus, Pinus in-
signis. Pinaster, Halepensis, and longifolia;
Cryptomcria japoniia, Cupressus maiio-
cai'pa, and semi>ervirens, Juniperus Bcr-
nmdiana, Casuarina tenuissima, Cedrus
Deodara, Quercus robur, Castanea vcsca,
and Paulownia imperialis. Fruit-trees have
done wonderfully well; Peaches of all
varieties, Nectarines, Plums, common and
Japanese ; Apricots, Apples, Vines, and es-

pecially Prunes, of which the Californian
variety d'Agen I expect to see. largely
grown in the near future.

My books and papers, regarding which I
had manv uiisgivings, were all right.
Loudon. Van Mueller, Schlich, Harvey,
Sonder, Repton, 7v>»' Bulletin, and last but
not least, the Gardeners' Chronicle volumes,
I greeted them all again. My small her-
barium was also safe. Your Boer loves to
commandeer gold, but he has a rooted aver-
sion for what makes th(>gold, i.e., knowledge.

Per contra, I found much to groan over.
The care of the conservatories, through no
fault of the man who had been acting in my
place, had been handed over to the tender
mercies of a coolie who did not know a Paliu
from a Primula, with results which may be
imagined. Nothing had been re-potted for
two years, and I could have sworn like a
trooper at the state my Orchids were in.
Many valuable plants had vanished into the
" blue,'' a fine Cocos Weddelliana amongst
them; to which plai'c has also gone a hylirid
Vine, from which I hoped much. But with
plodding and patience, all will yet l>e well.
if. ir. Adlam, Curator, Jouhert Park; Johaniws-
biirij. SriJtember 1, 1901.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

"LINDENLV."
Till-: plants figured in the recently - issued
double nuiiil)er, dated September 1."), are of
exceptional beauty and iiUorcst. They com-
prise the following : —

GKKiNANi.— Flowers

. scL'iiicnts spreading

ctcgans and L.

c.vrn.Kv.v x c.\i.cmm.\t.\
II cent., tint, orbicular in niilliiu'.
lanceolate, whitish, llu.-ilicl ^ni.i
lip three-lobed, basal loii., n ii
terior lobe narrowed al iIh' i.:i,
tr.ansvei-sely oblong, rich vh.IcI Ii
raised by M. Bleu out of C. interni
It llowers in August ; t. "19.

CYPHiPEDiuM X i)utixEi,i,F.NSE.— A hybrid between
C Rothschildianum and C. venustum, possessing the
Hue qualities of Rothschildianum with some peculiar
to itself; t. 7.il.

Cvi'Kii'KDiuM Exui, VAit. At'RANTiACA. — Standard
white with a central yellow blolcli and a tew purplisli
spots : the petals and lip are of a deeper yellow than in
the type: t. 746.

L.ia.io-C.vn-I.KVA x I'ltivcn-i.'vii Kln\vcv< vomi.lish
in circumscription, l.'> c-cni :i n. .■•■hhui- -in.iii-

ing. lanceolate, or oM:u, ■■•■.. Iau- , u ihi li.-l " i li

lilac; basal lobes of Icr ^i"lii. "i.i|'l"i'- i'"i"i.i iiie
column, anterior lobe ricli pia|ilc«iil
atlhcljase. It is a seedling (roiu L.
piirpurata, t. 7.'»0.

On, IDIIM TllilllNUM VAH. SI'I.ENDIDA. — FlOWei'S

ol,i ii:it scgiiionts linear lanceolate, recurved,

vcIImwHiHi' liiown blotches: lip larger, narrow at the
i,,i.( r\|i;,ii.liiig into a broad canary-yellow limb.
iMc.vitii; I. 7ir.

ONClDlUM VAUICOSUM VAU. LlNDENI. — A WilltCr-

(lowering variety described ill our columns, December,
1899 : I. 7ri2.
TuiCHOi'KNTlifM Ulioiri.ri 1,11 M I'li.Hc'i-, ;'■'■"'•

long, 0l)l0.1K. (I^H , -L- IM- pirnlinv , . 1 , 1 , , ,1 - , . , 1 , , 1 C,

piirplish-bruvvii ; lip vm 1 1 1 mH- ■■•i- " '"'■'

a broad, oblong Illilli.v l :.l l !,.■ h:. ,.-. u 1, 1 1r in inuil,

with a few purple lines. .Nortli lliazil ; t. , 1h.

ZvdOPETAi.OM BUHTI VAH. Wai.i.isii.— A magnificent
form witli llnvver M cent, across, (lat, likca .'ipoiiiteil
sl:n p.riiiiilli segments spreading, lanccohilc Iroin a,
1)11., Mi i.:i I-. HUM IV nerved, and of aricli ihhuhhi .■..l..iir,
Willi ,. v.iImu l>ic)lch at the base: liii "i -imiiI.u imm
:iiiil .nliiriiiiiiii but smaller. It is a nunv.i i.i ( o^la

" DlCTIONNAIRK ICONOf;UAPllT()t;H DES
ORCIltDKKS."

No. 45 for September, 1901, contains coloured
figures and descriptions of the following spe-
cies and varieties : — ■

1. Aeridcs vandarum, Rchb. f. ; 2. Aiigra>-
cuin stylosum, Rolfo ; 3. Ansel I ia gigantea,
Rchb. f. ; 4. A. confusa, N. E. Brown ; Ti.
Cattloya Triansei var. Schrodersc alba; 6. Cy-
pripcdiuni Youngijo, ITort. ; 7. Dendrobium
transparens. Wall. ; 8. Kpidendriim fragrans,
Sw. ; i). Lfelio - Cattlcya " Iniperatrice do
Russio ; " 10. Masdevallia Schroderiana,

254

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 5, 1901.

Hort. ; 11. Odontoglossum Adrianse, L. Linil. ;
12. O. A. var. Andre; 13. O. A. var. "Queen
Alexandra."

This is a most useful and trustworthy pub-
lication, edited by M. Cogniaux, whose acute-
lu'ss and accuracy are only equalled by his
diligence.

MILDEW.

In the report of Mr. Arthur Paul's lecture on
Roses before the Royal Horticultural Society,
1 observe a lamentation over the great pre-
valonco of mildew in recent seasons. Edge
Hall Garden has been always a notorious nur-
sery for mildews. It was from specimens sent
from it tliat the spot disease of Lilies, and two
or three other forms of mildew, before un-
known in England, were first described ; and
I regret to say that the garden still maintains
its imcnviablo I'eputation. Therefore, I need
hardly say that everything which appears in
the Gardeners' Chronicle concerning remedies
and preventives of mildew is eagerly read and
put into practice, but seldom with great
success. Roses and their ailments are in such
careful and experienced hands that I will only
say of them that my gardener has found
syringing with Veltha Emulsion the best remedy
ho has yet tried for incipient mildew. Veltha
is a preparation sold by most nurserymen in
two forms : as a powder of the consistently of
coarse sand, and as an emulsion for liquid use ;
full instructions are given for the use of both,
and I have used both extensively. But besides
Roses, Michaelmas Daisies have for three or
four seasons been dreadfully disfigured by
mildew. The mildew which affects them seems
entirely external, and comes on first in hot,
dry weather in July. The plants look as if
they had been dredged with very lino (lour,
and though it is not fatal to them, they look
ghastly, and wither prematurely. I am not
sure whether the mildew is entirely atmo-
spheric or is retained in the soil. In hot, dry
summers wo often see the leaves of whole
iields of Swede-turnips covered with similar
powder. However, last winter I dug up
and divided all my Daisies, soaking every
lump before replanting in a solution of
sulphide of potassium, half-an-ounce to a
gallon. I also dressed the surface as di-
rected with Veltlia powder ; and when the
plants were growing, I watered them with
Bordeaux-mixture. Which of the remedies
possessed the greatest virtue I cannot say !
Ijut between them I have nearly got rid of the
mildew, which still continues in a part of the
garden which escaped this treatment.

Another mildew destroys ray Flag Irises and
hybrid Montbretias. I was told by an expert,
to whom I sent leaves, that though different in
appearance, tin- disease was thesame on both.
Brown, withoriMl palclii's appear on the leaves,
generally in tlic luiddlo, and spread both ways,
destroying the plant when they reach the
base. On Irises this mildew is now very pre-
valent throughout the country. I have found
it existing more or less in every garden I have
examined this year ; but in healthy gardens its
progress is slow, and it seems to attack only a
part of the ehuup. At Kew and in Holland it is
treated by powdered sulphate of copper dusti^l
on the surface ; but this treatment does not
seem to exterminate it. It is worst on the
hybrids generally called German Irises. Of
t hese I have had to dig up and burn about three-
fourths ; the rest I have treated as I treated
the Asters, adding powdered sulphate of copper
on the surface. The result has not been very
.successful.

The Montbretias are more easily treated.
The Irises being evergreen, the disease seems

to be retained in the tissues of the leaves ;
but it does not seem to descend into the corm
of the Montbretias. Anyhovi', by soaking
these in solution of sulphide of potassium, and
planting them in untainted soil in partial
shade — for bright sunshine seems to aggravate
the disease, I seem to be getting the upper
hand. But I leai'n something new about the
cultivation of these beautiful flowers every
season, and have never before had them so
good, or seen them anywhere so good, as they
have been in my garden this year. The rules
for their successful cultivation are few and
simple, though I see that different correspon-
dents to the papers differ much in their advice
concerning them.

Another remarkable and fatal mildew has
destroyed, or is destroying, my whole stock of
a hybrid Saxifrage, known as the white-
flowered S. Boydi. I have had this ever since
its introduction, and besides many bunches on
stone-heaps, had thirty or forty pots of it.
First a single crown turns brown and withers,
then, in spite of all attempted remedies, the
disease spreads to the whole plant. This
must not be confused with the effects of sun-
burn, which is common on Saxifrages of this
class. When exposure to the sun is the cause,
the burnt parts may be cut out, and the plant
recovers ; but cutting out is useless in a
mildewed plant. C. WoUeij Dod, Edf/c IlaU,
Mai pan.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

LONICERA HILDEBRANDIANA.
This handsome Honeysuckle 1ms been men-
tioned more than once of late in these columns,
and was illustrated at p. 219, September 17,
1H98 ; but its value in the garden is so great
that I venture to add a few details about the
plant, more especially as it is seen growing in
Mr. Ewbank's garden at Ryde. Those who
are acquainted with the species, and who
saw the plant, were surprised at seeing
such line trusses as those sent to the Drill
Hall recently from Mr. Ewbank's garden.
I mentioned the exhibit to several whom
1 thought it would interest during the
day, but judging from the replies given, it
would appear the majority concluded that all
the fineness of the exhibit was due to the
favourable climate of the Isle of Wight. Xow
there is a brief history attaching to this parti-
cular plant, which will show that however
much the climate of Ryde has to do with the
floriferousness of the plant, it may be grown
in the same locality without flowering at all;
indeed, this has happened. The climate is,
tlicrefore, not the all-in-all. When Mr. Ew-
bank received his plant, it was grown in a
pot in the greenhouse ; it remained there for
several years, but never showed flowers,
though it was healthy and strong. Eventu-
ally it was planted out against a west wall,
where it received full sunshine. I believe the
plant has never received water artificially,
or at least sparingly. The plant's florifer-
ousness and vigour are owing to the warm
position in which it is planted, the shoots
ripening thoroughly. The leaves possess a
substance more akin to that of the JIagnolia.
The same species of plant at Kew in the No. 4
range, althoui;h being the parent of the other,
makes many yards of growth in a season, has
a stem equal to a large walking-stick, but so
far as I can see, it does not flower, or only
sparingly so. It is quite distinct, too, in leaf-
colouring and substance. Probably the par-
tially-shaded position in the greenhouse may
have to do with the thinner leaves. What I
desire to show is, that Mr. Ewbank's plant
undoubtedly owes its successful flowering to
the hot position. E. Jenkins.

THE SEED TRADE.

REPORT OF CROPS IN HOLLAND.

The following report is afforded us by
Messrs. Sliiis & Groot, seed growers, &c., at
Enkhuizen, Holland, and may be of interest to
some of our readers : —

"A severe winter, with sharp frost, which
proved qnite disastrous for most biennials,
particularly Cabbages and Turnips, was fol-
lowed by unfavourable spring weather. Rain
and snow interfered with the cultivation of
the fields, and with planting and sowing.
Later on it improved, and owing to the favour-
able summer the prospects as a whole are
satisfactory.

Canliflower promises a good crop.

Wliite Cabbage. — A great many plants were
lost by severe frost. What have escaped have
developed partly well and partly very well.
We estimate our crop at about one-fourth of
the amount which would have been harvested
it no plants had been frozen.

Red Cabbage has suffered less from frost than
the white varieties, and consequently it
promises a better crop.

Savoy, Brussels Sproitts. — The crops will be
poor.

Itorecole. — A middling crop.

Turnip. — Only very few plants escaped the
frost, and some varieties were entirely lost -
consequently the crop of seed is a very small
one.

Sicede was not S3 badly injured as Turnip,
and the plants that lived have developed very
well ; we expect a proportionately better crop.

Mangold, Beet, Sagar-Bcct stand very well,
and promise a good crop.

Carrot looks very well, but is only grown
here on a small scale, and consists mostly of
local varieties.

Onion. — Although not quite exempt from
disease, the general appearances are very
good, and justify our expectation of a good
crop.

Leek stands well.

Corn-salad. — A great deal of that which wa.s
sown was lost in the winter, the rest being iv
middling crop.

Spinach is being harvested now, so that
exact information about the crop cannot be
given, but we expect it to be three-quarters to
full.

Peas. — Early varieties are good, but the late
ones have suffered from heat, and arc below
average.

Radish looks well, although in some fields
the plants are not exempt from lice.

Spanish Radish stands pretty well.

iScor.:onera. — Average crop.

Celeriac, Parsley, promise a good crop.

Cherinl was partly killed hy frost ; and that
which was left produced an average crop.

English Beans. — Mediocre; have suffered
from heat.

Running Beans, Dwarf Beans, Cucumbers. —
Stand well, and promise a good crop.

As regard flower seeds, which we are grow-
ing again on a considerable scale this year, we
are glad to say that, generally speaking, we
may expect a pretty good crop. Consequently
we are likely to be able to siipply nice quan-
tities of several of our specialties, such as
Nasturtium, tall and dwarf, as well as N.
peregrinura, &e."

October 5, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

255

CACTI.

Charles Darrah, Esq., of Holly Point,
Heaton Mersey, near Main'hester, is the
fortunate possessor of a coIlcL-tion of rare
and interesting Cacti which lills seven
glasshouses ; and many of the rarer species
have been imported from their native
country by Mr. Darrah, who is sparing of no
expense in procuring them. Maniillaiiii
(Anhalonium) sulcata (fig. 74) flowered rii
Holly Point for the first time in the suninui-
of 11)00. The flower is of a purple colour.
and la.sts about four days ; it opens ai
about 11 A.M., and closes at about 'i p.m.
Opuntia clavarioides var. cristata (fig. 75) is
considered to be one of the gems of the col-
lection ; the plant shown is grafted on one d
the more robust-growing Opuntias. O. niicrn-
da.sys monstro.sa (fig. 70) is a very handsonii'
plant, almost covered with bright yellow-
coloured spines.

Opuntias are of easy cultivation, provided
they are potted in one-half linic-rubblo and
equal parts of peat and clayey loam, to which
a little barilla is added to neutralise the acid
in the clayey soil ; and they are exposed
always to the fullest amount of sunshine. The
drainage should be very good, aiul way consist
of broken brick or sandstone.

No part of an Opimtia should ever be allowed
to touch the ground, but be supported by bits
of rock, brick, cScc. When tin- Inii'dicr species
are planted out-of-doors, the site sliould be
elevated above the surrounding level, and well
drained. The best place for them, therefore,
is the sunniest part of a rockery.

The photographs from which the figures were
prepared were kindly furnished by Mr. C.
Darrah.

HARDY FRUIT AT BARIIAM COURT.
The Crystal Palace fruit-show of this year is
near at hand, and there is naturally .some con-
cern in the minds of ordinary exhil)itors at
that exhibition as to their own prospects, as
well as tho.se of others. That there will be
keen competition is certain, and in spite of
the fact that in many districts hardy fruit is a
moderate crop, there will no doul>t bo very fine
samples staged. Of competitors, few liave
occupied a higher position with Apples and
Pears, but the former especially, than has Mr.
Woodward, who is Mr. Roger Leigh's very able
gardener at Harham Court, and it was with
exceeding interest and curiosity tliat 1 very
recently -visited his gardens, not only to
see how his fine fruits wore produced, but also
to sec how far he was likely this year to be a
competitor — formidable or otherwise.

Barhaui Court undoubtedly is situated in one
of the most favoured parts of Kent, so far as
fruit and Hop culture are concerned. The soil
is of a fairly deep, retentive loam, and the
situation is one sloping gently to the south,
with ample shelter on the east side. But then
it would be folly to assume that these are ad-
vantages obtainable onlyat Wateringbury. On
the valley side which margins the Medway
there are myriads of spots as warm, as
sheltered, with as good soil and surround-
ings, but they are not devoted to
Iruit - culture. In all these places — given
labour, manure, and practical knowledge,
such as is found at Barham Court, and all that

l'"l(l. ;.'>,— Ol'r MIA ( I ,VV.\liI01DES VAll. IHISTATA.

is done there could be done elsewhere. Then
one of the strange features of the gardens
here, some ton or eleven acres, is that by far
the greater portion is given over to hardy frnii
culture. Some is devoted to vegetal)les. Imt
not a great deal.

Al'l'I/KS.
Mr. Koger Leigh planted so largely some
years ago when the late Mr. Haycock was
ill charge, because he is a fruit cnthusiasi .
But then the original trees were largely
trained artificially, and very many that border
the foot-paths were planted and trained as
horizontal cordons — a somewhat fanciful
method of training, which does not find favour
now. Before the planting, the ground, natu-
rally good, was trenched very deeply, and fairly
w(Ml manured. IS'o wonder then that all ^\^■
scriptions of trees, no matter of what form.
grew almost luxuriantly, and produced far loi^
much wood. Mr. Woodward, when he tool;
charge of the gardens, said that the system
in operation was faulty, and therefore he
allowed all these artificial or cramped trees
to come away into free growth gradually,
.so that no horizontal cordons are to Im
.seen anywhere, but very many flat - lo|>
trees that have grown from out of them,
having branches from !> to 10 feet in h<;ighl.
and g(Mii'rally fruiting freely. In the innei
portions of the fruit quarters the trees are
almost exclusively of bush form. They .seem
to be rather elosivplanted, as many are bul
10 feet apart; but the pruning keeps the

branches thin, and these, too, are either well
spurred, thus forming branch cordons, or, as
seen in so many cases, the fruit is of such
abundance that the crops form the best
check on too vigorous growth.

I was particularly struck with the fact that
in summer and winter pruning, both on bush
trees and wall trees, of Pears, Mr. Wood-
ward does not act according to the tech-
nical Cocker. He does not summer-prune
until the end of August, or even later ; and
when he winter-prunes, he then does not leave
the bases of f hose summer shoots as spurs, but
practically cuts them out. By that act ho
forces the production of a base-bud close to
the main stem, and in nearly every case that
I)ud the second year becomes a fruit-bud.
There are no long spurs on his trees, but of
fruit generally there is at once plenty and
wonderfully fine. There are no Apples on walls
or under glass in any way. Every Apple
is grown on open trees of the nature
described. The splendid samples obtained are
due first to the deep soil, second to liberal
manure mulches, and third to heavy waterings
when the trees are laden with fruit. It is only
possible to get fine samples when these re-
nuirements are furnished. \Yhat marvellous
crops I saw on bush trees of Stone's Pippin
Surely, 20 acres of such trees and such a crop
would represent a fortune for any one. Then
what grand fruits of Peasgood's Nonsuch, Eiu-
jieror Alexander, Bismarck, Warner's King,
I'lince Albert, Meredo Menage, Beautyof Kent,
•New Hawthornden, Belle du Bois, Lord Derby,
lower of Ulamis, Tyler's Kernel, Lord Gros-
venor, and many other of the finest kitchen
and dessert varieties on these bushes !
What Cox's Orange Pippins, both in size
and ((uantity ; Kibston Pippins, quite re-
niirkable samples ; Worcester Pearmain,

)I'UNIIA I\ll

256

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 5, 1901.

Allington Pippin, specially fine, and far too
many others to mention here ! they will be
seen at the Crystal Palace doubtless in d>ie
course. Whilst referring to Apples it is
worthy of mention that I was shown a two-
guinea tree, a very small one, which being
cut back to make it break, had only three
shoots upon it ; but Mr. Woodward, when he
cut back this maiden last winter, wisely re-
solved to use the severed shoots as grafts,
and in the spring it was worked on to a small
tree standing on the Paradise stock. Now may
be seen from the three grafts eleven shoots
stout and sturdy, generally 24 inches long, so
that if the original tree was worth 4"2s., the
grafted one is worth six times that sum. Pro-
bably it will not be long before samples of
Charles Ross will be furnished from Barham
Court.

Pears.

Pears on walls are truly splendid ; some of
the finest crops are on grid iron -shaped trees —
that is, those which have base branches of
lateral form, from which rise vertical ones
to the top of the IC-feet walls, laden with
really grand fruits. Some trees are hori-
zontally. Some fan-trained. It seems to matter
little how the trees are trained, there are the
fruits. One matter of the apparently most
trifling natiire, yet very unusual, arrested my
attention in connection with all the wall trees,
no matter on what aspect grown. It was the
securing just on the front of each stem, close
to the ground, a piece of cork bark, the object
being to prevent the hot sun- rays from scorch-
ing the bark of the tree stems — bark being used
because it is less noticeable than anything else.
Whether there is anything useful in this prac-
tice or not, certainly Mr. Woodward isastrong
believer in its eflicacy, and the splendid Peach,
Nectarine, and Pear trees seen on the walls
by scores, and their superb crops, bear eloquent
testimony to his judgment. There were grand
crops of Pitiuaston Duchess, Beurre de Mor-
tillet, Margaret Marillat, Doyenne du Comice,
Duchess d'Angouleme, Durondeau, Beurrc' Diel,
.fosephine de Malines, Winter Nelis, Passe
Crassane, Nouvelle Fulvie, and indeed far more
than there is time to note.

Peaches.

Peaches again are an immense crop ; these
are on east and west, as also on south
walls, scores of grand trees ranging 18 feet
by 10 feet each, and perfectly furnished in
every part, and splendidly fruited. There is
one wall 80 feet long by 10 feet high, that
has a glass front 10 feet wide, the lower
part a plate being 8 feet from the ground.
There is no other protection. Here Sea Eagle
and Nectarine Peaches chiefly, with one tree
of Princess of Wales, covered the wall to an
inch, and all have grand crops. It is not
usual to see Peaches on east walls as is the
case here. There are three span Peach-bouses,
and nearly all the trees in them are standards,
some have heads 10 to 18 feet through; all
these fruit abundantly. There is one old
standard outside, between two of the houses,
brought out several years since from inside,
where it mildewed badly. This fruits annually,
and when I saw it, it was laden with good
fruits. It is a Royal George ; it has been out-
side ten years.

Mr. Woodward fears that by the time the
fruit-show is held. Peaches in the south will
be all over. Probably Plums will be scarce
also then. If asked how is Barham Court likely
to show at the Crystal Palace, I should say
well, certainly, but not so largely as 'u\ some
preceding years. Not all varieties are fruiting
so well this year as are those I have men-
tioned. A. D.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Housixr; the Plants. — Place under cover
those plants which have been grown to yield
large blooms for exhibition or otherwise. Do
not permit plants which have opening buds
upon them to remain out-of-doors with a view
to retarding them ; it would not retard them,
but the blooms would be spoilt by rain and
heavy dews. The purposes for which the
plants are required should be studied before
housing them, so that they may Ije arranged in
batches. Late plants that do not promise to
be in time for any particular show should be
afforded the warmest part of the house, and
iiiee i'ersn. It is an unwise proceeding to place
them all together, and then realise in a few
days that they must be re-arranged.

The best house for Chrysanthemums would
be a span-roofed greenhouse, but seldom can
such a house be afforded them. Vineries or
Peach-houses from which the crops have been
gathered will suit them well. All lateral
growths may now be removed from the Vines
to admit as much light as possible; and any
thinning that will be necessary for the Peach-
trees may also be done now.

In respect to arranging the plants, it is
best to form a sloping bank of them ; the
blooms may be better seen thus, and there is
greater convenience. If the chief motive be
that of exhibition, place the Japanese varie-
ties in a house by themselves, so that more
flre-heat can be afforded them when the
blooms are developing. The flowers are
thereby improved, the colours are brighter,
and the florets develop more kindly than they
do where no fire-heat is employed. In all
cases place the plants as near to the glass as
possible ; they may be placed quite closely
together if space be limited. The bottom
leaves of the more hidden plants will quickly
turn yellow and fall, but not much harm can
happen to the plants in consequence, because
the lower leaves will have carried out their
functions before they fall.

When the plants are placed under cover
they will need alnindance of air. Open all
the ventilators quite wide day and night ; and
if the weather be dry and bright, and the buds
are not showing colour, the plants will be all
the better if they are syringed once each
morning for a week or so. The plants will
seldom require water more than once a day.
The pots being packed closely together, air
does not pass among them so freely, and the
sun does not so readily reach them. A dry
atmosphere will tend to prevent the spread of
mildew. AVhatever watering is required should
be done in the morning. In damp or foggy
weather less air may be admitted, and tiie hot>
water pipes should be warmed during the day.
If mildew appears, dust the plants affected
with sulphur at once. The roof-glass should
be kept quite clean until the blooms are un-
folding, so that the plants may have all the
light possible.

Continue to feed the plants luitil the blooms
are quite three-parts expanded, never giving
strong doses. If sulphate of ammonia be
applied to late plants it will hasten their
development, and is quite safe if not more
than J oz. be dissolved in 1 gallon of weak
manure-water. Early plants that are de-
veloping their blooms shmdd be afforded a
position by themselves, where they may be
lightly shaded by stretching tiffany over the
glass outside, or inside above the plants. It
would be better still to arrange the plants in
the house so that they face to the north, or
under Vines where the foliage will give a
sufBciency of shade. E, Molyneu.r,

Autumn-flowering Pinks.
The best Pinks owe their existence to Mr.
B. Ladhams, of Shirley, Southampton, who
has raised several improved varieties, espe-
cially those that produce flowers for a long^
period of time. At the present time he has iu
flowering three superb varieties, quite as full
of flower now as they are expected to be in
early summer. These are perpetual-flowering,
and a useful addition to border flowers.
Florence is a handsome flower, with pure
white petals, heavily blotched or marked in
the centre with crimson-purple; it is a full,
fragi'ant flower. Marion is a fringed Pink, a
rosy-mauve self, very sweet-scented, and free-
flowering. Mabel is of a pale pink tint, with
plum-coloured mai-kings in the centre, and it
is heavily fringed, and strongly fragrant.
E. Molijneiix.

Growing Chrysanthemums.

On Tuesday, September 17, at a well attended
meeting of the Dulwich Chrysanthemum So-
ciety, Mr. Taylor completed the paper on
"Growing and Exhibiting Chrysanthemums,"
which he had previously brought up to the
stage of placing the plants iu their summer
quarters.

After some preliminary remarks, the taking
the bud came under consideration, and begin-
ners were recommended to take the buds earlier
than usual. All buds, with the exception of
those of the Viviand Morel family, should be
taken by the third or last week in August, and
even these should be secured by September 1.
To obtain biuls in some varieties, it is neces-
sary to pinch in April, thus causing an earlier
break, while others (Phoebus, for instance),
should develop naturally at the right date if
struck in .lanuary. Mrs. Weekes, Florence
Molynoux, and Edith Tabor do well if struck
late in March, and the first bud is secured.
In a large collection recently seen at Brighton,
and grown for exhibition about November 12,
the buds were taken at a much earlier date
than that usually recommended.

Some growers find that the blooms on buds
taken late develop too early, but an earlier
bud takes so much longer to develop its many
petals, that the remedy is rather in taking
early than late.

The next consideration is housing the plants,
which should take place about October 1,
although the weather, too, must be considered.
For the first week, air should be afforded when-
ever possible, and the syringe used lightly
early in the day if the weather be bright.
Fumigate on alternate nights, and afterwards
fumigate once a week. Other pests should be
caught and killed. Slight shading is beneficial
when the blooms are unfolding. If it is found
that a plant will be too early for the pui'pose
required, remove it to a dry, dark room, and
afford but little water ; or the blooms may be
cut, the stems stripped of leaves and placed in
bottles, if for show. Should a plant be back-
ward keep in the warmest part of the house.

When cutting blooms for show, leave about
18 ins. of stem ; and even when placed in their
cups, leave an inch of stem to enable any neces-
sary dressing to be done at the show. Take
care that no duplicates appear where distinct
varieties are required. Ai-range the blooms in
a pleasing contrast of colour, say Phoebus
against Wm. Seward, and Mrs. G. W. Palmer
by the side of Edith Tabor — never putting two
of one colour together. When on the exhibi-
tion-table raise the back row as high as the
cups and tubes will allow, place the second
row just above the bottom florets of the back
row, and the same with the front. Adjust the
name-cards and the class-card in their proper
places.

October :>, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

257

Beginners are strongly reeommemlecl : not to
enter in too many classes; to send in their entry
in good time ; to carefully follow the direc* ions
and regulations in the schedule ; set up their
exhibits in goorl time ; and to accept the verdict
of the judges in good faith. A good discussion
foUowcrl, many little ditfieulties being eluci-
dated by Jlr. Taylor.

At t'le October mid-monthly meeting of the
Society, Mr. Percy Waterer has kindly con-
sented to give a paper on "Chrysanthemums,"
and a big attendance is looked for.

Newby's nearest railway station is Borobridge,
three miles distant, on the North Eastern line
from Harrogate to Pilmoor. Part of the way
lies through the very large park that sur-
rounds Newby Hall, for it is one of those
country residences where the land, as far as
the eye can see and further, belongs to the
owner of the house, where there is abundant
fishing and shooting, and means for the enjoy-
ment of most other country sports.

The house is Ijuilt of red brick, and is un-
pretentious. Originally, it is said to have

Captain Vyner sets great store. Its inscriptioa
is thus : —

■•THIS EQUESTRI.-VN STATUE, OF
.TOHN SOBIESKI, KING OF POLAND,

Tvanifling on a Turk, was bought by Robt. Vyuer,
iu ltj7.5. at Lcglioru.
He altered it to represent Charles II. and Oliver Cronr-
well, and Erected it iu the Stocks market, London.
The market was removed in 17.'i.S to make place for the
Mansion House, wlien tlie Statue was placed in au
Inn Yard till 1770. It was then given to Kobt. Vyner,
Esq., who look it to Gantby. iu Lincolnshire, froui
whence it was brought to its present site in 1SS3."

-NEWBY n.M.r,, YOttKS, THE SE.VT OI' r,\PT. VVNEK.

NEWBY HALL, YORKSHIRE.

The residence illustrated in (ig. 77 l)elongK
to Captain Vyner, and is in rather an out-of-
the-way district of the great county of York-
shire. By this is meant that the estate is not
near to the main line of railway, and in conse-
quence the number of visitors is not usually
very largo. At the .same time, it is in an
exceedingly interesting locality, for it is only
four or five miles from Uipon, and, in a<l(Iition
to the beautiful cathedial at the latter place,
there are Studley Royal, and many other <lc-
lightful residences within a ton miles' <-ircle.

been built in 170.") from a design by Sir Chris-
topher Wren, but it has been enlarged and
altered very considerably since. Our view
shows the .south front, the chief feature of
which is a formal flower-garden on the terrace,
with liox-cdging to all of the beds, surrounded
by a stone wall and palisades. There are no
rare trees in the picture, but a White Birch
may be easily distinguished. There is a plea-
sant view from this point over the river I're,
that runs through the estate. A new entrance
has been made on the cast side, where (honi
is a long and neatly kept ribbon border. .Inst
outside in the park is a statue, upon which

The kitchen garden ineludcs C acres of
ground, and the soil is exceptionally heavy.
It is a curiotis garden in several respects. Not
only is there a long pool in its centre with a
broad grass walk by i(s side, but the oblong-
shaped ground, deeply depressed in the centre,
issnrrouiuled by walls, aiul another wall divides
it longitudinally.

At the highest corner of tho garden is Mr.
Chas. Simpson's new cottage, so tho gardener
is in the midst of his charge. At this point is
a very (in(! wroughl-iron gate, and a similar
one is at the other end of the garden. They
were made in Germany, It is said, and were

258

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 5, 1901.

exhibited at the 'Workl's Fail-, Chicago. The
old-fashioned character of the kitchen garden
is shown by the Box-edging in parts, as well
as by some very old fruit-trees, the numljer of
which Mr. Simpson has wisely decreased.
"With such heavy soil to cultivate, the raising
of good kitchen garden croj^s is not an easy
task, but BIr. Simpson showed us jjlenty of
vegetables in good condition, and excellent
Onions.

It may be worth while to mention that the
Strawberry which is found to succeed best in
these conditions is the old Vicomtesse Heri-
cart du Thury. Royal Sovereign, said Mr.
Simpson, although used exclusively for forcing,
was too soft for cultivation out-of-doors ; if
the weather is at all wet, the fruits decay upon
the ground or straw litter. The Loganberry,
Japanese Wineberry, and Rubus laciniatus
succeed admirably.

Mr. Simpson has been at Newby four years,
and has planted a number of young fruit-trees,
and in the course of a season or two there
should be good crops of Apples. Plums,
Pears, and Apricots succeed well on outside
walls. When looking at the wall-trees, Mr.
Simijson pointed out two trees of Plum Green-
gage, about 12 feet liigh and 12 feet wide,
which he moved last year on July 25. The
tree at the time bore a crop of fruits, and
not only retained them after removal, but
developed them to a serviceable size, showing
that the operation of transference must have
been performed with exceeding care.

Newby is not too far north for the Tomato
to succeed out-of-doors. There are 700
plants put out in a border in front of a
glass range facing south, and they are
yielding a very heavy crop. The secret of
-success is the same as it is further south,
putting the plants out sufficiently early and
cultivating them to a considerable size before
doing so. The two best varieties for this
garden are Ruby and Progmore Selected.
Six hundred Chrysanthemums are grown upon
the large bloom system, and 350 as bush
plants.

The principal glasshouses are contained in a
R-ange nearly 200 yards long, facing south,
(upon one side of the gardener's house. There
are four Peach-houses, five vineries, and one
plant-stove.

Peaches were cropping heavily, the two
favourite varieties being Royal George and
Orosse Mignonne. Like most other Scots
gardeners, Mr. Simpson takes great interest
in his Vines, which he cultivates with much
.success. That he believes in "trials," is
shown by the following list, which includes
some of the varieties grown at Newby : —
Barbarossa, Gros Colnian, Duke of Buccleuch,
Gros Maroc, Black Alicante, Mrs. Pearson (in
better condition than one sees this variety
"line times out of ten). Golden Queen, Black-
Hamburgh, Muscat of Alexandria, Madres-
field Court, Muscat Hambro', Mrs. Pince
(capitally done), Buckland Sweetwater, Bow-
hill, Lady Hutt, Lady Downe's and Poster's
Seedlings. "But," said Mr. Simpson, "as
the Vines require to be renewed, I shall only
plant varieties that best succeed here."

Notwithstanding that he is such a foe to
wasps, as shown ante, p. 114, Mr. Simpson is an
•enthusiastic and successful bee-keeper, and is
one of those gardeners who like to see the
apiary sometimes the subject of au article in
the Gardeners' Chronicle. Some interesting
details could be written of the amount of
honey he has obtained, and of a bird that had
nested in one of the hives during the present
season, but space forbids.

In conclusion, a word may be said of Captain
Vynor's stables, for most folks know that he

breeds and runs racehorses. Those who are
interested in such things would be delighted
with the line animals the writer saw in those
magnificent stables. 7'.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mayne, Gardener to the Hon. Mark Kolle,
Bictou, East Budleigh, Devonshire.

Kidnerj Beans. — Sowings in pots that were
made at the end of Augast which have stood
outdoors should now be placed under cover,
and afforded a temjierature at night of C0% and
75° or 80° with sun-heat during the day. Place
them in a light position near the glass, and
maintain a moist atmosphere by frequently
damping the pots, floors, walls, &c., sy-
ringing the plants when not in flower, and
ventilating freely in favourable weather. In
order to maintain a supply of Beans from the
end of the present month to the end of the
year, a light and well heated pit or house is
essential, and sowings should be made in
alternate weeks ; but even then the production
of pods is not always satisfactory, the sunless
days in November and December being inimical
to the forcing of French Beans. Let each
plant be supported with a few sprays of Hazel
or Birch.

Potatos. — I am lifting the crops of the
latest varieties of Potatos, and find them very
good as regards Up-to-Datc, Magnum Bonum,
and Imperator, and the tubers are very free
from disease. Potatos for winter and late
spring consumption are the better if placed in
the store the same day they are lifted, and not
left exposed on the ground. The tubers should
be placed in .small quantities together in bills
or heaps, spread to an even depth — say of C to
8 inches. If they are to be stored out-doors,
the clamps should bo formed on sloping ground
if possible, .so that moisture may readily drain
away from them ; in fact, a shallow trench
should be formed round each clamp to carry off
the water. The base of the ridge may be 4 feet
wide, and Potatos piled u]> 2; or 3 feet, clean
straw placed over them, and over all a layer
of soil 8 to 10 inches thick, making it firm and
smooth, thatching the whole with reeds. It is
considered that Potatos keep better in a clamp
made 20 inches below the ground-level, as the
tempei'ature is more even there than on the
surface. Only sound tubers should be put into
store, "seed " being sorted out and put in a
clamp by itself. The stock of Potatos should
be examined occasionally during the winter,
especially if it be found that disease has
attacked them.

Miscellaneous. — Where Laurel hedges bound
the " slips," as the quarters outside a walled-
in kitchen garden are termed, these should be
cut in with a knife, and the prunings collected
and burned, the ashes being spread on soil.
Owing to the frequent showers of late, weeds
are growing apace, and the hoe must be kept
at work whenever the weather will jiermit.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. II. Slade, Gardener to Lord Poltimore,
Polthnore Park, Exeter.

Flower beds. — In most parts of the country
the beauty of summer, the bedding, is jiast or
on the wane, more particularly in parts where
much rain has fallen. Tuberous-rooted Be-
gonias keep presentable for a longer period
than Pelargoniums, and may remain till frost
renders it advisable to clear the whole of the
beds. When clearing flower-beds it the stock
of cuttings of any plant is short, some of the
smaller plants may be potted up, either to
furnish early cuttings or for forming speci-
men plants another sea.son. Plants of Ivy-
leaved Pelargoniums and Abutilon Thompsoni,if
lifted and potted will be suitable for future
planting. Such plants will not require much
space in a cool house or fivame during winter,
where they need only protection from frost.

Afford water sparingly during winter. If these
plants have been associated in the beds with
sub-tropical plants, they may be left until
the Cannas are lifted. For several seasons
past we have let Pyrethrum aureum remain
where it has been used in summer, and it has
afforded a little colour among the duller plants
put in during the autumn.

Manuring the Beds. — It is generally more
convenient to add the necessary manure to the
beds at this season than in the spring, as the
manure to be applied in spring will be deter-
mined by the requirements of the plants to be
grown in the different beds. At this season,
beds to be filled with Wallflowers, Myosotis',
Polyanthus, &c., unless fairly rich, may be
afforded a liberal dressing of half - x-otten
manure, thoroughly incorporating it with the
soil whilst digging. Wallflowers are gross
feeders, and in early spring require abundance
of moisture that they may flower well. By
adding manure now, it will make the ground
more mellow for the plants in the summer.
Beds which it is intended to plant with bulbs
may not require much manure now if the
ground is in good condition. Possibly they
may be improved by adding to the soil some
scrapings from the roads, especially if the
soil is of a heavy nature.

Calceolarias. — To propagate the shrubby
varieties, place in a frame or frames some
sandy or gritty soil, placing a layer of
spent Mushroom-bed beneath it. Make the
cuttings from growing shoots, rejecting all
woody shoots that have flowered. The atmo-
sphere in the frame will require to be kept
moderately close until the cuttings have made
some roots.

Gladiolus. — As the stems ripen, carefully lift
the corms, and lay them in a cool house or
in cold frames to dry. Before storing them
in fibre or sawdust, separate tlie corms singly
and clean them of the loose soil.

General remarks. — The propagation of plants
for next season should be brought to a finish ;
late-struck cuttings being unsatisfactory, and
any deficiency in the stock of plants may be
met when clearing the beds by potting-up
some of the more compact-growing plants.
Nicotiana sylvestris has been used freely here,
mixed with some of the liest varieties of
Cannas. and Abutilon Thompsoni, with a
carpeting of Vinca variegata major, and has
proved very attractive, the leaves growing to
a lai'ge size, and the flower-spikes also; the
effect being enhanced by a background of
Conifers.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts, Gardener to HossEy Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

The Rose-house. — Growth in climbing varie-
ties of Roses indoors having ceased, the aim
of the gardener should be directed to ripening
the wood, as on this depends the flowering
next season. Constant ventilation day and
night, and a drier atmosphere, must be
afforded, the syringing of the plants, and
damping of paths being discontinued, or
mildew may affect the plants. Remove all very
weak growths, but do not prune the plants
for a month yet. Water should be gradu-
ally withheld from the border, but never allow
the soil to become quite dry. If the pruning
is carried out in the early part of next month,
the borders should be allowed to become dryish
for a fortnight previously. If any alterations or
renovations of borders are intended, the re-
quired materials should now be got in readi-
ness ; these consist of strong loam, road-scrap-
ings, and rotten farmyard-dung. The whole
should be well mixed together before it is used.
A Rose border should be about 3 feet in depth,
including 1 ft. depth of drainage material,
and be afforded a good outlet for moisture.
Befoi-e the soil is put in, lay turves grassy-side
downwards over the rubble. If the border be
made a month before any planting is done, it
will have settled considerably, and be little
likely to settle greatly afterwards. Good
climbing Roses are Climbing Niphetos, Climb-
ing Perlo des Jardins, Bouquet d'Or, Cheshunt

October 5, 1901.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

259

Hybrid, Madame Pierre Cochet, Marechal
Niel,Reine Mario Henrietto.Wm.AllanRicliard-
son, and Fortune's Yello^v, a variety I have
not succeeded in flowering. Other varieties
worthy of a t)laee if there is space are I'ldeale,
Climbing Mrs. W. J. Grant, Waltham Abbey
Seedling, Pink Rover, and Grand Due E.
Ludwig.

Primula sinensis, and the double-jlou'Cred
varieties should now be removed from the cold
frames in which they have been growing to
drier and slightly warmer quarters, and be
accommodated on shelves near the glass, or
the front stages of forcing-houses. Afford
water sparingly, otherwise damping off and
mouldiness about the collar may affect them,
and then nothing will prevent the loss of the
affected plants. The later batch of plants
should be kept growing in an intermediate-
house, and close to the glass.

General Remarks.— Prick off young plants of
Humea elegansand Schizanthus as they become
large enough to handle. Pot on herbaceous
Calceolarias, and prick out late seedlings.
Cinerarias now require to bo put in the pets
in which they will flower, potting only with a
moderate degree of firmness. Campanula pyra-
midalis, if not already potted, should be put
into 9-inch pots, making use of a compost of
loam, decayed manure, and mortar-rubble,
finely sifted, in lieu of sand. Keep them out-
side till frosts occur ; a cold frame will then
afford them suitable protraction. Poinsettias
will be benefited by frequent applications of
weak manure-water. Late-flowering Cannas
may bo introduced into a temperate-house for
autumn flowering.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. H. Chapman, Gardener to K. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddcii Koad, Ciiiubcrwell.

The Cattleija-hoiise. — Cattleya labiata autum-
nalis is now in flower, and at a season when
its absence would be really felt. As an im-
ported plant, and while it retains its native
vigour, it is one of the easiest of plants to
manage ; but after a time the vigorous consti-
tution declines, and cultivation becomes in-
creasingly <lillicult. The decline in vigour is
doubtless due to the freedom with which it
blooms, and the cool autumn weather assists
in retaining the flowers in a fresh condition
for a longer time than is the case with .species
flowering in the summer. It is therefore
advisable to remove the flower-spikes within a
reasonable time of the flowers becoming ex-
panded, and place them in water on the plant
or in the dwelling.

Cattleya fichrodero', C. Mendeti, C. Triana',
and Lodia p»r;)»)(i/a species and hybrids about
to finish up, sometimes collect moisture about
the base of the new jiseudo-bidljs inside the
outer covering, which become blackened and
<lecay. Where any discoloration is observed,
the skin should be slit from the top to the
bottom, and loosened, if not entirely removed
all round the growths, so that the enclosed
moisture may dry up, the plants being put into
a dryer house, and water withheld altogether
for a time. The cause of the trouble is usually
drip from the roof, or too much moisture in
the air of (he house. It is advisable at this
season to reduce the humidity of the air in
the house. Uirect draughts from the ven-
tilators, which often cause trouble in this
way, should also be guarded against.

Phalwnnpsis. — Although late in starting
into growth, the Phahenopsis having been
favoured by much bright sunshine, good
progress has been made, and the plants
are now throwing up their flower-spikes. No
species of Phahenopsis should bo afforded
water before it is seen that the moss has
become thoroughly dry, and then they should
be dipped into a vessel of water, and not
afforded water with a water-pot. The water
should be tepid, other<vise the plants will
suffer a check.

Temperatures. — The night temperature of
the Phalicnopsis - house should range from
m" to (i8" ; that of the East Indian-house (i.T to
6.5° ; the Cattleya-house 00° to 0."5° ; the inter-

mediate-house 55" to .58' ; the Masdevallla
and Odontoglossum-houses from 50' to 55°,
remembering that a few degrees below the
minimum the first thing in the morning will
not harm the plants, providing the degree of
moisture in the air is correspondinglj' reduced.
Damping down should not be proceeded with
until the normal degree of warmth in a house
is reached. The tender subjects placed in the
cool divisions diulug the summer, remove to a
warmer place forthwith.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. IlKUiiis.

Peach and Nectarine trees which are denuded
of fruit may now have the shoots that have
borne fruit removed instead of at the winter
pruning. In the case of over-strong trees of
Waterloo, Alexander, and other early varieties
of the Peach, and Early Rivers and Lord
Xapier Nectarines that have made strong
growth, root-pruning may now be undertaken
without any fear of a loss of crop next year.
Before comniencing, the borders, if dry, should
be afforded water copiously a few days pre-
viously. A commencement should be made by
digging a semi-circular trench at a distance of
about 4 feet from the stem, all roots being cut
off at that distance, and Vicing cleared, the soil
should be dug carefully away from the roots
with a diggiTig-fork within 2 feet of the stem ;
and if the existence of tap-roots is suspected,
these should l)e sought lor under the ball of
soil, and cut through with a spade. All the
strong roots should be reduced in length to
about 2' feet, measured from the stem, and
every sucker carefully removed with the knife
from the roots. If the staple bo close and
hciivy, let some lime rulibish, wood-ashes, and
charred garden refuse be mixed with it before
the roots arc relaid and planted. It is not
advisable to add any new loam to the roots of
trees that have much vigour. Make the
soil very firm when relaying the roots,
and be sun; it is firm below the ball if that
was disturbed by searching for taproots.
All roots should be laid horizontally and
evenly, but not at one level, and some
may be brought near to tho surface of the
border. Let tho finer particles of tho soil
be first spread over the roots, and afterwards
tho rougher portion, and filling in so that tho
uppermost roots are :{ inches under the surface.
At this season a copious application of water
will be beneficial, and ii' the weather is dry, an
overhead occasional syringing will assist tho
trees to retain their leaves. Peach and Nec-
tarine-trees that bear good crops annually
seldom need to be root-pruned, but young
trees need tho operation at frequent intervals
till thoy begin to bear fruit. It is advisable
at times to lift and replant young trees, and
not do much root-pruning.

Morello Cherries. — The trees which are bare
of fruit may have the fruiting-shools removed,
and tho young ones temporarily secured with
twigs and ties ; and the trees afforded a good
cleansing with water, or with Quassia-water if
black-aphis is infesting tho shoots.

side border, fermenting materials should be
got in readiness for covering it as soon as the
house is closed. In the meantime, cover the
border with lights and other means forwarding
off rain. The covering materials may- consist
of tree-leaves two-thirds, fresh stable-litter
one-third, which should be thrown into a heap
and moistened if it be dry, and then turned
over a few times. The same sort of material
should be prepared for placing inside the
vinery. Thoroughly cleanse the vinery, and
put everything into proper order, and keep it
as cool as jjossible. Vines that are to be
started next month should now be pruned.

Late Vineries. — Vines that were forwarded
by fire-heat in the spring and onward till now>
have crops of well-coloured, ripe Grapes,
which will keep much later than those that
still require fire-heat. Ventilate the vineries
freely on favourable occasions, and as the
foliage gets mature, let the temperature fall to
50°. A covering of dry, clean straw placed
over the inside border will prevent the risk of
moisture. Look over tho Grapes from time to
time for the removal of decayed berries, but if
properly ripened, and there is no drip, the
Grapes will cause very little trouble. A good
supply of the common bracken, if it be plen-
tiful, should be cut for covering late vinery
borders, this kind of covering being superior
to any other. Grapes not yet ripe must
have fire-heat briskly applied by day, with a.
free circulation of air, and the temperature
must not bo allowed to fall below 05° at night ;
and to assist the ripening of shoots keep lateral
growths closely stopped.

Soil, Ac. — Lay in a good stock of pasture-
loam of a friable nature for forming Vine-
borders, and place it in narrow ridges so as to
throw off rain and snow ; and choose a dry
time to cut it from tho pasture, and do not cut
deeper than 3 inches.

Successional Mucrics. — These will now bo fast
cleared of fruits, but they must not be neglected
in any way. Too often the borders are allowed
to become drier than is good for the Vinos.
Well fed up now, a Vino recovers from the tax
on its energies of carrying a heavy crop of
fruit, and lays in a store for a good crop next
season. Lightly dig tho border, and if the
soil is found to bo in tho least degree dry,
apply rain-water, .and follow this with an
application of rather strong li((uid-maiuire.
If only moderately dry, liquid-manure may
bo applied forthwith. If there are still
some l)unchos hanging, turn on the heat
in cold or damp weather, and admit a
little air. While tho foliage remains green,
no severe pruning should bo carried out. If
tho house is filled with ChrysanthoMunns, and
light is dosirod for thcsio, merely remove the
sub-laterals ; and cut off the ends of the laterals,
or tie them back. The untimely removal of
tho primary loaves .seriously checks root
action, and militates against next season's
crop accordingly.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McI.ntvhe, hardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant. The dlen, InncrlciUieii. l'cel)lcssliirc.

The Earliesl Pot-Viues. — In order that tho
Vines may start freely, afford thom a slight
bottom-heat, a bed of fermenting material, con-
sisting of two parts leaves and one pnil stable-
litter, being very suitable. Place Vines so that
they will remain level with the to]) of the bed,
and bring up the material round about tho pots,
loosely in tho first instance, and not having a
temperature higher than 711' at tho first. Vines
that have been ripened early, pruned, and have
had aboutsix weeks' rest, may bo started at this
date. The temperature at starting should not
exceed 55° by artificial means, but when tho
buds begin to break, it may be gradually raised
to))0°or05'. The canes shouMlie secured in
a horizontal position, so as to indnee an oven
break all along them. Syringe tluMu three or
four times daily.

Preparinfi Vines for Early Forciny. — Where
tho roots grow partially or wholly in an oxtt-

"The Gardeners' Assistant." — The
fourth divisional volume", published by the-
(irosham Publishing Co., 25, Farringdoiii
Avenue, is before us. It is devoted especially
to tho fruit and kitchen garden, points in
which the original author was supreme. In
tho beginning wo find valuable instrm'tioiis as
to tho mode of levelling and draining, instruc-
tions tho value of which wo can appreciate
from the difficulty experienced in getting just
tho information which is here given. A
chapter on spraying is a welcome addition,
and shows the care that has been taken to
bring the work up-to-dato. A similar remark
applies to tho section on marketing Apples
and other produce. Tho illustrations aro
numerous, and really illustrative ; for the
most part they are excellent, but in some
cases tho process blocks, which have now
dispossessed woodcuts, are not quite satis-
factory as rcjirosentations of fruits— Apples
and Peaches in particular. The book well
maintains its place as tho best book of refer-
once for tho gardener. A vast amount of
labour has evidently been expended ujKJn it,
but with highly satisfactory results.

260

THE G A R D ENER S ' CIIR 0 AU CL E.

[October 5, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— T/if Editor does not
uadertakc to jKiy Jor any contributions, or to return the
•unused communications or illustrations, unless by special
arrangement .

((lustrations. — The Editor will thankfully receive ayid select
photograi-hs or drawings, statable Jor reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, fiowers, trees, &c. ; hut he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Newspapers. — Cr>rrespondents sending nflwsvapers should be
can fill to niaik the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

APPaiNTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

i Nat. CluTsantlienniin r^ocictv's
Oct. 8.- Exhibition, .at Ro.val Aqi'ia-
t I'iun), Westminster (3 days).

WEDXESD.\Y. Oct. 9

rAnnual Dinner of United Hort.
I Benefit & Provident Society,

("Royal Horticultural Society's
THlIRSnw Oct 10 I Show of British-grown Fniits.
iiiu.>»iJ.iY. OCT. 10 at the Crv.stal Palace, Syden-

I, ham (:i days).

SALES.

MOND.A.Y. TUESIl.VY, \VEDN-E.SDAY, THUR.SDAY, and

FRIDAY. Oct. 7— 11. -Bulbs, itc, at Protheroe &

Morris" Rooms.
MON'DAY, Oct, -.—Bulbs; also Kentias, Seeds. Palms.

and Flovvei ing Plants, at Mr. Stevens' Rooms.
FRIDAY, Oct. H.— Orchids at Protheroe & Morris'

Rooms.
TUESDAY, Oct. s.— Nursery Stock, at The Sunningdalc

Nurseries. Sunuingdale, l)y Protheroe & Morris.
\\'EDNESDAY, Oct. 9.— Fruit-tree Sale, at Perry Hill,

ClifTe. near Rochester, by Protheroe ct Morris.
Bulbs, Azaleas. Palms, &c.,atMr. Stevens' Rooms,

38, King Street, Coveut Garden.
THURSDAY and FRIDAY, Oct. 10 and 11 —Fruit Trees

and Nursery Stock, at Tlie Charlestoun Nursery.

Darlev Dale, nr. Matlock, Derbyshire, bv Protheroe

and Morris.
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, Oct. ft and lo— The

Vine House Orchids, at Vine House, Haslingden,

Lancashire, by Protheroe tt Morris,

AvERAOE Temperature for tlie ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-52'5'.
Actdai, Trmperatcre.s :—

London.— Oc(n6>r i (6 p.m.): Max. 66°; Min. .is'.

Odnber S.— lPine.
Provinces.- Ojtoder 3 (6 p.m.) : Max. 6::°, Home
Counties : Miu. r<-^°. Isle of Skye.

BefoPvE the Dahlias give place

Dahlias. to the Chrysanthenuun.s, it may
bo well to note the appeai-ance
of two forms of the Dahlia, of l)oth of which
■\ve shall certainly see more another season.
It is difficult to predict their future, so fickle
is public taste. Single Dahlias, which were
hailed with acclaim some few years since
as a welcome relief from the " lumpy, in-
elegant " show Dahlias, have already passed
out of favour, and are much less numerously
shown than was the case some time since.

It will be remembered that the Dahlia is
one of the great Composite family, and that
its fiowers are arranged in heads, like those
of the Daisy or Aster, The outer flowers or
.■florets are naturally strap-shaped (ligulato),
with no stamens, and only imperfect pistils,
nnd they are arranged in a single row around
the central florets, or florets of the disc, as
they are called.

These latter florets are very numerous, and
co.ntain the stamens and style; each one is
tubular, with a shortly divided limb or
border. In the case of the so-called single
Dahlias, the construction of the flower is not
essentially altered. The ray - florets are
flattened, and larger than usual, very varied
as to colour; the disc florets are in their
normal state.

In the show Dahlias, the ray-florets are

much increased in number, and more or less
tubular or "quilled." The disc florets are
correspondingly diminished in number. The
pompons only diflier from the show varieties
in their smaller size. The Cactus Dahlias,
w'hich are the reigning favourites, have the
ray-florets elongated and pointed.

Of the newer forms, one termed " Gloria "
has the flowers constructed after the same
pattern as those in the so-called Anemone
Chrysanthemums (see Gardeners' Chronicle,
.January :-'0, 1883). We say so-called, because
the name is quite arbitrary, and there is not
the slightest real resemblance to an Anemone.
In the tiloria section, of which we have
received specimens from Messrs. Key'Nes,
Williams & Co., the florets of the disc have
their usual structure, Ijut are much larger
and more conspicuous than in other sections.
We understand that the plants are of dwarf
habit, and very free flowering. They were
introduced into commerce by Schmidt, of
Erfurt, but it is supposed that they originated
in Italy,

The other form is, we should say, not yet
•■ fixed." Our first record of it dates from
1898 (see (kmleners' Chronicle, February 10,
IDOO). During the last few years we
have received at intervals specimens of a
more or less monstrous character ; and it is
only recently that we have met with in-
stances where the monstrous character had
become, as it w^e re, tamed and subjected to
law and order. The peculiarity in these
flowers consists essentially in the develop-
ment l)etween the ray-florets and the central
ones of an intermediate series, intermediate
not only in position, but in form also ; the
florets, in fact, in the specimens we have
seen, have not been good ray-florets, nor
have they been good disc-florets, but betwixt
and between, having something of the shape
of the ray-florets of a Gaillardia. These
intermediate florets are smaller than the
ray-florets, but larger than those of the
disc, and they form a sort of collar sur-
rounding the disc. As we have said, we
have had several specimens of a similar
nature submitted to us as morphological
curiosities, but now we find that our Lyons
friends have fixed the variation, and are
cultivating tliem under the name of Dahlias
a Colleretfe, or Collar Dahlias. As the collar-
florets are often different in colour from the
ray-florets, it will be seen that there are
opportunities here for contrasts of colour or
harmonies which may become very attractive
in the future.

M. Chaisanne. the Secretary of the Horti-
cultural Society of the Rlione, obligingly
calls our attention to an article in the
L' Horticulture Nouvdle Ijy M. Gerard,
wherein a description is given of the new
race, and especially of one called President
Viger, in which the ray-florets are blood-red
and the collar-florets are pure white, with
small streaks of red,

.Joseph Goujon is another form in which
the ray-florets are scarlet, and the collar
yellow, faintly streaked with red. Other
colour variations are mentioned. We do not
suppose these vagaries will please the old-
fashioned race of florists; but while there is
no desire to deprive them of their points
and properties, it is obvious that the flower-
loving public welcomes variety and change,
and has little sympathy with the too-
exacting prescriptions of the orthodox
florist.

Olearia stellulata (Supplementary lUas-
tration). — In Tasmania this shrubby Composite
is one of the commonest ot native plants,
being found not only throughout the island,
but at all elevations therein. It has been in
cultivation in Britain for forty or fifty years,
and although somewhat rare is still met with
occasionally — usually under the name of
Olearia tiunniana (.see Gardeners' Chronicle,
May 17, 1890). It is an extremely variable
plant in a wild state, and Hooker in his Flora
of Tasmania defines six or seven varieties. So
far as we have seen, however, the plants under
cultivation conform to one type, a portrait of
some plants belonging to which is given in the
supplement for this week. These specimens,
admirably grown and flowered by Messrs. Jas.
Yeitch & Sons, show that the species is a shrub
of great beauty and grace. Unfortunately, like
many other plants from the same region, it is
not quite hardy. Near London it may be
grown against a south wall, but even there it
is liable to be killed in all but the milder
winters. In the warmer localities ot the
south and south-west it will thrive perfectly ;
and even where the winter temperature is too
low it is worth growing out-of-doors in the
summer and giving the shelter ot a cool house
in winter. It recfuires a light, loamy soil, and
can be increa.sed readily enough by cuttings.
It is a shrub three feet to five feet high,
bushy, with erect branches. The leaves are
obovate, ^-inch to two inches long, coarsely
toothed, and dark green on the upper surface.
The lower surface, as well as that of the
young branches and flower-stalks, is covered
with a white, close felt. The character of the
flower is well shown in the illustration; the
ray florets are pure white, the disc yellow,
and the whole flower-head is about one-and-a
half inches across. They are freely produced
during late summer in loose, corymbose
clusters. Whilst the headciuarters of Olearia
stellulata is Tasmania, the species occurs also
in the mountains of Victoria, N. S. Wales, and
Queensland. 17. J. B.

Rhodesian Reports. — Wo have received
from the Britisli South Africa Company, Be-
}>orts on ilic Administration of Rhodesia,
1808— I'JOO. It may well be imagined that the
effects ot the South African war have not yet
been fully felt or realised in Rhodesia; still,
it is pleasant to hear that, so far, " the prin-
cipal result of the year which has seen so much
disturbance and trouble in South Africa has
been to confirm and strengthen the belief of
the settlers, and also of the board of directors
and the shareholders, in the reality of the
resources of the country. ... In agriculture
cultivation is extending, and live-stock is in-
creasing. ... In Mashonaland many farms are
being occupied and worked b" Europeans.
Locusts disappeared almost entirely in tlie
season ot 18'J8-!)9, and this happy result is, no
doubt, largely attributable to the use of anti-
toxine. The contentment of the native mind
is largely dependent on the excellence of the
crops, and in this respect the sea.son of 1900
has been a satisfactory one. From reports
received, I [.Sir A. Lawley] estimate that the
native crop.s this year have been more abun-
dant than in any year since the oecnpation of
the country. As railway facilities increase
for the conveyance of farm produce to the
various markets, the development of the agri-
cultural industry in this country should be
over increasing. Both at Salisbury and Bula-
wayo most successful agricultural shows were
held in May, and in point of cjuality and
quantity the exhibits were remarkably good.
Throughout Rhodesia fruit-trees have been
imported in great numbers, and many thousands

October 5, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

261

of various kinds have been planted. Perlaaps
the most interesting experiments that are now
being made are in the growing of Coffee in
Unitali, and of Rubber in the Jlelsetter dis-
tricts. Coffee seeds were imported by the
Government from Jfyasa ; they have germinated
well, and the young trees are thriving. Mr.
Hexwick, of ilelsetter, furnishes an interes*^-
ing report on the possibility of developing a
Rubber industry in that country. At present
the prospect of suecesstully establishing such
an industry is a matter for conjecture : but
there is every reason to hope that Southern
Melsetter, from the nature of its soil and its
climatic conditions, is a country where this
valuable industry may be introduced and con-
ducted on a large scale with every prospect of
.success." The above sentences are mostly
taken from the Report of the Administrator
of Matabeleland, Captain the Hon. Sir ARTHUR
liAWLEY, K.C.M.G. (resigned), and the senti-
«uents expressed in them are borne out by the
reports from >'orth-eastern and from North-
western Rhodesia, though over so large an
area details naturally vary in the different
<listricts. It should be mentioned that the
British South Africa Company is now directly
responsible for tlic administration of the follow-
ing territories: — 1, Soulhern Rhodesia, or the
provinces of Mashonaland and Matabeleland;
and, 2, Xortliern Rliddi'sia. or the whole of the
British sphere lying between the Portuguese
Settlements, German East Africa, and the
Congo Free State, with the exception of the
atrip of territory forming the British Central
Africa Protectorate. It [Northern Rhodesia]
as divided into two provinces — Xorth-oasteni
[Rhodesia, and North-western Rhodesia. The
itotal population of Southern Rhodesia is esti-
mated at 13,30.") Europeans, and 449,901
natives. From the brief notes here extracted,
some notion may be gathered of the importance
of the book before us, wliich deals with the
state and ])rospects, political and industrial, of
our African territories. The reporters seem,
on the wliole, sanguines tliat the country is one
rich in resources, and with inliabitaots well
<|nalified to appreciate and to develop them.

Narcissus Leedsii Elaine. — "We under-
stand that Messrs. DrcKsoxs, of Chester, have
S(M!ured the wliole of the stock of the beautiful
JS'arcissus Leedsii Elaine, which was exhibited
hy the Rev. G. H. Exiii.KHEART, and received
a First-class Certificate from the Royal Horf i-
cidtural Society in May last.

An Aberdeenshire Family of Gardeners.
— Mr. Jamics MAChONALrj, who for some years
lias been head - gardener to Mr. James W.
C'ROMBiE, M.P., at Balgownie Lodge, near
Aberdeen, left Aberdeen on Thursday, Aug. 29,
to take up the duties of superintSendent of
|)arks and gardens at Montrose, being .selected
from among a largo number of applicants..
Mr. Macdon.u.d is a son of Mr. Macdoxald
who for forty years has been employed in the
forestry department at Castle Newc, Abordcen-
.sUirc, and of whose family four sons arc now
occupying good positions in the gardening
world. It is a remarkable coincidence that at
the very time Mr. .Limes Macdoxai.d is taking
up his duties at Montrose, his brother, Jlr.
William Macdonau), enters upon duty at the
spacious and well laid-out botanic gardens at
New York, a position to which he has been
appointed after being for some time employed
in the botanic gardens, Edinburgh. Another
brother, Mr. Cmaiu.es Macdoxald, is at pre-
sent in America occupying an important post
as gardener in Cliatham, Ontario. To his
botanical knowledge and gardening ability,
Mr. Charles also possesses extraordinary
neatness of hand. At the World's Fair in

Chicago he gained a diploma for the best hand-
writing in a competition open to the world.
Another brother is engaged in the forestry de-
partment at Castle Newe, where, as stated
above, ilr. Macdoxald, senior, has been
employed for .so many years.

To render Raffia more Durable.— It is
well known that, although raffia has many good
points, it has the fault of soon decaying from
damp. We now learn that this fault can be
overcome by sulphuring the material, i.e., ex-
posing it to the fumes of Inirning sulphur in
a close chest or room, and its durability
increased sevenfold. UUistrirte Flora.

LiLlUM auratum. — So many doubts have
been expressed as to the really wild state of
this noble Lily, that the following note will
be read with interest —

■ Through one of the oldest and most respected resi-
dents here, I came in possessiou of an interesting story,
although a sad story for the relater, in reference to
Liliuni auratum, whioh certainly will interest the
readers of your paper, as it interested me. The gentle-
man very kindly gavo me his experience in writing,
and allowed me to publish it, and I give it to you in
his own words :—

■ In the early part of 18S6, 1 met a gentleman at my
father's house who had just returned from China vM
Japan, and who had brought with him a case of a new
variety of Japanese Lily; this was the Lilinm auratum,
and he sold them at one guinea apiece, which wholly
or partially covered the cost of his passage home to
England. As I was on the point of leaving for Japan,
a youth of nineteen, my father, who was a good deal of
an horticulturist, and well versed in Camellia-growing,
instructed nic to get some of these bull>s and ship
them home, and he ivould be able to dispose of them,
he thought, without any dilliculty. I arrived here only
in July, l.'*67, after a six montlis' voyage to a day from
Liverpool, and my business or fate sent mc up to Oshiu
Sendai early in 1888, at the time of the Restoration.
Very few foreigners, or none, had ever been in that
part of Japan before, and I found all the hills covered
with the Liliuni auratum growing wild, as the Azalea
does up there, which you seldom find in profusion
round Yokohama.

• 1 never could understand how the old Dutch
botanists passed by the Liliuin auratum; but they
seemed to have missed it, whereas it flourished par-
ticularly in the neighbourhood of Kamakura when I
first came here.

■ Well, to make a long stoiy short, I collected, or
rather had collected for mc, aljout Joo.imii bulbs, big
and little, and some of whicli were very big, at a cost
iif ltj3or 1 rin*cacli; and not being able to return
myself to Yokohama, I sent them down in a sailing
ship my tlrin had chartered, with instructions to
forward them by P. i O. through to Soulhainpton.
I had the cases packed, the bulljs being covered with a
thin layer of loose earth.

• Unfortunately the summer had been a very rainy
one, and the bulbs were very damp. My father con-
tracted to sell the whole lot at from 1». to as. a bulb,
and went down to Southampton to take delivery ; but
to his horror there was not one single bulb left, only
leaf-mould, and I lost mycliauce of making my fortune
this tirst year.

'Besides this, I lost the freight, which amounted to
about £1-Vi, if I remember rightly. My father built a
summer-house out of the cases, in which I have sat
since ; but, needless to say, I gave up exporting Lily-
bullis, though often requested to do so since.'

So far the story of the Lily export in the early days
shortly after Japan was opened to the foreign nations.
Since then, of course, very much is changed ; the prices
for which one could purchase the bulbs then are almost
one hundred times as high now. There are no more
hill-sides covered with these lovely Uowers, but only
now and then one is seen shining through the under-
growth.

The mode of packing has been gi-catly improved, and
principally no more bulbs are shipped which are col-
lected in the mountains, but .all are cultivated for one
or more years. The reason of this is to get liner and
more substantial bulbs. Hut yet, with all these pre-
cautions and improvements, losses among the Liliuni
auratum shipments still happen, especially when the
bulbs are shipped at an early date, when the rainy
season is still with us.

We are trying now some new process of packing, and
hope that the results will be such that unspoiled ship-
ments may be the success. L. Iloelimer di Co., Yokohama."

Chrysanthemum Shovj/ of the French
Horticultural Society. — The grand Chrys-
anthemum and flower and fruit show organised

1 rin=one-tenth son.

1 sen=2j pence.

1 sen=J cent US, currency.

by the Soeiete Nationale d'Horticulture de
France will open on Wednesday, November 6,
and close on November 10. It will be held at
the Grand Palais of the Champs Elysees, which
will be illuminated, and will close each day at
6 P.M. The flowering plants and fruit confer-
ence, held by the Society on September 26,
was chiefly noticeable for the Dahlia.s. Three
fine collections were especiiilly admired:
those of Messrs. ViLMORiN-AxDRiEU.x et Cie.,
of Paris, a large selection containing some
fine novelties ; of M. Paillet, and of Messrs.
Cayeux cS: Le Clerc, of Paris, which were also
very fine. The following exhibits also deserve
notice :— Splendid fruit from M. CuKViLLOT, M.
Chartox, M. Miciiix, M. GORION, .and M.
GiRARDix-JOLRDAiN ; and a fine selection of
tuberous Begonias from M. ARTHUR BiLLARD,
of Le Yesinet. G. F. G.

A Good Example for Garden-loving
Clergy. — Sunday, October 0, will be ob-
served as the Harvest Festival at Shirley, near
Croydon. There will be Services at 8.15, 11,
3.1.5 and G.30. The offertories will bo given to
the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Society — a
Society which supports a large number of old
gardeners (or their widows) who, through no
fault of their own have fallen upon hard times,
and who, but for the Society, would have no
home but the workhouse. The vicar, as is
well known, is particularly interested in the
welfare of this Society, and he hopes that,
reflecting how largely the harvest of our own
gardens depends on the skill and laliourof the
gardener, all Shirley folk will make a point
of coming, and of inducing friends to come as
well, or if actually unable to come, will send
a liberal offering to so good and appropriate
a cause. Who that loves flowers and fruit
will not give a kindly thought (accompanied by
self-denying action) to those who cultivate
these things for their cn,ioymeut '!

National Chrysanthemum Society.— Sir
A. \\. Rdi.LiiT, M.P., has accepted the oflice of
President of the Society in the place of Sir
Kdwix Saunders, deceased, and the new Presi-
dent has signified his willingness to take the
chair at the .\nnual Dinner of the Society,
which is fixed for Wednesday, November 27
next, at the Ilolborn Restaurant.

The Cardiff Vineyards. — Mr. Petticirew
writes: "This fine weather is ripening the
Grapes in the vineyards. My man at the
Swanbridgo Yineyard brought me in three
bunches yesterday to see. They were fine
and black, but rather tart yet. I think in the
course of a fortnight I shall begin the vintage.
There are splendid crops in both vineyards,
but the Grapes at Castell Coch, I am sorry to
.say, are badly mildewed this year."

The Smithsonian Institution. — The
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the
.Smithsonian Institution for the year ending
Juno 30, 1890, is now before us. A chronicle
of the operations, expenditure, and condition
of the Institution is followed by the usual
Genenil Appendix of interesting papers.
Among these we notice contributions on : —
Some of the latest Achievements of Science,
by Sir William Crookes; Growth of Science
in the Nineteenth Century, by Sir Michael
Poster ; Petrified Forests of Arizona, by L.F.
Ward ; Relation of Motion in Animals and
Plants to the Electrical I'honomena which are
associated with it, by J. Burdon-Sanderson ;
The Garden and its Development, by Dr. PAUL
Falkhxherii. The author of this latter paper
considers that in the Homeric age gardens were
only valued as being fruitful and therefore
useful. " The Romans from the time of the
end of the Republic followed the example of

262

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 5, 1901.

Iiucullus and bcdcekecl the hills on both sides
of the Tiber with the luxiu-ioiis pardons and
country villas of the rich." From Italy,
gardening (projoerly so-called) -n'as introduced
into Germany, thence to France, Holland, and
other countries, in each of which the art was
modified according to its environment. The
constantly increasing number of travellers led
to interchange and more general dispersal of
plants and modern gardening, whether con-
sidered as regards private plantations, public
parks, or botanical and horticultural institu-
tions, is a gradual development and natural
outcome of all^past work, initiated in various
countries and influenced by different standards
of art.

Mr. Geo. Fennell.— After a term of tliirty
years' service as head gardener at Fairlawn,
Tunbridge, the residence of W. M. Cazalet,
Esq., Mr. Geo. Fennell has resigned charge
of this interesting historical place. During
his long period of service, Mr. Fennell has
carried out many extensions and improvements,
and he can look back upon a period of con-
siderable activity, and earnest devotion to the
work opportunity found him to do. The good
wishes of many old friends will follow Mr.
Fennell into his retirement.

Double - flowered Peach - tree with
Fruit.— A perfect fruit of the Peach is sent
lis by Mr. Albert Hillman, Ersham, Hailshara,
who states that he gathered the specimen
from a tree of the double, pink-flowered, orna-
mental variety. The fruit is greenish-yellow
in colour, of moderate size for a Peach, and
tolerable flavour. The stone and seed are
perfect. We do not recollect a similar occur-
rence, but unless a flower is wholly double,
and has no essential organs, there is the
possibility of fertility.

New Rose: Rose Madame Jean Dupuy
(Tea).— A new Tea Rose under this name is
being put into commerce by JI. Peter Lam-
bert, of Treves. The plant is a strong grower,
habit bushy, foliage handsome, shoots almost
destitute of thorns. The flowers large, of
good substance, well-formed, pointed ; bud
long, hazel-nut shaped, opens freely, and
stalk firm, of good length, and straight.
Flower of a reddish-golden yellow in the
middle, changing to rosy-yellow and creamy-
white towards the margin; the outermost
petals strongly edged with rose. Very flori-
ferous. Forces well, and is said to excel
Francisca Krugor in every point.

Chrysanthemum Rust.— Inarccentnumber
of La Chrijsanthhne (Lyons), M. Ciiifflot has a
paper on Chrysanthemum Rust, which he men-
tions as having been described and discussed
in the Gardeners' Chronicle in October, 1897,
by Mr. Massee, of Kew. The disease has
spread so rapidly from England through Prance
that now almost all Chrysanthemum growers are
threatened. Among different names given to
the fungus are those of Uredo Chrysanthemi,
Puccinia Hieracii, P. corapositarum, and P.
Chrysanthemi. In any case this pest is allied
to P. malvaeearum, and is causing no small
disturbance. M. Chifflot suggests three ways
of dealing with it— 1st. Winter treatment.
After the flowering of Chrysanthemums, the
leaves fade and fall. It is then that the leaves
of affected plants should be carefully collected
and burnt, to prevent germination in spring of
the winter spores contained in the last-formed
masses. The surface-soil of the pots should
bo dusted over when the old stems are cut
down and burnt, with a solution of pentasul-
phide of potassium, from 3 to 4 grammes per
1,000 of water ; this is harmless to the plants,

but kills the winter spores. 2nd. Spring
treatment. Chrysanthemiun growers who ad-
vocate late propagation should select shoots
not affected with rust, and before putting
them under glass should plunge them in
the above-named solution. When the striking
is effected, both sides of the leaves should
be examined to see if they are free from
disease before they are set out in the
open ground. On putting them in place,
powder thoroughly with pentasulphide over
the young shoots and over the soil. Advocates
of early propagation should include this process
in the winter treatment. These two treat-
ments must be effected with great care. As
soon as a leaf shows a trace of disease it must
be snipped out and burnt. 3rd. Summer treat-
ment. It is now that the masses or pustules
form rapidly, and the uredospores germinate
most easily. Growers should give daily careful
attention to the foliage of their favourite
plants. A single contaminated specimen will
infect the whole collection, and this liability
is the reason why large plantations are rarely
free from rust. The gathering and burning of
rusted leaves, powdering with pentasulphide
(3 to 4 grammes per 1,000 of water) monthly
over both surfaces of the leaves, and on the
soil itself, prove the best remedies, or i-ather
preventive measures, which alone can prevent
rust. Little or nothing can be done to save
plants that have been allowed to become seri-
ously diseased ; and treatment should not bo
delayed until rust has already appeared.

Bark-stripping. — A short time since some
strips of Larch-bark were sent to us, with a
request for information. The rectangular
strips were 1 or 2 inches long, quarter to half
an inch wide, very regular and straight-edged.
Squirrels were at once thought of, but we had
never seen an injury of this kind effected by
these animals, nor had the members of the
Scientific Committee, to whom they were sub-
mitted. Nuthatches were suggested, but now
the culprits have been seen at work, and turn
out to be as at first suspected — squirrels. Mr.
Rothery, gr. to O. O. Wricley, Esq., Wans-
fell, Windermere, writes: — "The speed with
which they can tear off the bark would greatly
astonish anyone. They have destroyed about
3.j0 trees, ranging from 25 to 35 feet high, and
some of them are stripped 7 and 8 feet down,
and the whole of them appear to have been
attacked some 5 feet from the top. Their object
is no doubt food, for they scrape off the
glutinous substance between the bark and the
wood."

Brockwell Park, S.E.— Wehave on several
occasions drawn attention to this London park
in S.E. London, and recognised that the scheme
would not be complete unless some 43 acres of
freely wooded land ad joining were added to it.
A committee was appointed to consider the
question, and recently the addition was made
by the acquisition by purchase for £06,000 of
the long-coveted woodland. All concerned
here are to be congratulated on the successful
termination of so excellent a scheme.

"Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale." —
This is a new-comer in the world of journals,
for it was published first on July 31, under the
auspices of M. J. Vilbouchevitch, to whom, at
10, Rue Delambre, Paris, all communications
are to be addressed. According to the pro-
spectus, the journal is to be international —
that is to say, it is to circulate in every
tropical country where the French language
predominates ; in the French and Portuguese
colonies, the Belgian Congo, Mexico, and
Brazil ; in the Spanish Central American Re-
publics, in Cuba, Porto Rico, Egypt, and

Mauritius. It is claimed that English, Ger-
man, and Dutch intercolonial journals exist,
and that the present venture is to encourage
similar facilities of intercourse between Frencli
colonies, and also between France, Belgium,
Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Switzerland. In
the first number of the periodical are papers-
on : — Le Chanvre de Sisal et les autres Agaves,
textiles. Machines h defibrer le Henequen on
Chanvre de Sisal, and other subjects of agri-
cultural and commercial interest. We wisli.
the new venture every success.

Cheap and Serviceable. — The Ofirfeii-
Welt gives an illustration of a contrivance for
procuring a bath which might well be copied
in any large garden, and would lie a great
comfort in hot weather. The bather stands on.
a wooden lattice footboard, enclosed within,
four walls of tiffany or canvas supported or*
stakes. A tall pole in the middle supports-
the hose, under which the bather stands and
thus gets a refreshing shower-bath. The-
illustration shows a water-pot as the source of
supply, but the nozzle of the hose with the top
within reach of the bather would be even
better. The whole contrivance could be-
erected and removed after use within a few-
minutes.

Cassell's "Dictionary of Gardening"
has now reached the article " Correa." It is
nicely got up ; the information given is accu-
rate, up-to-date, and sufficiently comprehensive-
to meet the requirements of amateurs and the
general body of gardeners.

"The Fruit Trade News." — This is de-
scribed as a new paper, but it would seens
rather to be the lineal descendant of an old
one, for it Is numbered as No. 413 of the old
series and No. 1 of the new. It is published
weekly at one penny, and is devoted to the-
interest of growers and salesmen in the fruit .
markets. Market notes, cultural notes, por- ■
traits of prominent fruit salesmen, and all things.
are treated on which are likely to promote the ■
extension of the profitable culture of fruits^ .
vegetables, and flowers in the rural districts-
of England (Britain). We notice that the two
best market Apples are pronounced to be
White Transparent and Cox's Orange Pippin.
The paper is well calculated to fulfil the
objects for which it is established. The
publishing office is at :30, Fleet Street, E.C.

The German Dendrological Society. —
We condense the following particulars from
the Deutsche Gartner Zeitumj. The annual
meeting of the German Dendrological Society
was held this year at Munich, and was opened
by the President, Hof-marshall von St. Paul,
on August 7. Herr Garteninspektor Purpus
showed a large number of new and rare trees
from the Botanic Garden at Darmstadt. Some
of these specimens were the young plants,
themselves, others freshly cut branches. The
most noteworthy were Gleditschia texana,
Diervilla rivularis, Betula globispica, Cornus-
Bretschneideri, Acanthopanax divaricatum,
Carya texana, Pinus osteosperma, Euonymus-
oxyphylla, Ribes magallanicum, the true
Viburnum burejfeticum, Lonicera conjugialis,
Spirsea csespitosa, Indigofera Potanini, and
different species of Oaks. On August 8.
proceedings were opened by Professor Mayr,
who read a report on Japanese trees in
their old and new homes. He depicted in.
a striking manner the circumstances under-
which trees introduced from Japan for the
purposes of forestry have prospered. He
showed how from the planting of certain
species from the Japanese flora in corresixind-
ing zones tolerably safe deductions may be
drawn as to their success in our country (that

October 5, 1901.]

THE GABDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

26S

is, Germany). He farther mentioned that in
an average temperature of 10' C. = 8 R., no
forest succeeds ever so little if the average
humidity of the atmosphere sinks below
50 per cent, in summer. Rainfall has, in the
cultivation of forests, a far less amount of
influence than the moisture of the atmosphere,
and the condition of the soil plays also a
secondary part. The protection of older trees
exercise also a great influence on the growth
of the young plants, for, as the young plants
in a forest enjoy this protection, so also must
it be afforded to them when they are under
cultivation. They will then be guarded
against breakage by snow to which in
Germany, where snow often falls when the
temperature is above freezing-point, foreign

drastis amurensis, and Cryptomeria japonica.
Zclkowa Keaki, which belongs to the region of
the noble Chestnut, only occurs in the warmer
parts of Germany. Professor Mayr then went
on to the consideration of single species, with
reference to their forest and botanical import-
ance. As to the so-called acclimatisation of
plants, he is of opinion that acclimatisation —
that is, an adaptation to other climatic con-
ditions— does not exist, and instances the
■Walnut, which, in spite of thousands of years
of cultivation in severe climates, has not yet
been acclimatised. There may well be indi-
vidual fluctuations in relation to severity of
frost and periods of vegetation, but the adap-
tation of one species to another climate is, so
far, by no means assured.

78.— STItlCKLANDIA KUCROSIOIDES :
IXOWERS COBAL-UED.

purer air, hardy flowers are induced to grow,
and Runner Beans, Marrows, and other vege-
tables actually ripen their fruit within a ievr
yards of some of the busiest thoroughfares.

Publications Received.— J3»H(;ti« o/ the
Botanical Department, Jamaica, August. Con-
tents : Fungoid Diseases of Cocoa, Australian
Braziletto, and miscellaneous notes. — Journal
of the Department of Agricniture of Western
Australia, July. Among the contents are
contributions dealing w'ith : Possibilities of
Tropical Agriculture in the North-West, In-
sectivorous Birds of Western Australia, Or-
chard Inspection, Fruit Tree Pruning, Wlieat,
Lucerne, Garden Notes. — From the Michigan
State Agricultural College Experiment Station
Chemical Department, Fertilizer And/yses, by
R. C. Kedzie. Boletin del Instilnto Fiaico-
Geografiro de Costa Rica, No. 7. — Niioro Gior-
naJe Botanico laliano, July. — From the Natural
History Society of Roumania (Societatei Natu-
ralistilor), Monograph (illustrated) on Ophrija
Corniiti, a rare indigenous species.

trees are .sul)jectcd. Animal and vegetable
oncmios likewise require mucli study. Dr.
Mayr divides the Japanese trees for this
climate into four zones. The underwoods
(thickets) of tlio (irsl, the low Pines, Pinus
pumila, &c., are unimportant from a forester's
point of view. Tlio region of the Pines and
Kirs, on the contrary, contains numerous hardy
and flourishing trees, such as Abies sachali-
nensis, A. Maricsii, and A. homolcpis (syn. A.
brachyphylla), Picea hondoensis, P. ajanensis,
P, Glehni, P. bieolor (syn. I'. Alcockiana), and
P. polita; also Jjarix leptolepis and L. kuri-
Jensis, as well as Pinus Thunbcrgi, J>.
densiflora, Chaiiiiecy|i;u-is pisifera, and C.
obtiisa. Ill the liiiih zone occur Magnolia
liypolouca, Pliellodcndron amurense, Cla-

ClTY Gardens. — The love of gardening is
manifest in the heart of London as in the
country, and drawbacks merely seem to lead to
renewed efforts. A recent issue of the Cily
Pre.s.s mentions tlie garden of Mr. Lockhart,
Steward of Christ's Hospital, at his residence,
07, Little Britain, wliere Foms, crccpoi-s, and
that useful town plant the Fig-tree, not
merely grow, but flourisli. When the pending
removal of the establishment to Horsham takes
place, Mr. Lockhart intends to take his
greatest treasures with liim. This is by no
means an isolated instance of gardening under
difliculties, as a search among the cjuiet courts
of the city soon proves, gardens on leads and
liouse-tops being also more general than is
supposed. Thus raised into comparatively

STRICKLANDIA EUCROSIOIDES.

Last autumn my collection was enriched by
the gift from Mr. Elwes of a bulb of the above
species, which has lately been in flower.

This plant has excited at times considerable
interest among botanists, and has been by
them referred to four different genera, viz : —
Stricklandia, Leperiza, Stenomesson.and Phas-
(Iranassa. Even now it is at least doubtful
whether the resources of the science have
be(!n exhausted without a fresh reference to
the genus Eucrosia.

Mr. IJaker di vides Stricklandia from I'^ucrosia
by the shorter and straight stamens of the
former compared with the longer anddoclinate
stamens of the latter.

However, in my siiocimen of Stricklandia,
the stamens show a distinct inclination to
become dcdinate, and doubtless, from their
slender nature, they must surely fall into the
declinate posture affected by the stamens of
Eucrosia, had they the same length to support.
Hence, wo nnist fall back merely upon the
difference in length of the stamens to support
the contention of two genera.

However, Mr. Weathers, when examining
Stricklandia, pointed out to me another botani-
cal line of divergence in the biseriato positions
of the callose bases of the stamens. In
Stricklandia these are attached to the throat
of the tube in two ranks, alternately, at two
different levels. In Eucrosia, as shown in the
detail drawing in Bot. Reg., 207, they are all
aflixed in one rank at the same level ; and, in
the letteri)ress, it is remarked by Ker as a
point U|)on wliich ho was then founding the
genus Eucrosia, tliat the same dillercd from
Pancratium, &c., in tlie " six glandular cor-
puscles subteiuliug the bases of the filaments
not alternating with tliom(?) like the scales in
some Amaryllides " (see fig. 78).

Tliis interesting i)oint will go a long way
with many botanists in confirming the genus
Stricklandia ; yet, on the other hand, we
should not overlook the fact that it may not
prove desirable to exaggerate minute teclmical
differences into those broad lines of subdivision
wliich should exist between genera. In the sub-
ject of this drawing (fig. 78) the overall height
is al)out 1 foot, the flowers coral-red, with a
short green tube, and inodorous. The flower-
ing i)eriod lasts about one month. Tlu? whole
inflorescen(-e is rigid and wiry, alMiougli it
appears so slender. I may note tliat Herbert
was not all in love with the drawings of
Eucrosia in the Botanical Register and BoLanical
Magazine. The former was ' ' far from correct, ' '
and the coloration in the latter case " quite
incorrect." A. Worsleij, Isleioorlh.

264

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October &> 1901.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

WASPS. — If not too late to be carried out
this season, I should like to advise all who
have set themselves to work to reduce wasps
by destroying their nests with potassium
cyanide, or other similar methods, not to be
satisfied with the work without afterwards
digging them out and burning them. At the
present time we have under observation wider
a bell-glass a nest treated with potassium
cyanide, and amongst the brood hatched
since dug out, there are from sixty to one
hundred queen wasps, whose mission was
doubtless, after hibernating, to produce
similar nests next season. In the ordinary
course, half probably would have survived,
making a very undesirable increase. It is
doubtfid whether this particular nest will
meet with such success, being in very safe
keeping ; but there is no mistake about the
numbers, sex, and vitality of the colony,
indicating what was intended, which also
proves that more severe measures are neces-
sary for their complete destruction. R. C.
Sanders, Halton, Aijleshnry.

RINGING OF FRUIT-TREES. — The ringing nf
herbaceous plants may be of physiological
importance, but it is a question whether it
can ever be largely adoj.ted in practice,
although, as we gather from the results of
certain experiments (see p. 264) upon some
Cruciferous and Solanaceous plants, certain
advantages may be gained. Ringing is largely
practised for the purposes of propagation ;
and ringing, twisting, and notching are still
carried on in some places on fruit-trees to
induce greater fruitfulness, although not so
much as formerly. Under modern systems of
cultivation, it has to a great extent become
unnecessary ; although in certain instances it
may jirove useful, and for the purposes of
experiment and research, very interesting.
Towards the end of September, 1900, I visited
Earl Pitzwilliam's extensive gardens at Went-
worth-Woodliouse, and I noticed there some
hash Pear-trees which had been treated in this
way. At the base of one or two of the
branches on each tree a ring of cortex and
bast, at least about ^-inch in width, had been
removed; this had never healed over. Mr. J.
Hughes, the head-gardener, informed me this
operation had been performed quite ten
years before. Tl:e ringed branches were
still carrying nice crops of fruit, while there
were scarcely any upon the rest of the bush.
At this time also the leaves upon the ringed
branches were strongly developing their bright
autumnal tints, while the other leaves were
still quite green. Also these were well set
with flower-buds iipon short perhaps rather
weakly .shoots, while the other branches were
of much stronger growth, but showed no signs
of fruitfulness ; the life of these ringed
branches would bo mucli shorter than those
upon the same bush, and which had not been
treated so roughly. In a small garden in the
parish of Hinderwell, on the Yorkshire coast,
some of the branches of Pear-trees on a wall
some time ago were treated in the same way
with similar results. The removal of rings of
cortex and bast upon a few of the branches
upon a tree such as I have just described, is
a much better practice than ringing the
whole, or even the stem, especially if the
rings are too broad to be healed over. The
outermost layers of wood upon the ringed
portion become expo.sed, and subjected to
drying influences ; much of the surface woody
tissue is destroyed, and by evaporation the
upward current of water is much weakened,
no more annular rings are formed, the branches
gradually become weakerand weaker, until they
eventually die. The bi-anehes which have not
been ringed, in the meanwhile are strong and
vigorous, the upward conducting currents
free and continuous, the leaves in full working
order with full supplies. Thus the roots
receive a sufticiency of elaborated food inate-
rial, which will enable them to perform their
full share of the work of the tree, and keep

the ringed branches better supplied with raw
material. Of course, no practical man would
ever think of cutting out such broad rings
from the whole of the branches, or the stem,
as by the complete severance of the fibres of
the bast, the supplies of food from the leaves
would be cut off from those portions of the
stem below the ring and the roots, and all
above the ring would soon die. I have some-
times seen stem-ringing practised when a very
narrow ring of cortex and bast has been re-
moved, say possibly about an eighth of an
inch. If this is done during the period of
great cambial activity, before the leaves
unfold very much, about the grafting
season, the operation is comparatively a
very safe one, especially if the wound
is protected from drying influences by
an india-rubber band, or some protective
material during the healing process. But
after all is said or done, ringing is an unna-
tural and drastic operation, and cannot be
generally recommended in practice. Much
lietter results can be obtained by skilful and
judicious pruning, bending and depressing the
branches of unfruitful trees, root-jiruning, and
general good tillage ; and when also we con-
sider that in these days there is sueli a choice
of stocks for grafting purposes that this, com-
bined with good general cultivation, anearly and
general productiveness of fruits can be en-
sured, without disfiguring the trees by ringing.
Alfred Oaut.

DIAMOND JUBILEE GRAPE. — In a recent
issue, "A." refers to the action taken by the
Chairman of the Royal Horticultural Society
and " two of his colleagues " in expressing
their opinion of the above Grape as shown at
Glasgow. 1 believe I am one of the "two."
I admit I knew nothing whatever of the variet}',
but on comparing it with Black Morocco as
there shown, a Grape I have known and re-
jected years ago, I had no hesitation in saying
it was not only distinct, but also a great im-
provement on that variety. Why docs not
"A." try and grow both before he is so
severe in condemning a new — or supposed
new — introduction? Has "A." ever grown
either? Richard Parker, Goodimod.

BURNED PATCHES ON LAWNS. — In the (.'(()•-
deiicrs' Chronicle a few weeks ago, someone
asks how to prevent the horse's stale from
staining or burning the grass. The horse, I
understood, was the one used to draw the
mowing-machine. "We got over tliis at Combe,
by now and then in the course of the day, un-
hooking the horse from the machine, and
walking him to the nearest grating in the gar-
den walks. The horse soon got quite to know
this move, which answered capitally. IT. M.

OCTOBER. — •
" When autumn bleak and sunburnt do appear,
With his gold hand gilting the fallen leaf,
Bringing up winter to fulfil the year.
Bringing upon his back the riped sheaf."
Chatterton.
" Wife, some time this weeke, if the weather
is cleare.
Our end of Wheat^sowing we make for this

yeare ;
Remember you, therefore, though I do it not.
The seed-cake, the pasties, the Purmentie
foot." Tusxer, 1580.

" A good October and a good blast,
To blow the hogs corn and mast."
"If the Oak bear much mast, it foreshows a
long and hard winter."

" Many hips and haws.
Many frosts and snaws."
" Many haws.
Many maws ;
Many Sloes,
Many cold toes." J. C.

SOME WEATHER VAGARIES OF 1901. — On

August 11 at Packington Hall, aliout four miles
from hero, a most damaging shower of hail
occurred, doing much injury to the Apple
crop, which for this season was exceptionally
good, and much fruit will be lost. The upper

surfaces of the fruits were covered with in-
dentations, wounds, and bruises ; and only a
few of the second quality of fruits escaped
injury, which were situated on the lower parts
of the trees. Thedisasteris themorelamentable
seeing that the season was so far advanced,
and the fruit developed nearly of full size.
A good deal of the glass in the gardens was
broken. Trees were divested of much of their
foliage, and what was left was riddled. A
fine proportionately-grown Salisburia adianti-
folia, now known by the old and far less poetic
name of Gingko biloba, suffered severely ; the
leaves were not riddled, as were softer-leaved
trees, but simply broken off, and lie in heaps
on the ground. Since that date and up to
August 25, we have had for the third time this
year a return of the great heat-wave, which
will make the summer of 1901 much to be
remembered, more especially amongst those
farmers who unfortunately cultivated within
the area of those unkindly climatic influences,
which for them mean a thin and lean year.
On Sunday, August 25, the forepart of the day
was excessively hot and sultry, ijut about! \'.^].
thesky became clouded overall of asudden,then
followed much thunder, with wind, and a very
welcome downpour of rain, but thank goodness,
without the accompanymentof hail. TwoBeauty
of Bath Apples, the only two on a very young-
tree which I had been watching daily, were
shaken off. I brought them in and placed them
beside twoCellini's, perfectly plump and fresh,
which had been in my cellar, a dry and coUi
one, ever since the last autumn of the nine-
teentlx century. The two respectable repre-
sentative specimens are now before me, the-
one of the nineteenth and the other of tho
twentieth century, a coincidence in the Apple:
line not likely soon to happen again. On
August 2C, we had a continuation of the stornr.
of thunder, lightning, rain, and high winds, and
more Apples were blown down ; but the rain
did much good to the parched-up pastures, and
also gave a fillip to the swelling up of such
roots as Turnips, Maiigold-Wurzels, Carrots,
Parsnips, &c. Rain always produces a magic-
like effect upon dry and thirsty land, and alsc"
very similar upon ourselves, for after a copious
downfall of rain, we often find that much of
our fears as to the jeopardy of our crops were
in a great measure groundless, and that we
are not going to be so seriously hit after all.
Until late in the day, the cattle sought sheltor
from the sun under the trees. \V. Miller^
Berkxicell.

GERMINATION OF THE SEEDS OF THE CHRYS-
ANTHEMUM.— It is usually thought that given
good and fresh seed of the Chrysanthemum,
it will vegetate in a few days after being sown,
and indeed the first rough leaf appears in
about three weeks. Upon one occasion some
seedlings appeared on the eleventh day, which
is the quickest case that I remember. This
year I have had an experience just the reverse*
of this, which I am unable to account for. Ou
December 29 last year I gathered two seed
vessels, one containing no good seed, and the-
other some five or six, which seemed to be
quite good germinating seeds. Besides these
there were one or two others so small and
insignificant, that I did not regard them as
being capable of germinating. The whole of
the seeds were sown the following day, De-
cember 30. Three weeks later one strong
seedling appeared, and was shortly afterwards
potted. For several months no other seedling
appeared, and I concluded that those I had
regarded as being fertile were not so and had
perished. The seed-pot was, however, not
discarded, and in June, that is, nearly six
months later, four other seedlings appeared,
which were also potted. I still retained the
seed-pot, and six weeks later four more seed-
lings put in an appearance, which were also
potted, and the seed-pot returned again to its
place. Three weeks ago, however, another
seedling appeared, and -while this was still'
gaining strength enough to necessitate pot-
ting singly, two others showed above the
soil, and are showing the first signs of the
rough leaf in the centre of the cotyledon.

October 5, 1901.]

THE GARDE SEES' CHRONICLE.

265

This gives the total of a dozen seeds, all taken
from one head of seed, and all good, judging
by subsequent growth, taking from three
weeks to nearly nine months to make a start,
and there may yet be more left in the pot.
This case of tardy germination of quite fresh
seed should act as a caution to those about to
throw away seed-pots of Chrysanthemums.
E. H. Jenkins, Hampton Hill.

PAUL'S SINGLE WHITE ROSE. — Mention is
made, on p. '100, of this Rose being in bloom
sometimes in the autumn. At the present
time it is flowering profusely in the shrub-
beries at Aldenham, where Mr. Beckett trains
it up poles to a height of 12 feet or more.
With him it flowers all the summer and well
into the autumn ; he looks upon this as quite
one of the best of single-flowered varieties.
E. M.

BOOK NOTICE.

The Book of Asparagus. By C. Ilott,
F.R.H.S. (John Lane, The Bodley Head ;
London and New York, mcmi.)

This is the first of a scries of handbooks, as
the editor, Mr. Harry Roberts, states in his
preface, which deal from a purely practical
standpoint with the culture of the various
fruits, vegetables, and flowers which an-
grown, or might advantageously be grown,
in English gardens. The author is Mr. C.
Ilott, who has for forty years been engaged
in the study and cultivation of the vege-
tables on which ho now writes. Recently
he has been engaged by the County Council
of Cornwall in experimenting on a large
scale, with a view to determining the most
suitable crops for cultivation in that countv.
and the best methods of cultivating them.
The methods of Asparagus-cultivation, taken
in their entirety, embody the practice of tin
best English and French cultivators, with ;i
preference to such as are best adapted tn
our climate and the demands of the con-
sumer. The Asparagus plant is treated oi
from the first step, the site of and preparation
of the seed-bed, full instructions being given
in language anyone can uiub'rstand and carry
out. Writing of cutting (he lieads, he re-
marks : " About the middle of February a (cv
inches of the surrounding soil should be tlirowi
up over the crowns, and for this purpose a t<i|i
dressing of sand is helpful to add with the soil
for earthing, as, when the gathering com-
mences, the little hill over each crown can bo
drawn down, and instead of an Asparagus-
knife being used, the shoot can be broken off
by the fingers." He prefers an old pruning-
knife to the Asparagus-knife.

Wo doubt it anyone, no matter in what
county he lived, could fall short of success
in Asparagus-culture who carefully carried out
the instructions Mr. Hott gives in the ISoolc
of Asparaffus. Nevertheless, the climate, soil,
abundance of suitable manure in sea-weed
thrown up on the beach, and the always
readily available sea-sand, will help to give
certain i)arts of Cornwall contiguous to the sea
a pre-eminence in the cultivation of Asparagus.

The handbook contains, besides the chapters
on Asparagus, others on the cultivation of
Celery, Celeriac,Scor/.onera, Salsaly, and Sea-
kale, all of them kinds of vegetables adapted
to the Cornish climate.

TRADE NOTICES.

Orchard Company (Scothv), Limitkh.— This
company has b<ren registered by .lordan &
Sons, Ltd., 120, C'hancery Lane, W.C., with a
capital of 1 10,000 in itl shares. Object, to
acquire and take over as a going concern the
property and business of a fruit-grower, nur-
seryman, horticulturist, and florist, carried on
at Scotby, Cumberland, by A. Macintosh, as
the Orcliard Company, Scotby, and generally
to carry on the business of fruit-growers and

nurserymen, both wholesale and retail, as
importers and exporters, &c., either at Scotby
or elsewhere. The signatories are : A. Macin-
tosh, 8, Warwick Square, Carlisle, corn buyer ;
J. N. Carr, Carlisle, biscuit manufacturer ;
C. Leng, Wandales. Wethorall, corn merchant ;
W. Latimer, The Pines, St. James' Road, Car-
lisle, joiner ; J. Davidson, 8, Murrell Hill,
Carlisle, clerk; R. J. Steel, Bank Chambers,
Carlisle, solicitor; G. A. Lightfoot, 23, Lother
Street, Carlisle, solicitor. No initial public
issue. The fii-st directors (to number not fewer
than three, nor more than seven) are A. Macin-
tosh, J. N. Carr. and W. Latimer. Quali-
fication, £100. Remuneration to be fixed
by ;the company. Registered office, Scotby,
Cumberland.

BOUG-\INVILLEA GL.\BRA.

This plant is soconnnonly met with in green-
houses in this country that few persons ever
think of growing it on warm positions out-of-
doors ; and yet this may be successfully
accomplished in the warmer parts of the
country. Our illustration (fig. 70) shows a
capital example of floriferousness, growing on
a wall having a south-eastern aspect, in the
garden of Sir Elliott Lees, Bart., Lytchett
Manor, I'oole. The plant, as Mr. O. Dance,
Sir Elliott's gardener, writes us, was removed
from an unhealed greenhouse last March and
planted in its present position. Soon after-
wards a frost occurred sufliciently .severe to
encrust the ground around the plant, and it was
feared that it was destroyed — indeed, no sign
of life could be observed till the month of
JIay. Subsequently it made rapid growth, and
was at the end of August a mass of rosy-
crimson coloured bracts, of a deejjcr tint than
those on plants having glass protection. A
Fabiana imbricata of great ago, and a Pome-
granate, which annually produies quantities

of its richly coloured Carnation-like flowers'
find a place on the same wall.

We may add, that the neighbourhood of
Poole enjoys particularly mild winters, aud
Lytchett used to boast of a large plantation of
Camellia japonica, which may still be in exist-
ence for aught we know of to the contrary.

LAW NOTE.

A TASTE FOR ORCHIDS.
James Horatio Rand, provision merchant
and commission agent, of Clifle Lane, Baildon,
appeared before the Registrar of the Leeds
Bankruptcy Court on Tuesday for his public
examination, with total liabilities of £4,032,
and a deficiency of £4,755. The bankrupt,
who attributed his failure in part to "money
expended on greenhouses," had, in addition to
spending £;t,()00 on their construction, and in
Laying out his grounds, got rid of £2,000 " in
Orchids and other plants." The examination
was adjourned for the production of a cash
account.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scisntiflo Committee.

Septbmber ■J-i.—l'rcseiit : Hr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S.,
in Uiccliair; Messrs. Houston, Chapnuui, Odell, Sann-
dcrs, Woi-sley, and Douglas, Dr. M. C. Cooke, Prof.
A. U. IChurcli, Ecv. W. Wiiks, and Rev. O. Henslow,
Hon. Sec; visitors, Mr. Crawsliay, and Mr. Pockett
ironi Australia.

Mnizewith Ticin Embryos.— Mr. Houston showed plants
resulting from two embryos growing fi'om ouegriiin.
.V similar plicuonicuon was not uncommon in the
.Mislcto, Acorns, ttc.

Lily oj IheViiUey Diseased.— 'Mr. Odeu, In'ought samples
of Hie foliage, which was quite brown. It was referred
10 Dr, Cooke for cxamiualion and lepoit.

Halls on Oaklea/.-IAr. Sausdeks showed an Oak-leaf
liaving four galls. " These are formed by gi\ibs from
eggs laid by Spatlicgaster Tasclienbergi, which would
produce a partlienogcnctic generation of gall - Hies
known as Dryoiibanta scutclKaris in January or Feb-
ruary. These would lay their eggs in the buds of the
Oak, aud small, somewhat conical galls would lie
found. From these thcsexual generation, Spalliegaslcr
Tasclienbergi, would emerge in July, These galls arc
common, but arc usually found singly on the leaves."

Cattleya OaskeUiaiia.— Mr. Chaw.shav exbibited a spray
of thi-ee;tlowors, in all of which two sepals bad yellow
streaks occupying half their surface, thus slightly
simulating the colouring of the labcUum,

Millonia spcdabili.'!.— Ho also showed a small im-
poi-ted plant of Ibis genus wliicb had not lieon potted
for eighteen months, but bad sent out a flower froni
the tei'Miinal shoot.

Spots OK OrclUd-leaiics.— Mr. Chawsh.\y read several
connnuuications from Mr. Bidgood on Ibis subject; he
has traced the spots to a fungus, of which photo-
micrograpliic illusti'ations were shown; but as his
rcBcarcbes are not completed, a fcntbcr communica-
tion is looked for. The fungus appears to be allied to
Obeosporium,

.Scliinm rnoUe mill Fungits.-Ur. BonAvia sent leaves
attacked by Fumago. Mr. Pockett said it was frc-
unently grown in Australia, and that it likes much
warmth. In cold districts it often gets black.

Hybrid Toiiiatos.— Mr. WonsLEV showed some vei-y tine
specimens of Tomatos, the result of ci-ossing tbe Grape-
Tomato with a red garden form. The hybrid was re-
markable for tbe number of fruits borne liy it, some
twenty-five being on one brancli ; on anotlier were two
closely-arranged rows of fruit. Another hybrid was
between an egg-shaped Tomato and tlio Orape-Tomato
as male parent; the fruits were not largo, but well
sliapen.

TropxoUtm Hybrid.— Ue also showed flowers of T.
Lobbiauum x majus, which were intermediate in cha-
racter between the parents.

AgapanllMS umbellatus.— Mr. Woksley also showed a
flower of this plant with ten leaves to the periantli,
fi-o;n synnnetrical increase.

26G

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 5, 1901.

Watsonia Ardcrnei.—'Dv. Mastebs showed, on bclialf of
Messrs. Wallace, leaves of this plant, which arc re-
markable for being quite Incapable of bearing the least
fumigation without injury.

Beech-tree Bug.— Mr. Buebidge sent a .sample of this
well-known pest, Adelges fagi, exceedingly common
this year. He wrote as follows :—" The specimen
eame from Croydon, where trees 12 feet in circum-
ference have perished. We have it in Dublin on the
stem of a Weeping Beech, in the College garden. This
stem is of the common Beech, and tlic weeping variety
is grafted upon it, about 5 feet above ground. The
Adelges only infests the bark of the stock up as
high as tlie graft-line, aud does not spread or live on
the scion or weeping variety above the graft-line."
Mr. Burbidge refers to an opinion that this insect never
attacks the purple Beech— an undoubted error, as a
large tree of this kind died at Ealing in 1898 from it, in
the secretary's garden.

Plane-tree Leaves Disensed.^Mr. Borbidge also sent
leaves of this tree attacked by Fiimogo. Several other
plants, he observes, are similarly attacked by it.

ProUj'erotts Barley. — He also sent specimens of Barley
with extra short ears at the base, imitating the so-called
" Egyptian Wheat." They appeared among a crop of
Chevalier. He raised tlie question whether it could
liave resulted from a cross with the six-rowed Barley;
but without experiment this could not be decided.
Probabilities would seem, however, to be averse to this
view, as no such crossing would apply to proliferous
Wiieat and other cereals, or to Plantains iu which it Is
of common occurreuoe.

Prunus s]). Diseased.— Tir. M. C. Cooke reported upon
specimens sent to the last meeting by Mr. Veiteh :
" Plvim and Cherry aud some other orchard trees suffer
from the attacks of what are, apparently, wound
parasites. These are in the form of a white mycelium,
•which grows between the bark and wood, and ultimately
Kills the tree. This is presumed to be the mycelium of
some Agaric, probably growing iu tlic vicinity of the
tree, first attacking the root, and then proceeding
upwards beneath the bark. From the mycelium alone
it is impossible to determine the species, but, in such
cases, it should be noted whether any Agarics are
growing in the neighbourhood of the diseased tree,
such, for instance, as Collybia fusipes. .Berkeley, in
the pages [of the Gardeners' Chronicle, often directed
attention to these 'root fungi,' and commented upon
their injurious influence. It may be true that they are
originally saprophytes, or the mycelium of saprophytes,
but they may become parasitic under certain condi-
tions. I expressed tliis opinion some years since in
connection with Conifers in tlie neigbbourliood of
Edinburgh, in a case brought for trial in tlie High
Court, but an opposing witness declared the mycelium
to be only a saprophyte, and unable to cause an injury.
Subsequent investigations in Germany and elsewhere
liave confirmed my opinion."

Helianthiis hybrid.— Mr. Buffham sent flowers of a
supposed hybrid between the perennial and annual
species of this genus. He observes .-—"The seed-bear-
ing parent has an annual variety (this I have no doubt
about), aud therefore am able to send a flower of it ;
but I send also the Harpalium and H. niultifiorus,
together with blossoms of the two seedlings, one of
which grew to a height of seven, the other to that of
four feet. For years I have been crossing varieties of
the annual Sunflower. I tliQn begau to cross the
annual witli any of the perennial species, and I Jiave
no doubt from the results about some of them being
true crosses ; the seed parent being the annual species.
The offspring never stood the winter, so I was unable
to perpetuate them. Two years ago I fertilised the an-
nual species with Harpalium, and possibly with H-
niultifiorus (that point I am not ciuite certain about). I
sowed the seed, and tlie result was three plants,
two which grew about 7 feet high, one about four
feet. All flowered, but they are not likely to ripen
seed. I dug up one plant, and potted it when
im full bloom, placing it in a cold greenhouse
to ripen seed, but it did not do so, but it lived
and is still in the same pot. It is difl'erent in
Joliage and growth from any other I possess. The
;)ther two plants I left in the open ground ; one, a Sun-
flower, has come up, and I enclose a blossom. It is
about 7 feet high, growing very erect. It may be one of
ttie three, but I cannot feel certain." With regard to
the differences between Harpalium and Helianthus :
Beutham and Hooker describe the former as having
two paleaceous awns dilated at the base, and sometimes
cleft, but without any intermediate smaller scales
noticed by Desfontaines. In the flower of Harpalium
scut by Mr. Buffham there were the two opposite

latcr.al, and often cleft, very elongated scales ; but
these were connected with numerous shorter and
pointed scales, all being coherent into a caducous ring.
The receptacular scales terminate in a blunt end,
which is coloured green. Helianthus multiflorus
differs from Harpalium in having no interme-
diate scales. In this it agi'ees with the H. anuuus,
var., sent by Mr. Buffham, while the receptacular
scales have acute points, also greeu. In Helianthus
annuus the receptacular scales are markedly different,
being excessively elongated into awn-like terminations
of a dark purple colour. With regard to the hybrids,
they both agree in having lanceolate, sub-scabrid leaves,
similar to those of Harpalium. The florets have the
two longer scales, with a few short ones intervening,
but not coherent. The receptacular scales terminate
in acute (not acuminate) points, and are thus interme-
diate between Harpalium and H. niultifiorus. Com-
paring these supposed hybrids with the hybrid " H. G.
Moon"— i.e., Harpalium (Miss Mellish) x Helianthus
multiflorus. they entirely agreed with it, as also with a
hybrid Ijetween Harpalium and H. multiflorus from a
friend. If, therefore, Mr. Buftliam's be a cross between
the annual and perennial varieties, then the latter is
so strongly prepotent or "dominant" that no trace of
its parentage is present.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Chiswick. October 1.— A meeting of tliis body %vas
held here on the above date. Present : Messrs. W. Bates
(in the chair), G. Wythes, H. Balderson, W. Farr.
S. Mortimer. J. Willard, H. Markliam, G. Reynolds,
J. Smith, G. Norman, and A. Dean.

A large collection of seedling and old Potatos was
seen, all of them late, and some exceptionally robust
growers. Out of tlie entire number, thirteen were
selected for cooking. Of these. General Buller (K.
VErrcH & Sons), a handsome, heavy-cropping, white
round : General French (Barr & Sons), large cropping,
flattish. white round; and The Factor (Dobbie),
a huge cropper, were granted Awards of Merit. Some
others were sucli fine croppers, and showed such high
promise that, evidently not being sufficiently ripe now,
it was resolved they sljould be cooked again two
months lience, when Celeries come under exami-
nation. These varieties were Tlic Crofter, Carltonian,
Fylde Wonder. Duchess of Buccleuch, Ellington's Pro-
lific, Improved Kidney, and Kerr's 13. The cooking of
the eleven varieties was admirable, and the committee
gave it high praise. As.,tliere were eleven members
present, the needful quorum was made.

The competitive exhibits proved to be the best the
Society has had. The association is causing the local
gardeners to take a deeper interest in their profession.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

September as.- The Floral Committee met for the
first time at the Royal Aquarium on the above date
under the presideucy, of Mr. J. Lyue, and though tlie
subjects submitted were few, they were of an interest-
ing character. First-class Certificates of Merit were
awarded to the following new early-flowering varieties
as decorative subjects :—

God/reys Pet. — .A charming bright, soft yellow,
Japanese bloom, with rather long drooping florets :
growth? dwarf and bushy, and free of bloom. From
Mr. W. J. Godfrey, nurseiyman, Exmouth.

Harmnny. — An early - flowering Japanese variety,
dwarf, and free branching in habit; the ground colour
brownisli-buflT, tinted with reddish-lilac. From Mr.
W. J. Godfrey.

ilytchett Pink.— An excellent addition to the Mytchett
group, and an early-flowering Japanese. The colour is
delicate pink, of a charming tint of colour; the habit
dwarf and free-blooming. From Mr. H. J. Jones, Rye-
croft Nursery, Lewisham. All the foregoing are well
adapted for garden decoration, in the border, and for
cultivation in pots.

BRISTOL AND DISTRICT
GARDENERS'.

SKPrEMBER 2ii.— At a meeting of this Association,
held at St. John's Rooms, Mr. J. H. Vallance, of Red-
land, gave a pai>er entitled "Horticulture Commer-
cially Considered." Speaking of fruit-growing, the
lecturer said that excessive crops wei-e most disastrous
to the market grower, causing the markets to be glutted
with unsaleable fruit, tlie result being that very low
Iirices were obtained.

The culture of flowers for cutting was one of the
most profitable branches of horticulture, providing it
was done on a large scale, so as to compete with foreign
produce. Mr. Vallauce also gave some very interesting
information concerning fruit and flower culture in
Jersey and Guernsey, giving particulars of the enor-
mous out-put, and describing the mode of culture
practised iu these two islan-ds.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW AT
TAMWORTH.

Seffembee 28.- The initial efl'ort of those responsible
for the creation of the above exhibition of early-
flowering Chi-ysanthemums was highly successful.
The show was held in the Town Hall, Tamworth, and
there was a very interesting and thoroughly repre-
sentative display of the early sorts.

There were twenty classes, and the competition was
very spirited. The leading class, one for twenty-four
bunches of any early-flowering Chrysanthemums, from
plants grown in the open-air, and not disbudded, a
superb display, comprising large bunches of flowers of
good colour, and beautifully set up, seeured leading
honours for Mr. Prince of Loughboi-ough. The best
varieties in this collection were Robbie Burns, Mrs.
J. v.. Mollinson, Market White, Mychett White, Ivy
Stark, Harvest Home, Crimson Marie Moore, Madame
Casimir-Perier, Edith Syratt, Queen of the Earlies,
and Golden Queen of the Earlies. Mr. J. Wood, Derby,
was placed 2nd.

There was a keen competition for twelve bunches
grown under similar conditions to that first named,
Mr. Prince again leading with a capital lotof bunches ;
Mr. T. Nadin, Alverston. Derby, was a good 2nd.

A very narrow division separated the leaders in the
class for six bunches Japanese distinct. Mr. Prince
again led with large, handsome bunches, comprising
Madame Desgranges, Geo. Wermig, Eugfene Ferez,
Crimson Marie Masse, and Madame Casimir-Piirier.
2nd, Mr. D. B. Crane, Woodview Terrace, Highgate,
London. The positions of these two exhibitors were
the same in a class for six bunches of Pompons, dis-
tinct. There was very little to choose between their
exhibits, Mr. Prince showing bright-coloured bunches
of Maud Pitcher, Canari, Longfellow, Flora, Little Bob,
and Piercy's Seedling. In Mr. Crane's exhibit, Bronze
Bride, Blushing Bride, and Little Bob (syn. Scarlet
Gem) were very good.

Premier honours were secured by Mr. Bradshaw,
Hinckley, Warwick, for three bunches of Pompons,
distinct, Fred Pete, Flora, and Piercy's Seedling being
well shown.

There were several classes for a single bunch of a
given colour. Mr. D. B. Crane secured 1st prize for
whites with Mychett White ; Mr. Prince with Crimson
Marie Masse, for those of a crimson shade ; this same
grower winning 1st prize for the bronze or terra-cotta
class with Henri Yoon. Japanese of a rose or pink
colour was won by Mr. Crane, with Madame Casimir-
Perier in good form; and Mr. Prince with Ralph
Cutris, for those of any other colour.

The best yellow Pompon was Flora, exhibited by Mr.
Silvester, Tamworth ; and the best white Pompon,
Longfellow, staged by Mr. Prince.

Decorative classes were well represented, a table
decoration of Chrysanthemums, arranged with any
kind of foliage and grasses, &c., for eft'ect, being keenly
contested. In this instance Mr. Crane secured leading
honours with a bright and charming table of yellow
Chrysanthemums and coloured autumn and other
foliage for effect.

Miss Sydenham was invincible with a beautiful hand-
basket of Chrysanthemums, in which much taste was
evinced ; and the same lady well merited the 1st prize
for a stand of Pompons, which was placed to her
credit.

Trade Displays were very fine. Mr. William
Sydenham filling up one end of the hall with a large
group of 100 bunches of flowers, the majority of which
were early-flowering Chrysanthemums. Pompons aud
Japanese "sorts each contributed to the display, and
together with the perennial Asters well merited the
distinction of a Gold Medal awarded to this group.

Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham, had a number of novel-
ties finely flowered and not disbudded (Silver Medal).

Mr. WELLS, of Redhill, staged some beautiful repre-
sentations of disbudded novelties, which were much
admired (Silver Medal).

Mr. Walter Bentley, Belgrave, Leicester, had some
glorious Roses (Silver Medal).

Mr. William Sydenhaji generously provided the
funds and prizes, and there is good reason tor believing
the show will become an annual one.

LOUGHBOROUGH GARDENERS.

The annual meeting of members was hold in the
Co-operative Hall, Woodgate. Loughborough, recently,
Mr. J. T. Smith presiding. Mr. D. Roberts presented
the report and statement of accounts, the latter show-
ing a satisfactory balance iu hand. The report, whioh
was adopted, showed that there was a membership of
eighty, an increase of six on the year. The annual
exhibition of liardv fruits and flowers was held in the
Drill Hall, and was liighly creditalile. There had been
seventeen meetings during tlie year, with an average
attendance of twenty-seven members.

Competition amongst the members had been stimu-

October -j, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

267

latedbythe President (Aid. W. C. Buidei) offering a
special prize. Four essays were sent in upon the sub-
ject " How best to Furnish a Greenhouse with Flowers
the whole Year." 1st, F. Reynolds, The Gardens,
Southfleld; 2ud, G. RniJTER, Prcstwold. The annual
excursion of tlio association was attended by upwards
of seventy, Alton Towers being visited, .ild. W. C.
Burder was re-elected President, and Mr. Roberts again
consented to act as lion. sec. ; tlic otlier officers were
all re-appointed, the only alteration being on the
committee, Mr. ClifT being appointed in place of Mr.
J. Parsons.

.\rrangements have been made to hold the meetings
in the Committee-room, Town Hall.

©bituar^.

Robert Bowie. — We regret to announce
the death of Robert Bowie, -which occurred at
"Wooler on Sunday, Sept. 1, whilst saying
grace at dinner. The deceased was born
August 29, 1817, at Hepburn Hall, one of the
home farms of the Earl of Tankerville, of
which for several years his father was the
manager, previous to going to Chillingham as
bailiff.

He commenced his career as a gardener at
Chillingham during the life of the present
Earl's grandfather, and at the request of the
then Earl Tankerville he removed to Walton-
on-Thames, occupying the position of foreman,
where he took every opportunitj- of improving
himself in the profession he had taken up. On
the death of the head gardener at Chillingham,
Mr. Bowie was appointed in his place, ful-
filling his duties with satisfaction to his em-
ployer and credit to him.self for over 4.') years.
During this long term of service, many im-
provements were carried out by Mr. Bowie, in
conjunction with the late Earl, not only in the
gardens, but also in Chillingham Park and
Hepburn Wood, which wore planted by them —
forestry being a hobby with both Mr. Bowio
and the late Earl. Subsequently Mr. Bowio
acted as bailiff, his son Thomas succeeding
him as head gardener. Finally he retired in
188.5, and removed to Wooler, where he con-
tinued to take an interest in gardeningmatters.
When at Chillingham ho was a successful
exhibitor at Alnwick and other shows, and his
services were greatly in demand at many of
the horticultural and floral exhibitions in
the north. The interment took place at
Chillingham.

Mr. Bowio had been a subscriber to the
Oanleners' Chronicle, all his life, doubtless
therefore since the founding of the Gard. Cliron.
in 1841, to which he occasionally contri-
buted. Ho was much interested in the cro.ss-
ing and hybridising of plants, and among
others ho raised Lobelia fjittle Gem, which
was awarded a First-class Certificate by the
R.H.S. The collection of Conifers formed at
Chillingham Park during Howie's career there
■was an extensive one, and many of the speci-
mens, thanks to his fostering care, have grown
to large dimensions. Those who may wish to
have fuller particulars of Mr. Bowie's life, as
hero given, shouldturn to our issue for March 4,
1870, p. 300, where also a portrait is given.

MARKETS,

COVENT GARDEN, OCTOBER :',.
Cut Floweks, Ac— Average \Viioi,ks.\i.e Pkices.
«-rf- 8-t2. I s.d. s.d.

Lily of Valley, p.
1 0- 2 0 i doz. bunches 6 0-12 0

Maidenhair Fern,
10-20: doz. bunches 40-80
(I 0-12 0 Mignonellc, per
10-20 doz. bunches 40-60

10-16 Odontoglossums,
per dozen

per

Asparagus ' Fern,'
hunch

Carnations^
dozen bloo'

Cattleyas, p doz.

Eucharis, p. doz.

(iardenias, doz,

Lilium Harrisii,

dozen blooms 2 0-40 Roses, Tea, white,

Lilium lancifol

album, p. doz,

blooms
LUiuni rubrum,

per dozen ...
Lilium longlllrm.

per dozen ...

2 6-60

per dozen ... 1 o- .3 0
— Catherine
16-30 Mermct, per

doz 1 o- .•? 0

3 0- .5 0 I Smilax, p. bunch 3 0-50

Tuberoses, i)er
2 0-40' doz. blooms 03-06

Plants is Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, s.d. ' s.d. s.d.
Adiantums, doz. 5 0-70 Ferns, small, per

Arbor-vitte, var., I 100 4 0-60

per dozen ... 6 0-.36 0 Ficus elastica, ea. 16-76
Aspidistras, doz. 18 0-36 0 Foliage plants,

— specimen, ea. 5 O-IO 6 various, eacli 10-50
Cannas, per doz. 18 0 — Lily of Valley, ea. 19-30
Crotons, per doz. 18 0-.30 0 Lycopodiums, p.

Cyclamen, p. doz. S O-IO 0 dozen 3 0-40

Dracaenas, var.. Marguerites, per

per dozen ...12 0-30 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

— viridis, doz. 9 0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz. 6 0-90
Ericas, var., doz. 12 0-36 0 Palms, var., each 1 0-15 0
Euonymus, var., I — specimen, ea, 21 0-63 0

per dozen ... 6 0-18 0 Pelargoniums,

1 scarlet, doz. 8 0-12 0
4 0-18 0 — Ivyleaf, per

dozen 8 0-10 0

4 0-18 0 Spiraas, per doz. 6 0-12 0

Evergi'eens. var.,
per dozen ...

Ferns, in variety,
per dozen ...

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d s.d.
Apples, home-
grown, Suf-
tield, Kes-
wick, W a r-
ner's King,
Blenheim s,
Manx, &c., per
sieve 2 0-30

— Cox's, sieve... 3 0-40

— Worcester
Pearmain,per
sieve

Bananas, bunch

— loose, p. doz.
Blackberries, per

peck of 12 lb. I 0- 1
Cobnuts, Kentish,

per lb.
Damsons, p. sieve 26 —
Figs, per dozen ... 0 8-10
Grapes, Muscats,

home-grown,

per lb., A. ... 2 6-30

— do., B. ...0 6-10

— Alicante, lb.

— Gros Colmar,
per lb.

— Gros Maroc,
per lb

s.d. s.d.

Grapes. Belgian,

black, per lb. 0 4-07

Lemons, Naples,
per case of
420 20 0-22 0

Melons, each ... 0 9-10

— Rocks 10-20

Oranges, case of

]2U 12 0 —

Peaches, A., per

dozen 12 0-18 0

— B., per dozen 2 0-40
Pears, Louise

Bonne, Duch-
esse, &c., in
crates 5 6-76

— — sieves ... 3 0 4 o

— Engl. Hazel,
Calabass, Ca-
piau mo n t,
Bergamot,
&c., per bush. 4 0- .•* 0

2 6- 3 0 I — Stewing, per
0 6-101 basket ... 3 i>- 4 0

0 6-10 Pines, each ... 26-40
, Plums, various,

0 9-16; per sieve ... 29-40
j Prunes, sieve ... 2 6 —

1 0- 1 8 I Walnuts, perpeck 3 0-46
Hamburgh, per — per bushel ... 2 6 3 o
lb., A 16-20— Grenoble, per

— B 0 4-061 bag 6 0 -

Vegetables.- Average Wholesale Prices.

2 6-40
6 0-10 0
10-16

0 «.»-0 7

Artichokes, Globe,

per dozen ...
Beans, home, dwf.

per sieve
— runners, per

bushel
Beetroots, new,

per bushel ...
Brussels Sprouts,

sieve

s.d. s.d.

s.d. s.d.
Mushrooms, out-
door, p. sieve 0 9- 2 o
Onions, cases ... 5 0-60

— in bags ... 3 0- 5 0

— bunches, per

dozen 16-20

— picklers, bags 2 6-30
Parsley, per doz.

bunches ... 10-18

— sieve

Cabbage, tally ... 16-30! Parsnips, p. cwt.

0 9-10] bag

Potalos, per ton..
10-26 Radishes, p. doz.
bundles
Salad, small, ptin-

— dozen
Carrots, per doz.

bunches

— waslied, bags 3 0 —

— unwashed. i>er
bag 2 0 — nets, per doz.

Cauliflowers, doz. I «- 1 9 Shallots, per lb...
Celery, I2bundlc3 lo 0-14 0 Spinach, English

Cress, per dozen

punnets
Cucumbers, doz.
Endive. new

French, doz.
Garlic, per lb. ...
Horseradisli

3 0- 3 6

0 2-
10-16

0 2

bushel
Tomatos, Eng-
lish, dozen lb. 2 0-30

— Channel Is-
lands, per lb. 0 I-O IJ

— French, per
rate

reign, bunch 10-13 Turnips, per doz.
Leeks, 12 bunches 10-16 bunches ... 16-20
Lettuccs,Cabbagc, — bag 2 0-26

per dozen ... 0 9-10 Vegetable - Mar-
— Cos, per score 16-20 rows, per doz. 06-10

Mint, 12 bunches 1 0 — — in pots ... 10-16
Muslirooms, house. Watercress, per

per lb. ... 0 6 — doz. bunches 0 4-0 6

Remarks.- Nova Scotian Apples in ban-els are now
coming in : Pomegranates in cases fetch 10s. : Dates in
boxes, about 2 rirs. iictt, 7». to 7''. «rf Large ijuantities
of Runner Hcans arc being consigned to the scavenger's
van, there licing no buyers; Turnips arc now of good
quality, and t'aulilloworsarc plentiful. English.\pples
of good size and quality are a short supply; Grape-
Fruits fetch per case, IBs. lirf. ; Cranberries, per case,
13s. ; and Quinces, per box, 28. 6d.
Potatos.
Various sorts, Ms. to 70s. JoAn Bath, 33 <& 34, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden.

COBKT.

Average Pihces of British Corn (per imperial qr.),
for the week ending Sept. 2.s, and for the corresponding
period of 1900, together willi the dilTerence in the
quotations. These figures are based on the Official
Weekly Return :—

Description.

■ 1900.

1901.

DifTcrencc.

Wheat

a.
■28

d.
9

s. d.

25 10

s. d.
- 2 11

Barley

26

1

25 10

— 0 3

Oats

17

2

17 2

ENQUIRY.

C.M.ciUM CARBIDE. — Will some of our readers
wlio may have had experience of the action of
tliis substance on vegetation, kindly state if
it is beneficial or otherwise.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Abies nobilis : Correspondent. The blistering
we take to be the result of insect-puncture.
We do not see any of the " chermes " which
is .'io in,iurious to these plants ; but never-
theless we suspect they are the cause of the
mischief. Look for little masses of white
fluff, such as are found on old Apple-trees.

Blight on Beech : W. N. Too common this
season. The name of the creature is Adelges
fagi. On young trees petroleum emulsion
■5\ould do good ; but generally the insect is
so abundant that nothing can be done. The
trees ■will be much weakened, and some
will die.

BOOK: Jo)iii Raseii. A Synopsis of the Brifis/i
Mosses, by C. P. Hobkirk. L. Reeve & Co.,
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. .

Carnation : Constant Reader. Probably eel-
worm.

Chry.santhemum Lady Fitzwilliam : W. H. iS.
(Xr Co. The discoloured Chrysanthemums are
simply resenting the treatment they have
received. What the particular fault is can
only be doformincd by the cultivator.
Neither insects nor fungi have any share 'iu
causing the unhealthy appearance pre-
sented. G. M.

Correction : Royal Horticlltural Show Re-
port in "Gaiidkners' Chronicle," Sett. 28,
l>. "218. Wo inadvertently left oiit the
initial letter "W." in the title of Messrs.
W. Paul & Son, of Waltham Cross, and tlius
gave, erroneously, the credit of raising Rof e
Corallina to Messrs. Paul & Son, of tlio Old
Nurseries, Cheshunt.

DisPLTED JuDciNii : B. Wo agroo that the rules
for judging Issued by the R.H.S. greatly
stand in need of revision, but so long as
they are taken a.s (Miiliodimonts of the la^w,
you must submit.

DON.VTION: W. G. S. It will bo given to the
Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund.

Insect on Seedling Pan.sies : F. B. The gruli
or insect had escaped from the box. From
your description of its proceedings among
the Pansies, we should suppose it to be
either a full-grown weevil (beetle), or ;i
weevil-grub. Can you not send a few more
of them '^ Weevils are dillicult creatures to
deal with when there are plants on the
ground.

Lahurni M : Riis-ln-Urbe. Wo are unable to
find tr,accs of fungus or insect. We should
bo inclined to think the shrivelling is due tu
drought, or to excessive drainage.

Laurei. Leaves Holed: W. U. B. Catch your
insect, and send it to us, and we will
endeavour to get it named for you.

*** Xaiies OF Plants and ok Fruits, SrECiAL
Notice : We are desirous of assisting youmi
(lardcners and our subscribers as Jar as ive
can do so consistently with our editoriid
duties, but our readers must kindly remember
thai siicli ilemandsijeneratln i iirol rr siiiiic i iiriin-
rriii,',ii-c, Hilda lar(ieexpeudiliii<' \i,>IU aj lime
ami iimiieii on our part. Corresinnideuls not
ansu'ered in this issue are requested to be so
good as to consult the following numbers.

Na.mks ok Prdits : ^1. Reynolds. Thcshoots arc
those of the Wild Crab, and the Pear i.-*
Beurre Clairgeau. — ■! . Mc. Blue Plum,
KIrke's ; Yellow Plum, Transparent Gage ;
Pear decayed. — JV. G. 1, Leon Leclerc (U^
Laval; 2, Beurre Hardy; .'), Court Pendu
Plat ; 1, Beauty of Kent ; 5, Lane's Prince.
Albert; (!, unknown. — J. J. Burton. Pos-

THE GAUD EXER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[October 5, 1901.

Hibly the Apple is a seedling, it has a close
)'esemblaiicc to Worcester Peavmain, but
differs in some poiats. What is the habit of
the tree ?^H. W. 'J'he Pear was loosely
));icke(l, and arrived in a smashed state. —
Conxtant Reader. Cardross Green. — .7. C.
li.Kcellent specimens : 1, Harvey's Wiltshire
DeQanee ; 2. Tower of Glamis : 3, Gloria
Ttliindi ; 4, Nelson Codlin.— ./. C. 1, Pear
Crassane ; 2, Lane's Prince Albert ; 3, Gre'ia-
<lier ; 4, Calville Malingre ; 5, Bramloy's
Seedling ; 0, Tenchat's Egg.— G. W. E. Many
thanks lor the care taken in packing and
labelling the fruit. 1, Lemon Pippin ; 2,
Golden Spire; 3. Duchess of Oldenburg; 4,
J'orge. — H. F. Your Apple is certainly not
Co.k's Orange Pippin. It has same resom-
lilance to Crimson Quoining, but we are not
<iuite satisfied. We will keep the fruit for
further reference, and perhaps you can send
a small twig bearing a few leaves. — Lee.
1 , Winter Greening ; 2, Alfri.ston ; 3, Xanny ;
4, Reinette du Canada. — J. W. M. The
Plum is Sandall's. — A. 8. Peach BoUo
Bailee. — C. F. h. We cannot recognise the
Pear in the condition it reached us. We
must impress upon correspondents that they
should avoid sending Pears in an over-ripe
state, and also that careful packing is very
needful.

Names of Plants : G. P. 1. Solidago niulti-
radiata ; 2, Aster acris ; 3, A. cordifolius
elegans ; 4, A. Novi-belgii densus ; 5, A.
(Chrysocoma) linosyris, popularly called
Goldilocks, now included in Aster ; G, Datura
Stramonium. — F. D. & Co. Kestuca rubra.
— H. & .S'oH. Panicum capillare. • — Clias.
Dennis. Odontoglossnm Harryanum. — \V. C,
lititli. 1, Leucophytum Browni ; 2, Gnapb-
alium Icontopodium, Edelweiss; 3, Skimmia
japonica ; 4, Erigeron mucronatus ; 5, Abelia
rupestris. — T. P. 1, Picea pungens var.
glauea ; 2, Abies hudsonica ; 3, Crataegus,
not recognised ; 4, Pyrus Malus bac-
cata ; 5, Cotoneaster affinis ; 0, Rhus
Cotinus.— P. J. L. 1, Ulmus Rosseelsii, a
golden form of U. campestris ; 2, Juniperus
sinensis; 3, Picea Morinda ; 4, Thuya
gigantea ; .5, Thuya occidentalis ; C, Cu-
pressus Lawsoniana. — R. L. P. Tetratheca
verticillata. — J. C. Rosa microphylla. —
J. C, Didcot. Hellvella crispa, edible
(see fig. 80). — B. B., Kensworth. Oncidium
incurvuui. — Essex. 1, Mesenibryanthemum
tenuil'olium ; 2, Coprosma Baueriaua varie-
gata ; 3, Hieracium Aurantiacniu ; 4, Gnapha-
lium margaritaceum ; 5, Geranium san-
guinuem ; C, Statice Armeria ; 7, Cleroden-
dron fallax. — E. C. Oncidium oruithorhyn-
clium. — W. E. Medicago Echinus. — fliiiit.
Acer canipestre. — Max L. Very closely
allied to the common Hyssop, Hyssopus
officinalis, but larger in all parts. Further
investigations are in progress.

Narcissus Bulbs Injured : A'. V. Z. The bulbs
are attacked by a fungus, Botrytis vulgaris,
and after the scales are somewhat wealfencd
by this parasite, the Eucharis-raite follows
and adds to the injury. The mite simplv
swarms in most of the bulbs examined. If
it were possible to dry the bulbs quickly
after lifting they would remain sound ; it is
during the slow process of drying that spe-
cially favours the growth of the fungus,
which prepares the way for the mite. Mix
kainit or sulphur with the soil when plant-
ing. O. M.

ORfHlI> SPOT: H. Tl'., Lancashire, and Betninm.
The spotting of the leaves luis till recently
been mysterious. Lately, however, a fungus,
Gla?osporium, has been detected, and this,
if confirmed, is amply sufficient to account
for the trouble ; see Report of the Scien-
tific Committee in our present issue. The
disease seems to be spreading rapidly, but
beyond disfigurement it does not seem to do
much harm. It must, however, weaken the
plant. We should advise you to burn the
affected leaves and to spray the plants with
a weak solution of sulphide of potassium,
■l oz. to the gallon — proceeding tentatively,
and with caution.

Pear Crackinc. : S. Due to a fungus, Pusi-
cladiura dendritioum. Yes, the advice given
to H. B. on p. 23(i is applicable in your case.

Plantini: under Trees: J. H. B. The larger
and smaller Periwinkle, Ivy, Butcher's
Broom, St. John's Wort, common Box, and
common Laurel and Portugal Laurel where
the shade is not too dense.

Remedy for Chrysanthemi'm : Inquisitor.
Being sure of its efficacy, manufacture it
in quantity, and advertise its sale iu the
gardening journals.

Substitute for the Turfing-spade : J. 11. W.
We know of none.

Tea Rose : Rose. Wo cannot undertake to
name varieties of the Rose. Send to some
Rose-grower in a large way of business.

evil of a too rich soil would be increased by
the frames being placed in a damp, sliady
position. A lietter position for them would be
out iu the open, away from walls or buildings,
unless it be a wall on the north side; and
the beds should be raised a foot at the least
above the level of the ground, and be put on
a solid basis, with good drainage below the
bed of soil. As a compost in which to grow
the Violets, eschew manure in favour of leaf-
mould or greatly spent hot-bed manure, finely
screened, and intimately mixed with fresh
loam — that is, loam that has been in stack
for a year or longer. You have made matters
worse for the plants by applying Thomson's
Plant Manure to a soil already too rich in
manure. We note that your plants have not
been closely denuded of runners during the
summer.

Fig. 80.— helvella crispa.

The Prevuntion of an Atpack of the Onion-
fly (Anthomvia ceparum): .Scot. Mix
1 quart of petroleum with 1 bushel of wood-
ashes or sand, and scatter this between the
rows of plants. Keep the soil slightly drawn
up to the plants at the season when the
female is on the wing, so as to prevent her
from laying eggs near the bottom.

Tree-Ferns: a. a. If the stems are newly
imported, stand them upright in pots,
large enough to accommodate the butt ends,
filling in around them with loam and peat in
roughish lumps, sand, crocks, or sandstone,
and make the mass somewhat solid ; having
done that, place them in an intermediate-
house, or other glasshouse having a night
temperature not lower than 48' to 50°, nor
higher than 70', and keep the stems wet by
syringing them twice a day.

Violets not Succeeding : J. C. Our opinion
is that the soil contains too much strong
manure, which the extreme vigour of the
plants and the sample of soil indicate. The

Wages Due : JV. B. We can give you little
hope of getting anything out of the bank-
rupt's estate. You might take the case to
the County Court, the procedure costs there
being reasonable in amount.

Walnut - leaves with Excrescences : Z.
Caused by a mite, Phyllereus Juglandis.

Communications Received. — Mark Webster. — Jolin
Bowie— L. C— E. S., witli thanks— Ladhams, with
thanks— F. E. L., next week— W. E., with tlianks—
Sir G. K.— J. C— C. H. G,— E. H. J., many thanks-
F. L. C, we will make enquiries- J. M., please send
specimen— A. W. P.— W. J. B., many thanks— F, G.,
many thanks— A. D. C— Belgium- H.W.— F. W.— W. H.
— E. M.-H. M— A. K.-W. W.— A. H— Wild Rose-
E. 8.— E. H. J.— J. R. J.— E. W.— A. D— J. O'B.- Dr.
Bouavia— E.G.- A. J. L.— A. J.— W. E. B., Grenada—
E. M.— W. B.— H. B.— W. .7. S.— Gertrude Cope— Dick-
son & Co.. Edinburgh— J. P.— T. M.— A. R.— J. W.—
T. W. R.— H, V. W.— Harwood Bros.— H. H. K.-W. R.
Rampsbeck— A. A.— J. II. L.— R. L. H.— C. S.— W. B. J.
— G. B-— G. M. C.-W. K.— T. M.— A. Hillmau.

(For remainder of Markets and Weather, seep. x).

October li, 1901.J

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E,

269

THE

No. 712.— SATURDAY, OCT. 12, 1901.
CONTENTS.

Africa, Soutli, garden-
ing In 2?0

Apple, culture of ... 276
Botanical Magazine ... 277
Caloiiiabdos caulop-

teia 277

Cbrysantbemuins ... 273,
277,283
Cineraria pentactin.i 277
Cosmos diversifolius

l>evon. South, walk in 275
Diascia Barberx ... 278
Doljbie, Messrs., nur-
sery 280

E.xorliiza Wendlandi-

ana 277

Fruits, new 272

Gooseberry May

Duke 272

GoosebeiTy

Phillimorc.
Gooseberry

Victoria
Apple Ben's Red ...
RaspbeiTy Superla-
tive

Grape Prince of

Wales

I'eacli Duchess of

Cornwall

I'cach Thomas Riven
I'each Edouard Py-

nacrt

Pear Micliaelmas

Nclis

Pear Bcurr*; Perdu .
I'ear Bergamottc

Ranee

I'lar Belle Gueren-

daise

Early

more Castle ... :
Lister, Messrs.. nur-
sery :

Montbretia crocos-

miffiflora :

New Plants-
Cotyledon nana ... :
Stapelia luaculos-

oides ;

North, visit to the—

Rothesay :

Orchid notes—
LiElio-Cattleya Ad-
miral Dewey ... :
Cattleya A. de Mcu-

lenaere ;

Pceonies, herbaceous . ;

Preonies, tree I

Pears —
Madame dc Madre... :
Michaelmas Nelis ...
272 Pine apple, culture of 1

Plant notes—
272 ' Sparmannia africana

272 , nana '■

Cosmos diversifolius
272 ; Montbretia crocos-

miseflora

272 Primula arctotia hy-
brids

272 i Publications received
272, Rubus palmatus

Societies —
272 ' Crystal Palace Fruit

1 ShowiSupp.)
272 Roy. Hort. Soc.
272 ; Yorkshire Fungus...
National Chrysan-

272 themum

Sparmannia africana
"'" ' var.

■ Belle des Arbres 272 Stocktaking

I'ear Directeur | Sutton, Martin Hope

Hardy 272 i obituary notice ol .,

Pear Parrot Berga- " Sweet Violets"

mot 272 ; Tomato deformed

Pear PresidcntBarab 272 I Town trees

Pear Virgolcuse ... 272 , Week's Work, the—
Fruitrtrees.washingof 278 i Flower Garden

Garden life 277

Habenaria Lug;irdi ... 277
Harper .Vdams College 277
Home correspondence,

various 282

Humphrey, Mr. G.,

presentation to ... 277
Kcw Bulletin 277

Fruits under Glass..
Hardy Fruit Garden
Kitchen Garden ...
Orchid Houses, the.
Plants under Gloss .
Winter washing of

fruit trees

Woodhatch, Reigatc...
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Uiascia Barbcr.'p

Group of Queen Pines grown at The Ileudrc, Mon-
mouth (Supplement).

Martin Hope Sutton, the late

Michaelmas Nelis Pear

Tomato deformed

Tree Peonies in Japan

LISMOEE CASTLE.

LISMORE CASTLE, the se<at of the Diiko
of D(n'onshiro, occupies a coniiiiiiiitlinf;
[lOKition on th<! smiiiiiit of a steep cliff,
close to the river Blackwatcf (which is also
called the Rhine of Ireland), and is 40 miles
W.S.W. from Watcrford. It was erected by
King ,Iohn in llM."). an<l was the residence of
the bishops until the sixteenth century.
Here Henry II. received the allegiance of
the bishops and archbishops after landing
at Watcrford; it has passed through various
sieges, and was partly destroyed byfin> in lOj.").

In 1518 the manor was granted to Sir
Walter Raleigh (who.se ancient residence,
'' Jlyrtlc Grove," is still to be seen at Youghal,
-ibout 14 miles from here) ; from him it
passed to Richard Boyle, afterwards made
Earl of Cork, and descended liy mairiage to
the Dukes of Devonshire.

The Castle is covered in places by Ivy,
Ampelopsis hedcracea and A. Veitehi, Roses,
VV'istaria, and some choicer plants have been
added of late j'cars to give variety, but are

vet in a small state. As the building extends
around the four sides of a courtyard, the
walls amount to a large space, and look
remarkedly pretty with their drapery of
green ; owing to the accompanying photo-
graph being taken from the Ijridge, the bank
next the river is much steeper than it
appears to be, but some winding walks
traverse it in various directions. Being
partly shaded by forest trees, a large number
of Ferns tind a congenial home in this moist
climate, and add grace and variety to the
vegetation. The walls by the roadside lead-
ing to Cappoquin are full of Asplenium
triehomanes, Ceterach ofRcinarum, Blech-
iium spicant, Asplenium rata muraria. Ac,
wherever they are shaded by trees ; Vibur-
num lantanawas growing in quantity close
to the Castle, and had the heaviest crop of
berries I have ever seen.

The flower garden is not very large, but
contained some fine beds of seedling Be-
gonias, which were in full beauty at the
time of my visit. Calceolaria amplexicaulis
was carrying an unusual amount of bloom.
and showed to advantage in a scroll-shaped
lied, with variegated I'elargonium and Ijlue
Lobelia. A walk over-arched by some oUl
Yew-trees is interesting from the numerous
specimens of inter-giivfting where the side
branches have crossed each other, many
years ago. From the regular way in which
this has occurred. I think the trees have
been assisted considerably in their en-
deavours to support each other. Close by, I
was shown a large quantity of Solaginella
denticulata, which had established itself
among the grass on the lawn, and has now
been there for many years ; in some places
it was as ])lentiful as the grass.

The kitchen-garden is traversed by giass
walks, with herbaceous borders on each side
of them, which give it a very pretty appear-
ance, and add much to the beauty of a
department which is too often somewhat
uninteresting. Tigridiie pavonia was grow-
ing here in large patches 2 feet high, and
full of its richly-coloured flowers, forming a
sight not easily forgotten ; various species of
Ilelianthus, Anemone japonica, in variety;
Asters, Tropa-olunis, and other plants were
in flower. A nice piece of Tropa>olum sjie-
ciosum was growing on an east wall, but not
looking so happy as it does near Oban. In
a slieltered position near the fence surrounil-
ing the tennis-ground, Diplacus glutinosa
was flowei'ing well, and had survived the
])revious winter in that position.

Apples were not heavily cropped, but
Ribston Pippin, Lady Sudeley, King of
Pippins, and some others were carrying sonic
tine fruits. Pears were cropping well. A
wall of Peache.s, about 60 feet long, had
the finest crop of fruit I have ever
seen except in Kent. The varieties con-
sisted chiefly of Royal George, Noblesse.
Barrington, and Walburton Admirable, the
whole length was thickly covered with fruit :
a hxe<l glass coping projected about 3;V ft. from
the wall, no other protection is given, and
the coping is never removed. Mr. Alierne
may well be- proud of his Peach-wall, such
croiis are seldom seen in the open air.
Another wall of a similar size, and also fitted
with a coping, had two fine healthy Apricot
trees which bear well, also more Peaches
and Nectarines. The glasshouses call for
no special notice, and are somewhat out f>f
date— liut this is being remedied.

The whole country around here is very
pretty, liut in order to see it to the best ad-
vantage, the writer was kindly conducted to
the top of the flag-tower, where the view is
simply magnificent. This river Blackwater is
seen several hundred feet below, winding
along a green valley, which, in some jilaees,
widens considerably, and is well furnished
with trees ; away to the north the Knock-
mealdown movmtains tower up 2.G00 ft. into
the sky, with various hills and mountains
in other directions ; and only a short dist.ince
from the mansion the spire of the Cathedral
lieeping up among a dense mass of foliage,
apiieals to all by its very slender proportions
and rich ornamentation. W. H. Divers, Bcl-
roii- Cdsile Gardens, Oranthctiii.

CULTUEE OF THE (JUEEN
PINEAPPLE.

[See SlTFLEMENT.\EY IlH'STK.\TION.]

During recent years the Pineapple has to a
considerable degree lost the high position
that it formerly held amongst Hritish-growu
fruits ; this has resulted from a combination of
circumstances, but chieBy probably through
the imiwrtatiou of fruits from abro-ad having
brought it within reach of the masses, and
thus made it comparatively common. These
foreign fruits, however, cannot bo compared
with a good, well-developed Queen of home
growth from the point of flavour and colour ;
and 1 will, at the request of the Editor, en-
deavour to give a few brief remarks upon the
culture of this variety, that produces such
fruits as those that are figured ia this i.ssue
of the Gardeners' Chronicle.

Hero the structures, four in number, devoted
to the Pineapple, are small, each only suitable
to accommodate thirty fruiting plants, placed
2 feet asunder. They are low, and hip-roofed,
so that the plants are situated near the glass,
and thus have the benefit of plenty of light.
The houses are adequately provided with hot-
water pipes to maintain up to the desiretl
temperature both the atmosphere and the
plunging material, which consists of decayed
tree-leaves ; and they are well sheltered, a
combination of conditions well suited to
Pineapple-culture. The soil that is used is a
light turfy-loam, cut in thin turves, and stacked
for aboutsix months before it is used, and pre-
served in a moderately dry condition. For pot-
ting purposes, the turves are freed from the
liner particles of soil, roughly torn apart, and
mi.xed with a 7-inch potful of dry soot and
bone-meal, to an ordinary wheelbarrow full of
soil. Thus a compost is formed that can bo
thoroughly made firm with a rammer, and yet
remain porous if plenty of drainage materials
arc used. The Pine, as may bo perceived from
the texture of its loaves, and gathered from
the conditions under which it luxuriates in its
native liabitat, is readily injured by excessive
moisture, and much care must bo taken to
meet the needs of the plants under cultivation
in this respect at all stages. In the case of
newly-potted suckers, or plants, until the soil
has become well ramified with roots, only
small quantities of water should be afiorded,
as an excessive supply at such times, and also
during the winter, soon ruins the health of the
plants. Throughout the growing season, how-
ever, and whilst the fruit is swelling, water
may be more liberally alTorded, and also aids
to growth in tho form of moderately weak
liquid-manures, as that made from sheep's
droppings, or by mixing water with Peruvian
(luano each time the plants need water.

Wo usually have strong, clean suckers in a
state fit to pot early in September, which wo

270

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 11, 1901.

prepare in the ordinary manner, pot them firmly
into well-drained 7-iiich pots, and plunge these
to their rim in a bed having a temperature of
80° to 85°, the atmospheric temperature being
allowed to fluctuate according to external
condition from 70° at night to 85° by day ;
the usual treatment with respect to shading,
ventilation, and maintaining atmosphei'ic
moisture receiving careful attention. When
the plants are well rooted, and as the
days are shortening, the temperatures are
gradually lowered, until by the middle of
Novem1:er that of the air ranges between 55°
and 00°, and the bottom-heat 75° to 80', which
warmth is maintained till the middle of the
month of February. Early in March the plants
are shifted into fruiting pots of 11-inch and
12-inch diameter, the balls of soil at the time
being in a moderately moist state, and filled
■with active roots. In potting, the soil is made
perfectly firm by being rammed around the
bill, and the pots are plunged at 2 feet apart
in beds which have been replenished with
fresh material, where they remain undisturbed
until the fruits ripen, and suckers have been
taken. I have a great dislike to replunge
fruiting plants just previous to starting them
for fruiting, as is the customary practice, or
indeed at any other time, for it cannot be
done without more or less injury to the plants,
while it is an unnecessary proceeding unless
it be for the purpose of retarding a portion of
the stock of plants in a cooler house.

No material difference is made in the treat-
ment of what is termed suceessional plants to
that generally practised ; every encouragement
is afforded, however, by closely attending to
routine work to induce a sturdy growth.

In order to secure ripe fruits in .lune, a
house is started early in the month of .January
by raising the tempei-atures and increasing
the humidity. While the fruits are in flower,
a comparative dryness is maintained in the
house, so that the fertilisation may be certain ;
and subsequently, during the swelling period,
pains are taken by early closing and applying
manure-water to develop the fruit, and as a
means of enhancing the flavour, the ventilation
is increased, no more water at tlie root is
applied, and the humidity of the air is reduced
as soon as colouring commences. Thomas
Coomber, Tlie Hendre, Moiimoiitli.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

COTYLEDON NANA, N. K. Broini.
A VERY dwarf plant, densely and much
branched close to the ground, forming a tuft
about 1 to li inch in height, excluding the in-
florescence, glabrous in all parts. Leaves alter-
nate, crowded on the very short branches,
erect or ascending, 3 to 7 lines long, and
about the same in breadth, broadly cuneate-
obovate, very obtuse, fleshy, V, to 2 J lines
thick, nearly flat or slightly convex above,
convex beneath, light green, not glaucous.
Peduncle terminal, erect, shortly exceeding
the leaves, J inch long, one-flowered, slender,
thickened under the calyx, brownish, bearing
two or three minute bracks on the lower part.
Flower erect. Calyx .short, with five narrowly
deltoid, erect, acute teeth i line long. Co-
rolla-tube 7 lines long, 1| line in diameter,
slightly clavate, somewhat 5-angled, reddish-
brown, with five greenish angles ; corolla-lobes
spreading and more or less recurved, 1 line
long, I line broad, ovate, acute, rosy-purple,
with whitish margins, and with the mouth of
the tube at the sinuses somewhat raemliranous
and whitish. Stamens included ; anthers
ochreous-yellow.

The above description is made from a plant
that was sent in 1899 by Prof. MacOwan from
South Africa to Kew, where it has recently
flowered. Specifically it is nearly related to
C. hemisphferica, L., but the leaves are smaller,
witliout the slightest trace of an apiculus at
their apex, such as is al'yvays found in C. hemi-
sphferica, and they are of a much lighter, some-
what yellowish-green, not greyish-green. The
one-flowered peduncle may not be a constant
character, as the other species of the group
have a spicate inflorescence.

Stapelia MACULOSOIDES, N. E. Brown.

Stems erect, about 3 ins. high and 4 to 5 lin.
thick, obtusely 4-angled, with very slightly
concave sides, glabrous, angles very shortly
toothed, the teeth tipped with a rudimentary,
deltoid, acute, ciliate leaf J to | lin. long.
Pedicels IJ to 1 j in. long, 1/, lin. thick, glabrous
to the eye, but with an exceedingly minute and
very scattered pubescence as seen under a
strong lens. Sepals 2n iin. long, 1 lin. broad,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. Corolla
about 2:i inches in diameter, nearly flat in the
only flower seen, 5-lobed to two-thirds the
way down, glabrous on the back ; disc flat,
without a distinct raised annulus around the
shallow (J in. deep) central depression, dark
violet-purple, marked with concentric, irre-
gular paler lines and spots, and thinly covered
with short purple hairs ; lobes 12 to 13 lin.
long, 8 to 9 liu. broad, oblong-ovate, acute,
slightly rugose, marked with dark violet-
purple transverse lines and spots oji a light
yellowish ground on the central part, and with
dark violet-purple margins and tips, ciliate
with dark purple simple hairs li to 2 lin.
long, otherwise glabrous. Outer coronal lobes
21 'in. long, j to 1 lin. broad, linear, acute,
channelled down the face, blackish-purple, or
blackish with a faintly paler spot near the
apex, glabrous. Inner coronal-lobes 2-horned,
blackish, faintly speckled with paler dots at
the apex of the inner horn, glabrous ; outer
horn 1 to li lin. long, somewhat spreading,
laterally flattened, narrowly attenuate-deltoid,
acute; inner horn about 3 lin. long, subulate,
strongly recurved just above the base, neither
thickened nor acute at the apex.

For a specimen of this interesting novelty I
am indebted to Jlr. Justus Corderoy, of Did-
cot, with whom it flowered in August of this
year. At first sight, the flower of this species
is so much like that of S. maculosa that it
might easily be mistaken for it ; but there is
no raised annulus on the disc, and the coronal-
lobes and stems are quite different. A'. E.
lirown.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

L.ELIO-CATTLBYA x ADMIRAL DEWEY.

A NOBLE four - flowered inflorescence, a
fragrant and showy bouquet in itself, is kindly
sent by George Singer, Esq., Goundou Court,
Coventry (gr., Mr. Collier), who remarks: —
"I think you will say that it is a very fine
specimen of this showy hybrid between Cat-
tleya Warneri and Lcelio-Cattleya elegans.
Each flow-er is 8 inches across ; the sepals and
petals white, beautifully tinged and veined
with light rose-purple. The lip, which is very
suggestive of the handsome Cattleya labiata
Warneri, is white, slightly tinged with rose at
the base : the finely crimped front lobe being
of various shades of bi-ight purple, the colour
extending in a band to the base. The central
area has on each side a bright yellow patch.
When grown as Mr. Collier has grown this
specimen, it is one of the very best hybrids.

Examination of its features, however,
seems to indicate that a mistake has been

made in recording one of the parents, viz.,
L.-C. X elegans, and that L.-C. x Sehilleriana
(nat. hyb. L. purpurataxC. intermedia) which
goes in most gardens as L.-C. x elegans, was
the agent used. Wherever L.-C. x elegans
(nat. hyb. L. purpurata x C. Leopoldi) is used,
the thick substance, and the livid purplish and
greenish hue of the sepals and petals invariably
appear in some degree in the progeny. L.-C.
X Admiral Dewey, however, has the thin sub-
stance and clear white ground colour which
might be expected from L.-C. x Sehilleriana,
and its floral beauty has been enhanced con-
siderably by the influence of C. labiata
Warneri, which is still the finest and richest
in colour of its class. L.-C. x Admiral Dewey
was shown by Messrs. Charlesworth, of Brad-
ford, at the Temple Show, May 25, 1898.

Cattleya A. de Meilen.ere.
A variety of C. Triana?, remarkable in the
circumstance that the broad petals are tipped
with rosy-purple like the fore part of the lip.
It forms part of the collection of the Marquis
de Wavrin, which is the subject of an
appreciative note in the current number of the
Reriie de I'HovticiiHuve BeUje.

P.EONIA ARBOREA.

Although we always think and speak of
Japan as a small country, nevertheless it took
sixteen hours of continuous travel in a fast
train to go from Yokohama to Osaka, that
great commercial city, the Manchester or
Liverpool of Japan. Leaving at 0.30 a.m. on
May 2, we reached Osaka at 10 p.m., after a-
trying trip, for although only the beginning of
May ithe heat was intense ; added to the heat
was the dirt, for the Imperial Japanese rail-
ways use a very soft coal, pi'oducing such an
amount of dirt that at my journey's end I was
just about the colour of my adopted country-
men. Although I had started with the firm
intention to stick by my two Japanese business
friends during our trip, yet tired and stiff as I
was, I sighed for something more restful to
my (i feet than a "futon" and the Japanese
matting (" Japanese bed.").

But after a night's rest in the Osaka Club
Hotel, I was ready for another start — for it
takes time and patience to attain any end in
this country. Starting again at 9.30 A.M. from
the principal Osaka station, changing at a
small suburban station, Kanzaki, for "Ikeda,"
famous perhaps first for its sake (Japanese
Rice wine), and secondly for its Paeonies. At
all stations through which we had passed were
lai'ge posters — no doubt but that the Japanese
are puogressive — which, translated by nJy
friends, proved to be invitations from the
different growers to inspect their gardens.

At 10.20 we reached Ikeda, but there
was still a long jinriksha ride through the
usual endless Japanese villages, all, by the
way, duly decorated with the flag of the
" Rising Sun " in honour of the birth of the
Imperial grandson. At last, in a village
named Kinobe, we had our first glimpse of the
Pseonies. There the owner of the garden was
busy tying up large bunches to send to Osaka.
The Japanese are great admirers of these
flowers. At this I began to think I would find
nothing but empty fields, but contrary to
Japanese methods, I soon saw flowers enough
to make thousands more of such bunches. I
mention this fact particularly, for Japan is
unlike other countries, and the moment one
wishes large quantities of a given article, the
price rises very perceptibly, for the reason
that the demand is so much larger than the
production, that it is simply impossible to
fulfil the order. So for once I was pleasantly

October li, 1901.]

THE gardexer;:^' curoxicle.

271

surprised, as I saw what even Europeans would
call a iarge stock.

But the largest and best fields were still a
little further on. To these fields we took a
photographer, and your readers will sec from
the accompanying plwtograph (Fig. 81) that
such beauty deserved to be preserved. The
Japanese call it " The -Flower of Prosperity,"
and I kn>w of no other blossom which so gives
the idea of wealth and laxury, as these
enormous, sweet-scented, wonderful flowers,
ranging in colour from blackest-purple, through
scarlets, reds, cerises, pinks to white.

Those fields as legirds varieties nnd culture
seemed the best I have seen, and I am pleased

Bamboo tube, filled with clay, is put around
the stem. 'When they begin' "'tO' grow in
February or March, a little manure is applied
— here in Japan they use dissolved Rape-seed
cike. In very dry weather they irrigate
between the rows, btit nothing more is done
except to keep them clean from weeds, and
preserve the suckers which sprout from the
roots.

After flowering, the blossoms are cut, for
they are not allowed to go to seed. A liberal
supply ot the Rape-seed manure is thengiveu,
in order to get strong flowering eyes. The
upper part of the shrub is used again for
grafting, and the plant is soil with three or

FRUIT REGISTER.

PEAR iMADAME DE MADRE.
The Bulletin d'Arbovirnltnre, de FloficulUire
et de Cnlture Potageve, for August, contains a
coloured plate and description, by M. Em.
Rodigas, of Pear Madame de Madre, raised by
the Antwerp pomologist, M. C. Daras de
Ifaghin, in 1881, from Delices d'Hardonpont.
The variety is thus described in the Bulletin
de la Societe Pomologique de France, 1885: —
"Fruit of medium size, pyriform, rather
elongated, contracted at the lower end, ter-
minating in an oblique cone at the base, com-

Fic. 81.— A i-iKi.i) or TitKi-: i>.i:iiN[i:s in japan, (skk i>. •llo.)

to say that after a dinner with the (wn_'r,
whose wife kept the little cups woU fUleu
with sake, we concluded a contract tor the
entire stock.

On our waj' back wo drove through a beau-
tiful district, planted with Orange-groves—
small trees, only about 4 or 5 feet high, so
that they can be easily cared for. and pro-
tected in winter from the dangerous cold
dews, but looking fine, and free from insects or
disease.

The soil in that district is a very sandy clay,
and the plants are cultivated in rows, -some-
what in the way wo cultivate Potatos. They
are, of course, all grafted upon the single
purple wild variety, this being done in Sep-
tember and October. In order to jjrotect the
graft from winds and from breaking, also tliat
they may grew morj quio'ily together, a

four good (If.wcring buds. It is strange that
r)ne sees so few old plants, and the.se not good,
for each year the fine varieties arc sold out.

However, in Kioto, the western capital,
where we visited an exhibition of Psconies
and Azaleas, I found a number of old plants.
Although they had not had the very best of
care and culture, yet some of them flowered
magnificently.

This exhibition was hold in a Japanese
restaurant, better known in Europe as a " tea
house," and although raining, there were a
number of merry-makers, enjoying the flowers
and listening to several (leisha girls, who
played the samisen (to onr ears a horrible-
sounding instrument), and whose songs pro-
bably had as a theme the beauty of the
blossoms. A. Unrer (/.. Boehnwr ifc Co.),
Yokohama.

pressed on two sides at the narrow end,
rounded in the upper end. Skin citron-yellow,
lightly speckled with rust- rod. Peduncle
rather slender, elongated, placed obliquely.
Eye of medium size, firm, irregular, .sunk in a
normal depression. Flesh (on October 19)
amber-white, very delicate, melting, very
juicy, sweet, with a pleasant perfume, nutty,
and rather spicy, very good."

M. Fr. Burvenich, pere, reports: — " Epicarp
.satiny, pale yellow, self coloured, marked with
small inconspicuous dots. Flesh delicate,
transparent, very juicy, and with a distinctive
delicate and pleasant perfume, diflicult to
define ; flavour of honey and Pineapple. Fruit
of the highest quality."

TIm! tree is fairly fertile; weaken the Quince,
and strong on (he free stock. The fruit hangs
but lightly on the tree, and falls in a high wind.

272

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OUTOBER 12, 1901.

The r<aiser considers this variety one of the
best Pears known. M. tie Naghln also says
that the fruit ripens from the exterior, and
does not "blet." Madame de Madre Pear
obtained the "ind prize at the Antwerp Ex-
hibition in 1885 for the best Pears obtained
by the growers from seed subsequent to 1875.

Shape of Pears aekected by Climate.

The shape of Pears of the same variety
varies, not only as the fruits are affected by
climatic influence and cultural conditions, but
differs also in specimens growing on the same
tree.

Herr Yanczewski in his "Dimorphism of
Pears " (reviewed in the BotanUches Central-
blatt," No. 38, 1901, by Herr Rothert, of Char-
kow), discusses the cause of these variations,
and attributes it to the position of the fruit in
the inflorescence. Pear blossoms are grouped
in umbels, and the terminal flower is the last
to open. Terminal fruits come to perfection
far less often than lateral fruits, and, at most,
make but a small percentage of the crop. It
is quite exceptional for them, as in Beurre
Diel, to make 45 per cent, of this.

In consequence of the later opcuiag of the
terminal buds, the terminal fruits are later
than the lateral fruits, and are generally ready
for gathering some ten days or a fortnight
later. The stems of the lateral fruits are
thickened at the base, and they break off easily
from the axis of the inflorescence, but the
stems of the terminal fruits are on the direct
line of the axis of the inflorescence, are
shorter, have not the above-mentioned thicken-
ing, and, when ripe, are only broken off with a
certain exertion of force. The difference in
shape is not noticeable in all sorts of Pears,
not, for instance, in those with long, and
narrow, or very short fruits.

The variation in general consists in the
terminal Pears being narrower and, for the
most part, longer than the lateral fruits; they
are, further, less blunted at the base, and set
less closely to the stalk. The average weight
of the terminal fruits is, with nearly all sorts,
considerably less, than that of the laterally-
placed Pears.

Herr Yanczewski's notes arc illustrated
with clear [illustrations from photographs of
typical i terminal and lateral fruits of the
following Pears:— Passe Colraar, Doyenne
d'hiver, de Cure, Truite, Soldat Laboureure,
Benrri' blanc, Seigneur d'Esperen, and Beurro
Henri Courcelle.

NEW FRUITS.
Among now fruits to be sent out by Messrs.
G. BUNYARD& Co. this autumn are Michaelmas
Nells Pear (flg. 82); Beurre Perdu, Berga-
motte Renee, Belle Guerendaise, Belle des
Arbres; Directcur Hardy Parrot, Bergamot,
President Barab, Virgouleuse Pears; May
Duke Gooseberry, a great gain as an early
sort ; Mrs. Phillimore, Early Victoria, Ben's
Red, Apples ; and Superlative Raspberry.

New Pear, Michaelmas Nelis.
The Pear of which we give an illustration,
p. 273, is offered as a novelty by Messrs. (ieo.
Bunyard & Co., of Maidstone, "it is a Pear of
medium size, regularly top shaped, with a
smooth greenish-olive skin, speckled with
russet near the top. The eye is open, scarcely
at all depressed ; the stalk is very slender,
i; to 2 inches long, set in a shallow depression.
The flesh is white, with very little grit,
melting, juicy, and of delicious flavour. It is
ripe at the end of September or beginning of
October.

The Raspberry-Blackberry Hybrid.
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Royal
Exotic Nursery, 544, King's Road, Chelsea,
will have for delivery in autumn, 1901, the
new Raspberry - Blackberry, "The Mahdi,"
raised by them. This sterling novelty, the
result of a cross between Raspberry Belle de
Fontenay and the common Blackberry, is of
considerable interest, and a valuable addition
to the list of hardy fruits. In habit and
foliage it somewhat resembles the Blackberry,
the influence of the male parent being marked
in the colour, size, and flavour of the fruits.
Ripening the latter jiart of July and during
the first fortnight in August, it fills a gap
between the season of the summer Raspberries
and Blackberries, and should prove useful to
those who wish to maintain a supply of soft
fruits. The flavour is excellent — superior to
that of the Loganberry, for which the same
parentage has been claimed. It received an
Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural
Society, and is described as follows in the
official report of the Society, published in the
■lournal of the Royal Horticidtiiml Society,
vol. xxiii., p. cxi : "In appearance it is like a
very large red-violet Blackberry, and the
foliage is almost exactly midway between the
two parents. The plant is a great bearer,
and ripening after Raspberries and before
Blackberries should prove an acquisition."

A New Grape.
Messrs. Jas. Veitch also send out the Grape
"The Prince of Wales," which is a sport from
Mrs. Pincc, but possesses a finer bunch and
larger berry. It is of good constitution, ex-
cellent flavour, and sets freely. It was exhi-
bited at the Royal Horticultural Society's
meeting at the Drill Hall, September 25, 1900,
and was recommended an Award of Merit by
the Fruit Committee.

The following extract is from the official
report of the Royal Horticultural Society, as
published in the Joufual of the Royal Hoi-ti-
rultural Society, vol. xxv.,p. Ix. : — "An Award
of Merit was recommended to Grajie Prince of
Wales, from Messrs. James Veitch & Sons,
Chelsea. A sport from Mrs. Pince ; berries
large, oval, blue-black, and of very good and
slightly Muscat flavour; bunches large, long,
and tapering, and said to keep plumo until
May."

New Peaches.

Messrs. Thomas Ri vers & Son, of the nurseries,
Sawbridge worth, Hertfordshire, the place of
origin of many of our finest Peaches, Nec-
tarines, Pears, and Plums, and which lengthen
the season diu-ing which we may enjoy them
by several weeks at the beginning and the
end, are sending out two new seedling
Peaches, viz.—

Duchess of Cormvall. — Medium size, free-
stone. Skin creamy-yellow, with a red striped
cheek. Melting and delicious, with a distinct
Nectarine flavour. Grows well and bears
freely ; valuable for cold house or forcing.
The name of this Peach has been changed, as
an Award of Merit was already given to a
different Peach, shown by Mr. Divers, under
the name of Duchess of York. (A. M.,
June 4, 1901.)

Thonuis Rivers. — A large round Peaih, with
a bright red cheek, ripening in the end of
September. Flesh firm, juicy, and of good
flavour ; a remarkably heavy fruit ; freestone.
Forces well, and with heat attains great size
and very deep colour. (F. C, June 28, 1898.)

Fruits naturally occupy much of our

space this week. It is appropriate, therefore,
to call attention to a new Peach which has

been named to honour the memory of Edward
Pynaert, who, to his many other attributes,
added that of a pomologieal expert. Pynaert
led so active, so useful, so beneficent a life,
that he was admired and beloved by all who
knew him. No Peach or other memorial is
needed to quicken our memories of so thorougli
a man, so staunch a friend, so devoted a horti-
culturist. But the generations pass, and a
new set of workers arise. It is fitting there-
fore that the memory of Pynaert should bo
handed down to those who can never expe-
rience the magnetism of his personality as we
who worked with him were privileged to do.
It is fitting that the tribute should be paid by
his old colleague Burvenich, in whose nurse-
ries the new Peach was raised, and it is appro-
priate that its history should be written by
the sympathetic hand of his fellow editor.
Count de Kerchove de Denterghem.

While Pynaert was lying on his death-bed,
his old friend and colleague, Burvenich, sent
him specimens of this Peach, with a letter
which circumstances have rendered specially
touching. "There is," said Burvenich, "a beau-
tiful and delicious Peach named in compliment
to Madame Pynaert. Now I have found among
my seedlings another Peach worthy, in my
opinion, to rank with ' Madame Pynaert.'
I propose to call it Professor Pynaert. You
will thus be represented, your wife and your-
self, in the garden and on the espalier.
Symbolised as Peaches you will rival one
another in aroma and flavour, as you rival one
another in personal qualities, in worth, and cor-
diality." Pynaert was still able to express
critical appreciation of the merits of the
fruit, and returned a brief letter of acknow-
ledgment ; but in the course of a few days the
Peach became what it now is, " Souvenir
d'Edouard Pynaert."

It is a seedling from early Grosse Mignonne,
fertilised, as is supposed, by the pollen of
Cardinal. It is very productive, ripens in
July and August, and has a delicate, juicy,
white flesh, speckled with rose, and of a
quality worthy of its name. A coloured figure
and full description are given in the Bulletin
d' Arboriculture, &c., for September last.

PLANT NOTES.

A DWARF FORM OP SPARMANNIA

AFRICANA.
We read in the Oartemvelt of the appearance
in commerce of a dwarf form of this pretty
greenhouse and room plant from the Cape of
Good Hope, which flowers one year from the
cutting. It is a very desirable thing to have
a dwarf form of compact habit of growth, for
the type is a straggling grower very apt to
get bare below, and to reach to too great a
height for the windows of rooms or small
greenhouse. Some enthusiastic cultivators
have been working with cuttings of flowering
shoots in the hope of obtaining a dwarfer
habit and more abundant flowers, and these
endeavours have resulted in a dwarf form,
which has remained constant for several years.

Cosmos diversifolius atrosancuineus.

For those who like flowers of the richest
crimson or maroon, this plant will not be
unwelcome. It grows about 2 feet high; the
flowers are borne on long stalks above the.
bush-like growth, and so display their colour
with full effect. The plant forms in the border
jiretty groups, where early-flowering bulbs,
have stood. The slender stemmed flowers are.
useful when cut.

October 12. 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

273

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
A TROUBLESOiiE pest at times is green-fly
amongst the petals of the expanding blossoms,
and no time should be lost in ridding the
plants of them before the flowers begin to
expand, for it is scarcely possible to clear
them out of opening blooms. As soon as the
plants are housed, whether there are aphides
visible or not, the plants should be afforded a
vaporisation or fumigation on two or three
successive nights ; and in the case of plants
having blooms with unfolding petals, the
smoke or fumes will not harm them providing
proper care is taken. After applying the

for this purpose than a pair of tweezers. The
least shake of the plant, and they secrete
themselves among the petals, and are then not
easy to dislodge. AVoodlice in some places
are likewise troublesome, eating the florets on
the under side of the flower. In the ease of
plants standing in vineries and Peach-houses,
where the borders are mulched with manure, the
mulch, which is now dry, forms a famous
harbour for woodlice. Hand-picking from the
flowers, as well as trapping thera on the border,
should be closely attended to. Sometimes many
good flowers are spoiled before the damage is
observed. Slugs, too, disfigure the flowers
by crawling over them, and in some cases
eating the florets. Where any trace is seen of
them during tlie daytime, they are almost sure

from damp, more especially if high feeding'
has been the rule, a detail which has much to
do with the untimely rotting of the florets.
What is required instead of a fixed tempera-
ture is one that gives on entering the house a
feeling of comfort without approaching to
stuffiness, i.e., it should be fairly warm, yet
buoyant.

If this cannot be obtained by ventilation,
artifleial heat must be applied. During the
night iu damp or cold weather a gentle warmth
in the hot water pipes dissipates moisture ; and
does away with the risk of it settling on the.
blooms or the glass.

Advantage should be taken of a heavy
shower of rain to discover leaky places in the
roof of the forcing or other houses. Drip from

-NKU I'h.U;, .\ll» ll.U.I.MAS .\KII.>. (SKK 1'. 111.)

remedy, cleanse the plants thorouglily with
the syringe and clean water on a bright
morning, and endeavour to have the foliage
quite dry before nightfall.

Attention must now be given from this time
onwards to fastening to neat stakes those
expanding buds which have weak stalks, the
tie being placed just under the bud. Some
varieties, especially among the incurved sec-
lion having weak |)eduiicles, are unable to
carry their flowers erect, and it is annoying
to find a blossom three parts expanded snapped
off for want of a tie and a stake.

Earwigs are great pests, devouring the
florets, especially on lioused plants. The usual
remedy of Broad liean stalks cut into 0-inch
lengths, or short rolls of black cloth, are both
good traps ; but the best manner of catching
them is to go round after dark with a light,
when they arc feeding on the petals. They
must bo caught quickly, and nothing is better

to revisit the particular spot at night, and
knowing this, it is not diflicult to catch them
after dark. Home bran laid on the soil in the
pot will serve as a bait.

Cockroaches are sure todi.scover the blooms,
which they soon disfigure, and the injury often
follows the placing of some special variety in
a warm house to hasten the opening of the
blooms. When plants are standing some
distance apart, a gentle shake will dislodge
the cockroaches, and they fall to the floor,
where they arc readily destroyed. Cater-
pillars of a groi'U colour often cause much
damage, and must be sought for at night. The
Chrysanthemum has numerous enemies, which
must be destroyed if perfect blooms are
expected.

Ventilation. — Affording air at night is a very
important matter, for if too much cold air be
admitted, especially on the side from which
the wind is blowing, the blooms may suffer

faulty panes or loose putty may often bo
diverted from a jilant by placing temporarily
a piece of glass on tlie rafter, and may make
all the difference between a flrst-class bloom
and a spoiled one. (Jardcnors sometimes com-
plain of the great amount of trouble that exhi-
biting entails, but such men do not as a rule
occupy a very high position as exhibitors, and
my experience is, that but little that is good
is obtained in a garden where but a small
amount of time and pains are expended by the
gardener. E. Molijiteiix.

ENQUIRY.

Can any reader give mo the name of the
oldest Seed and Nursery business in England,
Scotland or Ireland, iu which there is still a
member bearing the name of the founder, and

taking part in the management ? Ancient.

274

THE GA RDENER &' CHR ON I CLE.

[October 12, 1901.

HERBACEOUS BORDER.

THE PLANTING OP HERBACEOUS
P.EONIES.
It should be borne in mind by those who
would grow the Pjeony in such a way that full
justice may be done it, that there is more truth
in the words of Messrs. Kelway's advertise-
ment, that "now is the time to plant," than
many suppose, there being no period of the
year so well suited to the planting, and some-
times necessary division, of Pseonies as the
<early months of autumn. Unfortunately for a
few groups of hardy plants, there is a sort of
prevalent notion that the best time to replant
l^rdy things in general is when the plants
start into growth in the spring. This is true
of quite a large number of the perpetual-
rooting subjects, and I have really seen it
irecomraended that Pjeonies should be trans-
planted when they have made about 6 inches
of growth. The hardy 2>lantsman who really
knows P.eoiiies would no more dream of
i-eplanting at such a time, than a Lily spe-
cialist would for choice replant his Lilies
at a like time. Spring planting, and late
-spring planting in particular, if not liable for
absolute failure in Pasonies, would so weaken
them that it might take two years, and per-
haps a longer time, to recover. The reason
for this may or may not be clear, but it is more
or less the result of the periodic root-action
in these plants. All root-fibres are apparently
formed some time prior to the flowering, and
from this period they remain in the mature
stage, so to speak, simply assisting the plant
to flower, and finally in building up such
ample leafage as shall presently result in the
due formation of crown buds for another
season's growth ; and not until the early rains
of autumn have moistened the now warm soil
do we see any renewal of root-activity in these
plants. Then it takes the form of new fibres,
emitted from the principal, i.e., the larger and
more fleshy roots, often referred to as tap-
roots.

During the early autumn these new fibrous
roots appear in plenty, and those who would
cultivate the Pteony well should take advan-
tage of the interval, and jjlant, divide, or re-
jjlant before these small flljres are put forth.
How early or late these roots appear will
depend largely on the heat of the summer, and
■the earliness or otherwise, as also on the cxuan-
tity of the rainfall in early autumn. In plain
language, then, there is no time that can com-
pare with September for getting the herba-
ceous Piieony planted. The plants can at this
time be removed with the least possible check
or loss, and the nearer in touch is the work
with this time, the better for the plants and
for everyone concerned.

Slow to grow and establish under ordinary
conditions, these plants are infinitely worse
when the planting is done at an unseasonable
time. The large fleshy or tuberous roots in
these plants are produced in the early spring
and summer, when growth is in full swing ;
hence any root interference at such a time
would in all probability completely under-
mine so important a function. Therefore
one can only emphasise what has been said
already, for its importance must not be dis-
regarded. The other items calculated to make
these showy flowers a greater success are
items of culture, for which no half-hearted
pleasures can in the least atone.

The Prcony is indeed fond of rich food, and
it matters little how rich or how deep the soil.
Upon several occasions I have traced the tap
roots to a depth of 3 feet without reaching the
extremities. For preference, a good sound
and rather lieavy loam is properly regarded by

gardeners, but at Hampton, and also at Toot-
ing, I have grown the herbaceous Pseony with
much success in a soil quite light, sandy, and
much drained. Where these conditions of soil
prevail, however, greater care will be needed
in preparing, and for all such soils I would
urge the liberal use of one kind of manure, viz.,
cow-manure. This buried a foot deep, and the
ground trenched as deeply as possible, will
assist in growing these plants to perfection.
Beds may be on the turf in the forefront of
shrubs, and other places, but always apart
from largo trees and their hungry roots.

Established beds I have always mulched
heavily or fed copiously in winter time with
strong liquid-manure, coupled with frequent
applications of water during growth and up to
the flowering period ; and the labour and
trouble have been fully repaid by the large
handsome flowers the plants have produced.
E. U. Jenkins, Hampton Hill.

[The warmth of the soil this year is higher
than usual, and re-establishment of trans-
planted Pffionies may be looked for, even when
the work has been delayed to this date. Ed.]

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddeu Road, Carabervvell.

fiophronitis. — The plants are now in a for-
ward state of growth, and will need every
encouragement to assist them to expand their
leaves and develop their flowers. In the
London district it is diflicult to get good size
and colour in the flowers in midwinter, and
frequently the flowers are destroyed with fog
before they have expanded. I find it best to
form the plants into two batches, one of which
is kept at the cool end of the Odontoglossum-
house during winter, and the flowers do not
open therefore until the days begin to
lengthen. The other batch is placed in the
cool intermediate-house, and the plants pro-
duce their flowers early ; some of them are
now expanding. Care must be taken where
the plants are grown in warmth that they do
not suffer from want of moisture at the roots.

Cypripediums. — The winter - flowering sec-
tion of Cypripediums is one of the most
useful classes of Orchids for general pur-
poses. Their cultivation in most cases is
comparatively easy, even when grown with
other plants in houses not specially built for
Orchids. A few years ago there were many
who despised C. insigne, probably because it
was such a tractable .species ; hut what a
difference since market-growers have found
the old Silhet variety a profitable plant to grow
for providing plants for cutting. The intro-
duction of the so-called montanum section has
brought the numerous yellow and spotted kinds
which have of late formed such attractive sub-
jects that they are considered worthy of in-
clusion, and are classed among the gems of our
largest Orchid collections. Now that the
flowers are getting into a forward condition,
the stems should be neatly tied to sticks, so
that when the flowers expand they may be
• displayed to the best advantage. Do not
allow the plants to suffer for want of water at
the roots, especially large specimens which
have become pot-bound. C. Spicerianum is
also expanding its flowers, and they will last
a long time good upon the plants. If the
plants are at all weakly, however, remove the
flowers after a reasonable period. C. x Lee-
anum, and many other hybrids that have been
derived from the part parentage of C. Spicer-
ianum, are most useful plants for winter
flowering. Place them in the lightest position,
and afl'ord them every encouragement in their
effort to expand their flowei-s satisfactorily.
The numerous varieties of C. tenanthum,
where grown in a cool temperature, also form
useful subjects for winter flowering. The

free-flowering section, which is closely allied
to the original C. nitens section of hybrid
Cypripediums, form a useful succession to the
above-mentioned kinds. These, like the parent
species (C. villosum and C. Boxalli) are now
completing their growth, and will shortly pro-
duce their flower-scapes. They are best .suited
with the conditions of a cool intermediate-
house, and require a light position. The South
American Selenipediums, and the hybrids that
have been derived from the intercrossing of
the.se, which have recently passed out of
flower, may be repotted if this be necessary ;
but it is not advisable to do this unless the
necessity actually exists. If the x^lants are
well rooted, and have still some pot-room, it
is better to clear away as much as possible of
the old compost, and replace with new mate-
rial. Afford water with discretion, and take
care to avoid drip falling into the centre of
the growths.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. H. Slade, Gardener to Lord Poltimore,
Poltuuore Park, Exeter.

Bedding-ittock. — Provision must now be made
for housing the young stock of Pelargoniums,
&c. Some frames from which frost and damp
can be excluded would suit them best, but in
many gardens it is necessary to place them in
vineries from which the crops are cut. Do not
lilace the plants too closely together, nor
afford them more water during the winter than
is really necessary. Remove all partly decay-
ing leaves, and .anything likely to cause damp-
ness. Plants of a more tender character, such
as Coleus, Tropfeolums, Alternantheras, Mesem-
bryanthemums, Iresine, &c., must be placed en
.shelves near the roof-glass, in a temperature
of about 55', and where the air will circulate
around them.

Mixed borders. — The recent rains have con-
siderably benefited the plants, and any con-
templated planting or re-arranging of such
borders may soon be commenced. Where pos-
sible, the ground may be prepared any time
during the present month, if for new bor-
ders, trenching it thoroughly beforehand, and
adding what manure may l)e necessary. This
will largely depend upon the nature of tJie soil.
If the plants are to remain several years in
the borders, the present is the best opportunity
for enriching the soil, as it is not easy to add
natural manures when the borders are well
filled with plants. Gaillardias are most useful
for making a display in late autumn, and if
these be obtained in small pots, they may be
planted out during the next few weeks.
Young plants of the Oriental Poppies should be
transplanted before making much fresh growth.
Heuchera sanguiuea, if it has been planted
two or three years, will bo better for being
lifted and divided, planting it in a fresh spot
in the border, if possible. This plant appears
to flower more freely the first and second year
after planting. The autumn-flowering Asters
or Michaelmas Daisies are flowering profusely
this season; this is another plant which in our
soil requires lifting and dividing about every
two years. This practice may not be neces-
sary in poorer or lighter soilSt If the ground
is moist, commence the work at once, and the
plants will establish themselves before the
winter.

THE UARDY FRUIT GARDEN".

By C. Hekhin.
r)-cparin(j Gfound for Frnit-tt-ees. — With the
approach of the planting season, the prepara-
tion of the ground should receive early atten-
tion, for the heavy rains of the past week or
two having softened the soil, digging and
trenching may be carried out without any
difficulty, and the earlier the better. The old
practice of making a small roxuid hole in which
to plant a tree in should give place to the
more sensible one of making a hole at the least
0 feet in diameter, or of trenching the ground
throughout the piece of land to be planted ;
and if the soil be of a lieavy nature, add a
heavy dressing of quicklime, or lime-rubbish
and wood-ashes, and mixing these with, the
staple, as the work of d igging proceeds. Fresh

October 12, 1901.]

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR OX I CL E.

275

manure should not be used for Apples, Pears,
Plums, or Cherries, unless the ground is known
to be out of condition ; but for Strawberries
and bush- fruits, Raspberries, and Black-
berries, a liberal application of manure does
good. The kinds and varieties of trees to be
planted should be decided upon, and early
orders sent to the nurseryman. Where cir-
cumstances permit a visit to the nursery
should be made at this season, and the condi-
tion of the trees ascertained before the leaves
fall ; and if a selection be made now, the pur-
chaser should know exactly what sort of
trees he will receive.

Late Plums. — The weather has become
much cooler and heavy showers of rain are
frequent, and these damage Plums that are
left on the trees. It will be prudent to
gather all of the dessert Plums and lay them
thinly on the fruit-room shelves, or in small
boxes, and put them in a cool, dry place. The
fruits should be quite dry when gathered ;
those that are not quite ripe may be ripened a
few at a time by placing them in a vinery or
other slightly warm and dry house.

Late Kitchen Phiitis may be left on the trees
it desired, but if rainy weather continues
it will be better to gather tliem, before they
split badly and decay. Such dessert Plums as
Coe's Golden Drop and Ickworth Imperatrice
may be kept in good condition for a consider-
able length of time if wrapped separately in
tissue-paper and preserved carefully under the
conditions I have described.

Frttit Galherinci. — Most varieties of Apples
and Pears, excepting those whose season is the
latest, may now be stored. The latest
varieties of Apples and Pears keep much
longer and firmer if allowed to remain on the
trees as long as it is safe. Choice varieties of
both should be laid with care in a single layer,
whereas commoner fruit may bo placed 3 and 1
layers deep. In carrying line, choice fruit to
the fruit-room use paper-lined boxes or
baskets. Neither straw nor hay should be
placed on the shelves, the smooth wood being
more suitable for placing the fruits upon.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. llAVNE. Gardener to tlio Hon. Mark Rollb,
Bicton. Easil Budluigli, Ucvoushire.

Celery.— Earth up succession crops. That
which is the latest put out will be better
if left unearthed for the present, the plants
growing faster and the whole plant will bo
hardier and better abh' to withstand frost and
wet than plants that are moulded up or
coddled too much in early autumn.

Lettuce. — Set out plants fi inches apart on a
sheltered border from sowings made early in
last month. Stir the soil frequently between
the plants of all ages ; look out for slugs,
sprinkling quick-lime over the land in the
evening and early morning, or they will soon
devour the smaller plants.

Corn Salad. — A sowing may now be made in
shallow drills for early spring use, and when
large enough, thin the plants to 4 inches apart.
The older outermost leaves only should bo
gathered, as with winter Spinach.

Beet. — In colder districts it will soon be
necessary to lift these roots, but in the west
it is more often than not deferred until well
into Xov(Mnl)er, a llttlo frost being beneficial.
In lilting the roots, first ease them with a
digging-fork so that the tap-root may not be
broken. Twist off the foliage a couple of
Inches above the root, and stack them in a
dark, frost-proof shed with the crown pointing
outwards, and place moderately dry sand or
fine soil between the layers; only the best-
formed medium sized roots should be reserved,
as those are of the best flavour.

Carrots.- — Ii\dl-grown roots may also be got
up and stored in a similar manner to Beet-
roots, although the cooler that Carrots can bo
kept in store the better. In Devon I have
often stacked them against a north wall out-
of-doors, with just a board fastened overhead
to carry off the rain, and a mat or some strawy

littor thrown over them in frosty weather. In
dry weather well stir the ground between the
plants of the latest sowings.

Routine u'orfc.— Weed and roll walks, and
plant Box edgings If this could not be done in
the spring. A small quantity of lime-rubble
placed at the bottom of the trench the Box roots
are laid in will benefit the plants. If recently
cut down beds of Spearmint have failed to
push up new growth, and green shoots are
expected throughout the year, lose no time In
lifting some of the roots, packing them in light
soil in cutting boxes, and placing them in a pit
that has a gentle bottom-heat, and but little
top-heat. Do not let the soil in the boxes
ever get dry ; or place the boxes far from the
glass, or growth will be spindly.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIstvke. Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tesnant, Tlie Glen, Inuerleitlien. Peeblesshire.

Pcachcx and Xectarines in the Earliest House.
— The trees being now leafless, any pruning
that may be necessary may receive attention.
"When due regard has been paid to siunmer
disbudding, and the removal of shoots that
have borne fruits, but little will remain to be
done. The trees should be washed with
weak soapsuds made with soft-soap, and dressed
with an insecticide before they are fastened
to the trellis. The borders should bo lightly
dug, and the surface-soil removed, and fresh
loam added, with an addition of one filth part
of wood-ashes, and the same quantity of
Thomson's Vine -manure. The roof - lights
need not be made use of before November,
when they should be put on to ward off rain
and snow, air being freely admitted except
during frost. Allow the outside borders of
the early houses to have the benefit of what-
ever rains may fall this month, and afterwards
protect them with tree-leaves and litter, with
wooden shutters, or sheets of corrugated
iron, tiirpaulin, &c., later on.

Mid-season Peitch-houscs. — If the trees are
unsatisfactory, now is the time to lift them,
the wood being firm, and the leaves beginning
to fall. This kind of work should be carried
out without delay If the materials are i)repared.
Be particular as to the drain.age, shorten the
stronger roots, and bring any that are deep in
the border nearer to the surface, and make the
compost moderately firm. Good rather strong
loam, with about one-sixth part of mortar-
rubbish, will grow Poaches to perfection.
Should the soil be light, add one-fourth part
of clayey-loam or of marl ; and if very heavy,
a similar quantity of road scrapings. Jf the
soil l)c deficient In lime, add one-tenth part of
chalk. Avoid the use of manure, except as a
top-dressing or mulch. Afford water abun-
dantly, and the roots will soon take to the now
soil. Trees judiciously treated at the roots
seldom fail to set a satisfactory crop of fruit.

Succession Peach-houses. — The foliage in
these will he quite; green at the present time,
shoots tolerably firm, and the buds appearing
in the axils of the leaves. In the case of
young trees that show a tendency to make
growth. It may be advisable to cut a trench at
a distance from the stem equal to about
one-third of the height of the trees, detaching
all the roots, and if convenient leaving the
trench open for ten days or a fortnight, when
it may be filled firmly. ThLs will check the
tendency to a late growth, and contribute to
the maturity of the wood and buds. Care
must bo taken to keep the soil in the part not
disturbed perfectly moist; and detaching the
roots will encourage the production of fresh
rootlets, which will decidedly benefit the
setting and stoning of the fruit In the ensuing
season.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts, Gardener to Hussky I'acke, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Lovighboroiigh.

The Plant Stove. — Most of the climbers being
out of bloom, and growth more or less com-
plete, the pruning of such as have lost their
foliage may bo undertaken, and others which

obstruct light may be thinned out. A tho-
rough cleansing of every plant and object
should be done at this season, and thus ensure
a satisfactory state of things diu'ing the winter.
Caladiums and Gloxinias now being dried off
may be put on their sides in a spot free from
damp. Afford plenty of room to Codlfeiuns,
Drac:enas, Aralias, &c., required for decora-
tion. The syringing of plants should now be
greatly lessened, and all water applied in the
forenoon. Put the blinds into store when dry^
and be sure that drip or damp do not reach
them. Maintain a temperature of Hii' to 70' at
night, and 5° to 10' higher in the daytime with
sunshine. R;ithcr than apply much fire-heat,
let a lower temperature prevail.

The Greenhouse. — Fuchsias and Pelargoniums,
now out of bloom, may be stored away in a
moderately dry house free from frost, and
any plants not worth retaining thrown
away. Let the last batch of zonal Pelargo-
niums and Salvia splondens be brought into
this house, and with the addition of the early-
flowering Chrysanthemums a very cheerful
display will be made. Afford ventilation by
night and day, and in fo.ggy weather apply some
artificial heat, so as to dispel damp. The early-
potted Roman Hyacinths and paper -white
Narcissus should be examined, and any that
are advanced in growth and well rooted may
be removed to a cold frame and lightly shaded,
preiiaratory to putting them into a forcing-
house.

VARIORUM.

— + —

Notes of a Walk in South Devon. —
On a delightful Sunday afternoon, which
happened to be the feast of St. Michael
and All Angels in the Church's calendar
— an afternoon that for clear bright sunshine
and warmth might have done duty for a
day in Juno or .luly — within a mile radius,
of this my new home, in the quiet and pretty
village of Lympstone, I was struck with the
abundance of plants yet in flower, both culti-
vated and wild — -that Is, both in gardens and
hedgerows. In the former Dahlias, both single,
double, and Cactus varieties, were full of
flower, and many of them forming huge, shrub-
like clumps. Roses were freely in blossom, and
under my own window, .as I write, Marechal
NIel and other varieties reflect the bright
sunshine. From this same window may
also bo seen in neighbouring gardens three
fine trees of the Sumac, with its numerous-
chocolate - coloured spikes, set against the
brilliant rod foliage. Just now, in the hedges
the most conspicuous plant is the Bramble,
covered as the plants are with heavy crops of
big, juicy fruits. So plentiful Indeed are the
Blackberries in this immediate neighbourhood,
that at the further end of the village, and
immediately opposite a row of cottages, is a
well-favoured hedge, and the people sit at
their doors, and do not even take the trouble
to cross the road to gather the fruits. Never-
theless, quantities are brought round by the
villagers and sold for nc.vt to nothing. At the
bottoms of those hedges Is a dense growth of
the beautiful brightgr.cii iidiids of theHart's-
tongue, mixed with tin- Powers nl the Lychnis,
Periwinkle, and jiuriilc Drailriftllc On one
side of the doorway of a typical roadside
house grew a golden Euonymus somo 10 feet-
high, the foliage of which was a real golden-
yellow, with the smallest proportion of green
variation ; and on the other side of the door-
way was a bush of the same height of a Myrtle,
densely covered with blossom.

These notes are briet recollections of an
autumn walk In a county new to me, where,
amongst the fruit products. Apples of excel-
lent quality are sold at one penny per pound.
John H. Jackson, Claremont, Lympstone, South
Devon.

276

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October ]2, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.
Letters for Publication, as well as specimens ami j>Ia7its

/or jiumiinu should ie addressed to the EDITOR.

41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London,

Commnnla'tlons should be written on onk side only of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duhi
signed bif the leriter. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.
Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers shyuld &e
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

MOND.-iY, TUESD.VY. WEDNESD.VY, THUR-5I).\Y,

and FRID.VY, Oct. U to 18.

Dutch Balbs at Protheroc <t Morris' Rooms.
MONDAY. OCTOBER 14.—

Fruit Trees, at The Grove Park Nursery, Burlington
Lane. Chiswick, by Protheroe & Morris.

Bulbs, Roses, <tc., at Stevens' Rooms.

Bulbs at Messrs. PoUexfen & Co.'s Rooms.

TUESD.IY, OCTOBEE I.S.—

Nursery Stock, itc, at Shaw House. Melbourne,
near Derby, by Protlieroe & Morris.

Bulbs. Rose Trees, ttc., at Polle.xfen & Co.'s Rooms.
H'EDNESD.VY, OCTOBER IB.—

Nursery Stock, &c., at Shaw House, Melbourne, near
Derby ; Coniferoe, &c., at The Tunbridge Wells
Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells, by Protheroe tt

Bulbs, Plants, &r., at Stevens' Booms.
Bulbs, at PoUexfen tt Co.'s Rooms.
THURSD.\Y. OcroBEB 17.—

Conifenc, i.tc., at Tlie Tuubridge Wells Nurseries.
Tunbridge Wells ; Nursery Stock, at The Floral
Farms, Wisbech, by Protlieroe & Morris.
Palms. Azaleas, and Bulbs, at Pollexfeii ^i Co 's
Rooms.
FRID.\Y, October 18.-

Nursery Stock, at The Floral Farms, Wis'icch. by

Protheroe & Morris.
Bulb's, at PoUexfen <S: Co.'s Rooms.
For further particulars see our adrertisiiir; cnlauins.

Average Temperature tor the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-50-7'.
Actual Temperatures :—

LotiDON.— October 9 (6 p.m.): Max. (in*; Mia. ."i".

October 10.— Fine.
Provinces.— Ocfoder fl (6 p.m.) : Max. on", Devon •
Min. 42°, Shetland.

Our Board ot Agriculture has
Apple Culture, comparatively recently adopted
the excellent plan of is.suing
to those most concerned " leaflets " or
bulletins conveying sound practical advice.
Iiased on scientific data. In this manner,
no doubt, information is convej'ed to the
very persons most interested. It is only a
matter for regret that this plan, like that of
sending itinerant lecturers and demon-
strators into the rural districts, ^vas not
adopted long before. Cognisant of what was
done in the United States, and with some
personal knowledge of Belgian and French
procedures, we advocated for years these
and similar measures ; but our words fell
upon deaf ears. It was not till funds were
placed at the disposal of the county councils
that any general movement in this direction
took place. ' We rejoice greatly at what has
been and what is in process of establish-
ment in the way of schools, demonstrations,
and lectureships. It is of not the least
consequence by whom the work is done,
or by whom it was advocated, so long
as it is done thoroughly. We have made a
good beginning, but we are still much
behind our cousins on the other side of the
Atlantic. A new generation must develop
before the importance of these methods of
instruction is fully realised, and longer
still before the country can reap the full
Ijenefit of the results. Ever-increasing com-
petition, and ever - increasing population,
will doubtless tend to hasten the pace, but
the speed is of less moment than thesoliility
and thoroughness of the result.

A Bulletin that was recently received from

Ottawa, Canada, may serve to give point to
our remarks. The Canadian Bulletin is
devoted to Apple-culture, and has been pre-
pared by Mr. W. T. Macoun. We all of us
know the profusion and excellence of the
Apples sent to us from Canada, from a
climate which has few, if any, advantages
over our own. Although some may make
wry faces over the extent to which our home
growers are ousted from the market, yet
most of us recognise that, whilst the fault in
some measure lies with ourselves, yet that
the process is, from the nature of things, to
a large extent, but by no means ;vholly,
inevitable. We are, on the one hand, the
slaves of circumstances ; but, on the other,
we can, if we are wise, adapt ourselves to
our environment, as the modern phrase has
it. We are beginning to realise that if we
do not adapt ourselves to circumstances, we
shall be supplanted by others who will
better justify their existence liy furnishing
illustrations of the survival of the fittest.

In the meantime, it is agreeable to our
self-complacent patriotism to witness the
progress that is being made in Canada and
other dominions of the British Empire.
They may in their unfettered state 1)6
making faster progress in some depart-
ments than we can do in the old country
with all its limitations, but that is only
natural, and is indeed a subject for pro-
found congratulation. The Bulletin on
Apple-culture, to which we have referred, is
so excellent that we should like to see a
version of it adapted to the rci|uircinents of
the home country. It is piiMi.-hrd l,y the
Department of Agriculture, Olttiw.i. Canada,
from whom, no doubt, copies may be had.

The Bulletin condenses the results of the
experiments carried on for the last twelve
years at the Central Farm. It contains full
information as to the best methods of pre-
paring the soil for an orchard, and of plant-
ing the trees, and caring for them afterwards,
rnining. grafting, and other cultural details
are supplied. Descriptive lists of Apples,
according to their season of ripening, and
their suitability for particular localities, are
given, as well as information on some of
the more important insects injurious to the
Apple. Hints are given as to the best means
of raising seedling and cross-bred Apples
for pai-ticular purposes, such as hardihood,
long-keeping qualities, productiveness, and
the like.

Chance has given us most of our best Apples
in the past, but there is little doubt that more
systematic procedures would furnish suc-
cessful results in a shorter time and with a
greater degree of certainty. Crosses with
the Siberian Crab have already yielded good
results as regards hardiness, ijualit)-, and
productiveness. Russian Apples, as a whole,
have not been successes in Canada, as it was
thought they might have been. There are,
however, a few of them which are very
valuable, and as they are hardier than most
varieties of American origin, they are useful
to those who live near the extreme limits of
successful Apple - culture. North of lati-
tude -lo" the Russian Apples increase in
value the further north they are grown. The
lesson to be learnt here appears to l)e that
it is better to try and improve the native
productions, if we may so call them, than to
rely on newcomers from a different climate
not so well adapted to the conditions of the
home country.

Some Apples are known to be unproduc-
tive from sterility. This state of things may
be ol)viated by planting the self - sterile
varieties in juxtajjosition with others, by
whose pollen they will be impregnated
when their own pollen is either imperfect or
impotent. It is consecjuently necessary to
plant trees which bloom at the .same time
in proximity to each other.

Chemical analysis of the ripe fruit show
roughly that out of 100 parts there are
86-9 of water, 12-7 of organic matter, -28 of
ash, and •042,s of nitrogen.

Of the ash remaining after burning, the
average amount of the several constituents
are: phosphoric acid, 898; potash, 55-2;
soda, 2'6; oxide of iron, 1-72; lime, 4-38;
magnesia, 4-27 ; silica, -60.

Northern Spy contains a much larger pro-
portion of phosphoric acid than the average,
viz., n'68 per cent. The ash ingredients,
however, are most abundant in the rind and
in the core of the Apple, so that from a
consumer's point of view their importance
is to that extent little.

From similar tables here given it is shown
that, so far as the fruits are concerned, the
largest demand is on the potash in the soil,
next the nitrogen, and lastly, the phosphoric
acid. In the case of the leaves the nitrogen
stood first.

For the supply of nitrogen, barnyard-
manure, or the turnaig-in of a leguminous
crop, are recommended. Potash is applied
most economically in the form of wood-
ashes, or where they cannot readily be pro-
cured, kainit may be used to furnish potash,
and bone-meal and superphosphate to supply
phosphoric acid.

Other details referring to the cultivation
of the land, the picking, sorting, storing,
and packing of the fruits are given, as well
as a valuable section on spraying. It is
shown that unless spraying is thoroughly
done with the proper apparatus at the right
time, it is of comimratively little use. The
early sprayings are the most important,
and care should be taken to spray the lower
as thoroughly as the upper surface of the
leaves. Every leaf or fruit missed means a
foothold for disease or insect pests.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting of the Fruit and Floral Committees of
the Royal Horticultural Society will take place
on Tuesday, October 1.5, in the Drill Hall,
Buckingham Gate, Westminster, 1 to 5 P.M.
Papers on "Hardy Fruits for Scotland," by
Messrs. Donald Maclean, James Day, and
William Wricht, will be read at y o'clock.

New Hybrids from Primula arctotis.—
In the Gai-tenwelt of September 7, 1901, Herr
Georg Arends describes some new hybrid
Primulas (Primula arctotis hybrida " Honsdorf
Hybrids "). Those he has obtained by crossing
the white I'rimula arctotis with Primula alpina,
pubescens, viscosa, spectabilis, and other
coloured alpine Primroses. The .seedlings had
the compact habit and globose ilower-liead of
the mother, and the flowers varied in colour
from pure white to pale rose and lilac, and
to the brightest carmine and purplish - red.
Further ho crossed Priiuula arctotis with the
yellow Primula Auricula alpina, the yellow
alpine Auricula. The young plants had partly
the dwarf habit of the former, and partly the
longer flower-stalk of the latter parent. The
colour varied from delicate cream through
sulphur-yellow, to the golden-yellow of .\uri-

October 12, 1901.]

THE GAUD EXER S ' CHR OX I CL E.

277

eula alpina. The results of these experiments
are uow in the market, and a coloured plate
issued -with No. 49 of this year's Gfu-teini'e/t
.sives some idea of their beauty. There is
little to remark about the culture of the
Primula arctotis hybrids. The plants prosper
ill any rich porous garden soil that has not
been freshly manured, and they succeed best
in a semi-shady place, in which they are not
exposed to the full glare of the sun. In times
of prolonged drought, the needful moisture
must be given. They are well adapted for
shady nooks on rockeries. Propagation is
effected by division of the root-stock, and by
.seeds. The latter, as with those of other
alpine Primroses, are long in germinating,
■and at first the young plants progress but
slowly. With average care they should, how-
ever, all bloom in the second year after
sowing, and should develop each following
year into greater beauty.

Botanical Magazine. — The October num-
ber of this periodical, edited by Sir JOSEPH
Hooker, contains coloured illustrations and
descriptions of the following plants : —

E.roi-/i(.ra W endlandidmt , t. 77!)7. — A tall
pinnate-leaved Palm from the Fiji Islands,
with a panicled inflorescence, the branches of
which are dilated at the base into a globular
expansion an inch in diameter, at first ivory-
white, afterwards scarlet. This extraordinary
Palm flowered in the Palm-house at Kew in
February of the present year.

Hiibenaria Liigardi, Uolfe, t. 7798. — A tropi-
cal African species, with two orbicular, promi-
nently nerved leaves and crest, many-flowered
spike of white flowers, each with a very long
cylindrical spur, .5 to (S inches. Kew.

Cineraria pentactimi, Hook, f., t. 7799. — A
scandent plant, with very slender stems,
stalked cordate, roundish, palniately-lobed
leaves and yellow flower-heads on long slender
stalks, each flower-head about 3| inches across,
it is supposed to be a native of South Africa.
Kew.

Calorhabilos cauhiplera, Hance. t. 7S0O. — A
Chinese herb, with shortlj'-stalkcd, lanceolate,
dentate leaves, and dense erect spikes of
purplisli flowers. The genus is allied to
Veronica. Kew.

Itiihinf ]Mlmatu!<, Thunberg, t. 7801. — An
elegant species, with palmately-lobed leaves,
the lobes lanceolate. The flowers arc on long
.slender stalks, with linear sepals, and oblong
white petals. Native of Japan and China.
Kew.

Chrysanthemums.— We have received from
several widely separate sources specimens of
Chrysanthennuns showing the same conditions.
The leaves from below upward are dying, or
mostly dead, browned and shrivelled, as though
burnt by lightning. Neither fungus nor insect
can be detected by our expert referees, nor by
ourselves. The roots and stems are perfectly
healthy, and the specimens come from culti-
vators whose methods are not likely to be at
fault. In these days bacteria play the part
that the weather used to do, and it is possible
this is a bacterial disease. It reminds us of
the conditions called fire-blight — but the whole
thing is at present mj'stcrious.

Stock-taking : September.— The Trade
and Navigation Returns for September show a
continued falling off in both imports and ex-
ports— in several jnstances wo should say
the values of both ; more work lias to be done
for the same money, competition increas-
ing in volume, in conjunction with rates and
taxes at home, whicli assists in circumscribing
orders at home and operations abroad. Im-
ports have decreased in value for the month

by £3,024,001 ; exports by £2,558,.j09. Here
are the usual figures from the "summary,"
table of imports : —

£

£

£

Total v.-^luc

41.232,852

38,208,791

—.3,024,061

(A.) .Articles of food
and di'iak — duty
free

12,98;,B57

12,849,888

—137,769

(B.) Articles of food
& drink— dutiable

4,7%,()02

3,419,283

—1,377,319

Raw materials for
textile manufac-
tures

2,833,324

2,549,203

—284,121

Raw materials for
sundiy industries
and manufactures

6,483,410

5,189,448

—1,293,962

(A.) Miscellaneous
articles

1,358,349

1,512,172

+153,823

(B.) Parcel Post ...

84,476

109,917

+26.UI

It is satisfactory to note that provisions con-
tinue plentiful and cheap at market, and the
percentage of unemployed labour remains low.
Projectsare on foot to enable our capitalists and
manufacturers to meet the pressing attacks of
our good friends outside our borders who desire
and design to clip our wings and cripple our
efforts at expanding trade. Coming to fruits
and vegetables, the reader will note sundry
reductions which are to a great extent'counter-
balanced by increases elsewhere — one instance
will be found in the now popular Banana.
The following are the figures selected from
the returns for September : —

IHPOBTS.

1900.

1901.

Difference.

Fruits, raw :—

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Apples

131,176

71,859

-59,317

Apricots and Pcaclics

982

534

—448

Bananas... bunches

119,082

340,314

+121,232

Cherries

141

+141

Currants

4

74

+ 70

Grapes

112,051

116,436

+4,385

Lemons

.16,413

23,767

—12,655

Nuts— Almonds

21,255

8,388

— 12,.86i

Others, used as fruit

a3,l.'i6

74,113

+40,957

Oranges

3,l«i8

2,758

—1,180

Pears

I29,.^42

76,993

—52,549

Plums

68,959

31,763

—37,196

Unenumcratcd,raw...

92,914

83,103

-9,811

Vegetables, raw :—

Onions bush.

744,631

840,295

+95,664

Potatos cwt.

212,701

135,141

—77,560

Tomatos

91,468

75,413

—u,(m

Vegetables, raw, un-
cnunicratcd ...value

£40,884

£14,459

—£28,425

The imports for the past month were
£38,208,879, against i:4 1,232,852 for the same
period last year — showing a falling off to the
value of 1:3, 024, 0(il. The value of the imports
for the past nine months is placed at
£384,400,711. Those for the same months in
1900 foot up at £379,187,042— an increase of
£.5,273,069. We come now to a brief note
concerning the —

Exports.
These for September amounted to £21,971,302,
against £24,5.59,811 for September, 1900— a
decrease of £2,588,509. As noted, political
disturbances — wars and rumours of the same —
have largely operated here, and will probably
continue to do so for some time to come. We
may note the " pushfulness " of Russia in the
East. As to the nine months" trade, that
totals up at £209,3.59,040, against the same
period in 1900 of £218,471,755— a decrease of
£9,112,715. After all, considering the enor-
mous volume of our trade, and the great
elasticity shown in past years, we do not find
much room for adopting a despondent tone.

Mr. G. Humphrey.— .V presentation was
made to Mr. G. Humphrey, on Tuesday, the
24th ult., on his retirement ;from the post of
head gardener at Nash Court, after twenty-
three years' service. The presentation, which
was privately made, owing to the illness of
Mr. HujiPHREV, took the form of a purse of
money (subscribed for by several Nash Court
"old boys," who had at different times served
under Mr. HUMPHREY), together with a suit-
able address and a list of the subscribers'
names. His many friends wish him a speedy
recovery from his jjresent indisposition.

" Kew Bulletin." — The number for Sep-
tember has lately been issued. It comprises
technical descriptions of new or previously
undescribed plants from various parts of
Africa, China, tropical America, and other
regions, as well as numerous Orchids described
by Mr. Rolfe. A very large number of new
fungi are described by Mr. M.isSEE. Referring
to the resignation of Mr. Nicholson in fitting
terms, the hope is expressed that Kew may still
retain the benefit of Mr. Nicholson's botanical
experience. Details are also given relating to
the career of the late Dr. Sutherland, of
Natal, and of Captain WelbY, known for his
expedition across Tibet, but who received his
death wound in the Transvaal.

"Sweet Violets, Penny a Bunch I"—
A correspondent ventures to doubt the bo-
tanical knowledge of the street flower-girls !
They sold him what he took to be a bmich of
Parma Violets. Doubting their reality, ho
passed them on to us, and we regret to have to
say that the vendor's botany is, to say the
least, peculiar. The Violets are really flower-
heads of a Composite, apparently the double-
flowered form of Achillea ptarmica, steeped in
aniline dye. On soaking one of the llower-
heads the dye is washed out, and the traces of
leaves are by no means those of a Violet.
They arc those of the plant whose common
name is " Sneeze Wort."

"Garden Life." — This is a new weekly
periodical, published at Id. It affords ono
more illustration that there is life in the
garden, for in spite of there being already
four or five similar publications, there appears
to be room for another. The journal is issued
modestly, and commands all the more trust in
consequence. That trust, so far as we can
judge from the articles in the present number,
will be amply justified. The illustrations,
type, and paper are excellent at the price.
The publishing oflice is at Hatton House, Great
Queen Street, London, W.C. Wo trust our
contemporary will enjoy a long and properous
life.

A New Botanical Journal.— Mr. A. G.

Tansi.ev proposes to issue, at monthly inter-
vals, a now periodical, devised to cover the
whole range of modern liotany.

Harper Adams' Agricultural College. —
This College, established for the promotion and
diffusion of agricultural knowledge, was opened
on the 20th ult. It was l)uilt at Edgmond, near
Newport, Shropshire, with means provided
under the will of the late T. Harpbr Adams,
Esq. Every provision seems to have been
made for instruction in all departments of
scientific and practical agriculture, stock-
farming, vegetable and fruit-culture. Labo-
ratories, a botanic garden, dairies, cheese-
rooms, blacksmith's forge, a carpenter's shop,
are among the means provided. The Principal
is Mr. P. H. Poulkes, who gives instruction in
agriculture and entomology ; Mr. C. W. H.
Greaves takes the biological department; Mr.
Percival is the instructor in horticulture.

278

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 12, 1901.

The College is intendecl, said Mr. Hanbu'RY,
the President of the Board of Agriculture, in
his inaugural address, to teach local farmers
to get more out of the land, and to make 30s.
where now they only get a pound. Speaking
of education and of State-aid, Mr. Hanbury
said : —

Tliat if agricultural education was not the one
panacea for all the ills of agriculture, at any rate
it was one of them. And what had been done tor them
by the State witli regard to education ? At present
they had to spend in grants the small sum of £8,000 for
the whole of the United Kingdom. In France, for the
same purpose, £153,000 was granted by the State. In
Denmark, £108.000 was granted ; in Canada, £156,000 ;
and in the United States, £26,O0(). He would go further,
and compare the assistance given to agriculture with
that given to the towns. There were science and art
cltisses forgiviug tlie people technical education, for
training them up to the trades and occupations they
were going to follow in their future life. He found
that out of the science and art grants given by the
Beard of Education, out of £506, £505 went to the towns,
and £1 went tothc rural population. Thatwasnota fair
proportion. He wasboundto say manyalandlordniight
have spent his money more profitably than in building
those model farms and dairies. He would go further,
and say he honestly believed that a great many of the
Shows did not do the good they ought to do. Take for
instance, the rattle shows. What was wanted was cattle
the butcher would buy. At a great many of those
shows they got fat monstrosities, on which many
pounds had been spent, and nobody bought them
except the butcher wlio hung them up in his shop as
an advertisement that he had bought it at such a show.
Take another point. He went to the elementary
schools, and he found that the education there given
did its best to sicken a child of country life. \
great many of the children were brought up as
though they were going to be schoolmasters, and
were trained as though they were going to live
in the towns. They wanted the childi-en to be
taught in a way which would give them an
interest in their country life, and make them
men and women in their rural surroundings. He
was pleased to hear that this College had already
done good work, for he believed that Mr. Foulkes had
begun to train elementary teachers, so as to enable
them to take advantage of the more liberal Code the
Board of Education had given. But it was of no use
the Board saying they might take these Nature-lessons
instead of so much grammar unless the school man-
agers took more interest in it. He wished more lay-
men would take an interest in the schools ; but, whether
the managers were clergy or laymen, they did not
do their duty if they did not encourage Nature-study.
It might be iisked, what is the good of science ? He
took science to mean this : however practical a man
might be, it was impossiljle for him, in his own e.xpe-
rience, to have learned everything. What science
meant was, that other people had been experimenting,
and had found that those experiments had been a suc-
cess, and that it made money to work in that way. He
therefore asked them not to be afraid of the word
" science ; " and, above all, not to think, because they
were practical men, that they knew everything, for
there was no trade in the world in which there was any
man who had occupied the whole region of science, or
the whole region of knowledge. He thought they made
a mistake in making experiments over and over again.
He was a little afraid the County Councils, in too many
instances, were going over the same ground over and
over again. He should like to see more demonstrations
made all over the country— not mere pocket handker-
chief demonstrations over a small field, but, if they
were to be any good, over several fields of a farm".
Although we prided ourselves on being great business
people, we were a happy-go-lucky people. We had not
the same rigid method as otlier people. Business
habits wei-e just as necessary in farming as in other
interests. He did not know how it was with others,
but he knew how dlflicult it was to get a bailiff who
could properly keep accounts. He was afraid few of
them kept their accounts as correctly as they ought to
do, and yet proper account-keeping was the ".\B C" of
the whole business. He went on to speak of the neces-
sity for combination among farmers for the common
benefit, and terminated a useful address by declaring
the College open.

Town Trees.— No doubt the Plane is on
the -whole the best tree for London, but our
choice is by no means limited to that genus.
"We have often given lists of suitable trees, but
among them we do not remember to have cited
the monophylla, or one-leaved variety of the
common Ash. We came across a clump of
these trees a few days since in Kensington
Gardens, and were struck with their dense
compact habit, and the rich deep green of the
foliage as yet unchanged by autumnal chills.

The older trees in these gardens are in a sad
state ; three or four years of drought and
drainage have wrought havoc. Every effort
should be made to plant other trees, not in
the same but in different spots.

DiASCiA Barber/e. — A curious little annual
of the Scrophularia family was shown recently
at a meeting of the Royal Horticidtural
Society. Our illustration (fig. 83), drawn for
us by Mr. W. G. Smith, shows that the
plant is near to Alonsoa, but differs in the
presence of two spurs projecting from the
back of the two lateral lobes of the lip. In
Linaria there is but one such spur, but in the
peloriate variety there are five. This Diascia
shows, therefore, an intermediate condition.
The flowers are of a pale pink colour. The
species are natives of South Africa.

Cultivation of Sweet Potatos, by Percy G.
Wielcen ; Insectivorous Birds of W. Australia,
by Robert Hall ; Insect Pe.sts (Circular to
Fruit Growers), by L. Lindloy-Cowen ; Pruning,
by A. Despeissis ; and various Notes relating
to the Live Stock of the Farm.^T/ie Queens-
land Agricultural Journal^ August. Among the
contents arc papers on : Spraying Vegetables
with Paris Green : Disc-harrowing of Lucerne ;,
Value of Barley and Pumpkins as Horse Feed ;,
A Water- Hyacinth Destroyer; Orchard Notes ;.
Contributions to the Flora of New Gtiinea and
Stink-grass of Brazil, by F. M. Bailey ; Horti-
cultural Notes, Tropical Industries, &c. — From
tlie United States Department of Agricitlture,.
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Patho-
logy. BiiUetin No. 28, Cultural Characters of
Four One-FlarjeUate Yelloio Bacteria. Parasitic
on Plants, by Brwin F. i^mith. — Report of the-
Connecticut AcfricuUnral Experiment Station-
far 1900. Contains also papers on Fertilisers ;
on Food Products ; and also on the ProteetiotL
of Shade Trees, by E. H. Jenkins and W. E.
IJritton ; this last article is illustrated by
beautiful plates.

Publications Received.— Iietu Bulletin of
Miscellaneous Information, Appendix IV., 1901.
List of the staffs of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, and of the botanical departments and
establishments at home, and in India and the
Colonies, in correspondence with Kew. — Bul-
letin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Bo-
tanic Gardens, Kew, January to March, 1901.
Contents : List of Contributors to the Her-
barium, brought down to Dec. 31, 1899 ;
and Miscellaneous Notes. — From the Society
for the Protection of Birds, E.ssoy on tlie
Protection of British Birds. The paper to
which -was awarded the first prize in the
Society's Essay Competition, 1900-1901.— T)ie
Journal of tlie Board of Agriculture, September.
Contents : Winter Wasiiing of Fruit Trees ;
Colorado Beetle, by E. V. Theobald ; Plum-tree
Boring Tortrix ; .\gricultural Returns of 1901 ;
The Apple Saw-fly ; Reports on Foreign Crops,
&c. — Bulletin of the Botanical Department.
Jamaica, September. Contents: Historical
Notes on Economic Plants in Jamaica ; Yield
of Rul5ber, Almond-bag Worm, and Protection
of Trees against Ants. — Journal of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture of Western Australia.
August. Contents : Wheaten Hay for Horses ;

THE WINTER WASHING OF
FRUIT-TREES.

On this subject the September issue of the
Journal of the Board of Agriculture gives the-
following useful information : —

"A neglected orchard not only harbours all
manner of insect enemies during the winter,,
which come out in the spring, and commence-
their ravages in that particular orchard, but
it forms a nursery or breeding-ground from,
which other orchards are supplied with
noxious insects. It is essential, therefore,,
that all such orchards should be treated in.
some way to stop the damage that is caused^
by the various insect-pests they encourage.

For this purpose a caustic or burning wash,,
known as caustic alkali wash, is most suc-
cessful. This mixture serves a double function.
It removes, by means of its caustic properties,
all vegetal incumbrances, moss and lichen;:
and at the same time it causes all rough and!
decaying bark to fall off. A tree so treated
soon assumes a more healthy appearance. By
the removal of the moss and lichen from th&
trees, the favourite quarters of many hiber-
nating insects are destroyed. Beneath the
vegetal growths and rough bark found on fruit-
trees, we find during the winter the Woolly
aphis, the Apple-blossom weevil, the earwig,,
the Codlin maggot, thrips, and various other-
small insects. The destruction of their winter-
quarters places these often serious pests in>
unfavourable circumstances, and they cease
to increase in abnormal numbers. Scale
insects, of which two at least are more or less-
harmful in this country, namely, the Apple-
bark louse or Mussel-scale, and the bro-wn
Currant - scale, may also be destroyed by
caustic alkali wash. At present this wash is
mainly recommended for cleaning the trees ia
an orchard, and thus destroying the shelter of
various insects during the winter, and for-
killing certain hibernating pests themselves,,
as tlie Codlin maggot. Woolly aphis, and
others. It certainly has no effect in the open,
on the ova of the Winter-moth, Lackey-moth,,
and those of certain plant lice.

To prepare caustic alkali wash, first dissolve
1 11). of commercial cau.stic soda in water, then.
1 lb. of crude potash in water. When both-
have been dissolved, mix the two well together,,
then add J lb. of agricultural treacle ; stir
well, and add sufficient water to make up to.
10 gallons.

The best time to spray the trees is about the
middle of February, as some insect and mite-
eggs are then more liable to be affected than
earlier in the winter, and it is then not too
late to harm any developing buds."

October 12, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

279

MARTIN HOPE SUTTOX.

The gr»ndla.tliero£ Martin Hope Suttou, whose death
•on tlie -Jth iust. it is our sad duty to record, was for tlie
..greater pai-t of his lifetime a resident at Blacklieath,
where he lived as a private gentleman. His wealth
■descended to his son John, who for a time remained in
London, but eventually settled in Reading : and here
■on March 14, 1815. was born to liim a sou. It was a
memorable day in the family history, marked by two
grave calamities— the loss of a large sum of money
through the stoppage of a bank, and the failure of an
-extensive business with which John Sutton was con-
nected. As an expression of faith that a bright future
was in store for the son. his parents named him " Hope,"
.and certainly the birth of this child proved to be the
greatest blessing the family could have received at this
severe crisis in its fortunes.

From his earliest years Martin Hope Sutton was the
life of his father's household, and the parents were
anxious that he should follow the example of his elder
brother by adopting a profession ; while the whole dis-
position of tlie youth inclined distinctly to a business
<'areer. He found recreation in reading botanical
works and in the practical study of botany, especially
in relation to flowers, grasses, and forage plants. In
these pursuit-s no encouragement was given hini by the
father. On the contrai-y, parental anxiety became
.acute when it was discovered that books on botany
were smuggled to the bedioom, and that in early
morning, before the household rose, the garden had
heen employed as an experimental ground for com-
parative trials of seeds.

The reading of books on gardening naturally kindled
the desire to visit famous gardens and nurseries, -is
funds were limited, holidays were utilised for walking
tours. On one occasion he visited in three days the
grounds of Brown at Slougii. Ronalds at Brentford,
thence through Staines and Snnningiiill to Knap Hill
and Bagsliot to obtain a sight of Anierican plants, and
jeturning by a different route, he arrived at Reading
about noon, after a morning walk of twenty-one miles.
As opportunities could be seized, many trips of this
(kind were l.aken : from thirty to forty miles being
frequently covered in a single day. These were happy
experiences in tlie life of Martin ilope Sutton, but they
were not allowed to interfere in the smallest degree
•with the discharge of home duties.

Later on it became possible, by means of the railway,
coaches, and private conveyances, to extend these
visits to greater distances, such as Blenheim and
Chatswortli in England, and finally to some of the most
.interesting continental gardens. From the experience
thus gained, a knowledge of plants and landscape
.gardening was acquired, which pi'ovcd of utmost value
in business, and it insjiired the idea of starting a trial
ground of liis own in Reading. The first bed of Tulips
«ver seen in the neighbourhood became the object of
jrrcat interest.

Upon his father's old business of corn factor and
miller, founded in \m;, Martin Hope Suttou. in ls37.
saw his way dear to engraft the llower and vegetable
seed trade : and lie actually induced his father to join
lilm as a partner, under the title of "John Sutton
Jl Son." We have often heard from Mr. Sutton of the
■very modest way in which the now vast seed business
began.

In IMJ.'? the younger brother Alfred was received into
partnership, wlien the title of the firm was altered to
-'John Sullon ct Sons." To their great lia|ipiness and
mutual help, the two brothers worked harmoniously,
together until \mn. when both retired on the same day
leaving the business in the hands of their sons.

The disastrous Irish famine of 1.S17 turned the
thoughts of the elder brother in a new direction.
Alfred took over tliat branch of the business connected
■with ornamental gardening, and Martin Hope was able
ifor the first time, on a lai'ge scale, to show that the
experiments he had made in cultivating, adapting,
and selecting vegetables and plants for food, were not
mere dreams of an enthusiast, but were capable of being
■turned to account in the service of humanity. Public
men of the dny had discovered the value of his labovu-s.
and the .subslilutcs he suggested for the devastated
Potato-croj) were at once accepted by the Government.

At this period the penny post had just been insti-
tuted, and the extension of railways was rapidly pro-
<'eeding. The happy thought occurred to Martin Hope
Sutton that it was quite as reasonable to prepay the
carriage of seeds for all distances as for the Govein-
ment to send a letter a mile or to the north of Scotland
<or the uniform charge of one penny. Reading, by its
connection with London, at oiu'e became a centre from
which all parts of the kingdom could be sen-ed with
speed and economy.

Another innovation, common to-day but unknown
then, was the compiling and supplying free of charge
■descriptive catalogues of seeds for the use of amateurs.
The book sent out in IsiO, containing descriptions of
flowers and vegetables, including the proper methods
of cultivating them, revolutionised the system then in
vogue.

In is.-iii the pulilication was greatly enlarged, and
lor the first time it was issued as Sutton's Amnteurs
^;uide ill Iliirtirutliirr. Under this title it has since
Jieen published annually, and has become as great a

favourite with skilled gardeners as it has always been
among those who are strictly entitled to be called
amateurs.

From early years the characteristics, feeding value,
and uses of various grasses, captivated his attention.
He studied them constantly under uatm-al conditions,
and experimented with each as a cultivated plant,
alone and in company with other varieties. In 1861 he
contributed to the Journal of the Eoi/al Agricultural
Society of England, at the request of the editor, Mr.
Philip Pusey, an article on " Permanent Pastures.'
This was reprinted by desire, and has since passed
through many editions. It was afterwards incorpo-
rated in the lai'ger work. Permanent anil Temporary
Pastures, written by his eldest son, Martin John
Sutton.

Martin Hope Sutton's botanical knowledge was never
better applied than when he learned the importance
of laying down land to grass with good varieties
indigenous to each description of soil, and which are
therefore adapted to produce tlie best results on the
several geological formations. Before this discovery
could be brought to a practical issue, thousands of
trials under varying conditions were necessary ; and if
there is any one man who has deserved well of his
country for making two blades of grass grow where only
one grew before, it certainly is Martin Hope Sutton.
His carefully-proportioned prescriptions have been
sown in almost ever>' parish of the kingdom, with
the result that hay crops are in many cases much
greater than they were sixty years ago.

According to Mr. Sutton's own view, the position he
took concerning the great question of seed adultera-

Thh L,»tk M.VKTl.N HOPE SUTTON.

tion was one of the most important events in his life.
At the present lime it is scarcely possible to conceive
the extent to which adulteratien was then carried. The
almost universal prevalence of this vicious system may
perhaps be understood from the fact that it was not
regarded as dishonest or liaudulent ; indeed, the idea
generally entertained was that only by such a system
could the seed trade be conducted.

The tralllc in dead seeds formed an important col-
lateral branch of the trade; l)iit as seeds which had
lost their vitality through long keeping spoiled the
sample, machines were constructed for destroying tlio
germs of new seeds without injury to their appearance.
In every ease a cheap variety was sterilized for mixing
with seeds which were similar in form and colour, but
of higher value. Killed Rape, worth less than three-
pence per pound, was mixed with Cabbage, Broccoli,
and other round seeds worth many shillings per
pound. This is only one of many examples that might
be cited.

Mr. Sutton came to the conclusion that the only
way to ensure reliable seeds was to have them
grown under his own superiulendence and from his
i>wn stocks, by men who would deliver the produce
straight to the Reading granaries without the media-
tion of a wholesale house. He visited those counties
which from their soil and climate were specially suited
for gi-owing and harvesting seeds, and engaged a
numl^er of growers who well understood the business
and were willing to devote the requisite care to
the crops in order to maintain a high standard of
excellence.

The immediate elTect of sowing new seeds free from
anyadmixtiire of old or killed seeds was startling. The
crops grown by customers attracted the attention of
their neighbours, and as a result the business of the

Suttous Increased by leaps and bounds, until by
general consent it has become one of the largest of its
kind in the world.

There is, too, a library, readingroom, and restaurant.
Such efTorts, wherever made, help to redeem this
money-making age from reproach, and encourage
others who are seeking to solve its perplexing
problems.

General Viscount Bridport and the late Marquis of
Hertford were both early friends of Martin Hope
Suttou. Their close association with the Court, while
equerries at Windsor, frequently resulted in a com-
mand to Mr. Sutton to attend the Royal farms, where
he had opportunities of seeing Her Majesty and the
Royal family under the most pleasing and happy
auspices, free from all state formahties. He used also
to go through the Royal gardens, and inspect the plots
of ground set apart for the Princes and Princesses,
who had separate sets of garden tools, wheelbarrows,
water-cans, itc., all distinguished by name. This was
during the lifetime of the Prince Consort, who made a
great point of the teaching of horticulture to the Royal
children.

At another time Mr. Sutton visited the Swiss Cottage,
Osborne, where various domestic operations were
taught, and the rules of etiquette observed by the
Royal children, who on certain days issued invitations
to the Queen and other relatives to take tea with them.
These invitations were formally accepted and the
appointments kept.

On the lawn at Osborne, overlooking the Solent, a
kind of summer-house formerly existed, where iu
almost all weathers Her Majesty was accustomed to
receive and reply to despatches. This building was
replaced in 18S!> by the buugalow erected for the Queen
iu the show ground of the Royal .\gricultural Society
of England, held that year in Windsor Great Park. At
the close of the meeting. Her Majesty was graciously
pleased to accept the building, and at the same time
the plants forming the lieautifnl miniature garden
whicli had been planted around the bungalow by the
Buttons.

During the long and eventful life of Martin Hope
Sutton, no occasion all'orded him greater pleasure than
the honour of welcoming under his own roof at
Reading the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Conuaught,
and the Duke of Clarence.

Martin H. Sutton married iu isi.s .Sophia Woodhouso,
second daughter of the late \Villi;iui Warwick, of
Whitley Rise, Berks, by whom he had live sous; Martin
John, Ernest William, Arthur Warwick, Claude Hope,
and Leonai'd Goodhart ; and four daughters.

Mr. Sutton was frequently urged to take an active
share in jiolitical and municipal life, but although
he followed the progress of national events with
keen interest, while every worthy cause in his native
town enlisted his sympathy and received from him
cordial support, he invariably declined to take any
step which might lead to public honours. His
strong evangelical views impelled him to devote his
eiicriiies to still higher interests, and he became closely
associated with great religious institutions.

The furnishing of the City Mission Home at Ventuor,
entirely at his own expense, is one of many instances
wlien at a time of need he willingly devoted his means
to insure the success of a great undertaking. And it
may be truly said that he let not his left hand know
what his right hand did. Some of his largest gifts
were anonymous, and his chief subscriptions were sent
direct to headquarters, instead of through local
agencies, so that his native town know little of the
extent of his liberality.

In ragged-school work Mr. Sutton was an enthu-
siast. He engaged a room in the most disreputalilo
quarter of the town, where a respectable person could
scarcely venture alone, and he induced a band of
earnest young men to join liim in his hazardous en-
terprise. On the opening night the ragamullius of the
district trooped in, unutterably dirty, ragged, and bent
on mischief. They also had a language of their own.
The ringleaders were sweeps, accustomed to ascend
chimneys in accordance with the prai'tice of tli;it day.
and these boys made a point of alli-iiiling iu full
canonicals, so that it was only ncccs^;iry to shake
their clothes to I'aise a cloud of soot; and the sl-ockiug-
cap, worn as a protection wlieu at work, was always in
readiness to silence a companion or to dust a leaclier's
collar. The character of those boys m.ay ho inferred
from a single incident. After the scIidhI li:nl hci'i] k"I
into working order, the Rev. Francis 'I n m-li. Inoiher
of the late Archbishop of Dublin, ]i.ii'l .1 ii ii i" the
room, and was very gratified with what \iv .-au. On
attempting to speak to the boys, one of the chimney-
sweeps, impressed by the tall gaunt figure in a long
black coat, conchided that a policeman had come, and
thathe was "wanted." Unobserved he bolted up tlii^
chimney. As the worthy [■Icrgymau proceeded with
his talk a crowd gathered outsidi- the windows hi ugh ing
and gesticulating. It was tlicii (liscovcTcd lli.il tin-
boy had reached tlie chimney ikiI, hIh it lii- Ii. :hI mid
hands were visible from the oHi nir imi lirw.i nn.ilih!
to struggle through. He was rc-cn.-il nniii his iincnni-
fortable position amid great excitement.

In conjunction with his biotlier Alfred, who died in
August, 1897, Martin Hope Sutton built other schools,
mission-rooms, cafds, and workmen's restaurants iu

280

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 12, 1901.

different parts of Reading, long before school boards
and temperance hotels came into existence.

Few men achieve the ideals of early days. Martin
Hope Sutton was among the fortunate few. Religion
to him was imbued with the perfect love that casteth
out fear. Earnest himself, he was endowed with the
rare gift of inspiring earnestness in others. As a
friend, staunch, true, and constant : as an employer,
considerate, sympathetic, and generous in his appre-
ciation of services rendered. These qualities endeared
him to his people, wlio felt his presence as a charm ;
and he delighted in finding for them means of recrea-
tion, in which he heartily joined. What he was to liis
family they alone can tell. Among the wider circle of
his friends, they loved him most who knew him best.

GAEDENERS AND GARDENING IN
SOUTH AFRICA.

Bbxieving that many gardeners are now con-
templating taking up their abode in South
Africa, with a view to making a fortune, and
having had private and nur.sery experience
of gardens in South Africa, I can give them
some information, and timely advice which will
perhaps help them to come to a conclusion as
to whether it is or is not advisable to go
there ; and if they decide upon doing so, I may
tell them what they may expect to And when
landed there.

In the first place, no gardener should emi-
grate unless he has some ai)pointment to take
up, and not even then unless he is willing to
work as hard as the generality of gardeners
do in this country. He must be a good hand
at budding and grafting, and have a know-
ledge of the florists' art. If he has a know-
ledge of the seed trade, he will find that it
will be of great service to him. Let not the
gardener think that his work will be confined
strictly to the gardening profession, for he
may be called upou to help build a glasshouse,
a stable, or perhaps a dwelling-house, and
many other items that are not strictly gar-
dening ; but, on the other hand, such work as
digging, hoeing, or weeding is never expected
of an experienced white gardener, for such
is done by the natives — often in a very rough
manner ; but he is there, it is his home, he is
cheap, and he is going to stay there.

Before the war commenced, the rate of
wages in Cape Colony for an experienced man
was from £6 to £10 per month, with sleeping
quarters free, the latter often consisting of
one room only to sleep and have one's meals
in. But the rate of wages is undoubtedly
changed since the war began. The vast
number of refugees from the Transvaal and
Orange River Colony will certainly bring wages
to such a low level that it would barely be enough
to live on, and probably work could not be
found at even such low wages. Therefore my
advice is— tlo not go to South Africa until the
war is past, and the country is in a settled
.state (unless you have previously secured an
appointment), or you will surely regret taking
such a step.

On the other hand, if the settler has a capital
of at least £150 to £200 to invest, then one
could do very well indeed by renting a piece
of land on the outskirts of a town where water
is available for irrigation purposes, to grow
vegetables during the winter months, and at
the same time to prepare stocks for Roses,
Apples, Pears, Plums, &c., to be grafted or
budded in their season. I mention vegetable
growing during winter, because that being
the dry season, if the grower have the com-
mand of water, vegetables can be made to pay
extremely well. The most remunerative fruits
to grow are Oranges, Apples, Pears, Plums,
Apricots, Strawberries, and Granadillas, and
as a rule they are very sure crops.

The climate on the coast is all that could be
desired, but inland it is somewhat enervating,
unless in such places of high elevation as

Queenstown, &c. It is said that King Williams-
town is the second hottest town :n Cape Colony.
This I do not doubt, for when I look through
my diary, I find from January 1 to March 31,
in 1897, my thermometer registered 112° P.,
on one occasion, in the shade ; thirteen times
it showed between 100° P. and 110° P., and
twenty-one days between 90° P. and 100° P.
All the above temperatures were taken in the
shade at 9 a.m., with the exception of the
highest, 112° P., which was taken at mid-day.
The nights are at times correspondingly hot.

Clothing is an item that should be carefully
thought out, or rather, advice should be ob-
tained from one who has been to the Cape.
Thick overcoats are only an encumbrance. A
thorough good mackintosh is worth all the
trouble of taking, as also is a good stock of
woollen under-clothing, with two or three suits
of thin, strong material. The voyage from
Southampton to East London, via Capetown,
was one of the happiest holidays 1 ever spent.
It occupied twenty-nine days, and was one
continual month of perfect rest. W. Miles,
Isleworth.

A VISIT TO THE NORTH— IT.

iCoiitimiedfroni p. l'.17.)
In due course I arrived at the Central
Station in the great commercial city of
Glasgow. It soon became evident that there
existed in Glasgow such a degree of over-
crowding that we Londoners seldom experience
— unless we happen to be present in Shrewsbury
upon the night preceding the opening of their
great annual fete. Most of the hotels had an
extra man posted at the entrance, with the
unpleasant duty of informing all and sundry
that they had been "quite full since 12 o'clock
noon." That was the general reply one got,
and even when rooms had been ordered in
advance, there was occasionally some difficulty
in getting them. Still, we all had to be good
tempered, remembering that but for us
individually, the condition of things would
have been less acute.

Rothesay.

The first place I visited after attending the
opening of the exhibition of plants and cut
flowers, on August 28, was Rothesay. I
started early on the following morning from
Glasgow, in company with a renowned Scots
gardener living in the South of England, who
"knew the ropes" better than I. "We pro-
ceeded by Caledonian train to Gourock,
there being an excellent service to this
town in connection with the Clyde boats.
At Gourock we went on board the
Columba, a boat almost equal to the popu-
lar Lord of the Isles, which parades the
magnificent Clyde, seemingly conscious of its
elegance, superiority, and strength. What
a blow we got, to be sure, before reach-
ing the beautiful, well - sheltered Bay of
Rothesay ! The ancient capital of Buteshire,
and one of the most beloved of Scottish water-
ing-places, possessing no connection with the
mainland except by boat, it would appear to
be a most unlikely place to find a flourishing
nursery business with a world-wide fame ; yet
there, only a little way from the point where
the boat stopped, is Messrs. Dobbie & Sons'
nursery ; and there are two other nursery
businesses adjoining.

We had an appointment with Mr. William
Cuthbertson, the head partner in Messrs.
Bobbie's firm, whom we found in the offices,
which have been made out of part of an old
house certainly 150 years old, with walls oft. or
more through. Mr. Cuthbertson told us that
Mr. Dobbie commenced a small business about
1855 in Renfrew, and subsequently removed to

Rothesay. He had always a special prefe-
rence for Hollyhocks, Pansies, and other
hardy florists' flowers, and in his younger
days proved himself to be an adept cultivator of
Beet, Leeks, and other vegetables. After a
pleasant chat with Mr. Cuthbertson upon the
beauties and interest of the Island, which is
about one-half the size of the Isle of Man, we
were shown a house in which a large number of
varieties of Tomatos were growing, api^arently
for comparison. Among these were Golden
J^ugget, with very "tart" fruits; "All the
Year Round," a useful, free-fruiting variety,
raised by Mr. W. Parr, and distributed by
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons ; the finely flavoured
Chiswick Peach, and a distinct variety from
America with lemon- coloured fruits. We were
particularly interested in some varieties re-
sembling the old Currant Tomato. These had
racemes of fruit from 2^ ft. to 3 ft. long, each
fruit being about the size and colour of a red
Cherry. Upon other plants, while the racemes
were not quite so long, the fruits were placed
closer together upon them. The varieties (foi-
the plants differed considerably from each
other) were spoken of as the Gooseberry-
Tomato, but this appellation appeared to me
less appropriate than "the Cherry-Tomato"
would be. When Messrs. Dobbie & Co. distri-
bute these varieties, they will prove to be of
great use in certain forms of decoration, in-
cluding that of the dinner-table.

Messrs. Dobbie raise an enormous stock of
Fuchsias and Dahlias each year from cuttings.
Of Fuchsias, for instance, we saw thousands >
and these cuttings are struck and are out of
hand before the great work of raising Dahlias
need be commenced. The varieties of Fuchias
are very numerous, and are suitable for bed-
ding, cultivation in pots, or suspending in
baskets.

The Dahlias were making a glorious show at.
the time. Many of those that are cultivated
for furnishing largo exhibition blooms were
growing on a very steep slope facing west, and
in company with them were fine breadths of
early-flowering Chrysanthemums, which in the
climate of Rothesay grow and flower in rare
perfection — for there are no early frosts
there. The firm does not raise new varieties
of Dahlias at Rothesay, indeed, the only
Dahlias that have ever been raised in Scotland,
have been raised, 1 believe, by the well-known
florist, Mr. M. Campbell, of Blantyre. One of
these, Up-to-Date, the first he raised, was
flowering well upon the slope; it is a large, red-
coloured Cactus variety, apparently rather
thin in petal, but the petals are numerous.
Other novelties noticed were : Artus, a first-
class new Cactus variety, colour light red ;,
T. W. Wilkinson (Cactus), one of the best
introductions of last year, colour crimson,
shaded with purple, claw-like, of best form ;.
William Treseder, a variety raised at Cardiff,
white, tinted with pink, of good, erect habit ;
Major Tuppenay (Stredwick), an excellent red-
coloured Cactus with yellow centre, the
florets having wavy outlines ; Major Weston,
Mrs. J. J. Crowe (C), of lemon-yellow colour,
excellent form, florets beautifully arranged^
raised by Mr. West ; Carter Page (West), a
first-rate scarlet-coloured Cactus ; and Fear-
not, a good Cactus variety for the garden,
producing rather small flowers in unusual
abundance, and the plant a large, bushy head-

If Messrs. Dobbie & Co. do not raise
Dahlias, they make it a practice to secure
stocks of all good novelties at the earliest
moment, and propagate for supply as speedily
as possible. Thus, we were informed that
there were 90.000 Dahlias potted there last
j-ear. In the Gardeners' Chronicle for May 11,
1895, p. 585, was reproduced a photograph.

October 12, 1901.]

THE G A n D EXEE S ' CHE ONI CL E.

281

showing the interior of a Dahlia-house at
Rothesay in spring, when planted with 10,000
ground roots for producing cuttings.

Violas and Pansies arc also specialties of
the firm. There is a considerable sale for
these in the autumn, consequently propagation
is commenced in July, and continued until
winter. Many frames had been filled with
cuttings already. A very fine white Viola was
observed in one, named Lady Roberts.

In the hardy plant nursery, which is a
quarter of a mile or so from the offices, there
is a very varied stock, about which space will
prevent me from writing in detail on the
present occasion. Mention may be made,
however, of the fine large-flowered Pentste-
mons (see note on p. 230), and of the gr.ind
African Marigolds, Lemon Queen and Prince
of Orange, which were growing and flowering
perfectly. I say grand, not that they are
favourite flowers of my own, but because of
their liind they are matchless, and I know how
very much appreciated Marigolds are in most
Scotch gardens, and what care is bestowed
upon them. Breadths of Roses had just been
budded, and in addition to all the hardy
flowers were seen crops of vegetables.

The surface of the nursery ground is ex-
tremely hilly, and one of the highest points
has not unfitly been dubbed " Spion Kop."

A very interesting feature in these grounds
was u splendid plant of the bright flowered
Tropioolum speeiosum. There is a little oflico
near to the gate, and about 10 yards length of
its wall, 5 feet high, was covered with the
beautiful flowers of this plant. A rare sight
was this for a Londoner 1 We visited Mr.
Cuthbertson's pretty home upon the highlands,
through some charming woods, where a capital
view of the bay is afforded ; also

Two OTHER XntSKRIKS

adjoining to those of Messrs. DouniK. One of
these is Mr. Michael Cuthbertson's, who
cultivates a stock of hardy plants. The other
is the establishment of Messrs. Alex. Lister «&
Sons, who cultivate hardy plants, especially
Dahlias, Pansies, Violas, and other florist's
flowers. Two new Dahlias we saw in this
establishment were Mrs. .T. l^ist-er (Cactus),
scarlet colour; and leister's Yellow (Cactus).
These are good novelties in the respective
colours, but will not be distributed until the
year 1110.3.

A most interesting sight in this establish-
ment were two houses full of Tomatos in full
bearing, the variety being Lister's Prolific,
which was figured in Gardeners' Chronicle,
January 6, 1000, p. ii. From the crop the
plants then bore, my friend and T concluded
the variety was the most abundant bearer we
had ever seen, and I therefore strongly recom-
mend it to market growers, and other culti-
vators who require heavy crops. The fruits
are of Perfection type, and nearly all of them
are of a nice usable size.

We lost no time now in getting to the boat,
which was to take us to Wemyss Bay, eu route
for Ardgowan. P.

{To be coiitiniicil.)

TRADE N OT I C E.

CmtvsANTHEMiiM Cuttings. — A correspon-
dent complains that in response to an adver-
tisement offering cuttings of the newest
varieties of Chrysanthemum, he wrote for
some, and aft-i^r some delay, received a batch
of cuttings, with tlie names of the newest
sorts attached ; but the novelty was in the
names only — the cuttings were of old, well-
known sorts.

REMAEKABLE GROWTH OF A
TOMATO.

The accompanying illustration (fig. 8.j) will
give a better idea of this extraordinary fruit
than any description, though a few words may
be said about it as a cross aid to the figure.

The base or under-side of the fruit ap-
pears quite normal, but round its great-
est circumference, and about half-way
from the base, three smaller fruits are
formed, meeting in the middle of the
mother fruit ; upon these other smaller ones
grow in varying numbers and sizes, numbering
altogether about twenty. At the time of
gathering, the basal fruit and the three next
largest had assumed the usual red colour of a
ripening Tomato, while the smaller or external
growths were either green or striped with
green. The conditions under which this
remarkable fruit grew was in a cottage-
garden at Brentford, the plant being one
of several purchased from a street ven-
dor by one of the attendants in the Kow
museum. Near the Tomato plants some Vege-
table-Marrows grew, and a large leaf of the
Marrow so covered the flowers and the early

Fill. ».'. — UKMAHKMll F. (lUOVVTH (IT A TCMATO.

Stages of the fruit of the Tomato, lliat the
owner did not know of its existence until
removing the Marrow-leaf one day, he was
greatly surprised to find this monstrosity,
which was promptly brought to the museum,
where it is now preserved. Joint It. Jiiflcsoii,

WOODHATCH, RE 1(4 ATE.

Thkkk is always sonufthing worth seeing at
this pretty plac<>, so long known as the resi-
dence of the late Mr. T. 11. Haywood, and now
continued as such by that gentleman's widow,
h'or some ti me t here has been a big show of Roses,
and in spite of the warmth of the position,
and the fact that the soil is an outcrop of the
Ueigatc sand, yet Roses do very well, and if
the season be fairly moist, then Mr. Salter can
put up some capital flowers, iludding was in
progress when I looked into the Rose-garden
It week or two since, the stocks being stout
and full of growth, and promising to produce
very fine blooms next year. A good breadth
of the kitchen garden is set apart for Koses,
the position being an open one, and giving
ample elbow-room. The prospect of a good
autumn bloom was not so good as in some pre-
vious years, owing to the recent great heat
and drought.

A specially great autumn and winter feature
here is the collection of Chrysanthemums in
pots, and which is this year not only more
i-epresentative than ever, but of the 1000 plants
grown all seem to be of exceptional robust-
ness, and indicate the production of very fine
blooms. No doubt, to very many enthusiastic
Chrysanthemum growers, Woodhatch will to-
wards the end of October become a species of
floral Mecca.

The collection naturally includes most of (lie
best and newest Japanese varieties, and invari-
ably for testing their merits, some of the best
of the Australian raiser, Pockett's seedlings.
That gentleman is, I believe, just now in this
coiuitry, and not long since he called at Wood-
hatch, and expressed his great admiration
for the plants there growing. But, besides
Japanese, Mr. Salter is a good grower of
incurvcds, having all the best also of those
less popular forms, the Anemones, the Pom-
pous, and singles. All these latter are va-
rieties that reiiuire special care to obtain from
them good flowers. The plants generally are
in 9-inch pots, the soil being made very firm ;
they are led by employing weak manure-water,
made by putting soot and horse-droppings into
coarse bags, and well soaking them in tubs of
water ; also in adding draia;iiie from stables
and cow-sheds.

From early in October until the end of
.hnuuiry there is invariably furnished a re-
markably fine show of zonal Pelargoniums in
lull bloom; nowhere are they done better.
Tlio plants for this purpose, now in 7-inch
pots, are standing outdoors, fully exposed to
sun and wind, on an ash floor. They are
pinched over occasionally, and, now that the
pots arc full of roots, they get weak manure-
water twice a week. Here are all the very
best winti'r [ bloomers in great variety of
colours, and when in full bloom they present
such a brilliant mass of coloration as cannot
Im' <<|ualled, at that time of the year, for the
(linu'usions of the house in wliicli they are
standing, anywlu^re.

Although the soil is so sandy, Carnations
do well ; but the beds are annually well pre-
pared for them. There is a fine selection,
but the most brilliant of all is that great
favourite of the late Mr. Haywood, the deep
scarlet Isinglass, of which there is a good
stock grown. Bu( without doubl. the a<lilitiou
of some well-sweeti-ned clay to-lho local sand
would be good for most things, and Carnations
especially.

Lovers of Orchids find at Woodhatch not only
a large, but a singularly well-grown collection.
Several houses are devoted to them, and in the
blooming season they present a si)lendid show.
Mr. Salter has bi>en very successful in cross-
ing and seeding Dendrol/iums, and having
cleared ofl one big stock of seedlings has now
coming in apparent luxuriant growth other
batclies from divi^rse crosses. The natural
inference is, that Orchidists at home will now
hi- producing greater abundance of plants than
will the importers with, ])ossibly of varieties
that do not otherwise exist. The opening of
the flowers on this Woodhatch batch will bo
looked for with much interest.

Out-door fruit is well looked after here,
especially in the orchards, where the Apple
and Pear trees are mostly grown in bush
form ; the long, stout branches being spurred,
as for cordons. Strawberries, Raspberries
and bush-fruits have been very abumlant
ami fine.

A good breadth is devoted to vegetables, and
these are well done. Not only is every part
very neat, iuit culture is everjwiici'e good.

A. h.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 12, 1901.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

MIXING SULPHUR WITH SOIL.— Oil p. 2G8,

luider the heading "jSiareissus-bulbs injured,"
I observe that a correspondent is advised to
mix sulphur with the soil when planting. Th3
advice may be good, but I have reason \ '
doubt it. In my garden, about two-thirdS ot
my stock of Iris reticulata are destroyed every
year by a well known mildew, which reduces
the corm to black powder. A few years ago 1
tried 'the experiment of dipping the corms,
before planting them in autumn, in flowers-of-
sulphur. j\^o more sulphur was added than
adhered to the netted tunic. About May,
being surprised that no growth appeared, 1
dug them up, and found them to all appearance
quite sound, but no attempt at growth had
been made at either end. On consulting an
experienced gardener, who was also a chemist,
he told me that the effect was just what he
would have expected. The flowers-of-sulphur
generated sulphurous acid in the soil, which
paralyses root growth. Since that time I have
been careful to keep fiowers-ot-sulphur away
from plants, both above and below ground.
C. Wonetj Dod, Edge Hall, Malpaa.

SQUIRRELS AND LARCH TREES. — In August
of 1809 the squirrels spoiled hundreds of trees
from 12 to 30 feet high by stripping off the
bark all round the stems. Generally, the
injury was done at from 3 feet to 8 feet from
the top, and in many instances the leading
shoot died, thus spoiling the trees for timber.
I never lose an opportunity now of making the
number of these nimble creatures fewer in this
part — the only remedy which will save the
trees. E. M., k. Hants.

CARBIDE OF CALCIUM. — In answer to your
enquiry, does your correspondent want to
know about the action on plants of carbide of
calcium, or of the depcsit carbide of calcium
leaves after being used for making acetylene
giis ? If it is the former, I can say nothing
about it. The carbide is much too precious
for lighting to be used in the garden. If the
deposit is used fresh, it burns plants to death ;
but if it is exposed for some time to the action
of rain, it can be used for lime-loving plants ;
at least, I have used it for various alpines
without apparent injury, whereas fresh deposit
killed Strawberry -plants which I mulched
with it. .1. K. Biilleij, Ncston, Chcaliire.

APPLE ALLINGTON PIPPIN. — This excellent
new Apple was last year in fine form in the
Earl of Derby's gardens at Knowsley. where
Mr. Doe has it planted somewhat extensively
as bushes and on walls. No matter the
position, the bushes and trees are carrying
heavy crops of beautifully - formed fruits.
South Lancashire has a great variety of soils,
but wherever I have observed trees of AUing-
ton Pippin they are doing well, and on that
account it should be brought to the notice of
intending purchasers. X.

AN ENORMOUS MUSHROOM.— I found a huge
Mushroom of the true edible kind on Sept. 20.
The flesh was as pink as if grown in one night.
It weighed 14 V oz., and measured 2 ft. 9 ins. in
circumference. This is the largest specimen
that has come under my notice. \V. Humphries,
Holme Lacy Gardens, Hereford.

SILVER-LEAF IN PEACHES. — I can fully en-
dorse Mr. Easter's treatment (see p. 220) for
the above disease, having practised similar
measures to eradicate this disease with good
results here. It appeared on several trees in
a late Peach-house three years since, and I
had all the affected leaves removed, and ap-
plied heavy doses of diluted manure-water
obtained from the cow-stalls throughout the
season ; and after the winter-pruning, cleansing
and tying in of the trees, the borders were
lightly pricked over with a digging-fork, and
a good dressing of unslaked lime applied, and
well watered into the tree -roots. These
measures have been carried out here during
the past three seasons, with the result_ that
the trees are again restored to their original

good health. Our, soil here is very light,
resting on sharp sand, so that all feeding pro-
perties in the soil soon pass away out of reach
of the tree-roots. In my opinion, this disease
is the result of constant heavy cropping, and
want of suitable constituents in the soil. An
annual dressing of lime to the borders is a
necessity in light, sandy soils ; and in practice
I find the liquid from cow-sheds most suitable
to the requirements of the trees. E. Ward,
(jr., Lomiford Hall, Stretford, Manchester.

RENOVATING OLD FRUIT TREES.— The present
time is very suitable lor grubbing up worth-
less trees and varieties ; most gardens have
some, especially on walls. It is sometimes
not an easy matter for the gardener to make
up his mind about such matters. I have come
to the conclusion it is a waste of space and
time to trv and rejuvenate or improve such
trees, and" 1 would advise all gardeners to
grub them up, and plant young trees of ap-
proved varieties. Usually the fruit obtained
from old trees is inferior to that produced by
young ones. If possible, when planting, the
iiew tree should not stand exactly where the
old one grew ; but if this cannot be avoided,
then remove every bit of the roots of the old
tree, and make holes quite 16 inches deep, and
36 inches square, and till up with fresli soil, so
that the young tree may have a good start.
When young trees fruit well from the begin-
ning, the trees are kept growing in moderation ;
if not, then rank growth ensues, and partial
lifting of the roots and cutting every other
year must be practiced. A. J. Long.

FRUIT TREES — ESPALIERS tJCrsJIS PYRAMIDS.

—There has of late years been a great demand
for pyramid and bush-shaped Apples, Pears,
and Plum-trees, the espalier not being con-
sidered so profitable a kind of tree as in the
old days. I think when we take into considora-
fion the amount of ground a good-sized pyra-
mid tree covers, and recollect that very little
can be grown near the tree for a good space
all round at the same time ; in the case of
espaliers we can crop quite close, as there is
plenty of light, the gain is on the side of the
latter. I have seen as good and heavy a
crop from an espalier as from a pyramid, and
if appearance counts for anything, I consider
a fruit-garden planted with espaliers looks
better than one with pyramids. A. J. Lowj.

UNTIMELY FLOWERING OF AN APPLE-TREE.—
A small Apple-tree (Lord Grosvenor), moved
rather late in the spring, in due time bloomed
very freely, but only four Apples developed.
In time it bloomed again, and about a dozen
Apples have set, and are now of an appreciable
size. It now has several clumps of fruit ot a
third blooming, while other buds are showing
almost to bursting, so that there have been two
successive crops and a third blossoming all at
one time on the tree. Is not this unusual, and
will the tree suffer by exhaustion '.' If so, what is
the remedy ? I treated it in the early summer
with a dressing of manure. No. 22. J. M. H.
[The tree will doubtless assume its proper
o-rowth in the spring; and as much of that
made this year will bo immature, the leading
shoots should be cut back to fairly ripe wood,
and the weak thin shoots removed entirely.
The Apple will not bear the same amount of
cutting back of the stronger lateral shoots as
the Pear, so that these may merely be
moderately thinned out, cutting them back to
short snags, which will in 1902 make some
flower-buds, and bear fruit in 1903. So much
fruiting as has occurred this year will, to-
gether with the transplanting in the spring,
have given a great check to growth, and the
tree in consequence will not show much bloom,
if any, next year. Ed.]

more than all others at Christmas. I cannot,
however, agree with your correspondent, that
Diamond Jubilee is so like Black Maroc. I con-
sider it one of the earliest Grapes in cul-
tivation. Planted in a house with Black
Hamburgh, I am confident it will commence
colouring ten days before the old variety.
The flavour is first-rate when properly ripened,
and the appearance is grand. 1 lielievo it will
be the Grape of the future for market purposes,
as it can be grown and coloured without much
expenditure in fuel. A. Kirk, Norwood Gardens,
Alloa, N.B.

PEAR FORELLE.— Where the soil is suitable'
for the Trout Pear, and a good position can be
afforded it on a wall, it is excellent in flavour
and appearance. Some good examples are
growing on a wall in Earl Fortescue's garden
at Castle Hill, Devonshire. In gardens where
this Pear cannot be grown successfully outside,
it is well worthy of a place in tlie orchard-
house, for its handsome high-coloured fruits
of good flavour. Paul T. More.

EXCESSIVE HEAT FOR VINES.— I have ever
been wont to visit gardens and gardeners froni
the Tyne to the Bourne. Some time ago I
visited a garden where the Vines were in the
best possible condition, and Grapes from them
won 1st prizes at the metropolitan shows. The
place subsequently changed hands, a new gar-
dener was appointed, and in less than two
years the Vines needed to be cleared out as
worthless. All this was caused by using ex-
cessive fire-heat. The Vines were pushed on
in the spring, not so much to get ripe Grapes
at a given time, but because it was thought to
be an all-powerful agency in producing good
Grapes. 1 remember passing through a vinery
in a district where coals were plentiful and
cheap. The Vines were Muscats, just in
bloom, in the month of March. It was a cold
night, and the temperature within the house
was 72°. A bad set followed, and I venture to
say that those Vines -would have been better
provided for had the temperature been 10°
lower. X.

GRAPE LADY HUTT. — In the Gardeners'
Clironicle for September 1, p. 231, appeared a
note upon Grapes Lady Hutt and Diamond
Jubilee. I have grown the variety Lady Hutt
for some yeai-s, and consider it to be one of
the flnest white Grapes we have for winter use.
I am surprised it is not grown more exten-
sively. My employer appreciates this Grape

SOCIETBES.

. — t —

YORKSHIRE FUNGUS FORAY.

The mycological section of tlie Yorkshire Naturalists'
Union held their annual foray, extending over six
days, dating from September 21, at Cadetay, a village
situated some o miles from Doncaster. Tlie two most
pronounced features of tlie district are, Conisborough
Castle, alluded to in glowing terms in Sir Walter
Scott's Ivan/we: and the celebrated Denabyraain
Colliery. The district is well wooded, and the woods
are mostly of tlie type beloved by the mycologist— low
lying, consequently Iramid, not too much undergrowth,
a large amount of humus, and a plentiful supply of
decayed fallen timber. The primary object of the
foray was the investigation of microscopic forms, and
ot the fungi causing plant diseases: consequently the
comparative absence of the larger fungi, owing to the
protracted drought, did not interfere with the principal
object in view. Work proceeded in a very methodical
manner, as is customary on such occasions. On
Saturday there was a great unpacking of trunks, books,
microscopes (four in number, and all used), reagents,
tubes containing spirits for the preservation ot material
tor future study, &c. .

Tlie daily routine was as follows :— Microscopic work
from 7 to 8.30 A.M., then breakfast and preparation for
the day's ramble commencing at 10; home again as
soon as sufficient material had been collected to
occupy the remainder of the day and the following
morning; dinner at ii..30, followed by half an hour for
frivolities generally ; then microscopic work again,
tempered with smoking, and the amount of stimulant
— taken as a medicine — considered necessary to
counteract any possible chill contracted during the
ramble.

Two papers, illustrated by about eighty coloured
diagrams, were read, one dealing with fungi causing
plant diseases, the other with coprophilous fungi.
Numerous coloured figures of Yorkshire fungi were
exliibited by Mr. C. Crossland, secretary and sheet-
anchor of the mycological section, and by Mr. T.Gibbs,
of Sheffield.

Mr. A. Clarke, of Iluddersfield, exhibited a new
series of .stcreo-pliotograplis of fungi, wliich, if possible,
excelled his previous productions in tliis direction. I
liave often wondered why this beautiful series o£
l)hotographs ot fungi, numbering sevei-al hundreds.

October l:i, 1901.]

THE G A R D ENER S ' C'HR ONI CL A".

283

and illustrating all pliaacB of (un^'al life, prepared for
stereo and lantern work, could not tie utilised for
iiluslraling plant diaoages, systematic work, .tc,
generally, being gems of pliotograpliic art, and pre-
pared by a mycologist; licncc, illustr.ating the pecu-
liarities of each species to the grealcst advanlage.

TIic formal business of tlie mycological seel ion
occupied cxa<'tly seven minutes, and was conducted in
tlie gloaming.

Close upon ajo species of fungi were collected, in-
cluding sujne very noyel and inlercsling forms. As
being new to tijc European i-'iora may ho mentioned
I'oronia Icporina, K. and IC., growing on rabbit dung,
previously only recorded from the United States ;
Stilbum Iciopus, Oud., new to Urilain; .\raclinomycc8
nitida, Mass. and Salm., previously found at Kcw, but
not yet descriijed ; also a new species of .Sphieroderma.

Among Agarics, several interesting species were
collected. A somewhat important discovciy, from
a geogi-apliical standpoint, was the finding of several
good spcciiricns of Cljlorospora Eyrei. Mass., a beau-
liful fungus with distinctly green gills and spores.
This species has once before been found in Hampshire
by the Kt;v. W. L. \V. Eyre, after whom it was named,
and is the only known European rcprcscniative of the
Chlorospora;, a section of Agaricinc.c, charactcriBcd by
producing clear green spores. The headquarters of
this section is in the New World, where, amongst
others, Chloropliyllum esculentum, Mass., a much
esteemed, cdiide fungus, having a cap of six or more
inches across, occurs in British Guiana.

The dead body of a hedgehog was found bearing
numerous beautiful specimens of Trlcboloma icu('0-
ccplialum, Fr.

Two beautiful specimens of our largest, and probably
rarest of species of Mycena, M. fJerkeleyi. Mass., were
collected.

The rare Lepiota Bucknalli, it. and Br., was present
in abundance As slated by Berkeley, this little fungus
emits a strong smell, resembling gas - lar. Many
interesting object-lessons l)carlng on plant diseases
were seen.

Most of the Yew-trees in tlie district were attacked
by Sphicrella taxi, Cooke. Microscopic examination
shows that the spores of this species arc distinctly
three-septate, hence the species will In future stand as
Sphierulina taxi, Cooke.

i'oiyporus lietuiinus, Fr., had played havoc with
large numbers of Birch trees, and on the hymenium of
this fungus were found in abundance the parasites,
or " lesser fleas," Hypomyccs roscllns, Tul., and lly-
pocrca oeliracca, Sacc.

Almost every living leaf of a large patch of ground
Ivy showed several chalk-white blotches caused by
Kamularia calcca, Cesati.

Various meml)ers of the Peronosporacerc were much
in evidence. Finally, one feature couhidered of im-
portance maybe mentioned. During the early yearn of
the annual foray, some hotel in a town was invarialdy
selected as head-fiuarters. This implied, as a rule,
much time wasted in driving, or what was worse, walk-
ing to the collecting ground. Furthermore, long ex-
perience has clearly proved that a mlxtulo of the
HOdal and working element is not conducive to the
I'omfort of cither party; consei|nently for several
years past, some village situated close to the working
ground has been selected as head-quarters. Wo have
had no dilliculty in securing a good working-room and
a general dining-room, where all the members assemble
for meals, al.'io two or three i>ed-rooijM at some farm-
house, the overflow of memijcrs lliidlng sleeping
a<'commodalion in the village, fn the matter of f-icilily
for uninterrupted work, cleanliness, good cooking,
general expenses, <fa-., this mode of lllo during foray
times is an ideal one. Ofcourse. as might be expected,
minor drawbacks arc expcrieni-ed ; for instan<-e,
Cadeby iiappened to be one of the thirts'-threc villages
round Uoncaster in which an inn is a desideratum ;
such incidents are, however, trilling, and soon rec-
lined. -Next year the foray will l>e held In the Whitby
district, licii. Mmtner.

*** ¥or Crystal Palace and other HIioivh,
xee fiupplement.

MARKETS.

COVENT OAIIDEN, OCTOBEU 10.
Cdt Fix)weiu), Ac— Avkiiaoe Wholesale PnicKs.
»-d. i.d. t.d. ad.

Asparagus 'Fern,' Lily of Valley, p.

bunch 10-80 doz. bun<-iie8 « 0-12 0

Carnations, per MaidenliairFern,

dozen blooms 10-20 doz. bunches 40-80

Cattieyas, p doz. D 0-12 0 Mignonette, per
Eucharis, p. doz. 10-20 doz. bunches 40-60

Oardenias, doz. 10-18 Odontoglossums,
Liiium llarrisii, per dozen ... 2 »- « 0

dozen blooms 2 0-40 Roses, Tea, white,
Liiium iancifoim. per dozen ... 1 0- .3 0

album, p.doz. —Catherine

blooKis ... 16-30 Mermet, per
Liiium rubrum, doz 1 0- .1 0

per dozen ... 3 0-50 Smilax, p. bunch 30-50
Liiium longiflrm. Tuberoses, per

per dozen ... 3 0- 4 0 ! doz. blooms 0 3-06

Plants in Pots.— AvKnAtiK WiiOLKHALK PiiiCKS.

i.d. ».d. ' I.d. I.d.
Adlantums, doz. 5 0-70 Ferns, small, per

Arljor-vila), var., I 100 4 0- fl 0

I>cr dozen ... fl O-.W 0 Ficuselastica, ea. 1 B- 7 6
Aspidistras, doz. is o-.in 0 Foliage plants,

— specimen, ca. .1 o-lo « various, each 10-50
Cannas, per doz. IS 0 — Lilyof Valley, ea. 1 9- a 0
Crotons, per doz. is o-30 0 , Lycopodiums, p.

Cyclamen, p. doz. 8 0-10 0 1 dozen 3 0-40

Dracajnas, var., Marguerites, per ,

per dozen ...12 0-30 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

— virldls, doz. 9 0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz. « 0- » 0
Ericas, var., doz. 12 0-3(t 0 Palms, var, each 1 0-15 0
Euonymns, var., — specimen, ea. 21 0-<).'l 0

per dozen ... 6 0-18 0 Pelargoniums,

Evergreens, var., I Bcarlot, doz. 8 0-12 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 — Ivylcaf, per

Ferns, In variety, | dozen 8 0-10 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 ( Bplrffiag, per doz. 6 0-12 (I

FnoiT.— AvKHAOE Wholesale PiiiCEs.

8.d g.d.

Apples, home-
grown, Snf-
flold, Kes-
wick, War-
ner's Kin g,
Blenheims,
Manx, Ac., per
sieve

. — Cox's, sieve...
- itihstons, per
sieve 2 ft- -1 0 < Melons, caeli ...

Bananas, buncii il 0- ii 0 — Rocks

— loose, p. doz. 10-10 Oranges, case of

Blackberries, per 120

peek of 12 lb. 1 6- 1 » Pears, Com'

n.d. 9.d.
((rapes, Oros

Maruc, per lb. 0 l>- I .'i

— Hamburgh, per
lb., A 1 .'t- 1 !i

B 0 <- 0 II

- Belgian, blk.,
per lb. ... 0 4- 0 N

Lemons, Naples,
per case of
200

H U-22 0

0 «- I I)

1 «- 2 0

Chestnuts, p. bag 12 0-1 1 u
Cobnuts, Kcntisli,

per lb. ... 0 fl —
Cranberries, t>cr
. case 12 « -

Uuchesse,iSic.,

In crates ... 8 i>-ll o

— various, sieves 3 0- 1 o

— English. C'ala-

— <|U.irt

0 8-

niont, Bcrga-

Pamscms, p. sieve

2 n- .'1 o

mot. tu:., per

Figs, per dozen ...

0 !•- I 0

bushel

4 0- H (,

Grapes, Muncats,

— .Sti'wing, per

home -grown,

buHkct

3 11- 3 11

per lb., A. ...

1 ft- 2 0

Pines, each

2 ft- 4 II

- do.. B.

0 »- 1 0

Prunes, sieve ...

2 «- 2 '.1

- Alicante, lb.

0 1}- 1 ■■>

Walnuts. bushel..

2 II- 2 11

— Gros Colmar,

— Grenoble, per

per lb.

0 10-1 1)

bag

4 ft

VeOETADLES.

-AvEKAOE Wholesale Puicbh.

:d. t.d.

».d. I.d.

Artichokes, Globe

Mint, I'J bunches

1 0

per dozen ...

2 II -

Mushrooms, liouso,

— Jerusnlem, p.

per lb.

0 K-0 in

sieve

2 0-

— outdfior, per

Beans, home, dwf.

sieve

1 0- 2 II

per sieve ...

1 .3- 1 ft

Onions, eases ...

5 0- ft 0

— runners, per

— In tiags

— ItuncFics, per

3 0- 1 11

bushel

0 (1- 1 0

- ilivarf, house.

dozen

2 0- :i II

|)crlb

1) ft -

— plcklcrs, bags

2 6- 3 U

Beetroots, new.

Parsley, per doz.

per bushel ...

1 ft -

bunches

1 0 -

Brussels Hprouts,

— sieve

0 ft- 0 w

sieve

1 It- 2 II

I'arshlpH, p. ewt.

Cabbage, tally ...

1 «- .•) 0

bag

3 0 -

— dozen

0 M- 1 0

Potatos, per ton,.

50 0-70 0

Carrots, per doz.

Radishes, p. doz.

bunches

1 0- 2 «

bunches

1 0 -

— washed, bags 2 ft- 3 0 Salad, small, pun-

— unwashed, per nets, per doz.
t)ag 111-2 0 Shallots, per lb....

Cauliflowers, doz, 1 ft- I li Spinach, English,

Cclcriac, per doz. 2 ft — bushel

Cclcry,12liundle« ill i>-li 0 Toniatos, Eng-

Cblcory, per II) 01 - llsli, dozen lb.

2 i»- 3 II

— Channel
lands, per lb. 0 1)- 0 2

— French, jicr
crate 2 ft —

1 0- 1 3 Turnips, per doz.

bunches ... 1 ft- 2 n

Cress, per dozen

punnets ... 1ft -
Cucumbers, doz. 2 0-3
Endive. new

French, doz
Garlic, per lb. ..
Uorscradlsh. fo- — bag 2 u- 2 «

reign, bunch I o- 1 3 Vegetable : Mar-
Leeks, 12bunchcs 1 O- 1 ft rows, per doz. 0 ft- 1 o
Lettuces,Cabbage, — In pots ... 1 0- 1 ft

per dozen ... Oh- 1 0 Watercress, per
— Cos, per score 1 ft- 2 « doz. bundles 0 4- 0 n

Kkmakkh.— Peai'hes arc now over for the season;
Plums nearly 8<i. Corn Cobs fetch H'/. per dozen. Home
good stewing Catlllac Pears in cases fetch U)h. Nov:l
Scolian Apples, Kllistonh. Illcnheims, and King's, line
large Apples in barrels, ncll for IS». to 2-l«. Almcria
ilrapcB, ill liarrcls, 12». to 1.1». I;ales. in boxes, 711, lo
;<i, il'f. ; and In fancy boxcn at Mil. each.

POTATOg.

Various sorts, 50«. to 70<. JohnJiath.XiiiM, WtlUnu-
ton Street, C'oveni Oarden.

SEEDS.

IXJNDON : Oclt/her 9.— Messrs. John Shaw .1: Sons
Seed Merchants, of fireat Maze Pond, Borough, London,
write that lo-day's Seed market was liare alike of buyers
■and of business. No attention is yet being given to
<;iover seeds. Mustard and Rape seed favour buyers,
whilst Unseed is iiiiehangcd. Winter Tares oiler
n|iaringly, and are dillicult both to buy and sell. The
trade for Rye has proved this season most disap-
pointing; Canary ami Hemp seed, although in small re-
'(uest, keep firm in value. For blue Peas and Haricot
Beans there is a restricted enquiry on about former
terms. The Board of Trade Returns give the imporlB
of Clover and Grass seeds into the United Kingdom
for the past month as 10.0«5 cwts. value £21,775. as
against I3,;;b cwts. value £2il,.'>40 for September, !!«;<).

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

GLASGOW, (Ictiilier li.— We have very Utile to report
concerning liiislness In the fruit and vegetable market.
Grapes are i|Uulcd at lOif. to In. ilif. per lb. ; Mushrooms,
Id. lo U. do. Large quantities of bulbs arc being dis-
posed of Just, now. Hyacinths have Improved in value,
and Tulips and N.-irclssiis arc Hclllng well. Hyaclntli
bulbs sold at 1«. iW, lo 2k. per dozen ; Tulips, Is. to -In.
per 1(10; Irish, at 2(1. to H</, jicr luii; Crocus, Ml. to (K/.
do. ; NarcissiiH, except some Hpecial kinds. In. to in. iW.
do, ; .Snowdrops, an. do. In ilowers, Ijlllum llarrlsl, 2ii.
to 21. ilii!. per dozen ; Carnations, Is. lo is. M. per biineli ;
Roses, white, vd. per dozen ; do., mixed, 21. to W. do.;
do., pink, il'f. to In. do.; Gladioli, 2«. to Is. (Id. per
twelve bunches; do., boxes of mixed, (Id. to 3s, per box ;
Asters, It. to .'Is. per twelve hunches; Chrysantlictnums,
2d. to Hid. per bu'neh..

CORN.

Avehaoe Piiicks of British Corn (per Imiicrlal qr,),
for the week ending Oct. .',, and for the corresponding
period of IMSi, together with the dlU'erencu In the
quotations. These figures are based un the Olllclal
Weekly Return :—

' DOBcriptlon.

lOOO,

1901.

DllTcronce.

Wheat

1. d.
28 fl

». d.

25 8

•. a.

— 3 I

Barley

M 2

2(1 3

+ 0 1

Oats

ID 10

17 7

■)- 0 !l

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Aliins .NOliil.is: (JorrnHiKimlrnl . Wu rc^(ri:L wi'
cannot rcud (ho roiil Hi(;ii;itiir(i. Tin; hlmlor-
ing iH not (|nit<J tlio Hfitno an that (!iiuH(!(l by
tho CoccuH-liko iiiHCct on A. nniuljiliH ;iml
other Hilvor KirH, but it led uh to tlio iiifcr-
(;nc<j that the bJiHtcr, with which wo aro
'I uito i'unii liar, ini^ht Ik; duo to a Hinii lar CiiUH(^
There wan no trac<s of fiiiifjiiH on the IcavcH.
MoHt likirly there in Hotno co-relation be-
tween the oceurren(;o of the bliHlecH and tho
death of tho leaV(!H, but wo could not trace it.

llK(;oNiA : Worknop. We hoo neither tunmm
nor iiiH(!ct. The appearancen are duo to
some fault in inannKenient^ too rniich or
too little water, (;old draiiKlitH, Hunburn, and
HO forth.

COCOH WBIHiKI.MANA TlillNF.N'G Yi'.f.bOW I.N 'I'lIK
Lkavkh: W. llcHlcr.Ui. The filantH have
doubtlcHH HtilTered from th(^ low teinpiiratiire
to which they were no loii^ expimed. You
may, in the MpriiiK, afford the plaiitH bottom-
heat (jf 80". Hut we cannot promiHo you very
good rCHtiltH : tlnj yellow leavcH will di(!,
and new growth take itH place, and all that
will take Hovcral ycarM.

C'of.f,i{(;K : L. Ii. W. Wo cannot npesik from
pei'Honal experience. Oup preference would
be for Keading. A great deal depeiidH on
circumstanc(!H, which you niu.st know much
better than we do.

Di.4(J0f.oiii(Kf) CiiitVHANriH-:.Mi:.M : ir. /;. The
brown discoloration in cauHod by a check to
growth.

K.Vf'KNHIX IN(;IJRRKI) IN OOIN(; TO A Hl'fl.'/iTKJN :
Henri. ThcHO are tnatterH of agnjement
between maHtor and man previoUHly to going
to the place. We do not think yon can claim
expenHCH, although it \H cuHtomary to allow
them.

li'f.ORAL Or.\f : .I.Hni-.Uin. It Ih kept by Home
of the (loriHtM and horticultural Hiindrii-H-
men.

I<'l'(;ilHIAH AM> AltAMA Hw.wtuii : U. Ii. The
work probably of weevilH or cockroachcB.
Watch the plantH at night, the depredator
being doiibtlcHH a night-feeder.

Kun(;i;h : /■'. Y. Tho giant pulT-ball, Lyco-
pcrdon giganfetim. Ko long aH the flcHh
remains Huow-white, it Ih excellent to eat
cut in thin hMcch and fried. If it haf)
changed colour you munt not eat it. — /. W.
The Champignon, AgaricuH oreadc-H, edible.

Gardkn Fka.mkm asi> Wfjoxi.iCK: ii". WMjer.
Set ti-ajiH of flowcr-potH ntuffcd with damp

284

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 12, 1901.

Ii.iy. ami clear them out every morning,
i'dur bulling water round the sides of the
tr.imes day by day, and keep the interiors
free of rubbish.

G.1APF.S : H. Hcillett. It is quite impossible to
name the varieties sent from a few berries of
each. — D. M., Renfreiv. Spotted by a fungus
(Gheosporium).

Iceland Poi pies and Petunias : J. L. &• Sons.
Both are perennial plants, but the gardener
often treats them as annuals, raising them
fairly true from seeds.

Insects: Constant Reader. The giant saw-fly,
Sirex gigp-

MUSCAT G ^; : D. M. The Grapes seem to
have been exposed to some deleterious
fumes or washes, probably the sulphur
which was jjiit on the hot-water-pipes is
responsible for it, or fumigation when the
berries and foliage were moist.

*** Nasies of Plants and of Fruits, Special
Notice: We are desirous of assisting yoiinij
(lardeners and otir sitbscribers as far as we
can do so consistently with our editorial
ditties, but our readers must kindly remember
that such demands generally involve some incon-
venience, and a large e.rpejwJitiire both of time
and money on our part. Correspondents not
answered in this issue are requested to be so
good as to consult the following numbers.

3fAi\iES OF Fruits : H. G. W. Your fruits
appear to be distorted examples of Beurre
Clairgeau ; but why send such specimens ! —
S. R. 1, Nonpareil ; 2, Beauty of Kent, not
in its best condition ; 3, Lemon Pippin. —
E. S. A, Diamond ; B, past recognition.^
ir. B. J. Please be good enough to read
the conditions under which we endeavour to
oblige correspondents in the naming of
fruits. The locality from which the speci-
mens are sent should always bo mentioned.^ —
./. H. L. 1, New Northern Greening ; 2,
Sucree Yerte. The Plums were over-ripe,
;ind not securely packed, hence they arrived
in a condition that defied our powers of de-
termination.— W.R.R. IJeurre Benoit. — ^..S.
Golden Spire. — G.N.S.CalvilleRouged'Hiver.
B'. J. S. You have exceeded the number of
specimens allowed, but we will endeavour
to deal with them in two instalments. Those
who conform to the rules must, however,
have first attention. — G. C. 1, Pear Colmar
d'li)te(see reply to "J. P."); 2, quite rotten ;
y, Worcester Pearmain ; 4, Duchess' Fa-
vourite ; 5, Ribston Pearmain. — J. P. Col-
mar d'Ete, a somewhat variable Pear, but
under favourable conditions a useful and
richly flavoured variety. — T. K. 1, Passe
Pomme d'Automne ; 2, Golden Ducat. Are
you serious about No. 3, or is it a little
I)ioee of pleasantry y If the fruit sent
(about 1 inch in diameter, and deformed) be
a typical example, we should hope it never
had, and never will have, a name to dis-
tinguish it. — A. l\lrA. Your Apple is Irish
Reinette, a favourite in some of the north-
western counties of Kngland and on the
borders of Scotland.

Names of Plants: E. N. Urospermum Dale-
champii (S. Europe). — F. E. L. Elseagnus
|)ungeus, golden-variegated form. — Mrs.U.S.
Oratsegus coccinea. — Innersider. Common
Teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris. — G. .S'. Euony-
mus latifolius. — Alpha. 1, Helianthus de-
capetalus ; 2, Pyrethrum, we believe from
the Canary Islands ; 3, Pyrethrum fruti-
cosum, Paris Daisy. — W. S. Sequoia semper-
virens, the Californian Redwood. — C. J. P.

1, Kcelreuteria paniculata ; 2, Phillyrea
angustifolia. — D. B. " Name not for publica-
tion." We should not be surprised if you
felt ashamed to occupy our time with such
wretched specimens so badly packed. The
labels are detached, but we can see that one
is Physianthus alliens ; the other is an
Aeanthaceous plant, which we cannot waste
our time in endeavouring to determine. —
T. W. R. Crata'gus monogyna, Alnus gluti-
nosa. — G. H., Cornivall. 1, Cyperus laxus ;

2, Salvia coccinea ; 3, Arctotis arborescens ;
4, Erigeron mucrouatus ; 5, Alyssum mari-
tinum ; C, A. m. variegatum. — L.fi. 1, Aster

Novi Belgii ; 2, A. Amellus. We cannot
name varieties of Clematis. — G. H. Salvia
horminum. — yoinir; Reader. 1, Fuchsia
corymbiflora ; 2, Swainsouia galegifolia alba ;
3, Justitia carnea of gardens ; 4, Ant'ieri-
cum lineare variegatum ; .">, Begonia Digs-
welliana ; (i, B. maculata variety. — T. M. C.
Schomburgkia Lyonsii. — Alpha. The two
white flowers are both varieties of Chrys-
anthemum frutesccns. — Rowter. 1, Rhus
typhina ; 2, Quereus rubra ; 3, Acer plata-
noides variety.- — U. W. 1, Polygonum ; 2,
SpirEeaDouglasii ; 3,S. " Anthony Waterer,"
if of dwarf habit; 4,Senecio pulcher ; 5, Dipla-
cus glutinosus ; 6, Pellionea Daveauana. —
W. U. O. Xanthoceras sorbifolia. — R. Den-
drobium aduncum ; Pear shortly. — Morgate,
France. 1, Cotyledon umbilicus ; 2,Glaucium
luteum ; 3, Anagallis tenella. — G. 1'. 1,
Aster dumosus elegans ; 2, A. Novi Belgii ;
3, A. pnniceus albus ; 4, A. Novre Angliie
pukhella: .">, A. erieoides densiflora; G, A.
Novi Belgi Robert Parker. — H. B. 1, Abelia
chinensis ; 2, Ficus, material insufficient
for specific determination ; 3, Selaglnella
cuspidata ; i, S. plumosa.

N,VMIN(: OF FliUITS AND PLANTS : E. R. A. R.
If pieces of plants — good material, with
flowers, if flowering plants, not more than
six, and sound, mature, not over-ripe fruits
to the same number, are sent, we undertake
to name them when it is convenient to us so
to do, but we cannot put other work on one
side. We are willing to do this gratis, sup-
posing you are a subscriber to the paper ;
and any small sum sent per P.O. or otherwise
as an acknowledgment of our services is
devoted to one or other of the gardening
charities as the sender may designate.
Kindly read the notices in our "Notices to
Correspondents " column.

Notice to Leave Employment: J. C. In the
absence of an agreement, unless you have
misconducted yourself, you are entitled to
one month's notice, or wages and lodging-
money if you live on the premises rent free ;
also the value of allowances, as, for in-
stance, coal, vegetables, light, &c., in lieu
thereof. You can sue the new tenant in the
county court.

Pear : H. E. H. D. Pitmaston Duchess,
obtained by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston,
Herefordshire, many years ago, by cross-
ing Duchesse d'Angouleme with Glout Mor-
ceau. A fine-looking fruit, but not so good
in quality as either of its parents ; it being
seldom first-rate. Doyenne du Comice,
which is ripe at the same season, is a much
superior Pear.

Pear Rottinc in Centre : H. V. W. A fun-
gus, Monilia fructigena, the brown-rot of
Apples and Pears, entrance of the spores
being obtained at the eye.

Phosphoric Acid and Potash : A Constant
Reader. If applied in large quantities, as,
for example, in the form of Peruvian guano
and mineral phosphates, there would be an
excess of phosphoric acid on the soil for a
time, and plants would be injured or killed.
Nitrogenous manures (guano) contain a con-
siderable quantity of phosphoric acid in a
soluble form, as ammonium phosphate.
Bolivian guano is a non-nitrogenous sort.
If potash exists in a soil, and a nitrogenous
manure, as Peruvian guano be applied, the
soil will then possess every fertilising pro-
perty in a high degree ; but if the land is
poor in potash, the guano alone will not do
much good, and the crops will be unrerau-
nerative — Potatos all haulm. Cereals all
straw. Beans the same, and Turnips no
bulb. As a rule, what is insoluble cannot
be taken up by the plants, and is therefore
neither harmful nor the reverse. The per-
centage of potash in most soils is about
2 per cent., and as most crops remove
several pounds per acre, it is therefore
necessary to afford dressings of this manure
annually, not solely, but as an auxiliary.
You might employ kainit or Norwegian fish
potash guano.

Proliferous Pears : J. K. In some seasons
growths like that figured at fig. 86 are very
common, but always attract attention. The
edible portion of a Pear, as botanists know,
is not the fruit at all, but the dilated end of

Fl(i. ."-b— A KCX!.TI!OrS PFAK.

the flower-stalk, in which the true fruit, or
core, is embedded. In these proliferous
Pears, for some reason or other, the swollen
branch, after temporary arrest, has started
into growth, and produced other swollen
branches, with leaves proceeding from them.

Root Fungus : M. T. M. Probably the spawn
of some Agaric. Something might be done
by removing as much of the soil as possible
and adding fresh. We fear, however, that
the case is hopeless.

To Dry and Press Fern Fronds : T. S. Lay
the fronds, carefully spread out, between
sheets of absorbent paper under slight
pressure, and change the paper every third
day till the fronds are dried. They may
then be fastened on to sheets of herbarium-
paper, and secured with strips of postage-
stamp selvage, or strips of gummed paper.
If lyou must colour them green, you should
first blanch them after drying in a weak
solution of sulphuric acid and water ; and
then, when again dried, dye them of the
proper colour, and when dry place them in the
herbarium. The chief materials in dyeing
Ferns are malachite green and picric acid in
varying proportions, according as the tint is
dark, light, or medium green.

Tomato-seed : W. R. On superficial inspection,
the seeds appear healthy.

Violets : J. C. We are still of the opinion
that the soil was richer than is necessary
for Viole s. The plants sent for our inspec-
tion were robust, and capable of flowering
abundantly in cold frames.

Water Thyme : U. A. R. What Walton meant
was probably the Water- moss, Fontinalis
antipyretica. Nowadays, the name is some-
times given to the troublesome Canadian
water-weed, Elodea canadensis, which has
been introduced within our own times.

communications Received. — B.. Middleburgli.— M.,
Brittany. — B., Japan.— P., Guatemala. — Rodrigues,
Brazil.— H. W., Ceylon.— J. D. C, Baltimore, U.S.A. -
W. L. M., Texas.— F. Dc L.. Antwerp. — J. T., Graliams-
toivn, S. Africa.— B.. Tasmania.— K., Brussels.— A. B.,
Ventimiglia.— Kurt Dinter. German S.W. Africa.—
J. v., Paris.— W. R.— F. H. S. — E. M. 11—3. C. —
H H. D'O.- J. M.-H. F.— A. D. C— J. B. — Percy
Studio Co.-A. S. W.— B, W,-J. G.— E. M.-H. W.-
\. H. R.— J. K.— L. C— A. C. F — J.O'B.— A. Curtis.—
k M — H. M.— E. S.— E. C— Essex.— A. H.— .\ Sussex
Naturalist.— Orcliid.—T. \V. R.— J. C— L. E. S.— G. F.
Moore-J. A.— G. B.— R.-G. A. James— 0. L. D.—
J H L.— H. P. K., North Carolina. — M. Lemoine,
Nancy — W. E. B., Granada.— Hart, Trinidad.— W. J. C.
-\ W S— G. \V.— T. W— Webb&Co.— W. J.B.— W. R.
— H. C— D. R. W.— Sliaw i Sou.— G. S., 2«. for Orphan
Fund, plants next week — W. S. P.— G. L.

CCICBER 12, 1901.]

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

EXHIBITION OF BRITISH - GROWN FRUITS AT THE CRYSTAL PALACE.

(OCTOBEH 10, 11, 1-J, 1001.)

The Annual Show of British-grown fruits by
the Royal Horticultural Society in the Crystal
Palace, which was opened on Thursday, was
highly satisfactory, although it may have been
jather less in extent than was that of last
year, when hardy fruits were so unusually
good and numerous. The entries in Division I.,
for instance, were sixty this year, as com-
pared with seventy-eight last year, and al-
though the other Divisions may not have
shown so much falling off, there was the same
tendency in all of them, excepting Division II.,
which was exclusively for nurserymen. In this
Division the number of entries this year was
sixteen, against eleven last year, and some of
these displays were large, and embraced much
variety.

The President of the Society, Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., who has usually been present
at these shows, was detained by business in
connection with St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
A letter was read from him, which said that
Thursday was a regular day for a meeting of
the Governors, and as the particular business
for Thursday last involved an expenditure of
£300,000, he judged it to be his duty to attend
at the Hospital. Nevertheless, the letter ex-
pressed decj) regret that Sir Trevor could not
be at the Crystal Palace. In his absence the
chair was filled by the Secretary, the Rev. W.
■Wilks, M.A., and there was a good company.

One of the most interesting toasts was that
of " The Visitors," coupled with the name of
Mr. Kobt. Fenn.

The Chairman expressed very great pleasure
in having Mr. Robert Fenn present, and said
that it was he who first commenced the im-
provement of the Potato by means of cross-
fertilisation. If the Potato had been improved
during the past fifty, sixty, or seventy years,
it was certainly due to the energy, skill, and
foresight of Mr. Fenn. After deprecating
the "ball of flour" kind of Potato, now
popular with many people, the Chairman said
he much preferred a good smooth, waxy, rich-
flavoured, yellow Potato, and he was glad to
hear from :Mr. Fenn that that gentleman's
latest efforts had been directed to the produc-
tion of Potatos of this type. Mr. Fenn, who
is eighty-four years of age, and who is said to
be the oldest living Fellow of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, having been elected a Fellow
in 1835, made a very interesting speech, which
unfortunately was not audible to all present.
He described his first experiences in respect
to cross-fertilising the flowers of the Potato,
and gave considerable information upon the
subject of improving Potatos generally.

In connection with the toasts of the judges
and exhibitors, shortspceohes were made in re-
sponse by Mr. Assbee, agent to the Duko of
Bedford, in Covent Garden ; and by Mr. W. H.
Divers, gr. to the Duko of Rutland, Belvoir
Castle, Grantham. Mr. Assbee said that the work
of the judges had been dilTicult, because the
quality of the exhibits had been high, rather
than because exhibits had been unusually
numerous. The judges had thought it neces-
sary to appeal to the referees on more than
one occasion, and ho (Mr. Assbee) had never
attended an exhibition where the need for
referees had been more clearly felt. Mr.
Divers said that he had 'had experience of
Crystal Palace fruit shows for the past six-
teen years. He was glad to say that there hlld
t)een a great improvement in the cultivation
of fruits during that period, and the Royal

Horticultural Society was entitled to much
credit for this. He also noticed that fruits
were more correctly named when exhibited,
and there were fewer mixed dishes of fruits
shown than formerly.

The Chairman made a very hearty acknow-
ledgement of the services rendered by Mr.
S. T. Wright, and this was evidently very
warmly supported by the Fellows present.

DIVISION I.

FRUITS (iROWX UNDER GLASS OR OTHERWISE
{(iardeners and Amateurs only).

COLLKCTIONS OF FeUIT.

CollecHoM of nine dishes of Indoors or Otit-oj-doors
Fruits.— The 1st prize fell to tlie Eai-1 of HAHnixiiTox.
Elvaston Castle, Derby (gr., Mr. J. H. Goodacre). This
was a very superior exhibit, and consisted of Madrcs-
field Court Grapes, liaving reiy large berries and per-
fect finish, and Muscmi of .Ue.\audiia Giapes, the
bunches being large, and llie berries above medium and
fairly even size : a large Queen Pine, well ripened, and
perfect in every pip; Taunt. >ii Ileio .Melon, a mode-
rately large yellow-skinned, netted fruit; verv tine
Princess of Wales and Golden Eagle Peaches,' large
Victoria Nectarines, Cox's Oiauge Pippin .\pples, and
Marguerite Marillat Pears, of large size and without
blemish. The 2nd prize in this class was awarded to
Lady Hexhv Somerset, Eastnor Castle. LeJburv (gr.,
Mr. G. Mullens). Here there was a fallingofr observ-
able in the -Muscat of Alexandria Giapes in reeard
to size of bunch, liut not in finish or colour.
Tlic bunches of Gros .Maroc were very fine,
and sliown in perfect condition. A good fruit
of Melon The Countess, barely ripe; very line
Pitmaston Duchess and BeurriS Supcrfln Pears :
Apples, Cox's Orange and Ribston Pippins ; Princess of
Wales Peaches; and Golden Drop Plums. TheSid prize
fell to C. SwiNTON Eadv, Esq., Oatlands Lodge, Wey-
bridge, Surrey (gr.. Mr. J. Lock). In this exhibit the
three bunches of Alnwick Seedling Grapes were
particularly massive, and large of berry. Muscat of
Alexandria were cai>ilally finished, and pood In colour.
The Pine was small, and defective in shape. Uibston
and Co.\'s Orange Pippin Apples, Louise Bonne of
Jersey and Souvenir du Congi-is Poors, were above re-
proach. Tliere were four e.\hil)its in this class, exactly
ilie same as was the case last year.

The Earl of A.siinDRNUAM, Asliburnliain Place, Battle
(gr., Mr. C. Grigg), had an exhibit including Black
Alicante and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, tlie former
perfect in character, the latter massive bunclics of
evenly-sized berries, of a giecnish-ycllow tinge: Sea
Eagle and Princess of Wales Peaches, well coloured
and of fair size. Capital Ribston Pippin Apples, a
Queen Pine, very large and fine; Marie Louise d'Ucde
Pear, and lilenhciin Orange Melon.

The Ist prize in the class for six dishes waa gained
by Sir CuAiti.Es RussELi,, Bait., Swallowflcld Park (gr.,
Mr. F. Cole), for an exhibit of six bunches of Grapes,
including three of Cooper's Itlack and three of Muscat
of Alexandria. These were of almost equal weight and
size, the Muscats were well ripened, large in beri-y,
and well coloured, and foniicd compact bunches.
Tlic black Grapes were as well Hnishod, of the
true blue-black colour, and covered with the
characteristic bloom. The other fruits consisted
of Coe'8 Golden Drop Plums, Epicure Melon,
a yellow - skiuncd, slightly netted fruit ; Lady
Palmerston Peach, of large size and apparently
fully ripo; and Brown Turkey Figs, rather small,
doubtless from potted plants. The and prize fell to
Lady Tate, Park Hill House, Streathain Common,
London, S.W. This exhibit comprised three bunches
of Grapes Cliasselas Napoleon, with well shouldered,
tapering bundles, berries of an oval shape, semi-trans-
parent, and fully ripe; and three bunches of Black
Alicante, massive, broad shouldered, and in perfect
condition ; Beurr<5 Bosc and li.Superfin Pears, Princess
of Wales Peaches, a rather weak dish ; and King of
Pippin Apples. The .'ird prize was taken by R. Bedino-
FIELD, Esq., Grove House, Roohampton (gr., Mr. J.
Sparks). It consisted of Gros Maroc Gr.apes, capital
charactorlslio bunches, well finished, having largo
berries, faultless as regards appearance; Pear Pit-
maston Duchess, of more t hau average size, and without
blemish of any sort; Peach Walburton Admirable, very
good ; Coe's Golden Drop Plum, -Vpplo Worcester Pear-
main, and Strawberry St. Joseph.

GRAPES.

By far the most important class for Grapes was one

in which Messrs. Wood & SoN.s oiTered a Challenge Cup

in celebration of the jubilee of their firm. It is a most

exacting class, and calls for eighteen bunches, com-

posed of six varieties, three bunches of each. There
were only two competitors last year, and this year Mr.
J. H. Goodacre, gr. to the Earl of Harhington. Elvaston
Castle, Derby, who on two preceding occasions wou first
prize, was allowed a walk-over, and consequently the
Cup has become his own property. The varieties in-
cluded in his collection were Madresfield Cotu-t,
bunches of moderate size, berries large and moderately
well coloured; Black Hamburgh of rather moderate
quality, as the berries lacked in finish ; Barbarossa,
very large bunches, especially one of them ; Muscat o£
Alexandria, good; Gros Maroc, moderate-sized
bunches, and good berries in size and colour ; and
Black .\licante of fair weight and colour.

Three diftinct rarieties, three bunches of each.— There
were four entries in this class, as was the case
last year. The 1st prize was won by Lord Hastings'
clever Vine-gi-ovrer, Mr. W. Shingles, Melton Constable
Hall, Norfolk. His Gros Colman were magnificent in
size of berries ; we have seen the variety shown with
deeper colour, btit never larger in berry; Black Alicante
with large bunches, and superbly coloured, but the
berries were rather small ; and Alnwick Seedling, of
grand colour, but moderate in weight and size of berry.
2nd, Captain Fouester, Battle Abbey, Sussex (gr., Mr.
W. Camm). The varieties staged by this exhibitor were
Mrs. Pince, in good condition for this rather shy-
colouring variety ; Muscat of Alexandria, of very rich
colour, moderate weight; and Black Alicante, very
satisfactory, the berries being much larger than those of
the same variety staged in the 1st prize collection. Sir
CHAS, Russell, Bart.,Swallowfield Park, Reading (gi-
Mr. F. Coles), was :ird, and showed Muscat of Alexandria,
Black .Vlicautc, and Poster's Seedling, tlie last named
variety being more remarkable for rich colour and
finish, than size of berries.

Black Hamburgh, three bunches.— The best exhibit of
this variety came from C. Bayer, Esq., Tewkesbury
Lodge, Forest Hill (gr.. Mr. \V. Taylor), and were
moderate in size and quality; 2nd, J. W. Fleming, Esq.,
Chilworth Manor, Ronisey (gr., Mr. W. Mitchell); and
3rd, the Earl of IlAuniNHTON (gr., Mr. J. H. Goodacre).

Mrs. Pince, three bunches.— There were tour entries in
this class, but only two turned up, and the best exhibit
was from J. W. Fleming. Esq., who had long bunches
of good weight, and the berries finely coloured, being
similar to Damsons in this respect. 2nd, Captain
Forester, who had also weighty bunches of rather
less colour.

Btacl AUcante.~Oul of nine entries made in the class
for this widely-giMwii (nnpc, only four collections were
pla<;ed on the cxhii.iih.ii i.ii.lu. It was a superb exhibit
from Lord Hasti\..^ ihai w<,u Isl prize ; the bunches
Wo heavy, aud licriies riclily coloureil, and of good
size, while the shoulders so characlciislic of Ihis
variety wcic fairly well developed, J. W. Fleming,
Esq., followed.with bundles equally good iu berry, and
rather better in point of bloom; but tlie bunches were
less heavy. 3rd, Sir Charles Russell, Bart. The
heaviest bunches iu this wore unplaced, as they lacked
good form and finish.

Ladj/ Dowiies', three bunches.— There were sovoa ex-
hibits in tills class against five entries last year. Thp
Ist prize was awarded to Geouoe A. Raphael, Esq.,
Castle Hill, Euglefield Green (gr., Mr. H. H. Blown);
these bunches were loug, aud the berries splendidly
coloured, but they were much squeezed out of shape
for want of more severe thinning. J. W. Fleming,
Esq., followed, but his Grapes were very much in-
ferior in most. respects, though they did not lack good
finish.

Any ntlier Black Grape.— Thereviere only three exhibits
in this class, and the 1st prize was splendidly won by
Lord Hastinc:s with magnificent bunches of Alnwick
Seedling; these wore very heavy and of good form,
while the berries were large and perfectly coloured ;
■liid, C, Bayer, Esq,, with light bundles of Madresfield
Court, well coloured ; the same variety, with much
larger berries, but less colour, from the Earl of Hae-
niNOTON, were placed 3rd.

Umcat of Alexandria, three bunchcs.—Fivo collections
were staged in this class, and generally the Grapes were
of very good quality. Sir CUAS. RussELt^Bart., won
1st prize; tlie Earl of IIarrinuton 2nd prize; and Lord,
Hastings, with bunches of extra good colour and
bloom, was placed 3rd.

- Any other mate Orapc— Only three exhibltore com-
peted here. The variety gaining Istjirize was Cliasselas
Napoleon, of satisfactory quality and weiglit, from the
Earl of Harrington; 2nd, richly coloured Poster's
Seedling, from Sir Chas. Russell, Bart.; aud .3rd,
Cliasselas Napoleon, from C. Bayer, Esq., Forest Hill.
Thus, London-grown Grapes were successful in several
of the classes.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 12, 1901,

COLLECTION OF HARDY FRUIT GROWN IN OPEN.
Collection of hardy fruit, forty dislies, distinct,
grown entirely in tlie open, and not to include more
than eighteen varieties of Apples or twelve of Pears.
Three collections were staged, the 1st prize going to
Mr. R. Potter, gi-. to Sir Maek W. Collet, Bart., St.
Clere, Kemsing, Sevenoaks. This exhibition was verj-
strong in Apples and Pears, and between his dishes
were arranged trails of Ampelopsis and Ivy. Of Apples
very fine were Lord Derby, Gloria Mundi, Warner's
King, Lady Henniker, Bramley's Seedling, Golden
Noble, Ribston Pippin, Cox's Orange Pippin, and
Worcester Pearmain. His best Fears were Beurr^
Ballet P^re, Charles Ernest, Beurr6 Bachelier, Con-
seiller de la Cour, Marie Beuoist, Durondeau, and
Duchesse d'Angoulfime. Besides these, he had good
dishes of Grand Duke, Golden Drop, and Brahy'sGreen
Gage Plums: Brown Turkey Figs, Lady Palmerston
Peach, a dish of Quinces, and some fine Cobnuts and
Walnuts. The 2nd prize went to Mr. W. H. Divers, gr. to
the Duke of Rutland. Belvoir Castle. Grantham ; his
collection included no Pears, but fifteen dishes of
nicely-coloured Apples, and Peaches Sea Eagle and
Princess of Wales, very fine Coe's Golden Drop,
white Magnum Bonum, Archduke, Reine Claude
de Bavay, and Belle de Septembre Plums; Morello
Cherries (very good), red and white Currants, Damsons
(two varieties), and Warrington Gooseberries. The 3rd
position was takeu by Mr. Coleman, gr. to T. L. Bote,
Esq., North Frith, Tonbridge, Kent, whose fruit was
also very good. His collection conii>rised twelve dishes
of Pears, seventeen of Apples, and was made up with
Peaches, Plums, Figs, Cherries, and a dish of Quinces
and Medlai-s.

COLLECTION OF HARDY FRUIT. GROWN IN
ORCHARD-HOUSE OR OTHERWISE.

In the succeeding class for twelve varieties distinctly
grown, partly or entirely under glass, to illustrate
orchard-house culture. Grapes to be excluded, but one
exhibitor staged, Mr. R. Pottee, and he was worthily
awarded the 1st prize. He had very fine Exquisite
Peaches, Grand Duke Plum. Rond Noir Fig, DeyenncS
du Comice, Duchesse d'Angoulfime and Princess Pears,
and three dislies of Apples.

DIVISION II.

We hold over till next week our repoi-t of thelNursery-
men's classes.

DIVISION III.

COMPETITION FOR MARKET GROWERS.

The series of classes in Division III., open to market

growers only, is one of the most instructive in the

Show, and also to growers and market men alike

interesting.

Class 18,?for a single layer of Black Hamburgh Grapes
weighing not less than 12 lb., shown in a single layer in
a baby basket, brought two competitors (only, the 1st
prize ?going ito Messrs. W. & ;C. Wells, Hatton
Hounslow, who had good bunches, 'well finished and
packed with great cai'e. Messrs. W. Poupart & SOKJ
Marsh Farm, Twickenham, were 2nd, also with gooa
bunches, the berries generally a little smaller than
those shown by Messrs. Wells.

Class 19 was for white Grapes, any variety, in a single
layer of a siiiiiliii- urii^lit to the preceding, also shown
in a baliy lni-Lil. Mr, W. J. Batho, Nether Street Nur-
sery, Fiuclilcy. hail lialf-a-dozen bunches of Canon
Hail Muscat, generally well finished, some of the berries
being particularly fine. This was the-only exhibit.
E Class 20 w,as for Grapes any variety, in any other
package than a baby basket for market. Tlie 1st prize
went to Mr. W. J. Batho again, with Canon Hall
Muscat, in a cross-handled ordinary market basket
lined with rose-coloured paper. Mr. John T. Bisson,
St. Sampson's Road, Guernsey, was 2nd. He had a
small cross-handled market-basket, with bunches of
well-finished Alicinte 'Grapes, the basket lined with
white and rose-coloured paper. Both exhibits were
securely packed for a long journey.

Class 21 was for cooking Apples in four varieties,
about 42 lbs. net of each in baskets or boxes. Most of
the exhil)itors ',adopted the lordinary round market
skip.fand i all cases they were lined with blue paper,
wood shavings being employed between the Apples.
Messrs. W. PonpART & Son were placed 1st with very
fine examples of Lane's Prince Albert, Bismarck, Peas-
good's tNonsuch,'^and;:Wellington, a most notable
exhibit— Mr. jE.JBasham, Bassaleg. Newport, Mon.,
Ead Awhile Jmarket] hamper,' the fruit carefully
packed in wood shavings, the varieties were -Newton
Wonder, Ecklinville Seedling, Lord Derby, and Lane's
Prince JAlbert. All the samples were very clean and
bright. There were four competitors.

Class 22 was for four varieties of dessert Apples
shown under the same conditions, with the exception
that 20 lbs. was the weight. There were three com.
petitors. The 1st prize was awarded to Mr. Geo.
Chambers, Smartswell Farm, Mereworth, Kent, who
had superb and richly coloured examples of King
Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Cox's Orange Pippin, extra

food ; 'and Court pendu plat. Messrs. W. Pottpaet &
ON came 2nd with finely finished fruit of King of
Pippins, Allington Pippin, very fine; Cox's Orange,
and Ribston Pippins.

Class 23 was Ifor^trwo varieties of cooking Apples in
baskets about 20 lbs. of each, and Mr. Geo. Chambers
was) placed 1st with highly developed examples of
Warner's King and Lord Derby, both superbly finished.
Mr. E. IBasham "was 2nd with Gascoigne's Scarlet and
the Queen, having admirable finislted fruit of each.
Mr. Chambers adopted the round skip lined with blue
paper, and Mr. Basham the white hamper. There were
five competitors.

Class 24 was for two varieties of Dessert Apples in
baskets or boxes, about 20 lbs. of each, and Mr. H. P.
Mason, Rectory Farm, Hampton Hill, was 1st with
round skips of very finely finished fruit of Cox's
Orange and Ribston Pippin. 2nd, Mr. E. Basham
again, using white hampers, the varieties Allington
Pippin, very fine, and Cox's Orange Pippin. There
were five competitors.

Class 25 was for 42 lbs. net of any one variety of Apple
in any improved form of package for market. There
was an instruction to the judges that no prize was to
be awarded unless they considered the box, basket, or
other recei'tacle superior to those in ordinary use.
There were livr romin'titors: the 1st prize was awarded
to Mr. E, r.\^ii.\M, ^^lH) staged his fruit in a white
square vnarkri 1i:iiii]mi, the fruit packed in lines witli
wood-wool Iti-lwccu them. The variety was Newton
Wonder of veiy fiue quality and well coloured. Mr.
W. J. Adcock. Tlie Vineries, Felixstowe Road, Ipswich,
was 2nd. with very fine Bismarck similarly packed.
Two exhibitors used square wooden boxes, each
fruit "carefully wrapped In paper, with wood-wool
between tliem.

In the easeof Class 26 tliesame quantity of Appleswas re-
quired, but an improved system of packing was requisite.
'There were 3 competitors, the 1st prize was awarded to
Messrs. W. PotTPART& Son, who had very fine Allington
Pippins each ^vrapped in [tissue paper, and placed in
a square wooden box, in layers, with blue paper between
them, the box also lined with blue 'paper. ;Mr. E.
Basham'w^s 2nd,niaving Lane's Prince Albert packed as
inithe previous class. AnJIrish exliibit consisted of 12
Apples each in 6 cardboard boxes, but the -Ipples^were
somewhat loose in the boxes.

Class 27 was^f or Pears in two varieties Jin Stwo pack-
ages of about 20jlbs. capacity in leach. Tliere were six
entries, Cthe Hist; prize ;was awarded to Mr. Geo.
CHAMBE^.s,^vho had very fine Pitmaston Duchess and
Doyenne ',de; Cornice in round skeps lined |with wood-
\fool [and (blue ipaper. I[Mr. A. Wy.iTT, Halton, Houns-
low/was 2nd. _f He' had one layer jof Pears in a wooden
box, eacir*Pear [lying fin 'a' bed of rose-coloured Ipaper
and wood-wool ; the varieties were iPltmastonlDuchess
aiidJLouise Bonne of-Jersey.

*iClas3 28 for twenty-four to forty-eight 'fruits of Pears
according !to "size, "of ^any ■one'ichoice ?dessert' variety
suitalilypacked in one package forjmarket. W.jPoupart
& Son taking the 1st prize with finely coloured
Durondeau in an fobiong wooden box, one layer only,
each Pcar;in a~,l)od of white paper. Mr. A.^Wyatt was
2ud, he had Pitmaston Duchess similarly packed, using
rose coloured paper instead of white.
flClass !2S was for -;a collection ;of twelve Ivarieties of
Apples and six of Pears distinct. Eighteen of each laid
flat on a table without dishes or baskets. Only Vine or
similar leaves allowed for decoration, and the space
occupied limited to 16'ft. by 3 ft. There were two com-
petitors, and again Messrs. Poupart & Son took the
1st prize; of Applesthey had Wellington, Cox's Pomona,
Bismarck, Lane's Prince Albert, Allington Pippin,
Alfriston. Rosemary Russet, King of Pippins, Mabbott's
Pearmain, Cox's Orange Pippin. Wealthy. Doyenn6 de
Comice, Durondeau, Pitmaston Duchess, Marie Louise
d'Uccle. Beurre Fouqueray and Beurr(5 Superfin, a very
fine collection indeed. Messrs. Lobjoit & Son,
Heston Farm, were 2nd with some very good fruit,
theApples were Lane's Prince Albert, Ecklinville Seed-
ling^ Worcester Pearmain, Stii'ling Castle, The Queen,
Cox's Orange Pippin, Warner's King, Duchess' Favourite,
Pott's Seedling, Bismarck, Lord Grosvenor; fand the
following Pears, Pitmaston Duchess. |Doyenn6 ;du
Comice, Durondeau, Conference, Emile d'Heyst, and
Marie Louise d'Uccle.

In class 30 for a basket or box of Plumsof about 28 lbs.
capacity, of any one variety, there was no competitor.
Class [31 was for a basket or il:)ox of about 12 lbs.
capacity, of Tomatos, suitably packed ; there were four
competitors, the ;ist 'prize going to Mr. Chas. Moon,
Chessington Court Nurseries, Surbiton, who had a small
hand-basket of 'very finely finished ;fruit of Comet.
Messrs. W. Poupart were 2nd, having a small round
skip of the same variety, the fruit smaller and not so
finely coloured.

DIVISION IV.

FRUITS GROWN IN THE OPEN AIR.

iOpen to Gardeners and Aviateurs only.)

Apples.

The first class was for twenty-four dishes distinct,

sixteen cooking and eight dessert, the latter to be

placed in the front row. In this, the largest class for

Apples, four exhibitors competed, and the samples

generally were very fine and clean throughout. The

premier position was well won by Mr. Woodward, gr.

to Roger Leigh, Esq., Barham Court, Maidstone, and

perhaps it will suflice to remark that his dishes of fruit

were collectively well up to the high standard of this

well-known exhibitor. The samples were throughout
very clean, and well coloured. The back row of cooking
varieties were magnificent, and comprised the follow-
ing varieties ; Beauty of Kent, Bismarck, BeJle Dubois,
Emperor Alexander, Peasgood's Nonsuch, Twenty-
Ounce, Sandringham, and Chelmsford Wonder. Middle
row: Alfriston, Waltham Abbey, Bramley's Seedling,
Stone's, Lord Derby, Warnei-'s King, Golden Noble, and
Miss Barron. The front row of dessert comprised
Ribston Pippin, Cox's Orange Pippin, Wealthy, Alling-
ton Pippin, Washington, Gascoigne's Scarlet, American
Mother, and Reinette Precoce. The 2nd prize was
awarded to Mr. W. H. Bacon, gr. to Sir M. Samuel,.
Mote Park, Maidstone, whose best dislies were Peas-
good's Nonsuch, Gloria Mundi, Lord Sufiield Warner's
King, Bismarck, Gascoigne's Scarlet, Cox's Orange-
Pippin, and Allington Pippin; but they fell con-
siderably below Mr. Woodward's standard. Mr. W. E,
Humphreys, gr. to A. H. SMEE,Esq.,The Grange, Hack-
bridge, Surrey, was a close 3rd.

In the next class, that for twelve dishes, distinct,
eight cooking and four dessert, from which the exhi'-
bitors in the preceding class were excluded, there were
again four competitors. The 1st prize was awarded ta ■
Mr. R. Potter, gr. to Sir Mark Collet, Bart., for a very ■
heavy collection. Gloria Mundi was very fine, also •
Warner's King and Peasgood's Nonsucli ; the remain-
ing dishes were Lady Henniker, Emperor Alexander,
Newton Wonder, Annie Elizabeth, The Queen, Ribston
Pippin, Wasliiiigton, Baumann's Winter Reinette, and'
Fearn's Pippin ; tlie 2ud prize went to Mr. R. Parker,
gr. to the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, KG,, Good-
wood, Chichester. His best dishes were Lord Derby,
Emperor .\lexander. Royal Jubilee. Gloria Mundi,
Wellington, Striped Beefing, and Adams' Pearmain ;
Mr. Neale, gi-. to C. J. Startup, Esq., West Farleigh,
Kent, was 3rd ; in his collection was a fine dish of
Peasgood's Nonsuch.

Class 34 required nine dishes, distinct, six cooking
and three dessert. Five collections were staged, and
from the empty staging three entries had evidently •
not arrived. Mr. W. H. Davies, gr. to A. W. Wright,
Esq., Quarry House, Newent, Glos., succeeded in-
winning the 1st position with a good and even collec-
tion, eacli dish being perfect. His dessert varieties
were Worcester Pearmain (highly coloured). Ribston
Pippin, and Cox's Orange Pippin ; and the cooking va-
rieties, Emperor Alexander, Lord Derby, Mfere de
Mdnage, Warner's King, Peasgood's Nonsuch, and Mrs.
Barron. Mr. A. Smith, gr. to the Lady Superior, The
Convent, Roehampton, was 2nd; Mr. Wallace, gr. to
H. C. Smith, Esq., Mount Clare, Roehampton, 3rd.

Six dishes of Cooking Apples, distinct— Mv. Woodward -
was here invincible, easily winning the 1st prize with
six heavy dishes, comprising Alexander (very fine).
Belle Dubois, Warner's King, Peasgood's Nonsuch,
Stone's, and Bismarck. R. M. Whiting, Esq., Creden-
hill, Hereford, was 2nd.

Cooking Apples, three dishes.— Here a Devonshire ex-
hibitor came well to the front, Mr. G. Lock, gr. to B. H.
Hill, Esq., Crediton. Devon, being an easy 1st with
large and highly coloured samples of Emperor Alex-
ander, Peasgood's Nonsuch, and Warner's King. 2nd,
Mr. T. Neale. Seven collections were staged.

Dessert Apples, six dishes, distinct.— 1st, Mr. Woodward,
with Washington, Allington Pippin, Cox's Orange-
Pippin, Scarlet Pearmain, and Wealthy. Equal 2nd
prizes were awarded Mr. G. Lock and Mr. Neale, but
the Devonshire Apples were the more highly coloured,
and of good size. Seven collections were staged, all
good.

In Class 38 for three dishes, distinct, there were ten
exhibitors, the 1st prize going to Mr. W. H. Davies, for
Cox's Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, and Blenheim
Orange ; 2nd, R, M. Whiting, Esq.

DESSERT PEARS.

Eighteen dishes distinct— F'we exhibitors staged col-
lections in this class, the quality throughout being
very good. Mr. Woodward was here again very
strong, winning the 1st place with a gi-and lot of
specimens. They comprised the following varieties,
Doyennd Boussoch, Beurr^ Alexander Lucas, P11>-
maston Duchess, Duchesse d'AngoulSme, Margare
Marillat, Doyenn6 du Comice, Emile d'Heyst. Princess,
BeurriS Superfin, Beurr6 Diet, Beurr6 Ballet Pkve,
Durondeau, Conseiller de la Cour, P.asse Crassane,
Marie Louise d'Uccle, Directeur Hardy. BeurrS Hardy,
and Magnate. Mr. Geo. Grigg, gr. to the Earl of AsH-
BURNHAM, Ashburnham Place, Battle, took the 2n(i'
prize, his best dishes were Pitmaston Duchess, Duchess
d'Angouleme, Beurr^ Diet, and Doyennd du Comicel

Nine Dishes of Pears, distinct.-\st, Wni. Jours, gr. to
J. R. Brougham, Esq. Wallington Bridge, Carshalton,
his finest dishes being Pitmaston Duchess, Beurr*
Bachelier, Marie Louise, and Duchesse d'Angoulfenie ;
2nd, Mr. J. W. Barks, gr. to H. Partridge, Esq., Castle
Hill, Bletchingley, Surrey. Five collections were
staged.

For Six Dishes of Pears, only three competed, the 1st
prize going to Mr. W. Nancy, gr. to A. Benson, Esq.,
Upper Gatton Park, Merstham. In this exhibit there^
was a very fine dish of Louise Bonne of Jersey ; Pit-
maston Duchess, and Doyenni; du Comice were also-
good. 2nd, Mr. A. Smith.

October 12, 1901.]

SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE:

Three Dishes of Pears.— Six exhibits competed in this
class, the 1st prize being won by Mr. R. Edwards, gr. to
C. A. Morris Field, Esq , Beechy Lees, Sevenoaks, for
highly-coloured samples of Pitmaston Duchess, Doyenne
du Comice. and Louise Bonne of Jersey. 2nd, Mr. W. A.
Cook, Compton Basset, Calne, Wilts.

Class 4.3 was a class for six dishes of Pears, to be
selected from the following varieties ; — Beurr6 Ranee,
Easter Beurre, Passe Crassane, Marie Benoist, Knight's
Monarch, Le Lectier, Doyenne d'Alen(;"on. Duchesse de
Bordeaux, Beurre Perran. Olivier des Serres. and
President Barahe. The 1st prize was won by Mr.
Woodward, with Marie Benoist, Beurre Ranee, Passe
Crassane, Le Lectier, Easter Beurr6, and Doyenne
d'AIencon; 2nd, Mr. T. Challis, gr. to the Earl of
Pembroke, Wilton House, Salisbury.

Class 44, three dishes of cooking Pears, distinct.— 1st,
Mr. Woodward, with Catillac, Beurr6 Clairgeau, and
General Todleben ; 2nd, Mr. W. P. Bound, gr. to J.
COLMAX, Esq., Gatton Park, Reigate. Five collections
were staged.

PEACHES.

In the class for one dish of one variety, grown
entirely out-of-doors, the 1st prize was awarded to Mr.
J. H. Goodacre, gr. to the Earl of Harbingtox. Elvas-
ton Castle. Derby, for a giand dish of Sea Eagle: 2nd,
Mr. W. Simpson, gr. to R. C. Forster. Esq., The
Grange. Sutton, for Lady Palraerston, also very fine.

Eight otiicr exhibitors competed, Princess of Wales
being the only other variety shown.

XECTARINES.
These were giown under similar conditions to the
Peaches. Only two dishes were staged, Mr. Goodacre
winning the Ist prize with Victoria ; Mr. Sparks, Grove
House. Rochampton, coming 2nd with a poor dish of
the sai.ie variety.

PLUMS.

One Dish of Dessert of One Variety. — Among eleven
exhibitors the 1st prize was awarded to Mr. J.
Vert, gr. to Lord Bravbuooke, Audley End. SatTron
Walden. for a nice dish of Coc'sGoldeu Drop ; 2nd, Mi-.
Chai.i.is, with the same variety. Others staged were
Gage and Rivers" late Orange.

One M»h of Cooking Plums nf One Variety. — 1st. Mr.
R. Smith, gr to Mrs. Pearson, Brickendoubury,
Hertford, with Monarch. 2nd, Mr. Goodacre with
Magnum Bonum. Nine dishes were staged. Grand
Duke, Belgian Purple, Archduke and Wycdale being
the other varieties represented.

DIVISION V.

Special Disliict County Prizes, open to gardeners
and amateurs only, for^six dishes of .Vpples distinct,
four cooking and two 'dessert, and for six dishes of
dessert Pears, distinct, but shown in separate classes.

Kent.

There were six exhibitors from this county. The
1st prize ;for six dishes of .\i>iilcs wont to Mr. W. T.
Stowers, gr to E. II. Dean, Esq., ^WhilclLTll, Sitting-
bourne, who had splendid examples of Pcasgood's
Nonsuch, Warner's King, Glory of England, Lane's
Prince Albert, Blenheim Orange, and Cox's Orange
Pippin. Mr. W. Elliott, gr. to A. Bailey, Esq., Farning-
ham, was 2nd with much smaller fruits, his varieties,
Ecklinville Seedling, Maid of Kent, Queen Caroline.
Winter Quoining, Cox's Orange Pippin, and King of
the Pippins.

The best six dishes of Pears came from Mr.
Stowers, who had vei-y fine fruit of Doyennd Boussoch,
Pitmaston Duchess, Doyennfi du Comice, Duchess
d'Angoulfime, Bcurr<S Hardy, and Conseiller delaCour.
Mr. E. Coleman, gr. to T. L. BovD, Esq., Tonbridgc,
Kent, came 2nd, also with very fine fruit of Marie
Benoist, Pitmaston Duchess, Mmc. Andr6 Leroy, Doy-
enniS du Comice, and Durondeau.

Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Somerset,
Devon and Cornwall.

From this group of counties came seven collections
of six dishes ^of Apples and four collections of six
dishes of Pears. The best six dishes of .Vpples came
from Mr. S. Lock, gr. to B. H. Hill, Esq., Newcombe,
Crcditon, Devon, who h.ad splendid fruit of Emperor
Alexander, Pcasgood's Nonsuch, M6rc dc Manage,
Gloria Muiidi, Cox's Orange Pippin and Ribston Pippin
2nd, Mr. T. Turton, gr. to J. K. D. \Vin(iheld Digby,
Esq., Slicrhorne Castle, Dorset, who had in grand form'
M6rc dc Manage, Pea.sgood's Nonsuch, The Queen,
Pott's Seedling, Ribston Pippin and Cox's Orange
Pippin.

Pears.— yir. T. TcRTON came in 1st with six dishes of
very fine Pears, having lieurrd Alexandre Lucas,
Beurrd Diel, Durondeau,' Pitmaston Duchess, and
Beurrd Superfln. Mr. S. Lock was 2nd, with good
though smaller fruit— Pitmaston Duchess, Durondeau,
Glout Morceau, Duchess d'Angoulfime, Doyonn6 du
Comice and Beurr6 Diel.

Wilts, Gloucester, Oxford, Bucks, Berks, Beds,

Herts and Middlesex.
" This group of counties furnished five collection s'of six
dishes of Apples and six collections of six dishes of
Pears. The Ist prize for six dishes of Apples fell to

Mr. W. H. Davies, gr. to A. W. S. Weight, Esq., Quarry
House, Neweut, South Wales, who had vei-y fine fruit,
generally well-coloured, of Peasgood's Nonsuch, War-
ner's King, Hollandbury. Mrs. Barron, Cox's Orange
Pippin and Ribston Pippin.^Mr. C. Page, gr. toJJ.SB.
FORTESCUE, Esq., Dropmore, Maidenhead, was 2nd.'with
an excellent lot, consisting of Gloria Mundi, Warner's
King, Peasgood's Nonsuch. M^rel de Menage.; Cox's
Orange Pippin, and Ribston Pippin.

With I) dishes of Pears.JMr W. H. Bannister, gr. to
Mrs. .\MES, Cote House. Westbury-on-Trym, was 1st
with fine and'well-finished fruit of Doyenne Boussoch,
Souvenir du Cougrfes, Beurre Fonqueray, Doyennejdu
Comice, Beurrfi Hardy,! and Durondeau. Mr. W. A.
Cook,^Compton Bassett, Calne, Wilts, was 2nd with good
examples of Pitmaston jDuchess,; Beurre Diel, Marie
Louise, Doyenn6 du Cornice, Louise Bonne of Jersey,
and Emile d'Heyst.

Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge. Hants,
and Rutland.
_Froni this"group of counties one collection of .Vpples
only and ^wo'^of IPcars were contributed. Mr. II.|H.
HowARD,'^Surrey Manor. [Hinghain, Norfolk, was
awarded the 1st prize for'six dishes of '.\pples. h.iving
very good'fruit of Lane's Prince .\lbert. Cox's Pomona,
Bramley; Seedling. Pcasgood's Nonsuch, King of the
Pippins, and Cox's Orange Pippin.

Pears— Mr. W. Harrison, gr. to Col. Archer Houblon,
HallingbuiT Place, Bishops Stortford, was 1st with six
dishes, having Pitmaston Duchess, Marie Benoist,
Doycnnd du Comice. Beurre? Hardy, Beurrtf Diel, and
Duchesse d'.A.ngoul6mc : Mr. J. Vert. gr. to Lord
Bkayurooke, Audley End, SafTl-on Walden, was 2nd,
with good fruit of Passe Crassane, Pitmaston Duchess,
Knight's Monarch.'iDoj'cnnd du Comice. No Plus
Meuris, and Nouvelle Fulvie.

Lincoln. Northampton, W.krwick, Leicester, Notts.
Derby, Stafi--s, Shropshire, and Cheshire.
From this group [of;couiitics came four collections of
six dishes of Apples and tlirecof Pears. The best six
dishesiof Apples, air very good, came from Mr. John
Lee, Higher Belington. Cheshire, who had Peasgood's
!?onsucli, Gloria Mundi. the Queen. Warner's King.
Cox's Orange Pippin, and King of Pippins. Mr. John
Naylor, gr. to Henry Knott, Esq., Stamfoi-d, came 2nd
with well-coloured, sound fruit of Peasgood's Nonsuch,
Warner's King, Emperor .Vlexander, Blenheim Orange,
Co.\'s Orange Pippin, and one unnamed.

Pears. — ITIie best six dishes, good medium-sized
example's, came froniMr. W. H. Divers, gr. to^he Duke
of Rutland, Belvoir Castle, Xirantham, the varieties
Van Moiis' Leon le Clerc, Mardelnil de la Cour, Bcurr6
Ranee, 1 Fondantcl d'.Vutomne,' Marie* Louise, and
Doyenne du Cornice; 2nd, Mr. John N.vvi.or, with
Bcurri5 Did, Duchesse d'.Vngoulfime, Bcmie Ranee.
Easter BeurrC', DoycniKi Boussoch, the other dish
appeared to contain three fruits of Marie Louise and
three of Pitmaston Duchess

Wales.

.Ippies.- Wales sent two collections of six dishes of
Apples'and two of Pears. The best six dishes of Apples
camc'from Mr. IHeni-y Forder,"gr. toiCol. Cornwallis
West, Ruthin Castle, N.Wales, who had Peasgood's Non-
such, Ecklinville Seedling, Warner's King, Striped
Beaufin, Worcester IPearmain, and American Mother ;
2ad, Mr. R. David Hughes, Middle Lane, Denbigh, with
Wai-ner's King, Blenheim Orange, Tower ofGlamis,
Wareham Russet, Bedfordshire Foundling and Riliston
Pippin.

Pears.- Mr. F. Fox, gr. to Mrs. Davies Evans, High-
mead, Llangbylher, S. Wales, was awarded the 1st prize
for six dishes of Pears, having good fruit of Doyenne
du Comice, Durondeau, Bcurr<; Hardy, Glout Morceau,
BeurriSd'Amanlis and Heurrd Ranee; 2nd, Mr. IIenhv
FOBDER, with Durondeau, I(eurr6 Diel, Souvenir du
Congrfts, Pitmaston Duchess, Glout Morceau and Marie
Louise.

From this group of counties came five collections of
six dishes of Apples and four dishes of Pears.

Apples.— t\\e best six dishes were from Mr. W. C.
Portsmouth, gr. to Col. Vaux, Herrington Hall,
Sunderland, who had well-finished fruit of Lady
Hennikcr, Blenheim Orange, Alfriston, Northern
Dumpling, Worcester Pearmain and King of Pippins.
2nd, Mr. Jas.Sahside, Larbeck Gardens, St. Eccleston,
Garstang, with large, but less finished fruit of Tower of
Glamis, Warner's King, Mire de MiSnage'and Nonsuch,
Kibston Pippins. veiT small ; and Blenheim Pippin.

Pears.— The best six dishes came from Mr. J. Mclndoe,
gi'. to Sir Joseph Pe.vse, Bt., M.P., Hutton Hall, Guis-
borough, with Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurr6 Hardy,
Pitmaston Duchess, BeurrC Bachelier, Beurr(5 Diol and
Marie ^jouiso, with .ratlier (brighter, but less finished
fruit. Mr. »W. Chuck, gr. ito H. "Thellusson, Esq.,
Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster, was 2nd, with Pitmaston
Duchess, Beurr6 St. Quentien, BeurriS Diel, Beurr(S
Superfln, Easter Boun-iS, and Gansel's Bergamot.

SC0TL.VND.

The class for "Pears was well represented by the
premier exhibit from Mr. Day, 'gr. to the ^Earl of
GALLOW.iY, GiUoway House, Girliestown : "the finest
fruits were of Pitmaston Daohess, BeurrC Diel, Marie
Louise and D>yenn6 Boussoch. .V.11 were fully grown
fruit: 2ud to Mr. Webster, gr. to Duke ot|RiCHMOND
AND Gordon, JGordon Castle, Fochabers, who Chad
excellent dishes of Fondantejde Bois, Marie Louise, and
Doyenne du Comice.

.-Ippks.— Mr. Webster was 1st in liis class for Apples
with heavy well-finished fruit, Itiiose Cof Peasgood's
Nonsuch, NewtouWoudsr and Bismarck were specially
fine: 3nd to Mr. Culton, gr.Jto C. .\. Phillips, Esq.,
Dildawn, Castle Douglas, whose best were Peasgood's
Nonsuch and Stirling Castle.

Ireland.
Two capital exhibits of .Vpples vverejstaged in this class.

and equal 1st prizes were awarded to Mr. Weston, gr. to
Viscount DuNCANNON, Bessborough, Co. Kilkenny, and
to Mr. J. Orr, Longhall, Co. Armagh— the former Piad
Lane's Prince .-Vlbert, Golden Spire and the Queen, extra,
good, whilst the t)est trio of the latterjwere Peasgood's,
Emperor Alexander, and Loddington.

The Channel Islands
For Pears and .Vpples the 1st prizes were awarded to
Mr. Gavey, gr. to O. C. Kn.\tchbull, Esq., Millbrook,
Jersey. Of the Pears, which were heavy, the finest
were of Doyenn6 du Comice, Duchesse d'Angouleiue,
Glout Mor(.^eau and Chaumontelle ; and of -Vpples,
Warner's King, Blenheim Orange, Lane's Prince .Vltjert,
and Bramley's Seedling.

Worcester, Herkfoud, Monmouth, Glamorgan,
Carmarthen, and Pembroke.

From this group of counties came one collection of
six dishes of Apples and two of six dishes of Pears.

The six dishes of Apples came from R. M. Whitino
Esq., Credenhill, Hereford, who had very fine finished
fruit of Peasgood's Nonsuch, Lord Suflield (very flue),
Stirling Castle, Tyler's Kernel, James Grieve, and Cox's
Orange Pip)»in.

Peors.— With six dishes of Pears, Mr, J, Rick, gr, to
G. H. Hadfield, Esq., Moraston House, Ross, was 1st,
with fruit of very fine (luality, consisting of Pitmaston
Duchess, BeurrC Bosc, DoyeniK? du Comice, MariSchal
de la Cour, and Louise Bonne of Jersey; 2nd, Mr. J. E.
Jones, gr. to II. L. Lutvvychk, Esi|., Kynaston, Ross,
Herefordshire, with excellent fruit of Duchesse d'.Vn-
gouldmo, Doyeiin6 du Cornice, Pitmaston Duchess,
Conseiller de la Cour, Mario Benoist, and Louise Bonne
of Jersey.

DIVISION VI.

SINfiLE DISHES OF FRUIT GROWN IN THE

OPEN AIK.

{Gardeners and Amateurs onli/.)

Dessert Apples.

These began with twelve dishes of Adams' Pearmain,
of which Mr, F. W. Thomas, Wannock, Sussex, h.ad the
best sample; Mr. Woodward, Barliam Court, Keiit,com-
ing;2ud. Of that poor lookingvaricty Allen's Kverlasling,
only one dish was prcsenti'it, ;nnl th:it tiy Mr. Wood-
ward, who no doubt put u|i 1m !>.■ I Mliiigtoii Pippin
was, however, reprcscnt<'< I h\ .*ii\rM -li^hcs, some very
fine— indeed, too large. Mr. Wciuhwmiiis sample was
beautifully coloured, and tlii^ fruils were of fair size;
Mr. Challis. gr. to the Earl of Pembroke, Wiltou
House, Salisbury, was 2nd.

Small samples of Blenheim Orange, to pass through
aslnch ring, were in iiuantity, seventeou dishes being
staged. Here Mr. A. J. Carter, Billinghurst, Sussex,
was Ist, with a rich coloured sample; Mr. R. Whiting,
Credenhill, Hereford, coming 2nd, with a nice sample.

There were but four lots of Braddick's Nonpareil,
the best comingfrom Mr. Hagon, gr. to E. A. Lee, Esq.,
Liphook, Hants; Mr. S. Lock, gr. to B. H. HILL, Esq.,
Creditou, Devon, was 2nd.

That famous Apple, Cox's Orange Pippin, was repre-
sented by no fewer than thirty-three dishes, and yet
there wore but two prizes to award; that seems a
great mistake. Many of the samples were very fine
and beautifully finislied. Mr. Woodward was 1st here,
fruits superbly coloured; T. C. Pearce, Esq., Tavis-
tock, coming 2nd.

By contrast, Brownlee's Russet showed four dishes
only. Mr. E. Coleman, gr. to T. L. BovD, Esq., Ton-
bridge, beating Mr. Woodward for 1st place. Tiie
samples showed the variety in its true form.

Claygate Pearmain made a poor show, the iuvinciblo
Barham Court grower being again 1st ; Mr. WurriNO
an old competitor, 2nd, with Cockle Pippin ; Mr.
Turton, gr. to J. N. D. W. Digby, Esq., M.P., Sherborne
Castle, Dorset, was Ist, having fine greenish fruits, as
also had Mr. Whiting, wlio came 2nd. There were
eightlots of this, but only twooftliat poor-looking variety
Duchess of Devonshire, groenish, and not unlike the
old French Crab. Tlie best came from Mr. Humphreys,
gr. to A. H. Smee, Esq., Hackbridge, Surrey. Mr. J.
Rick, gr. to G. H. Hadfield, Esq., coming 2nd.

Egremont Russet was represented by three dishes.
Messrs. Woodward and Whiting, taking the prizes

SUPPLE3IENT TO THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 12, 1901.

with well coloured samples. There were eight dishes
of Feani's Pippin, of which Mr. Stowers, gi'. to S. H.
Dean. Esci.,Sittingbourne. had the best, richly coloured,
Mr. Osborne, gr. to the Duke of Fife, East Sheen,
coming 2nd.

Tliere wei'e six dishes of small Gascoigne's Scarlet,
Mr. Stowers having some richly-coloured samples;
Mr. Clinch, also of Sittiugbourue, coming 2nd.

King of the Pippins was shown in twenty-two dishes,
all well-coloured and handsome. Mr. W. H, Davies, gr.
to R. W. S. WRinHT, Esq., Newent, was 1st with a
beautiful sample ; Mr. G. Grigg, gr. to the Earl of ASH-
BUENHAM, Battle, being 2nd, with a fine dish.

King of Tomkins County seemed to be an absurdly
large Apple to class as a dessert variety, being here like
Beauty of Kent. Four dishes were shown, the best
coming from Mr. Woodward and Mr. A. Smith, gr. to
tlie Lady Superior, The Convent, Roehampton.

Only three dishes of that dubious Apple, Lord
Burghley were staged, Mr. W. Camm, gr. to Captain
Forester, Battle Abbey, Sussex, coming 1st; and Mr.
Forder, gr. to Colonel Coenwallis West, Ruthin
Castle, was 2nd.

Manningtou Pearmain had four dishes, Messrs.
Rich and C. Ross, gr. to Captain Caestaies, Newbury,
taking the prizes.

Old Margil brought twelve dishes, generally ; small,
Mr. Davies beinglst, Mr. Rick 2nd.

There were nine dishes of American Mother Apple,
Mr. WiiiTiNfi coming 1st, with rich colour; Mr. T. H.
Slade. gr. to Lord Poltimore, Exeter, being 2nd, his
fi-uit being also fully coloured.

Old Nonpareil was seen in five dishes, rather indif-
ferent samples. Mr. Challis had the best.

Good old Ribstou Pippin was in fine form in nine-
teen dishes. Mr. Barker, gr. to H. Parteidce, Esq.,
Bletchley, Surrey, being 1st with richly - coloured
samples, Mr. Woodward coming 2nd. Mr. Carniee
had the best Rosemary Russet Apple, and Mr. Whiting
came 2nd out of four dishes. A very pretty sample
of Ross Nonpareil came from Mr. Lock ; only two

Oislies were staged. Of Scarlet iNonpareil there were
six dishes, Messrs. Woodward and Ross taking the
prizes. Tliat good late Apple Sturmcr Pippin was seen
in fourteen dishes, the best coming from Mr. Stowers,
Mr. Barber being 2nd, both having true samples.
There was but one^dish of Winter Quarrenden, a late
form of the old Red, which came from Mr. Thomas, of
Polegate, Sussex.
Finally, in this section came any other variety, in

which class there were no fewer than thirty dishes, four
prizes being awarded. Here Mr. C. Ross camelstwith
his pretty new round, striped variety The Houblon ;
Washington, superbly coloured, coming 2nd and 3rd,
from Mr, Edwards, gi'. to C. A. M. FIELD, Esq., Seven-
oaks, and Mr. Davies; Mr. Rich coming 4tli with
Worcester Pearmain.;

Kitchen or Cooking Varieties.

This section commenced with Alfriston (four dishes),
Messrs. Woodward and Ross having the finest samples.

Next came Annie Elizabeth, shown in six lots, gene-
rally good, Mr. TUETON having a very fine sample ; Mr.
il. Potter, gr. to Sir Mark W. Collet, Kemsing,
Sevenoaks, being 2nd.

There veere '.but three dishes of Beauty of Kent,
the best coming from Barham Court ; and 2nd from
Mr. Whiting.

Of Belle de Pontoise there were but four dishes
Mr. Woodward having the best; Mr. Slade coming
2nd. Barham Court was again Ist in the Bismarck
class, with a splendid sample ; Mr. Lock having very
fine coloured fruits for 2ud place.

In the class for large Blenheim Orange, Mr. WoOD-
WABD was 1st with large conical samples, lacking
colour ; Mr. Carter was 2nd with flatfish, handsome,
well coloured fruits.

For prizes oB'ered by Messrs. Pearson & Sons, Lowd-
ham Nurseries, Notts, in the northern districts for
Newton Wonder, only three dishes were seen. The
best came from Mr. W. H. Divers, gr. to His Grace the
Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Castle; J. Lee, Esq.,
Cheshire, coming 2nd.

But in the corresponding class' for the southern
districts there were eleven dishes, Mr. Woodward
iiaving a superb sample for 1st; Mr. Hudson, gr. to
Leopold de Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House,
being 2nd ; and Mr. A. BasUe, gr. to the Rev. O. [S.
Powell, Weybridge, being 3rd.

There were ten dishes of Bramle/s Seedling, prizes
ofl'ered by Messrs. H. Merryweather & Co., Southwell,
Notts. Gigantic ,yet handsome fraits came from Mr,
Woodward ; Mr. Challis being 2nd, also with splendid

There were six lots of Cox's Pomona, generally
nobly coloured. The best came from Mr. Stowers and
Mr. Woodward.

With Dumelow's Seedling (Wellington), Mr. Geigg
was well 1st, with extremely handsome characteristic
samples; Mr. Smith coming 2nd with more conical
fruits.

One of the most perfect, fine, and finished dishes in
the sliovv was the noble one of Emperor Alexander
from Mr. Woodward, who easily took 1st place with it
in the class; Mr. Stowers was 2nd. These were the
only dishes shown.

There were seven lots of large Gascoigne's Scarlet,
all richly coloured, Mr, Stowers coming 1st ; and Mr.
Mclver, gr. to F, H. D. Whitmore, Esq., Grays, Essex,
following.

Golden Noble was well shown in teii dishes, Messrs.
Woodward and Davies taking the prizes with very
handsome samples.

There were but three dishes of Golden Spire, Barham
Court again coining 1st ; and Mr. Weston, gr. to
Viscount Duncannon, Bessborougli, Ireland, coming
2nd.

Some remarkable samples of Hormead's Pearmain
were seen in tlie four dishes staged, Messrs. Whiting
and Rick taking the prizes.

Lane's Prince .\lbert was represented by twelve
dishes, of which Mr. Stowees' huge clean fruits took
1st place ; Mr. Carter coming 2nd. Several very fine
dishes got no award.

Messrs. Woodward and Stowers had the finest
Lord Derby ; and the same exhibitors, but in reverse
order, took the prizes forMfere de Manage, wonderfully-
coloured fruits.

There were but six dishes of Peasgood's Nonsuch
grand samples coming from Barham Court ; Mr.
Stowees came 2nd with giant fruits also.

Mr. C. Ross had the only dish of Royal Jubilee, now
getting over: and Messrs. Woodward and A. Smith
had the best Sandringliam.

There were but three dishes of Stirling Castle,
Messrs. Ross and Whiting taking the prizes. Mr.
Woodward had the finest Stone's Pippin ; Mr.
Whiting being 2nd. Mr. Davies had the best
sample of The queen, very fine and beautifully
coloured ; Mr, Woo jwahd being 2nd ; and Mr. Hagon
the best Tower of Glamis. There were only two dishes
of Waltham Abbey Seedling, Barham Court and Mr.
Clinch getting the awards. Seven dishes of Warner's
King were staged, Mr, Woodward having giant sam-
ples, as also had Mr. Stowees.

Finally came the class for any other variety, in which
seventeen dishes were staged. Mr. Woodward secui^
ing another win with splendid Belle Dubois; Mr.
Stowees, having the same with Gloria Muudi, 2nd ; Mr.
Whiting coming 3rd with Lord Suffield; and Mr.
TURTON 4th with beautiful Hollandbury.

DESSERT PEARS.
Beurr6 Bosc— This delicious early autumn variety,
one which succeeds as a standard on light soils in the
south, as a standard and as a wall tree almost any-
where in England and the warmer parts of Scotland,
was shown by five cultivators ; and excepting in regard
to degree of ripeness, there was little to chose between
the dishes. H. Pickard, Esq., Manor House, Horsham
(gr,, Mr. J. Webb), was 1st ; and Mrs, Ames, Cole House,
Westbury-on-Trym (gr., Mr. W. H. Bannister), was 2nd.
With Beurrd d'Anjou, of which three dishes were
shown, a Pear rather later than that first named, Mrs.
Ames was 1st with unblemished examples ; aud T. L.
Bovd, Esq., North Frith, Tonbridge, Kent, was 2nd, the
fruit showing marked diS'erences from the former.

Beurr6 Diel, a variety in general cultivation, and
deservedly so, was shown by eleven'persons.there being
in the matter of size alone any marked diflereuce. The
1st prize was taken by J. K. D. Wingfield Digby, Esq.,
Sherborne Castle, Dorset (gr . Mr. T, Turton), with ex-
tremely fine examples of perfectly unblemished fruits.
This dish was much heavier than any other exhibited.
The 2nd prize was taken by Captain Forester, Battle
Abbey, Sussex (gi'., Mr. W. Camm). Good dishes were
shown by Roger Leigh, Esq., Barham Court (gr., Mr.
W. Woodward), and Mr. W. S. Staff, Burlington Gar-
dens, Chiswick.

Beurr^ Dumont was shown twice, Roger Leig h
Esq., Barham Court, Maidstone (gr., Mr. G. Woodward)
being 1st; aud C. A. Morris, Esq., Beechey Lees,
Sevenoaks (gr., Mr. R. Edwards), 2nd, with fruits one-
third less in size, but of higher colour than the winning
dish.

The handsome Pear Beurr6 Hardy was shown to the
number of eight dishes, of almost equal merit. Mr.
George Woodwaed, gr., Barham Court, 1st ; and H,
Dean, Esq., Whitehall, Sittingbourne (gr,, Mr. W. T.
Stowers), 2nd.

Beurrg Superfln was shown to the number of six
dishes, Mr. W. T. Stowees, gr., Whitehall. Sitting-
bom-ne, being 1st, with fruits of unusually large size ;
2nd, Rev. O. S. Powell, Woburn Park, Weybridge (gi-.,
Mr. A. Basilc).

Pear Comte de Lamy was shown to the number of
six dishes, and tlie 1st prize was taken by Sir M.
Samuel, Mote Park, Maidstone (gr., Mr. W. H. Bacon);
2nd, J. T. Chaelesworth, Esq., Nutfield Court, Red-
hill, Surrey (gr., Mr. T. W. Herbert).

Pear Conference numbered six dishes, the distinctive
russety patches coming out remarkably in the winning
exhibits. There was little difl'ereuce in the size of the
fruits. H. Partridge, Esq., Castle Hill,>Bletchingly,
Surrey (gr,, Mr. J. W. Barks), was 1st; and Mr. Geo.
WOODW.ARD, Barham Court, 2ud.

The favourite Doyenne du Coiuice was shown to the
number of sixteen dishes, and some of the dishes were
very highly coloured. The 1st prize was taken by Mr.
G. WooDw.ARD, with faultless examples, nearly ripe;
and the 2nd by Lord Poltimore, Poltimore Park,
Exeter (gr., Mr. T. H. Slade), with almost as fine
examples, but not showing the colour of the Kentish
fruits.

That showy Pear Durondeau,was shown in nine dishes
the size varying greatly in the different dishes. The 1st
prize was taken by Mr, T, Turton, for very handsome
large fruits without a flaw; and the 2nd by Mr. Geo.
Woodward, the Kentish fruit being of the higher
colour ; that from Mote Park being almost entirely
crimson, but in size was much under that of the
winning dishes.

Easier Beurri, — .\nioug eight exhibitors, Mr. W. G.
Stowers, gr. to G. H. Dean, Esq., came 1st with a fine
and clean sample ; 2nd, Mr. Woodwaed.

Emile d'Heyst.—li,t, Mr. Turton, gr. to J. K. D. WiNG-
field-Digby, Esq,, M,P,. Sherborne Castle, with extra
fine fruits for this variety ; 2nd, Mr, Woodwaed. Five
competed.

Fondante de Thiriot.— 1st, Mr. Woodward, the only
exhibitor.

Gloiit Morcean. — The competition was keen in this
class, fifteen competitors staging; the 1st prize going
to Mr. W. M. Jones ; 2nd, Mr. A, Basile, Weybridge.

Josephine de Malines.—lRt, Mr. Challis, with a very
clean sample; 2nd, Mr. Woodward. Eleven exhi-
bitors staged.

lA)uise Bonne of Jersey. — Some very fine dishes were
staged in this class. 1st, Mr. Wm. Jones; 2nd, Mr.
Coleman, gr. to T. L. Boyd, Esq., North Frith, Ton-
bridge. Fifteen dishes were staged, most of the
samples being highly coloured.

Marie Louise.— 'Eleven exhibitors competed with this
favourite Pear, the 1st prize going to Mr. Woodwaed;
2ud, Mr. Camm, gr. to Captain Foeestee, Battle Abbey,
for a very pretty disli.

Nouvelle Fulrie.—'nie 1st prize was awarded to Mr. F.
W. Thomas, Wannock, Polegate, Sussex, for a very
handsome dish ; 2nd, Mr. Turton. Five dishes were
staged.

Olivier des Scrres.— Five exhibits. 1st, Mr. Humphhets ;
2nd, Mr. Ed. Coleman.

Pitinaston Duchess. — This was the strongest of all the
Pear classes, twenty- four dishes being set up by as
many exliibitors. Mr. Woodwaed was a good 1st with
a very fine and highly-coloured dish ; 2nd, Mr. W,
Lewis, gr. to R. H. E. Maesham, Esq., East Sutton
Park, Maidstone.

Seckle.— This pretty little Pear was represented by
five dishes. Mr. Ross, gr. to Capt. Caestaies, Welford
Park, Newbury, repeating his successes of previous
years by winning the 1st prize ; 2nd, Mr. T. Neale.

Thompson's.— 1st, Mr. Hudson, gr. to Leopold de
Rothschild, Esq., Gunnersbury House, Acton; 2nd,
Mr. Turton, Niue exhibits.

Winter Nelis.~lst, Mr. Challis; 2nd, Mr. Camm,
among nine exhibitors.

There was a class for any other variety not named
above. Thirty exhibitors staged in this class, the 1st
prize going to Mr. Ed. Coleman, for Gansell's Berga-
mot ; 2nd, Mr. W. T. Stowers, for Duchess d'Angoul6me ;
3rd, Mr. A. Basile, with Margaret Marillat. Good
dishes of Beiirr^ Alexandre Lucas, Magnate, Beurre
Bachelier, Conseiller de la Cour, and Marie Benoist,
were also staged in this class.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT SOCIETY.

Peter ICay', Esq., V.M.H,, presided at the -Vnuual
Dinner of this Society on Wednesday evening last, at
the Holboru Restaurant, London. He was supported
by many prominent and well-known horticulturists,
the company present being more numerous than
usual. In advocating the interests of the Society, Mr.
Kay drew attention to the very favourable report of the
Actuary (Mr. Ackland), whose periodical examination
of the books and funds of the Society proved conclu
lively its sound condition ; at the same time Mr
Ackland contrasted the "United" in the most favour-
able manner with other recognised and well-known
benefit societies. A pleasant and profitable evening
was spent, and the names of several newhou. members
were announced, including ladies. Donations were
made to the Benevolent and other funds of the
institution.

For further particulars, our readers are referred to
the Secretary, .Mr, Collins, 9, Martindale Rd., Balham,
S.W.

National Chrysanthemum Society.

We are compelled to postpone the publication of this report
to our next issue.

Bradbury, Agnew & Oo., Ld., Printers, London & Tonbridge.

October 19, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

285-

THE

I,

No. 11?,.— SATURDAY, OCT. 19, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Antirrhinums

Begonia President
Carnot

Jilacknioie. R. D,, me-
morial to the late ...

liook notice—
Tlic Flora of the
Presidency of Bom-
bay

C h r y's a n t li c m u ni
sports

Clerodendron fallax...

Olivia miniata

Iiahlia viridiflora

Euonymus radicans...

Fruit-trees, unprofit-
able

<;rapes. old and new...

!lerbacef)us l)order ...

Hibiscus moscheutos.

.1 uhlans cordiformis...

Kcw

Kew stafT, recent
changes in the

Livistona australis in
Sydney

Midland garden, a ...

Mushrooms, enormous

Nurseiymen, the old-
est firm of

Nursery notes—
Perennial .\stcrs at
Lewisham

Obituary—
Kochford, Thomas...
Middletoii, Lady ...

Olearia stellulala in
S.W. Scotland

Oicliid propagation ...

OiThid spot

Parksandgardens.thc
cost of national

Pelargoniums, Ivy -
leaved

Pines and Thistles ...

Polygonum lanigerum

Presentation to Mr.
Black

Prunes in Oregon ...

Publications received

Rhus toxicodendron .

Rose. Pauls Single
White

Roses, coming confe-
I'cncc on

Koyal tradesmen ...

Societies-
British Mycological
GhentCliauibreSyu-

dicale

National Chrysan-

ihcinum

Roval IlorticultunU

(Drill Hall Show)...

British fruits at

Crystal Palace...

Spreading silly ru-
mours

Sutton, the late Mar-
tin Hope

Tulip Unique syn.
Brunhilde

Walnuts, large

Week's Work, the-
Flower Garden
Fruits under Glass..
Hardy Kruit Garden
Kitchen Garden ...
Orchid Houses, the.
Plants under Glass .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Clivia miniata in Nash Couit Gardens. Favcrsham imi

Cynips aptera 2Siii

Dahlia viridillora 21il

tiroup of Gourds cultivated by Messrs. H. Carinell

<& Suns 2117

■luglans cordiformis (Japanese Walnut) (Supple-
ment)

I,ivistonaau8lralis in the Botanic Gardens, Svdncy 28;

Portrait of the late Thomas Kochford ' ... 2i'.'>

OLD AND NEW GRAPES.
^OME recent proniiiiont refefciices to a
^ new (iiapc liave tiatufiilly led to atten-
tion lieiiigdriuvn to the varieties off ifii pes that
have from time to time heen put into com-
ntei-ce, and e.si)ecially tliose wliieli seeurcd,
<it some time or otlier, the hotiotii- of an
award fiom the Koyal Iloiticiiltural Soeiety.
From authorised sources it is possil)lc to
learn that durinj? the past forty years, com-
mencing with 1861, no less th.in" tliiity-five
varieties, hut not all at the time now. have
received awards at the hands of the Fruit
Committee. The earliest were .Vscot Ham-
liutgh and Chaboush, of the year named. It
IS interesting to note that Ascot Hamburgh
<loes not find a place in Mr. IJarron's Ijook
on the Vine, neither is it found In the Fni.il
Manual. ( 'halioush, or properly, '• < 'haliuch,"
is a white, sweet-water Grape", of no merit.
In lHt>2 that excellent late black Grape, Lady
Downe's Seedling, was certificated. This is
a noteworthy survival from out of the ruck
of the unfittest. Another of Standish's va-
rieties. Royal Vineyard, a late-keeping lirape,
was that year certificated, but it has never
been much grown. In th(- same seasmi th(;rc
ismeutiuM made of an award to Stockficld

Park, but no such Grape is to be found in
Mv. Barron's liook or in the Fruit Manual.
There is in the latter mention of a Stock-
wood Park Hamliurgh, which was found to
lie identical with Golden Hamburgh, which
again was found to be an Italian Grape,
Luglienga Bianca, and which shows how
closely new or assumed new Grapes
need watching. It was in the year 1863 that
Mr. W. Thompson's white Grape Duchess of
liuceleueh was certificated. Of this variety
-Mr. Barron says, '-first-class as to flavour,
but owing to uncertain ripening scarcely
worthy of cultivation." But if in relation
to that attractive-looking Grane a mistake
was made, certainly there was none such in
the award to that richly-flavoured Grape,
Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat, although it is
far from being universally grown ; and still
less in the First-class Certificate awarded to
that grandest of all |)opular Grapes, Muscat
of Alexandria. As -'good wine needs no
bush," so docs this Grape need no praise,
and it enjoys the distinction of having
immerous synonyms. In relation to the
granting of certificates to Grapes, there
seems to have l>een a long period of rest on
the part of the Fruit Committee, as no more
were awarded till lS(i7, when a F.C.C. was
granted to that famous and superb Grape,
Madresfield Court ; and a Gi'ai)e with a brief
reputation, Royal Ascot, was certificated the
same year. Then in lM(j() the sole variety
honoured was that exceedingly ilelicious one
Kempsey Alicante.

It is interesting just now to find that <iur
okl friend Black Morocco, of which wo have
heard a good deal of late, should have bci'ii
in that year palmed on to tlu' Fruit Com-
mittee of the R. H. .S. as a distinct variety
under the name given above, because it was
so well done ;il Kempsey. The same thing
occurred to it at Hoi'sforth Hall, near Leeds,
says Dr. Hogg, and it was called Hoisforth
Seedling. Agtiin, but a few years since it
was finely grown at Ampthill and placed
before the Fruit Committee of the R.H.8. as
Mrs. Wingfield. but was found to be the old
Black Morocco. Then followed a remark-
able run on white Gra[)es, for during 1870, as
the list shows, there were two certificated, in
1K71 three, in ls7:.' one, in 1873 one, and in
lf*74 one, eight in all.

How few of them have made their mark I
In 187-1 also Venn's Seedling, otherwise
Venn's Black Muscat, called by Mr. Barron
also Muscat Ilandnirgh ; followed in 1876
l)y the well-known .Mnwick Seedling, and
the better known and widely grown Gros
Maroc, which is described by Hogg and
Barron as having oval berries, whilst the
prevalent tyi)e has lound ones. Appley
Towers and Lady Hutt, black and white,
were certificated in 1883 and 1890 respec-
tively. Both these (irapesfind some amount
of favour, but rather less than more. Follow-
ing Lady Hutt came, in 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893,
six more white Grapes, the best known of
which is perhaps Chasselas Napoleon. Xo
awards were made following the last of that
half-dozen. Cape Muscat, a Grape com-
paratively unknown until 1897, and then
only Awards of Merit were given. These
were Directeur Tisserand, Marchioness of
Downshire, Reine Olga (out-door variety),
!ind in conclusion Prince of Wales in 1900.

It is worthy of not<^ that out of those in
the list most widely cultivated, there are
of Idack varieties, l>ady Downe's Seedling,

Madresfield Court Muscat. Gros Maroc,
Alnwick Seedling, Venn's Seedling, and
Appley Towers. It is also noticeable that
those fine and popular black Grapes, Black
Hamlnirgh, Alicante, and Gros Colmar, are
not included in the list. The leading whites
included are Muscat of Alexandria, Mrs.
Pearson. Golden Queen, Chasselas Napoleon,
and Duke of Buccleuch. Those omitted
include Foster's Seedling, Buckland Sweet-
water, and Canon Hall Muscat.

List of Grapes which have received Certi-
ficates or Awards of Merit from the Fruit
Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society, arranged in sequence of dates: —

ISIil— Ascot Hamburgh

Black .

. F.C.C.

,, — Chaboush

White .

18()2-r,iidy Downe's Seedling..

Black .

,

,, —Royal Vineyard

., — Stockticld Park

White .

1863— Duchess of Buccleuch ..

,','

., —Mrs. Pinco's Muscat

Black .

.. —Muscat of .Mcxandria ..

White .

1S67— Madresllcld Court

Black .

.

., —Royal .Vscot

1.%'."— Kempsey .\licanto

„

ISTo— Ferdinand de Lcsseps ..

wiiitc !

,.

., — Waltham Cross

,,

1S71— Eiuiy .'Vscot Frontignan.

^

,

„ —.Vscot Citronelle

'!

,, — Dr. Hogg

..'

,,'

1.S72— Duke of Buccleuch

1>S73— <i(»lden Queen

,.

.,

l.S7t-Mrs. Pearson

^

.. —Vcnn'.s Seedling

Black .

>','

1-;.; Mnwick Seedling

• *

1--I' iir.>s Maroc

1":' liianiant

wiiitc '.

; ;;

Applov Towers

Black .

. A.M.

l««i--|.Mdv ilutt

White .

.. -I.aily Hastings

. F.C.C.

lNil-MnM-;il of Iluiiijarv

,,

. A.M.

.. -CI.m^mIm^ .N:.|.,acon ..

„

. F.C.C.

l»lll'-CbM>M-la> \ ihiTl

,>

. A.M.

„ -While (llos Cohnar

li

. F.C.C.

l.SiH— Cape Muscat

. A.M.

ISii7— Directeur Tisscraiul

lih'i'ck .

„ -Marchioness of Down

shire

White .

„

l.S9!i— Heine Olga (outdoor)

Red .

„

iSHKi— Prince of Wales BliK-k ... „

This list covers a period of 40 years; and
it is seen that in the '(30 decade the awards
were 13; in the '70's, 9 ; in the '80's, 4 ; and
in tlie'90's.9; or a total of ••?o VMrieti(>s. A.I).

ORCIIII) PROPAGATION.

Kucuxri.v 1 have had several itu|uiries as to
tlio length of tiiiio wliieli back lnill)sof Orchids
may remain without showing signs of showing.
In two eases tlio apparently useless pieces had
been set aside for throwing away, but on my
opinion being asked, I advised that they should
1)0 retained, and in both cases the apparently
eyeless pieces have grown. Jii most col lections
the plants liavo a large number of old bulbs
loft on them, most of which, instead of being
a soiirc(! of stn-ngth to the plants, constitute
a dangerous and weakening element, for back
bulljs in excess of two or three immediately
Ijeliiiid the leading one may be regarded as idlo
paupers, which have to bo maintained at the
oxpen.se of the actively working body. There-
fore in all cases it is best to restrict tho
number of back bulbs considerably, and in the
ease of common or poor varieties they may be
thrown away. But with good and valnablo
forms they give to their owner a ready means
of increasing his stock, and thereby securing
his hold on plants which have probably cost
high prices, and which ho would bo sorry to
lose.

In removing back bulbs from valuable
Orchids, they should always be afforded a
chance of growing, even when clo.se observa-
tion fails to reveal a bud. Quito recently I
have seen three I'omarkable instances of per-
severance being rewarded in this direction;

286

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October tJ, 1901.

for example, in the collection of Henry Little,
Esq., Baronshalt, Twickenham, is a plant of
Lielio-Cattleya ■; elegans Littloiana, one of
the finest in colour, which received a I'^irst-
class Certificate in August, 1885. The plant
was at the time of small size, and for some
years was not divisible. At last two very weak
and unpromising pseudo- bulbs were got off.
This piece remained for over two years with-
out showing any sign of growth, but at present
it has a strong lead about an inch in height.
In another instance, two shrivelled back-biilbs
of valuable hybrids were actually rescued
from the rubbish- heap. The one, Liclio-
Cattleya Ingrami, is now about to Uower, and
the other is a sturdy little plant.

But in order to get the best results, my own
experience teaches me that back bulbs,
although they may be removed at any time or
season when convenient, should always be
hung up in the Orchid-house, or a dryish
lobby, which is to be found in some gardens,
and remain there till the starting of growth
indicates that they are ready to avail them-
selves of some small quantity of material
placed within reach, and putting them in very
small baskets or Orchid-pans, and again sus-
pending them in the house. I am of the
opinion that to pot uj) and afford water to
back bulbs on removal is very likely to destroy
the incipient buds, more especially when they
are removed at a time far distant from that of
their natural season of growth, although
cuttings of Dendrobiums, Thunias, and other
long-stemmed species, do not seem to bo so
badly affected thereby as the Odontoglossums,
Cattleyas, &e. I should like to know the
opinion of others on this subject, as it is an
• interesting and useful branch of Orchid-cul-
ture, and one on which many amateurs would
like information.

I may say that Mr. Norman C. Cookson, of
Oakwood, Wylam, who is a careful observer,
and one of the cleverest propagators of fine
forms of Odoiitoglossum erispum, after many
experiments, and some failures, told me that
his method of late years has been to suspend
the old bulbs with a piece of matting from the
roof of a warm and rather dry lobby between
two of his houses. Here they never fail to
start growth at some time or other ; occasion-
ally, pieces which have lost even the remotest
buds at the base of the bulbs, just as they
seem about to perish altogether, push out
small growths and bullis from the top of the
old one. The lesson seems to bo, never to
throw away the back bulbs of Orchids until
you are quite sure that they are dead. There
is yet another matter relating to back bulbs
of Orchids which I will refer to later, unless
some of your correspondents ventilate it
while conveying their experience on this
subject. James O'Brien.

A MIDLAND GARDEN.

In reference to the superiority of rain
over other applications of water, Herr Buijs-
iiian, of Middelburg, in Holland, writes
to me that he has made experiments upon
the sul)jeet, and finds that the only advan-
tage of natural rain is that it falls in drops ;
antl, therefore, when water from a watering-
can is made to do the same, it is equally
benpficial. This may be so, but I hope Herr
Buijsnian will communicate to the public,
through tlie (iardeners Chronicle or other-
wise, some particulars of his experiments.
This gentleman is a botanist who has given
special attention to the mounting of her-
barium specimens. The plants are dried
with great care, and dissections of the more

inii)ortant organs, with seeds, young leaves,
ttc. are addeil to each specimen. Sets of
medicinal agricultural, or other plants so
prepared, can be supplied to the pnlilic.

I took up the other day that quaint old
poom, by Dr. Erasmus Darwin, The Jiotanic
Oarden, written in rhymed couplets of the
epic or ten-syllable metre, and fii-st pub-
lished in 1781. It is not high-class poetry,
liut it is a remarkable book. Full of wild
fancies and imaginings, sometimes musical,
sometimes grotesque, it puts into verse, or
explains in copious notes, nearly all the
geology, botany, and physics of that (hiy.
The author was the grandfather of tlie
illustrious Charles Darwin.

There seems to be just now a complete
rage for books on gardening ; not text-ljooks.
but such as combine utility with fancy or
gossip, or entertaining narrative. Among
those that I have seen, Mrs. Earle's Pot-
Poarri front a Surreij Garden still maintains
its place as one of the best; but as drawing-
room books for the beauty of their pictures,
it would be difficult to beat Gardening for
Beginners, by E. T. Cook, or Wall and Water
Gardens, by Gertrude .Tekyll. The latter
contains 120 full-page illustrations from
photographs of the highest excellence. Many
of them are extremely beautiful. The instruc-
tions for making the most of walls, ponds,
and brooks are very clear, and very good
reading.

It is surprising how much the beauty of
Nature, so full of curved outline and minute
detail, may be enhanced by human art with
its straight lines and larger masses. The
reason is simple. Beauty depends upon the
])ercei)tion at the same time of varietj- and
(if unity or relationship. Where the variety
predominates we get picturesqueness ; where
the unity predominates we get symmetry;
and if either completely overpowers the
other, we have either chaos or monotony.
.\ row of cheap houses, newly built, in a
country lane, adds variety, but not unity,
and the result is chaotic. But it is pos-
sible to build houses so tastefully de-
signed that their forms harmonise at once
with Nature, and intensify her beauty,
and when her creeping sprays enfold
the masonry so as to blend its straightness
with her delicate curves, an extjuisite
beauty is revealed such as neither could
have produced alone. To the same cause is
due the beauty of lobed leaves, such as Oak,
Sycamore, Vine, and Ivy. The lobing adds
variety, and the more varied the lobes, the
more beautiful is the leaf. The leaf of Boc-
conia cordata is an exquisite example of
curved lobing, and that of Bryonia dioica of
angular lobing. I notice that while some
plants of Bryony have the leaves deeply
lobed, with the terminal lobe longer than the
others, in other plants the lobes are shallow,
as in the common Ivy. These latter plants
are generally without flowers, and must. I
think, lie the seedlings of the year not yet
mature. In some plants, the leaves become
more deeply cut towards the extremities
of the long branches, as in the Vegetable-
Marrow, or when they spring from the older
wood, as in Ampelopsis Veitehi.

For the back row of a mixed border. Cam-
panula Rapunculoides is a useful plant. It
flowers freely, with tall spikes of large blue
bells, a yard high, is perfectly hardy, and
wants no attention beyond preventing it
from spreading too far. It is not equal to

Campanula pyramidalis, but is a fair sub-
stitute, and rc([uircs much less care.
Galtonia candicans, better known as Hya-
cinthus candicans, is another handsome
plant for back rows or for groups ; but it is.
hardly as handsome as it might be. The
elegant white bells should be larger, and
more of them should be open together. Here
is a good field for the clever "improver."
Many plants which bear their flowers in
elongating racemes have the same fault of
opening only a few flowers at the same
time. If they could lie induced to keep the
lower ones closed until the whole spike, br
even half of it, was ready, the effect would
lie much more striking. Or if the lower
flowers were more permanent, so that they
would not wither before the upper ones
expanded, the same result would be attained.
It is this habit which makes the value of
the Double White Rocket, the Rocket Lark-
spur, and the best strains of Hollyhocks.

The fruit crop has turned out fairly well
this year. Some of my Pear trees are very
full. I have just stripped a small liough
•■> feet long which was broken off by its-
burden, and have gathered more than sixty
fine Pears from it. weighing five to the
pound. A large tree of the Louise Bonne of
•lersey is so loaded that the boughs hang
down on all sides, and the tree looks like a
fountain of big brown drops. In Apples, the
Irish Peach, which is the best of the early-
Apples ripe in August, was well loaded with
fine fruit. Pearmain and Duchess of Olden-
burg have, as usual with them, heavy crops.
The Normanton Wonders are few. I have
two trees, but they have never done well.
They are planted where a pocket of gravel
comes near to the surface, and I think this
injuriously affects the roots. Both trees are
more or less cankered. Cox's Orange Pippin
has a crop, but not a large one. Manx
("odiins, excellent cookers, were pretty plen-
tiful, but small, no doubt from the dry
weather.

Green Peas are perhaps the most delicious,
of all household vegetables. The season foi-
them has now passed. It has been a short
one this year on account of the drought. I
think the nicest vegetable in the garden just
now is a young hearted Cabliage - sprout.
Where the spring Cabliage was cut off from,
two to four sprouts shoot forth, and just
now mine are at their best. They are
tender, sweet, and flavoursome, and more
attractive to me than Kidney Beans, which
are always, to my taste, a little Insipid. It
is customary here, when a Cabbage is cut, to
make two cuts at right angles to each other
on the top of the old stalk to promote the
growth of sprouts. Has this any real effect ■'
After examining a number of the sprouting
plants, of which some wei'c cut while others,
were not, I am inclined to think that the
effect is nil.

Vegetable- Marrows have a disagreeable
habit of turning yellow and withering away
without any apparent cause. Sometimes
half of a long branch will go while the rest
remains green. I have a jilant now with a
main stem eleven feet long bearing several
side branches. I have cut some good fruit'
from it, but the terminal eight feet are now
dying while the branches of the first three
feet are still healthy. It is growing on a
solid mound of soil and rubljle. on the top
of which a hollow was made and filled with
about half a bushel of good soil and manure.

October 10, 1901.]

THE GARDESERS' CHRONICLE.

287

There is no external appearance of fungus
on the leaves. The plant has been f re(|uently
watered, sometimes with liquid manure.
What is killing it "r 'Prolialily, low night
temperature. Ed.]

A gentleman in this neighbourhood who
has for many years had the management of
a very large estate, informed me a few days
ago that several young steers feeding on a
rough hillside, with a brook at the bottom,
had all died unaccountably. The place
had been examined by a botanist, but no
poisonous plant had been found. Tlie

importance, which should be exhaustively
investigated by the agricultural societies.

Has anyone found a use for the runners of
Strawlserries ? They ought to be cut off at
least twice during the season of growth. I
have been using the oldest and toughest of
them for tying up the bundles of Onions to
be hung from the coiling of an out-house to
keep for winter. They seem quite adapted
for this purpose. Could not the very tough
fibre which they contain be turned to other
uses? This morning it was necessary to tic
back an .\rbor-vit:(> which was hanging over

LIVISTONA AUSTRALI8.
We are indebted to the courtesy of Prof.
Maiden, the Director of the Sydney Botanic
Garden, for the accompanying illustration
(fig. S7) of an East Australian Palm. It was
planted in 1881 by H.R.H. the late Duke of
Clarence, and was inspected with interest by
the Duke of Cornwall on the occasion of his
recent visit to the botanic garden. The
species is also known iinder the name of
Corypha australis. It is too tender for oui>-of-
door cultivation here.

HERBACEOUS BORDER.

Fig. 87. — livistona australis (cAitnAcic-PALM), orowing in the botanic gardens, svdnev.

vitomachs of the cattle were examined, but
tliero was no sei-ious inflammation, and no
poisonous seeds were tlier.\ He liimsclf
jittriliutcd tlie deatli of tlie steers to tlieir
having eaten freely tlie little yellow Tor-
mentilla, whicrh grows there abundantly,
-and which, though not poisonous, is very
astringent, and might injuriously affect the
stomach. This theory seems to me unlikely,
the Tormontilla being a Rosaceous plant
and very harmless, but 1 have no better
theory to suggest. Several similar cases of
<-attle dying in the fields without apparent
cause have come to my notice during the
last twenty years. It is a matter of serious

a patli, an<l some material was required the
colour of which should be inconspicuous. It
was found in the runner, 4 feet long, of a
greater Periwinkle, which answered tlic
I)urposc admirably.

I mentioned last autumn that the straight
stiff stems of the (tolden Rod made good
stakes for tying up light things, such as
Hyacinths, Wallllowers, and Stocks. I found
them so useful, that I am reserving a small
plantation of Golden Rod especially for this
purpose, and reckon that I shall get from one
to two hundred stakes this year. [The old gar-
deners knew also how useful they are. En.]
/•'. r. Mod, F.B.G.S., liirstal Hill, Leicester.

CHRySAJVTHEMUM MAXIMUM " bOHD
ROBERTS."

The varieties of Chrj'santhemum inaxiraura
have become so numerous that some discrimi-
nation is necessary in selecting only the best.
The variety under notice is new, and one of
the finest yet I'aised. It commences to flower
about the end of the month of May, and con-
liiiues till frost stops all further development.
The blossoms are remarkable for their size,
the diameter of a good specimen exceeding
•1 inches, and the petals broader than those of
t he older forms ; it is pure white, and the
yellow disc is not largo or conspicuous as in
those. The plant succeeds in any garden soil
if in good condition, and it is i-eadily increa.scd
by division in autumn or spring.

Tritoma (Knipuofia) Triumph.
This is unquestionably a welcome addition
to Knipholhis. Flowering later than most of
the older varieties, it possesses sufficient
merit in this respect alone ; but its flowers are
attractive by reason of their unique goldon-
yollow colour. It is hardy, and of easy culture
in any good garden soil, and the ilowor-shaft
leaches a height of 3 feet.

(Knotiieua speciosa rosea.
This variety is a fine addition to garden
plant.s, lor a largo mass planted in the autumn
of 1000 in light sandy loam was most attractive
thiDUghout the late summer, and is still
making a brilliant display. It should bo noted
that {ho plant has beautiful rosy-pink flowers,
an ai,neeal)le perfume, and it grows about 2 foot
jji hi'ight, is quite hardy, and .succeeds in any
good garden .soil.

SOI.ID.VOO C.ESIA.

Solidagos are popularly known under tho
name of (ioldon Rods, and they aro usually
tall plants of vigorous growth. Tho variety
ca'sia seldom exceeds 21- feet, and in general
appearance it resembles S. Shorti. Its bright
yellow flowers aro freely produced on long,
slender, dark purplish stems.

flCxOTUERA C.ESPITOSA.
At first sight this pretty species might bo
taken to bo that well-known (E. exiinia (mar-
ginata), but an examination of tho plant shows
it to bo quite distinct. Its leaves, unlike
tho.se of eximia, are lanceolate, deeply den-
tated or toothed, of a deep green colour, and
tufted. The flowers are pinkish-white, about
I inches across, with very long and slender
calyx tubes, produced abundantly from early
summer till late in tho autumn, and thoy pos-
sess a pleasant fragrance that is most notice-
able in the evening. It barely exceeds 12 in.
in height, and is almost stemless. The growth
is more vigorous than that of (H. eximia, and
its cultivation easier, succeeding in places
where the other refuses to grow. Tho plant
makes good growth in light, rich, sandy loam,
as likewise in very heavy loam. Where 05.

288

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 19, 1901.

eximia does not grow satisfactorily, I -would
reeommend that this species be substituted
for it, as in general appearance it greatly
resembles that beautiful species. Seeds ripen
freely in this country, and should be sown
■when ripe ; moreover, the plant can be easily
raised from root-cuttings placed in boxes filled
-with a light kind of soil, and kept in a cold
frame until large enough to l)e planted in the
border. The plant is a native of N. America,
and was introduced about 1811. E. S., Wokimj.

BOOK NOTICE.

The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay.*
A CoMi'REHENSivK account of the botany of
the whole Empire of India is provided by Sir
Joseph Hooker's Flora. The immense scope of
that admirable work, while making it eminently
suitable for the botanical expert, renders it
difficult of use by anyone whose education has
not been specialised in the direction of
systematic botany. For the preparation of
provincial floras, the great work of Hooker
forms an admirable basis ; and, on this basis,
it is intended to issue floras dealing with the
plants of each of the provinces comprised in
the Indian Empire, of a sort which shall be
fitted for the use alike of the educated native
inhabitants, and of the European ofBcials and
settlers. By the publication of the first part
of Dr. Cooke's Flora of Bombaij, the initial
step has been taken towards the fulfilment of
this admirable scheme.

Dr. Cooke, who was for many years Principal
of the College of Science at Poena, retired
from service in India some years ago; and,
since his retirement, he has been devoting his
energies to the preparation of a Flora of the
Presidency of which he was for so long a dis-
tinguished ornament, and in which he amassed,
at first as a private individual, and latterly as
Director of its Botanical Siirveij, an extensive
herbarium of beautifully preserved specimens.
The first part of Dr. Cooke's, work has now
been issued. In form it resembles Sir Joseph
Hooker's Flora of British India, and like that
work, it is being issued in parts. The natural
families are treated in the sequence of Ben-
tham and Hooker's Genera Plantarnm, just as
in Hooker's work. The indigenous species
described in this first part number about 335,
and they range from Ramniciilacete to Riita-
cea\ Notices are also given of the most note-
worthy naturalised plants which belong to
these families. Some idea of the progress
which has been made in acquiring a knowledge
of the vegetation of the Presidency may be
gained from the fact that this number exceeds
by 130 the species of the same families de-
scribed in the last published Flora of Bomhaij
(that of Dalzell), which was issued in the
year 1861.

Dr. Cooke, in this his first part, has struck
a high level of excellence which it is sincerely
to be hoped may be maintained in the floras of
the other pi-ovinces which are understood to
be now in preparation. His descriptions are
terse and grapliic, and they arc drawn up on the
principle of comparing the same organ in the
same sequence in each species. Excellent
keys to the species are given, and also good
keys to the genera, which will greatly facili-
tate the Identification of plants by those (may
they be many !) who use the book. If there bo
given with tlio concluding part of the work

» By Theodore Cooke, C.I.E.. M.A., LL.D., F.L.S.,
F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E.I., formerly Principal of the College
of Scienceat Poona, and Direetor of the Botanical Survey
of Western India. Part I. (Taylor & Francis ; pp. Ivi2 ;
price 8.S.)

equally good keys to the natural families, and
also a copious glossary, there will I'emain no
excuse for any inhabitant of the Bombay Presi-
dency, of moderate Intelligence and education,
tor not making himself acquainted with the
name of any plant he may find growing wild
within its boundaries.

A noteworthy feature in the work is the
absence of most of the old and obsolete syno-
nyms, wliich, however interesting and valuable
to the systematic expert, are confusing and
meaningless to the classes for wliom these
provincial floi-as are mainly intended. While,
however, synonymy is thus curtailed, the date
of the original publication of each species is
given immediatelyafter thenameof its author.
Notes on the economic uses of plants are
given, and also vernacular names ; and, in the
description of evei-y species, i-eference is
made to Sir Joseph Hooker's Flora. Dr.
Watts' Dictionarij of Economic Indian Products
is also freely quoted.

The book is published under the auspices of
the Secretary of State for India, on the recom-
mendation of Dr. Prain, Director of the
Botanical Survey of India, and of Sir William
Thiselton-Dyer, Director of the Royal Botanic
Garden, Kew. It is excellently got up, and
it is not unduly costly. In every way it is a
publication in respect of which all concerned
may be warmly congratulated.

UNPROFITABLE FEUIT-TREES.

In many gardens there are some trees that
are not bearing, and come under the above
heading. Of course, some trees never can be
made profitable, and to these I will only briefly
refer. Seme are so old, so cankered and
worthless, that it is a pity to encumber the
ground with such trees. Another instance of
poor trees results from hard pruning of the
top growth, and allowing the roots free play.
To this point my note will refer. Many a time
the pruning-knife has been too active on the
top growth, and as a consequence, gross growth
and few fruits. But one does not err always
intentionally ; in many gardens, ours among
the number, the main walks have bush or
pyramid trees along their sides. This adds to
the appearance, and no harm is done, providing
such trees have room (they often are crowded),
and to keep them shapely they must be hard
pruned. In many cases I have seen the trees
cut back too early in the summer, with the
result that they make a second growth, but
few fruit-buds. It would be far better to thin
out later, to ripen up the new wood and fruit-
buds made, but the thinning does not make
the trees so nice to look upon as wh»n they
are cut close over.

Root Pruning.

What is the remedy? Well, doubtless root-
pruning, and what are termed dwarf standards,
if not too old. I do not include large standard
trees in orchards, or in places where there is
ample room for top growth. Given the latter,
the roots may be allowed freedom. I am aware
that even in orchards with this freedom there
are failures, but they may arise from causes
we cannot avoid, such as winds and weather,
but we often see much better crops on large
trees with ample freedom. For instance, some
of the very strong growers do well as stan-
dards, but grow too much to wood in bush
form. Others will not do well with severe
pruning, and those that are of pendulous
growth often boar on the points of the
shoots. To cut these latter hard back means
failure of crop.

The present is a good time to root-
prune, indeed the earlier the work can be done

in the autumn so much the better. I would
not delay the work even if the top-growth is
still immature, as root-pruning now will do
far more good than excessive top-pruning
later. In all cases, and especially with large
trees left for many years undisturbed, it may
not be well to do all the work in one season.
Half the roots may be cut this year, the
remainder next. I am aware that to root-prune
large trees involves time and a considerable
amount of labour, but the latter will soon be
repaid, say in one season's crop, when the
trees are in healthy free-bearing condition.

The chief point is to do the work well (with
large trees at least 3 to 4 feet from the stem
must be allowed), and to form a good workable
trench, so that it is possible to get well down
under the roots, as those which are strong
and with a direct downward tendency are the
important ones. These should be cut with the
mattock, and gone over afterwards with a
sharp knife. In digging down, preserve all
the fibrous roots possible, and when filling in
the soil carefully spread out also other small
roots in a slightly upward position. The soil
for filling in should be from the top ; if poor or-
deficient in lime, such addition as old mortar-
rubble, burnt refuse, or wood-ashes, and good
loam may be given to stone fruits, such as the
Peach or Apricot. The new soil should bo
firmly rammed as the work proceeds, and
also fairly dry, so that it does not clog. If the
soil is very dry under the trees then water
freely; indeed, if possible, well .saturate the
roots before root-pruning.

The above advice refers especially to trees-
in the open ; wall trees need similar treat-
ment, as they often fail from the same cause.
Indeed, unless wall trees are given free exten-
tion, the continual stopping and cutting back
cause barrenness, the roots getting low down,
and a gross growth follows.

In the case of Apricots, I have seen these
trees fail badly year after year when the
roots have been too deep, and very good
results have followed lifting when the trees
are not too old. .Some years ago we lifted a
large number of trees that were on an east
wall to a west one that had few fruits, but
made gross wood — large trees too, and for
years after they cropped grandly, but recently
they made much wood, and are now under-
going the same process. Those too large to
lift will be undermined, root-pruned, raised if
necessary, and induced to make surface-roots.
With the Peach, Nectarine, and Plum on
walls, root-pruning where lifting cannot be
done is a necessity ; these trees often make
a gross growth after being in good soil three
or four years. We have trees with 15 to
20 feet run of branches, only planted some six
years ago, and a few have made very strong
wood ; these are now being taken bodily out
of their positions, the gross under-roots cut,
and the trees being slightly raised and new
loaui given.

I do not advocate mutilation, but advise that
the trench be kept at least 1 yard from the wall,
all fine roots preserved, and carefully spread
out when replanting. Of course with larger
trees root pruning, not lifting, is advised.
There is no need to expose roots longer than
possible, and we find it is much better to lift
or root prune, and allow free extension of
branches, than to prune top-growth hard to
keep trees within bounds.

Plums grown on walls have when young a great
tendency to grow too much to wood, and timely
lifting will do much good. Some years ago
we transplanted from one site to another some
very large trees which rarely gave any fruit,
but the transplanting did much good, as they
have done well since. I am not a believer in

October lo, 1901.]

THE GAUD EXER S ' CII U 0 XI CL E.

2S!)

letting any tree remain that fails to crop ; and
in gardens limited for space, unprofitable
trees should not be allowed to remain long.
G. Wijthes.

CLIYIA MIXIATA.

We are indebted to Mr. Humphrey, of Xash
Court Gardens, Favershara, for the illustration
of the very fine example shown at fig. 88. The
plant measured '> feet across, and represents
the result of twenty years' attention.

a piece of ground near to Lewisham .Tanction
Railway-station. Mr. Jones had made up his
mind to acquire a collection of these useful
autumn-flowering plants, and accordingly com-
menced to obtain them from every available
source. Most people will be able to guess the
result of this.

The correct nomenclature of the genus is
not an easy matter, but the trials made at
Chiswick a few years ago remedied much
of the confusion, and enabled growers to
sec which were the best varieties up

in time of blooming, that the buds had not
commenced to open in the first week of
October.

By careful selection of sorts, good cultiva-
tion and selei'tion of aspect, it is perfectly
easy to obtain flowers of these Asters from
the middle of July until December, or until
hard frosts put a full stop to vegetation
generally.

JIany of Mr. Jones' plants have been grown
in pots, and they have succeeded well, the
plants being bushy and of good size ; but no

Ik;. HS.— WEM.-CULTIVATED plants of CLIVIA MINIATA, in NASH COURT CAltDHNS, !■ A\ ICUSIIAM.

NURSERY NOTES.

PKREXMAL ASTICK.S AT LKWISHAM.
ilR. H. J. JONKS, of the Kyecroft Nurseries,
Lewisham, it is well known, does not e.xpend
nearly the whole of his energies upon Chrys-
anthemum cultivation, but is rapidly develop-
ing a nursery business of a varied character.
■We were not surprised, therefore, to see the
extensive collection of perennial Asters shown
from his establishment at a recent meeting of
the Royal Hort. Soc. ; a;id since that date we
have had the opportunity to make a hurried in-
spection of the plants from which those flowers
were shown. They have been cultivated upon

to that time. Some of the species are
distinct enough, others are not so, and it
would further appear that the species readily
(TOSS with each other, and that there are
hybrids that cannot be properly called
by any specific name at all. In the ques-
tion of variety also, there is much con-
fusion; thus the collection at Lewisham,
nominally consisting of about '2')0 varieties,
contains perhaps 150 species and varieties,
distinct enough from each other to be worth
cultivating. Some of the varieties had
passed out of bloom before we saw the plants,
as A. aciis, early varieties of A. Aniellns,
A. hevis, iVc, which commence to bloom in
August or earlier, but others varied so much

doubt Mr. Jones would not rcconunond their
cultivation in pots in gardens, except the
plants are required for decoration indoors,
where they would perhaps afford a little
varit^ty to the Chrysanthemums. The Novi
Belgii section includes some very usefid
varieties, amongst which are the following :
Apollo and Autumn (Jlory, both having blue
flowers; White Beatrice, about 1 feet high,
distinct from Candi<lus ; Superbus, n feet high,
bushy, very freely flowered, blooms pale lilac
colojr, with rerklisli centre ; Albatross, white ;
White Spray, one of the prettiest ; Pui-ity, Ella,
and John Wood (ii II white); Pearl Lyonnaise
(existing under several names in as many dif-
ferent nurseries) ; Snowflake, W. Mai'shall, one

290

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 19, 1901.

of the best of tlie pale blue-flowered varieties ;
Robert Parlcer. lilac-purple ; Harpur Crewe,
densus, Archer Hind, pale ro.sy-lilac, &c.

The species Xovje Angliae has hairy stems
and loaves. It contains some fine varieties
that grow about 6 feet high, and seldom less
than 4 feet. W. Bowman, purple, is one of the
best of the section, but Precocite, Prseeox,
and Diadem, of the same colour, are also very
fine. Diadem has an ad%'antage over the others,
in that the flowers do not close so soon after
sunset as they do. Pulchelhis is a handsome
variety, with pale magenta flowers. The
best I'ed variety is Mrs. .J. F. Rayner : it is
•earliest and dwarfest. Other good reds are
Roseus, rather taller and later than the
preceding; and Ruber, with larger, deeper
coloured flowers, and later still. The species
Acris, with its early stellate flowers, is a
grand plant, known to everyljody, and we saw
at Lewisham a pretty variety with pink flowers.
A. Amellus, an Italian species, is dwarfer in
habit than most of those already mentioned.
The best variety is a very old one, viz., bess-
arabicus ; the flowers have a bright golden-
coloured centre. Other excellent sorts are
Riverslea and Framfieldi. The last named
variety has large-sized flowers, and blooms
later than any other of the section. It
was introduced by Mr. Xorman Davis, of
Chrysanthemum fame.

Other good varieties noticed were A. versi-
color Thetis, a good, early-flowering Aster,
with white or tinted flowers ; A. Itevis formo-
-sissimus, growing 21 ft. high, flowers about
the size of a halfi^enny. colour violet ; a variety
called Coombe Fishacre, with beautiful
spreading branches of flowei-s, plant 4 ft.
through, flowers small, of pale colour, with
high disc, and deep brown stamens ; A. pani-
culatus Claudius, a bushy plant, 3 to 4 ft. high,
with myriads of small white flowers with
yellow centre ; A. puniceus lucidulus, with
pale lilac flowers \h ins. across; A. viminens,
a bushj' species, ih ft. high, flowei'S white ; A.
umbellatus, very tall, flowers white, cxuite
past now; A. trinervius, ."! ft. high, with
long-leaves, flower-heads about 1 inch across ;
A. Tradescanti (white), rather early ; A. eri-
coides, one of the latest to flower, very i>retty ;
A. diffusus horizontalis, very spreading,
white, with pink centre ; A. Thomsoni, a very
distinct species, with foliage almost like that of
Sage, but the flowers similar to the Amellus
type ; and A. Douglasii, with rich purple
flower-lieads, which have no ray-florets ; leaves
heart-shaped, acuminate, serrated.

Mr. Jones thinks he can see directions in
which the perennial Asters may be improved
by cross fertilisation, and he is collecting the
species for the purpose. But up to the present
he has failed to secure the rare species A.
diplostephioides, shown by Mr. Marshall at a
meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society on
.September 25, l!S88, when a First-class Certifi-
cate was awarded to the plant. Perhaps some
of our readers may possess this distinct and
a-are species from the Sikkira Himalayas.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mayne, Gardener to the Hon. Mark Kolle,
Bictou, East Budleigli, Devonshire.

Globe Articlwkes. — In cold districts whei-e it
as not safe to expose the plants out-of-doors
■during the winter, some of the best and
strongest of the off-shoots should be detached
and dug up before much frost occurs ; potting
them in 8-inoh pots with as much soil as will
hang to the roots, and after affording water
copiously placing them in a banked-up frame
or turfen pit and keeiiing them close and shaded

for a few days. The plants should have full
exposure in mild weather, and be matted over
during hard frosts. The pots should l)e sunk
in cocoa-nut fibre, tree-leaves, or coal ashes,
at about 1 foot apart.

Trenching. — As jjlots become vacant, wheel
on to them the requisite amount of manure,
and trench 2| to 3 feet deep, or 2 good spits
deep, or bastard ti-ench as the case may
require, first having decided the nature of the
next season's crop, and manuring accordingly
or not at all. Heavy soils are the better for
being dug in the autumn, and thrown up into
ridges, so that frost, wind, &c., may pulverise
and ameliorate them. With light sandy soil,
the digging may well stand over for a couple
of months, or even into the new year. No
ground should be dug while in a very wet
state. All weeds should be cleared off and
burnt, or buried deeply, else they will prove a
source of annoyance next summer.

Asparagus. — As soon as the growths upon old
beds have thoroughly ripened, cut them down
with the scythe level with the soil. Hoe and
rake the surface of the lieds, and remove all
weeds and rubbisli. As soon as there are
frosty mornings, wheel on a top-dressing of
half-decayed leaf-soil and manure, preferably
that from a spent liot-bed. I do not believe in
laying on the beds at this date such lieavy
dressings of rank manvire as some advocate,
especially on retentive soils, as it tends to keep
the latter cold and wet throughout the winter.
If newly-planted beds or seedlings of this year
are still green, do not cut them down yet.

Seakale. — There is nothing gained by re-
moving the foliage from the crowns while it is
still green, but any decayed foliageand all weeds
may be cleared away, so that sun and air laay
ripen the crowns. The crowns need not be
raised nntil they are required for the forcing-
house. The same remarks apply to Rhubarb.

Lettuce. — Plants about thi-ee-i^arts grown
should be lifted with small balls of soil attached,
and bo placed in cold pits or orchard-houses,
keeping them near to the glass, and afford-
ing full ventilation except on frosty nights.
Avoid much wetting of the heart and leaves,
or decay will set in.

Tomatos for fruiting during winter will
require careful attention from this date on-
wards. Remove all laterals as they show, and
about mid-day lightly brush over all flower-
trusses with a camel's-hair pencil, affording
plenty of ventilation when the weather is
suitable. JVo damping overhead sliould be
practised, but walls, walks, &c., may be
moistened once or twice daily. Sec the plants
do not want for water at the roots, and afford
them a dose of Clay's or some other fertiliser
once a week. All usable fruits should be
gathered from out-door plants, and placed on
a shelf to ripen ; and if frosts tlireaten pull up
the plants that have much unripened fruit
upon them, and hang them in a late vinery,
and most of the fruits will ripen.

MiLslirooms.— Beds spawned five or six weeks
since should soon be showing a crop. Do not
afford water to the beds unless it is really
necessary, but keep the surroundings moistened
every other day or .so. No artificial heat will
be needed just at iireseut to keep the house
58° or 60°. In preparing manure for succes-
sion beds from November onwards, add one
wheel-barrowful of soil to six of manure,
instead of two, as advocated early in Sep-
tember. Out-of-doors beds must be well
covered with mats and reeds to throw off the
rain. Keep a watch for slugs or woodlice, or
they will soon do much dama.ge to the crop.

THE ORCHID HOITSES.

Masdei'allias. — The proper treatment of
Masdevallias during the winter is very essen-
tial. The robust-growing .section, to which M.
Veitchi, M. ignea, M. Davisii, M. Harryana,
and others belong, are not easily kept in good
condition, for after a continuance of heavy
fogs, wet weather, or cold winds, their

foliage may become spotted in spite of very
careful attention. Upon the return of bright
weather they tlien present a very poor appeai"-
ance. My own experience teaches me that
the spotting is generally caused by subjecting
the plants to a lower temperature than they
can withstand during periods of unfavour-
able weather, and by affording too much
moisture in the atmosphere and to the roots
of the plants. If drier conditions are pro-
vided, the plants rarely suffer any harm. The
temperature of the house in which this section
of JIasdevallias are grown should not fall
below 50° at night, even in cold weather. In
the neighbourhood of large towns many fail to
cultivate Masdevallias satisfactorily for this
reason. Fire-heat should be used even in mild
weather during the winter months, so that
the ventilators may be opened a little oc-
casionally. The more tender species, such
as M.Schlimi, M. polysticta, M. abbreviata,
M. attenuata, M. caudata, M. triangularis ;
the miniature species, such as M. Es-
tradas, M. Wagneri, and those with grass-
like foliage to which M. Simula, M. trichaete,
&c., belong, should be placed in a position
near tlie glass. The miniature kinds should
be placed at the warmest end of the house,
and care is necessary with these to prevent
cold water dripping from the roof. It fre-
quently occurs that drip falling on the plants
growing in tuft-like clusters causes the whole
of the leaves in the centre to damp-off at the
base. Where drip has fallen into a plant suf-
ficient to cause saturation of the potting com-
post, remove such plant into a warmer house,
to enable it to regain its normal conditions.

M. torarensis is one of the most useful
winter-flowering Orchids. If the plants have
been growing through the summer months in
the cool-house, remove them now to the inter-
mediate-house, where the night temperature
does not fall below 55°. Fumigate the plants
at regular intervals, so as to keep them free
from insect pests up to the time of the flower-
buds commencing to expand, but not after-
wards.

PleHrcrthaUis scaplia. — The rare P. punotulata
and other smalli-growing species do well in
winter in a light position of tlie Masdevallia-
house. Many of these flower through the
winter months.

THE UARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Herein.
The Winter Motli. — For many years the
caterpillars of the Winter Moth, Cheimatobia
brumata, have caused mucli loss of fruit, more,
in fact, in Apples than any other insect pest.
In warm and dry springs that favour the
hatching of the eggs at an early date, if their
ravages are allowed to go unchecked, the
prospects of a good crop of fruit are soon
destroyed, the leaves and blossoms curling up.
The conditions of spring this year were not so
favourable as in some years for early develop-
ment, and the losses generally were not of a
very serious nature, even whore grease-bands
had not been used in the jirevious autumn. In
order to prevent the moth ascending the
stems, bands smeared with some sticky sub-
stance should be placed round the stems at
this date and up to the end of the present
month. The female moth being wingless, or
furnislied with but the rudiments of wings,
these bands act as traps, and should be
adopted by every grower of Apples and Pears.
The moth changes from the chrysalis state at
this season and onwards into the winter, and
creeps up the stems of the trees to lay their
eggs in the crevices of the bark or any shelter
afforded by the twiggy Ijranches. Several
sticky substances have found favour with culti-
vators, but that known as "Evesham Grease,"
which resembles cart-grease, is the favourite.
" Home's " is another good ijreparation,
and instructions for applying the same ai-e
furnished with it, as well as grease-proof
paper on which to smear the grease. The
stems of old fruit-trees having thick bark may
be smeared with these substances close to the
ground to the width of 9 or 10 inches ; younger

October 19, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

291

trees, oa the contrarj', should be surrounded
with a band of grease-proof paper, and on
this the mixture sliouUl be smeared, or a
grease-band proper put over it. The paper
shoukl fit eveuly and closely to the stem,
otherwise the moths will find their way up
without passing over the dressed surface.
[If a band be fitted as close as may be, and a
fillet of tough clay pressed around the upper
border, filling every crevice, the band acts as
another kind of trap for the winter moth and
other jiests. Ed.] These bands must be kept
in a sticky condition, the dressing being
renewed when it has become dry from ex-
posure. If a tree is supported by a stake, the
latter should be smeared with tar or "grease,"
or it will afford a means for the moth to pass
into the crown of the tree.

delay, and those not requiring repotting
should be turned out of the pots, and a few
inches of soil from the base removed, cutting
back the roots, and supplying fresh compost
and good drainage. The surface should be
removed, and new compost afforded, making it
firm with a rammer, and finish with a mulch of
good manure. Afford water, and place the
trees where they can have plenty of air.

PBUITS tJNDEE GLASS.

Loss oj Peach-buds. — Several theories are
advanced as to the cause of Peach and Necta-
rine-trees dropping their buds prematurely.
Most cultivators, however, are of opinion that
an early loss of foliage, either from a bad
attack of red-spider or from dryness at the
roots, are frequent causes. If the wood is not
well matured, the foliage cannot well remain
too long in a healthy green state, an early loss
meaning imperfectly-formed buds and a faulty
root-action. All the while the trees are being
syringed twice daily and water afforded occa-
sionally, their progress is satisfactory, but
directly the fruit is nearly or quite ripe,
syringing or damping down is usually dis-
continued, and the roots soon feel the differ-
ence. Inless the borders are mulched in some
way, they arc almost certain to crack badly,
and the trees are more likely to suffer from
■want of water during a dull, sunless autumn
than in brighter weather, and a border
may become dry in such weather, if more
slowly, by being overlooked. Kxamine the
borders frci|ucntly, and apply water whenever
the soil is approaching dryness, liquid-manure
being supplied to those that are well filled with
roots. In order to facilitate operations aiul to
prevent the cracking of the surface, the border
should be lightly pricked over with a fork. In
the case of trees growing too freely, rather
less water should be applied at the roots, and
a little fire-heat turned on, in order to main-
tain a drier air in the house. This will check
late growth, and favour the ripening of the
wood. When the trees are pruned, cleaned,
and re-tied, it is a good plan to lay bare the
surface-roots and top-dress them with a mix-
ture of loam, Thomson's Vine-manure, and
charred rubbish, into which the roots will
penetrate before growth for the year ceases.

The Orchard Houxc. — The planting and trans-
planting of trees should receive attention
forthwith. Stone fruits in general thrive best
in turfy loam, with one-sixth of the bulk
formed of chalk, lime rubbish, plaster, &c.,
being careful to free these from pieces of
wood ; and if the soil is very adhesive, add
road-scrapings as well as a good quantity of
crushed steamed bones. If the soil be light,
add clay to the amount of one-sixth part of the
bulk, and let the whole bo thoroughly mixed.
Every fruit-tree border should possess a ."t-inch
tile drain, laid with a proper incline at the
bottom, and provided with an outlet. Above
the drain, and over the entire botlcirn, place a
layer 9 inches thick of rubble, the coarsest at
the bottom, and the finest at the top, linisliing
off with lime-rubliish or chalk. .V border
should be 2 feet deep and (! feet wide, and the
compost should bo trodden firmly. The best
varieties of Cherries are lilaek Tartarian and
May lliike, but the yellow Cherries are agree-
al)le additions to I he dessert; and of these, KIton
and (lovernor Wood are excellent varieties.
The roof-lights being now removed, they need
not be replaced for a month. Remove the old
surface soil without doing harm to the roots,
and replace it with a fresh compost, that given
above answering well. Trees in i)ots that
require larger sizes should be shifted without

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts, Gardener to Hxjssey Packe, Esq.,
Prestwolii Hall, Loughborough.

Cijchimens. — Remove the plants to a house
having a warmth of .j.5% and place them very
near to the glass. Many of the plants will be
throwing up bloom abundantly ; these early
plants should be afforded once a week diluted
liquid-manure, and a Ijuoyant air should be
the rule in the house, air being freely ad-
mitted in fine weather, so as to avert The
spindling of the flower-stalks. Prick out the
.seedlings as soon as they are in a condition to
be handled, and place them in a close frame
W'ith a warmth of i>0° to 55°.

TreeCrtriiatioii.s.— So far, here, theSe plants
have been afforded protection under portable
lights, but where a house can now bo set
apart for them, a temperature of .")0' to 5.5'
maintained therein, and a free circulation oT
air afforded, it will be better to remove them
from the temporary shelter. The pliint-s should
be well rooted at this date, and that being the
case, Clay's manure, soot-water, or farmyard
manure-water in a diluted stivte may be
afforded. Vaporise the house frequently as a
preventative of insect attacks. Use much
care in applying water to the varieties of C.
Souvenir de la Malmaison ; let a small volume
of air enter the house at night, and open the
ventilators to the full extent on fine days. A
temperature of 15' to 50" may be maintained
without any aid from fire heat. Marguerite-
Carnations require now the protection of a
frame, and the same kind of attention in
applying water as the other varieties.

Pits and Framea. — Poinsettias, Justieias,
Krantliemums, Mbonias, (lardenias, and Cen-
tropogons |which have up to date been accom-
modated ill frames, mu.st be removed to a
house having a warmth of 55° to (id . Plumbago
rosea and liluphorbia Jacquiniicfolia will be
the better for a temperature 5' higher than
the other plants mentioned, affording the
last two all the sunlight possible. Weak ma-
nure-water will be Ijeuoficial to most or all
of them. Let the forcing be gradual, nothing
being gained by undue haste, and the flowers
will probably be the more acceptable after
the glut of Chrysantheiininis is over.

lieginiia Gloire dc Lorraine. — Make a selec-
tion of the forwarder plants, and place them
close to the glass in a house of (!()' to (io"
warmth, so as to command a good display a
month hence. Cease to pick off the flowers of
this early batch, and alTordlepid litinid manure-
water once a week. The flowers on later
batches may still be picked off. Wire baskets
filled with these Begoi\ias havcacapital effect.

Mignoneltc.-The jilants hitherto standing
in cold frames and pits should bo removed to
the greenhouse and allowed to develop their
flower si)ikes, applying weak manure-water
occasionally. In alTording water to Mig-
nonette at this season and during the winter,
a small-spouted pot should be made use of, so
as not to wet the foliage or .stems. The sur-
face of the soil should bo stirred occasionally,
and the pots kept well cleansed. The plants
of le.sser age should likewise come into the
greenhouse and be placed upon shelves near
the roof, where they will not get drawn. The
plant requires plenty of ventilation, other-
wise it soon gets w-eak and sickly, and
flowers but poorly.

(lesneraa. — Afford these plants manur<!-water
in a much diluted state about once a week.
Stake out the new growths, and stand the
|)lants in the stove in positions where full sun-
light can be accorded them.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

TiiberoKS Begonias may be lifted after the
first frost, and be placed in cold frames or
houses, where the stems and leaves may
gradually ripen before the tubers are stored
away for the winter. When the tubers are
sufficiently dry to be cleaned, they may bo
placed in single layers, or in layers of two or-
three in depth, with some cocoa-nut fibre
refuse among them to prevent shrivelling. In
this district, at the time of writing, the plants
were in full flower.

Violets.— Plants in beds or borders intended
for flow^ering in the open xln.iilcl l>r freed from
weeds, and all runners or Kav.s that may have
collected around them. Double varieties, if not
growing in such a place, may be lifted and
planted at the foot of a south wall or other-
sheltered spot. They will be useful if the
whole stock cannot be placed in frames.

Roses.— The making of alterations, forming
of new beds, or re-arrangement of the plants,,
may soon be undertaken. The site for a rosary
should, as most gardeners know, not be over-
hung with trees, or have large trees and
shrubs in proximity to the bods. Whilst trees-
and large shrubs are not to encroach upon the
Rose garden, it should not be exposed to
sunshine on all sides, particularly if the Teas,
and Hybrid Teas are largely grown, as the sun
spoils the flowers quickly. This applies to
southern gardens moi'o particularly. In the
midlands and the north free exposnre does good.
In the west the thin blooms of some varieties
last longer if the beds are shaded by trees or
buildings during part of the day. There is-
much to be said for having a rosary apart
from the rest of the garden.

Soil for Itoses.—U the natural soil is too-
light for Roses add to it some good pasture
loam, if possible, anil trench tlu^ soil, incor-
porating the manure W(>ll as the work
proceeds. Souk^ soils are the better for the
additiim of light material to it ; the top spit
of a pasture, if it consists of good loamy soil,
gives the best results. For the Teas a^
medium soil appears the best for growth and
bloom. Mono-meal shoidd bo added to the
beds if the soil bo poor.

rrtrieties.— If a rosary is of circular form.
and a summer-house or temple is constructecl
at the boundary, the beds in the middle of the
area should be filled with dwarf plants, and
standards, if any, planted at suitable distances-
apart at the back of the outer beds ; this will
give the rosary tho appearance of being lower
in tho middle than at the boundary, and if the
whole is enclosed with a hedge of evergreens,
a good linish will be put to tho whole. This-
hedg(^ should be placed 8 to tO feet distant
from the beds, tho spaci- between the bwls-
and the hedge being t urf or gravel. Standards
of a pendulous form are pretty ob.jects when,
standing on grass; some of the semi-climbing
varieties are best for this purpose, such as the
JVoiscttes, &c.

Varieties. — It is more satisfactory to plant
each bed with one variety. Good varieties for
cutting or display are :— Teas : IJr. Grill,
salmon-ycUow ; Porle des .lardins, yellow ;
Maman Cochet, blush, varying in tint; Marie
Van Hontto, pale yellow, one of the best ;
Ma<lame Lambard, pale yellow. Hybrid Teas :
Clara Watson, a finely formed flower, of a deep-
flesh colour; Aurora, pink, a sturdy grower;
Grace Darling, Caroline Tostout, a first-class.
Rose, early or late in the season, producing
largo quantities of bloom, and probably the
best all-round variety of recent introduction;
a yellow variety ])ossessing tho good qualities-
of this Rose would be an acquisition. Of
H.P.'s : Mrs. Sharman Crawford is a line pink,
smooth, clean of growth, but scentless ; a good
Rose. A perusal of the numerous Rose cata-
logues now coming to hand affords the buyer
plenty of choice, but a visit to a nursery is
better. The plants have been very free from
mildew this season, and at the time of writing
there are plenty of flowers on them.

292

THE G A R D ENER S ' CIIRO lYI CL E.

[October 19, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

Illustrations.— rftf B.;i7oi- kv7? tlunil-fulhi rernrc inul sr;!rl
pk'>togra[>hs or draiHngs, suitable for veprcxinction, n;
Of'rdens, or of remarkabte ^''lants, flowers, trees, d'c, ; but /;j
cannot be responsible for lo^s or injur)/.

SALES FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
E\EKY lUY.—

r>nii-h liiilhs. I,v P.ilk-xroii >tCi).
i:VEKY l> \Y ,rxr,-],l TiicMlav).—

nn'oli l;iiU.- I.v I'roti.ei-oeci Morris.
MONDAY, iM H.iiKi; L'l —

Ai 12. I)iik-li Lulbs, Koses, Plants, Ac. ; nt .=, p.si..
Trade Sale of luo.unu Lilium loiigifloriiiii, hy Messrs.
Jolmsoii. Dymoiid ct Sou, at the City Auction
Rooms, Gracechurcli Street, E.C.
KONDAY,—

DucU Bnlljs, at 12 o'clock. .Japan Lilies, at .5 p.m.,
bv Johnson, Dynionrt tt Son.
MONDAY, OCT. 21, and WEDNESDAY, Oct. 2.3, at 12..%.—
Lilacs, Azalea jndica and mollis, Lily of the Valley
for Forcing, Eoses and Shrubs, Flowering Bulbs;
also 51,000 Lilium longiflorum at 2.:TO: Palms, ..tc,
at Stevens' Auction Kooms, 38, King Street, Coveut
Garden.
TUESDAY',—

Nursery Stock. Brereton, Rugelv, at 11 a ui., by

Prothcroe & Morris.
'ill a'l Lilies. &c., by Pollexfen & Co.
WEPNESDAY —

t .'> iMii., Lilium longiflorum, )iy Protlicroc &
.Munis; Itusper Valley Vineries, freehold, at
tiie M:irt. at 2 p.m., and Freehold Nursery. Nor-
mandy, liuildford. at the Mart, at 2p.'m., by
Profhoi'oe ct Morris.
THURSDAY. -

Nursery Stock, Holland)y's Nursery, (jrooiubridge,

at noon, by Protlieroe & Morris.
Orchids, .lohn Cowan & Co., Trades Hall, Glasgow,

12..30.
Palms. &c.. itc, bv Pollexfen & Co.
FKIOAY'.—

Conidc;in Orchids, at 12.:«. bv Protlicroc & Morris.
.s.vrUKDAY.-

Xursery Stock. West w:ckh:iin.at ll.:io, bv Protlieroe
& Morris.
F.tr further liariicalais si^e our adi'crtuitif/ columns.

AvERiGE Temperatuhe for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Cliisvvick
-13'4'.
Actual Tempekatdbes :—

London.— Odod;')- lis (6 p.m.): Max. .iii°; Min. ;<!'.

(Mob?r 17.— Fine.
Provinces.- Ojfodcr 16 (6 p.m.) : Max. 5.y, Southeru
Coanties; Min. 47°, Hebrides.

^. His Majesty's pfintei-s liave

National lately issued, at the low charge
Parks and of ]<?., a Parliamentary paper
cjirdens. q,.^ ^^lq abovc subject, a brief
synop.sis of the contents of which will
clo'iibtless be appreciated by the reader. The
places referred to are as follows : — Bushey
Park, 777 acres ; Green Park, 53 ; Greenwich
Park, 161; Hampton - Court Green, 17;
Hampton -Court Park, 4o3; the (iardens.
-■■)1 ; Holyrood Park, 600 ; Hyde Park, ?,ry2 ;
Kensington Gardens, 270; Kew Gardens.
■2V)\ Linlithgow Peel, 17; Regent's Park and
Primrose Hill, 337; Richmond Park, 19U :
Richmond Green, 10; St. James's Park. 01 :
total, 53r)3 acres.

Tlie total cost of new works on and niain-
teiiaiies of these " lungs " amounted in 1809-
19:iJ to £-10,949 for new works, and £104,503
lor maintenance. The grand total from
1890 to 1900 shows that £66,683 was expended
on new works, and £90:^,978 on maintenance
in th3 places named above.

As regards expenditures in Ireland, we
learn that the Phumix Park, of 1327 acres
extent, cost in new works last year £368,
and in maintenance £6741; St. Stephen's
Green Park, of 22 acres extent, cost in new
works £383, and in maintenance £1274.

The Glasnevin Botanic Gardens, Dublin,
of 35 acres extent, with £90 for new works,
and £1698 for maintenance, the grand total
for the expenditure since 1890 up to 1900
amounts to .£18,769.

The total cliarges for Kew Gardens during
the ten years 1890—1900 amounted to
£202,665; ))ut it is needless to comment on

the exceptional and great work done here —
the enormous benefit radiating from it to
every British colony and possession. For
the nonce it ought to be noted that the
salaries of bailiffs and assistants in the
various parks, etc., arc not given in this
]iaper; so that to this extent (which is pro-
bablv a considerable one), the statistics are
incomplete.

The return is professedly made to only
include parks "maintained from votes ol
Parliament in Great Britain and Ireland."
and botanic gardens in London and Dublin
only.

Parks and gardens under the charge of
the county councils, universities, colleges,
and other semi-puljlic bodies, are not in-
cluded in this governmental return.

JUGLANS CORDIFORMIS (see Supplement). —
111 recent years this Japanese species —
originally described and named by Maximo-
wicz in 1873 — has been .sent out by some of
the continental nurserymen, and it promises
to be a very handsome tree. The leaves are
often over i feet long, and carry about fifteen
oblong leaflets, the largest of wliich are close
on 0 inches in length, and over 2 inches wide ;
tUey are covered beneath, especially on the
veins, with a rusty coloured down. The male
catkins are 12 inches or even more long, tail-
like and pendent, and closely set with small
green flowers. One of them is represented on
the left-hand side of Mr. 'W. G. SsiiTH's
drawing. Being produced very freely in May,
they give the tree at that time a very striking
appearance. The female or nut-bearing cat-
kins are less tlian half as long, and bear from
seven to twelve flowers. This tree is situilar
to J. Sieboldiana in foliage and habit, Ijut
differs in its curious nuts, wliich are flattened,
tapered at one end, and somewhat cordate at
the base. They have formed on the tree at
Kew, from which the illustration was made,
but have never mitured. Judging by young
specimens, this Walnut seems likely to thrive
it) this country; its floe foliage, long male
catkins, and .striking racemose clusters of
fruits (if they form), will render it a great
acquisition. 11'. Bean. [We intend shortly to
insert articles on the various species of Jug-
lais, from the pen of ilr. W. J. Bean, of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.]

Spreading Silly Rumours.— It is a pity
people will prop.agate a rumour lieforo taking
any tue.Tns to ascertain its truth. Reports
have reached us recently concerning a well-
known gardener and steward in a London
suburb, and a head gardener in Gloucester-
shire. Both of these gentlemen are trusted
servants of their employers, and neither is
about to vacate his situation. Such rumours
are apt to be mischievous as ■ivell as vexatious.

Recent Changes in the Kew Staff. —
The changes that have resulted from the suc-
cession of Mr. W. Watson to Mr. Xicuulsox's
position, and of Mr. J. M. Hillier to Mr. Jack-
son's post are set forth in an appendix to
the Kew Bulletin, which contains a list of the
staffs in the botanical departments in Britain,
India, and the Colonies. The following is the
present staff at Kew : — Director, Sir W. T.
Thiselton-Dyer, IC.C.M.G. ; Assistants (office),
Mr. H. H. W. Pearson, M.A., F.L.S., Mr. John
Aiktnan, Mr. William A'ichoUs Winn; Keeper
of Herbarium and Library, Mr. William Bet-
ting Hemsley, F.R.S. : Principal Assistant
(Phanerogams), Dr. Otto Stapf, A.L.S. ; Prin-
cipal Assistant (Cryptogams), Mr. Geo. Massee,

P.L.S. : Assistants (Herbarium), Mr. Nicholas
Edward Brown, A.L.S., Mr. Robert Allen
Rolte, A.L.S. , Mr. Charles Henry Wright,
A.L.S., Mr. Sidney Alfred Skan, Mr. Thomas
Archibald Sprague, 15. Sc. : Assistant for India,
Mr. Stephen T. Dunn, B.A., F.L.S. ; Honorary
Keeper, Jodrell Laboratory, Dr. Dukinfield
Henry Scott, F.R.S. ; Keeper of Jluseums, Mr.
John jMasters Hillier; Assistant (Musemns),
Mv. John H. Holland ; Prepai-er, Mr. George
Baddcrly; Cur;itor of the Gardens, ilr. William
Watson, who entered the gardens as Foreman
in 1879, and became Assi.stant Curator in 1880,
with charge of the indoor department, which
he still retains as Curator ; Assistant Curator,
Mr. William J. Bean, who now takes the general
charge of the outdoor department ; Foremen —
Herbaceous Department, ^Ir. Walter Irving ;
Greenhouse and Ornamental Department, Mr.
Frank Garrett : Arboretum, Mr. William Dalli-
more ; Tropical Department, Mr. Walter
Ilackett ; Temperate House, Mr. Charles P.
Raffill.

Royal Tradesmen.— Wo learn from Messrs.
W.M. Fell & Co., Wentworth Nurseries, Hex-
ham, that the firm htis received a Royal Warrant
appointing them seed merchants and nurserj'-
men to His Majesty the King.

The late Martin Hope Sutton. — We are
requested to state tliat Mr. jNI.vrtin John
SuiTox and other members of the family of the
late Mr. JIartix Hope Sutton, finding it im-
po.ssible to answer individually the many
hundreds of letters received from all parts of
the country, desire to express their grateful
appreciation of the sympathy with them
evinced in their recent bereavement.

Meeting of the Ghent Chambre Syndi-
CALE. — At a recent meeting of the Chambre
Syndicalc des Horticulteurs Beiges and of the
Societe Royale d'Agriculture et do Botauique,
of Ghent, the following awards were made.
Certificates of Merit for Kentia species,
from M. Ad. Alloncius {It I'unanimite) ; Cac-
tus Dahlias (pfir accUimation), and Cactus
Daldias "Captain Broad," from M. A. Gallet.
Certificates for cultivation and flowering for
Eupatorium odoratissimum, Lapageria rosea
('i V iinanimUe), Caryopteris mastacauthus,
Hedyehium coronarium, and Salvia splendens
compaota, all from M. F. Van Driessche ; for
Veronica atro-purpurea, from M. Ch. G.\zelI/E ;
for Acacia longifolia phlebophylla. Acacia
floribunda (seedling variety), Abutilon " Boule
de JVeige," and Acacia longifolia phlebophylla,
all from M. F. Van Driessciie. In the second
section, Certificates of Merit were allotted for
Odontoglossum crispum var. Fred, from M.
Pi;. Claes ; Lselia prsestans bella, L. Cattleya
Gottoiana Moortebeekiensis {a I'unanimite),
Cattleya Harrisoni Rouseleana {a I'unanimite),
C. labiata autumnalis var. Arthur Van den
Heede, Ladia prsestans pumila alba (/( I'unani-
mite), Cattleya aurea (par acclamation), C.
Loddigesii alba {par acclannttion), Lnelio-Cat-
tleya Massangeana (L. grandis tenebrosa >; C.
Schilleriana), Cattleya Parthonia rosea (C.
fimbriata x C. Mossirn), C. Hardyana var.
Roseleana {al'unanimitc), C. labiata autumnalis
var. Lucienue, Ltclia prrostans " Queen Alex-
andra " {par acclamation et avec felicitations
dii Jurtj), Lselio-Cattleya Herma Holmes (L.
purpurata ;: C. Schilleriana), and Lielia
prffistans rosea, all these Orchid's from the
Marquis de Wavrin. Certificates for cultiva-
tion and blooming were awarded for Oncidium
racemosum, from MM. Verdonck ; Miltonia
spectabilis var. Moreliana, and Cattleya
Harrisoni, from the Marquis de Wavrin. A
Botanical Certificate was allotted for Lrelio-
Cattleya Binoti (L. prsestans jjumila x C.

October 10, 1901.]

TEE GARD EXER S ' CIIR ONI CL E.

291

Ijicolor), from the Marquis de Wavrin ; and
Honourable Mention for Cattleya gigas, from
M. Fl. Claes ; C. Gaslielliana var. perfecta,
€. dubia, La>lia priestans Lindeni, and L.
jji-ipstans bijou, from the Marquis de Wavrin.
Polygonum lanigerum. — This plant as
•Rrowu at Kcw forms a very bold and striking
[plant for isolated beds where there is plenty
•of space. It is 3 to 4 feet high, with thick,
cane-like stems, and large, lanceolate leaves
•of a silvery-white colour.

Rhus toxicodendron. — The following
Setter from Launceston, Tasmania, will be read
with interest : —

" It will be interesting to j-outo know that the thanks
crt several persons here are due to you for publishiug
letters in your issues of .June 2 and 9, 1900. on Rhus
toxicodendron ; also to Mr. F. Crook, Granville
Manor, Blandford, for writing them. Please allow me
to thank him through tlie Gardeners' Chronicle. The
ifacts are as follows : A lady in this place has for many
years been troubled with eczema, and bad to keep her
.room for a considerable time cvcrj' year. One of my
men also had several bad attacks, also several others.
I, myself, at the time the Gardeners' Chronicle came to
hand containing the letters, had one eye completely
<;losed, and the other very nearly so; the irritation in
oilier parts of the body was fearful. A few days pre-
viously I had been cutting away a good deal of the
Rhus. On reading the letters, I had every particle of
the plants destroyed. Since then, twelve months have
passed, and tlicrc has not been the slightest sign of
■eczema; proof positive, I take it, that the plant was
the cause, .-ilthough it was ridiculed by many— a doctor
.amongst them. Tbc lady here, and two others who
were afTected, were only troubled with the irritation at
tlic time the leaves of the plant were being used witli
Chrysanthemums for decoration. A. Cuetis."

Chrysanthemum Sports.— Mr. Laxce, of
the Ilandsworth Road Xursery, Hampton, sends
lie a single plant \\\i\\ four separate stems,
•each terminated by a single bloom, and bear-
ing respectively yellow, bronze, pink, and
white flowers. The variety is Gustav Griincr-
wald. The variation is in colour only.

Root and Vegetable Show at Coqges-
■HALL. — We have received a .schedule of
jirizes offered by Mr. J. K. KiX(; at his
"Royal Root Show," which will be held at
"Coggeshall, Essex, on Tuesday, October 29.
This root show is one of the largest in the
■kingdom, and a sum of more than £100 is
■offered in prizes for roots, cereals, vegetables,
iin'l Potatos. The Great Eastern Railway
Oompany will issue return tickets at single
fares from all stations on their line, and will
also run a special train for the convenience of
visitors from Hertfordshire. The Chair will
be taken at the Luncheon by .T. RoiNIi, Esq.,
M.P., .supported by several members of Parlia-
ment, land-owners, and tenant-farmers. It
appears from the schedule that the vegetables,
•cereals, and roots in the various competitions,
ainmbering forty in all, consist of Mr. King's
" own " selections or raising.

Kew. — Go when one may, there is always
something attractive or interesting to be '.seen
in the gardens. Just now No. I."), the tropical
■aquatic house near the end of the Palm house,
is specially worthy of a visit to inspect the
numerous Gourds now ripening their fruit.
Among these are Ucnincasa hispida, with huge,
grey, club-shaped fruits ; Lagenaria enormis,
Momordica cochinchinensis, with very large
ovoid fruits of a bright red colour and studded
with awl-shaped spines; the Sikkim Cucumber
with brownish fruit; Trichosanthes anguina,
Lagenaria leucantha, LulTa acutangula, Benin-
casa cerifera and others remarkable for the
oddity of their form or the brilliancy of their
colour. The most attractive plants in the
show hou.se Xo. 4, just now, include among
tlieir number Aster lievigatus in pots, Abu-
tilon Savitzii with green leaves margined and
mottled with white ; Cuphea micropetala with
<lark green lanceolate leaves, and spikes of

yellow, tubular flowers, each about li in.
long; Salvia azurea, blue, and S. splendens,
scarlet; Ivy-leaved Pelargonium, Souvenir de
Charles Turner, with glowing pink flowers;
Angelonia salicariifolia with white flowers ;
Solanum integrifolium with bold foliage, and
ovoid obtuse red berries the size of a bantam's
egg ; and very many more which we have not
space to enumerate.

Rose Arrangements.— A Conference on
Roses, together with an illustrative show
of flowers, will be held on Wednesday and
Thursday, June 2-3 and 26, 1902, at Holland
House, kensington, by the kind invitation
of the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Ilchester,
by the Royal Horticultural Society. This
meeting will take the place of one of the
ordinary fortnightly shows .at the Drill Hall,
and all classes of plants, flowers, aud fruits
may be exhibited. Application for space to
exhibit miscellaneous groups of any kind must
be made to the Secretary, 117, Victoria Street,
not later than Wednesday, June 18. Single
plants, flowers, fruits, &c., shown for Certifi-
cate, may be entered as late as Monday,
June 23. Miscellaneous groups must not
include any Roses whatever, which may only
be shown under this schedule. The dates
are provisional, subject to the date to be fixed
for the Kix<;'s Coronation.

Arraxcemexts, Wedxesday, Jlxe 2.J. —
11 a.m.. Fruit Floral, aud Orchid Committees
meet ; judging commences. 12 noon. Council
meets. 12.30 P.M., Exhibition open to Fellows
and ticket holders. 1 )'..M., The Council will
entertain the committees and other invited
guests at luncheon. 2 r..M., The show opens
to the public. 2.30 p.m.. Conference assembles.

CoM'EltEXCE. — The Conference will assemble
as nearly to 2.30 i'..M. as may be, and will be
open to all Fellows and visitors. The very
R(-v. the Dean of Itochcster, D.O., has boon
invited to act as President of the Confer-
once. The following rosarians have boon
invited to take part in the proceedings,
of which a full and verbatim report will
be published in the Society's Journal:—
Professor L. Bailey, Cornell University,
U.S.A.; Prof. Francois Crepin, Brussels ; Prof.
M. J. f icrome, Versailles ; Prof. Sargent, Cam-
bridge, U.S..\. ; Mons. .Maurice de Vilmorin,
Paris; Mons. A'iviand-.Morel, Lyons; Mr.
J. G. Baker, F.R.S., V.M.H. ; Mr. C. K. Cant,
Mr. Frank Cant, Mr. \V. I''. Cooling, Mr. Alex-
ander Dickson, Rev. H. Ilonywood D'Ombrain,
M.A., V.M.H. ; Miss Anne Dorrance, U.S.A. ;
Rev. A. Foster-Mclliar, .M.A. ; Mr. (ieorgo
Gordon, V..M.H. ; .Mr. W. Betting Hemsley,
F.R.S. ; Dr. Henry; Miss Jekyll, V.M.H.;
Sir George King, K.C.I.K., F.R.S. , &c. ; Mr.
E. B. Ijindsoll ; Dr. Maxwell T. Masters,
F.R.S. ; Mr. Edward Mawley, F.R. Met. Soe. ;
Mr. Geo. Mount; Mr. Geo. Nicholson, V.M.H. ;
Mr. O. G. Orpeii ; Rev. F. Page-Roberts, M.A. ;
.Mr. Geo. Paul, V.M.H. ; .Mr.Wm. Paul,V.M.H. ;
Rev. J. H. Pemberton, .M.A. ; Mr. A. E. Prince ;
Mr. A. Tate; -Mi.ss Willim.tt, V.M.H.

The provincial shows of the National Rose
Society will be held at E.\eter and at Man-
chester, whilst the metropolitan show will, it
is expected, b(^ again held in the Temple
Gardens.

Begonia " President Carnot" should find
a place in any warm greenhouse. It produces
a profusion of pendulous flowers of large size
and a rosy-pink colour. Trained on a rafter,
as it may lie seen at Kew, it forms a very
lovely object.

"Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale."—

The secomi luinihcnir Ibis publication includes
contributions from Jl. iCi '■t:NK I'imssmn,oii Cas-

tilloa Tuni ; Cil. RiviiiiiE and J. Vilbouciie-
VITCH, on reasons why the Algerian Ficus
olastica does not yield caoutchouc ; Dr. Weijer,
on Mexican Agaves ; M. F. Maix, on NicnoL-
sox's Rice Decorticator ; also on the Future
of the Sugar-cane, Commercial Cultivation of
Camphor, and other agricultural aud eco-
nomical notes.

Memorial to the Late Mr. R. D. Black-
more, M.A., late Scholar of Exeter College,
Oxford, author of Lorna Doom, &e.

RICmVRD DODDRIDGE BLACKMOKE.

Died January 20, moo.
A STUONo, calm, steadfast, single-hearted soul.
Sincere as Truth, and tender like a maid,
He lived as one whom nothing could persuade
From reticence and manly sell-control,
liisighl, and humour, and the rhythmic roll
Of antique lore, his fertile fancies sway'd,
.\nd with their various eloquence array'd
His sterling English, pure and clean and whole.
Fair Nature mourns him now, as well she may

So apt a pupil and so close a friend ;
But what of us, who through hi-- liul.Hit: ,lay

Knew him .at home, and lovfl In m l^ i In- riul.
One thing we know : that LoviV n ;Ln.~< . ml^iil name
Is link'd with his, and with his hniiuur d \.imii.
Tills sonnet Is l)y tlie late Mr. K. D. Blaccmoke's old
friend, Mr. Authur MUMtv, and is reprinted by his
kind permission, and that of the Editor of TheAthe.memn,
wlio iHililislied it on February 3, 1900.

" I have been asked to act as hon. secretary
and hon. treasurer of a fund to be raised with the
object of placinga Memorial of the late Mr. R. 1).
ISi.ACKMOUE in Kxeter Cathedral, and, having
known Mr. Blackmoise intimately for nearly
thirty years, and enjoyed the great privilege
of his hearty friendship, 1 need hardly say
that in accepting the position I do so with the
feeling that whatever work it may entail will
indeed be a 'labour of love.' It is probable
that the sub.scription fund will be more than
sullicient for the erection of a suitable Memo-
rial ill Kxeter Cathedral, and I have proiioscd,
with the sanction of Mr. Blalkmduio's roprc-
.sentativcs, that any surplus should be invested
for the benefit of the Author's Benevolent
l''und, which has recently been established in
connection with the .Society of Authors. 11. B.
Miintton, SI. Dtinsian'i House, Fftlcr Lane,
London, E.G."

Prunes in Oregon.— A trustworthy report
on this fruit places the crop for the present
season at 8,000,000 lb. The total for the other
sections has not yet been arrived at.

Presentation.— On the occasion of the
annual flower and vegetable show at Tyiiing-
hamo. East Lothian, recently, Mr. Black, gr.
to Sir AnciliiiALl) Hepburn, Bart., Smeaton-
Hepburn, was the recipient of a handsome
timepiece, presented by the members of the
society to mark their appreciation of his long
services, he having acted as judge no fewer
than forty times. Lady Gimzel B. Ha.mii.ton
made the presentation.

Antirrhinums. — One of the most elTectivo
and pretty beds at Kew at this late period of
the .sea.son is constituted by dwarf Antirrhi-
nums of varied colours. Such a bod would bo
very suitable for the forecourt of suliurban
villas.

H IBISCUS MOSCHEUTOS.— Messrs. L.VIlllAMS,

of Southampton, obligingly send us flowers of
this very striking shrub. The leaves are
ovate-acuminate, downy beneath, and entire,
or with only a slight indication of lobing. The
flowers are 6 inches across, Mallow - like,
pinkish, with a crimson eye. It is a native of
the eastern states of N. America, from Massa-
chusetts to Florida. It is a very old plant, but
rarely seen in gardens. The name Moscheutos
presumably refers to suckers that are thrown
up from the root.

294

THE GAnDEXERS' CHRONICLE

[October 10, 1901.

Publications Received.— From the Essex
Tochnieal InstrnL-tiou Committee, Notes on
Agricultural Analiises, made in the Comity
Technical Laboratories, Clielmsford, during
tlie years 1890 to 1901, by T. S. Dymond
and P. Huglies. — From the Department
ot Agriculture, Sydney, N.S.W., P/oHt.s Re-
puted to be Poixonous to Stock in Auslralia,
by J. H. Miik\cn.-~Quarterhj Leaflet of the
Women's Agricultural and Horticultural Inter-
national Union. This is the seventh number of
this publication, which is printed in English
and in French. Communications relating to the
leaflet should be sent to Mrs. Chamberlain,
36,^ Drayton Gardens, South Kensington.
— DieAlgen conTirol, Vorarlberg and Liecliten-
stein. Bearbeitet von Prof. Dr! K. W. v. Dalle
Torre und Ludwig Graf en von Sarntheiwin,
Innsbruck.— 7ianfcs and their Customers, a
practical Guide for all who keep Banking
Accounts: from the Customers' Point of
View; by Henry Warren. (Fifth Edition).
Publishers, Eftingham Wilson, Royal Ex-
change, E.C.—Nature Notes, October.—
Annals of the Roijal Botanic Gardens, Perade-
mya, edited by .1. C. Willis, Director. Contents :
The Royal Botanic Gardens of Ceylon and
their History, by J. C. Willis ; and the Royal
Botanic Gardens of Ceylon as a Centre for
Botanical Study and Research, by J. C. Willis.
This IS the first part of a publication an-
nounced by us some weeks ago.

DAHLIA VIRIDIFLORA.
Tins is a perfectly double flower, well
formed, and of medium size, and pea-green in
colour. Such is the green-flowered Dahlia
lately to be seen at its best in the herbaceous
ground at Kow. The scales of the receptacle
are here represented by leaves (fig. 89).

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

ivy-leaved PELARGONIUMS.-SIuch might

be .said concerning these plants, for in addition
to those which are well known, and grown
extensively for market, there are several
beautifu varieties well worthy of cultivation,
and of these, Leopard is one of the finest It
has semi-double flowers of an unusual mixture
of crimson and mauve tints, with a crimson
blotch on the upper petals, with irregular

TJtl'"%; -J''? 'l'f*^l> °" ">e upper petals sug-
gests affinity to the show Pelargoniums. The
plant IS of compact habit of growth, and fi-ee-
flowering. Mrs. W. H. Martin is ano her

S'±*7,,''^''%*y= ^,°^ye''^ P''"*' "^awve, habit of
growth good, and it flowers freely. Baden
iZf''' !'er"t ^''tlition to the section? has
large semi-doublo flowers of a soft blush

blotch on the upper petals. Varieties having
flowers ot a deeper tint are Mrs. J. G Dav
bright scarlet ; Mrs. Hawley, large flowers
cerise, makes a fine pot-plant ; Ryceroft Sur-
prise, and Achievement, fine .inf ^"rieties

Brantr'nifp^'^.i'? '"' pot-culture than fo^
planting out. Cuttings put in during September
and later w 11 make plants for flo^^lring in the
Afteft'hi'v" ''^^t i«/7"»-ed to root" t"iem!
hl^JtZ r.f'"'\'"^ *° S"-""' they should
be kept close to the glass, and afforded plenty
of fresh air, essential at all times, and more
particularly during the winter. Est" lislied
plants may be kept cool and dry until the
days lengthen, when a little warmth my be
afforded them. The shoots may be stop, e^d if
the plants are not well branched. In , ottin "
make use of good loam, with sufficient sand to
Keep It open, and ])ot moderately firmly. It is
dr?X "' 'T'''"'^'' *° '<'* pot-plants get very
I en^nfi T^'"'^- ^'■°'"*''' '*"'' t°o ™"ch water
n nf ^,.-^"?-"'"S- ^'''^ greatest drawliack
s their r^rfr'^.^f Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums
IS their liability to attacks of green^flv and
other insects, which, however, may be over-
cfdT "^T^ ir'^fr "'■dipping inLi°.secti-
cide. If the plants are thoroughly cleansed

before the flowering period, there will be
little trouble with them afterwards ; but should
green-fly appear, it must lie destroyed before
the leaves curl. The varieties that are in-
clined to run up tall may be kept lower by
pinching out the points ; and more flower will
be produced on the dwarf, compact plants
than on those allowed to grow up tall, or which
are trained without stopping. ,1. Hemsleij.

LARGE WALNUTS.— I enclose some Walnuts
which I consider remarkably large. They
were gathered from a tree about 1.5 feet high,
and the same in spread. The nuts are very
moist, well filled, and as a variety would pro-
bably supersede the small variety. J.W. Miles.
[It is probably a h'rench varictv, known as
La Fertile. En.]

ENORMOUS MUSHROOMS.— I notice in the
last issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle that a
correspondent found on the 2(;th of last month
what he terms a true edible Mushroom, having
a circumference of 2 feet 9 inches, and weigh-
ing 14 J oz. It will perhaps interest your

DAHLIA VIIiiniFI.OKA (THE (iHEEX DAHl.lA).

readers to know, and your correspondent in
particular, that I have a specimen gathered
to-day having a circumference of 3 feet 3
inches, and weighing 2 lbs. 1 oz. It is perfect
in shape and quite sound, the gills being pink
in colour, and had it not been gathered it
would have grown even larger. jVeedless to
say, it is a specimen of Agaricus arveusis, a
true edible kind, which is, 1 imagine, the
same Agaric which your correspondent
refers to. F. Williams, Warfleld Hall Gardens,
Bracknell.

THE OLDEST FIRM OF NURSERYMEN.— Reply-
ing to "Enquirer," p. 27;!, our firm has been
in existence at least 130 years, having been
carried on by four generations of the same
family in a direct line. Can anyone give reli-
able information of a longer run"? ,;. R. Pearson
ct Sous, Chilwell Nurseries, Lowdham, Notts.

CLERODENDRON FALLAX. — Good plants of

this shrubby species are not often seen in
gardens now-a-days, but I particularly ad-
mired some -well-grown plants of it at Castle

Hill, North Devon, a few days ago. I gathered
from Mr. Pearson that the seed was saved
from last year's plants and sown last February.
The plants, which were growing in a Pine-pit,
were potted in small 32's, and measured from
18 inches to 2 feet in height, and were confined
to a single stem, the large ovate leaves-
reaching to the rim of the pot. Plants of this
height and well furnished with leaves are
excellent for filling vases, or for affording:
colour to a group. The Pineapple was formerly
well grown at Castle Hill, but the Pine-pits-
are now devoted to Eucharisgrandiflora, Calan-
thes, Urceolinas, &c., large bunches of which
plants were growing in them at the time of my
visit. Paul T. More.

OLEARIA STELLULATA IN S.W. SCOTLAND. —

It may interest some of the readers of the-
Gardeners' Chronicle to know that this
fine shrub, so beautifully illustrated in your
issue of October o, is hardy in several gardens-
in the south-west of Scotland. I have grown
it here for nine or ten years, and one of my
plants has stood every winter we have had
during that period without any protection.
While it has survived, it is, however, only
right to say that it was much crippled ami
much of its beauty destroyed by the winter of
1889-90, when we had a great deal of rain,
followed by severe frost late in the season.
The result was that the plant had to be se-
verely cut back, and it has not yet recovered
its former shapely appearance, "it is growing-
on the top of a low rockery facing the east,
and partly shaded by my house. When at its
best, it was one of the prettiest things in my
garden, and I can only hope that time will
restore its former beauty. S. Arnott, Carse-
thorn bg Dumfries, N.B.

TULIP UNIQUE SYN. BRUNH ILDE.— Mr. R.
Sydenham in his communication in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle, p. 217, .justifles the prior-
use of the name of Unique, by stating he
became acquainted with it under this name as-
far back as 1890. Strange to say, I cannot find
any mention of Pottebakker White and Gold,
in any of Messrs. Krelage & Sons' catalogues-
for the past three years, and it would seem as-
if the variety came to their knowledge for th&
flr.st time in 1901. That it is a sport from the
white Pottebakker there can be no doubt; a
bright yellow flame appearing at the base of
each petal, and reaching some distance up it.
It is a matter of regret to me as an admirer of
early Tulips, that any other name than Potte-
bakker White and Gold has over been given to-
it, for this name associates it, as it should do,
with the interesting group of Pottebakker
varieties, and its name, Pottebakker White
and Gold, is not more cumbrous than Potte-
bakker Pure White, or Pure Yellow, or Red!
Striped, all of which are to be found in Dutch-
and English catalogues. If it has to have a
distinctive name, then nothing can be more
suitable than Unique. It is unique, and when
-seen highly developed in pots, as I have seen
it for three or four years past, from two or
three growers at the Daffodil show at Edg-
baston, it is impossible to speak too highly of
its merits. I observe that Messrs. R. Van der
Schoot & Sons, of Hillegom, in their catalogue
for the present year give ' ' Pottebakker, white
with yellow base," which I have already stated
I regard as its proper and most exjiressive
name. This firm gives an interesting list of
nineteen new and scarce single early Tulips,
but as Pottebakker White and Gold is not
included in this select list, but among the
commoner sorts, 1 infer that it has been known
by this name for a considerable time. R. Dean.

PINES AND THISTLES.— Pine- pollen is blown
by the ton, and from afar before it fertilises
the Fir seeds. Thus cross fertilisation at
great cost, it is true, is ensured. In Thistles
and most other Composites cross fertilisation
is practically non-existent, and yet Composites
are the most varied, aggressive, and numerous
order of plants. How is this ? Several factors
have been at work to transform the sepals and
bracts of campanulate flowers into a pappus.
They are variations of soil, of temperature, of

yo^ October in, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

295

altitude, and of sun-light. At last the effect,
the pappus, their creation, reacts, by dis-
seminating the seed over very different
localities to multiply the effects of its parent
factors ten thousandfold. Thus nature returns
upon itself, reverting to the primitive agent
in variation, the wind, liut with more perfect
means of distribution ; and doing so, it ijromi)ts
us to ask and give the answer to the question:
Why is cross fertilisation a benefit ? Evidently
the answer is : ISeeause it blends the effects of
different localities. Thus we see why the
Composites can dispense with cross fertilisa-
tion. It is because they blend the effects of
•different localities far more effectually by
blowing the seed grown on one soil antl level,
perhaps miles away, to other soils and levels.
When this fact, which may be called a truism
to any student of flowers who observes them
in mountainous regions, or even where there
<ire only steep gradients, is recognised by
scientific gardeners in flat countries, they will
give up the empirical method of varying their
plants by such secondary causes as sports
selected and cross fertilisation, and work with
the primary ones, viz., air, light, temperature,
■soil, altitude, atmospheric pressure, &c. When
this change of method comes about, the forms
of plants will be changed and developed, and
their chemical properties intensified in a waj'
beyond the wildest dreams of the present
Picotee fancier, ir. U'. StridcUimt, li.A.,
Cambrithje.

PAUL'S SINGLE WHITE ROSE. — On p. 2().5 I

notice " K. M.'s " remarks upon the flori-
ferous qualities of this Rose. From my per-
sonal experience 1 can thoroughly endorse his
remarks. On October fi, 1 left Paul's Singh-
Wliite in flower at Warley, Essex, and now in
my Savoy garden 1 find it in great beauty, and
well worthy of notice here, where there is
much to please a gardener. E. H'.

EUONYMUS RADICANS. — This silver varie-
gated shrub is a much better ])laiit for covering
a wall on any aspect than most people believe.
1 lately saw plants of it lo feet high and quiti'
dense in growth. When planted in ginxl
soil it makes shoots 2 — 3 feet in length in
one season. Even under a verandah cover-
ing a dwelling-house, I have seen the plani
succeeding admirably. One is apt to associate
this plant with rockeries or as edges to paths
and beds. E. M.

ORCHID SPOT. — I have remarked that the
spotting seems to be worst in warm weather,
i.e., in just such weather as the fungus first
appears in the Orchid cotnpost, which is when
cultivators least expect it, and I think it must
be due to some mistakes in practice. The fol-
lowing species, Cattleya labiata autumnalis,
C. Mendeli, C. Trian:ei, and C. gigas suller
•most severely in degree in the order of their
names. Some of the Cypripediums likewise
suffer from spot, but 1 am not disposed to
"believe that it is the same fungus that affects
all species of Orehids, but if it is, it affects
them quite differently. J. C.

The subject of our sketch was the eldest of
a large family of sons. He started a nursery
on his own account, and this he transferred to
Cheshunt in the year 1S83, following his
brother .Joseph, who had started in the pre-
vious year. Glass-house gardening has now
become the staple indxistry of the parish, but
the Ijrothers Roehford were undoubtedly its
pioneers, and they now jiossess upwards of
70 acres of land, all, so to speak, under a glass
roof.

By sheer hard work, pluck, and foresight,
the late Mr. Roehford won a degree of success
that none begrudged him. His heart was in his
work, and with him it was much more than
a mere industry — it was a science and an
art, of which the Grapes, the Palms, the
Lilies of the Valley here produced bore
ample testimony. Xowhere has the principle
of retardation of plants been carried to such
a pitch of perfection as at Turnford Hall.

When some four or five years ago Mr. Roeh-
ford first took up the culture of Orchids,

Obituary.

Thomas Rochford.— The death of Mr.
Thos. Itochford, which occurred at his resi-
dence at Turirford Hall, Cheshunt. Herts, on
Saturday afternoon last, Is an irreparable loss,
not only to the parish wherein he dwelt (and
in the promotion of whose welfare he played a
leading part), but to horticulture generally.
Me was in the prime of a very useful life (he
had just turned fifty-two) when stricken down
by Hrighfs diseasi^, and hundreds share in the
sorrow that has now fallen upon his widow and
family.

Forty-four years have elapsed since the late
Mr. Michael Rochford established the fruit-
growing business at Tottenham, and that was
the cradle of an industry that has since made
the name of "Rochford" a name to conjure
with throughout the sphere of horticulture.

Thk I-AIK THOMAS KOClirOKIl.
(From a J'hologmpli '<;/ KtlioU <t Fry.)

many of his friends and fellow-nurserymen
predicted failure, but he was nothing daunted,
and now his name isassociated with the Orchid
somewhat as the name of "Paul" is asso-
ciated with the Rose.

Viewed from the sl.mdpoint of economics,
the iiilluence the late .Mr. iJochford conjointly
with his brother exert cd upon the parish was
indeed remarkable. They may be said to have
begun the transformation of a decadent agri-
cultural into a flourishing gardening centre.
The phenomenal growth of Cheshunt (especially
the north end and of tlie adjacent parishes of
Wormley and llroxbourne) during the past two
decades, is very largely attributable to them.
The hamlet of Turnford in the olden time was
the seat of a nunnery, but its ecclesiastical
glory had long since departed from it, and
twenty years ago it <-onsisted only of a cluster
of fourteen cottages. Now it has developed
into a prosperous " townlet," frequently known
cs " Rochfordville," witli al)ont 100 inhabited
houses.

My none will .Mr. Rochford's loss bo felt
more keenly than I ly li is own eiiiji/oycs. They

looked up to him as a master ; they respected
and admired him as a man, and they loved
him as a friend, for such indeed he was to all
of them, from the highest to the lowest,
and no more touching scene has ever been
witnessed in Cheshunt than that which took
place last Sunday afternoon, when 300 of these
men, thanks to the kindness of Mrs. Rochford,
filed solemnly through the death-chamber, and
gazed reverentially upon the dear dead face
that had so often cheered and inspired them
in life. He always studied the interests of his
men, even as he expected them to study his,
and he strove to make their lives as bright as
possible. With this object in view, he built
in 189(> the Turnford Hall Working Men's
Institute, which has ever since been regarded
as the social centre of the village. It is at
once a club, a library, a concert-hall, and a
bachelor's hotel, and was presented to the
nurserymen of the entire neighbourhood, abso-
lutely untrammelled by any conditions save
the respectability of those who made use of it.
Many are the stories told now, in and out of
the clubrooms, of his kindness of heart, his
secret benevolence and his bonhommie. Up to
a few weeks ago the old No. 1 van which
Mr. Rochford used to drive to Covent Garden
Market, was still to be seen on the premises,
and it was regarded with feelings very much
akin to affection. At Covent Garden he was
no less popular than at Cheshunt. There his
name was indeed a household word.

The funeral took place on Thursday after-
noon at Cheshunt Cemetery. The deceased
was a Roman Catholic, and was buried accord-
ing to the rites of that Church. The nurseries
of the deceased, of Mr. Joseph, ami of Mr. Ed.
Rochford were closed.

The business will be carried on as a private
company ; no shares or debentures will bo
issued to the public. Two sons of tlic deceased
are now of age, Mr. Thomas and Mr. George
Rochford.

Julia Louisa, Dowager Lady Middleton.

Tlic funeral of .liilia Lady Middleton, who
died at Scttrington Hall, JIaltou, on l''riday
last, took place on Monday, October 14, the
body being interred in the family vault, under-
neath the chancel of Birdsall Church. On
Monday morning the church was decorated
by Mr. li. Wadds, the head gardener at liird-
sall. liirdsall is a famous garden, and has
been for long years under the charge of Mr.
Itailey Wadds, a correspondent of this journal.
The deceased lady was an enthusiastic lover
of a garden, loving flowers for their own sake ;
and being herself greatly beloved by rich and
poor. She was the wife of Henry, eighth Lord
Middleton, and was born on April ."), 1H2;1.

SOCIETIES.

BOYAL HOE.TICULTUEAL.

OCTOHEK i:..— A meeting of the Committees of tliis
Sofiety took place on Tuesday last, in the Drill flail,
Buckingham Gate, Westminster. There was a very
varied -and interesting display of plants and flowers,
and the Hall was well filled with the various exhibits.
Of plants, we may mention the beautiful collection of
Nepenthes from Messrs. .Ta.s. VKrrcu A Sons, which
were awarded the Society's Gold Medal, and the species
ventricosa, exhibited for the first lime, was awarded a
First-class Certificate. Prominent amongst tlic cut,
flowers were large collections of Perennial Asters,
Chrysanthemums, Dahlias, beautiful Tea Koses, and
miscellaneous hardy flowers.

The Floral Commit tee recommended awards of merit
to Chrysanthemums, Asters, and to a seedling Nerino
raised by Mr. Elwes.

Orchids were numerous, and several awards were
made to novelties described below.

296

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 19, 1901.

There was not miu-li fruit shown, as the Crystal
Palace exhibition was held so short a time previously.
But there was a large collection of Potatos, a collection
of choice hot-house fruits, and miscellaneous dishes of
fruit, among which was the finest dozen specimens of
Ribston Pippin Apple we have ever seen. These Apples
were shown with otlier varieties from Messrs. J. Peed
& Sons, West Norwood. Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons,
Swanley, exliibited a capital and representative collec-
tion of Gourds. Awards of Merit were recommended
to a new Plum shown by Mr. J.4MES Brown, Reigate,
and to a new cooking Apple shown by Lord Supfield
(gr., Mr. Allan),

Floral Committee.

Present : W. Marshall, Esq.. chainuan : and Messrs.
Chas. T. Druery, H. B. May, Jas. Walker, R. Dean,
G. Reuthe, Jas. Hudson, Jas. Jennings, C. J. Salter,
J. F. McLeod, C. R. Fielder, Clias. Uixon, W. Howe,
Herbert J. Cutbush, Chas. E. Pearson, Chas. E. Shea,'
H. J. Jones, W. P. Tliomson, Geo. Nicholson, E. h'
Jenkins, Harry Turner, F. Page-Roberts (Rev.), Ed!
Mawley, and J. Fraser.

Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryeeroft Nursery, Hither Green,
Lewisham, showed a group of perennial Asters in pots.
This exhibit extended almost tlie length of the hall,
and the plants were in full bloom. Mr. Jones' collec-
tion is the subject of a note on p. 289, we need not there-
fore refer to this exhibit in detail, but the following
varieties, very pretty in the group, are not mentioned
in the note referred to :— A. longifolius formosus, a
dwarf, shrubby plant, very suitable for pot culture,
colour of (lowers rich pink, exceedingly free: N. b!
Calliope, with pale pink flowers ; X. B. jjno, and N. b!
floribunda. Mr. H. J. Jones had also a group of Chrys-
anthemums in pots, in which were noticed fine blooms
of Earl of Arrau, a yellow Japanese variety, witli good,
drooping florets, slightly incurving at tips; Madame
Von Andre, Miss Evelyn Douglas, rosy-purple-coloured
Japanese ; Ryeeroft Crimson, the new border variety,
described on p. 298, col. 2, and other choice varieties in
T)oth sections {Silver-gilt Flora Mejal).

Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate Nurseries,
Xondon, N., and Barnet, Herts, made au exhibit of
greenhouse flowering plants, all of them in beautiful
condition. There were Bouvardias, Pride of Brooklyn
<white), Humboldti grandiflora, also white, witli very
long tube and large segments; President Cleveland,
and Reine des Roses ; a few plants of Skiramia japonica
were finely berried, as was Peruettya mucrouata and
Callicarpa purpurea, with its long growths bearing
numerous axillary clusters of purple coloured berries,
rather smaller than Sweet Pea seeds; Ericas mam-
mosa, Cafl'ra, verticillata, and others, were abundantly
flowered ; and there were several varieties of tree Car-
natious in pots, as Mrs. S. J. Brookes, white; Miss M.
Hubbard, yellow ground, splashed with red; Etliel
Smith, rose coloured, Ac. (Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley,
exhibited a group of flowers of Cactus and single"
flowered Dahlias in very fine condition for so late a"
-date. The same firm had sprays of ornamental trees
and shrubs, showing the beautiful tints they acquire in
-autumn. Some of the most prominent were Quercus
coccinea, Berberis Thunbergi, Liriodendron Tulipifera
(the Tulip-tree), whose leaves become quite rich golden-
yellow colour; several varieties of Acer, Rhus fypliina
Ac. (Silver Flora Medal).

Mr. T. S. Ware, Ltd., Hale Farm Nurseries, Feltliam,
exhibited a group of cut flowers of perennial Asters!
border Chrysauthemums, Pyrethrum roseum. Dahlias!
<tc. Amaryllis Belladonna was shown in pans, also a
pretty pale coloured variety of this plant ' named
Blanda (Bronze Flora Medal).

Messrs. Barr A Sons, King Street, Covent Garden,
exhibited a group of cut hardy flowers, including Asters!
Gladioli, Dahlias, Chrysauthemums, &c. ; also plants
of Lonicera sempervireus, &c. (Bronze Flora Medal).

Mr. J. Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Surrey, ex-
hibited a very attractive group of varieties of Euony-
mus japonicus in pots, also E. rotundifolius, Ac. The
plants were finely coloured, and made a picture of
considerable variety. From the same establishiiieut
came agroup of Skimmias in pots, such as S. oblata, S. o,
fragrans, and S. Fortunei. Some of the plants we're of
large size, and most of them were well berried (Silver
Flora Medal). Mr. J. Russell also showed some
specimens of Cupressus erecta lutea, a variety of erect
habit and yellow foliage.

Mr. Geo. Prince, Longworth Nnrserics, Berks, ex-
hibited a group of lovely Tea Roses in great variety
The blossoms appeared to be as fi'agrantaud lovely as
in June (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. W. Wells A Co., Ltd., Earlswood Nurseries,
Redhill, Surrey, exhibited a fine group of Chrysanthe-
mums, in pots, border varieties ; and later-blooming
decorative sorts were grandly represented. Of the
border varieties. Orange Masse was very beautiful;
White Quintus, and Mychett Beauty, rich golden
yellow. There were also some new Japanese sorts of
promising character, including several raised in Aus-
tralia, one of whicli is described under "Awards"
(Silver Flora Medal).

The Earl of Radnor, Longford Castle, Salisbury (gr.,
Mr. Hazletou), exhibited a group of extraordinary Ce-
losias. The plants were 6 ft. high, and had shoots with
plumes from bottom to top. The strain is a very good
one, and there had been excellent cultivation (Bronze
Banksian Medal).

Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth Nurseries, Devonshire,
had grand Chrysanthemum blooius, all of those men-
tioned below being English seedlings, raised from
seeds saved at Exmouth. Tlicrc were some plants of
decorative varieties also, including the following :—
Harry Gover. reddish-bufl", or chestnut colour; De-
lightful and Yellow Boy, botli yellow; Bridesmaid,
light purple; and Market Favourite, deep reddish-
purple. These plants were about 2J feet high. The
Jap.anese exhibition sorts included Bessie Godfrey, yel-
low ; Exmouth Crimson, Japanese incurved ; Sensation,
described on p. 29s. col. 2; Exmouth Rival, a beautiful
crimson Japanese of good size and much refinement ;
Godfrey's Triumph, reddish-crimson ; Queen Alexandra
(see col. 2, p. 298) : Edward VII. (see p. 298. col. 2) ; and
Godfrey's Masterpiece, Ac.

A group of Tree-Carnations was shown by Lord
de Ramsey, Haverland Hall, Xorwicli (gi-., Mr. G. W.
Musk). Lady de Ramsey had flowers of red colour,
very fragrant ; and the Hon. Miss Alexandra Fellowes
was pink, possessing good calyx, very fragrant (Bronze
Banksian Medal).

Cordyline (Dractena) Mayi is a very pretly decorative
plant, sliowu by Mr. H. B. May, Dyson's Road Nursery,
Upper Edmonton, London, There were about two
dozen plants, with leaves 2J inches broad. The
variety colours well in small pots, and is a capital
plant for table adornment. It should not be cultivated
in larger than .vinch pots, and it will succeed very
well in 3-inch pots. Tiiere were also some nice plants
of C. latifolia.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch A Sons, Royal Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road, Chelsea, exh ibited a group of perennial
Asters whicli had been lifted from the open ground
and placed in pots. The plants and flowers were finely
developed, especially one of turbinellus ; A. horizon-
talis, a beautiful plant for single specimen, and many
others. The group was brightened by flowers of
Tritoma hybrida in several varieties, and Chrysan-
themum maximum. Messrs. Veitch also showed
blooms of varieties of Streptocarpus, including varie-
ties with blue, white, purple, red, mauve, and heliotrope
flowers. These are very beautiful, and it is a satisfactory
feature of them that they will come true from seeds.

The firm staged au imposing group of those in-
teresting Philippine and Malayan plants— Nepenthes,
finely pitchered in most eases, and in fine cultural
condition. Much interest centred in N. ventricosa, a
new species from the Philippines, introduced from
Hong Kong, a plant of which is also in the possession
of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The plant shown,
which had been depleted of many growtlis for trade
purposes, possessed eleven pitcliers. A full-grown
pitcher measured r, inches in heiglit, and the larger
diameter li inches. When half grown, it is of a
reddisli-copper tint, but later tlie green tint pre-
dominates. The mouth of the pitcher is folded back
at the edge, which is sinuously lobed, and is of a crini.
son tint. The operculum is yellowish, and i-ather
smaller than the opening. The pitchers are constricted
in the middle, hour-glass fashion. A First-class Certi-
ficate was granted the species. Very fine pitchers were
those of N. Chelsoni excellens, green, witli dark brown
spots, some of them'capable of holding a pint of liquid.
It will be sent out this year. N. Balfouriana, a cross
from Mastersiana and Mixta, a pitcher marked with
crimson splashes on a ground of green sufl'used with
red. The operculum is hooded, and of a deeper tint
than the rest. It was raised at the Royal Exotic Nur-
sery, and will be sent out tills year. N. bicalcarata,
with bright red pitcher, and two spur-like horns ; N.
Curtisii superba. very fine pitchers, some being quite a
foot in length; X. Tiveyii, figured in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, vol. xxi.. 1897, p. 200; N. mixta sauguinea, a
seniiual variety, raised at tlie same time as tlie type.
A Gold Medal was awarded for the above groups.

Awards.

Chriimiifhemmn Godfrey's Masterjnece. — A crimson
Japanese variety. From Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmoutli
(Award of Merit).

C. Godfrey's Triumph.— A large Japanese variety, witln
reddish-crimson flowers. From Mr. W. J. Godfrey-
(Award of Merit).

C: Mrs. T. W. Pocl-ett.—This is an Australian novelty
that gained a Gold Medal in April, 1901, for the best
new variety shown. It is a Japanese flower of very
large size, yellow in colour; florets narrow but
very numerous, and of good length, making a flower of
great depth. Sliowu by Messrs. W. Wells A Co.
(Award of Merit).

Xepenlhes rentricuxd, described above (First-class-
Certificate).

Perennial Aster cordifolius profusiis. — Described as a
seedling from cordifolius " Diana," height 4 feet. The
flowers are small, and pale mauve in colour. From Mr.
E. Beckett, gr. to Lord Aldenham, Aldenhara House,
Elstree, Herts.

Perennial A ster '• Enchantress."— Bescvihed as a seedling
from Hon. Edith Gibbs, and grows about 3 feet high.
Colour tlie same as the preceding variety, but the ray-
florets are more imbricate, and reflex considerably.
The inflorescence is ditrerent in habit, and the plant isa
stronger grower (Award of Merit). Several other good,
seedlings were shown by Mr. BECKErr.

A'erineMrs. Elliot .—The flowers of this seedling are-
of silvery-red colour, and very pretty. From H. J.
Elwes, Esq., Colesbourne Park, Cheltenham (gr., Mr.
Walters). The varieties Miss Carrington. Lady Dyei-
(very singular colour, purple and red), and Elliotti,
were also shown, and are veiy pretty.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Henry Little, Esq., in tlie Chair; and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), H. J. Chapman, H. A.
Tracey, F. A. Rehder, J. W. Potter, W. H. White, W. A.
Bilney, T. \V. Boud, E. Hill, H. M. PoUett, and W. H,
Young.

There was a very efl"ective and interesting show of
Orchids, including some remarkable specimens, and
fine new hybrids.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart, (gi-., Mr. W. H. White)^
showed the most remarkable specimen of Cattleya
Bowringiana ever exhibited, an immense plant, in
splendid condition, furnished with many spikes bear-
ing numerous finely-coloured flowers ; also a basket
containing some well-growu plants of Habenaria caruea.
and H. militaris, for which, as well as for the Cattleya
Bowringiana, Cultural Commendatiiuis were awarded.
Also in the group were the pretty carmine-red Sopho-
Cattleya x Chamberlainiana (S. grandiflora x C. Har-
risoniana), Cypripedium X Helvetia (Chamberlainia-
num X philippiense), and a fine specimen of Cypri-
pedium X picturatum (Spicerianum x superbiens). A.
Silver Banksian Medal was awarded for the group.

Sir Frederick Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East
Sheen (gr., Mr. W. H. Youug), showed a neat gi-oup of
well-grown plants, for which a Silver Flora Medal was
voted. In it were CattleyaxMaroni (aureaxvelutina),
with eleven flowers; C. Bowringiana Lady Wigan, a
charming, delicately-tiuted form ; C. labiata illuminata,
a fine dark variety with many flowers; Vanda San-
deriana, which liad been in tlie collectiou fourteen
years ; Cattleya Eldorado alba, C. aurea, the new Lielio-
Cattleya x Wilsoniie, tlie fine light-coloured L.-C. X
callistoglossa Princess of Wales, Miltonia Roezlii niag-
nifica, with four flowers on a spike ; a batch of the
elegant Stenoglottis longifolia, Stanhopea Martiana,
Ctelogj-ne ocellata, Cypripedium x Allanianum, Ltelia
pumila, Ac.

Jeremiah Colman. Esq., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr..
Mr. W. P. Bound), staged an efl'ective group, ricli iii
well-flowered Dendrobium Phalj&uopsis Schroderia-
num, the central plant a white form, with slight purple
veining on the lip, having seven spikes. Arranged
with them were two plants of the white Lfelia pumila
" Gatton Park " variety, which has a bluish marking
on the lip; Dendrobium bigibbum, D. ehrysanthum,
D. heterocarpum, Maxillaria (Caraaridium) ochroleu-
cum, Phatenopsis grandiflora, Cattleya aurea, Mil-
tonia Regnelli citrina '■ Gatton Park " variety, still
fine after being two months in flower ; Epiphronitis x
Veitchi, Crelogyne speciosa, and other showy species
(Silver Banksian Medal).

J. Bradshaw, Esq., The Grange, Southgate, showed
a group of exceedingly well-grown and flowered Cat-
tleya x Mantini. C. x Mantiui nobilior. the fine C. x
J. Baguley (Bowringiana x Hardyaua). whicli seems to
be an improvement on C. x Mantini ; and C. x Partlienia
" Priuce of Wales," white, with rose marking on the-
lip (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. Charlesworth A Co., Heaton, Bradford,
were awarded a Silvei- Flora Medal for a group of

October 10, 1901.]

THE GARDEXEnS' CHRONICLE.

297

thirty-six tanely flowered Oncidium Forbesii, and some
tine hybrids, the best of which are euumerated in tlic
list of Awards.

Captain Hoikobd, Westonbirt, Tetbury (gi-., Mr. A
Chapman), showed two grand specimens of Vanda
Kimballiana, the larger of which bore eleven spikes,
having together one hundred and thirty-five white
flowers with rose - crimson labellums. The other
specimens bore fewer but larger spikes, one of wliich
had twenty-four expanded flowers (Cultural commenda-
tion); also a good dark variety of La;lio-Cattleya x
Ingrami (L. Dayana x C. aurea).

W. M. Appleton, Esq , Tyn-y-Cocd, Weston-super-
Mare, showed Cypripedlum x Eos (niveum x Charles-
worthi) resembling C. GodefroyK in many respects.

Isaac Carh, Esq., Tiverton-on-Avon, sent a spike of
Cypripedlum x (Curtisii x EUiottianum). Messrs.
HuiiH Low <fc Co., Bush Hill Park, showed Dendrobium
Amesia; from New Guinea, with habit of D. taurinum,
and whitish, rose-tinted flower, in general appearance
like a form of that species.

but with oval front lobe to Ihc lip. Two foniis were
shown, the one much darker than the other.

W. Thompson-, Esq., Walton Grange. Stone, Stafford
<gr.. Mr. W. Stevens), showed Odontoglossum x crispo-
Harryauuni " Lil.v," with pretty white flowers blotched
with brown-purple, and with a bright rose tint over the
sepals and petals, which constituted its chief distinct ive
feature.

C. L. X. INOUAM. Esq., Elstead House, Godalming
(gr . Mr. T. W, Bond I. sent Lrelio-Cattleya x Firefly
iBowringiana x Dormaniana!, with singular-looking
flowers, somewhat resembling those of C. bicolor, and
of i>ale lilac-purple colour.

Mr. H. A. Tr.icy, Twickenham, showed a spike of
n supposed natural hybrid lictwecn Cattlcya bicolor
and C. Leopold!.

Awards.

FinST-CLASS CEIiTIFICATES.

CfUlU'i/a X Iris var. aitrf:o-mar(iiii(tta (bicolor x aurea),
from Messrs. Chahlesworth ct Co., Heaton, Bradford.
—A great improvement on the variety, for which they

niucli larger and broader in .all its parts. Sepals and
petals whitisli. tinged witli rose; centre of the lip
of a rich orange, front elaret-crinison. A delicate
veining of pale yellow c';i light rose extends over the
side-lobes of the lip, otherwise there was no evidence
of C. aurea usually seen in hybrids of it.
Botanical Certificate.

I'leiirii'Jtallis Inlei-Hia, from R. I. Measures, Es(|.,
CamberwcU (gr., Mr. 11. J. Chapman).— A small-growing
species, with slender spikes of reddish-orange-coloured
flowers.

Before the regular business of the meeting began the
honorary secretary announced the great loss which the
Orchid Committee, and horticulture generally, had
sustained liy the death of Mr. Thomas Rochford, a
member of the Orcliid Committee, and a Vote of con-
dolence with his widow and family was passed.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : CtCO. Bunyard, Esq., Chairman ; and Messrs.
Jos. Cheat, \V. Farr, G, T. Miles, S. Mortimer, Alex.

FlO. 91.— SO.ME GOURDS GROWN DY ME-SSliS. II. CANNKLL AND SONS.

Robert Tunstill, Esq., Monkholmc, Burnley (gr.,
Mr. Balmforlh), showedaveiy finely flowered specimen
of the clear yellow Odontoglossum grandc aureum,
'• Monkholmc variety."

T. W. Thornton, Esq., Brockhall, Wcedon, showed
Catllc.va X weedoniensis (granulosa Schofieldiana x
Mcndcli).

M. Chas. Mabon, Brunoy, France, showed Cattlcya x
MrB. Herbert Greaves (Harrisoniana x Gaskelliana
alba), with pale pink flowers and white labcllum ; also
C. X Lady Ingram, Maron's variety (see Awards).

R. I. Measures, Esq., Camberwell (gr., Mr. H. J.
Chapman), showed Cattleya labiata lilacina, a deli-
cately tinted variety, of an uniform pale rose-pink
colour.

Messrs. .lAS. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, showed the
stately and beautiful Lrelio-Cattlcya x Dominiana
Langleyensis (L, purpurata Brysiana x C. Dowiana),
with large flowers luaving an intensely dark claret-
purplo lip, with delicate tracery of yellow at the base;
and the remarkal>Ic hybrid Epi-La?lia x Eros (E.
ciliare^ L. Dayana?). The sepals and petals wore in
tlic way of E. ciliarc, but rather broader, white, tipped
with purple. Lip ovate, and slightly concave, ciliatc,
and undulate at the margin: white at the b.ase, with
traces of the purple lines, as in L. Dayana; the front
purple. Also Cattleya x Clylio (Bowringiana 9
vclutina), with flowers equal to a good C- Bowringiana,

received an .\ward of Merit, Septcmlier 21. Sepals and
petals of an attractive bronzy-yellow tint, with clear
yellow margin. Lip large, rich crimson, changing to
deep claret-crimson towards the centre.

IjvHo-CdUtcijn X llaroldiivia CharleswoAh vtirifly (L.
tcncbrosa xC. Ifardyana).— A grand flower, most richly
coloured. Shown by iheraiseis, Messrs. Charleswortii
& CO. Sepals and petals greenish-yellow, the sepals
freckled with purple, and the petals marbled with port-
ivinc colour, the pale yellow veining showing between ;
lip of a rich claret-crimson tint, with some slight,
yellow lines at the base.

.WvARDs or Merit.

Uelio-Caltleiia x WiUimii- (L. Dayana x ('. laliialai,
from Sir Frederick WiiiAN. Bart., Clare Lawn, East
Sheen (gr., Mr. W. H. Youngi.— .\ flncly-shaiied flower,
very large for the habit of the jilant ; sepals and pelals
of light rose-colour; lip dark purple, with a light rose
blotch iu the front, and some small purple lines at the
base.

Catlleya x /,o(Kc(AclandiiCxTriana;l Backhouseiana),
from Messrs. Chari.eswoicih it Co., Bradford.— Flower
of good substance, the lip ruby-purple, and the
sepals .and pelals bright rose, the petals having purple
tips ; derived from C. Trian;ci Backhouseiana.

Caiiki/a X Ladi/ Imjrarn " Maron'n mriely" (Eldorado ^
Dowiana aurea, from M. Chas. Mahon, Brunoy, France,
— .\ line flower, rcsenibling C. Eldorado spleudens, but

Dean, \V. Pope, li. Beckett, G. Reynolds, J. Jaques.
F. Q. Lane, G. Norman, A. II. Pearson, and C. Herriii.

Messrs. H. Cannki.i.&Sons, Swanley, Kent, exhibited
an excellent collection of Gourds (see fig. SH), which in
viiricly was (ho l)est we li<ave seen for many years.
From the tiny Gooseberry Gourd (Cucumis grossi -
laria) to the Maunnoth Pumpkins and Squashes, there
were fruils which mimicked in shape a great variety of
fruits and other articles. The Orange Gourd, for ir-
stance, is a very faithful representation of an Orange
(Silver-gilt Knight ian Medal).

Mr. .J. B. i.E Pace, exporting afent, I and 7, While
Rock. Guernsey, exhibited a quantity of Guornsoy-
grown fruits, including Grapes (a-os Colman, Gros
Maroc and Alicante, , also Tomatos, Ac, in cross-
handled baskets, packed in the " fourgons " as placed
on the steamers (Vote of Thanks).

Messrs. IIABRLSON it SONS, Leicester, made an cxhiljit
of thirty-nine dishes of Onions, in wl icj most of the
popular varieties wci'e rcprcsentO-1 ly tood Inillis
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Baur &. s6n.s, King Street, Covent Garden,
London, exhibited a I'Ollection of Cabbages, including
Christmas Drumhead, Lai-ge York, Sugar Loaf, Red
Dutch, and Best of AH ;• also several varieties of Savoys.

Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, Roupell Park Nurseries,
West Norwood, London, cxhihilcd a dish of extraordi-
nary fruits of Kibston Pippin .\pple; there were twelve

298

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 10, 1901.

fruits, whicli weighed eollectively 7j lbs. Xhej- were
from trees vvorlced upon tlie Paradise stock, and about
tliree years old. CJascoignc's Scarlet Seedling, Cox's
Orange Pijipin, and King of tlie Pippins, Apples from
the same esla.blishmcnt, were nearly equally notable
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Small white Grapes, perfectly ripe and sweet, were
shown by Di-. Bonavia, from Worthing. The variety
was apparently Sweetwater, and it ripens every year on
walls in that district.

Three Seedling Apples were shown from diflcrcnt
districts that failed to obtain an award.

A dish of Apple Watlingford Pippin was shown by
W. H, Heywood, Esq.. Watlingford, Bowden, Cheshire.
The fruits are very large, apparently a green kitchen
variety.

A dish of the " Colchester Black ' Bullacc, with [large
round fruits, was shown by Mr. A. J. Harwood,
Colchester.

Mr. R. W. Green, Wi.sbecli, showed a collection of
upwards of 100 dishes of Potatos, many varieties l)eing
represented by excellent tubers (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Twelve dishes of Pears were shown by Lord Snr-
FIELD, Gunton Park, Norwich (gr., Mr. W. Allan). The
fruits were of large size, very fine, and the varieties
included Doyenne du Cornice, Marie Louise, and others
equally choice (Silver Banksian Medal).

H. V. HOLDEN, Esq., Eastwell Park, Ashtord(Mr. II.
Walters, gr.), exliibitod a collection of fruit, including
thirty Melons; three bundles each of Grapes, Black
Alicante, Musca.t of Alexandria, and Gros Maroc; also
a number of dishes of fine Apples (Silver Knightian
Medal).

Awards.

Apple yorfoll; Urnutii.— The fruits are of large size,
smootli skin, and of yellow colour. The eye is set in a
considerable depression, segments large, closed ; stem
short, set in a ratlier deep basin, which is covered with
russet, which appears also upon other parts of the
fruit occasionally. It is a seedling from Waruer's
King X Waltham Abbey Seedling, but partakes more
after the characteristics of the latter variety. The
fruits ripen early, and are perfectly fit for use now.
Prom Lord SuEi'-iELD, Gunton Park, Norwich (gr., Mr.
Wm. Allan) (Award of Merit).

Mum Urotm's Crimson Drop.— This variety may lie
briefly described, we arc informed, as a red-fruited
Coe's Golden Drop ; but the fruits disappeared so
quickly, our reporter was unable to describe them
from inspection. Shown by J. Brown, Esq., Tlie Planes'
Keigate (Award of Merit).

The Lecture.

In the afteruoon Mr. Geo. Bunyai'd-.read extracts
from three papers upon " Hardy, fruits for Scotland.''
The first was one )iy Mr. Donald McLean, who spoke of
the cultivation of hardy fruits in the north of Scot-
land; the second by Mr. W. Wright, Taymouth Castle
Gardens, who dealt more with the conditions of cen-
tral Scotland ; aud Mr. J. Day, Gallow.ay House Gar-
dens, who discoursed uijon the culture of fruits in the
South of Scotland.

Each of the essayists recommended a list of the
varieties best suited tor the districts, and these will be
printed in the Journal oflhr Boj/al IlorUcuUiiral Society.

NATIONAL CHEYSANTHEMUM.

October h, 9, 10.— The National Chrysanthemum
Society held its first exhibition of the present season
in the Roy.al Aquarium. Westminster, on the above
dates. There was a satisfactory display of Chrys-
anthemum flowers, but late-blooming varieties, speci-
ally cultivated, appeared to be more prominent than
genuinely early-blooming or border varieties.

The displays from luembers of the trade were many
i^nd interesting, and the exhibits of fine vegetables
Siown for prizes offered by Mr. H. Deverill attracted
much attention.

A meeting of the Floral Committee was held, and
four Fiivl class r'ci-tifirii;-:5 and one Award of Merit
were rcroiiiiHiMlcd i-> i- numy novelties. Those are
descnl.cil hci.n'. Tin' ^ ■.■iin.il .Srrretary, Mr. R. Dean,
was sunh-irntly ic ■,■,,(■.■!■. -a in. in liis recent indisposition
to attend the exliibitioii.

Competitive Classes.
The best group of Clirysanthenium plants was
djudged to be one from Mr. E. Dove, gr. to E. J.
Wythes, Esq., Bickley H.all, Kent. Both it and one
shown by Mr. W. Howe. gr. to Lady A. Tate, Park Hill,
Streatham Comiiion, were of the usual tj'pe, and there
was little to divide them.

Class 2, for twenty-four Japanese blooms, in not
fewer than eighteen varieties, was won by Mr. Norman
Davis, Framflekl, Sussck. The collection was com-

posed of fine blooms in poiut of size, but several o£
them were not quite at their best colour. Some very
good ones were Florence Molyneux. Soleil d'Octobre,
Phtebus, Mrs. Darby, Scottish Chief, Mrs. G. Mileham,
Chas. Longley, Lily Mountford, itc. ; 2nd, Mr. Chas.
Penford, gr. to SirF. Fitzwigkam, Leigh Park, Havant.

There was more competition in the class for twelve
Japanese blooms distinct, the best of five competitors
being Mr. W. Meredith, Slanstead Park Gardens,
Emsworth. His blooms were Lady Phillys, R. Upton,
Australie, Soleil d'Octobre (very good), Pluebus (good),
Henry Stowc, Kayouante (in fine condition), Mrs. G.
Mileham, Mrs. W. Cursham, Mrs. J. Bryant, Mrs.
Coombes, and Miss A. Byron (very nice); 2nd, Mr. W.
Ring, gr. to G. Warren, Esq., Capel House, Waltham
Cross ; aud .'Hrd, Mr. A. Mackay, gr. to F. H. Bowden-
Smith, Esq., Danesbury, Benger, Hertford. Soleil
d'Octobre was very fine in this exhibit, and Miss Alice
Byron.

Mr. J. Brookes, gr. to W. J. Newman, Esq.,Totteridge
Park, Totteridge, Herts, won the class for six blooms.

The best twelve bunches of early flowering varieties
was shown by Mr. J. H. Prince, 11, Fennel Street,
Loughborough. His varieties were Golden Desgranges.
Harvest Home, Ivy Stark, Victor Mew, Bronze Prince.
Crimson Marie Masse, Madame Marie Masse, Doris Peto
(white). Golden Queen of Earlies, Fran<;ois Vuillermet,
Mens. G. Menier, and Miss Ruth Williams. This was a
good representative collection of Clirysanthemums,
most suitable for flowering in September and early
October. 2nd, Mr. E. F. Such. Maidenliead.

The best collection of six bunches came from Mr.
D. B. Crane, 4. Woodview Terrace, Archway Koad.
Highgate, London, N. ; Lemon Queen, Madame Ed.
Lefort, bronze coloured Pompon, and Mr. J. R. Molliu-
sou, a large yellow and bronze coloured flower, were
included in this exhibit. 2ud. Mr. J. Brookes, gr. to
W. J. Newman-, Esq., Totteridge Park, Totteridge, Herts.

■me Floral Committee's Awards.

Chri/santheiituin Kdaard VII. — A fine chiret-crimson
coloured Japanese flower, with pale bronze-coloured
reverse. From Mr. W. J. Godfrey, E.Kinouth (Award
of Merit).

(.'. Ryeerofl Crimson.— This is from a cross between
Madame Masse and Bronze Prince. Tlie plants were
3 feet high, bushy, of good habit. Flowers are crimson,
.and the colour lasts unusually well. An excellent
border and market plant. Prom Mr. H. J. Jones
(First-class Certificate).

C. Horace Martin.— An excelleut yellow sport from
Madame Marie Masse. Two plants were shown from
the open ground, and were covered with fine flowers.
From Mr. J. J.Martin, florist, Leighton Buzzard, and
Messrs. Cocker & Son, Aberdeen (First-class Certifi-
cate).

C. Queen Alexandra. -Avery excellent distinct-looking
Japanese flower, with broad florets ; colour fawn, or
reddish-fawn. Shown by Mr. W. J. Godfrey (First-
class Certificate).

C. Sensation.— A large-flowered Japanese, with wide
florets, incurving at tips ; colour ricli yellow witii
reddisli streaks on florets. From Mr. W. J. Godfrey
(First-class Certificate).

EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN

FRUITS AT THE CRYSTAL

PALACE.

NURSERYMEN'S COMPETITION.

October 10, 11, 12.— In a Supplement to last week's
issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle, we published a full
report of all the competitive classes at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's fruit show, open to market growers,
gardeners, and amateurs: That report showed that
through the medium of the district county classes, in
wliich counties and gi'oups of counties are arranged to
compete witli each other on more or less even ground,
in respect to climatic conditions, tliere was a repre-
sentative display of fruit from all parts of the kingdom.
Still Kent held its own, and more than its own, Mr.
Geo. Woodward, gr. to Roger Leigh, Esq., near
Maidstone, e.Khibited in about sixty-five classes, and
in these he won as many as thirty-six 1st prizes and
eleven 2nd prizes. Mr. Stowers, gr. to S. H. Dean,
Sittingbourue, was also a very successful exhibitor
from tlie same county. It is evident that if the Kent
produce was not so freely admitted to the exhibi-
tion, througli a desire to give otlier di^tviffs a hotter
opportunity of winning prizes, the slamlai d nt ,|ii;iiity
would thereby be materially reduced \i th. ^ame
tiiiie, it iiiinht be possible to extend thf di-incl rnnnty
il I -I . Willi a view to the further encouragement of
lii ih I lavoured than others.

-. Ill', .11. r.itions of the judges' awards were made
.iliei mil liiiu-s were taken. Mr. W. H. Dyer, Mychett
Nursery, Frimley, informs us tliat he subsequently
obtained 2nd prize in the Market Growers' Class for a
bo.'i or basket of Tomatos, showing Dyer's Seedling.

Tlie arrangements for the show were extremely good,
and as the central nave was utilised for a large propor-
tion of the exhibits, tliere was not quite so much
running about necessary as usual, when a large propor-
tion of the nave is devoted to tlie show. The exhi-

bition entails much work upon the Society, especially
upon the Rev. W. Wilks, Mr. Reader, Mr. S. T.
Wright, and Mr. Humphreys.

Below are some remarks upon the nurserymen's
exliibits, competitive and non-competitive. In respect
to the collections of fruit shown, almost all of them
were competitive. Nurserymen who exhibited fruit
grown e.xtirely out-of-doors were asked to exhibit in
one of tliree classes, difTering from each other only in
the amount of table- room granted. Class 17 was
reserved for orchard-house fruit and trees. It is a
noteworthy circumstance of the season that Messrs.
Geo. Bfnyaed & Co. wou a Gold Medal in this com-
petition, as well as the Gold Medal in the large class
for out-door fruit. These were the only Gold Medals
oS'ered for competition. Nurserymen who failed to
enter in one of the classes named above were debarred
from any award of any sort.

FOR FRUIT GROWN ENTIRELY OUT-OF-DOORS.

Class 14.

Forty-eight feet run of six feet Tattling.

The prizes offered in this class were a Gold Medal, a
Hogg Medal, aud a Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. Tlie
1st prize was splendidly won by a superior lot of fruits
from Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co.. Royal Nurseries,
Maidstone. The table was abundantly furnished with
clioice varieties of Apples and Pears. Nuts, Damsons.
Sweetwater Grapes, Shepherd's Bullace, Quince, and
Medlars. There were 310 distinct varieties, including
200 dishes of Apples, eighty of Pears, and thirty
miscellaneous. The fruits were of large size and the
liest quality, colour being especially well developed.
A few stands were used to break the monotony of the
arrangement.

.fp;)irs.— Of Apples, we noticed tlie following ;— Mrs.
Phiflimore. a new red-coloured Apple, introduced by
Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co. ; Margil, Crimson
Quoining, Mabbot's Pearmain, Golden Reinette, Winter
Peach, a good, heavy, cooking .\pple, carrying a bloom
suggestive of a Peacli ; Col. Vaughan, James Grieve,
Stone's, Striped Beefing, Emperor Alexander, Golden
Noble, Swedish Reinette, a magnificent dish of fruits,
showing the best form and colour; Ribston Pippin,
Baumaun's Winter Reinette, a richly-coloured Apple of
considerable use in making an effective display, as are
Bietigheimer, Gascoigne's Scarlet Seedling, etc. The
dish of fruits of the last-named variety was exception-
ally fine. Then there were Royal Jubilee (Bunyard),
Annie Elizabetli, Byford Wonder, Bismarck, Lord
Derby. New Winter Hawthornden, Cox's Pomona, St.
Edmund's Pippin, Lane's Prince Albert, a variety that
may be recommended for its quality and free
cropping characteristics; Duchess of Oldenburg,
Gravenstein, Castle Major, ^^'itllington Fillbasket,
Mother, Belle Pontoise, AUingtou Pippin, one of
Messrs. Bunyard's new and best dessert Apples; Mal-
colm Dunn, Thomas Rivers, Stirling Castle, Cox's
Orange, Worcester Pearmain. Hambling's Seedling.
Peasgood's Nonsuch. Cellini Pippin, and Wealthy.

Pmrs.— The following Pears were most noticeable:—!
Marguerite Marillat. Grosse Calebasse, Conference, Du-
rondeau, Triuinphe de Vienne. Beurre Diel, Fertility,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Duchesse d'AngoulSme,
Princes.^. King Edward. Pitmaston Duchess, Madame
Andre Leroy, Magnate, Brockworth Park, Emily
d lleyst. and Directeur liardy.

Messrs. H. Cannell it Sons, Swanley, Kent, were
the only other cxliibitors in tliis class, and were
awarded .3rd prize. The table was scarcely furnished
sufllcicutly, but the collection included some good
fruits, amongst wliich were the following .\pplcs ;
Peasgood's Nonsuch, Emperor Alexander, The Queen,
Coxs Pomona, Bismarck, Worcester Pearmain, Cellini,
and Stirling Castle.

Class 15.
Thirty-two .feet run of six feet Tabling.

Mr. John Basham, Bassaleg, Monmouthshire, staged
a fine exhibit in this class, and won the 1st prize, viz.,
aJlogg Modal. We noticed the following Apples in
excellent condition : Adam's Pearmain, Crimson
Quoining, Ribston Pippin, Emperor Alexander, The
Queen, Tlbbet's Pearmain, Ecklinville Seedling, Golden
Noble, Byford Wonder, Gascoigne's Scarlet Seedling,
Mrs. Barron, St. Basil, a good-sized Apple, yellowish-
green, with streaks of red colour; Baumaun's Red
Reinette. Wealthy, Noi'folk Beefing, Lord Grosvenor,
Tyler's Kernel, Beauty of Kent, Allington Pippin, a
very fine sample : Warner's King, New Hawthornden.
Royal Jubilee, King of Pippins, Sandringham, Lord
Derby, Cox's Orange Pippin, Mabbot's Pearmain, Lane's
Prince Albert, &c. Of Pears there were Marie Louise
Princess, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Doyenne Bonssoch,
Beurrg Capiaumont, BeurrcS Diel, King Edward,
BeurrS Hardy, Marie Louise d't'cclr, ,\:r -\ rentre,
stand in the form of a square |..\i miiil \iilli -hilvcs
was very effectively draped, ami iiiriii-.lM il iviih ilie
most showy fruits, including ripe iiai dy i ir.iiics. .Mmi-
mouthshire is evidently one of the most suitable
counties for clioiee fruit production.

The 2nd prize of a Silver-gilt Knightian Medal was won
by Messrs. Jas. Che.al ct Sons, LowfieldNurseries, Craw-
ley, Sussex. Of Apples the following varieties were very
tine. Colonel Vaughan, Co.k's Orange Pippin, The Queen,
The old Ringer. Lowfleld Seedling, apparently a cook-
ing sor t ; Chelmsford Wonder, very clean, bright-looking

October 10, 1901.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

299

sample : Jfelson Codlin, Hoary Morning, Lord Derby,
Lane's Prince Albert, Worcester Pearniain (excellent
colour). Castle Major (avei-y pretty Apple), yellow, with
reddish blush on one side: Gypsy King, Bess Pool, Carl-
isle Castle, an uncommon variety, of deep red colour:
Dutch Mignoune, and Morley's Inconquerablc.

The following Pears were the best of those shown,
Duchess d'Angouleme, Kicffer Seedling, Easter Beurre
King Edward, Beurre Alexander Lucas, a large green
fruit; Glout Morceau, Doyenne d'Alen^on, and Beun-e
Xigair. There were also dishes of Medlars, Quinces,
Crabs, 'Almonds, Coe's Golden Drop, Coe's Late Red,
and Belle de Septembre Plums, and Tomatos.

Messrs. Jso. Peed & Sox, Roupell Park Nurseries,
West Norwood, Loudon, won ;ird jn-ize in this
class, and their fruit was gi-own in the neighbour-
hood of London, 7 miles distant from Charing Cross.
The best Apples in this collection were Warner's King,
Wealthy, Cox's Pomona, Bramley's Seedling, Blenheim
Orange, Lane's Prince .Vlbert, King of the Pippins,
Ribston Pippin (extra fine), Cellini Pippin, Old Haw-
thornden, Wadhurst Pippin, Chelmsford Wonder,
Tyler's Kernel, Bismarck, Opetieu, agreen Apple, appa-
rently a good cooking variety ; and Gascoigne's Scarlet
Pippin. There was also a nice collection of Pears.

Messrs. John" Laing & Co., Forest IIUI Nurseries
London, S E., were also awarded a .'!rd prize, and it is
noteworthy that the fruits shown werccultivated within
6 miles of London Bridge. Of Apples, we noticed good
specimens of Hoary Morning, Gascoigne's Scarlet Seed-
ling, Lane's Prince Albert, Beaut>-of Kent, Gloria Mundi,
Bellamy's Fillhiiskct, a yellow-skinned cooking Apple,
seldom sliown : Emi)eror .\lexander, Bismarck, Peas-
good's Nonsuch, Blenheim Orange Pippin, Potts' Seed-
ling, Cox's Pomona, and Magnum Bonum. Of Pears,
there were good specimens of Beurr6 Clairgeau, Marie
Louise, Louise Bonne of Jersey, King Edward, ttc.
Altogether, there were staged 17.5 varieties of fruit.

Class k.
Sixteen Jcel run of six feel Tahlintj.

There were as many as six exhibitors in this class,
and the prizes offcicd were a Silver-gilt Knightian
Medal, Silver-gilt Banksian, and Silver Knightian
Medals. The 1st i>rize was won by Messrs. Geo.
Cooling & Son, Bath, who had a collection of seventy-
five dishes of Apples and Pears. Tlie following .\pples
were vcit good, Blenheim Orange, Queen, Peasgood's
Nonsuch, Warner's King. Annie Elizabeth, (iascoigne's
Scarlet Seedling, Bismarck, Cox's Pomona, Newton
Wonder, Allington Pippin, and Lady Hcnniker.

Of Pears we noticed, amongst others, Beurrd
Diel, Beurre Clairgeau, Directcur Alphand, and Marie
Louise d'Ucclc. Messrs. Edwin lIiLi.iEn &. Sons.
Winchester, were lind. They showed some grand
Apples, including Peasgood's Nonsuch, American
Mother, Golden Noble, Duchcssi' Favourite, Cox's
Orange, .Mlington Pippin, King of the Pippins, and
Egremont Russet ; also Pears, Raspberries, Medlars,
Peach Lady Palmerston, Plums, &f.

Mr. Will Tayloh, Osborn Nursery, Hampton, Mid-
dlesex, won .3rd prize. The best of his .Apples were
Jubilee, Emperor Alexander, Peasgood's Nonsucli,
Ribston Pippin, and Bismarck. There were good I'll-
maston Duchess and Beurr<5 Clairgeau Pears, and Rcine
Olga Grapes, the latter having good-sized bunches of
red berries.

The other competitors in this class included Messrs.
Spooner & Sons, Hounslow Nurseries, Middlesex,
who had eighty dishes of Apples, and a dozen varieties
of Pears. Messrs. W. Bai.chin & Sons, Hassocks Nur-
series. Sussex, who showed sixty varieties of Apples, Ac. ;
and Messrs. Paul A Son. The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,
Herts, who also had a good collection of choice fruit.

ORCHARD - HOUSE FRUITS.

The space allowed to eaeli competitor in this class
was to have consisted of .32 feet run of li feet tabling,
but circumstances compelled the superintendent to
alter this, and therefore square tables were used,
which afforded rather less space than was expected.
Both exhibitors were apprised of this by letter.

There were two exhibitors in this class, and they
were both of excellent quality, necessitating great
care on the part of the judgi'S. wlio sp<'nt considerable
time in considering their awards. In the end the
Ist prize of a (Jold Med.il was awarded to Messrs. G.
BUNYAHD it Co., Maidstone, who had one of the very
best collections of .\pples and Pears possible, both as
trees in pots and l)askets of gathered specimens. The
trees were of exceedingly robust appearance, and
carried an abundance of healthy foliage. The following
Apples were grand : Peasgood's Nonsuch, Gascoigne's
Scarlet Seedling; so were Pears BeurriS Superlin.
Durondeau, Fondante de Tliiriott, Marie Beuoist,
Josephine de Malines, Winter Windsor, Beurrd Fon-
queray (an enormous crop), Marie Louise, Conference,
and Princess There was one tree of Wyedale Plum.
In baskets were splendid fruits of Marguerite Marrillat,
General Todlcben, Parrot, President d'Osmonvillc,
BcurrC' Dumont, DoycnnO Boussoch, Le Lectier.
DoyennO du Cornice, Lady Clapp, a new, large, globular
Pear ; Beurrd Did, and other choice Pears. Also very
large fruits of Uvedale St. Germain. Apples included
Emperor Alexander, Washington, Cox's Orange Pippin,
all veiy well coloured; Reinctte du Canada, Wealtliy,

a very soft Apple in season at the present time, of good
appearance, moderate flavour, and fairly well known ;
Belle Pontoise, Swedish Reinette, Newton Wonder,
Sandringhara. Mother, a very fine dessert fruit ; Rib-
ston Pippin, Winter Ribston, The Queen, Annie
Elizabeth, ttc.

Messrs. T. Rivers it Sox, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, had
an exhibit upoujustasimilart.ible.and their collection
included soft fruits, in addition to choice varieties of
Pears and Apples. Tlic trees in pots included of Pears,
Duraudeau, Beurre Fouqueray, Magnate, Conference,
Pitmaston Duchess. DoyenncS du Comice, itc. ; and
Apples Melon, Bijou, Emperor Alexander, &c. ; Plums
Coe's Goldeu Drop and Late Orange; Peaches Salway.
The gathered fruit included fine specimens of the fol-
lowing: Peaches Golden Eagle, Salway, and Lady Pal-
merston : Plums Late Orange (a delicious variety of
Messrs. Rivers' introduction), and Golden Drop ; Pears
Princess. BeurrcS Diel, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Mag-
nate, Beurre Superlin, Marie Louise d'Ucde, Parrot,
Doyenne du Cornice, and grand Pitmaston Duchess.
The following Apples were also of very high quality ;—
Emperor Alexander, Tlie Queen, Washington, King of
the Pippins, King of Tomkins County, Gloria Mundi,
Peasgood's Nonsuch, Blenheim Orange Pippin, Cox's
Orange Pippin, Gascoigne's Scarlet Seedling, Liidy
Hcnniker, Kmperor Alexander, and The Quecu. Some
Grapes and other choice fruits, forwhich there was not
room upon this table, are noticed under "Non-com-
petitive exhil)its."

G.ALLS ON Trek Roots : Correspondent. If you
will cut one open you ■will find three or lour
cavities, in each of which is an ant-like
insect called Cyuips aptera. We arc not
aware that they cause much injury. — J. C.
The galls are produced by an insect, Cynips
aptera, the same that produces the galls on
the leaves of the Oak (lig. 9-2).

BRITISH MYCO LOGICAL.

DCRINi; the recent meelingof the British Mycological
Society at Exeter, several interesting species were met
with, or were sent for exhibition. Amongst the latter
was Amanita Vittadinii, Fr., specimens of which were
gathered at Gomsall by the writer and Mr. Thomas
llowse. This is certainly a rare .Vgaric, which has not
appeared at any fungus show at which the writer has
been present. The fugacious conical warts and greenish
gills give the plant a very striking appearance. Corti-
narius cotoneus also occurred at (iomsall. A table was
devoted to Cortiiiarii at Exeter, on which were C,
viola^cens, pnrpurascens, multiformis, triumphans,
albo-violaceus, lepidopus. coUinitus, clatior, impennis
anomalus, largus, inlractus, dil)aphus, prasinus, deli
butus, and others.

The LepiotiP, too. were well represented by such
species as L. jiroccra, raehodes, pcrmixta, mastoidea,
Badliami.cristata, metul!uspoia,anderminca. ThePoly-
liorei, too, were numerous, as well as the Bolcti :
among the latter were B. aurantiosporns (llowse),
radicans, and lenuipes. \ single specimen of the
beautiful Myccna aurautio-marginata w.is met with
in one of the excursions, and under the same heap of
Oak-leaves, Hymcnogaster tenax, hitherto unrecorded
as British, was found witliin a quarter of a mile of
this spot; Kemella, called by Fries Fernsjonia luteo-
alba, was gathered on Bircli-lnigs. Specimens of this
were also found the following day by Mr. Rca on Oak.
The fungus has doubtless hitherto been overlooked'
Several years ago at one of the Scotch meetings during
an excursion to Penicuik, it was thought to have been
found, but the specimen was lost before identilication.
Clavaria pistillans, Volvaria bombycina, Coprinus
picaceus, Sparassis crispa, Cronarlium rubicola, from
Haslcmcre, were among the I'.'iu named species on the
tables.

For educational purposes, this naming the specimens
is of the gieatest value, and thanks arc due to the
younger members of the Society, who undertook this
work, viz., Messrs. BilTen, Hughes, C. T. M. Plowright.
and .Swanton. The cordiality and hospitality with
which the members of the Society were received were
t>-pically Devonian, and the week was an exceedingly
enjoyable one.

Four ladies took part in the meetings— Mrs. Mon-
tague, of Crediton ; Miss Maw, Miss Eyro, and Miss
.\nnie Lorraine Smith. The President, Prof. Marshall
Ward ; the Secretary, Mr. Carleton ; Rev. W. L. W.
Eyre, and Messrs. McKenzie, Rose, Bird, &c., also took
part in the meetings. C. II. P.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apples RoriiNt; : li. B. C. Tlie fruits have
split, from a sudden access of water ; and
the common rot of Apples, &c., Monilia
fructigena, has seized upon the exposed
pulp. The variety is Vellow Ingestre, not
Cox's Orange Pippin.

Characters, NoTicK, &('. : Oxonian. l,no; "2,
the length of notice that a domestic servant
can demand, unless th<!re has been gross
misconduct, is four weeks.

Fairy Rincs on Lawn : T. Martin. The means
to be adopted in clearing the turf of this
fungus have been given in recent issues of
this journal.

LisMORE Castle : E. li. The words should
have been deleted, as no liguro was given.

Manure for Vines: Amateur. Stall-fed oxen
voidings, well-rotted stable-manure, as sur-
face dressings. Thompson's Vine-manure,
superphosphate of lime, ground bones,
nitrate of potash, soot, are all of them good
Vine- food.

Mealy-bug ok Thrips on Vines: Amateur.
First rub oft the whole of the corky part of
the bark, jiaying the greatest attention to
the angles between tlu- lateral shoots and
the main rods, and going down 0 inches
below the ground. Wash the Vines with
soda-water and soft-soap, i oz. to the gallon,
and when dry, dress them with Gishurst
Compound-soap at the rate of :} oz. to the
gallon of water. Having done this, sling the
Vines up to the trellis loosely, and proceed
to cleanse the woodwork, gliiss, and walls
with soft-soap and hot-water; then fill in all
holes and crevices with plaster of Paris or
Portland cement, and finally lime-wash the
brickwork once or twice, putting sulphur
into the wash. This being linished, care-
fully clear out and burn all the rubbish, and
remove the old soil t! inches deep, and re-
place it with fresh compost ; throw the
vinery open to the weather, and liopc lor
the best. Thrips should be easily k( pi iiiuler
by vaporising the hou.so once a month ; but
the bug is not so easily got rid of at one
dressing. Keep the Vines under close
observation from the time the buds break,
and kill all mealy-bugs scon by touching^
them with a brush dipped in methylated
spirits.

Ml scatGrapes : n. iV. li., lO K. E. R. The Vines
appear to have been very improperly treated
by your predecessor, who made excessive ap-
plications of water and li<|uid-iii:nMiic lo the
border, covering it with a cow-ilnii^ nuilcli
'.) inches thick, and the Viiu>s :ilsci sulTcred
from the attacks of red spider. In coiise-
f|uence of these practices and attacks, the
Vines have siiflertsd at the root and in the
foliage, and doubtless many of the smaller
roots have perished, and a check has been
inflicted. The Vines will doubtless recover
if the texture of the soil has not boon
altered for the wor.se. Ascertain the con-
dition of the drainage, especially the outlet
drain ; remove the mulch entirely, and fork
over the surface of the border a few inches
ill depth, applying no more water till the
soil has become somewhat dry to a depth of

300

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 19, 1901.

li ft. Beyond these measures you cannot
flo anything. If the border is a deep one,
i.e., tliroe or more feet, it may be pru-
dent to search for the extremities of the
main roots, and if those are found to be
deep in the soil, trace thcni back for some
distance and lay them at higher levels, but
not all on one plane. Jf the soil is found to
bo deficient in lime, or inclined soon to
become adhesive, mix lime rubble with the
disturbed portion before returning it to its
J)lace, or partially re-make the border with
new materials. The Muscat of Alexandria
is a variety that requires a warm, well-
drained border, as well as more top-heat
than most other varieties, hence a clieck is
often given to it by causes which have no
injurioife effects on hardier ones, as seems to
be the case in your vineries adjoining the
Muscat- house, filled with l^ady Downes,
Gros Colraan, and 151ack Hamburgh.

JfrsiiiiOOM : L. E. Yes, Agaric ui arvensis.

A'AMEs OF Insects : .1. M. That on the Pear-
leaves is the Pear-tree slugworm (Selandria
atra), the larva of a species of Sawfly. It
is a very destructive species, and you should
spray your tree in early summer with Paris-
Green (poison), at the rate of 2 to >! oz. to
20 gallons of water. The other insect is the
chrysalis of the large Cabbage White Butter-
fly (I'ieris brassiere). Destroy all that you
can find if you wish to save your crop of
Cabbages next year. L. R.

*** Names of Plants and of Fruits, Special
iVOTlCE : We are deairous of assixtina young
(laydeners and our si(bt;cribc)'t< ax far as we
can do so consistentl<j u'itli our editorial
dutieii,hut our readers must kindlij remember
tliat sucli u'0}-k is oiitsidc otir .scojie, and
(leueraUij involves some inconvznience, and a
ianje expenditure botli of time and money on
our iMrt. Delay is unavoidable. Correspon-
dentsnot answered in this issue are requested
to be so good as to consult the folloiving
■numbers.

A'AMES OF KanTs: J. F. S. 1, Autunui Xdis ;

2, Duchesso d 'Orleans, a variable Pear as
regards quality — in some disi ricts it is first-
rate, in others almost worthless. The Apple
is Cai'Oline. — J. C, Derou. Excellent speci-
mens, which reached us in fine condition.
1, Hanwell Souring ; 2, Winter Codlin ; 3,
Calville Rouge d'Hiver ; 4, So]is in Wine ; 5,
Boston Russet: (i. Winter Greening. — L. E. H.
1, Calville Malingre ; 2, Hormead Pearmain ;
•J, a small example of Waltham Abbey Seed-
ling.— G. B. Apples : 1, Harvey's Wiltshire
Defiance, of which we occasionally have
examples from yours and neighbouring
counties; 2, Cobham, or Pope's Apple,
■which closely resembles Blenheim Orange,

- but dift'ers in some important particulars.
Pears: 1, Swan's Egg; 2, Suffolk Thorn. —
G. A. .1. 1, Bedfordshire Foundling; 2,
Gloria Mundi ; 3, Calville Rouge d'Automne.
All the fruits sent were under average size,
and scarcely in character as is the case with
the Apples from many districts this season. —
.}., Brorkenhurst. It is impossible to name
such diseased Pears with certainty, but they
resemble Beurre d'Araanlis, which in some
.soils is much subject to the attacks of the
.scab fungus from which yours are suffering.
Spray with Bordeaux Mixture as frequently
advised. — G. F. M. Beauty of Kent.—

_W. A. Your specimens were all hand.some,
and most carefully packed. If all corre-
spondents would take the same care, it
would assist us greatly, and ensure prompter
attention. 1, Kerry Pippin ; 2, Washington ;

3, Emperor Alexander; 4. Fall Pippin; ,5,
Dunmore ; G, Yineuso. — B. BcnriH' Super-
fin. It maj' be considered an old Pear, for
it has been in cultivation here and on
the continent for at least sixty years. —
C..1.D. 1, Northern Greening; 4, Calville
Blanche d'Hiver ; .j, Adams' Pearmain ; (i,
Beurre Hardy ; 2 and 3 were not in a condi-
tion for determination. Th(> appearance of
fruits is much altered by soil and situation,
and we know your position is a difficult one.
— J. D. We are glad you apologise for send-

ing such a specimen, the only character
available is the "eye," and alone that is an
uncertain guide. It resembles Beurre Su-
perfin, which as you say, is a fine Pear of
French origin ; 2, Comte do Lamy ':' yes, the
Autumn Bergamot is suffering from a bad
fungus attack ; spray as suggested.— f\ 1,
Bismarck ; 2, Golden Xoblc ; 3, Gascoigne's
Scarlet Seedling; 4, Baumann's Red Winter
Reinettc.— D. We should think your Apple
is of local origin. It has been compared
with a large number of Scotch Apples,
several of which came from your establish-
ment, but though two or three resemble the
specimen sent, they are not identical. We
have retained the fruits for further com-
parison, and if possible we will give vou
another reply later.
Names of Plants: A'. Y. 7.. Limes: 1, Tilia
americana ; 2 and 3, T. petiolaris. Acers :
1 and 4, Acer palmatum ; 2, A. campestre ; 3,
A. platanoides variegatum. — Moryate.
Brittany. 4, Inula dysenterica ; 5, Atriplex
rosea ; (i, Crithmum maritimum.— G. S., Vetr.<-
bury. 1, Rhus typhina ; 2, Robinia pseud-
acaeia ; 3, Pyrus aucuparia. Mountain Ash ;
4, Aspen Poplar (Populus tremula) ; ">, Pyrus
Aria; (i, Erica mediterranea.—C. S. 1, Taxns
baccata fastigiata ; 2, 3, and 4, all forms of
the common Yew (Taxus baccata) ; 5, Thuya
gigantea ; (1 and 7, forms of Cupressus Law-
soniana.— H'. J'. The true Service, Sorbus
domestica.— ,/. Ward. 1, Corchorus (Kerria)
japonica; 2, Rondeletia speciosa.— P.G.N.V.
1, 2, 3, 4. 5, 0, all forms of Cupressus Lawsoni-
ana.— ir. O. Marion. A very good variety
of Cattleya Dowiana aurea. In obtaining it
as Cattleya Warscewiczii the advantage was
on your side.— IV. iS. Both distinct forms of
Cattleya Dowiana aurea. — Hchray. Guizotia
abyssinica ; the species is uncertain in its
flowering, and often attains a height of
4 ft. ; your plant at 2 ft. appears, therefore,
a dwarf variety, and to save disappointment
you should try and secure seeds from your
own plant, or increase it by means of
cuttings. — H. W. I. Polygonum cymosum. —
.1. B. We cannot name the Pelargoniums ;
4, a garden form of Bouvardia ; 0, Acacia,
send when in flower.
Notre to Quit: A. J. You are entitled to
one week's notice or wages as a journeyman,
not a fortnight.
OlUHiD FehtilisatiOX, &C. : //. Thorp. The
matter will be receiving our attention
shortly.
Orchids : ./. ;/. If the Orchids yon name are not
growing in wholesome or suitable materials,
you had better either pot them forth-
with, or wait until early spring-time. The
best sort of material is turfy peat and
sphagnum-moss. If it is decided to defer
i-e-potting until the spring, the plants and
pots, as well as everything arovind them,
should be cleaned. This treatment holds
good of all Orchids at the present season.
Pri NiNG Sycamores for Growinc into Timber :
J. .S'. In order to get the trees to run up
quickly, with straight marketable boles,
they must be planted at 3 feet, or at 6 feet
apart with Larch or other nurse plants
alternately ; and at 0 feet apart they should
be left to make their growth. Left "to itself
with room for much lateral development, the
Sycamore makes a 6 to 10 feet bole and a
greatcrovvn of branches, useless for any sort
of purpose excepting as firewood. Planted in
the manner indicated. Nature does all the
. pruning that is necessary, excepting the
reduction of leaders, whore two or more
occur. The trees on the outsides of the
wood will retain their branches and keep
sun and wind out of it, and growth would be
quickened if a triple line of Pinus Pinaster
or austriaca were planted on the outsides.
Pinks whose Roots are Infested with Green
Al'His: T.Martin. Apply soapsuds or lime-
water (clear) ; neither will hurt the plants.

PURCIIASAHLE LEtTUltES ON GARDENING : A. B.C.

Your wants would doubtless be m 't if you
were to advertise them in these columns.
Scale I.nsects on Palms and Orange-trees at

CANNES: J.T. Thereare two species. That
on Orange is Aspidiotus aurantii, known in
some parts of the world as the " Red Orange
Scale." It is destructive to Citrus-trees in
the Mediterranean area, in the United States
of America, Ceylon, Australia, and New Zea-
land. The species on the Palm is Aspidiotus
dictyospermi var. arecte, a much less common
species, but which sometimes occurs in
great numbers, and is then very destructive.
Spray both trees when dormant with the
following: soap, 4 lb.; paraffin, 2 gallons;
soft water, 1 gallon. Boil the soap in the
water until thoroughly dissolved, and while
still hot add the paraffin, and churn with a
syringe until a creamy mixture has been
obtained. Add nine times the quantity of
water, and again churn with a syringe.
This is thoroughly safe for bark application,
and for such comparatively tender wood as
the young branches of Peach, &c. ; but for
safety, test the mixture on a branch of the
infested tree. Apply mixture with a Stott
.sprayer, making two applications with an
interval of three weeks between. If you
could also apply a soap emulsion at the
period when the young scale are active, and
'unprotected by' the scale-like cover, it
would be much more effectual than appli-
cations made at any other time. According
to recent investigation, hydrocyanic acid-
gas is most fatal to all kinds of "scale " and
"mealy bug;" and judging from the very
badly infested condition of the leaves sub-
mitted, would give most satisfactory i-e-
sults. The proportions are : 1 oz. (by
weight) cyanide of potassium (58 per cent,
pure); 1 oz. (fluid measure) sulphuric acid;
3 oz. (Quid measure) water to every 150 cubic
feet of space enclosed. But if you think of
applying this, you should carefully read
Prof, .fohnson's valuable paper on the
methods of applying this very deadly
poison which is given in the Jo»ratiJ o] the
Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xxvi.,
Parts 1, 2, p. 80.

YiNES : F. Brigys. The Yine - border must
be in a bad condition, and the fact of
it being in a low situation makes it
probable that it has suffered from lack of
drainage. You must dig down to the
bottom in a few places, and ascertain the
state of the soil. Top-dressings in such
cases do no good whatever. The bunch sent
shows a sort of shanking, but the fruit has
not as yet got into the sour, watery state,
owing to its being dead ripe before the
fruit-stalks dried up ; hence, full of sugar.

Violets : Henry Gandy. The blotches on
Yiolet-leaves caused by a fungus — Phyllo-
sticta Yiolse. No more harm will be done
this season now, but diseased leaves must
be gathered and burned. This disease only
appears when Violets are grown in too rich
a soil. Blotches on Cyclamen-leaves caused
by a mite ; fumigate with XL-All. G. M.

YioLETs for SALE: T. J. C. We are unable
to recommend salesmen. As you reside
only a short distance from town, you should
come up and make a bargain with a market
salesman to take all that you may have to
sell during the winter.

Communications Received.— H. Coleby, too long ago
lor publicatiou now.— W. K.— Howie, Kimbcfley—
W. E. G.— D. B,— E. Senary, Erfurt— J. M. S. Pboto-
graph with tlianks.— C. B. J.— E. U. J.— C. Harnian
I'ayue. — Jolinsou, Dymond tt Son— B. W.— J, Gut-
leridge— D. L. McL.— PoUexfen i Morrison— D. Roe-
buck—F. Q. C— E. M.— J. O'B.- W. E. B.— E. T., Gra-
liamstown, S.A.— H. W., Ceylon— G. W.-C. W. D.—

E. C— E. J.— D. R. W— W. Sinclair- G. B., Milne-Red-
liead- G. F.— VV. C— W. & S.— R. N. H.— G. B.— J. M.—

F. E H — E. B.-C. W. 11 —W. W,— Barum-J. T. W.—
C. H.— Sp. Percival- M. P. R.-Cbas Jones.— G. H. S.—
A. B.— W. C. L.— A. H„ Dundee.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."
IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. — T/ie Publisher has
the salisfariioit n( inninmirin'i ihntthe circulation oj the
'■ Gardeiins' ciiiiuurle " htif, fince the reduction in the
price f)j UiC paper, iiinrc than

KB^ TREBLED. -SO

(For Markets and Weather, s9e p. x.)

Supplement to the " Gardenfhs Chronicle.' October 19. 1901.

JUGLAN-S CURIJll-OKMIS, JAPANESE WALNUT.

October 26, 1901.]

THE GARD ENER S' CHR ONICL E.

301

THE

6anleucrfj' (Chronicle

I.

No.Tti..— SATURDAY, OCT. 26, 1901.

CONTENTS.

312

Adelaide Botanic Gar-
dens Sul

Aidgowan House, a
visit to 30»

Aristo]ocliia gigas var. 312

Aster Amelias :i09

Book notice—
Kew Bulletin ... 308

Poisonous Plants in

Field and Garden 303
Publications received 309

Bulb garden-
Forcing Narcissus...

Cuckoo, ind other
birds, the 31

De:in, Mr. Kichard,
testimonial to ... 30

Florists' flowers—
Chryj-antliemums ... 30

Gardeners' Royal Bene-
volent Institution ... 30

Hybridisation .'io

India 31

Juglans inandshurica 30

Meetings of the Royal
Horticultural So-
ciety (or IMS 30

Mushrooms, gigantic 31

Nepenthes ventricosa 31

Obituarv-

Ewbank, Kcv. H. ..

Hill, James

Service, James

West, William
Orchid propagation..

Palms

Peach (.(ildcn Eagle..

314

PbysalisAlkekengiand
P. Franchetti, con-
cerning ;

Pink, pei-petual flower-
ing :

Plants, new or note-
worthy—
Ceropegia Lugarda; :

Potatos, notes on ... ;

Kosary, the—
The Rose of the
season .'

Roses, useful ;

Royal Gardeners' Or-
phan Fund, the ... ;

Rumours, silly •'

Societies-
Early Chrysanthe-
mums in Palis ... ••
Manchester Oichid .'
National Chrysan-
themum J

Royal Horticultural
(Scientific Com.).., J

Trade notice a

Trade novelties ... .'

Tulip Brunhilde ... a

Worms of the garden
and l;i\vn a

Week's Work, the —
Flower Gaidcn „. i
Fruits under Glass., .'f
Hardy Fruit Garden a
Kitchen Garden ... :j
Orchid Houses, the. i
Plants under Glass . a

ILLUSTRATIONS,

Earllnvorms

.In'_'lnns nigra at Fulham Palace

I.cnvi 1 Creek in Adelaide Botanic Gardens (Supple-

ll]ChI>

Ncpciiiljes ventricosa

I'oi trait of Mr. Thos. Lunt, sonr

Scene in upper portion of Botanical Gardens,

Adelaide !

Walnut, the Mandshurian

ADELAIDE BOTANIC GAEDENS.

A;M0NG the famous botanic gardens of
the Australian oontiiicnt. that at Ade-
laide lanlcs among tiic fonuiiost. We are
indebted to the Director, Jfr, Ilolze, for the
illiisti-ations given witii the present issue,
and tlie following account of the garden wc
take from .Mr. .1. H. Veitch's letter, originally
imbli.'ihed tinder the title of "A Traveller's
.Votes " in our own colunins.

The Botanic Gardens at Adelaide, some
forty acres in extent, were laid out by
Francis thirty-five years ago, in half French
half English style. The present Director,
Mr, lloltzc (for eighteen years in charge of
the gardens at Port Darwin), succeeded Dr,
•Schomburgk, an old correspondent of the
<i(irdi'ni'r!f Chroniclf.

The main entrance is l)ut a few minutes'
svalkfrom the centre of the city: the lower
end adjoins the Botanic (ianien Park (a
|)lanted area, KO acres in extent, for the
lecreation of the people), whilst on either
side the confines of tlie garden are deter-
mined by the domains of the hospital,
lunatic asylum, and old exhibition grounds,
Ki'om the heavy iron gates, sliaded by a fine
iriiitiMg s|)ccimcn of Schiniis Molle, a neat
by - path leads to the Director's house,

prettily covered with Bougainvilleas, Big-
nonias, and Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums. Along
the path, behind a blazing clump of scarlet
Nerine Fothergilli, flowering Aljutilons,
Gaillardias, Asters, Lonicera caprifolium,
Hibiscus sinuatus. etc, are various shrubs,
including Viburnum rugosum, nearly 1.5 feet
high and almost as much through ; Prunus
Pissardi ; and the purple tubvilar-flowered
Jacaranda mimosii?folia, common in other
parts of the garden.

Xear the entrance is a Ficus rubiginosa,
for .50 feet from the ground upwards a
mound of solid sombre green, its somewhat
small branches radiating from eight main
stems, several of which reach the utmost
height of the tree. It is an impressive
object ; whilst immediately on either side
are bushes of Nerium Oleander, the flowers
past their best, attaining a height of 12 to
1.5 feet, with a luxuriance difficult to surjiass.
A centre walk runs in a straight line through
the entire garden, in and near which plastei-
of-Paris goddesses are dotted al)out. Paths
cross it at right angles, these subsequently
merging into winding paths through the
shrubberies, lawns and beds.

Passing to the right of the main walk,
beneath a Pinus halei>cnsis over 80 feet high,
if thin in foliage certainly thick in cones,
are many irregularly - shaped beds planted
with shrubs, and margined with dwarf-
fiowering annuals, jx-rennials, Ac. ; Neriums
are frequent and good, and Tecoma Smithi
with its bronzy - orange blooms, is very
handsome. Many of the Australian Myr-
taceae arc represented by neat, dwarf spe-
cimens; a pair of .luniperus chinensis,
about 3.5 feet in height; Polygala grandi-
flora, freely blooming; Eugenia myrtifolia,
and the South .Vfrican Calodendron capense,
are all noticeable. One of the finest of the
numerous specimens of Araucaria Cunniiig-
hami in the garden stands in this direction,
in the centre of a circular lawn, edged by a
broad bed of the dwarf-blooming Chrys-
anthemums, their buds now rapidly ad-
vancing, I noted in the shrubberiesaround,
Duranta Plumieri and D. Ellisii, freely
Ijlooriiing and seeding; and some Cercis sili-
qiiastrum (attaining occasionally a height of
2.5 feet), in perfect condition. Behind the
Araucaria is a lake, recently cleared out,
lined with Weeping Willow, and with tin
island near the centre, chiefly remarkable
for its magnificent Pampas-grass and Arundo
Donax. On a hillock behind it, a North
Australian Ficus platypoda can claim to be
one of the largest and finest trees in the
garden ; and a row of (Tleditschias edge one
end of the lake, all the fine species of which,
viz., G, inermis, G, triacanthos, G. horrida,
G, caspica, and G, sinensis, do well. Those
in question are good trees, .'50 to 50 f(>ot high,
and bear numerous seed-pods.

Proceeding towards the centre of the
garden from this point, many shrubs of dis-
tinctly decorative character are passed,
Hymenos])orum flavtim from (Queensland ;
Calodendron capense from Natal, thoroughly
at home, a nol)le l)lock of massive leathery
foliage, 25 feet high; Sophora jajionica in
good condition, in this respect an exception
to most .lapanese plants, to which the hot,
dry winds prove fatal; also Ilex cornuta,
and various others. The tallest, Agathis
robusta, 45 feet high, occupies the centre of
a grass-plot near a (iievillea robusta, 40 feet
high, a perfect liicture of a lawn tree. Casu-

arina stricta, upwards of 60 feet high, next
arrests attention, shading an Araucaria
Bidwilli, rare in its peculiarity of being
clothed with leaves only at the extreme ends
of the branches ; then Brexia madagasear-
iensis, scarcely recovered from recent trans-
plantation; Pittosporum erassifolium, Olea
obtusifolia, Clerodendron glabrum, and C-
tomentosum, a fine massive specimen of
Pinus Sabiniana, and a neat square bed of
Proteaceons plants, are all within a few
yards, and lay on the way to the next lake.
The plots of lawn referred to are, with two
exceptions, of Buffalo-grass, soft, verdant,
and thick. The two exceptions are Couch,
which is apt to prove a failure. For Rye-
grass the climate is naturally too hot and
dry.

The lake, one of four, connected by a
winding creek, full in winter, but requiring
to be fed from the waterworks during the
remaining months, gives the impression of
having been formed to ol)tain soil for filling
up or levelling purposes elsewhere in the
garden, Robinia inermis, with thick, close-
set heads on dwarf six-feet stems, encircle
one end, proving neat and effective. The
main walk is here again reached, and near
it is a good specimen of that graceful
Conifer, Cupressus funebris, and a Dombeya
mollis, noticed by Mr. Holtze for its fine,
coppery-coloured foliage in winter. To the
wanderer through the gtirden the section to
the left of the trunk walk would probably
prove the most attractive. Near a good
bed of Yuccas, Agaves, Aloes, Cotyledons,
Dracffina Draco, etc, the most noticeable
feature of which at the moment being the
numerous weeping racemes of a Yucca
filifcra on a fifteen-feet stem, is a triangular
corner containing a perfect specimen of
.lubtea speetabilis with a stem quite six feet
in diameter. Surrounding it are flowering
shrubs, itc, Salvias, Plumbago, Antirrhinums,
Veronicas, Aqiiilegias, Hibiscus, itc, ; facing
it are the now empty bulb beds; a class of
plants in which the collection is rich. In
this quarter the lawns arc more open, bed-
ding-out it resorted to, familiar objects
being those plants used with us for
the same purpose. Especially, however,
would I mention /Zinnia linearis, neat, dwarf,
very free ; its blooms of a soft orange colour.
A bed devoted to Sedums, and another to
Echeverias, are features ; and the bushes of
Banksian Roses, solid scjuarc yards in extent,
are very fine.

The show-houses, a range consisting of
two stoves, two greenhouses, and two
ferneries, face this portion of the garden.
In addition to the ordinary Caladiums,
Coleus, Eucharis, and the various flowering
plants employed to keep them bright and
ga)', are some good plants. Of Asplenium
nidus there are two specimens with leaves
3i feet long; Platycerium grando in large
plants, and P. alcicorne, are very good, the
ferneries generally being pretty and tasteful.

Amongst the Orchids in flower were Zygo-
petalum crinitum, Maxillaria Dauthieri, On-
cidium varicosum,0, incurvum, Cypripedium
calurum, Epidendrum prismatocarpum,
Cymbidium giganteum, Lycaste aromatica,
Cypripedium Crossianum,C!attleya Bowring-
iana, C. bicolor, itc.

Amongst the Palms in the stov(>s were fair-
sized specimens of Aciuithorhiza aculeata,
Stevensoniagrandiflora, Arenga saccharifora,
Kentia Lindeni, Thrinax barbadensis, Kentia

302

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 20, 1901.

Luciani, Hyophorbe Verschaffelti, Caryota
sobolifera, <&c. In the stove some of tlic
Aroids were of equal quality, and the collec-
tion of Anthuriums is good, including A.
liybridum, A. Mooreanum, A. Waroc(ino-
anum, A. crystallinum, A. leuconeuruni, A.
Ferrierense, and A. cordifolium. The old
Palm-house contains two gigantic Pandanus
utilis, a few Cocos and Livistona. Con-
nected by the wall, literally hidden by the
small close-growing Bignonia gracilis, a
small museum of woods is reached, testi-
fying to the acknowledged ability of Dr.
Schomburgk as a collector.

Leaving the houses, we pass a circle of
seven Lombardy Poplars, a relic of the
days when the Botanic Garden served for
zoological purposes also. The trees were
planted to shelter bird-cages, &c., and
ilescend a low grassy slope, relieved by a
gorgeous bed of Pelargoniums, at the foot of
which the Lily - pond is reached. The
inevitable Venus rises from the watei's
in orthodox form ; guarded on either side
by strong clumps of Papyrus antiquorum,
Cyperus alternifolius, &c., she is apparently
interested in tlie growth of Nymphrea alba,
N. blanda, and Nupliar luteum. Aponogeton
distachyon, Villarsia reniformis, Pontederia
crassipes, and some others, are all in
splendid condition. Here, as on the island
in the adjacent larger lake, the Pampas-
grass is exceedingly fine.

Amongst the chief features of the garden
are the Willows, on the extreme edge of
tliese lakes. Eising 40 to 45 feet, and
planted many years ago, several dozen of
fine trees (unfortunately getting hollow,
and occasionally losing branches in storms),
form curtains of pale green, even to
the water's surface. It needed no further
inspection to assui-e one of the great care
bestowed upon these gardens, a fact that
speaks volumes both for the Superintendent
and for the people of Adelaide, the more so
when the natural dryness of the climate is
considered.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

CEPvOPEGIA LUGAHD.E, A', li. B,-vwu.

This novelty was discovered by Mrs. E. J.
Lugard, in December, 1898, on the Kwebe Hills
near Lake Ngami, and seeds of it were jire-
sented by Capt. li. J. Lugard in 1900 to Kew,
where it is now in flower. It belongs to the
same group as C. Thwaitesii, but is very
different in the colour of its flowers.

Stem twining, 1 — li lin. thick, with inter-
nodes li — 5 in. long, glabrous, faintly glaucous-
green. Leaves thin, herbaceous, spreading ;
petiole terete, cliannelled aljove and puberu-
lous in the channel ; blade j' — "2 iu. long, ', — 1
in. broad, oblong, usually very obtuse and
notched at tlie apex, with an apicnlus in the
notch, or occasionally bluntly-pointed and
apiculate, cordate, subtruncate, rounded or
somewhat cuneate at the base, flat or wavy,
glabrous on both sides, very minutely ciliato
on the margins. Peduncles sublateral at the
nodes, i — li in. long, glabrous, bearing 3 — (i
flowers, wliioh develop one at a time in a
subumbellate manner. Pedicels 3 — 6 lin. long,
glabrous, green, spotted with purple towards
the apex. Sepals IJ — 2 lin. long, i lin. broad,
subulate, glabrous, green, dotted with purple.
Corolla about IJ in. long, white at the very
base, very liglit green on the inflated part,
then white, passing into sulphur-yellow on tlie
upper part of the tube and lobes, spotted on

the outside of the tube with purple ; inside the
tube is of a very rich blackish-crimson on the
lower half, sulphur -yellow above, with the
purple spots on the outside faintly showing
through. The tube is about 1 in. long,
aln-uptly curved immediately above the globose-
ovoid inflated base, which is about } inch in
diam., above it is cylindric, dilating at the
apex into a funnel-shaped mouth A inch in
diam. ; the lobes are 9 — 10 lin. long, connivent-
erect, connate at the tips, broadly deltoid at the
basal half, linoar-spntulate in tlie upper half,

JUGLANS MANDSHURICA.

This species (fig. 93) is a native of Amur-
land, and is one of the hardiest of Walnuts.
In the Northern United States, and in Canada,
it has been recommended as a nut-bearing
tree in districts too cold for the common Wal-
nut. In this country its value will probably
consist in its ornamental character alone, the
foliage being of unusually large size,^;,but
similar in character to that of J. cordiformis
and J. Sieboldiana. 1 gathered a leaf the

Fig. 93. — tht! mandshurian walkut.

(Friiit.-< nj Ihc real size ; the leaf ffreatly reduced.)

replicate, ciliate on the mai-gius and on the
lower part of the keel inside with very fine
white hairs, which hairs extend down the
upper half of the tube inside, and are also pre-
sent witliin the inflated part at the base.
Outer corona cnp-shaped, 5-lobed ; lobes about
3 lin. long, deltoid-ovate, bifid to nearly half-
way down, with parallel teeth, dark purple-
brown, covered with long, white hairs on the
inner face. Inner coronal-lobes IJ lin. long,
standing high above the staminal- column,
rather stoutly filiform, obtuse, comnveut-
orect, with recurved tips, haii'y and of a
purple-brown colour at the base wlicre adnate
to the outer corona, glabrous and yellow
above, with purplish tips. N. E. Croioii.

other day 3 feet in length, the largest
leaflets being 7 inches long by 3 inches
wide. The fruits and nuts, however, differ
considerably from those of its allies, an
may be seen by a reference to flg. 93,
where a cluster of fruits is shown. They are
somewhat top-shaped, and the nut is drawn
out to a blunt point, eight-angled, and deeply
pitted. As a nut for eating, it is said to
be inferior to the common Walnut, but it
ripens earlier, and from six to thirteen are
borne in a cluster. It is probably better
adapted for countries with summers hotter
than ours, although perhaps of shorter dura-
tion. Fully-grown trees arc said to be very
similar to .1. cinerea in habit.

October 26, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

503

JlT.LANS NIGRA (BlACK WALXCT).

JVext to the common Walnut, this is the best
known of the Walnuts (see fig. 94). Its nuts
are of no value, but regarded as an ornamental
tree it is superior to J. regia, being indeed
one of the most striking of deciduous trees
r-epreseuted by fully-grown specimens in this
country. It was one of the earliest trees to
be introduced from North America, and has

recommended for planting for profit as a
timber tree in this country, but I have not
heard that successful results have been
obtained. In Xoith America, however, it
produces a timber of admirable quality. From
J. cinerea, its near ally, it differs in its glo-
bose fruits, produced never more than two
together, and its much smoother leaves. IT. J.
Bean.

find in the hedges, is undoubtedly very con-
siderable every year, but the number of fatal
results is probably very small. There is no
doul)t that mishaps might be considerably
reduced if our country clergy, schoolmasters
and school-mistresses, knew something about
wild flowers, and could distinguish between
poisonous and harmless plants.

" It is the object of this book to enumerate

Fig. 94. — JTJGLANS NIOnA AT FI'LIIAM rWLACE, INTIiODI I Kl) nv }ilSl(OI> COMPTON.

been cultivated in Britaiu lor two-and-a-
half centuries. In the United States it
sometimes attains a height of 100 feet, and
in England it has reached 80 feet. Its leaves
measure from 12 to 21 inches long, and are
•composed of from about a dozen to twenty-one
leaflets. Frequently the terminal leaflet is
missing and the number is even. Tlie lar:;est
of these leaflets (tho.se in the centre) arc I to
5 inches long. They are of ovate-lanceolate
outline, almost glabrous when mature, and the
margins are set with shallow, rounded teeth.
The fruits, which are borne freely in South
Britain, come singly or in pairs, and are glo-
bose. The nut is one inch wide, somewhat
more in length. The Black Walnut hns 1 een

BOOlI NOTDCE.

Poisonous Plants in Field and Garden.
r.y the Uev. I'rolessor O. llciislow. (So-
ciety for Promoting Christian Knowledge:
Northumberland Avenue, London.)
TllR author takes his poisonous plants
according to the sequence of the natural
orders, beginning with dicotyledons and end-
ing with monocotyledons. Among the members
of those two great classes he finds many plants
that appear to him to be rightly described as
poisonous.

Mr. Henslow says that, " TIk^ number of
children who are made more or less ill by
eating berries aiul loivef, iSic, which they

ami di'sci-ibr sncli nl' nnr cunnnon wild plants,
as well as some l're(iucntly cultivated, which
are at all likely to prove harmful to our little
ones, who arc only too apt to put everything
which appears attractive into their mouths."

Iloscriptions are given of the dangerous spe-
cies, and various ant idotes are prescribed, so
that at last we wonder whether an account of
harmless plants would not have been shorter
to compose ! It is fortunate, considering the
perils that apparently surround them, that
children do n t more often fall victims.
Perhaps the acrid taste which causes many a
tempting -looking mouthlul to be hastily re-
jected, acts as a protection against poisonous
effects.

304

THE GARD ENER S ' CIIR ONI CL E.

October 20, 1901.

Fungi are, we should imagine, a common
source of poisoning, but these are dismissed
in a few lines, recommending that children be
forbidden to touch any Toadstool they may
find growing. For their absolute safety, tliis
simple rule might be carried still farther, by
limiting their hedgerow meals to Blackberries,
and to the comparatively few other really
palatable wild fruits, urging moderation even
in these.

In our experience, Laburnum-pods and seeds
are the most frequent sources of serious
danger, but wc never heard of cooks making
use of them instead of false Acacia, in soups !
The use of Aconite -root for Horseradish is,
strange to say, a not very uncommon cause of
poisoning.

In cases of poisoning by vegetable sub-
stances, the proper course is obviously to
get rid of the offending substance as quickly
as possible. This can be done while the doctor
is being called. On his arrival, he will know
the proper course to follow to neutralise the
effects of the injurious substance, or combat
the symptoms which arise. A mustard emetic
is the simplest and most readily accessible
remedy for vegetable poisons. If strong acid
or corrosives have been taken, emetics must,
of course, not be used, but copious draughts of
milk and other diluents.

Professor Henslow cites the authorities from
whom he has derived information, but whilst
mentioning a few whose names carry relatively
little weight in such a matter, he omits refer-
ence to Taylor, Pereira, Lindley, and Royle,
as well as to those works on medical juris-
prudence in which the subject of poisoning is
treated. The book contains numerous illus-
trations, and is adequately indexed.

JAPAN.

I BEG to send you herewith a photograph
showing a Pern-ball made of Davallia bullata.
These fern-balls have in later years been ex-
ported in large quantities to America, and I
hear that the article has also been taken \\p
in England.

It is without doubt a very beautiful orna-
ment for the house, veranda, or any place in
the garden where there is shade. The struc-
ture, so to speak, is made of sphagnum-moss,
upon which the Fern roots are closely tied.
The string used for tying is made of Chamse-
rops-flbre, which has the advantage that it
does not rot, at least not for a number of
years. The culture is the easiest possible. In
spring they are dipped in water, and hung up
anywhere in the shade ; after that they must
be regularly syringed or dipped, and after a
short time the young fronds will appear, and
form a regular fern-ball. In avitumn tlie leaves
will begin to turn yellow. This is a natural
sign that their vegetation period has ended,
and the supply of water should be stopped.
They will lose all their leaves, and must be
allowed to dry off jierfectly, and are kept
during the winter in a frost-free, dry place.

The next spring the same process is repeated,
and then the growth of the Fern-fronds will
be even better than in the first season. So
treated, these fern-balls can be kept for four
or five years, until the moss and string begin
to rot.

As said before, they have been taken eagerly
up by the American public, and my firm has
orders in this year for over 100,000. It is of
great importance for their commercial value
that they travel with perfect safety, and that
their culture is the easiest, and lastly, that
they are very cheap.

Besides these Fern-balls, we are making
also some other designs, of which I am also send-

ing you a photograph. The upper long design,
re-producing my firm's name, is now, with the
fronds all out, rather indistinct. A very beau-
tiful design are the little temples, and in
America the monkey design is very liighly
appreciated. Alfred IJiujer, Proprietor, L.
Boehvier ct- Co. [It is not necessary to repro-
duce the photographs, as we liave at various
times given illustrations of them. En. J

PLANT NOTES.

PLA.NTS FOR WINTER-FLOWERING.
It is now very important that the Salvias,
Eupatoriuras, and Callas, which gardeners
plant out of doors in the month of May, should
be lifted with care and potted. They may
then be stood on a coal-ash floor on the north
side of a building or garden wall, and syringed
twice or thrice daily till having recovered
from the removal they can withstand sunshine
without flagging. I find that it is alwaj'S
an advantage to afford water plenteously to the
soil a few days before removing the plants from
the ground, and to afford a thorough soaking
of water when potting is finished. In some
cases- it is necessary to place neat stakes iii
order to prevent brealcage by wind or rain. For
years I have practised the planting out of
several kinds of winter-flowering plants out-
of-doors, and find my reward in the saving of
labour in the summer months, and great
floriferousness. H. Markham, Wrotliam Pari.

Dahlia Meuckii.
There may have been recently found in flower
in the herb garden at Kew a plant of Dahlia
Merckii, a small single-flowered species froai
Mexico, and probably one of the fairest of this
great tribe of plants. Characterised generally
by large flowers, and so far as the florist's
forms are concerned by somewhat conspicuous
colours, there is here something just the
reverse. Dainty almost in the soft rose-mauve
tinted flowers, that are about 1] inch across,
and slightly cupped, there is a slenderness of
habit that cannot be overlooked. Forcutting,
the flowers would bo as charming as they are
graceful and pleasing. The height of the
plant is about 3 feet. E. J.

MOXTBRETIA CKOCOS-MIKKLOKA.

Some well filled beds of this plant at Kew,
near the Palm - house, have been resplen-
dent witli flowers, and I do not remember to
have observed finer masses. These are 10 feet
in diameter, the spikes rising in immense
numbers from the lance-shaped leaves. I
noted that at Kew, in opposition to the
practice in some gardens of repute where
effective masses are required of some such
plant as this, tlie surface is 2 inches below the
level of the greensward. In this way water
may be effectively afforded. It is otherwise
when a bed is mounded in the centre, and
much of the water runs off to the sides. J.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

PHAL.ENOPSIS LOWU.
TllK collection of Phalsenopsis in Lord Roths-
child's gardens at Tring Park is one of the
oldest, and contains some of the finest speci-
mens. Occasionally they show sufficient signs
of waywardness to cause Mr. B. Hill, the head
gardener, some anxiety, but as regularly are
they tided over the critical time. Perhaps
the best evidence of good cultivation is to be
seen in the little batch of Phalajnopsis Lowii
which have been at Tring Park many years,
and produce annually a good show of flowers
at tlie present season. It is a plant of very

small growth, and the flowers, some 2 inches
across, seem extraordinary, considering the
size of the plants. It is grown on a ledge
near the glass end of the house, in which
position it can to a certain extent be acted
on by the changes of temperature outside.
Mr. Hill remarks that one variety regularly
loses its leaves annually, while the other
does not.

A VISIT TO THE NOETH.— III.

iConilaiicd from p. 281.)
ARDGOWAN HOUSE.

The weather had not been particularly
good at Rothesay, drizzling rain had fallen
at intervals, but in spite of this we en-
trained at Wemyss Bay for Inverkip, the
nearest railway -station to Ardgowan. The
residence of Sir M. Shaw Stewart, Bart.,
is one of the greatest interest to a horti-
culturist, for everything is maintained in
a manner that compels the visitor's admi-
ration. The house itself has an imposing
apijearance, is built of stone, like almost all
other West of Scotland mansions, and com-
mands views of exceptional beauty ; whilst
the adjoiniag English church, whose services
are open to all parishioners, is exceedingly
interesting.

On the south-west front of the residence,
where there is a well-kept flower garden, we
noticed the true Tom Thumb Pelargonium,
quite a stranger now-a-days ; also grand clumps
of Rhododendron ponticum, handsome trees of
Cedars, Sequoias, &c. There is a magnificent
broad terrace walk, just in keeping with the
place, and a view unsurpassed for beauty, of
the bay, where may be seen the Clyde boats
steaming over the restless water. Nor is the
view from the north-east side a whit less
beautiful. In one direction you look over
Hunter's Quay, and to the right are thickly-
wooded hills that extend away until they
appear to embrace the sky. These are divided
by a pretty valley also covered with fine
timber trees. From the tower here a view is
obtained over more than half of the county (Ren-
frewshire). Near to the house is a fine breadth
of lawn, excellently cared for, and of that
intensely green colour peculiar to northern
districts. There is no feature in Scottish
gardens that attracts the attention of southern
visitors more than their beautiful lawns. They
seem always greener than our own lawns are.

On either side of a window with a S.W. aspect
there ai-e Myrtle plants 10 feet or 12 feet high,
which were raised many years ago from cut-
tings obtained from the wedding bouquet of
Sir Michael's mother. They are against the
wall, and are matted up in the winter-time.

A noticeable feature of the pleasure grounds
are the closely-trimmed evergreens. There
are great Yews, similar in shape to a horse-
shoe, with a garden-seat in the recess so
formed ; also other stone-like hedges, &c.,
that the late Uuke of Devonshire used to term
" evergreen buttresses."

No good Scotch garden lacks its herbaceous
border, but not all of them are so interesting
as that at Ardgowan. How strongly all the
plants were growing ! Seldom, indeed, do we
see such vigorous plants in Surrey, and never
except after lavish expense. But here it is
quite natural, and is not due to carting loam
into the borders. The Galtonias, Marigolds, and
Colchicums were particularly gay with flowers.

Ardgowan is a very large country residence,
with all the breadth and scope of such estab-
lishments, and it is a long way from London, but
the collections of plants, even of some florist's
flowers, are kept up to date, and the methods
of gardening practised are very similar to
those common in the trimmest gardens around

October 26, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

305

the metropolis. It was the first private garden
1 had seen beyond the Tweed, and I reflected
that if Ardgowan was a type of Scottish gar-
dens generally, the standard of excellence was
very high. Border Carnations are valued, and
careful cultivation is afforded them. The
highest success is only obtained from the four
varieties following : Mrs. Muir, white ; Raby
Castle, Viscountess Melville, and Duchess of
Fife. So if any reader is attempting the culti-
vation of Carnations in borders, in similar
districts to Renfrewshire, he will do well to
iiave these varieties.

The Kitchex Gardens and Glasshouses.

The kitchen-garden is longer than it is wide,
runs from east to west, and is surrounded by
good walls, except along the north side, where
there is a range of glasshouses. Inside the walls
the area is about three and a half acres, and
there are vegetable crops immediately outside
the walls to the extent of one and a quarter
acre. The kitchen-garden is like all other
departments, in that neatness and excellence
are observable in everything. I have never
been in a vegetable and fruit garden that
afforded me more pleasure than did that at
Ardgowan. With a spacious central walk
through its centre, trimmed Yews, and a mag-
nilieent ribbon border, it is as ornamental as
the character of the crops will allow, and the
crops themselves, particularly the green crops,
were grand.

As an instance of the thorough manner in
which things are done at Ardgowan, I may
mention the trellis erected for supporting the
Pea-haulms. They are about 5 ft. high, of
twisted wire, a double row about a foot wide
to each row of Peas. The system answers per-
fectly, and there is no trouble. The initial
expense was CI 14.

Raspberry-canes were exceedingly strong,
and as much as 7 ft. high. The two best
varieties at Ardgowan are Xorthumberland
Fillbasket and the well-known Superlative.
Mr. McLeod remarked that the Xorthumber-
land variety did not succeed in his light soil
and dry conditions at Dover House, Roehamp-
ton ; but at Ardgowan it does, and is described
as much better in flavour than Superlative, the
favourite of most English gardeners.

I remarked upon the good quality of the
Onion crop, and was amazed by Mr. Lunt's
rejoinder that Onions had been grown on that
particular spot in the garden for the past
seventy-eight years, and that the i)resent crop
was sown on March IS last. It was the
opinion of Mr. Lunt's predecessor that Onions
would not succeed in any other portion of the
garden, and they do so well where they are
that Mr. Lunt has accepted the friendly hint
that was given him ; and yet he and all of us
nowadays believe in the value of the general
principle of "alternation of crops." There
are exceptions to everything 1

The Strawberry-beds had been cleaned, the
runners taken oil, and a mulching of horse-
dung applied. Quality in fruits is evidently
appreciated at Ardgowan, for in reply to a
question as to which varieties were most
grown, the answer was, President and Keen's
Seedling.

IJefore peeping into the glass-houses, for 1
shall not be able to describe them at length,
I must again refer to the 200 yards ribbon-
border that faces the range of houses, for it
was done well, is a remarkal)le feature of
Scottish gardens, and had as good an effect as
a ribbon-border could produce. The plants
used were Alyssum saxatile as edging, then a
scarlet-flowered Pelargonium, next Calceolaria
amplexicaulis, then Ageratum, and at the back
a row of Pel irgonium " Hijou."

The range includes four good-sized houses,
with a porch in centre ; and adjoining is a
case covering a large tree of Brown Turkey
Fig. The vineries were in good condi-
tion, and the Grapes ripening well. Peaches
and Xectarines left nothing to be desired.
Favourite varieties were Precoce de Consils,
Pine-apple, Violotte Hative, and Dymond.

In some pits were a Jiice collection of green-
house Rhododendrons and a group of Calanthes.
I cannot 'praise the Calanthes too highly, for
Mr. Lunt succeeds unusually well in their
cultivation. The pseudo-bulbs were nearly
completed, and were uncommonly large. C
Veitchi, vestita, v. lutea. and lutea oculata
were there amongst others, and I can imagine
the glorious display tliese well-developed plants
will produce in the clear air of Ardgowan.

The popular Begonia Gloire de Lorraine
adorned eight large baskets, which in an
intermediate-house will bear a profusion of
flowers all the winter. .\Iternatcd as they were
with excellent basket-plants of Davallia, and
of Asparagus Sprengeri, the effect will be

Jill. TIIOS. r.UNT, SKNH.

charming. Fine collections of Begonias and
zonal I'elargoniums were? in other houses, anp
in small span-roofed houses some Vl feet wide
was an excellent crop of Cucumbers ; the
plants were in large boxes of varnished teak,
with an appearance good enough for a sitting-
room. The varieties of 'I'omatos most favoured
are Sutton's Best-of-All, Sunbeam, and Austin's
Eclipse. Mr. Lunt, in speaking of the ex-
ceeding popularity of the Tomato, said that
previous to 1S70 the late Mr. B. S. Williams
tried to sell seeds in Scotland, and he after-
wards said that the packet bought by Mr. Lunt
was the only one ho had been able to sell. In
1H7'2, Mr. Lunt showed a collection of six
varieties at an Edinburgh exhibition. But
how would they com|)aro with the fruits to-
day ! Violets, Cyclamens, and other plants in
houses attracted my attention ; but my con-
cluding words must be some concerning —

Mn. Li XT,
who may be regarded as one of the most
successful and oldest gardeners in harness in
Scotland at the present lime. We sometimes

hear of the Scotsman who went south and
forgot to return. Well, Mr. Lunt went
north and has remained north in one situation,
the trusted servant of Sir M. Stewart, for the
past forty-eight years. I'pwards of half a
century ago Mr. Lunt was employed in the
gardens at Eaton Hall, Chester, under the late
Mr. Collinson. He was there for seven years,
and during the last three years held the
position of foreman. When Lady Octavie,
sister to the late Duke of Westminster, left
Eaton upon marrying into the Stewart family,
the foreman at Eaton went with her to be
gardener at Ardgowan, where he has served
faithfully through all the years that have since
passed, and where he has received at all times
full appreciation from his employers.

Two Royal Ferns that Mr. Lunt planted
forty-seven years ago in great boxes, and
other trees he planted in his early days at
Ardgowan, serve to remind him of his length of
service. The photograph on this page show-s
how hale, and straightforward looking an
English gentleman Mr. Lunt is still, and I
hope he may have many years of health before
him. It is one of my most pleasant recollec-
tions of Ai'dgowan, that my visit there was
the means cf my meeting such a splendid
representative of British gardeners. Mr. T.
Lunt, of Keir, who cultivates and exhibits
Grapes and Chrysanthemums so successfully,
fs a son of the veteran at -Vrdgowan.

On the return journey to Glasgow in the
evening, the weather had made up its mind,
and was thoroughly wet. P.

[To be continued.)

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

CHRYSAXTIIEMI'MS.
Tin: keeping of the blooms in good comlition
after full development is an important matter
to an exhibitor, or to any who wish to have
good blooms at a certain date. One of the
attributes of the flower is the relatively
long period of time the flowers remain fresh-
looking on the plants or as cut. In the south,
an exhibitor loses many lino blooms annually
through too early development; in the
northern counties, the troulile is in many
seasons non-development of the flowers in
time for the shows. Those flowers which
possess the darkest tints, such as chestnuts,
bronzes, and deep lilacs, retain their freshness
for the shortest time; and the |)rimroso
shades, wliites, and yellows, especially the
latter, icontinue the longest. In order to
have the blooms in perfection at any given
date, four or live days previously is quite soon
enough to cut them, for if removed earlier
the florets lose solidity, and as a consequence
the blooms are reduced in size ; a fact more
noticeable in Japanese than in the incurved
section, as the florets of the latter are of an
uniform length, and afford support to each
other. The flowers when cut should be per-
fectly developed, and before their freshness
passes away. The commencement of decay
can best be ascertained by feeling the lower
florets ; if these are not soft and flabl)y, the
flower is in good order. When decay has set
in, the white flowers assume a pink or dull
tinge, and in .some other varieties a faint
brown tint is observable in the bottom florets.
When therefore the centre of a flower is fully
developed, and the lower florets fresh, the
bloom is at its best, and should be removed
with a stem of not less than 12 inches in
length, so that a small portion can be cut olV
every day. Place it in a bottle filled with
water, to which a little salt is added. It

306

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 26, 1901.

matters not whether the water be hard or
soft. Place the blooms iu a cool, dry, slightlj'
darkened room. I prefer to leave the flowers
on the plants till required, or at the least not
remove them till two days l:iefore the show.
When it is seen that a flower will be too early,
growing as it is in the coldest greenhouse and
protected from sunshine, the moment it is at
its best let the plant be removed to the cool
house, which can be partially darkened, and
to which air can be admitted freely, a
potting -shed, having a northern aspect, any
<;ool shed, or a disused Mushroom- house, in
fact any place having the necessary require-
ments— coolness, dry atmosphere, and partly-
excluded light.

No more water should be afforded to the plants
than is absolutely necessary to keep the leaves
and flowers from flagging. The water which
•drains from the pots should be dried up, and
if decay from damp occurs, cut out the injured
iBorets, or they will communicate it to others.
Flowers managed in this way will keep in
^ood condition for ten or twelve days, and
sometimes longer. E. Mohjneux.

would be a strong grower producing tlie
beautiful flowers of Ma Capucine, for I do
not think any other Tea Rose approaches It
in colour.

It is a curious thing how many sports come
to us from America, from whence as far as
my memory serves nie, we have not received
anything of value, so far as Roses are
concerned.

There is one thing that must he borne in
mind, so far as Maman Cochet is concerned,
and that is, that it is a fine season Rose, and
that therefore the two last seasons have been
especially favourable to it ; and I am inclined
to think that in a dripping season it would
hold a very different pasition. Wild Rose.

THE ROSARY.

The Week's Work.

THE ROSE OP THE SEASON.
It is remarkable how in some seasons a
particular Rose stands out prominently above
all others, appearing to do well and distance
its competitors in all situations and soils ; and
I think that this year that honour must be
accorded to that beautiful Tea Rose Maman
Cochet and its white sport. We have, T think,
a very safe ground on which to go in deter-
mining such a question as this, by referring
to the exhibitions of the National Rose
Society; at its three shows the judges are
most carefully chosen, without any reference
to those local influences which often deter-
mine the selection of judges, and consequently
their decisions are very rarely questioned.
Sometimes an irate and disappointed exhibitor
says that they do not judge the Roses but the
person who shows, inferring that the judges
knew who he was, and were partial in their
judgment. Of course, we know that this is all
sheer nonsense.

On turning to the reports of the society it
•will be seen that there were six medals offered
for the best Tea Rose at the show at Rich-
mond, the Temple Gardens, and at Ulverstou,
and out of these five were awarded to Maman
Cochet or her sport. Nor was this all : prizes
were offered for the best stand of Tea Roses
•of one sort, and here again this Rose distanced
all competitors, while in every winning stand
of Tea Roses it found a place. It obtained at
the Temple all the three prizes offered for
nine blooms of any one variety of Teas ; it also
took the 1st prize in the same class at Ulver-
stou ; while I think there was hardly a winning
stand of Tea Roses where it had not a place.
The Rose itself was raised and sent out in
1893 by Cochet, and the white form, which
was of American origin, by Mr. Cook in 1897.
It has gradually been winning its way to the
front rank, and has this year obtained the
remai'kable position that I have indicated ;
and yet, although it may be heresy to say so,
I do not think either in form or colour it can
approach Comtesse de Nadaillae or Souvenir
d'Elise.

One reason of its success, I think, is its fine
and vigorous growth. This is a point much
more looked at now in Tea Roses than it used
to be, and I believe we shall soon get rid of all
"mifly " growers which, despite the beauty of
their flowers, are always a worry to the
grower. What a delightful thing, for instance,

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddeu Road, Camberwell.
The East Indian-house. — The species of
Orchids which require the stove or East
Indian-house treatment need careful manage-
ment during the winter months. In most
cases they are such as are suitable for growing
with stove plants ; due consideration being
given to the season when the plants are
dormant, or they will not flower satisfactorily
the following season. Many species of Vanda
and Ai'ridcs having now completed their growth,
should be afforded slightly less moisture, and
as soon as the points of the roots are wholly
sealed over, only sufficient moisture at the
roots and iu the atmosphere should be afforded
as will kept the stems and foliage in a norma!
state. Suitable positions may be afforded
them at the cooler end of the house. Where
a house is set apart for these plants, their
requirements are more easily met, and little
difficulty is experienced in their cultivation.
Drip from the roof must be carefully guarded
against ; and if water collect on the plants it
nuist be forthwith sopped up with a sponge,
and when it has lodged in the centre of the
growth, the plant must be placed so that the
water will drain away. Before damping down,
the temperature of the house should be at
the normal standard ; and this should be done
sufficiently early to allow of the moisture
becoming condensed before nightfall.

Pdakenopsis.— The winter-flowering species
now showing flower-scapes shoidd not sufl'er
lack of moisture at the roots, but beyond
that excessive moisture in the materials
should be avoided ; the changeable weather
of the next few months rendering it necessary
to avert as far as possible any check to growth.
In urban gardens, it is not so much the cold
against which the plants have to be protected,
but the sulphurous fogs and the lack of light.
Complete rest cannot be afforded till the
flower-scapes have been removed after the
flowering is over.

Anaxtochilns and allied genera may be
grown in a PhaL-enopsis-house if a place can
be found for them where there is much mois-
ture and the condensation is also great. The
most satisfactory species under cultivation
here are A. Dawsoniauus, A. Lowii, A. Petola,
A. argyroneurum, and a few others of this class.
I pot the plants in shallow pans, and repot
annually when growth is beginning; and
as the plants usually produce their flowers
late in the summer, they are late in com-
mencing to grow, and some of them do not
grow early enough to permit of repotting
being carried out till the spring. Whenever
possible, I prefer to repot in the autumn.
The plants require plenty of drainage-
materials, and a compost consisting of equal
portions of peat and sphagnum-moss, mixed
with small bits of charcoal or crocks. Having
repotted the plants and applied water, place
them under a bell-glass or hand-light on
staging that can be kept always moist. The
plants may le increased by divisions of the
rhizomes, which break satisfactorily under
suitable conditions.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mayne, Gardener to the Hon. Mark Kolle,

Bieton. East Budleigli, Devonshire.
Broceoii.— In some districts it will soon be
necessary to lay down or heel-in this crop, for
owing to much mild weather the plants have
made late growth, and .severe or sudden frost
would do them great damage. If they be par-
tially lifted, this will check growth, and pre-
pare the plants to withstand severe weather.
Late plants that have not grown to their full
size may be left undisturbed for the present.
To "lay" the plants, take a spadeful or two
of soil from the north side of each, not too
near the stem, and bend the plant towards the
groimd facing north, covering the stem with
the soil that is removed for the next plant,
until the whole piece has been done. In our
part of the country the work is not needed.

CViKii/Ioirer.— These are less hardy than the
Broceolis, and must be protected in some form
against hard weather, even in Devon. Bend-
ing the leaves over the curd will preserve it
from a few degrees of frost ; but the wisest
course is to lift the crop, and plant it in cold
pits, where the heads will keep fresh for a
long period. Use the lights only when frost
threatens, and then mat up securely. Plants
from seeds sown in August should be put into
frames or hand-lights, and kept as hardy as
IJO.ssible.

Salsafij and Scorzonera roots may be lifted
and stored similarly to Carrots, or allowed to
remain in the ground until required, covering
them with litter before hard weather sets in.

Ceferiac— Lif t and store any remaining roots
in a place out of the reach of frost. Chicory
may also be taken under cover, trimming off
all loose foliage, but preserving the heart-
leaves, and stack them with moist soil or sand.
It may bo forced afterwards in the dark in ten
days.

General Work.— Take full advantage of any
fine day to stir the soil between all kinds of
crops, raking off weeds, now that the sun is
less powerful. Cut off decaying foliage from
Brassica plants, and remove leaves and Pea-
haulm from the ground. The latest-sown
Peas have not done nearly so well as last
season with us ; there was so little sunshine
during September. Collect all fallen leaves,
and throw them into a heap for forming hot-
beds. If pits and frames are used for these
hotbeds, see that they are thoroughly cleansed
and put into good order.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D ROBERTS, Gardener to Hdssey Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

Hi'malayan Rhododendrons. — Those plants
which, owing to the continued fine weather,
have remained outside to this date, should be
placed in the greenhouse, and be kept moist at
the roots, not wet, or the flower-buds will
drop. The javanico - jasminiflorum hybrid
Rhododendron's should be afforded a tempera-
ture of 50' to 00°, and these being plants that
flower at this season and during the winter,
should be placed where the sunlight can reach
them. Amongst the foregoing will be found
some of the best plants for the decoration of
the conservatory.

The Reserve Garden.— It is very necessary
that plants which are taken from this adjunct
to the garden should have had at the least a
year's growth since they were last forced.
After potting them in suitable soils, plunge
the pots in a bed of coal-ashes out-of-doors,
to be brought on successionally as may be
required. Turfy loam and peat and some
leaf- mould and sand make a suitable potting
mixture for most of the plants. It is well
to remember that such plants should be
placed in as small pots as the roots can be com-
fortably squeezed into, as liquid-manure can be
afforded after growth is begun. When the
days are mild and fine, overhead syringing
may be practised with benefit to the plants
till the flower-buds appear. Among plants
that may be potted from the open ground for
forcing are Azalea mollis, A. m. flore-plena,

OCTOBEK 26, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

307

Lilacs, Kalmia latifolia, Deutzia gracilis, Rho-
dodendron hybridum, Viburnum Opulus, Ce-
rasus pseudo-cerasus, and Staphylea colchica.
Cliunps of Hc'Ileborus niger may be put into
cold frames. Tiiis is a plant ■whicli does not
succeed if often removed, and established plants
should be kept in tubs and pots undisturbed
for years, save for the removal of the exhausted
soil at the top of the ball. Newly-lifted plants
should not be forced.

Liliitm auratiim, and L. lancifolium and
specio.sKJH. — The bulbs ot flowering size may
now be shaken out ot the soil and re-potted.
Root-action may have commenced, and careful
handling be needed. Sort the bulbs into free
sizes, and select the largest and bes, of L.
speciosum for potting into 12 -inch pots,
eight to ten bulbs being put into each
pot ; those of the second size into 8-inch
pots, six in each ; and the smaller bulbs
place in boxes, as being too small to
flower for a year or two. L. auratum is
best grown singly in 7-inch pots. A suitable
compost for Lilies consists of turfy loam one
half, leaf-soil one quarter, peat one quarter,
and some coarse sand. The pots should be
well drained, and the crocks covered with
rough, turfy bits of soil. Half fill the pots
with soil, and make firm by hand-pressure.
Place a table-spoonful of sand where each
bulb will lie, and cover with sand ; put
in soil to about two-thirds of the depth of the
pots, and thus leave space for additional soil.
Place the pott«d bulbs in a frame or under
temporary shelter (slates, boards, <S.-c.), and
apply no water until growth becomes visible
in the spring. The pots may be plunged in
coal-ashes or leaves, which will have the effect
of keeping the soil in a healthy damp state.
If not otherwise secure against frost, place a
thick layer of tree-leaves over the pots.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. IIEURIN.

Root-pruning of Ajiple atid Pear trees. — This
operation may now be carried out in cases
where it is necessary to check gross, and the
consequent unfruitful growth. After the recent
rains the soil should be in a good condition
for working, but if found to be dry, water
should bo afforded previous to the operation.
Root-pruning at an early date in autumn has
much to recommend it, thegrounil being then in
a better condition for working and it is still
warm, favouring an early re-establishment of
the trees ; and the wounds, even though largo
roots be cut through, soon heal and push forth
roots freely in the coming spring. In the case
of large trees, it is often advisable to carry the
operation out over two seasons by going half
way round the tree now, and the remaining part
the following autumn. IJcgin by throwing out
a trench of sufficient width to allow of free
working to the depth of the lowermo.st roots,
and at a distance of throe to four or even more
feet from the bole of the tree, according to
its size. The soil should bo gradually got
away, working towards the tree, and up to
within two feet of the bole, or closer, if neces-
sary, burrowing under the ball to sever the
tap roots. The smaller roots should be care-
faily preserved, and be tied together and tem-
porarily covered so as to prevent excessive dry-
ing. All the roots should be brought upwards
as much as possible, and the stronger ones
shortened to within three feet of the stem,
making the cuts from below upwards, and cut^
ting the ends quite smooth with a sharp knifo.
If the land is in a wet condition through
being inefficiently drained, some brick rubble
may be placed in tlie bottom of the trench to
the depth of four or five inches, and on this a
little coal-ashes spread. The first soil thrown
ontmay then be returned to the trench. As many
of tlie roots as possible should be kept near the
surface, laying them out radially in horizontal
layers, covering the smaller roots with the
finer portions of the soil. As the work pro-
ceeds, the latter should bo made quite firm
about the roots by a careful trampling, and
the portion under the unremovcd ball be made
firm with a rammer, if it cannot be reached by

the feet. Should the land be deficient in lime;
let some old mortar rubbish be mixed with the
staple, but new loam shoidd not be afforded.
When finished, mulch the surface with strawy
manure, and after waiting two or three days,
afford a good soaking with water. If the work
is carefully carried out, flower buds will be
produced instead of wood buds, and fruitful-
ness once induced will tend to keep the tree
fruitful. With young trees lifting and replant-
ing is advisable.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Cucumbers. — Put out the latest plants at
once on ridges or hillocks, and train them with
a single stem to the trellis. Pinch out the
lead when the plants have advanced up the
trellis two-thirds of its height. If you have no
Cucumber-house, cultivate some plants in pots
or boxes, and train the growths near to the
glass over the pathways in stoves, fruiting
pineries, or other heated structiires. Do
not over- crop plants now bearing ; and remove
the fruits as soon as they are fit for table.
Deformed fruits should not be allowed to de-
velop. The night temperature should be about
70°, falling to U5° in the morning ; by day it
may be 7.5% up to 80' with sun-heat, admitting
a little air at the top of the house on all
favourable occasions. Keep the evaporation-
troughs filled with weak liquid-manure, and
damp the floors early in the morning and at
about 4 P.M. Keep the glass clean. A few horse-
droppings sprinkled on the beds occasionally
will benefit the ]>lants when they are afforded
water, as they give off ammonia. Exercise care
in affording water to the roots, but do not
permit flagging.

Pines. — Arrange all young plants so that
they may obtain the fullest amount of light
and air. As the sun-heat diminishes the
night temperature may bo less also, until it
reaches the winter standard of 55' to (iO at
night, and do' in the daytime. Ventilate freely
when outside conditinns are favouraljlo, and
exercise care in a|i|ilyirig water. An inspection
of the plants slioidd be made about once a week,
and when water is api)lied to a plant afford it
copiously, and at about the same temperature
as that of the bed. Continue the temperature
at 70' as the; minimum in the fruiting-honses,
though on cold nights 2 less may be allowed,
and in mild weather ■>' more; 75° artificially
by day, and 80" to 90' from sun-beat. Close;
the house at 80°, and sprinkle the paths as may
bo necessary.

Melons. — The Melon season as regards dung-
heated pits and frames may now be considered
at an end. Any fruits that are fully grown
may bo cut and placed in a warm house to
ripen. The latest plants in houses will re-
quire a night temperatun^ of about 70 , 75° by
day by artificial means, advancing to 80" or 85'
with sun-lieat, admitting a little air when
practicable. Sprinkle the paths every morn-
ing and early afternoon until the fruits are
fully grown. Cut out all superfluous laterals,
and thin the old foliage, that the sun's rays
may freely enter the house. Prepare the re-
quired quantity of compost for next year's crop
by securing rather strong loam taken off with
its turf, stacking grass downwards, and adding
about a bushel of qui('k-lime to every cart-
load in stacking it. This will be in capital
condition by spring.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bulbs and Tnbcrs. — Crocus, Narcissus, Snow-
drops, Winter Aconites, and Dog's-tooth Vio-
lets are the first that should bo planted, and
succeeding these early Tulips, Hyacinths,
Kcillas, Triteleias, Chionodoxas, &c. Select a
time for the work when the weather is favour-
able, and the soil not very moist. The depth
at whi<-h to plant varies from 3 to (1 inches,
according to the 'species and the size of the

bulbs and nature of the soil, the shallower if
it be heavy, remembering likewise that deep
planting means late growth and flowering.

Planting in Grass. — In planting Narcissus, it
should be remembered that massing them is.
better than scattering or thin planting, and the
shape of the masses should be varied, so as to
give the appearance of the bulbs having
grown without the help of man. Rising
ground is better than flat for such masses, and
the areas round the boles of large deciduous
trees are very suitable places if the shade be
not dense. A point to be borne in mind is to-
extend the flowering season as much as pos-
sible. In planting bulbs, the bulb should always,
rest on firm soil at the bottom of the hole ; and
when planting in turf, some prei)ared soil
should be used around and over the bulbs.

Bulbs in Beds. — If masses of decided colours,
are wished for, the bulbs of Narcissus, Tulips,
and Hyacinths, should be planted at about
C inches apart in lines, and smaller species of
bulbs may be placed at about 4 inches apart.
If a display at one time is wished for, those
varieties that are described as flowering:
simultaneously afford the best residts. Plant-
ing Tulips over a groundwork of Myosotis-
gives pleasing effects ; and as groundwork
plants, Silene, where the land is suitable for
it, Limnanthes Douglasii, Arabis alpina, &e.,
are very suitable" plants. This style ot
planting is not so stiff and formal-looking as-
when bulbs alone are employed ; blue beneath
white, or yellow ; pink and white, pink, yellow,
and blue, according to taste, are all colour.=.
which blend satisfactorily. The plants used
for covering the soil should flower i\t the same
time as the bulbs. If spring-flowering plants,
such as Wallflowers, Polyanthus, Myosotis,
Arabis, and Alyssum are employed, almost the-
same combinations of colours may be obtained
in masses or lighter arrangements.

Da/i(ins.— The plants still in the open-air
should bo labelled correctly, errors being put
right before the frost destroys the blooms;
and when lifting the plants after frost
has destroyed the tops, let the labels be se-
curely tied on to the stems near the roots. Do
not put the roots into store before the stems,
have become dry. There are many lovely
colours among Dahlias, but there is room for
much improvement in the habit of many of the
varieties, the flowers being in many cases,
invisible by being hidden among the foliage.

General Remarks. — Tree leaves must be
swept and raked up into heaps, and in the
dressed parts of the grouud wheeled away to-
tlie leaf-heap forthwith ; but in woodland por-
tions these heaps may remain till the leaves
have all fallen. The edges of the turf may bcr
clii)ped for the last time, and mowing discon-
tinued generally. Mowing-machines should
bo cleaned and oiled before being put away
for the winter. Lawns will still require
sweeping and rolling when dry.

TRADE NOVELTIES.

IOknst liUN.VRY, UrCurt, offers Comet Aster-
Empress hVedorick, flower-heads 4—5 ins.
across, pure white : habit dwarf compact. The-
Lady Aster, light blue, pure white. Antirrhi-
num Queen Victoria, flowers large, brilliant
white. Clianthus puniceus albus ; Celosia
spicata argentea linearis, flower .spikes bright
rose at the tips, silvery from the centre dowii-
wards. The same firm ainiounces novelties in,
Wallflowers, Poppies, Silene pendula. Phloxes,
Petunias, &c., &c.

Mr. F. C. Heinemann, of Erfurt, announce.^
a new variety of Begonia semperflorens which
he calls "Magnifica"; the foliage is smaU
deep red, the flowers crimson. Dianthus
chinensis violaceus, " Brilliant Wonder," has
slightly-fringed brilliant flowers. Begonia
fimbriata floro pleno ; flowers 4—5 ins. dia-
meter, white or pink. Cassier Pansy, with
violet petals undulated at the white edges.
Erfurt Earliest Giant Runner Bean produces
its beans quite a week earlier than any of the
other sorts.

308

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 26, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Letters for Publication, as well as spechnnis (nid pJ'nils
for n/ii,iiii(j, shonhl be addressed to the EDITOR.
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London,
Coniviunications should he written on one side only of
THE PAPEK, sent as early in the week as 2'>ossihle, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Itiustrations.— The Editor will thanlcfully receive and select
photographs or dratoings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, dx. ; but hd
cannot he responsible for loss or injvry.

Local News.— Corrcspoyidejits will greatly oblige Vy sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likily to be of
interest to our readei-s, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— TTic Editor does not
undertake to pay for any contributions, or to return the
unused communications or illustrations, unless by special
arrangement.

Newspapers.— Correspondents sending ■neirspapers should be
careful to iiuirk the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

1 Royal Horticultural Society's
TUESDAY, Oct. 29- Committees Meeting, at the
I Drill Hall, Westminster,

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

D.VILy —

Bulbs, Ac. Pollexfon & Co.

EVERY DAY EXCEPT SATURDAY. -

Bulbs. &e.. Protheroe & Morris, at 11 a.m.

MONDAY, Oct, 28.—

Bulbs, Palms, Ac. Sfcvous' Rooms. 12..3I].— Bulbs,

Shrubs, (tc. Jolni.-n, Ii 1 & Son, noon —

Plants, Stock in 'I r,.:. -i.. :i. .use. East Sheen,
Pollexfen & Co. Nu, . > . i.. West Wickham,

Kent. Protheroe iV .M^iM I,, ii la m.

TUESD,\Y, Oct, 29,—

Lilies, itc. Pollexfen &Co.

WEDNESDAY, Oct, 30.—

Palms, etc., Stevens' Rooms, 12..')i)— Lilies. Stevens'
Rooms, 2.M,— Lilies. Protlieroe & Morris, :i :10
and .Sp.m,

THURSDAY. Oct, ,■!:,

Specimen Pahns, '&c., Pollexfen A Co,— Nursery
Stock, Staumore, Middlesex, Protlieroe & Mon-is,
11.30 a,m,

FRIDAY, Nov. 1.—

Orchids, Protheroe it Morris, 11..30.

Average Temperatdee for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Cliiswick
-46'2-.

Actual Temperatures :—

London,— ()c(o6cr 2.3 (6p,m.): Max, .v."; Min, i.i".

October 24,— Dull.
Provinces. — October 2,3 (6 p.m.): Max, ->:i', Scillv

Min. 4u% N.E. Scotland,

Those interested in the recoi'cl
Hybridisation, of the remarkable experiments

on Peas made by Abl)e Mendel
(see ante, p. 226), and translated in the Journal
of the Royal Horticultural Society, should also
refer to a paper contributed to the Scientific-
Committee by the late Thomas Laxton, and
printed in the Jotirnnl of the Society, new
series, vol. iv. (1872), p. 10. Mendel, it will
be rememljcred, states that in hybrids some
one character derived from either of the
parents predominates, while the contrasting
character remains latent. Thus the domi-
nant characters present themselves in the
progeny in the ratio of three to one of the
recessive or latent character. Mr. Laxton
did not give many statistical data, so that
we cannot fully compare his results with
those of Mendel; but on the surface there
seem to be some discrepancies which might
perhaps be smoothed out were accurate
statistical analysis possilde.

Mr. Laxton showed seeds of various
colours produced in the third generation
from a cross made in 1866 between King-
leader Pea, an early, white-flowered, round-
seeded variety, fertilised by the pollen of the
Maple or Field Pea, which has taller stems
than Ringleader, purple flowers and wrinkled
seeds.

• In the first generation, five white round
seeds exactly like those of Eingleader were
produced. This does not tally with the
results obtained by Mendel, who found
that among four plants of this generation
three presented the dominant character,
and one the recessive. Laxton's seeds were
sown in 1867, and all five produced tall
purple-flowered plants, and the seeds were
streaked or deeply violfet coloured, some
wrinkled, others round. These results again
do not agree with those of Mendel.

In 1868 the seeds of the previous year
were sown. Some of the seedlings had
light coloured stems, white flowers, and
round white seeds. Others had coloured
stems, purple flowers, and indented or rountl
seeds, with coloured seed-coats.

In 1869 the seeds yielded in 1868 were
sown, when the white seeds produced plants
with white flowers and round white seeds.
The coloured seeds produced plants of
varied appearance, some yielded white
flowers and round white seeds, but the
majority produced purple flowers and
variegated seeds. Some of the purple
flowered plants of this generation produced
white seeds, purple seeds, and black seeds.
In no case was there an intermediate
coloured flower. The whole produce of the
third sowing yielded about one half white
seeds, about three-eighths iiurplish, grey,
and violet seeds, and about one-eighth
" Maple " seeds. We must refer to the i)aper
itself for the full details, but we may point
out that Mr. Laxton was of opinion that
the two Peas, the white and the Maple, do
not thoroughly intermingle, in this iiarticular
agreeing with Mendel. Jlr. Laxton. like
Mr. Knight, found that the colours of the
seed-coats in the first generation are never
changed, although the cotyledons are oc-
casionally changed as the result of cross
fertilisation.

"It is also noticeable." says Mr. Laxtox,
"that from a single cross l)etu'eeii two
different Peas many hundreds of varieties,
not only like one or Ijoth parents and inter-
mediate, but apparently differing from cither
[the italics are ours], may lie produced in
the course of three or four years (the
shortest time which I have ascertained it
takes to attain the climax of variation in
the produce of cross fertilised Peas, and
until which time it would seem useless to
expect a fixed seedling variety to be pro-
duced), although a reversion to the characters
of either parent, or of any one of the
ancestors, may take place at an earlier
period."

Mr. La.xtox was of opinion that the Field
Pea (Maple Pea, Partridge Pea) was of a
distinct species from the white-flowered
culinary Pea ; and one object of his experi-
ments was to get light on the origin of the
Field Pea. M. Henry de Vilmorin, at p. 474
of his PI antes Potag'eres, asserts that colour
variation in the flowers is not sufficient to
constitute a species in the absence of other
points of distinction. Alphon.se de Can-
dolle pointed out in his Origine ties Plantes
Culticees, p. 262, that the (irey Pea grows
wild in Italy in mountainous districts
widely removed from cultivated fields ; but
that no wild representative of the culinary
Pea has yet been found. Kouml Peas have
been found among the lake dwellings of
Switzerland, so that the Pea was known to
workers in the bronze age.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting- of the Fruit and Floral Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society will be held
on Tuesday, October 29, in the Drill Hall,
Buckingham Cate, "Westminster, 1 to 4 P.M.
A lecture on "The Importance of Mechanical
Forces as Displayed by Plants," will be given
by the Rev. Prof. Oeo. Henslow, M.A., V.M.H.,
at 3 o'clock.

At a general meeting of the Royal Hor-
ticultural Society, held on Tuesday, Oct. 15,
thirty new Fellows were elected, making a
total of 790 elected since the beginning of the
present year. At the meeting on Nov. 26,
instead of Professor Henslow's demonstration,
a lecture will be given by Mr. J. E. Austin on
"Whole Fruit Preserving in Relation to Fruit
Culture." Mr. Austin will also exhibitalarge
number of specimens of bottled and otherwise
preserved British fruits.

Royal Horticultural Society's Fixtures
FOR 1902. — The following meetings for next
year have been made provisionally. January 14,
28 ; February 11, 25 ; March 11, 25 ; April 8,
22 ; May 0, 20 ; June 10 ; July 8, 22 ; August
5, 19 ; September 2, 23 ; October 7, 21 ; No-
vember 4, 18 ; December 9. The Temple Show
will bo held on May 28, 29, and 30 ; the Rose
Conference at Holland House, Kensington, on
June 25 and 26 ; and the show of British fruits
at the Crystal Palace on September 18, 19,
and 20. Some of those dates are subject to
alteration, as the date of the Coronation is not
yet fixed.

" Kew Bulletin."— The niuubers for April-
June, 1901, which have lately reached us, are
unusually interesting. They contain articles
by Mr. Massee on the Peach-curl (Exoascus
deformans), so common on Peach-trees (see
Gardeners' Chronicle, July 0, 1887, p. 53). All
diseased branches should be cut away, and all
diseased leaves burnt ; in the following spring,
the spraying with weak Bordeaux-mixture is
recommended. The Sycamore leaf-blotch Is
also described and figured. It is caused by
Rhytisma acerinum, a fungus propagated by
spores formed on decaying and dead leaves,
which should therefore be collected and burnt
before the spores escape.

Under the heading ' ' Gutta-percha from a
Chinese Ti'ee," mention is made of the singular
plant first described by Prof. D. Oliver under
the name of Eucommia ulmoides. The affinities
of the plant are still obscxu'e, but now that it
is in cultivation in the open air in Paris and
at Kew, it may be hoped the imcertainty will
be cleared away. Of even more interest is
the fact that the plant is permeated with an
elastic gum, which possibly may eventually be
turned to account. The article in the Bulletin
is valuable as condensing and focussing all
that is yet known of this singular plant.

A very suggestive paper is that of Mr.
Massee on the fungus now made use of to
destroy locusts in S. Africa. The species has
not previously been described, but a figure
and description are here supplied, under the
name of Mucor exitiosus. In the case of cock-
roaches, water containing the spores of the
fungus was .sprinkled over the insects, with
the result that they soon died. Some of the
enfeebled cockroaches were placed along with
a dozen healthy, uninfected Orthoptera, who
promptly ate up their weakly comijanions, but
suffered the penalty of their cannibalism by
themselves succumbing to the fungus.

A plant poisonous to oxen in the Transvaal
has been determined by Prof. MacOwan, of
Cape Town, to be Chailletia cymosa of Hooker.

A statement of the principal subjects of
research in the Jodrell Laboratory, established

October 26, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

309

in 1876, is added, together with an apprecia-
tive note on the labours of the late Professor
CoRND, of the Jardin des Plantes. by the
Director, Sir William T. Thiselton-Dyer.

Concerning Physalis Alkekengi and P.
Francheti. — At a meeting of the Prussian
Horticultural .Society on September 19 last, a
discussion ensued concerning the above, in
which several eminent horticulturists took
part. Mr. Kretschmanx had found that when
set in pots these plants never grew so vigor-
ously as when planted in the open ground.
There were certainly more fruits, but these
were not so large or of such a fine colour. He
had this year made the experiment of lifting
the plants from the open ground, and potting
them in early autumn. In fourteen days the
plants, when kept close, began to make new
foots, and seize upon the fresh soil. The
leaves flagged a little at the first, but they
soon recovered. For commercial purposes
this plan was to be recommended, although
the plants might lose a few of their leaves,
the buyers setting most store on the fruits.
Royal Garden Inspector Perring stated that
in Lichtenberg there were whole fields of
Physalis Alkekengi. The plants were set out
singly and potted shortly before they were
sold. Mr. Klar said that when the plants
were severed at the ground-level with leaves
and fruits entire, and dried in darkness, the
leaves retain their green colour, and form a
capital setting to the fruits. The plant
needs a considerable quantity of manure.

Palms. — Dr. Udo Dammer, of Gross Lichter-
felde, III., near lierlin, who is engaged in
drawing up a critical synopsis of the species
of Palms now under cultivation in Europe,
requests that owners of collections of these
plants, whether in public or private gardens,
will favour him with a list of their Palms. He
would feel greatly obliged to them if, when
possible, they would forward to him a leaf
that lie might .settle the identity of any
particular species. Dr. Dammer much wishes
to collect statements as to the size of the plants
cultivated, and flowers, &c., and photographs
would be acceptable. He would !)<• pleased
also to name any species about which any
doubt exists.

Small Fruits.— The total acreage in the
I'nitcd Kingdom, including the Cliannel Isles
and the Isle of Man, devoted to small fruit
culture is 80,47.j acres, out of a total of
77,077,959 acres, out of which 47, 701, '200 are
under crops of various kinds.

William West. — This gentleman, a Cam-
bridge graduate, lately employed in the British
Museum, proceeded to India as biologist to
the Behar Indigo Planters' Association, but
died from cholera a few weeks after landing.

The Hanbury Medal. — The medal estal>-
lished as a memorial of the late Damel Han-
BURV by the Pharmaceutical Society has this
year been awarded to Dr. Geor<;e Watt, of
Calcutta, the author of the standard book on
the tVoHomic Products oj India.

Aster Amellus.— Schoolboys, even those
not so learned as the one known to MaCAIXAV,
will remember that ViKciL, (ieorgic, iv., 270,
speaks of a meadow flower called Amellus,
" est otiam flos in pratis cui nomcn Amello

Fecere agricohe. ..."
It is supposed that the Aster Amellus of
Italian and Central European pastures, was
the plant intended by VlltciL; but whilst his
description of the mode of growth does not
<;uite tally with our plant, his description
of the flower as "aureus," and surrounded
by a great number of purple leaves, like those

of a violet, may really apply to a Composite
with ray-florets of purple and disc-florets of
yellow, such as characterise the Aster. Yiroil
did not speak the same botanical language as
we do, and hence it is quite possible the Aster
Amellus may really have been the plant he had
in mind. Blacemore, lamented in the horti-
cultural as in the literary world, took botanic
license in his rendering in order to make the
verisimilitude more complete, for he speaks in
his translation of the Georgics, iv., 1. 331, of —

'• The disk of gold; the countless petal rays,
Of deepest violet, shot with purple haze."
Which is not quite what VIROIL said— but let
that pass. In any case, it is a most desirable
plant for the front portions of the herbaceous
border ; but, as in other plants, there are
varieties and varieties. Mr. Amos Perry, the
Nurseries, Winchmore Hill, N., lately sent us
a large bunch of a specially fine variety, which
appeared to us to be superior even to the var.
bessarabicus. Is there a white variety ?

Earl's Court Exhibition. — The Jury of the
Military ICxhibitiou, 1001, have again awarded
Messrs. John Lalnc; & Sons, Forest Hill Nur-
series, the Gold Medal and Diploma for their
decorations of the extensive gardens.

Royal Hothouse Builders. — Messrs.
Mackenzie & Monctr, Limited, of Balcarres
Street Works, Edinburgh, and S, Camden
Road, London, N.W., intimate that they have
been appointed by Royal Warrant hothouse
builders and heating engineers to His Majesty
the KlNC. They held a similar appointment to
the Prince ok Wai.es in lSi)2.

Testimonial to Mr. Richard Dean,
V.M.H. — It has been felt for some time by
many of Mr. KiciiAitn Dean's friends thatsomo
public acknowleclgnient should be made of his
long and valuable services to horticulture. A
committee has l)cen formed to promote this
object, as this seems the opportune moment to
do so when Mr. Dean, now in his seventy-
second year, is relimiuishing, on account of
advancing years, several of the honorary
positions which he has filled with conspicuous
ability, and in connection with which he has
done so much gratuitous work. As an illus-
tration of this work, we need only instance
the enormous labour in connection with the
Sweet Pea Bi-centenary Celebration of last
year, which Mr. DEAN undertook without fee
or reward, and which has only just been com-
pleted. Since 18r)7, when, on the death of
Mr. John Kkwards, Jlr. Dean accepted the
position of Honorary Secretary of the National
Floricultural Society, he has been a leading
worker in nearly every horticultural move-
ment. In 1800, his services as assistant to
the Secretaries for the Great International
Exhibition, when a very largo share of the
work fell to him, were much appreciated. It
is also worth recalling that he was Honorary
Secretary of the two Hailstorm Relief Funds
of 1870 and 187!), which were instrumental in
doing a world of good to many small growers
who suffered by the storms. He was aLso
Honorary Secretary of the Postal Reform Com-
mittee, of which tli(! late Mr. AllREl) SciTON
was Chairman. This Committee did much to
hasten the adoption, first of the Sample
Post, and latterly of the Parcel Post,
which is now so great a boon to all
nurserymen and seedsmen. As one of the
original founders of the Royal Gardeners'
Orphan Fund and a member of its Committee
from the first until the close of last year, he
has shown a warm interest in all charitable
organisations connected with the profession.
As a popular writer on matters pertaining to

the garden, as an acknowledged authority on
florists' flowers, and a judge at horticultural
exhibitions, Mr. Dean has a wide reputa-
tion. We hope a very large number of
those who are interested in horticulture,
many of whom know Mr. DEAN'S worth
as well as we do, will favour us with a
hearty and generous response to this letter.
A meeting of subscribers will be held in
London, to decide what form the presentation
shall take, and when and how it will be pre-
sented. Notice of this meeting will be sent to
every subscriber. N. SHERWOOD (HuRST & Son,
152, Houusditch, London), Hon. Treasurer
and Chairman of Acting Committee ; William
Clthbertson (Doubie & Co., Rothesay), and
H. J. Jones (Ryeoroft, Lewisham, Kent), Hon.
Secretaries.

Perpetual- Flowering Pinks. — Mr. Lad-
hams, of the Shirley Nurseries, Southampton,
has sent us (October 22) a bunch of fragrant
Pinks, from plants growing out-of-doors with-
out protection. The varieties are Mrs. Mou-
land, Lizzie Duval, Florence, and Marion. All
of them have fully expanded blossoms, and
any number of buds yet to expand, thus fully
bearing out the perpetual-flowering charac-
teristic attributed to them.

Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund.— At a
meeting of theCommittee heldon the 10th inst.,
it was resolved to hold the Annual Meeting in
the Essex Hall, Essex Street, Strand, W.C,
on Friday, February 14th, when an election of
candidates for the benefits of the Fund will
take place, nominations for which must bo
delivered to the Secretary not later than
December 10th next. It was also arranged to
hold the annual Festival in aid of the Fund in
the Victoria Hall, Hotel Cecil, on Thursday,
May 8th, when Leoi'old de Rothschild, Esq.,
has kindly consented to preside. Forms for
the nomination of candidates can bo obtained
from the Secretary at his new address, 30,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Insti-
tution.— The Sixty-third Anniversary Festival
Dinner of this Institution will be held on
May 28, at the Hotel Mc'tropole, under the
Presidency of his Grace the Duke of Maul-
nOROUOH.

Another Royal Tradesman. — Messrs.
Dickson, Buown, & Taii, Manchester, who
for many years have held an appointment as
Royal purveyors, have been ai)pointed seeds-
men to H.M. the Kino.

Publications Received.- J''i'>';/<;','/'''a Ammni

R'lnnl "' '/('■ <>ii'''ii.^!'i/i'l Anlinmfi.^ntiint :Socictn^ for tho
yi-iir iMirfiiiK Miii'-li :il. I'.iiil- "As us\ial, the iieist year
iias becu olio full of ai'livo work. Wliile the growth of
weeds has been greatly minimised, all other gardening
operations were rendered by the drought heavier and
less satisfactory than usual."— .lanciiidiraf Journal of
the. Cape of Hood Hope, August 2ii, 1901. Besides many
agricultural notes, this includes : A Review of the
Fruit-growing Industry in Cape Colony, by C. Mayer;
Cape Kruit Trade, Winter Irrigation of Deciduous
Orchards, Herb Culture, &c.— T/ie Tropical Agriculturist,
September, liioi. This contains articles on Fibres and
Rubbers, the Fig, Influence of Forests on Climatic Con-
ditions, and many other notes and gleanings.— In con->
ncction with the Paris Exposition Universellc Inter-
nationale de IHIM), we have received Prods- Verbaux
.Sommairea (M. .\lfred Nomblot) of the Vongris Inter-
national d' Artmriculture et de Pomologie : and tho
Memoires prcscntrs au dil Congris : an interesting publi-
cation, illustrated with portraits of well-known arbori-
culturists.—T/ic Hothamsted Experiments. Plans and
Summary Tables, arranged for Reference in the Fields,
1901— .Vi-morn7!rfn of the Origin, Plan, and Results of the
7-'/, /'/ "m/ .", ; r /"■'■ " "'^ I'oii^hfrtrtl nn the Farm andin
lf,r I ^ii Jnhn li'ini't Lawes, Bart., at

/,.,,/., ;/ I'. ,i:: ,1 l:i'|.uii, ic. the Lawes" Agri-

cuUuial lia.t I. lire, by Sir .1. Henry Gilbert,

F.K.S. Fifty oightli year of the experiments. 1901.—
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Trinidad, May, 1901.
Contents : Insect Attack on Cacao-trees in Grenada ;
Report by 11. Maxwell-Lefroy, Esq.

310

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 20, 1901.

WORMS OF THE GARDEN AND

LAWN.

I. — Introductory.

Darwin's researches have shown vis that
the earthworm is a wonderful worker. It can
transform the face of Nature. Silently, pa-
tiently, persistently it toils on in secret,
■without show or display, yet in the course of
a twelvemonth the amount of mould that has
passed through its body is almost incredible.
The weak point in Darwin's work lay in the
fact that he knew Jittle or nothing of the
worms themselves. Ho did not know how
many species of earthworm were to be found
in Great Britain. When he wrote on Vegetable
Mould, he assumed the existence of eight or
ten species. When I took up the study some
years ago I found scattered and uncertain
records showing that at least a dozen species
had been recorded. By diligent working I was
able in six years to double the number, and it
is now known that at least twenty-five species
of earthworm are to be found in the British
Isles. If our Scotch mountains and the islands
on our coasts were carefully explored, \vc
should probably add two or three more. Two
of the species at least are found at present
only in Ireland, and one of these is as yet
known in no other part of the world.

Though we have twenty-five known species
of native earthworms, several of these are not
usually to be met with either in gardens or
lawns, they must be sought in woods, pastures,
and waste places, or by the side of ponds,
streams, and ditches. They will, however, be
referred to in their proper places, in order
that the student may have a correct idea of
their form and appearance, and may know how
to identify them when they are met with.

As these papers are intended to be popular,
and as free as possible from scientific or tech-
nical terms, such descriiitions only will be
given as relate to external appearances. Every
British worm can be identified without dissec-
tion, by outward characters alone ; but it is
well to preserve an adult specimen of each
species in spirits after they have been cor-
rectly identified, for future reference. The
writer is prepared to supply preserved speci-
mens, correctly named, for a small sum.

Fortunately, the difficulties in the way of
our study are few. There are only ten or a
dozen worms constantly met with in gardens
and lawns, and by observing their colour, size,
length, girdle, and head, they can usually be
distinguished with case. Let us note the main
points, and so prepare the way for a scientific
classification.

Earthworms are animals whose boneless
bodies are composed of a niunber of rings.
The Latin word for a ring is annnUis, and
Worms are called Annelids, or ringed creatures.
These rings, or segments, closely resemble
each other, and usually carry eight bristles,
hairs, or setae. A few of the rings, however,
have undergone modification, and it is chiefly
by means of these modifications that we are
able to distinguish species and genera. Al-
though in a few cases the head and tail are
very similar in appearance, as a rule they
differ sufficiently to enable us readily to dis-
tinguish the one from the other. If the head
be examined, it will be found that the first
ring differs from all the rest, inasmuch as it
is mortised, or dovetailed, into the ring next
to it.

Everyone has observed that worms are often
swollen in one part of the body. It used to be
thought that this was aproof that the creature
had been cut asunder by the spade of the
gardener and had grown together again. It is
needless to say that this is not the case. If

the hinder part of a worm be cut off it dies.
Frequently, however, the fore-part produces a
new tail. The swollen portion or girdle is an
indication that the worm is adult, and it is
from the girdle that the egg-case or cocoon is
produced.

Besides the marks which I have indicated
there are others of gi-eat importance. With
one exception we find on the fifteenth ring-
some openings, frequently seated on swollen
tissue. These pores are of importance in con-
nection with certain processes of reproduc-
tion. As they always occur on the fifteenth
segment, however, they are only useful for pur-
poses of identification in a modified degree.
First they serve to distinguish a small, semi-
aquatic worm (Allurus) from the true earth-
worms, and in the second place it is some-
times helpful to learn whether or not the poi'es
are carried on pads of swollen tissue, or are
simple openings in the segment.

EARTHWOiiJI.

, Male pores ; a. Head of Lumbricns :
B, Head of AUolobophora.

In the larger worms, and especially in those
species which, like the Brandling, secrete a
coloured liquid, it is possible to find a row of
pores or round openings the size of a pin-
prick down the back. These openings begin
between different rings in each of the different
species, just as the girdles differ in position,
and by ascertaining where the dorsal (or back)
pores commence, we have an additional kej' to
species. The colour again is a pretty constant
character, while the eight bristles on the
lower side of each ring help us in oiu" study.
Sometimes they are strictly paired, at other
times, that is, in other species, they are more
or less widely separated, or irregularly
arranged.

We thus have size, colour, shape, position
of organs, such as girdle and pores, arrange-
ment of bristles, and other clues to aid us in
our researches. Now, all our British earth-
worms, with one exception, belong to two
genera. They are called Lumbricus and AUo-
lobophora, and these two genera are in almost
every case so clearly marked off' from each
other that they can readily be distingiiisliod.
The adults in both genera have girdles towai'ds
the middle of the body, and we have in each
case to count the rings from the head, or from
the nuile pores on the fifteenth ring to llnd

out on which ring the girdle commences. In
many cases that character is sufficient in itself.
If I know where the girdle begins and how far
it extends, I can almost always tell what
worm I have to identify. But though both
genera have girdles, it may be laid down as a
general rule that in the girdle of Lumbricus
there are always six segments, while in AUo-
lobophora the number of segments or rings in
the girdle varies.

The head differs in the two, and the diagram
will make the difference clear (see fig. 96).

In Lumbricus the head forms a kind of mor-
tise, in AUolobophora it is dovetailed into
the ring behind it. We fortunately have
among our British earthworms a species which
bridges over the gulf between these two spe-
cies. It has the mortised head of the first
genus, aiul in other points it resembles the
second. In Lumbricus the bristles are always
in pairs, not so is it in every case with AUolo-
bophora. Again, Lumbricus is always of a
ruddy brown colour, with iridescent hues,
and a flattened tail. The genus AUolobophora
varies in colour, shape, and size greatly, and
in many instances the tails are round. The
flattened tail greatly aids the worms whicli
burrow, as it enables them to grip their-
retreats moi-e securely.

While the Lumbricus is slimy, it is a fre-
quent thing for species of the other genus to>
emit a coloured, or even foetid, liquid from the
openings down the back. It may be well,
perhaps, to present a tabulated summary of
these facts for ready reference. There are
exceptions to every rule, but these must be
dealt with as they occur. AVe have, then, the
following general facts to guide us : —

Lumbricus. Allolobophoha.

Jlrad murtiaed. Head dovetailed.

liristles .always ia pairs. Bristles often not iu pairs.

ijlrdlc composed o£ six Girdle rings varying in

rings. number.

Colour ruddy-brown, iri- Colour varied, seldom iri-
descent, descent.
Exudes slime, but no fluid. Often exudes fluid.
Tail fiatteued. Tail usually round.

We recommend the student to examine a
series of worms, and note the foregoing
))oints. They should be entered in a book
with details as to colour, size, shape of tail,
.slimy or liquid exudations, presence or absence-
of girdle, and other points of interest. We
should recommend that no attention be paid,
for the present, to species which have no-
girdle. If worms which do not answer the
description given above are found in hot-
houses or among foreign plants, it may be-
assumed that they are not natives, and it
would bo well to submit them to the writer
for examination.

When the student has examined a number of
worms, he will find it fairly easy to distin-
guish the two genera ; and as he will observe-
that the species differ a good deal in various.
ways, he will be prepared for identifying
them as our descriptions of the species,
appear from time to time. [Article II. will,
deal with the Earthworm.] Hilderic Friend,
Chicheater.

(To be cmiUnned.i

THE CUCKOO AND OTHER BIRDS.

On August 9 I noted a bird on my bowling-
green, which on closer observation proved to-
be a young, yet fully fledged cuckoo, earnestly
engaged in food-seeking, and it was evidently
finding much to its liking. Its mode of pro-
gression was ungainly and peculiar, and to me
most interesting, having never before seen
one on the grass, lawn, or meadow, all
others having been flying, or perched. On
the ground it therefore appeared so different,
that at first I scarcely recognised its individiv

October -26, 1901.]

THE GAEDEXEES' CHEONICLE.

311

ality, tho long: wiugs, tail, and crouching form,
coupled -with its peculiar strange hopping
motion, as it darted after flies and disturbed
moths, giving it more the appearance of a
kestrel. The place of resort was also unusual,
it mostly living on caterpillars, tree or bush
larvae, being particularly fond of those that are
" ha iry , " a mongst others that of the (iooseberry-
moth. At times it flew into the fruit-trees, but
soon returned to the well-shaven bowling-green.
It stayed about the whole day, and the three
following, then disappeared entirely, and
perhaps ere now is at its ease in a far-off and
more genial climate. "Why it should resort
to such a place, and for so long a time,
in close proximity to my house, can only
lie accounted for by the fact that through the

hedge-sparrow, and robin, and yet none of
these made havoc with the smooth green
caterpillar on my Currant and Gooseberry-
bushes, which 1 left purposely unmolested
that I might note which birds were chiefly my
garden friends ; but though pressed by hunger
as some must have been by the dearth of insect
life by reason of the dry weather, not a cater-
pillar was eaten, and in a few days every
leaf had disappeared from three of the
bushes. I mention this to show that the
usual assertion that when there are birds the
insect life will be reduced to a minimum, is a
fallacy. The fact is, that certain birds prey
only on those insects which are suitable for
their food, and no other. They have a keen
discrimination in tliis respect, and are nut

well distributed, the frosts milder than usual,
with the result that many of the species of
tender plants passed through the cold weather
without serious injury. Ootacamund Gardens
were satisfactorily kept ; Clirysanthemums were
exceptionally good, many of the individual
blooms being over 9 inches across. Plants of
Streptocarpus Dunnii (peculiar as producing a
large solitary leaf) were raised from seed.
Sim's Park, Coonoor, and Experimental Garden,
IJiirliyar, are reported as being in a satis-
factory condition.

•• aciuctltrral rlllktln of the sxkaits and
Fkherated Malay States."
The present .Uin-llorticidtural Bulletins,
published by the Gardens Department, proving

FlO. 07.— SCENE IN THE ll'l'ER I'OltTION OK BOTANICAL OARDKN, ADELAIDE. (SKE I'. .'iOl.)

•extreme dryness of the season tho woodland
insects have become rare, and for such thesmall
mollusca and beetles were largely substituted.
It is no uncommon thing for the cuckoo to
visit fruit gardens, especially Gooseberry
plantations, in search of food ; therefore I was
in no way surprised to see the one under
notice at early morning in a Currant-bush,
knowing that it was infested with a small
green caterpillar, and felt grateful for the
service that I supposed it was doing by
clearing off these insect pests. Yet though
it sat for some short time in the bush,
I found on examination that, to all appear-
ance, none of the caterpillars had been
eaten, and were in no way disturbed.
Here I may remark that my garden is the
resort of many birds, among them the blaek-
Joird, song-thrush, missel-thrush, l)lne-tit,
»nar.sh-tit, goldflnch, green linnet, chaflinch.

the universal destroyers of insects as is so
frequently and iguorantly stated. The fore-
going is not by any means the only experi-
ment and test tliat 1 have made, but it is
another and I think conclusive proof that the
too generally received opinion that all bird
and insect life are completely antagonistic is
not so, and that the one may starve in the
midst of any number of the other. Harrison
Weir, Appledore, Koit.

INDBA.

KICl'ORT OF GOVIOIINMENT BOTANIC
GARDKNS, MADUAK.

lieimrt of ilic Miiilras Government Bolanir
(lardensaiHl Parks, Ilia Nilgiris, Jor 1!IOO-1!II)1 ,
is before US. Uainfall was, in Nilgiris, fairly

iiisiilljciejit, it is arranged to issue a monthly
linlletin, devoted wholly to Agriculture. Tho
lines upon which it is conducted are identical to
a large extent to those of similar publications
in Australia, Jamaica, and other centres. The
contents will include: — 1. Leading articles
by the Editor and others. 2. Articles on
forestry, Labour Supply, Soils, &c. 3. Ex-
tracts. 4. Entomological Notes, Insect and
Fungus Pests, &c. 5. Reports of Meetings
and Sliows. 0. Notes and Queries. 7. Corre-
spondence. 8. Market and Trade Reports.
9. Weather Reports. In fact, tho pages will
be open to all subjects of interest to tho
planter, for whom in the main they are in-
tended. It is proposed tliat the Gardens
Department shall edit the linlleiin, and that a
band of contributors from various centres bo
appointed. The first number of tho new publi-
cation bears date October 1.

312

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 26, 1901.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

PEACH GOLDEN EAGLE. — Planters would do
■well to purchase this variety if they do not
already possess it. The flavour of the fruit is
rich and piquant for so late in the season.
Some of them measure 9 inches round. Our
tree is against an east wall, and the fruit was
ripe about the 9th inst. The tree is a good
grower, and with us crops each season. It is
much later than Princess of Wales on the
same wall. J. Maijne, Bicton Gardens, Devon-
shire. [A fruit which accompanied the above
note bears out what our correspondent says of
the variety. It was raised by Mr. Rivers,
and is described by Hogg as superior to any of
the yellow Peaches he hud met with. Ed.]

ARISTOLOCHIA GIGAS VAR. — I herewith
.send you a photograph taken here of the
I'elican flower, Aristolochia gigas var. Sturte-
vanti, which measui-ed from the top of the
flower-stalk to the tip of the tail exactly
0 feet in length and 17 inches in width at its
widest part. A similar plant has also this
year produced four fully developed flowers at
one time with a number of other buds in
various stages of development, although, of
course, none of these were as large as the
flower referred to above. J. Giittridrje, Botanic
Gardens, Liverpool. [A good photograph of an
extraordinary flower. Having previously
given a large illustration of the plant, it is not
necessary to reproduce the photograph kindly
sent us by Mr. Guttridge. En.]

GIGANTIC MUSHROOMS. — In reference to the
two letters respecting gigantic Mushrooms, I
have a record of a still larger example, whose
circumference was 4 ft., and weight 3 lbs. A
drawing in the Department of Botany, British
Museum, represents a specimen 3 ft. in circum-
ference. Mr. F. Williams is wrong in referring
these plants to Agarious arvensis ; the name is
A. villaticus. This is an uncommon species of
Mushroom, and if your correspondents would
tell the readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle
something about the habitat, colour, rarity,
odour, colour of the flesh when broken, colour
of the gills, and taste, as observed by them, it
would be useful. W. G. S.

TULIP BRUNHILDE. — Referring to Mr. R.
Dean's note, i-e " Tulip Brunhilde," in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle of 19th inst., p. 294, we beg
to send you our English catalogues issued
since the year lS7y (twenty-three years ago) ;
we have marked in each copy the page where
the Tulip, now known as Brunhilde (or
I'Uuique) is offered. We have already stated
before in your paper, that we catalogued the
Tulip in question for nearly a quarter of a
century (Sept. 21, p. 224), so we cannot be
expected to again protest against Mr. Dean's
assertion " that it would seem as if the variety
came to [our] knowledge for the first time in
1901 ; " but we shall esteem it a favour if you
will kindly publish a correction of Mr. Dean's
note, based upon the catalogues sent. E. H.
Krelaye & Son, Haarlem.

SPREADING SILLY RUMOURS. — Your editorial
note (p. 292) is, I think, very well timed. As
recently as the 15th inst. I was discussing the
subject with a well-known gardener in this
county. The man in question had recently
experienced some inconvenience from a similar
report. In his case there was no i-eal founda-
tion for it. This is an age of personal in-
quisitiveness into other people's affairs, seeing
that so many periodicals are published, and
largely sold, mainly filled by analytical details
of persons famous — or infamous — in some sta-
tion of life, and I would fain hope that my
brother horticulturists will not extend this
vulgar curiosity into our fraternity. I fear the
source of these unfounded reports amongst
gardeners is from those whose business takes
them from garden to garden in search of
orders. Those who are trying to sell
books are, in my experience, the worst
offenders. The intention to do harm is
not always present in their minds ; though

I fear the fact as to whether they get
an order or not has much to do with
their remarks. It is only fair to say that
amongst the class I allude to there arc many
discreet, sensible men. Whenever I come
across a man who throws out innuendos that
Mr. A. or B. is notlikelyto be there long, &c.,
I generally manage to quietly lead him to the
exit of the garden and wish him good-day.
Such persons do no good to any one in the
long run. Yorkshire Gardener.

USEFUL ROSES. — I read with interest Mr.
Slade's list of useful Roses, but I am surprised
that he omitted General Jacqueminot, Prince
Camille de Rohan, Jules Margottin, and
Ulrich Brunner, all very useful Roses ; espe-
cially the last named, for its colour, fragrance,
and good constitution, and because it is a good
pot Rose. Madame G. Luizet is another fine
variety, an H.P. of a pink colour. Has not
Mr. Slade made a mistake in describing
Madame Lambard as a pale yellow Rose ? It
is very changeable in colour, but that which I
know under the name varies from a salmon-
pink in the spring to almost a red in autumn.
Mr. Slade said nothing about white flowered
Roses, and yet there are some beautiful
varieties, for example Niphetos, and Souvenir
deS.A. Prince. " Pierre Netting, vig., blackish-
red, shaded with violet, good shape," is a cata-
logue description and a correct one, but how
mauy decent blooms would one see in a private
garden under ordinary cultivation. The list
of Roses suitable for garden decoration is the
most useful part of the article, especially to
young gardeners who cannot visit the nur-
series. A. L. G. [Mr. Slade named only a few
varieties, not a complete list, knowing that a
calendarial article is scarcely a suitable place
for a lengthy list. Ed.]

NOTES ON TOMATOS.—Tomatos have been
very productive out-of-doors this year, so that
I should like to make a few remai-ks on the
new varieties that I have grown, viz., Yeitch's
Glory and Holmes. The first is a vigorous
plant, sets its bloom freely, and brings to good
development seven good bunches of fruits
which are smooth, and of a very bright red,
and weighing in some instances over lialf-a-
pound, amounting therefore to 20 lb. of fruit
to a plant. It is one of tlie best for growing
out-of-doors. Holmes is a very heavy cropper
also ; the fruit not quite so large, smooth, and
of a good colour — a useful market variety.
Another excellent variety is Winter Beauty,
good for cultivation under glass, setting freely
and fruiting early ; but it is also useful out-of-
doors. This is the best indoor Tomato for
early fruiting of which I have any experience.
The plants were set out the third week in
May, and grown with one stem, all side-
growths being removed and some of the large
leaves reduced one half in size. The plants
received but a small quantity of water at the
root, and were not affected by any diseases.
Too much water and over feeding are, I tliink,
the cause of black-spot and other maladies.
Except in a droughty season, like the past
summer, I seldom apply water, and then only
sparingly. F. L. C.

ORCHID PROPAGATION. — Very interesting
are the observations of Mr. James O'Brien
concerning Orchid propagation. I quite agree
with him as to the propriety of removing the
back bulbs, and have been doing this for some
time ; but I have scarcely the courage of my
conviction. The portion removed is hung near
the glass in a shady, moist position, and given
a fair trial; should any roots or "breaks"
appear, the plant is put on the top of a pot
filled with nothing but broken crocks and
charcoal. I never leave the roots to lengthen ;
no sooner do the roots begin to show them-
selves than they are placed on a pot. This
method of potting in crocks and charcoal has
been so successful here, that on potting sickly
plants only the foregoing substances are used ;
and, indeed, I venture to believe that in the
ease of many Cattleyas, this "soil" is much
more acceptable and certainly much more
manageable than the orthodox "sphagnum.

peat, charcoal, and crocks." The plants are
better in colour, more sturdy, and are ripened
better ; and in the growing season, too, the
air of the honse has a much greater chance to
circulate between the crocks than when the
pots are filled witli sphagnum and peat. The
last experiment in this way was with Cattleya
Percivalliana in bad health; it was pulled into
two pieces, one was placed on crocks and
charcoal, the other on an ordinary composi-
tion ; the former has sent down two dozen
roots, the latter scarcely two. H. W., Trevincc.

BULB GARDEN.

FORCING NARCISSUS.

If the gardener needs large quantities of
sweet-scented flowers at about the New Vear,
few plants are better for the purpose than
Narcissus Paper - white, Gloriosa, Grand
Monarch, &c., four or five bulbs of each being
planted forthwith close together in 0 or 8-inch
pots, according to the variety and size of the
bulbs. The soil should consist of fresh loanb
mixed with about a J rotten manure and some
road grit. When potted, place them in a cool
spot, and cover with coal-ash or some othei-
material to keep the bulbs dark and firm ii>
the soil till 3 inches of growth is observed ;
then remove them to the greenhouse or pit to
grow somewhat slowly. These early varieties,
should be forced in batches at tri-weekly
intervals, according to the demand, and
afforded plenty of moisture at the roots after
growth has become active, and occasionally
weak liquid-manure. The large- flowered N.
Gloriosa, and N. Grand Monarque, do not re-
spond to early forcing as the smaller-flowered
Tazettas, but when more gradually forced
than those they make a grand show, and last
for a long period if well supplied with water ;
the flowers also keep for a long time when
removed from the plants. H. Markham.

NEPENTHES VENTRICOSA.

This handsome species was exhibited for the-
first time at the meeting of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on the 1.5th inst. It was
overlooked that the plant in question had
been figured in our columns on June 18, 1898,
when a description of it, taken from speci-
mens at Kew, was given by Mr. Rolfe. The
pitcher .shown by Messrs. Veitch was smooth,
cream coloured, with a purplish rim (sei>
fig. 98). _^^____^^^^_

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Seientiflc Committee.

October Vi.—Presrnt : Dr. M. C. Cooke, in tlie chair ,
Messrs. Houstou, Bennett, Druery, Saunders, Holme.s.
and Worsley ; Drs. Miiller and Masters ; Rev. \V.
Wilks, and Rev. G. Henslow, Hon. Sec.

Hawthorn Shoots, dead. —Mr. Saunders reported as
follows upon the specimens sent tO' the last meeting,
exhibited by Mr. Wilks :— " The bark of the shoots in
places was splitting, and had all the appearance of
being attacked by canker ; but there were no signs of
any fungus on examination with a strong pocket lens ;
under the bark were several small orange-coloured
dipterous gi'ubs, belonging to the family Cecidomyidiu.
They exactly resembled gi-ubs which I have found
feeding on the ' Rose-rust,' Phragmidium subcorticum,
and the ' Bean-rust,' Uromyces fah;e. and I cannot help
thinkiug that they must have fed on some fungoid
matter. Their mouths are not suited for feeding on
any hard substance, suclias the Hawthorn shoot, which
was practically dead, and wkat may have caused the
death of the shoots I cannot say, but 1 should suggest
that it was of fungoid oi-igin."

October 26, 1901.]

THE GARDEyERS' CHRONICLE.

313

Fig. 98.— nepenthes ventricosa— a piulu'pine speciks.

(Awai-Uea Fu-st-class Ccrtiflcate at the last Meeting of the Royal HortlL-iiUural Society.)
(Sec 1). 312.)

Cticwnber disease— Mr. Houston described a diseaso
which is doing much injury in parts of England, one
gi'ovver alone having lost £1,000 worth of fruit. It
appears on the plants twelve weeks after sowing the
seed. The fungus is Cercospora nielonis. M.C C,
described by Dr. Cooke in the Gardeners' Chronicle for
September .5, 189e, p. 271. It begins with a few spots on
the leaves, spreading till there is no healthy leaf left.
As the spores are multiseplate, and each joint can
propagate the fnugus, the disease is easily communi-
cated to other plants. There is no remedy except
complete destruction. Cucumbers or Melons should
not be grown in the same pits in which diseased plants
have been for some seasons.

Pelargoniiuii-lcaf striking root. — Mr. Houston also
showed a leaf of the Ivy-leaved species, of which the
petiole had formed a callus with numerous roots.
The effect upon the blade was to enlarge the cells.
Mr. Hcnslow observed that he had read of, but could
not recall the reference to, a very similar result occur-
ring with a leaf of Ivy, which however became much
enlarged.

-Icocia arinatn scedlimj.—yiv. Holjies exhibited a
specimen having all the leaflets well developed from
the first. At a subseiiuent stage, only pliyllodes are
borne by the tree.

Galls on Beech leaves. — He also showed specimens
I'cmarkable for their hairiness, while the leaf of the
lieech is perfectly hairless. Mr. Henslow observed
that this was a common result in galls on nrany plants.
lie had oliscrved it on the smooth-leaved Erica sco-
paria, which bore hairy galls. Woolly terminal buds
arc common on Veronica chanucdrys, the e.vcess of
liair being due to an insect. Mr. Mek, who had studied
the subject, came to the conclusion that such hairs, as
well as those especially on ribs and veins in a normal
slate, are due to a localised extra nourishment and a
conipousatory distribution of sap.— (Oi/i/i'w of Plant
Stntclures, p. it9.)

Four-spiked Ti/pha.—Ur. Mastehs showed a specimen.
from Mr. Smith. Newry, in which the stem bore four
free terminal inlloresccnce.^, but it was not clear
whether they were due to cohesion or faseialion.

lioot-yalls.—ile also exhibited some globular galls
due to the attacks of a Cynips (liiorhiza).

Fig-leaf ascidiform.—Uc also sliowed from Dr. I'rain
a leaf of some species of Kicus growing in the Botanic
Warden of Calcutta, in which the basal part formed a
hollow cone or funnel-shaped structure. It was excep-
tional in that it was borne on llic inulci- side, and not
the upper. Every leaf of tlic tree was .«nid to be so
alTccted.

Stropharia xruiiinosa.—'Mw Bunvaud sent a specimen
of this fungus, which he described as having almost
a peacock-blue colour when frcsli. It was found at
lioxley, Kent. It furnishes tlie green slabs in
Ton bridge ware.

'•Air Plants."— T)r. Pi.owitKiHT sent a porliim of a
species of Tillandsia, called the Capo Air Plant, but a
native of tropical America. He writes as follows:—
On August 12, this specimen of Tillandsia, the so-called
Air Plant of Cape Colony, was received from Capo
Town. To it was attached a piece of string by which it
liad boon suspended in the cabin of the gentleman who
brought it over. It was hung up inside a south window
inmyhousein King's Lynn, and ind\iocourse flowered
Tliere was no trace of flower-bud when it arrived, but
al)out a fortnight back a dark blue corolla appeared,
springing from what appeared to be a pink calyx.
These xeropliilons plants are always interesting, and
as acompanion to theabove a stem of Sedum siiecinsuni
was suspended in the same window on the smuiu diilc.
Tlio changes were carefully watched, and cun.sistcd
lirst in the turning upward of the flower-bud, followed
by the turning of the leaves on the stem, so that they
pointed upwards. The lowermost leaves, i.e., tliosc
nearest the root, began to wither, whilst tliose nearest
the flower remained quite fresh. At this ti]ne the base
of the stem threw out numerous roots. The flower wa
fully expanded by October 1, and most of the leaves, as
well as the roots, was slirivelled. "

Uritish dye plants.— A conmiunication was also re-
ceived from Dr. Plowiiioht on this subject, with
numerous specimens of wool dyed from various wild
liritish plants. The former will appear in Uic ./ournal
of the Society.

Abies DuuylasH eeedlinr/s.—Mv . Elwes sent siiccimcns
of young trees of this species, and also of Larix lepto-
lepis about a feet high, in a dying state. He observes :
"They show a disease which I cannot account tor, but
which is very prevalent in my nursery. The Larches
are believed to lie raised from Japanese seed. I re-

314

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 26, 1901.

ceived plants o£ the same species from Tortwortli
Court, Gloucestershire ; Hildeuley, Yorks ; and Dun-
keld, Perth ; all of which are perfectly healthy in the
same soil, situation, and season." The opinion of Mr.
Worsley and others was that the death of the plants
was due to inferior vigour in the Japanese seeds, and
that of Dr. M. C. Cooke was that no fungus was present
to account for it.

Yew diseased.— Mv. R. W. De.\n, of Wainsford, Ly-
mington, sent boughs of Yew attacked by SpluereUa
taxi. It is a fungus which does but little harm to the
trees, as it does not afifect the branch, only the green
leaves. Lime is probalily deficient in the soil.

EABLY CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN
PARIS.

OcTOJiER 10.— The forl.niglitly show of Ihe N;itioual
Horticultural Society that was held on the above date
was devoted to a display of early-flowering Chrysan-
themums. The hall of the Society, in which the show
was held, is of large dimensions, and was well lighted,
and it was gaily arranged with tlio exhibits, which, if
not numerous, were in most cases attractive.

Several classes for cut blooms and pot-plants were
provided, but as the names of exhibitors were not put
up when we left the show, it will perhaps be more
useful just to mention the varieties that were most
freely shown. In bush plants in pots, many of which
were freely flowered, were Louis Lemaire. yellow-
bronze; Petit Paul, pale pink; le m^prisable, white;
MatJiilde do Massange, pale pink with a yellow centre ;
Parisianum,a very good Japanese,ot good size; very full,
and a pure white ; Madame Elise Poirette, very free,
bright rosy-pink. These were arranged in a large rec-
tangular bed on one side of the hall, being varied by
an extensive display of Michaelmas Daisies, and some
large specimen blooms, of which ({eorge Daupias, yel-
low ; Madame Therfese Mazier^ large pure white ; the
well-known pink Kayonnant,Piiincesse Alice de Monaco,
another very large pure white, and Madame Gustavo
Henry, were all conspicuous. We noticed, too, such
well-known sorts in good form as M. Patzer, Soleil
•d'Octobre, Le Grand Dragon, Mr.s. C. Hari.ian Payne
and Madame Ed. Roy. Here and there a few others less
well known perhaps to English growers, such as Vulcan
dull cnrmine and buff; Transvaal, areflexed Japanese,
pure golden yellow ; Louise Brossillon, pure white with
great length of florets. All of the Japanese section were
represeuted. One incurved, called M. Raymond DC-
forest, a finely shaped bloom, very close in build, and
of good depth, the colour golden-amber, was much
admired ; but in many Instances there were too many
blooms lacking in depth, and some were only partlv
developed.

In another bed of similar proportions, we noticed
several well-known Pompons, M. Caboclie, Fred Pelo
and Yellow Gem. Others were the popular M. Gustave
Grunerwald, I'Aurore, pale purple-amaranth; Gloire
d'Astafort, deep orange-crimson, a Japanese of medium
size. In this collection there were also a number
of large specimen blooms, the best being Biela pure
pale yellow; President Kruger, yellow and dull bufl'-
Megi-ez, rosy- amaranth; M.arquis Visconti Venosta"
sharp pointed florets, colour rosy-amaranth Better
known varieties were R. Hooper Pearson, llsfrre Reine
d'Anglcterre, Mrs. J. Lewis, M. Cheaon de Leclid and
Major Matthew.

Outside the entrance in th'e courtyard was a prettily
arranged group of a variety called Schah de Perse
deep golden-yellow ; and Ldon Bonmeux, a medium-
sized Japanese, orange - crimson. Another group
snnilarly placed was very varied and effective and
contained among many others Alfred Droz, Soleil
d'Octobre, Jules Morny, M.GustaveGrunerwald.Madame
Carmian, Madame Desgrangcs, Madame Ligor Ligncau

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OP
ENGLAND ORCHID.

October ll.-Fiist-dass Ccrtifiratos were given to :-

Cattleya aurea Souvenir do Queen Victoria, abeautiful

form with nearly white sepaU and petals, and large

lip; rather paler than the type in its markings. A.

Waebueton, Esq.

Cattleya x Mantini var. magnifica. 6 W Law-

SCHOFIELD, Esq.

Cattleya x Maroni var. magniflca. Mr. A. Edoe

An Award of Merit was made to Lajlio-Cattleya hy-
brid (L. purpura! ax Cattleya Dowiana aurea.Leeniann's
var.). J. Leemann, Esq,

W. DncKwoRTH, Esq. (gr., Mr. Tindal), exhibited the
beautiful albino form of L.-elia Perriui, which has been
previously certificated at Manchester.

O. O. WniciLEY, Esq. (gr., Mr. Rogers), sent a beautiful
vawety of Cypripediura x triuraphans, and Cattleya
Mantini var. nobilior.

W. E. Wat.sox, Esq., exhibited a well grown plant of
Cattleya x John Bagnle.v.

Mr. W. Holmes exhibited Cypripediura insi<>nevar
LauraKimball, Broomfleldvar. P. ir.

CROYDON HORTICULTURAL MU-
TUAL IMPROVEMENT.

OCTOiiER l.j.— At a meeting on the above dale, Mr. E.
Kromer, of the Roraima Nursery, Baudon Hill, Croy-
don, gave a lecture on " An Orchid-collector's Travels
through British Guiana to Brazil." Mr. Kromer de-
scrilied his travels in search of the charming Cattleya
Lawrenceana and other rare Orchids, detailing the
various species found, and theirnaturalconditionsand
habits of growth. The journey through tlie savannahs,
and the ascent of the mountain of Roraima, 8600 feet
above sea-level, the arrival at the summit, cooking and
sleeping arrangements, were described. Mr. Kromer
and his companion were the first white men who slept
a night on that mountain. The lecture was illustrated
by forty-eight lantern slides, from photographs taken
en route by Mr. Kromer.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

OcToiiER 21.— At a meeting of the Floral Committee
held at the Royal Aquarium on Monday last. First-
class Certificates were awarded to the following
novelties ;—

Bessie Godfrey. A beautiful and large flowered
Japanese. Colour yellow; florets drooping and in-
curved at the tips. From Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth
Nurseries, Devon.

Exmciulh Crimson.— An excellent crimson Japanese,
shaded purple, very large flower. From Mr. W. J.
Godfrey.

Masterpiece.— A deep, brownish-red Japanese, with
rather short, broad florets ; blooms large, and showing
buff reverse of florets. From Mr. W. J. Godfrey.

Pink Mary Anderson.— A pretty pink sport from the
well-known single-flowered variety. From Mr. H. J.
Jones. Ryecroft Nursery, Lewisham.

Triumph (\V. J. Godfrey). — A crimson Japanese,
having a purple shade not observed in the bloom.s
shown at the Drill Hall a week previous.

PZttje d' Or. —A yellow flowered decorative v.ariety. in
which we could see no special value. From W. A R.
Owen, Castle Hill Nurseries, Maidenhead.

llron::e Sport .from Soleil d'Octobre.— A sport from this
well-known and useful decorative variety, with deeper-
coloured flowers. From Mr. Geo. Prickett, St. Ann's
Road, South Tottenham.

There were also some promising varieties staged by
Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, ajid Mr. W.
Baxter, Melehet Court Gardens, Romsey.

.\ meeting of the executive committee was

held at Carr's Restaurant, Mr. Thomas Bevan in
the chair. A letter was read from Sir Albert K. Rollitt,
M.P., accepting nomination as President of the Society
in the room of the late Sir E. Saunders, and also
expressing his willingness to take the chair at the
annual dinner on November 27 next. Sir A. K. Rol-
litt, M.P., was elected President of the Society by
acclamation. Resolutions of sympathy and con-
dolence were passed and ordered to be sent to the
relatives of the late Mr. Martin Hope Sutton and Mr.
Thomas Rochford, both supporters of the Society. Mr.
C. Harman Payne gave an account of his visit to a
recent exhibition of early Chrysanthemums at Paris,
and stated that English productions by no means
suffered by comparison with those of France. The Secre-
tary reported the amount of prize-money awarded at
the October show ; and also the medals awarded in the
miscellaneous division, and a financial statement to
date, showing a substantial balance in hand, was con-
sidered highly satisfactory.

The publication of the new catalogue will be deferred
until early in the ensuing year. It was agreed that,
a deputation should wait upon the Directors of the
Royal Aquarium in reference to future arrangements
with the Society. Fourteen ordinary members and one
Fellow were elected.

James Service, Maxwelltown, Duiv-
FRIES.— We regret to announce the death o£
Mr. J.ames Serxice, of the Corberi'y and .Jane-
fleld iVur.scries, Maxwelltown, Dumfries, which
occurred on October 15. Mr. Service, who
was in his seventy-seventh year, was an Ayr-
shire man, though his early years were chiefly
spent in Argyllshire and Buteshire. His
father was a fanner in an extensive way of busi-
ness, and the son, after a short time spent on
the farm as a herd-boy, was apprenticed to

the firm of Samson & Co., nurserymen, of Kil-
marnock. Thence he went to Coodham, near
Ayr, and in 1848 he was appointed as head
gardener to Colonel MacMurdo, of Mavisgrove,
Dumfries, and afterwards served Lord Justice
Hope, at Notherplaee, Mauchline. He next
went to Houghton Hou.se, Carlisle.

In 1858 Mr. Service estalilished at Green-
brae, Dumfries, a small nursery, principally
for florist's flowers, which eventually became
one of the leading businesses of its kind in the
south of Scotland. Here he adopted what was
at the time considered a great innovation, and
one of which he always spoke with much pride,
the reduction of the price of Dahlias on the
general list which were of any value from about
l.s. each to 3s. per dozen, and thus brought
down the prices of the great English growers.
At that time Dahlias, Pansies, Hollyhocks, and
other florist's flowers formed his chief stock in
trade, and low prices were asked for all.

From Greenbrae he removed to Corberry
A^ursery. In more recent years the advance
of building operations led him to acquire land
at Jancfield, whither a portion of the business
was transferred. By dint of energy and
straightforward dealing, Mr. Service soon
.secured a very extensive nursery and seed
business, in the management of which his sons
Robert and .loseph assisted.

For years he was a successful exhibitor of
Gladioli and Dahlias, and a trustworthy judge
at shows. In all the concerns of life Mr. Ser-
vice was a most conscientious man, and his
loss will be felt by all who knew him.
S. Ai-nutt.

James Hill.— At JVewport, Il.I., U.S.A., on
Thursday, September 28, passed away James
Hill, gardener for Mr. Mortimore Brookes.
James Hill was a well known gardener, who more
than a (|uarter of a century ago came out to
the United States to take charge of the noted
gardens of Gardenier Brewer, "The Boston
Merchant Prince," situated on the west end
of Bellcvue Avenue. It was "The Place" on
the Avenue in those days, and to-day holds
its own on every point of good gardening to
the credit of the gardener, who " never knew
it all," and was never too old to learn any-
thing that was modern in gardening matters.
James Hill was, previous to his Atlantic
migration, gaining notoriety in the cultiva-
tion of Orchids for Sir William Marriott, at
Down House, Dorsetshire, England, from
which many Orchids found their way to the
London shows. Disa grandiflora, Phalrenopsis,
Dendrobiums, Odontoglossums, and Antecto-
chilus were very well done. Here also were
some line flowered bits of Cattleya exoni-
ensis, which was shown in the United States
of America as an unknown new variety. James
HoUowinj, Glen Cove, N.Y., U.S.A.

Rev. H. Ewbank.— It is with deep regret
that we have to announce the sudden death on
the 19th inst. of this gentleman, in the seventy-
fourth year of his age, at St. John's, Ryde.
Mr. Ewbank had for many years been Yicar of
the jjarish of St. John's, in the immediate
vicinity of Ryde, but three or four years ago
he resigned his charge, still continuing to
reside at St. John's, where he had formed a
garden remarkable for the rarity and interest
of its contents. Mr. Ewbank loved plants
for their own sake, not merely as garden deco-
rations, and his success in their cultivation
was quite as much due to his sedulous care as
to favourable elimatal conditions. Mr. Ew-
bank had been for many years an occasional
contributor to our columns ; and his letters
from Rome a few years since attracted much
attention.

October 26, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

315

TRADE NOTIC E.

W. PELL & CO.
The okl-established nursery firm of W. Fell
& Co., of Hexham, Northumberland, published
in the Uexham Herald of October 19 the pro-
spectus of the firm as a limited liability
company, with a share capital of £20,000.
This capital is divided into 10,000 cumulative
preference shares of £1 each, bearing a cumu-
lative preference dividend of £5 per cent.
per annum, and being also preferential as to
capital ; and 10,000 ordinary shares of £1 each.
The vendors will take i>,oOO ordinary shares in
part payment of the purchase price ; and 2,.500
ordinary, and 6,000 preference shares are
being offered at par for public subscription.
The remaining 4,000 preference and 2,000
ordinary shares are reserved for future issue.
The directors of the new company are Mr.
Wm. Fell, Hexham, nurseryman, chairman ;
Messrs. Thos. Atkinson, Geo. Hogarth Bell,
and Wm. Milne ; secretary, Mr. R. H. Robson,
5, Priestpopple, Hexham. The subscription
list closes on Thursday, October 31.

ENQUIRY.

Weight of .Japanese Cycad Stems. — A
Russian correspondent desires to know the
approximate weight of Japanese Cycas stems
as imported without roots or leaves, and about
4 to 45- feet in height.

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN, OCTOBER 24.

tWe cannot accept any responsibility for Ibe subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who revise the list, and who are
responsible for the quotations. It must bo remem-
bered that these quotations do not represent the
prices on any particular day, b\it only the general
averages for the week i>rcccdiiig tlie date of our
report. The prices depend upon llie quality of
the samiiles, the supply in the nuirkct, and the
demand, and lliey may fluctuate, not only from day
to day, but often several times in one day. Ed.]
Cot Flowers, Ac— Aveuaoe Wholesale Pricks.
e.d. s.d. t.d. s.d.

Asparagus 'Fern,' Lily of Valley, p.

bunch 10-20 doz. bunches 9 0-18 0

Carnations, per MaidenhairFern,

dozen blooms 10-20 doz. bunches 40-80

Cattlcyas, p doz. 9 0-12 0 Mignonette, per
Eucharis, p. doz. 1 (^ 2 0 doz. bunches 4 0-60

Gardenias, doz. 16-20 Odoutoelossums,
Lilium Harrisii, per dozen ... 2 6-60

dozen blooms 4 0- « 0 Roses, Tea, white,
I 1 ;<_,-_ per dozen ... 10-30

Lilium lancifolm.

album, p. doz.

blooms
Lilium rubrum,

per dozen ...
Lilium longiflrm.

per dozen ...

— Catherine
3 0- 4 0 Mermet, per

doz 10-30

3 0- B 0 I Smila.x, p. bunch 3 0-50

Tuberoses, per

4 0-60 doz. blooms 03-08

Fruit.— Average Wholesale Prices.

«. d. «. d.
Apples, home-
grown, Wel-
lingtons. War-
ner's King,
Blenheims,
Ac, per sieve 2 0-30

— Cox's, sieve ... 4 0-70

— NovaSeotian,
various, per
barrel 16 0-2.5 0

— Rit)3tons, per
sieve

Bananas, bunch « 0- « 0

— loose, p. doz. 10-16
Blackberries, per

peck of 12 lb. 19-20
Chestnuts, p. bag ."> 0-18 0
Cobnuts, Kentish,

per lb. ... 0 7-08

Cranberries, case 12 0 —

quart

a.d. s.d.
Grapes, Gros

Maroc, perlb. 0 8-10

— Hamburgh,pcr
lb., A 10-1 «

B 0 4-08

— Belgian, blk.,
per lb. ... 0 4-06

Lemons, Naples

and Lisbon,

per ease ... 18 o-.IO 0
Melons, each ... 0 9-16
2 6-40] Pears, duComicc,

Duclicsse,&c.,

in crates ... 6 0-12 8

— various, sieves 3 0-40

— English, Cala-
basse, Capiau-
mont, Berga-
mot, &c., per

bushel

4 0-80

— Stewing, bkt. 3 0

Damsons, p. sieve 2 0-36 Persimmons, per

Flgs,perbasket... 1 6-
Grapes, Muscats,
home-grown,
per lb., A. ...

— do.,B.

— Alicante, lb.

— Gros Colmar,
perlb.

19-20
0 6-0 10
0 6-10

dozen.
Pines, each
Prunes, sieve ...
Walnuts, per

bushel

— fjrcnoble, per
bag

— large bags ... :

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. I s.d. s.d.

Adiantums, doz. 8 0-70 Ferns, small, per

Arbor-vitse, var., i 100 4 0-60

per dozen ... 6 0-36 0 Ficus elastica, ea. 16-76

Aspidistras, doz. 18 0-36 0 Foliage plants,

— specimen, ea. 5 O-IO 6 various, each 10-50
Cannas, per doz. 18 0 — Lilyof Valley, ea. 19-30
Crotons, per doz. is o-30 0 Lycopodiums, p.

Cyclamen, p. doz. 8 0-10 0 dozen 3 0-40

Dracaenas, var.. Marguerites, per

per dozen ... 12 0-.30 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

— viridis, doz. 9 0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz. 6 0-90
Ericas, var., doz. 12 0-36 0 Palms, var., each 1 0-15 0
Euonymus, var., ' — specimen, ea. 21 0-63 0

per dozen ... 6 0-18 0 Pelargoniums,

Evergreens, var., scarlet, doz. 8 0-12 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 — Ivyleaf, per

Ferns, in variety, dozen 8 0-10 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 Spiraeas, per doz. 6 0-12 0
Vegetables.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d.

Artichokes, Globe, I Mint. 12 bunches 10 —

per dozen ... 2 6 — ' Mushrooms, house,

— Jerusalem, p. per lb. ... 0 10 —
sieve 2 0 — — outdoor, sieve 10-26

Beans, home, dwf. Onions, cases ... 5 0-56

per sieve ... 1 .3- 1 6 — in bags ... 3 0-43

— runners, per — bunches, per
bushel ... 2 0 — dozen 30 —

— dwarf, house, — picklers, bags 2 6-30
perlb 0 9-0 10 Parsley, per doz.

Beetroots, new, bunches ... 10 —

per bu.shel ... 1 6 — — sieve 0 6-09

Brussels Sprouts, Parsnips, p. cwt.

sieve 10-20 bag 26-30

Cabbage, tally ... 3 0-50 Potatos, per ton.. 50 0-70 0

— dozen 0 9-10 Radishes, p. doz.

Carrots, per doz. bunches ... 10 —

bunches ... 2 0- 2 •; Salad, small, pun-

— washed, l)ags 2 6-30 nets, per doz. 13 —

— unwashcd.bag 16-20 Shallots, per lb.... 03 -
Cauliflowers, doz. 16-19 Spinach, English,

— tally 4 (1- II II bushel ... 1 6 —

Coleriac, per doz. 19 — Tomatos, Eng-

Celcry, I2bundles 9 0-12 0 lish,dozcnlb. 2 0-40

Chicory, per lb... 04 — —Channel Is-

Crcss, per dozen lands, per lb. 0 2J- 0 3

punnets ... 1 6 — — French, per

Cucumbers, doz. 2 0-10 crate 20 —

Endive, new — Canary, boxes 3 0-40

French, doz. 16 — Turnips, per doz.

Garlic, per lb. ... 0 2 — bunches ... 16-20

Horseradish, fo- — bag 2 0-26

reign, bunch 10-16 Vegetable - Mar-
Leeks, I2bunches 10-16 rows, per doz. 10 -
Lettuces, Cabbage, — in pots ... 10-16

per dozen ... 0 9-10 Watercress, per

— Cos, per score 16-20 doz. bunches 04-06

Remarks.- Runner Beans have improved in price.
Colewort Cabbage has also improved, and with roots,
such as Carrots, Turnips, Ac, are coming good. Quinces
in plenty. In sieves and cases, at from 2«. to 3s. Med-
lars good, in cases, .'>». erf. There are a tew Peaches, at
from Us. to los. per dozen. The Figs quoted are foreign.
Californian Plums, Golden Drop, <Sic., at 6». per case.
Jamaica Oranges, 8». to I0». per case. Corn Cobs, 9d. to
1^". per dozen.

POTATOS.

Various sorts, .50*. to 70». John Bath, 33 A 34, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden.

SEEDS.

London : October 23.— Messrs. John Shaw A Sons,
Seed Merchants, of Great M.TZe Pond, Borough, London,
write that no attention is yet being given to Clover-
seeds ; meantime prices all round, excepting as regards
Alsyke, promise to lie low. Uyegrasscs arc also neg-
lected. For winter Tares and Sied Rye tlie sale is slow,
whilst moderate prices prevail for Mustard and Rape-
seed. There is a good iuquiry for Eclipse and Tele-
phone Peas, and also for Wiiulsor Beans ; Longpods
meanwhile come cheap and good. The new Scarlet
Runners are also rcasonal)lc. Birdseeds continue
inactive, but Linseed is dearer. For Blue Peas, Haricot
Beans, and Spanish Lentils, the inquiry is meagre.

FBUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Glasgow, October 23.— .The following are the averages
of the prices recorded since our last report :— Apples,
English, 128. to 18s. per cwt. ; American and Canadian.
King's, 28«. to 32«. per barrel ; (ireenings, 21«. to 25s. do. ;
Baldwins and Northern Spies, 21s. to 2.^8, do. ; other
varieties at similar prices. Bananas, Canai-y, Hs. to 12*.
per crate ; Pears, Heurri Duchess, 4s. to .5s. id. per
case; Grapes, English, Is. to 1«. ed. perlb.; Almcira,
common, 8s. to 10s. per barrel ; ordinary, 10s. to 12s. do. ;
good, 1.3s. to 16s. do. ; extras, I8s. to 25s. ; Lemons, 12s.
to 188. per half chest ; Tomatos, home, 6rf. to 9d. per lb. ;
Mushrooms, 4rt. to Is. do. ; Onions, Valcneias, 5s. 6d. to
6s. 6rf. per case.

Liverpool: Oct. 3^. — Wholesale Vegetable Market.—
Potatos, per cwt. : Up-to-Date, 28. 6ti. to .3s. .3ri. ; Main
Crop, 38. Od. to 48. 6d. ; Bruce, 28. 6d. to 38. ; Lynn
Grays, 2s. Id. to 2s. lod. ; Turnips, 6d. to id. 12 bunches ;
Swedes, Is. 6d. to 28. per cwt. ; Carrots, 6rf. to 8d.
per dozen bunches ; Onions, English, 68. to 6s. 6d. per
cwt. ; do., foreign, .3s. 6rf. to is. vd. do. ; Parsley, 6rf. to M.
per dozen bunches ; Cauliflowers, ad. to Is. M. per doz. ;
Cabbages, 8d. to Is. 6d. do.; Celery, nd. to Is. M. do.

St. Johns : Potatos, Is. per peck; Grapes, English, Is. to
33. per lb. ; do., foreign, 4d. to 6d. do. ; Pine-apples,
English, 6s. to 7s. each ; Apples, 2d. to 3d. per lb. ;
Pears, 3d. do. ; Tomatos, 4rf. to 6d. do. ; Damsons, 3d.
do. ; Cucumbers, 3d. to 4d. each ; Mushrooms, 8d. to is.
per lb. Birkenhead : Potatos, lOd. to is. per peek ;
Cucumbers, 2d. to4d. each; Grapes, English, is. to 2s. 6d.
per lb. ; do., foreign, 4d. to 8d. do. ; Pine-apples,
English, 2s. to 4s. each ; Mushrooms, ad. to lOd. per lb. ;
Filberts, is. do.

COEN.

Average Prices of British Corn (per Imperial qr.),
for the week eudint; Oct. 19, and for the corresponding
period of 1900, to ether with the diflerence in the
quotations. These figures are based on the Official
Weekly Return :—

Description.

1900.

1901.

Difference.

s. d.

Wheat 28 4

Barley 26 5

Oats i 16 IJ

8. d.

25 10

26 8.,
17 8

s. d.

— 2 6

-t- 0 3

4-0 9

AAfAKYU.is Bell.adonna : .;. //. 8. The treat-
ment you have given the bulbs has been im-
proper. They should not bo disturbed at
the root more often than is necessary, and
the best time to pot them is just previously
to the flowering period, when new roots are
about to be made. They should bo potted
firmly, to the number of three or four in
S-inch pots, or singl.y in small .'!2's (,'(I-inch),
and in loam three-quarters, leal-soil one-
quarter, and a little sharp sand if the loam
lie stiff. From the time the leaves begin to
decay till the flower-spikes begin to show in
late summer, the soil shotild be kept dry ;
that is, the pots should belaid on their sides
on an earthen floor in the greenhouse, not
put on a dry shell. Whilst in flower, the
ball must be kept merely moist, and after
the flowers are past and the leaves ajipear,
more and more may bo gradually alTordcd.

BKGONIA (iLOIltH l>E LORItMNH: J. P. & S.

Fromilio b<"ginning of the year to March 11,
1899, are numerous articles dealing witli
this plant.
Browning op P^vi-m-leaves at tuh Tips: Sam.
W. X. This often occurs from tins use of
gas in the rooms, and is worse when the gas
is not well purified from sulphur. Bruising
will likewi.se cause the leaves lo turn of a
brown colour, and excessive di'yness of the
air has much the same effect.

Cattleva : W. G. The appearance on the
Cattleya-leavcs is of the same nature as
"spot," and is duo to the presence of a
fungus.

Chrysanthemum Lkaves: ./. IL O. If you
have grown Chrysanthemums for twenty
years, and have never seen this pest bt^fore,
you have been fortunate, because in:iny collec-
tions have sufl'ered terribly from the .scourge
during the past live years. The disease
is caused by a fungus (I'uccinia llieracii),
and known as the "Rust." We must refer
you to the illustration and description
published in Gardensrx' Chronlrle, Oct. 8,
1898, p. 209. Also to the "Rust" Con-
ference held by the National Chrysanthemum
Society, and reported in Oardeners' Clironicle,
Oct. 15, 1898, p. 295.

Garden Staff 01/ Workmen : Le Mallieur.
We are surprised at your being equal to the
task, with the help only of two unskilled
young men, of keeping the garden oven fairly
presentable. At the least, on(^ mote young
active man is needed.

Grub in Ai'ple-twk; : F. 7". (Irul) of the
Leopard moth, Zeuzera rcsculi, often figured
in our columns. Hook the insect down with

316

THE G A R D ENER 8 ' CIIR 0 NI CL E.

[October 20, 1901.

a cvirved wire, ov insert a piece of cotton-
wool steeped in a solution of cyanide of
potassium, but i-emember it is very poisonous !

Leeds GAraiKNEUs' Association: K. K. A
correspondent would bo glad to liuow the
correct address of this Society, and the
name of the Secretary.

LlI-UM ATRATUM AND L. LANCITOUUM : J. H.S.

Excepting in light soils in the warmer parts
of the country, the bulbs should be lifted,
as soon as the stems show signs of decay,
and laid in damp sand or charcoal dust ; or
potted firmly in loamy soil in pots just large
enough to hold them, and k pt on an earthen
floor in a cold pit. As a s feguard against
rats and mice, cover the p .ts with a tile or
slate.

Lily of the V.vllev ; A. P. Dig or trench
the ground deeply, heavily manuring it if it
bo in poor condition. Let this be done in
early winter, and in early spring take up
your old roots, sorting them into three
classes— those with the biggest buds for
flowering the next year, the next largest to
flower one year later, and the weakest that
will bloom in the third year — and plant each
lot by itself in beds or lines. The plants
should be planted, with the roots spread out,
in drills drawn at about 8 inches apart, and in
the drills they should stand at 0 inches.
The plants that bloom the first year after
planting will produce each a few young
buds, but these will be three years old ere
they produce flowers, and as the original
buds bloom only once, there is nothing
gained by letting the bed remain, as the
offsets will grow much stronger if detached
and planted by themselves on fresh soil.

aioRELLO Cherries AND Red Cirrants : H. F.
Very well preserved on the trees and
bushes, and quite fit for culinary purposes.
They show to what good uses the northern
aspect of a wall can be put.
*** Names of Plants and of Fruits, Special
Notice: We are desirous of a.ssi.sting yoiimi
gardeners and our subscribers as far as we
can do so consistently with otir editorial
duties, but our readers must kindly remember
timt such work is outside our scope, and
(lenerallij involres some inconvenience, and a
large expenditure both of time and moneij on
orir part. Detail is unavoidable. Correspon-
dents not answered in this issue are requested
to be so good as to consult tlie folloiving
numbers.
Names of Fruits : B. B., Kensworth. Altiorpe
Crassane. — A. C. W. The fruits are imma-
ture, but we believe them to be the variety
General Todtleben, an excellent large fruit-
ing Pear, in season during December and
January. — J. J. B. The wood and leaves
from the two trees are much alike. Many
thanks for the letter therewith. — J. L. 1,
Imperiale ; 2, Mario Guise ; 3, Beurre
d'Amanlis; 1, not recognisable in such a
poor condition — G. D. 1, Serrurier ; 2,
Golden Husset ; S, Hesi Vaet ; 4, Beurre
Delfossc. — F. W. The fruits were received
in such bad condition that it is impossible ,
to name them to our satisfaction. — No name,
dart! green cardboard box, no letter receircd.
1, Hormead Pearmain ; 2, Cockle's Pippin;
;l, Galloway Pippin; 4, Ribston Pippin; 5,
Golden Noble.— j. A. A, Catillac ; li, Beurre
Hardy ; c, Milan de Uouen : D, Brown
Beurre ; K, Autumn Bergamot. The Ajiple
is Calville Rouge de Micoud. — D. H. l,Cal-
ville Rouge d'Autoinnc ; 2, Grenadier; 3,
Yorkshire Greening; 4, Loddington ; 5,
Winter Greening ; 0, Manks Codlin ; 7, un-
known.— 11'. H. D. 1, Crassane ; 2, decayed.
— M. A. 1 , Amelie Leclerc ; 3, Durondeau ; 5,
Summer Beurre d' Aremberg. The others were
past recognition.^C. J. Tonneau. — J. T. W.
1, Warner's King: 2, Golden Russet; 3, Mab-
bot's Pearmain ; 4, Minchall Crab ; 5, Rous-
selet de Meestre ; 6, Emerald. — E. B. 1,
unknown ; 2, Belle Rouenaise ; 3, Due de
Nemours ; 4, Dr. Andry ; 5, Beurre Duhaume ;

0, Bergamotte Hertrich. 11'. D. A. Apples,

1, not received; 2, Bristol Pearmain; 3,

Smart's Prince Arthur. Pears, 1, Welbeck
Bergamot; 2, Rondelet; 3, Comte d'Egmont.
— G. H. S. White Doyenne. This Pear pos-
sesses at least fourteen synonyms, some of
which are in general use. — .1. C. Y. 1, Comte
de Flandre ; 2, I'otten; 3, Beurre d'Amanlis ;
1, Loddington ; 5, Scarlet Leadington ; C,
Kentish Pippin. — D. C. Beurre Dupont, a
little known Pear, but by no means a novelty.
— Af . P. II. Please oblige us with your name
and address (not for publication), and kindly
state if possible the year and the month
when the previous communication was made.
The two fruits sent reached us in good con-
dition, and will be dealt with when we have
your reply. — -J. G. Calabasse Bosc.

Names oi' Plants : R. N. II. The flowers of
Oncidium sent were dried up and colourless
on arrival, and beyond recognition. — 11'. C. L.
The Sunflower is most probably Helianthus
californious nanus, fl. pi. In such things
leafage or complete inflorescence is most
helpful, the mere tops of the flower-heads
being insutlicient. — A. H., Dundee. Sola-
num rostratum. — P. J. L. 1, Sequoia gigantea
(Wellingtonia) ; 2, Retinospora plumosa of
gardens, a form of Cuprcssus pisifera ; 3,
Cupressus (Thuiopsis) dolabrata ; 4, Diplo-
pappus chrysophyllus ; S, fastigiate form of
Cephalotaxus drupacea ; 6, Berberis Dar-
wini. — J. M. Specimens badly packed, and
labels all but illegible. Hippophae rham-
noides, no label, spiny shrub; 3, Sambucus,
Elder; 4, Sambucus nigra, with varie-
gated foliage ; 5, Spirrea Douglasii ; 0,
Dimorphanthus (Aralia) maiidschuricus ; 7,
Sequoia gigantea (Wellingtonia). — G. B. M.
Redhead. 1, Phillyrea media; 2, Carbenia
benedicta.— ir. & S. Two Statices. The
coloured form is apparently a variety of S.
sinuata ; the white variety is S. spicata.
Another time please number your specimens
and send leaves, as these materially assist
identification. — W. Sinclair. Begonia suaveo-
lens, Mesembryanthemum coccincum, Oxalis
Bowiei, Pelhea rotundifolia. — W. C. Adi-
antum Waltoni, a garden-raised variety.^ —
W. H. W. The garden-raised varieties of
Caladium are so numerous, and the foliage of
the same plants so dissimilar, that it is not
easy to name them without comparing with
growing plants; 2 is near to C. Cannaerti,
of the Chantini section ; 4, C. Wighti. —
fl. /j. 1, Euonymus europreus ; 2, Polygonum
cuspidatum ; 3, Yucca gloriosa, so far as we
can guess without seeing the plant ; 4,
Cattleya Loddigesii var. maculata. — 11'. S.,
jun. Miltonia Candida. — IV. H. S. Probably
a " seedling " from A. gracillimum. — S. M.H.
I, Adiantum formosum ; 2, Selaginella ciBsia
arborea ; 3, Anthurium crystallinum ; 4,
Maxillaria picta ; 5, Rondeletia speciosa ;
li. Dracrena stricta. — ('. ./. P. Probably
Solauum Warscewiczii. — It. L. 1, Codifeum
Mooreanum ; 2, C. Disraeli; 3, C. Wil-
liamsii; 4, C. nobile ; 5, C. interruptum
aureum ; 0, C. Queen Victoria. — H. Warren.
1, Aster ericoides; 2, Helianthus decape-
talus.

Never Failed to f;ET a Situation : A. L. We
are pleased to know that by advertising in
our columns you have never failed to obtain
a i)Ost as hoad-gardener.

PaLiM fungus : E. Jv. Graphiola phtenicis.
Burn the affected leaves, and wash the others
with Gishurst soap.

Peat-moss from the Stables as a Manure
FOR Cucumbers, Tomatos, &c. : W. P. Pro-
vided the moss is thrown into a heap, and
allowed to ferment, and then turned, the sides
into the middle and again fermented, and
allowed to partially decay, it will be almost
as good as ordinary litter. In the fresh
state as removed from the stables, it is of
little value as a manure.

Phvsalisedulis, " Cape Goo.seherry " : F.Q.C.
Well grown fruits, but intensely acid. We
can scarcely believe that anyone but a
schoolboy would fancy them for dessert.

Potato: R. B. The overgrowth or "hyper-
trophy " is probably the result of the injury

inflicted by some insect. — A. M. It looks like
one called The Congo.

Preserving Fruits of Tacsonia and Passi-
I'LORA : W. W. In the same manner as Plums,
Peaches, &o., are preserved whole in bottles,
we should suppose. Can any of our readers
.suggest a better ■:*

Pumpkins: J. M. S. Forms of Cucurbita, of
which there are many, mostly natives of
subtropical and tropical countries. The
common Pumpkin, C. Pepo, comes from the
Levant.

PURCHASEABLE LECTURES ON GARDENING : If

"A. B. C." will communicate with us, giving
his address, we will forward it to a probable
purveyor of lectures.

R. H. S. Certificate: A. B. C. You would do
better to direct your enquiry to the Secretary
of the Society, 117, Victoria Street, West-
minster, S.W.

Root Galls: Correspondent. The galls are
formed by Gall-flies (Teras tnrminalis), which
emerge from the common Oak-apples. They
lay their eggs on the roots of the Oak, and
the grubs form the galls, the insects produced
from these galls are wingless partheno-
genetic females, known as Biorhiza aptera.
Geo. S. S.

ROSE: W.H.T. " Sporting " is not uncommon
in Roses. We cannot at this season say it
yours would be worth propagating.

Scarborough Lilv: .J.H.S. This species (Val-
lota purpurea) requires somewhat similar
treatment to Amaryllis Belladonna, and the
. bulbs to the number of five to seven may be
potted in June or July, and kept in a cold
frame or the greenhouse till established. Un-
disturbed plants do very well in a partially
sunny place out-of-doors from July to early
September. A rich, loamy soil, fairly com-
pacted by hand pressure, is best for them,
mixing leaf-mould and sharp sea or pit sand
with it in quantity according to its texture.
During winter, spring, and early summer,
the plant should be accommodated on a
greenhouse stage near the light. It is au
evergreen plant, and should noc be dried off
entirely.

Show-boards, Cits, &c.— G. R. Sold by
florists' and horticultural sundriesmen. We
cannot recommend dealers.

Twin Apples : A, B. A capital example of the
union of two blossoms, and of the fruits
making almost equal growth.

ViOLET-LEAVES SPOTTED : G. F. and W. C. See
reply in our last issue, p. 300, col. c.

Weed on Lawn : H. G. Prunella vulgaris. Take
them up with a spud, and apply a top-dress-
ing of stable manure and loam.

WoODLiCE: .imatcur. We fear that you read
your Gordeners' Chronicle inattentively, or
you would not have to ask how to rid the
glasshouse of the insects. We would refer
you to the most recent allusion to the matter
in our issue for September 7 last, p. 196.

Yellow Rust on leaves of Cineraria : C. H
-Keidium compositarum, var. Tussilaginis>
a fungus common on Coltsfoot and Butter-bur-
Sulphide of potassium at the strength of i oz.
in a gallon of water sprayed on the lower
surface is useful as a preventative.

COMMUNICATIONS Beckived. — \V. E. G.— R. B. M,—

C. B. C— F. W. B. (with thanks).— Baron S., St. Peters-
burg.—J. G.— W. J.C.,Guernsey.-W. FelKtCo.— H.F.
— W. G.— C. W. H. G.— A. and MeL.. Hereford— A. P.—
A. B. C.-R. C— O. VV. G.— F. W. C— P. E. S.— E. L.-
Miss G. C— J. H. L.— G. P.— W. D.— J. S. Murray, bulbs
not to hand— E. W. ct Sons— H. S. Ncwiand— C. A. Y.—
R. H.— J. W.— P. P. L.— J. McLelland-J. K. K.— R. J.
— R. D.— E. S.— C. E. F.-J. O'B.- E. C— T. W. P.—
W. H. 1).— C. W. D.— H. K.— C. S.— J. G.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."
important TO ADVERTISERS. — 77ic Publisher has
the sntis/actinii of aniiouucing that the circulation of the
^'Gardeners' Chronicle" has, since the reduction in the
price o/tlie paper, more than
«S- TREBLED, -m.

{For Weather, see p. x.)

XOVEMBER 2, 1901.]

THE CARD EXER S ' CHR OAI CL E.

317

THE

No. T,:^.— SATURDAY, SOV. i, 1901.

CONTENTS.

326

Apples, Tasmanian ...

Aster Amellus

Atmospheric environ-
inent. influeuce of,
on plants

Kacteria in plants ...

HaiT, Mr. Petei-

ISirds, the Society for
the Piotcction of ...

liotanic Garden, Brus-
sels

Campanula rapuncu-
loides 328

Capparis spinosa ... :U9

Clerodendron triclio-
toniura V&

Colonial notes —

Berria animonilla... .320
M>Todiaturbin<ata... .320

Dcndrohiura nobilc ... .'J2V

Ewhank, the late
Rev. H 327

Florists' dowers —
Chrysanthemums ... 318

Flowers developed in
the dark 32.i

Flowers the produc-
tion of double ... .324

Hooker's Iconce Planta-
rum WiR

Horticulture in Japan 319

Hybridisation and
raising of Orchids... 3K

International ameni-
ties 32B

Ipoma-a aurca, or
Kosa dc Sinaloa ... ;<38

Nicholson, Mr. ... 320

North, a visit to the—
Some Glasgow Nur-
series .3215

Nurserymen's names. 325

Orchid notes and
gleanings 318

Orchids, the back
■bulbs of .328

I'ark, Archbishop's,
at Lambeth .325

Peaches, double -
flowered, fruiting ...

Physalisedulis out-of-
doors

Plants, new or note-
worthy—
Sempervivum velu-
tinum

Plum-cots

Pritchard's, Mr., nur-
sery, Christchurch .

Pul)lications received

Rain and artificial
watering of plants...

Resemblances, far-off

Roses, useful

SeedandN'urserytrade
spread over three
centuries in one
family

Societies —
Brighton Hort. and
Mutual Improve-
ment

Bristol Gardeners'...
Devon and Exeter

Gardeners'

Dulwich Chrysan-
themum

National Chrysan-
themum

Portsmouth Chrys-
anthemum

Royal Horticultural

Strawberry-tree fruits
in Covent Garden
Market

Sweet Peas

Viburnums

Week's Work, the—
Flower Garden
Fruits under Glass..
Hardy Fruit Garden
Kitchen Garden ...
Orchid Houses, the.
Plants under Glass .

Woburn experimental
fruit farm

ILLUSTRATIONS.

• apparis spinosa 319

Viburnum plicatum .321

Viburnum macroceplialuin, with 170 trusses of

bloom, in the nursen- of Mr. J. Russell, Rich-

liiond, Surrey (Supplement)
Views ill Mr. M. Pritchard's Xurscix Christchurch .327

HYBRIDISATION AND RAISING
OF ORCHIDS.

("lORRESl'ONDENTS often seek infor-
■^ Illation on these interesting subjects,
lint seldom docs such a puzzling com-
nuinicatiori as that sent l)y "Crassinode"
arrive at the office. He says : " I have
often thought I would like to write you,
asking if you would kindly give a few
words on the fertilisation and raising of
Orchids from seeds. Xo <lctails, however
apparently unimportant or trifling, would be
too elementary for such as myself, who
know practically nothing about the subject.
For two years now I have succeeded in
getting seed-pods to form on plants of Lrelia
anceps and L. albida, but never a seedling,
although 1 have tried almost all positions.
Details, such as the best time to fertilise,
age of flowers, time of sowing, position of
seed-pans, &e., would be welcomed by me,
and doubtless by others."

By this it may be inferred that the flowers
have been properly fertilised, and seeds
obtained. Hut even in these enlightened days
the structure of the Orchid, with its organs
of reproduction massed in the column, and
not visibly displayed, as in most other
plants, with the pistil and stamens well

defined, has proved a bar in the way of pro-
gress in hyliridising them; and yet the
operation of fertilising Orchids is almost as
simple as fertilising any other flower, and
tlie various parts can easily be ascer-
tained by examination. If the anther-cap
be removed, the pollinia are disclosed ; a
longitudinal incision of the column from
its apex to the ovary at its base reveals the
duet or canal leading from the stigmatic
surface to the ovary, and plainly indicates
that the pollen masses taken from the one
flower should be placed on the stigmatic sur-
face of the flower intended to be fertilised.
That done, the pollen tubes push down into
the ovary, and their contents fertilise the
ovules. There is nothing else for us to do
but to suspend or place the plant in suit-
able quarters until the seed-capsules swell,
and in the course of some months commence
to split— a iM'oeess which indicates that the
seeds may then be sown. But it is by no
means certain that good seeds are there, for
Orchids have a habit of developing tlieir
fruits in many cases without their contain-
ing good seeds, and in many more cases the
proportion of good seeds to chaff, as it may
be called, is very small.

Seeds, or what seem to bo seeds, having
been obtained, curiosity prompts the possessor
to endeavour to ascertain whether they arc
good or not, and examination with a strong
lens or microscope will give a rough tlmugh not
infallible test, tor it will be seen that the seeds
are in a more or less elongated membranous
sac. In the centre of the good ones there will
be a small germ, while the bad seeds will not
possess any. liut cases h.ivt- been known
where the seeds have germinated well although
the embryo was so minute as to escape
detection.

Failure probably often arises from fer-
tilising the immature llower. With Orchids,
as with other flowers, the operation should
not be effected until the flower is fully mature,
and the viscid substance on the stigmatic
surface, by becoming more viscous, indicates
that it is in a fit condition. It has been
alleged that in the case of some Orchids which
do not .seem to cross freely, the scarcity of
the viscid vehicle in which to start the pollen
on the stigmatic surface may be the cau.so,
and the suggestion has been made that bettor
results might be obtained by transferring the
viscid substance from the stigi»a of the plant
from which the pollen is to be taken to that of
the one intended to be fertilised, and placingit
in position on the stigmatic surface before the
pollinia are laid on it, but so far no information
as to the results has been obtained.

Given good seeds it seems to bo a very
simple matter to raise them, provided suitable
quarters can be found. Many are experiment-
ing in Orchid raising and with good results,
although the methods adopted in each case
seem to differ. It .seems, then, that in raising
Orchids, as in general Orchid culture, every
operator has to work out his own methods, or
at least adapt those pursued by others to his
own accommodation and convenience. By far
the greater number liavc sown the seeds on
the surface of the soil of the plant which
STipplied the seeds, or on some similar plant,
which could bo counted on being retained, and
some still pursue that course ; but others pre-
pare seed-pans for the sowings, and in this, as
in other particulars, each raiser has his own
methods, and generally different from his
neighbours.

Seedling Orchids are said to take kindly to
the leaf-soil which is now being used in some

gardens, and the latest method is to make a
mixture of one-tenth good, fibry Orchid-peat,
one-tenth chopped sphagnum-moss, and the
other eight parts of leaf-soil. This mixture is
used for small seedlings, and it is said that
the seeds germinate well on it also. But in
using any new material for Orchids great
caution should be observed, and it is better to
experiment tentatively with the now material,
but rely on the old pi'actice until disproved.

Another method is to place pieces of tree-
fern stems in shallow pans holding water, and
to sow the seeds on them. One successful
amateur makes up Ore hid- baskets with peat
and sphagnum-moss, and places a roughened
bar of teak-wood, similar to those of which the
basket is made, underneath the top bars and
resting on the compost, and after soaking the
wood with water, sows the seeds on them.

Still another method is to have discs of wood
with the rough fibres left on the surface,
boiled to get anything likely to be injurious
out of them, and then place them flat in
earthenware pans holding water, and sow the
seeds on the upper surface. In any case
they must be kept constantly moist without
watering overhead, and with ordinary care
plenty of the little spherical green bodies,
which represent the iirst stage of Orchid-life,
can easily be obtained.

[Porous bricks sunk in pans of %Yater to tho
depth of an inch, on which some cultivators
raise Kerns from spores, might answer. Kl).]

Some say that this is a stage at which they
never arrive, while the successful ones, who can
get their seeds to germinate freely, say that
that is the time when their troubles begin;
and that with the appearance of tho first green
stage of vegetation comoa liidiertounsuspocted
host of insects, many of tlicm very small, but
all longing for fresh vegetable food, and
intent on clearing off the seedlings as fast as
they appear. If the latter escape tho attentions
of these creatures, then there is tho green film
of confervoid growth to reckon with, which
smothers tho young plant ; or tho dreaded
blotch of fungoid growth which begins at one
spot, and soon spreads over tho surface of a
sowing. Therefore most raisers agree that
the young seedlings should be pricked off as
soon as possible, several together in the small
pots previously prepared for their reception,
and after tho rooting commences, each should
be given its own little thimble-pot in which to
establish it.self.

All agree that the most important factor in
raising Orchid seedlings is a suitable place to
carry out the operation. Several h.avo boon
fortunate enough to have such a small, warm
moist^house in which it is generally thought
Phahcnopsis thrive, and in a house of this sort
the seeds germinate in the prepared pans
without being protoctetl by a seed-case or
frame. Mr. II. ,1. Chapman was fortunate
enough to find such quarters, and ho dis-
covered that tho seedlings came up in it un-
covered as well as in a case which he also
uses.

On the other hand, tho raising of Orchid-
seeds has frequently been attemiitod in
liouses seemingly suitalile, but in which it
has afterwards been jn-ovcd that the seeds
would not germinate. Tho failure probably
generally arhses from the atmosphere of tho
house being too dry, and the artificial heat in
the house exhausting instead of supporting.
In such houses, light frames over which mov-
able sheets of glass can bo placed, will some-
times remedy tlie defect, but in similar houses
the atmosphere and general heating of tho
house should bo carefully arranged, in order
to obviate the defects suggested by the

318

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVIOIBER 2, 1901.

former failures. Rain-water should always
be used to keep the material on which
the seeds arc sown moist ; means of ap-
plying moisture to the surface in order
that it may keep the whole uniformly
moist should bo provided, for it is not pos-
sible to water the pans overhead. When
raising seedlings in pans, some provide
an opening in the centre through which the
water can be poured, so as to fall to the
bottom and communicate moisture upwards ;
and the same means is adopted with small
cases to wet the material on which the pieces
of tree-fern, bark, or other material in which
the seeds are sown, and preserves moisture in
the whole. One thing is certain, and that is,
that if the seeds, once they have commenced
the first stage of swelling get thoroughly dry,
it is fatal, and their chance of germinating
is utterly destroyed.

The application of moisture to the seeds,
when sown in pans, by immersion or dipping
up to the rim of the pan, has been extensively
practised, and with good results, although it
is likely to canse the loss of the seeds by
floating some of them off. One grower states
that when he adopted that plan the seeds used
to come up all over the place, and anywhere
but in the pan where he sowed them, and
consequently his records were useless.
Troublesome as that is, " Crassinode " and
many others would be quite content to put up
with the inconvenience. J . O'B.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

SEMPERVIVU.M VEI.UTlA'r.M, A'. E. Brown.

Although I have been quite unable to find a
description of this plant, it is by no means new
to our gardens, having been in cultivation in
the Jardin des Plantes as long ago as 1824,
according to a specimen preserved in the Kew
Herbarium. I first saw the plant in the col-
lection of Mr. Wilson Saunders, at Reigate,
between 18C6 and 1870. In 1882 it flowered at
Kew, and th ; following description of it
was made at that time. Unfortunately its
origin is unknown, but as it is a tender green-
house plant, it probably comes from the region
inhabited by the other arborescent species of
Sempervivum, which comprises the Madeira,
Canary and Cape de Verd Islands, the region
of Cape de Verd itself, and Abyssinia.

Adult plant in the flowering state about
2 feet high. Stem stout, f— 1 in. thick,
branching at first, puberulous, afterwards gla-
brous, marked with crowded linear-lanceolate
leaf-scars. Rosettes of leaves 0 — 9 inches in
diameter, very broadly and shortly funnel-
shaped. Leaves crowded, 3 — 4| inches long,
5 — li in. broad, spatulate-oblancoolate, acute,
of an opaque and slightly greyish -green,
marked with darker green lines (immersed
linear glands) beneath and sometimes on the
upper side also, velvety-pubescent on both
sides, ciliate with hairs of two kinds, some of
them being rather stout and obtuse, -i — 3 lin.
long, and the others very much finer and
shorter. Flowering branches about Ifoot long,
pubescent, laxly clothed with leaves gradu-
ally decreasing in size, divided at the top into
a short, compact, corymbose cyme 3—4 inches
in diameter. Branches of the cyme ascending,
li — 2 inches long, pubescent. Pedicels 1—3
lin. long, pubescent. Calyx about 8-lobed,
lobes li lin. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Petals about 8—9, spreading 3|— 3| lines
long, |— :■ lin. broad, lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous, bright yellow. Filaments of the
stamens bright yellow ; anthers rather darker
yellow. JV. E. Brown.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATTLEYA x IRIS (BICOLOR DOWIANA
AURBA).
At the meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society, September 24, Messrs. C'harlesworth
&Co., of Heaton, Bradford, exhibited and was
accorded an Award of Merit for this desirable
hybrid ; and now a flower of it is kindly sent
by T. W. Thornton, Esq., Brookhall, Weedon,
who has also raised a batch of it. As with
C. bicolor crosses in all cases the peculiar
labellum, with its short side lobes, and elon-
gated strap bearing the middle lobe, and the
peculiar fleshy column not covered by the side
lobes, is transmitted to the hybrid. It is a
worthy florists' flower, with yellow sepals and
petals, over which is a slight bronze hue.
Side lobes of the lip small, pale rose, middle
lobe rich ruby-crimson, column fleshy, whitish.

L-ELIO-CATTLEYA ,. Clytie (Cattleya Dowiaxa
AUREA X L.ELIA X BUTEEPE GRAVESI.E).

A very pretty hybrid, now flowering in the
collection of Sir Frederick Wigan, Bart., Clare
Lawn, East Sheen (gr., Mr. W. H. Young), and
in its features it is easy to trace the influence
of Lfelia crispa and L. Dayana, which were the
parents of the form of L. x Eaterpe used on
the one side, and in the beautiful golden vein-
ing of the central area of the lip, the markings
of Cattleya aurea are evident.

The flower measures 4j inches across. Sepals
lanceolate, petals broadly ovate and acumi-
nate, both pale lilac-rose. Lip in shape re-
sembling Cattleya aurea, but smaller, 2i inches
long, and 2 inches at its widest ; bright pur-
plish-rose, with a reddish-purple band running
from the base to the centre in front, and on
each side of which are very fine golden yellow
veinings. J. O'B.

Caitleva Dowiana avhka.
This fine yellow- flowered Cattleya is the
favourite Orchid of this season, and in the
present year it seems to be flowering excep-
tionally well. A peculiarity has been noted
that the flowers may vary in their colours from
one year to another. Last yeai-. Captain Hol-
ford, of Westonbirt (gr., Mr. A. Chapman),
flowered a plant with very dissimilar markings
and colourings of the flowers on the same
spike, the one having the dark-purple, gold-
veined lip of the typical C. Dowiana, and the
other a crimsort-pnrple lip with much less
veining, but wjth the addition of two large
yellow^ blotches on each side of the lip.
Flowers of a precisely similar description, the
one having the greater part of the lip bright
orange-yellow, and the other being closely
veined yellow on purple, are sent by G. R.
de la Salle, Etibridge Lodge, Newbury (gr.,
Mr. Geo. EUwood), who calls attention to
their dissimilarity.

Cattleya Imperator, Wuhan's variety.

This handsome form of the natural hybrid of
C. granulosa Schofieldiana and C. labiata first
flowered in the collection of Sir Frederick
Wigan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gr.,
Mr. W. H. Young), in October, 1898 ; and it
has since readily responded to the good culti-
vation which Mr. W. H. Young metes out to
all the plants in his care, and is now again in
bloom, its flowers exhibiting marked improve-
ment on those previously shown. The outline
of the flower, with its labellum having the
front and side lobes distinctly separated, par-
takes much of C. granulosa ; but all the plants
are broadened by the influence of C. labiata.
The sepals are 4 inches long, and 1 in breadtli ;
petals 3J inches long, and 2 in width ; both
fcepals and petals of a light rosy-lilac colour.

with a slight yellowish tinge. The showy lip
is 2vT inches long, and 2 inches wide. Side
lobes soft rosy-lilac tipped with purple, a
broad red band running from the base of the
lip to the showy dark ruby-purple, crimped
front lobe, the isthmus between the side and
front lobes having golden margins.

CYMBrWU.M CIGANTEUM.

Although this line old species was the first
of the Himalayan Cymbidiuras to be introduced
into gardens, it is now more uncommon than
its ally, C. Lowianum, and other.s of its class.
A well-cultivated specimen of it is a fine
object, and such is the plant from which Mr. W.
Seaman, gr. to C. Taylor, Esq., Margery Hall,
Reigate, sends flowers, and which he describes
as having three spikes with twelve flowers
each, must be. Moreover, it is a very fine,
dark-coloured variety. The flower sent is
over 3 inches across, and has yellow sepals
and petals, slightly tinged with green, and
bearing nine or ten dark reddish-purple lines.
The lip is bright yellow, blotched with red, and
the column greenish-white, with a dark purple
apex and purple spotting beneath. It makes
a fine plant for a warm conservatory, like
C. Lowianum.

Sob li alia Lindeni.

Sol r ilias are not quite suitable plants tor
small glasshouses ; but where there is enough
head-room, and space can be given, they are
stately objects, either in or out of flower. In
olden time, Sobralia macrantha used to make a
telling plant in the collections of large speci-
mens then in demand for exhibition ; and it
still is one of the most effective of large-
growing Orchids, when seen well grown anc\
flowered.

Captain Holford, of W^estonbirt, has a good
collection of them, and he considers them very
satisfactory. The rare and pretty Sobralia Lin-
deni is in flower there, with pure white flowers,
on the lip of which are about a dozen distinct,
branching purple lines, which change to red
towards the base. It was illustrated in Lin-
denia XIII., p. 21. The largest and hand-
somest Sobralia at Westonbirt is Sobralia Hol-
fordi, which was imported with S. xantho-
leuca. It has very large, dark rose-purple
flowers, and may be regarded as the perfection
in size and colour in Sobralia macrantha.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
Now that the manuring of the plant is so
much better understood than formerly, we
hear less of loss through the damping ofl' of the
florets. This mishap may be caused by other-
things, but the chief cause is too much arti-
ficial manure applied to the soil, such as sul-
phate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, which
injures the finer roots, causes a check, and
lowers the health of the plants. I have
noticed that a sudden burst of sunshine fol-
lowing dull days will also set up damping of
the florets, which is most marked on exces-
sively-manured plants. Chrysanthemums in
the open air, where artificial manures are not,
applied and the blooms merely required for house
decoration, are seldom injured in this manner.
Some growers think that the mishap is due to-
lack of air, and they forthwith throw open the
ventilators and doors, causing a draught. In-
stead of doing that, I would advise the use of
the hot-water pipes, ventilating freely in the
front of the house, and only a little at the top.
It is not the quantity of air so much as the
manner in which it is applied that has to bo
studied.

XOVESIBER 2, 1901.]

^HE GAUD EXER S' CHR OX I CL E.

319

Incurved blooms can be much improved
and assisted in their development by timely-
attention. Seldom do we get blooms to
develop evenly and well wit'u'at showii.s a
few crooked or irregular petals. Instead o£
allowing the flowers to expand as they v- iild
naturally, remove with a pair of tweezcis ill
misplaced florets which would not become
thoroughly incurved. Remove also all stamens
which cluster in the centre of the flower and
amongst the florets, for generally these pre-
vent the petals growing and filling up the
centre with regularity. It is surprising the
improvement that takes place in the course of

sunny places in our southern counties. Wo
have seen the plant year after year in the
olden times flowering in the botanic garden at
Oxford, and have also seen it at or from Cam-
bridge, and in Mr. Ellacombe's garden. Its
leaves are somewhat fleshy, and the large,
pinkish flowei-s resemble at first sight those of
a Passion-flower, but are widely different when
looked into. It is the unopened flower-buds
which are pickled, and for some reason or
other always co-related with boiled mutton !
Our illustration fS\^. 99) was taken from a
plant that flowered in the Royal Gardens,
Kew.

lected. The supply of the latter is becoming
exhausted. That L. auratum is collected
was proven by the fact that no two consign-
ments had the same colour of dirt on the bulbs.
These Lilies were found in "pockets" in
the mountains, usually growing at a depth of
IS inches, or a little more, below the sucface.
Unless L. auratum is more largely cultivated iu
Japan than now, the trade will not get the
Lily very much longer from that country, and
the price will become prohibitory. There is
only now a supply of some 2,000,000 bulbs. On
the other hand, L. lancifoliura is plentiful
enough ; it can be grown anywhere, and there

FlO. 09.— PAI'PAKI.S SriNOSA.

a few days in a partly-developed blossom by
manipulating the petals in this manner, the
florets increasing in size, and the whole bloom
gaining in solidity and regularity. Blooms
treated in this manner while on the plants
do not require as much dressing, as the
term goes, as those not touched before they
are cut. B. Mohjneux.

CAI'PARIS SPINOSA.

Years ago it was considered a feat to induce
the Caper-))lant to grow, much more to flower.
When one sees the wild plant flourishing on
the dry walls and in the chinks of the rocks at
Mcntone and thereabouts, it becomes a subject
for wcader that it is not more grown in dry,

TroitTicrr/rrRE in japan.

Mri. .TollN K. M. 1>. FAitiiniAR, of lioston,
Mass., delivered a most instructive and in-
teresting lecture, illustrated with stercop-
ticon views, on " Horticulture in .Japan." An
abstract of the lecture was published in the
Floriatx' Review, from which we extract the
following : — •

"The florists and nurserymen of .lapan de-
rive more custom from tlic sale of tea in their
gardens than from tlie disposal of plants and
flowers. The .laps congregate in largo num-
bers in those gardens to sip their favourite
beverage and admire the plants and flowers,
their devotion to which amounts to a cult.
Lilium lancifolium was cultivated in largo
quantities in Japan ; but L. auratum was col-

is no fear of it becoming extinct. Some scien-
tists have recently supposed that L. auratum is
a hybrid between L. longiflorum and L. Henryi
Ispeciosum? Ei).]. These scientists can never
have been in Japan. L. Ilenryi was discovered
in 1888, and two years ago some 300 bulbs of it
could only be found in Japan. L. auratum was
pretty widely distributed and fairly abundant
until the supply became diminished by ex-
portations. L. longiflorum is also abundant
all over Japan; so that were L. auratum a
liybrid, L. Henryi, one of its parents, would
naturally be plentiful also, which however was
not the case. The lecturer Ijolioved that L.
auratum was a species. The bulb is used
largely by the Japs as an article of food.
L. longiflorum is extensively cultivated in
the north of Japan. An effort is making

320

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 2, 1901.

to got the natives to cultivate this Lily
in the south of Japan, where it cau be
better ripened off than at Nippon. The trouble
witli the Japanese longiflorums in the north is
that they are dug before they are ripe. Were
this Lily grown in the south, it could be had
as early as Bermuda-grown stock, and free
from disease. The true colour of the Japanese
L. longiBorum should be yellowish ; most
of those coming from that country now are of
the colour of the Bermuda bulbs. This was
owing to too-early digging. While the stems
are well grown, the bulbs are in a soft, tender
condition when packed in the cases, and suffer
from exposure to the strong sun on the docks
at Yokohama, rendering the bulbs liable to
attacks of fungus.

Ten thousand bulbs had been planted in
Kuysho, in the south of Japan, and no doubt
the florist will soon get Lilies from that dis-
trict as early as from Bermuda. Mr. Far-
quhar spoke of the vacillating and unreliable
nature of the Japanese merchant as compared
with the Chinaman, who invariably will carry
out his commercial contracts to the letter.

The gardens and nurseries around Tokio were
then illustrated and described. There are in
the neighbourhood of that city more of these
establishments than are to be found around
any other three cities combined in the world.
The Japanese nurse I'ymen are mostly spe-
cialists. The undergrowth of the country is
■very largely composed of Chrysanthemum and
Bamboo plants ; tlie former is used as a salad,
much as Lettuce is here. One specialist in
Morning Glories has some 1.50distinctvarieties,
many of which are exceedingly pretty. This
gentleman only oljtains about four ounces of
seed each year, worth about 50 dollars an
ounce ; so that one could draw his own in-
ference when he found some of the so-called
high-priced Jlorning Glory seeds offered at
10 cents a packet. The Japs were quick to
catch on to the fact that such valuable seed
was wanted, so they accommodated us by
going out into the woods and collecting it.
The MorningGlory plants are grown in pots,
and it is almost impossible to get a supply of
the high-class seeds of this plant unless by
special arrangement.

Many of the dwarfed Japanese- trees are not
so old as they are said to be. Close inspection
of these dwarfs will often reveal the places
where they have been grafted. Mr. Farquhar
did not believe the fad to possess these
dwarfed subjects would be lasting here, owing
to the high price of the trees and the difficulty
in keeping them alive.

Plants are more extensively sold in Japan
than cut flowers, although many of the latter
are also used. Funeral flowers are strung on
poles, and mounted on cars, that form part of
the funeral procession."

COLONIAL NOTES.

I5ERRIA AMMONILLA.
Here aud there in the island of Grenada this
beautiful eastern tree may be met in the
vicinity of present dwellings, and on sites
where once stood residences. During August
its pictorial effect is heightened by the deli-
cate lilac-coloured flowers, which have an
odour of Primroses. The large panicles stand
well above the dark green heart-shaped leaves.
When and why this useful tree was introduced
1 am unable to say. Probably the former well-
to-do sugar planters brought it to Grenada.
No special use is made of its hard timber in
the colony. It fruits here in the first two or

three months of the year. Locally known as
(Iran feuil, which means in patois, "big leaf."
W. E. Bvoadtmii, Grenada, West Indies.

MVROniA TUriBINATA, (SWlZZLE-STICK TREE\

From this tree, which is found growing wild
in tlie cool, mountainous woods of Grenada,
the " Swizzle-Stick " is cut. The branches
grow out evenly in a circle or whorl from the
main stem, and when the trees are small, they
are cut off at the point which forms the better
shaped sticlc, skinned, rubbed with sant^.-
piper, dried, and are then fit for use. People
sell small bundles for a shilling or so locally.
Few houses in the colony but wliat possess at
least one Swizzle-Stick as part of the stock-in-
trade.

We have in the Botanic Station herbarium
specimens which show the plant flowers in
Feljruary, and tliat it fruits in the month of
July. Occasionally another sort of Swizzle-
Stick is brought over by people from St. Lucia,
and as no one could say or give a clue as to its
origin, I wrote to Mr. J. C. Moore, the Curator
of the Botanic Station in that island, and he
very kindly replied under date of May 12,
1898 :—

"I can now give you information re the
' Swizzle-Stick.' I spent a day in the woods
recently, and hunted out the tree which is
known locally as ' Wild Bread-fruit ' or Bois-
I'aine. I had a tree cut down, and succeeded
in getting two flowers, and found it to be
Magnolia Plumieri (see Grisehavh, p. 3, where
it is fully described), and as you will sec, the
part used is the rachis." W. E. Ih-oadtmij,
Grenada.

viBURNr]\rs.

Upwards of thirty species of hardy Vibur-
nums are in cultivation at Kew, but a large pro-
portion of these have no special value for the
ordinary private garden. In the notes that
follow, I have mentioned those that I consider
the best as ornamental shrubs ; there are, of
course, others nearly as good, and in them-
selves well worth growing, but they do not
differ from those included in the following
selection sufliciently to make them necessary
except in places where collections are formed.
All those mentioned are of easy culture and
propagation, but they prefer a rich, and
especially a moist, soil. The American species
frequently affect damp, and even swampy
places. The flowers of all are white, but
sometimes rose-tinted, sometimes yellowish.
All the sorts can be increased by means of
cuttings.

One peculiarity of the Viburnums ought to
be noted, which is the production of two kinds
of flow-ers on the one inflorescence. First
there are the neuter or sterile ones, usually
with stamens and pistil absent, always much
the larger and more showy, and placed at the
outside of the inflorescence ; then there are
the perfect flowers, which are always smaller,
and which fill the centre of the inflorescence.
Some Viburnums (the Laiirustinus, for in-
stance) have none but perfect flowers ; others,
like the c imuion Gueldres Rose, have both
kinds ; whilst a third group, including V.
macrocephalum and plicatum, have none but
sterile flowers. These last, of course, never
occur in nature, and are the products of
cultivation alone.

V. MACROCEPHAIAM.

The illustration (see Supplement) depicts a

very good sjiecimen of this fine Viburnum. It

also shows the sort of position it requires, in

the neighbourhood of London at least, to

bring out its best qualities. I have never
seen it really well in flower when grown in
the open away from a wall ; it is hardy enougli
to withstand all but our very hardest winters
in such a position, but does not ripen sufli-
ciently to flower well. That it is worth a
little humouring is shown by Mr. Russell's
plant (see Supplementary Illustration). It
bears large, rounded, or pyramidal trusses
5 or C inches across and high, the single
flower being 1 to IJ inch in diameter, and
pure white. Like the "Snowball Tree" and
V. plicatum, it is a form with wholly sterile
flowers. The species from which it was
derived is known as V. Keteleeri, and is a
mucli less showy plant of later introduction.
Fortune first found V. macrocephalum in
Shrnghai, and sent it to the Horticultural
Society in 181 J. It had, no doubt, long been
cultivated in Chinese gardens, for he saw
specimens 20 feet high in Chusan. In recent
years it has become very popular as a pot
plant for greenhouses. [Mr. Russell's plant
has been for thirty years in its present spot,
is from 6 to 7 ft. high, and this season it boro
170 trusses of bloom. Ei>.]

V. CASSINOIDES.

This is a distinct and handsome North
American species, remarkable for its thick
glossy leaves, 3 or 4 inches long. Its flowers
are yellowish-white, and produced in flat
clusters 4 to 5 inches across. The fruits also
are remarkable in that they turn first rose-
coloured, then blue-black. The shrub does
not get to be very largo in this country,
growing perhaps some 5 or 0 feet high. V.
nudum is a nearly allied species, also North
American, and with very dark blue fruits.

V. DENTATUM (The ARROW-WOOO) and V. MOLLE.

Of the North American species, tliis has
proved to be perhaps the best in this country.
It grows vigorously, and makes a handsome
rounded bush. The leaves are well marked
by their strong, straight veins, and regular,
coarse teeth, and are smooth and shining on the
upper surface. The flowers appear in clusters,
4 inches across, and are white, being followed
by handsome dark blue fruits. These fruits
however, unfortunately, often fail to sot freely
in Britain. V. Molle is a very near ally of V.
dentatum, but has a more southern habitat,
and is distinguished by its pubescent leaves,
and by its larger, and also dark blue fruits.

V. DILATATUJr.

It is as a beautiful fruit-bearing plant, moro
than as a flowering one, that this species is
likely to prove of value. In Japan, its native
country, it bears clusters of berries which,
when ripe, are of a beautiful red tint. In
the United States also, it has, according to
American writers, i^roved to be the hand-
somest of the fruit-bearing species. It forms
a spreading bush, with coarsely toothed leaves,
and produces large cymes of white flowers, all
small and fertile. It flowered with Messrs.
Veitch at Coomlje Wood as far back as 1875,
and was described in the Gardeners' Clivoniclc
in the vol. for 1848, p. 475.

V. Lantana (Wayfarinc Tree).
A native of Britain, from Yorkshire south-
wards, this species is also found in slightly
varying forms over Europe, North Africa, the
Himalaya, and other parts of Northern Asia.
It is one of the most vigorous of Viburnums,
being sometimes 20 feet high, and tree-like in
habit. Although not so ornamental as some of
the best species, it is very handsome in its
foliage, flowers, and fruits. The leaves are
very downj', rough, and 3 to 4 inches long; 5n

[Tl.c " i-iiiidenei-b' Cl.ronicic," Ncvciutcr 2, 1901.

FK;. 100. — VIlltUXUM PLICATUM. (SEE I'. 322.)

322

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 2, 1901.

autumn they frequently turn to a rich red
before falling. The white Howers are borne
on large flat cymes ; they are all of the small
perfect kind. The fruits finally turn black,
but are red at the first.

YlBURNUJI OPULUS (GUELORBS ROSE).

In its typical form, this species (which, like
the preceding, is a niitive of Britain) is chiefly
s'alued for the rich colouring of its leaves in
autumn, and for its handsome clusters of red,
(translucent berries. The flowers, too, are
pretty, but in this respect it has to give jilace
to its sterile form (V. Opulus sterile), com-
monly known as the Snowball-tree. This,
■with its terminal rounded cymes of pure white
flowers, all infertile, is one of the most useful
and common of hardy shrubs. It will grow
10 or 12 feet h ...and as much in diamcfor.
The yellow-fruuod variety is similar 'o tl.e
(type in all respects excepting the fruit, which,
instead of being red is yellow. A curious
dwarf variety, nanum, grows only 2 feet high,
:and forms a close, neat bush, but it rarely
flowers.

V. PLICATUM.

As a hardy flowering shrub this Viburnum
<which is not a true species, but a sterile form
of V. tomentosum) is the best in the genus.
It is quite hardy, as Robt. Fortune suggested
it would be when he introduced it from Japan
Jialf a century ago ; but the fact did not
become generally known till within recent
years. It deserves to be one of the most
jiopular of deciduous shrubs. In habit it is
jjraceful but compact, sending out each year
long but sturdy growths, most frequently in a
horizontal direction. From the upper side of
these growths it bears during the following
Slay and June a pair of flower-trusses at each
joint. As each truss is 3 inches or more
across, and frequently more than a dozen of
them are borne on a single shoot, a well-
flowered specimen is almost hidden by its own
Wossoms. The flowers are pure white, and
wholly sterile ; the leaves are dark green,
father plaited, broadly ovate, and 3 or 4 ins.
long (see fig. 100).

V. PRLiNIFOLIUM (BLACK HaW).

In its native state this species is frequently
tree-like in habit, and as much as 20 ft. high. It
luis handsome, finely-toothed leaves, morePyrus
than Prunus-like, which turn red or purple in
autumn ; it bears its white flowers in cymose
clusters, 3 inches across, and its fruits are
blae-Waek, and covered with a glaucous bloom.
Even in this country it shows a tendency to
assume a tree-like shape by becoming bare
towards the ground, and forming a single stem.

V. TiNus (The Lauristinus).
In those parts of Britain where it is hardy —
iind that includes all the southern counties, and
the more favoured districts of the north and
west — the Laurustinus is one of the most useful
■of evergreens. There are several other Vibur-
iuums that are evergreen, but none so hardy or so
valuable as this one. It produces its white
flowers freely after a warm summer, especially
in positions fully exposed to the sun. The time
■of flowering varies, but sometimes it is already
nn bloom before Christmas, and keeps on till
March. The dark, lustrous green of its leaves
is always pleasing, but especially so in the
variety lucidum, which has larger, broader,
more shining leaves,andlarger flower clusters.
A variety that is hairy on the leaves and young
branches is called hirtum. There are also
purple and variegated varieties. The largest
specimens I have noted about London are
8 feet or so high, and more in diameter.
W. J. B.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. H. Slade, Gardener to Lovd FolUiiiore,
Poltimore Park, Exeter.
Wliiif Plant. — There is now such a variety
and wealth of trees and shrubs for ornamental
pUuiiing to be obtained from the nurseryman,
that it is an easy matter to improve and add
to the beauty of a place at a moderate cost.
There are now grown as standards flowering
trees that were scarcely obtainable some few
years since, but a demand has now arisen for
them. In planting these standard trees, whe-
ther grown tor their flowers or for their foliage,
they should be afforded ample space for de-
velopment. They are admirable subjects for
planting on grass, and sparinglj' in infer' nl

or at prominent points or lobes on
c.igcs of shrubberies. Among trees of this
kind haviiig variegated foliage are the -vhite
and yellow form? of AcerNegundo. Sometimes
these plants are objected to because they lose
their leaves early in the autumn, which docs
occur in light soils, but nor in heavy ones. A
companion small tree is I'lUnus Pissardi,
beautiful when in flower, and having a distinct
shade of leaf colour.

Heasonable work. — At this -iuason the plant-
ing of shrubs, the improvement of shrub-
beries, and alterations in the garden, may
receive attention, and the earlier within
reason the better. Hollies among evergreens
are better when transplanted in April and
May, but almost every other species of shrub
may be safely removed at the present season,
the warmth of the soil favouring rooting.
With the cessation of lawn-mowing, the
garden staff can be usefully employed in
planting and carrying out needful alterations
and ground work. If there are shrubs and trees
to be removed from one part of the garden
to another, these should be moved forth-
with if the ground is ready for their recep-
tion. If the plants have to be purchased, a
visit to the nursery should be made without
delay, and the required number selected.
Shrubberies and pleasure grounds are often
well-planned and properly planted, but in
many instances they are improperly managed
in after years, owing to change of ownership,
change of gardeners, or inability on the
part of those in charge to carry out the
original intentions, and a fear of removing too
much in thinning out later. Most country
gardens have some distinctive features in
planting and laying out, which is quite as it
should be, as thus too much similarity is avoided,
and greater charm and attractiveness afforded.
Some possessors of a garden prefer the shrubs
to be planted thickly, in order to cover the
surface, and get immediate effect ; others
favour thin planting. Close planting requires
more attention being paid to transplanting,
pruning of rampant growers, and cutting out
of nurse plants after the first few years
succeeding the planting. Thin planting shows
off the characteristics of each jilant from the
first, and is really preferable to the other ; the
surface of the ground being covered in that case
by planting some low-growing shrubs, which
may be removed or allowed to remain in the
course of time. In planting shrubberies,
flowering deciduous shrubs and half- trees
should find a place in due proportion ; and to
furnish a summer and autumn display, flower-
ing perennial, biennial, and annual plants.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIxttre, Gardener to Sir CHAS.
Tennant, The Glen, Innerleitlieu, Peeblesshire.
Late Grapes. — Daring the month of No-
vember, very many Grapes are u.stially spoiled
because, the weather being so very change-
able, it is difficult to maintain an equable
house-temperature. On bright days, fire-heat
ought to be freely used, and both front and
top air admitted, closing the houses, with the
exception of a fewinches left open at the top,
not later than 4 p.m. During the nights, and
on dull, foggy, or wet days, when very little
air should be admitted, keep the hot-water
pipes only moderately warm, and the tempera-

ture not exceeding 50°, or falling much below
45'. When possible, the houses ought to be
used exclusively for the Grapes, and keep
the atmosphere as dry as possible. If the
vinery contains pot - plants that must be
watered, let this be carefully done in early
morning on fine, clear days. It does not
follow that the borders should be kept very
dry, for next season's crop must be studied ;
therefore give the borders a good soaking of
soft rain-water whenever they approach dry-
ness, doing this important work in the morn-
ings, when the houses can bo ventilated freelj'.
Those who have a dread of losing berries by
damping, consequent upon watering the
borders, may follow the latter operation with
a surfacing of clean straw, thus greatly check-
ing evaporation of moisture. Collect the falling
leaves daily, and keep a very close look-out
for decaying berries ; the timely removal of
one of which frequently saving a whole bunch.
It is now when the value of freely thinned
bunches l;ec(;;'Tes most apparent, as these in-
v.ivialily keep better than the larger, more
solid clusters. Gros Maroc and Alnwick
Seedling are among the worst keepers,
and these should be used first, follow-
ing with Gros Colman, Alicante, Muscat
of Alexandria, and Trebbiano. Mrs. Pince's
Muscat, Lady Downes, and Mrs. Pearson keep
very late, the two former being good in May
and the others till March and April. In every
case much depends upon whether the varieties
were thoroughly well ripened or not, and upon
the care given to the fruit.

Bottling Grapes. — It is in many cases much
too early to begin cutting and bottling the
bulk of late Grapes ; the proper time for
doing this being when the leaves have all
fallen, and pruning and resting time are near
at hand. When, however, any late Grapes are
grown in the earlier house, to keep the
bunches on the Vines entails the expendilure
of extra fire-heat, and the necessity of keeping
the house dry. Being thoroughly well ripened,
there is no good reason why the bunches
should not be cut and bottled at once. A
short, thick, pint bottle, with a rather wide
mouth, suspended from a rack made for the
purpose in a cool and preferably dark room is
iiest. Almost fill the bottles with clear water,
cut the bunches with a good length of wood
attached, and trim off the shoots so that they
may be slipped into the bottle of water. The
weight of the bunch ought to be sufficient to
give the desired slope to the bottle, the former
swinging clear of the latter. No water should
be allowed to trickle down into the bunch. If
preferred, bottles may be fixed in racks with
their necks out clear, and zinc tubes in the
form of the letter V suspended to a rack
answer, these holding two bunches opposite
each other. It is not at all necessary to place
charcoal or any other substances in the clear
water used, nor for changing the latter at any
time. Keep the atmosphere of the room close,
dry, and cool, extremes of temperature being
guarded against, as alsocurrents of either dry or
moist air. The admittance of warm air through
a window, ventilator, or door, directly after a
spell of cold weather is a sure way of inviting
decay in the berries. Examine the bunches
frequently for any single decaying berries
they may contain.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Matne, Gardener to the Uon. Mark Rolle,
Bic'ton. East Budleigli, Devousliire.

Leeks. — If plants in trenches appear small
in size, afford them a sprinkling of artificial
manure, keeping it at the base of the plants.
Choose a dry day to add more soil around the
stems to further blanch them.

Turnips. — Roots that are fully grown may be
lifted and stored similarly to Carrots. The later
sowings should not be disturbed at present.

Artichokes. — Cut down the stalks of these as
soon as they have withered, and as the tubers
keep much better in the groimd until required
for use, a mulch 3 or 4 inches in depth of
partly decayed leaf-soil should be afforded as
a protection against frost. Lift part of the
crop when severe weather is anticipated.

NO%T,MBER 2, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

323

Lettuce. — Pill up any vacancies that occur
in lines set out for spring use, and stir the soil
between same every few weeks. Keep a sharp
look-out for slugs. Further plantings in a
sheltered border may be made if necessary.

Iladishe>i may still be sown thinly under
frames. Afford them abundance of ventilation
as soon as the plants appear. Under good
treatment, they should produce useful roots
early in the new year.

Mustard and Creas require a temperature of
about 60', and should be sown weekly in boxes
containing leaf-mould. Keep themnear to the
glass when the seed has germinated.

Cabbage. — To afford a succession to the
earliest varieties, some plants should be set
out without delay, not omitting a few of the
red for pickling. Examine those planted a
month or so ago for slugs, and if any be found,
place some Lettuce-leaves on the ground as a
bait, which search in the early morning, and
drop the slugs into a box containing freshly
slacked lime.

Endive. — Tie up or cover ■with tiles or flower-
pots each week a certain number to blanch . This
work should be done when the plants are dry.

Hotbeds. — Where these arc the means for
forcing Asparagus, Seakale, &c., the beds
should be put together as soon as the necessary
quantity of freshly fallen Oak and Beech-leaves
can be obtained, using three parts of these to
one of partly decayed, and some fresh stable-
litter. A position nearly due south should be
chosen for the bed, which should be about 1 ft.
deep at the back, and S ft. at the front ; making
the bed 18 ins. larger all round than the frame
upon which to put linings whonneccssary. Well
tread the mat^rrials as work proceeds, using
long strawy litter for the outside, thus keeping
the bed together better than when leaves or
short manure are used. When the bed is
finished, place boards 0 inches wide at each
corner for the frame to rest on, and inside the
box a layer a few inches deep of short manure
or leaves, so as to bring the bed up to the
desired height. Place a couple of test sticks
in here. Within a week or ten daj's the beds
should be fit to receive the roots, of which I
shall speak next week.

THE UAEDY FEUIT GARDEN.

By C. IlKiiuiN-.
Peaches and NectarincH, — In most gardens,
young trees are bought annually in largo or
small numbers, according to demand, and
planted against warm walls where spaces
exist, and a certain rearrangement of those
already planted is carried out at the present
date. SVitli a view to keeping the walls
properly furnished with healthy fruiting trees,
it is advisable to remove a few of the oldest
or the least fruitful trees yearly, and thus re-
juvenate the wall and provide numbers of
trees in a healthy, fruitful condition with
scarcely any loss of crop. Young trees, or
those under l.j years old, produce the finest
fruits, and are usually under ordinary care
vigorous and healthy. Wherever the spaces
between the trees in bearing give snllicient
width and height, trees may be planted tem-
porarily for use in the forcing-houses, or on
the open wall. Such young trees may be
safely removed early in the autumn, and they
are in a bettercondition, so far as the roots are
concerned, than those bought from a nursery.
Maiden, or dwarf-trained nursery trees when
properly planted in these temporary positions
will, either in the first or second year be readily
transplanted to a permanent one, and the act of
transplanting prove a check to ovei'-strong
growth, and a means of obtaining a fruitful
habit. In selecting trees in a nursery, the bark
of the stocks upon which the trees are worked
should besmooth, glossy, and growth vigorous,
and no trees taken that have been much cut
back. The best trees are those with five or six
main shoots, that is, those two years old, from
the bud. IJoth Peaches and Nectarines re-
quire a fairly warm position on walls, except-
ing a few of the early ripening varieties, and
the land should bo well drained; and when a
tree must be planted on the site of one re-

moved, the soil should be trenched from 1| to
2 feet in depth, and every particle of the
roots of the previous tree removed, as well
as a considerable portion of the soil, new
loam being mixed with the remainder,
together with a small quantity of lime-rubble,
charred garden refuse, and wood-ashes, all of
which should be well mixed together. In
retentive subsoils, although well drained, a
layer of brickbats or similar drainage ma-
terials, 6 to 8 inches deep, should be placed
under the tree station at a depth of 2 feet,
and covered with turf, the grassy side turned
downwards; or failing these, a layer of coal-
ashes. In southern counties, walls with a
south, west, or east aspect may be planted
with Peaches and A'ectarines ; in colder lo-
calities, a south or south-west aspect only
should be used. In the warmer counties, stan-
dard trees of such early varieties as Waterloo,
Alexander, and Ainsden June Peaches, Early
Rivers and Lord Napier Nectarines, may be
grown, these carrying a crop of fair -sized
fruits with tolerable certainty if the spring
weather be favourable to the setting of the
blossoms and early development of the fruits.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapmav, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Koad, CaiuberwcU.

The Cattleya-hoiise. — This structure is now-
gay with the flowers of C. labiata autumnalis,
C. Uowiana aurea, C. Bowringiana, and
autumn - flowering hybrids. Those hybrids
that have been derived from C. Bowringiana
prove very useful in the autumn, as they gain
in strength. Not only do they possess flower
as freely as C. Bowringiana, but the individual
flowers are larger, as might be anticipated
from the influence of the larger flowering
species from which they are derived. Some of
the most popular are C. x Mantini (Bowring-
iana '. aurea), C. Mrs. W. J. Whitoley
(Bowringiana Traocyana), C. x Portia

(Bowringiana x labiata) L.-C. • C. Parysatis
(Bowringiana • pumila), and C. Chloris
(maxima ■< Bowringiana). There are others
of this section equally worthy of cultivation,
but they are not at the present time so easily
to bo procured. Like C. Bowringiana, they
are very subject to suffer from damp at the
base when grown in humid houses, and they
should be closely observed till growth has
matured. When the oiit(?r skin which covers
the base of the pscmlo-bulbs dries up and
comes off, and the latter hardens, then with
ordinary care they are easy subjects with
which to deal. This class of liybrids usually
commence to make roots as soon as flowering
is over ; and when the new roots are observed,
repotting may bo carried out if necessary.
After repotting a plant, afford it such con-
ditions as will assist re-establishment, and do
not afford too niu(-li water, but let the compost
first become thoroughly dry, and then apply as
much as will wet the materials thoroughly.
Such hybrids as Lielia Latona, Ljelio-
Cattleya Uippolyta, and others of the
section, having Liolia cinnabarina as one of
the parents, which have not finished growing,
should be suspended in the warmer part of the
house where the amount of sunshine is greatest.
Plants whose growth is matured should be
suspended in a cool, light position, and only
as much water applied to them to keep the
pseudo-bulbs normally plump. The kind of
rest afforded those liybrids has much influence
on their flowering, for when the period of rest
is prolonged, the flowers expand at a .season
when the weather is favourable to the pro-
duction of the beautiful tints which these
crosses possess ; moreover, the plants com-
mence to grow forthwith vigorously, and are
matured at the brightest season of the year.

Oiicidiiim Forbenii is a most attractive
Orchid, and flowering in the autumn it is
more than usually useful. Unfortunately,
like other Oncidimns, its strength is ex-
hausted by its freedom to flower, and a plant
will decline year by year. I have no doubt
whatever that the long period of time that
the flowers last acts detrimentally on the
plants, for if the flower-scapes are removed

shortly after expanding, as is done where the
flowers are grown for market, the plants
retain their normal vigour for a much longer
period of time than is contrariwise the case.
The same remarks apply to O. crispum, O. prae-
textum, O. varicosum, O. Marshallianum, &c.
If kept in the house after they have been cut,
placed in water changed frequently, the flowers
last for a considerable time in perfection.

PLANTS UNDER GIiASS.

By D. Roberts. Gardener to Hcssey Paoke, Esq.,
Frcstwold Hail, Lougliborougli.

The Conservatory. — During the present month
and December the house can be kept gay with
Chrysanthemums, and in order to give a finish
to the groups of large plants, single-flowered
and Pompon Chrysanthemums should be em-
ployed. For vases and flower-glasses the
single-flowered variet ies are general favourites,
and should be more commonly grown than i.s
the case generally. The system of placing
the Chrysanthemums in groups on the ground
is that now generally adopted, and it probably
affords the most convenient method of dealing
with taller growers, but the arrangement of the
colours has to be considered also. A distinc-
tive feature can be obtained by grouping shades
of yellow in proximity to bronzy-reds, &c.,
and pinks or mauve with lighter shades, and
white single varieties and Pompons inter-
mixed with Salvia splendens in the front
of the groups. The foregoing, together with
zonal Pelargoniums, sweet-scented Pelargo-
niums, Primula stellata and others, and Mig-
nonette will usually suflice to render a con-
servatory gay. Let all wall climbers, as
Heliotropes, Pelargoniums, Cobo'a scandens,
Polygalas, &c., be tied in, and a temperature
of .")U at night, and 55' to (10° be maintained,
mild fire-heat being afforded in dull weather.
Apply ample ventilation by the front venti-
lators on line drj' days, and at nights a small
amount may be given in mild weather, together
with a little warmth in the pipes. No flowers
are easier to injure by damp than Chrys-
anthcmtuns, and unless flre-hcat and almost
constant ventilation be applied, it is impos-
sible to maintain them in a presentable state
at this season. The re-arrangement of the
conservatory being finished, space must be
found for the late-flowering Chrysanthemums,
Fuchsias, &c., which are still out-doors under
protection at night.

Forcinij. — Bring into heat those plants of
Azalea indica, A. i. alba, amocna, Caldwelli
Deutsche Perle, Fielder's White, and the old
purpurea (a most useful colour), which have
the most prominent flower-buds ; also plants
of Azalea mollis, Doutzia gracilis, and well-
rooted potsful of Paper -white Narcissus,
Koman Hyacinths, Liliuin longiflorum Harrisii,
and retarded Lily of the Valley. The more
forward Cytisus may also be brought into heat,
and forced gently into flower. Maintain a
temperature of 50° to 55' at night, and 5°
higher by day. The daily syringing of the
plants must be carried out in the early
morning, and about 3 I'.M. ; the paths, walls,
&c., being wetted in the evening with a fine
rose watering-can.

THE .SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION

OF BIRDS
Is this year offering two prizes, of £10
and i;5 respectively, for papers on the best
means of establishing a " Bird and Arbour
Day" in England. In the schools of many of
the I.'nited States, bird days and arbour days
have become a very popular institution, and
have proved most successful in interesting
teachers and children in birds and bird-pro-
tection ; and the Society's offer will, it is
hoped, elicit practical hints as to the way in
which the scheme may be introduced and
worked in English schools. Papers are to be
.sent in not later than November 30, 1901, and
all particulars may be obtained of the Hon.
Secretary, Society for the Protection of Birds,
3, Hanover .Square, London, W. The essays
on bird protection which gained the Society's
prizes last year can also be had from the
Society's office.

324

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JS^OX-EJIBER 2, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.
Letters for Publication, as u'dl as spccimcvs muJ phutts

for navlinri, should be adtlressed to the EDITOR.

41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London,

Coimnunicatiotis should be written on one side only of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR NOVEMBER.

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 6

THURSDAY, Nov.

I'KrDAY,
SUND.VY,

WEIi.XESDAY, Nov. 13

THUKSDAY,

Nov.

FRIDAY.

Nov.

SATURDAY,

Nov

THURSDAY,

Nov,

FRID.iY,

Nov,

TUE^D.AY,

Nov,

THURSDAY,

Nov.

National Chrysantheiiiuui So-
ciety's Aiituiiin Exliiijitlon at
Rdy.'.l .\(|ii;u'iLiin, Westniiii-

I Cln-v.^aiilli.^iiiiiiii Shows at Ply-
iii..utli,.Soiiilianipton,Cardifl',

V ami Kingston (aU 2 days>.
rciirysanthcmum Show at Eve s-
I liam.alsoat Stoke Newington
I (DeTOiisliire Square Church
"i School Room), Bromley. Han-
ley (Staffs.), Eastbourne,

\, and Ascot (all 2 days).
(■Chrysantlieraum and Fruit
I Shows at Highgate (2 days).
I and Colchester, Winchester
"I (2 days), Stratford-on-Avon (2
I days), Bury St. Edmunds

V (2 days).
Chrysanthemum and Fruit

Shows at Leicester (2 days),
Eccles (2 days), Macclesfield
(2 days), Huddersfleld (2 days).

( Ghent Chrysanthemum E.xliibi-

■) tion (3 days).

["Royal Horticultural Society's
Committee Meetings ; Chrys-
anthemum and FruilShows at

' Chester (2 days), Birmingham
(.'! days), Belfast (2 days),
Ipswich (2 days), Dulwich
(2 days), Leeds (2 days).
Brighton (2 days), Devizes.
Chrysanthemum and Fruit
Shows at Bristol, Chester-
field, Ashgate, and Liverpool
(a 1 two days); also at York.

I and Hull (both three days),
and Buxton (one day), Bourne-

\ mouth (two days).

/"Chrysanthemum and Fruit

I Shows at Edinburgh, Stock-

14-! port, and Manchester (three

days); also at Exeter (two

V days).

,. ) BradrordChrysantliemumShow
'"■( (two days).

,|. \ Chrysanthemum Exhibition at
1 Antwerp (three days).
i Norfolk and Norwich Horticul-

21-' tural Society's Chrysanthe
( mum Show (three days).

.^o * Aberdeen Chrysanthemum

— '( Show (two days).

qi. ( Royal Horticultural Society :

"^'i Committees meet.

.j^ ( Socictd Nationale d'Horticul-

"■ I turede France (Orchid Sliow).

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

EVERY DAY EXCEPT SATURDAY.—

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe <t Morris' Rooms.— Daily
at Pollexfen &Co.

MONDAY, Nov.4.—

Nursery Stock at the Cambridge Nursery, Cooks-
iividge. near Lewes, by Protheroe & Morris, at 12
o'clock.— Bulbs, Azaleas, Dwarf Japanese Shrubs,
at Stevens' Rooms.

TUESDAY, Nov. .=..—

<ircat Annual Sale of Nursery Stock at the Hale
Farm Nurseries, Felfham, by Protlieroe & Morris,
at 11 a.m. — Miscellaneous Shrubs, Pollexfen & Co.

WEDNESDAY, Nov. B —

Nursery Stock at The Grove Park Nurseries, Grove
Park, S.E., by Protheroe A Morris, at 12 o'clock.—
Bulbs, Azaleas, Palms, and Japanese Shrubs, at
Stevens' Rooms.— Roses, Azaleas, Palms, Ferns, etc..
by Protheroe & Morris, at 12 o'clock.

THURSDAY, Nov. 7.

Nursery Stock, Wood Lane Nursery, Islewortli. bv
Protheroe tt Morris, at 12 o'clock.— Palms, &o.. l)"v
Pollexfen tt Co.

FRIDAY, Nov. 8.—

Orchids in large variety, by Protheroe & Morris, at
117 & 68, Clicapside, at 12.30.

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Torty-three Years at Chiswick
-US'.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— Oc(o6er 30 (6 p.m.) : Max. 57°; Min. 18'.

October 31.— Fine ; strong east wind.
PROVINCES. — October ;!0 (6 p.m.): Max. 55", Scilly;
Min. 43*, Shetland.

The Produc- The apparently accidental pro-
tion of Double duction of double flowers on

Flowers. plants whosB blossoms are
usually single, has been for long a difficult
problem to tiotanists, who have endeavoured
to account for the phenomenon by ingenious
and widely-difTeriiig theories.

One of the most i-ecent explanations,
offered by 31. Marix Molliard, is that the
production of double flowers is brought
about by the action of insects, or of parasitic
lungoid growths; the former affecting the
tissues by repeated punctures, and the fungi
actually living upon tliose tissues.

Thus, flowers of Knautia arvensis, when
attacked by Peronospora violaeea, those of
Matricaria inodora invaded lij' P. Kadii,
pi'esent the appearance of the double flowers
of radiate Composites; and, similarly, under
the influence of Puecinia viohe, the blooms
of Viola silvatica produce pctaloid stamens.
Many Umbelliferous and Cruciferous plants
affected by Hemipterous insects exhibit
a virescenc-e or leaf-like condition of all the
floral organs that is not without analogy
with the facts of horticultural teratology.

So far modifications due to parasitism
exercised directly on the floral organs have
been compared to the modifications induced
in cultivated plants, but these analogous
effects have not previously been traced to
the same cause. A number of observations
and experiments have convinced M. Mol-
liard that many if not all the double
"florists' flowers" result solely from para-
sitic association where the disappearance of
the stamens is accompanied by the pheno-
mena of virescence, petaloid sexual organs,
proliferousness, &c.

Further, two cases of petalody of the
reproductive organs produced naturally
have been observed, which are plainly due
to parasites, which in this instance do not
act directly upon the flower, but living
among the root-organs, bring about sterility
of the flower, and the structural modifica-
tions that accompany that phenomenon.

The experimenter observed that, in some
cases of monstrosity, there are no parasites
on the aerial parts of the plants, but the
roots are infested with the mycelium of a
Dematium, which is not found on any plant
bearing normal flowers. In another doulile-
flowered plant (Seal)iosa columliaria), galls
of Heterodera radicicola (eel-worm) were
found on the roots, but none on the roots
of the normal plants.

To test the theory as to the cause of the
peculiarity, a normal plant was placed in
a space left by uprooting a malformed
specimen, and the former afterwards pre-
sented the same modifications in its flowers
as did the abnormal plant, and galls made
by the Heterodera appeared on its roots.

The next question to be considered is whe-
ther parasitic fuugi induce the formation of
double flowers ; and experiments to resolve
this were made with Saponaria officinalis.

The habit of the double Saponaria is ijuite
different from that of the single-flowered
variety ; the stem has shorter internodes,
the nodes are more enlarged, and much
resembling the stem of specimens attacked
by Sorosporium Saponaria> ; the rhizome is
thicker, and its structure differs; lignifica-
tion particularly is less marked, and the
rhizome shows slight tubercidisation. These
characteristics agree with the hypothesis of
parasitic association.

Ehizomes of normal Saponaria are free
from mycelium, or, in sterilized water, show
))ut a feeble development of it ; but double-
flowered specimens grown under identical
conditions always yield in abundance a
Fusarium which proves to be the same
whatever the origin of the specimen
examined.

M, Molliard is therefore led to conclude
that certain plants with double flowers are
affected by parasitic contact acting upon the
underground organs of these plants, and
it is ail easily drawn inference that cultiva-
tion produces, if it does not actively provoke
the condition and increase of this contact
which has been accidentally effected in
nature.

Such, at any rate, are the conclusions
arrived at by this observer in a recent
number of the Comptes Rendus, p. 548.
Whether they can be borne out by further
examination remains to Ije seen. At pre-
sent it would seem that if the action of the
parasite, vegetable or animal, can in some
cases be traced, no such influence can be
detected in the majority of double flowers.
Eelworms at the root, and fungus in the
tissues, do indeed sometimes set up hyper-
trophy', but it is certain that many plants
infected with these parasites do not produce
double flowers, and, on the other hand, most
plants with double flowers show no trace of
parasites. In any case, here is a promising
field of observation and research, the results
of which would have practical value.

The Dahlia Society. —At a meeting of
this Society held on Tuesday, it was agreed to
recommend to the Fellows that a two days'
show be held ia the Drill Hall next September.
On the first day the show would be held in
connection with the meeting of the Royal
Horticultural Society up till 5 P.M., after
which hour up till 10 P.M., as well as during
the whole of the following day, the show
would be held under the auspices of the
Dahlia Society only.

Mr. Peter Barr.— This tireless traveller
was recently heard of at Cape Town, where at
a meeting of the Sea Point Horticultural
Society, he gave an exhaustive paper entitled,
"Ancient and Modern Daffodils," and in-
formed his audience by what means the people
of jVew South Wales, notably Mr. Bradley in
Sydney, overcame the baleful influences of a
burning sun on the raising of new varieties
from seed, viz., by growing the plants in bush,
i.e., chick-house made of laths, and thinly
covered with small branches of the Tea-tree, a
very abundant scrub. He thought that some
such erection might have a value in the Cape
Colony.

The Annual Dinner of the National
Chrysanthemum Society will take place on
Wednesday, November 27, at the Holborn
Restaurant, at C.ID p.m. The new President
of the Society, Sir A. K. RoixiT, M.P., will
preside ; and the Challenge Trophy, Holmes'
Memorial, and other Cups and Medals will be
presented to the winners during the evening.
The presence of ladies is particularly invited.

The Fruits of the Strawberry-tree. —
We do not remember to have seen fruits of
Arbutus Unedo in Covent Garden Market
until the present week, when a sample was
received from Franco by one of the best
known salesmen. They came without name,
and were not known in the least to the market
men. The fruits are very handsome, scarlet

:Xo'rEMBER 2, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

325

in colour, and thickly covered -with short,
%Tedge-shaped spines. They are not disagree-
able ia flavour, but are somewhat "gritty,"
and at the best are less pleasing to the palate
tlian the eye.

Flowers Developed in the Dark.— The
•conclusions obtained from M. Beulayoue'S
■experiments are as follows : — 1st. In darkness,
lowers are usually later than when in full light.
3nd. The colour of flowers kept principally in
(the dark shows a diminution of intensity ;
very slight in some flowers, observable in
others, and for yet others tending towards
•oomplete decoloration. 3rd. Flowers deve-
loped in darkness are generally smaller than
■those developed in the light, but on the other
Siand, the pedicels are often more developed.
4 th. The weight and volume of flowers de-
veloped in the dark, including the pedicels
that support them, are always inferior to the
weight and volume of these same organs de-
veloped in the light ; how'ever, in some cases
4.he increase of the dimensions of the pedicels
•of plants developed in the dark may sufficiently
affect this weight and volume to render them
greater tlian in normal flowers. .1. Hrbcrt.

Influences of Atmospheric Environment
-ON Plants. — In the Annates Agronomifiiies,
ISOl, p. .383, an account is given of the con-
joined or isolated influences of light, alti-
tude, hygromotric condition, and tempci-ature
on the growth of plants, as studied by M.
Chauafwt. M. G.ujton Bonnier has stated
that a plant transported from the plains to a
diigh altitude undergoes a certain number of
modifications, which enhance the activity of
•the leaves, and then increase their power of as-
similating. Now, JI. CiiARABOT, inagreatmany
4>ualyses already made on several liundred
specimens of essence of Lavender from dif-
ferent sources, observed that richness in
•ethers was proportionate to the altitude at
which the plant had lived, lint the influence
of the altitude is attended by various condi-
tions— more intense liglit, drier air, a lower
temperature. The two lirst conditions, taken
■singly, act in one way ; the last condition has
a contrary effect. M. Ciiarabot examined the
Ihygrometric influences particularly. M. (lAS-
"i<iN Bonnier has shown that plants developed in
dry air assimilate more than those developed
ill saturated air. Analyses of essence of
J.avonder taken from plants grown in damp
and dry seasons respectively, proved that dry
jiir favours the formation of ethers, while it
also causes the chlorophyll of plants to be
inore active. So that it may bo said that
uiifluciicos capable of increasing the activity
•of tlu^ chlorophyll at the same time favour the
tformation of ethers of terpcnic alcohols. These
observations are of value as regards their
application to the manufacture of perfumes.

Far - off Resemblances. — The term
■"mimetic," applied to theoe curious resem-
blances between plants of widely different
mature, is not quite happy, as it implies an
.•:ict of conscious imitation on the part of the
(plant which does not exist. Similarity of
environment offers a valid explanation in many
cases, but it fails to account for them all.
Tluis, in the teniperate-houso at Kew may bo
seen plants of Melaleuca microraera, the
foliage of which refjuires a second look to
distinguish it from that of some forms of
-liiniperus virginiana; while Bupleurum diff-
forme has leaves which, on a superficial
inspection, resemble those of a Pinus !

Clerodendron trichotomum.— The per-
sistent calyx of this plant, surrounding the
globular, black fruit, assumes at this season a
rich crimson tint, which is very effective. At

a distance, it might be mistaken for a Euony-
mus, in which the ripe carpels assume a similar
tint, while the aril of the seed is orange-
coloured.

" PLUM-coTS."^Under this name are sig-
nified the results of a cross between a Plum
and an Apricot, raised by Mr. Lither Bur-
li.\NK, in California.

"Hooker's Icones Plantarum." — The
p;irt issued in September comprises plates
2701 to -Hi'). The plants figured are mostly of
botanical interest, and as such of great im-
portance. Csesalpinia rostrata, IV. E. Br.,
tab. 2702, is figured from a plant cultivated in
the Botanic Garden, Durban. It has bipinnate
leaves and rose coloured flowers, one of the
sepals larger than the rest, and provided with
a prominent spur-like process, which dis-
tinguishes it from all known species. Bret-
schneidera sinensis, Hemsley, tab. 2708, is a
highly ornamental Sapindaeeous tree from
Yunnan, named in memory of the late Dr.
Bretscuneidkk, see Gardeners' Chronicle,
May 4, 1901, p. 201. Clematis pterantha,
Dunn, tab. 2713, is a species from Yunnan,
remarkable for the wavy wings to the sepals.
Scalesia retroflexa, Hemsley, tab. 2715, a
Composite from the Galapagos Islands, with
crispato- pinnatifid leaves like those of a
Scotch Kale. The three following plates
refer to other species of the same genus,
collected by Charles Darwin in the Gala-
pagos in 18.'!o, and are of special interest
from the point of view of botanical
geography. Ilazardia detonsa, tab. 2720, has
been previously figured in the Gardeners'
Chronicle from specimens grown by W. E.
GlMlil.ETON, Esq., 1). 170, vol. xxviii., 1000.

Aster Amellus. — Among the varieties of
this plant (see ante, p. 309), we [may mention
one called Riverslea, in which the flowers are
2 inches across, and of a deep violet colour.
W. Cox has even larger flower-heads, of a rich
lilac.

Tasmanian Apples. — At a recent meeting
of the American Pomological Society, a well
known member. Mr. I'owcll, in the course of
an address said, concerning the Tasmanian
Apples: "Tasmania does not produce any-
thing like as good a ijuality of Apple as is pro-
duced in Hew York State ; and yet Tasmania,
by her improved system of transportation, can
send Apples ll.OOO miles, largely over tropical
seas, land them in London in bettor condition
than we can, and get a better price."

Royal Tradesmen.— Mr. John K. Kino, of
Coggeshall, Essex, and Reading, Berks, has
been appointed a Uoyal purveyor. Mr. Kino's
business is one of theoUlest established in the
kingdom, having been founded in 1793.

Bacteria in Plants. — A recent Bulletin,
from the United Slates Department of Agri-
culture, Is devote 1 to a paper, by Dr. Erwin
F. S.mith, on the cultural characters of Pseudo-
monas llyacinthi, P. campestris, P. Phaseoli,
and P. Stcwarti— four one-flagellate, yellow
bacteria parasitic on plants. The first is the
cau.se of a serious di.sease of Hyacinths ; the
second of a widely-distributed and destructive
disease of Cabbages, known as brown-rot ; the
third of a disease of Beans, and the fourth is
believed to be the cau.se of a serious disease
of Sweet Corn. The bulletin also contains
occasional references to Bacillus amylovorus,
B. coli, and other bacterial organisms, which
were used for comparison. It is the first
exhaustive working over of an interesting
group of plant parasites, concerning which
practically nothing was known in 1896, when
Dr. S.MlTll began his studies. The work de-

scribed is of a purely technical nature, but
will be valuable to those in experiment stations
and elsewhere who are engaged in investi-
gating the bacterial diseases of plants.

Nurserymen's Names.— An English author,
says Mcchdux' Magazine, laments that the
nurserymen of his country still doggedly con-
tinue to use the botanical names employed by
Don, LoiDON and others, though it has been
clearly shown that there are other names
which, under the "rules of priority," ought
to have been adopted by these well-known
writers. But surely the English nurserymen
may plead for mercy as against justice in a
case like this. The nurseryman should not
suffer because a good man went wrong. Tho
names of DON and LouDON have entered into
tho commerce of the world, and to change his
catalogue names annually, however justly it
may be proved he should do under botanical
rules, would drive tho nurseryman's business
to endless confusion. There would be as much
difficulty in filling orders as he now finds
under tho numerous common names. Now ho
is under continual reproof. "You have sent
me the dog-flower instead of tho cat-plant I
ordered," writes one ; and another declares,
" Instead of the ' Blue as Blazes,' I received
tho ' Devil in the Bush.' " Ho finds botanical
names his only safciy. Wo can all admire tho
heroism of the man who can stand still and
have his head knocked off " because it wfis so
nominated in bond." Even SlIYLOCK had to
admit that his pound of flesh must go. So all
of us grant that the " law of priority " ought
to prevail in plant names ; but in view of the
inevitable confusion that must arise from its
enforcement, we can only hope that some
botanical Portia will turn up in time, so that
tho poor nurseryman may not lose his " blood "
as well as his " flesh " by the changes.
" Naliomil Xitrscriiman."

The Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm.
—In the pavilion at this establishment, tho
tenants on the Duke of BEDFORD'S estate and
other residents in the county, have an oppor-
tunity of inspecting a collection of 150 va-
rieties of Apples and Pears, which are set out
to illustrate tho chief characters of tho re-
spective sorts, and their suitability to tho
district. In addition, examples are shown of
the methods of grading and packing adopted.
The manager, Mr. R. Lewis Castle, is in
attendance to furnish visitors with any infor-
mation required respecting the fruits shown,
and upon fruit culture generally in the county.
October Raspberries.— Strawberries and
one or two olher soft fruits have here and
there been showing late crops of reported
excellent quality ; a few days since a dish of
splendid Kaspberrios wen; picked in a cottage
garden in Hungerford. It was remarked that
these fruits were superior in quality to those
harvested at tho "proper" time. (See also
p. 330, col. 2.)

The Archbishop's Park, Lambeth. —
Under an agreement with Dr. Temple, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, tho field adjacent to
Lambeth Palace, long used by tho volunteers
of tho district, has been laid out by the London
County Council as a recreation ground, and was
formally handed over to tho Council on Thurs-
day last by the Archbishop. The Council have
expended nearly ^5000 on tho work, and tho
place is already a favourite.

Sweet Peas. — In the Gardeners' Chronicle
of September 28 thcro appeared a note on
Sweet Peas specially referring to a communi-
cation from the Rev. W. T. llUTOlllNS, of Spring-
field, Mass., deploring the decadence of tho
Sweet Poa in America. It was stated that
"some say the mischief is due to growing iu

326

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[XOVK.MBER 2, 1901.

the eastern States seeds grown under the very
different climatal conditions of California."
After reading this, I wrote to Mr. HUTCHINS on
September 28, offering to send him a little
Sweet Pea seed (1) saved in Kent, (2) saved in
Essex, (3) saved in Scotland ; so that he might
be able to observe and compare results with
plants grown from Califoniian seed. I am to-
day (October 24) in receipt of Mr. Hutchins'
reply, which I do not think it will be any
breach of courtesy to quote.

•■22, Winthoi-pe Street, SpriugfieUl, Mass.,
October 14, isiil.

My Dear Mr. Cuthbertson,— Your letter of Sept. 2.S is
very welcome. I keep you aud Mr. Dean iu sight as a
happy memento of tlio Crystal Palace Show of 1900. I
was not expecting that our Sweet Pea discussion would
reach so tar ; indeed, I was reluctantly drawn into it,
and then found myself shoved to the front. I feel so
badly about the wliole trouble tliat I am a sort of
mourner at the funeral, and wisli somebody else would
officiate. I feel more like condoling with all parties,
for everyone lias tried hard to hold tlie flower up to its
best. Your offer is very kind, and I can be of some use
to you. Just now I cannot grow any Sweet Peas, but
will see that your seed is placed where it will have tlie
best treatment, and will report to you. I am hoping to
enjoy yet more years of devotion to this flower, and
trust I may be among those wlio shall celebrate its
full return to successful popular culture.

W. T. Hdichins."

I hope the desire expressed by Mr. Hutchins
in the last sentence of his letter will be fully
realised. I have observed in .several journals
this last summer reference made to a so-called
disease in Sweet Peas which is said to have
appeared in this country, but no such trouble
has come under my own ob.serv.ition [or ours].
If it appears next year, it should at once form
a subject-matter for the most serious attention
of the iVational Sweet Pea Society. It may
be that we are importing from California, with
the seed which this country now so largely
imports, the very form of disease or trouble
■which is annoying and depressing our Sweet
Pea friends in America. WillUim CnthhcrtiO]i,
Rothesay.

International Amenities.— We quote the
following from the Financial News : —

"The preliminary steps are being taken for
the formation of a league whose members will
boycott all Dtftch productions, as a retaliation
for the proposed boycott of English goods,
■which, under very high auspices, has been
started in Holland. As a lirst move it is sug-
gested that Dutch bulbs should be refused by
English buyers."

Referring to this paragraph, Messrs. J.
Murray & Sons, of Deptford, write :—

" Respecting your article on the forming of
a league to boycott Dutch bulbs, this boycott
may cut both ways, as personally we hold
freehold land in Holland, and our bulb farms
are conducted under residential English
managers, and no doubt other English firms
are in the same way interested.
Yours respectfully, J. Murray & Sons.

Head office : 103, High Street,
Deptford, S.E., October 25."

It is not for us to express any opinion on
■what our Dutch friends may choose to do ; we
may safely leave that to their commercial con-
science ! As for ourselves, any attempt of
the kind would be as futile as it would be silly.

The Botanic Garden, Brussels. — 'We
learn with great regret that M. Crepin, the
eminent Director of this establishment, has
resigned his position on the grounds of failing
health. Ever since M. Crispin was a Professor
in the School of Horticulture at Ghent, when
that establishment was connected with Louis
Van Houtte's famous nursery, he has laboured
incessantly for the promotion of botany. He
is best known in this country for his numerous
publications relating to the genus Rosa, but
these by uo means constitute his only claims

to the respect of botanists. JIuch interest is
felt in the appointment of his successor, but
there is a strong feeling in scientific circles
that the post should be filled by M. Durand,
one of the conservators of the garden, well
known for his Jude.v to the Genera Plantaruin
of Bentham and Hooker, his works on the
Flora of Africa, Costa Rica, &c.

Mr. Nicholson. — Some members of the
Committees of the Royal Horticultural Society,
the Gardeners' Orphan Fund, aud other friends
of Mr. Nicholson, entertained him at a private
dinner at the Cannou Street Hotel on Wed-
nesday evening. The proceediugs, though
devoid of any otlicial character, •nei'c marked
by the greatest cordiality.

Publications Received. — /SiiHefttt of .visceiia-

iicoiis J)if(>nnaliiiii. Trinidad, July. Contents : Manurial
Value of .Sliade-ti-ees, Stem Disease of Oranges. How
some Orcliids thrive, SiC—BuUMn of ili^cellaneuiis Iii-
form(dion, Trinidad (extra number), August. Contents :
Cacao Disease, Correspondence, Reports and Xotes ;
together with reports and correspondence received
from D. Morris, Esq., C.M.G., Commissioner of the
Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West
Indies.— Contributions to the Life-history of Plants.
No. XV. The Bending of Matttre Worid in Trees. By
Thomas Median. (From tlic Proceedings of tlic
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, June,
IWl.)— As Ilereas on Serinffueiras. Infonti:^ nh - p,,! .1.
Barbosa Rodrigues, Director do Jardim r i, , > .1,.
Rio de Janeiro.— ConMbidions du Jard I i: /,

Rio de Janeiro, par son Directeur, J. h.a Lu. ,i iiudii
gues.— Pnim.'c Ilasslenanie Novie, encontradas no I'ara-
cjuay pelo Dr. Emilio Ilassler, de 1898-l.><ti9, determiua-
das c desenhadas por J. Barbosa Rodrigues, Rio de
Janeiro.— CoHtri&»(ion8 du Jardin Botanique de Rio de
.Janeiro, par J. Barbosa Rodrigues. Palma? Uruguay-
cnses Novie vel minus cognitce. 1st volume, No. 2.—
Boletin del Instituto Fisico-Geografiea de Cosia Rica, Xo. ,s,
La R. Sciiola Supcriore d'Agricullura di Porliei.—Tlie
Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, August. This
number is devoted to reports and to a list of tlie
Society's shows during the year.

A VISIT TO THE NORTH.— I \-.

{Continued from p. Mb.)

SOME GLASGOW NURSERIES.

1 HAD but oue day that could be devoted to
an inspection of a few nurseries around Glas-
gow. It was impossible to see them all, and
I therefore seh'cted three. Rather early in
the morning I took train for the Kennishead
Nurseries of —

Messrs. Smith & Slmons,
whose seed shop and offices are in West George
Street. Their nurseries adjoin Kennishead
Railway Station, and there are 18} acres of
land cropped with nursery stock. The busi-
ness appears to bo wholly retail, and all of the
stock has been raised on the place. The bulk
of it consists of forest^trees, and particularly
of species most called for in the Gla.sgow dis-
trict. These represented by largest quan-
tities -were Spruce, of which there -svere said
to be 200,000 young plants ; green-leaved
Hollies, 4,500 plants ; Yews, English and
Irish, some 20,000; oval-leaved Privet, com-
mon Laurels, and Limes, which succeed fairly
well in Glasgow, while Ash is only com-
paratively successful and Chestnuts are dying
in large numbers. In smaller quantities were
Silver Birches, 6 feet high ; Tree -Ivies in
pots, Aucuba japonica, shrubby Spirseas, aud
Rhododendrons, of which there were 100 named
varieties, and a lot of two-years-old seed-
lings, from seed ripened in England, &c.
The stocks of Conifers are not very large, but
the following sorts are represented among
others : — Pinus Cembra, P. Strobus, P. aus-
triaca, and P. maritima ; a few of the com-
moner species of Abies, Cupressus, Retino-
sporas, and 100 plants, 3 feet high, of the
Umbrella Pine.

At this and other nurseries I was told that
there is a very limited sale indeed in the

West of Scotland for trees and shrubs, except
those of the very commonest and hardiest
character ; and from observations of my own,
I think that gardeners in the district are too
timid in trying to extend the number of
species grown. One sees species getting to
a considerable size without injury in the
nurseries that are scarcely ever seen outside of
them ; and there is certainly room for a little
more enterprise on the part of gardeners and
their employers, even when allowance has
been made for the cold climate and rough
winds.

A collection of 100 varieties of Violas and
Pansies is grown, and there is a small glass-
house, in which Palms are raised from seeds,
and a few ornamental foliage plants cultivated^

Leaving this nursery, I walked through
Polloekshaws, and entrained for Cathcart,
where a walk of ten minutes brought me to-
the nursery of —

Messrs. Austin & McAslan,
where are 40 acres of land under nursery crops.
In this nursery al.so forest trees form the
bulk of the stock, and the breadths of seedling
Larches were looking very fine. The same
)nay be said of the Spruces, the Norway and
black American sorts being capital. There
was a large number of Norway Spruce 1 foot
high, and regarded as ready for sale for plant-
ing hillsides, it being a practice to use very
young "stuff" for bleak places in .Scotland.
Brake after brake was seen of the oval-leaved
Privet, and of Scotch Firs a foot high. Pop-
lars, Elms, Beech, Weeping Willows, Ivies in
pots. Rhododendron ponticum, and Rhododen-
dron hybrids ; also Aucubas, Lauiels, Conifers
of the hardier species and varieties, Primus
Pissardi, Hollies, Golden Elders, and many
other hardy trees and shrubs are cultivated in
large quantities at Cathcart.

A good collection of fruit trees is kept, in.
which are strongly represented those parti-
cular varieties that by long experience have
proved exceptionallj' well suited to withstand
the trying climate of Glasgow aud the surround-
ing district. Some of the Ajiples most often
enquired for include Lord Suilield, Ecklinville
Seedling, New llawthornden. Ringer, Lane's
Prince Albert, and more than any other,
Baillie, a local variety, also known as East
Lothian Seedling.

Most of the Apple-trees are worked on the
Paradise stock, and I saw a considerable
number of free-growing espalier or trained
trees, in addition to the bush, pyramid, and
standard trees. Amongst some of the orna-
mental Crabs was one known as Eva Rathke,.
with fruits as large as a Ribston Pippin Apple,
very red on one side. The tree has a weeping
habit, and it is difficult to "get it up."

Messrs. Austin & McAslan have a number of
glasshouses, filled with a very miscellaneou.'s
collection of plants. Amongst the Cordylines
(Dracaenas) was the little known variety
Eckhautei, in the way of rubra, but it has
longer, more recurving leaves, and was given
an Award of Merit by the Royal Horticultural
Society on October 11, 1898, when shown by
Messrs. Veitch of Chelsea. C. Sanderiana,
Phrynium variegatum, large plants of Pandanus
Veitchi, Gloxinias, Aralias, Codiseums, and
-\calypha hispida, were other .species I noticed.
The .seed shop and ofQces are at 89, Mitchei
Street, Gla.sgow, and the storage-room was
being put to a trial by the arrival of Dutch
bulbs — for all bulbs are purchased from
Holland, none from English or Irish growers I
The firm has a large bulb and seed trade, and
possesses good facilities for the handling oi
them. P.

(To be continued.)

November 2, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

327

Fig. 101.— \v.\n;i!-Lir.irs in Mit. i'i;iiciiAiii>s .MKsKiii, i:iiuir.iiHuucM.

MR. PRITCII.\RDS NURSERY,
CHRISTCllURCH.

In our account of the plants in this hardy-
ylant nursery, which appeared in the Gav-
■deners' Chronicle for September "21 of the
present year, mention was made of Mr.

I'ritcliard's method of cultivating Water-
l^ilies, and our illustration in the present
issue (Up. 101) afIor<ls an idea of the water-
tanks in which the plants arc grown. The
other view (fig. 102) shows a big Thistle,
Onopordum, and other subjects, arranged as are
all of the plants, grown in beds t ft. in width.

Pig. 102.— view in mr. pritciiahd's nurskrv, curistchurch.

THE LATE REV. H. EWBANK.
By the sudden death of the above-named
gentleman, chronicled in your last issue,
British horticulture has lost one of the
truest and most devoted of its patrons.
Only a few days previou-i y, ona of his
characteristic letters reached me, c nveying
not the slightest hint or sign of anything
amiss, and written in his ever clear expressive
way. As a specialist, however, Mr. Ewbank
possessed an experience quite unique, and his
zeal and enthusiasm found their ideal in the
fascinating forms of the Oncoeyclus Irises. Of
these plants, of their wants, their likes and dis-
likes, of the many and varied attemps to provide
them with what they most required ; of these
and kindred things he would never tire, and
he was never more liorticulturally happy than
when in converse with some one like-minded.
Xone more than he strove to find out the
exact kind of soil or position that would make
these plants more content in our English low-
land gardens, not merely that their picturesque
flowers may be more generally admired, but
in the endeavour to grow them year after
year into ever-increasing tufts, the like of
which the imagination has but pictured to the
present time. Still, it would appear that he
was on the very threshold of the realisation of
all this, and certainly the experiences of the
last year or two gave abundant room for hope ;
and after much thought, Mr. Ewbank em-
phatically declared in favour of lime for
these particular plants. In what percentage,
or in what particular form, or how applied,
were matters of detail. " 15ut," he would say,
" you may depend upon it, these Irises appre-
ciate lime." So fully convinced was he on
the point, that his chief regret was that ho
" had not arrived at those conclusions twenty
years sooner." And this Is where the chief
value of sMih devoted labour exists, viz., in the
steady, faithful work and experience of twenty
cir thirty years in one garden and locality.
Whether such conditions would bo generally
helpful in other localities or not, one
has no knowledge ; certainly, one has
nothing but admiration for such devoted
zeal in the hope of simplifying the
cultivation of a somewhat dillicult and
exacting group of plants. No labour or caro
was too great where these Irises wero con-
cerned, and the lesson such whole-hearted
devotion supplies should not be in vain. It is,
of course, but a unit in the general cultivation
of the group, but it is a unit of unmistakable
importance, as it concerns the vigour of these
particular plants.

Full to the brim as was the rectory garden
at Hyde, and the naturalised home of many a
choice plant, these Irises wero the plants
supreme in its late master's eye, and the
visitor must be callous indeed who could not
admire his admiration and devotion. And
yet ripe and full as was his knowledge,
there still remained a longing, a yearning
to gather more, and his appeal for "a hint
before you leave," is but characteristic of
the same.

To .some, perhaps, who, having hoard of Mr.
Kwbank's fame as a gardener, went to Rydo
to see a garden, there may have been disap-
pointment; but to those who knew and appre-
ciated choice plants when grown to perfection,
there was a garden well stocked, a kindly
welcome, and a masterly hand to guide and
furnish interesting details.

Of t he man, and his devotion to that higher
and nobler work in the Church to which ho
gave the greater part of a long life, tliere is
much in the edifice near by to bear witness of
that loyalty and faithfulness that remainetU
even unto the end. E. 11. J.

328

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 2, 1901.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

DOUBLE-FLOWERED PEACHES FRUITING. —

1 have noticed the paragraph on p. 202. In
the neighbourhood of Melbourne, Victoria,
these Peaches bear fruit every year ; perhaps
the white-flowered variety is the most proliflc.
The fruit is very small, and as described,
greenish-yellow. Some use them for cooking
(and occasionally may eat a few), but the
flavour being so inferior to that of the recog-
nised market varieties, they are often allowed
to decay, or are eaten by birds. During the last
few years a type of double-flowering Peach
with a weeping habit is becoming popular.
They look well when budded, say 8 feet from
the ground, on seedlings of the more erect-
growing varieties. In the weeping type, which
includes several varieties, the flowers are not
quite so double. The stones of all the double-
flowering varieties when planted will germi-
nate freely, and invariably produce double
flowers again. Thos. W. Pockett, Hatherleij
Road, Cheltenliam (o/ Aiistnilia).

CAMPANULA RAPUNCULOIDES. — I am very
Borry to see Mr. Mott recommending this
plant (p. 287). In my garden it is a perfect
pest, spreading over an immense space from
its Dahlia-like roots, and almost impossible of
eradication. It seeds also very freely, and
the seed appears to be blown or to be carried
to great distances. No Thistle, Dock, or
■Winter Heliotrope is a worse or more destruc-
tive weed, and it I had my way no nurseryman
should be allowed to sell it. On remonstrating
with one of our leading tradesmen against it
■being quoted in his catalogue, he told me he
had a demand for it for killing grass ! R.

PHYSALIS EDULIS OUT-OF-DOORS.— This phi nt
can be grown and fruited out-doors through
the summer in the warmer parts of the country.
They do very well here (Devonshire), and make
large bushes. I sow the seed in the month of
February, and when the plants are large
enough pot them in small pots, and shift into
larger ones when more root space is wanted.
Being plants that make strong growth they are
ready for planting out the third week in May.
It is better to plant against garden walls, but
1 have had them on wire fences, and the plants
grow just as well as against a wall, but the
fruit is not so early in ripening. The shoots
require to be thinned, although the plant fruits
well when allowed to grow at will. At the
present time the bushes are covered with
fruit. F. [Our correspondent sent some nice-
looking fruits, with the calyx quite brown
and dry, but the fruits were very acid. Kd.]

USEFUL ROSES. — Your Correspondent,
"A. L. G.," is surprised that I omitted the
four Roses he mentions — good and well-known
varieties ; he also calls attention to another
good Rose, Madame Gabrielle Luizet, and
refers to Rose Pierre Notting as one probably
not now seen often in good condition in private
gardens. To describe 'Wm. Lambard as pale
yellow in colour is obviously a slip of the pen
on my part, the colour of that useful variety
being generally well known. To give a long list
of names of Roses in a calendar of operations
■would look very much like having copied them
from a catalogue ; even then, unless Roses are
cultivated by some persons as a hobby, it is
impossible for the ordinary gardener of a
private establislnnent to set apart the neces-
sary space for growing the numerous new
seedlings or sports sent out yearly. The
attributes of new Roses can only be tested
by growing them with varieties of proved
merit. Even so, many of the vaunted new
varieties are discarded after a few years'
trials, the result being the survival of the
fittest. For the benefit of "A. L. G.," and
other young gardeners, 1 append a list of the
best varieties of Roses that I have grown :—
Hybrid Peritetiials : A. R. Williams, Camillc
Bernardin, Albert Lea, Blotais, useful as a
pillar Rose ; Beauty of Waltham, the Chas.
Verdier family, Alfred Colomb, Abel Carriore,
Captain Hayward, Caroline d'Arden, Comtesse

Bertrand de Blacas, Charles Lamb, Comtc
de Raimbaud, Duke of Albany, Duchess of
Bedford, Louis van Houtte— the last three
are very good. E. Y. Teas, fine shape;
Eclair, Earl Dufferin, and Lady H. Stewart
are also good dark varieties ; Gloria de
Margottin, fine colour, good for pillar work ;
Fran(,'ois Michelon, Ella Gordon, one of Mr.
■Wm. Paul's, fine for autumn ; Bruce Findlay,
brilliant in colour ; Mme. Bois, Mme. Clemence
Joigneaux, Lady ShefiSeld, described as vigor-
ous, but that is hardly accurate — it is, how-
ever, a lovely Rose in form and colour, but
not one that I should plant in quantity ;
Horace Vernet, "Victor Hugo, splendid colour
and perfume ; "Violette Bouyer, light, extra.
Climbing Roses : Reine Olga de 'W'urtemburg,
Monsieur Desir, Madame Berard, Kaiserin
Frederick, the blooms change to a lovely
colour when past their best ; Germaine
Trochou, Souvenir de Madame Joseph
Jletral, with several others already noted.
Teas : Beaute Inconstante, Anna Olivier,
very fine ; Comtesse Riza du Pare, Enchan-
tress, this is very fine, clean in growth,
vigorous, flowering late ; Bridesmaid ; Luciole,
variable in colour; Madame Guinoisseau,
good yellow, clean, and free; Grande Duchesse
Anastasie, very pretty; Mrs. James Wilson,
vigorous and free, sometimes subject to
mildew; Souvenir do Catherine Guillot, and
Souvenir de Gabrielle Drevet ; 'White Mamau
Cochet, lemon-white in colour, very promising.
Hybrid Teas: Augustine Guinoisseau; Mrs.
Grant, Aurora, extra and sweet ; Gruss aus
Teplitz, good colour, likely to be useful for
massing ; Liberty, promises well but appears
weak, probably from over propagation ; and
Souvenir de Madame Ernest Chauvin. While
some good blooms of Roses are always accept-
able for general purposes, it is better to grow
varieties that will flower in quantity, are of
good constitution, and possess decided colours,
and while they may not possess the rich
colours and fragrance of the H.P.'s, the
hybrid Teas and Teas are most useful in these
respects. Some of the dark-coloured H.P.'s
are quickly affected by hot sunshine, causing
them to scald, particularly during showery
weather, and in order to preserve the beauty
of the flowers some slight shade is necessary
at those times. The tints of some of the
lighter-coloured Roses quickly fade in the
sunshine. I have used for the purpose Japanese
parasols, mounted on small iron rods of dif-
ferent heights ; but with some visitors the
gay appearance of these will attract almost as
much attention as the Roses. T. H. Slade.

IPOMCEA AUREA, OR ROSA DE SINALOA. — I
have just received from Herr H. Henkel, of
Darmstadt, a growing plant of this apparently
new, beautiful, and most interesting tuberous-
rooted perennial Mexican trailer, of which I
can find no mention in any of my dictionaries
or books of reference, nor in the great Index
Keicensis. It has an extremely slight wire-
like stem, resembling that of the tuberous-
rooted Tropaiolums, and leaves resembling
those of one of the small Passifloras. It is
described as a quick-growing climber, bearing
large flowers of a soft yellow. I shall be glad
if any of your readers who know this plant in
its native eounti'y will tell us something more
about it. W. E. G.

SEED AND NURSERY TRADING SPREAD OVER
THREE CENTURIES IN ONE FAMILY.— In reply tO

"Ancient" in your issue of October 12, I
think I can claim seniority. Through a good
portion of the eighteenth, all through the
nineteenth centuries, and the start of the
twentieth, my family has been engaged in the
nursery business. My grandfather, the founder
of the business, was born in or about the same
year as King George III., 173S or 1740. When
this Richard Hartland reached manhood, he
went to Kew Gardens as one of the staff, got
noticed by the then Marquis of Bute, and
James Earl of Kingston of Mitchelstown
Castle, in this county, both of whom en-
couraged him to go to Ireland. He went and
got special apartments in the Castle, his first
work being the laying out of theentii-e grounds

from the beginning. It is but a few years-
since I had a letter from the present Countess,
in which she says that my grandfather must
have been a true artist at his work, from the
manner in which he grouped his trees for
autumnal effect. He was at this period about-
twenty-five or thirty years old (he married in
1779 a Christina Baylor, of Fermoy). At all
events he "came to stay," starting three=
nurseries, the one on the Kingston estate, and
he rented two other establishments. His
patrons were the Aldworths of Newmarket,,
in this county (Cork) ; and the Gascoynes of
Castle Oliver in Ireland, and Yorkshire in.
England. He finally settled down at a fourth
place, Bellevue, Mallow, where he died inL
1821, leaving the business to my father, his
third son (Wm. Baylor Hartland) ; and where-
I, Wm. Baylor Hartland the second, was born
in 1836. My eldest son, a William also, is now
twenty-two years of age, and is with me at the^
same calling, and represents the fourth genera-
tion. My memory carries me back to the
difficulties at that time to get skilled labour,,
to line out young seedlings. Larch particularly,,
and how my father used to got some of his.
tree-seeds gathered locally by children, and
brought for miles in sacks to the place. His.
great trouble was to get the Pine-cones to
shed. I well remember their being sent
to a neighbour's mill-kiln and spread out; thfr
residue he would have in sacks suspended to
the rafters of a boiler-house, where burned a.
huge turf fire. More tree-seeds came from
Scotland, specially from Peter Lawson & Sons
of Edinburgh. The seed-drawers then were-
primitive, real curiosities, bearing such
names for Peas as Early Charlton, Early
Warwick, Blue Prussian, Double Blossom^
France, Bishop's Long Pod, and, I think.
Champion of England as a wrinkled Marrow.
There was one Parsnip, Hollow Crown, and threes
Carrots. The flower-seeds were Sweet Pea,
Mignonette, Yellow Lupin, CoUinsia bicolor.
Nasturtiums, Nemophila insignis, and eight or
ten others. Hay - seeds were White York
Meadow Grass; Italian and perennial Rye-
grasses were scarcely sown ; Mangels and of
Swede -Turnips only very few, and those-
limited to experiments on gentlemen's estates.
The garden seeds chiefly came from the old
firm of Minier, Nash & Nash, at 60, Strand,
Loudon, next door to Coutts' Bank; and
owing to adverse winds, the sailing vessels,
conveying them would be three or four weeks
at sea. I have lived all through Her late
Majesty's long reign, and seen all the changes,
in agricultural matters from the timber
plough, the reaping with a sickle or hook, to
the great facilities of the present day, in both
the sowing and harvesting. We had no Potato
blight until 1840, the haulms keeping greei\
until cut down naturally by frost. I hope I
have proved to have a strong claim to seniority
in a calling to which I am proud to belong.
Wm. Baylor Hartland, Seedsman to Her late
Majesty Queen Victoria, Ware House, Patrick
Street, Cork.

THE "BACK-BULBS" OF ORCHIDS. — I have
read with interest Mr. O'Brien's article in the
Gardeners' Chronicle on the "Back-bulbs of
Orchids." I may say that 1 have had a rather
lengthy experience of the practice he recom-
mends, more particularly those of Lrelio-Cat-
tleyas, and to which I will confine my remarks.
Many of our leading cultivators of Orchids
remove the back pseudo-bulbs of rare and
choice species, but there is doubtless a certain
amount of risk in so doing ; and I have known
of plants being spoiled thereby. Some five
years ago a plant was taken before the Royal
Horticultural Society's Orchid Committee at
the Drill Hall, Westminster, and it received a
Certificate, being an unique specimen. Two days,
after having being shown there it was divided,
and in less than two months both portions were
dead. There always exists a desire to possess,
a duplicate of any rare or choice plants, Imfe
my advice is, let the back pseudo-bulbs remain
if there is any risk whatever in dividing the
plant. My experience differs somewhat t'l-om
that of Mr. O'Brien. When 1 am going to
divide a choice plant, I carefully csamLne the

November 2, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

329

back-bulbs ia order to discover dormant eyes,
if there are any. ^nd if I find none, I never
attempt to divide that plant, believing that if
the ejes of a LfelioCattleya are non-existent,
nothing short of a miracle will cause them to
grow. If satisfied myself that dormant eyes are
present, I divide the plant with a sharp knife,
and if I can take a leafy bulb with the back por-
tion, so much the better. In potting (whether
in pot or pan), I fill up to within 1 inch of the
rim with clean crocks, and secure the plant to
a stake firmly bedded in the crocks, and fill
the pot with sound fresh sphagnum-moss,
firmly pressed down. The pot is then immersed
in tepid water, and subsequently placed at the
warmest part of the Cattleya-house, and never
allowed to become dry until growth appears.
I canncit understand how Mr. O'Brien's method
of withholding water until growth appears can
possibly succeed. I have had many successes
while following the methods named above, and
also some failures. Roherl .Johnson, Stand Hall
Gardens, Wltitefield, Mandtestcr.

RAIN AND ARTIFICIAL WATERING OF PLANTS.
— With reference to a note in this journal on
p. 280, of Mr. F. T. Mott, I beg to say my
experiments were limited to two species of
plants, viz., Ricinus communis and Lycopersi-
cum csculentum, the t'aster-oil plant and the
Tomato. A specimen of each was always
covered in such a way (before rain fell) that
not a drop could reach the plant. Artificial
watering always took pla<-e by means of a very
large spray, but with very small openings, so
that the water could not fall otherwise than
in drops. The other specimen received, every
time rain fell, the largest possible amount, as
the plant was cultivated in a very expose<l
spot of the garden. Hoth specimens grew
vigorously, and not the slightest diflercneo
could be observed. They flowered and fruited,
and ripe fruits were gathered. From the
Ricinus the first ripe fruit was picked of! on
Sept. 28, from the Tomato on Sept. 22; both
specimens showed ripe fruits on the same day.
M. Ihiijuman.

DENOROBIUM NOBILE.— Dn the occasion of a
visit that I paid to the gardens of T. Taylor,
lOsq., Margery Hall, near Reigatc, I noticed a
number of aged plants of Uendrobium nobile
just coming into profuse flower. On enquiry
of the gardener, Mr. Seaman, he gave mc in-
formation in regard to his method of getting
U. nobile to flower at this seiison. The plants
were grown in the ordinary manner, after
flowering last February, till about the middle
of the month of .July, at which time the young
growths were nearly made up. They were then
placed in a cool-house for a few days to harden,
and at the end of that month they were placed
out-of-doors in the full sun without any pro-
tection whatever, where they remained till
the end of the month of September. The
flower-buds got very forward, and the plants,
on being brought under glass, the former
began to develop, and on October 22 a good
many of them had expanded, and the plants
promistul to be a mass of flower in about ten
<lays later. The young growths are not injured
liy this out-of-doors treatment; in fact, the
pseudo-bulbs are hard and well developed. I
have often observed a few odd flowers at this
.season, especially on plants newly-imported,
but never before have I seen I), nobile flower-
ing as profusely in October as in the spring.
Mr. Seaman will probably take these plants to
one of the November meetings of the Royal
Horticultural Society. I also noted several
finer plants of the Australian species, D. spe-
ciosuiu var. Hilli, pushing up their flower-
buds. This plant grows freely under Mr.
Seaman's management, the same kind of treat-
ment being afTorded after growth is finished
as that found to answer with I), nobile, and
the results are equally good every year, and
the growth strong. U'. P. Donnd, Gatton.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

IIAMAMEI.IS VintilNIANA, WlTCK - HAy.KL.—Meehaiu)'
Monthly, October 1.

SOCIETIES.

EOYAL HORTICULTUBAL.

OcTOiiKR L'ii.— There was a very nice show ou the
occasion of the fortnightly meeting of the Committees
on Tuesday last, at the Drill Hall, Westminster. In
many districts frost has cut down most of the hardy
flowers, and there were very few exhibited ; but in place
of them were rich displays of CluTsanthcmums from
most of the ti'ade gi-owers, including a particularly ef-
fective group from Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Earlswood,
SuiTey. Seven of the eight awards recommended by
the Floral Committee were for Chrysanthemums, and
four of these were gained by Mr. Godfrey, of Exmoutli .
The remaining award was to a most promising sport
from the ever popular Begonia, Gloirc de Lorraine,
shown by the executors of the la'.e Thomas Rochford,
Broxbourne.

The Orchid Committee recommended awards includ-
ing three First-class Certificates and four Awards of
Merit.

Before the Fruit and Vegetable Committee there
were shown excellent collections of fruit and vege-
tables. From ROOEU Lekjh, Esq. (gr.,Mr. Geo. Wood-
ward); the Earl of Carxarvos (gr., Mr. W. Pope); and
Messrs. 11. Casnell & Sons. Mr. Roger Leiuh's
skilful fruit-grower, Mr. Geo. Woodwad, was unani-
mously awarded the Society's Gold Medal for a collec-
tion of .\pples and Pears of wonderful quality. A First-
class Certificate was recommended to Grape Rcinc
Olga, a variety specially useful for cultivation out-of-
doors. In the afternoon a lecture was delivered l)y
Professor GEORfiK Uenslow.

There was insufficient light during the greater part
of the day to distinguish the colours perfectly.

Floral Committee.

Prceod: W. Marshall, Esq., Chairman; and Messrs.
C. T. Di-uery, 11. 11. May, Jas. Walker, R. Dean, (J.
Rcuthc, Jas. Hudson, J. F. McLcod, Jno. Jennings,
Charles Jcifrics, C. R. Fielder, Chas. Dixon, \V. P.
Thomson, Clias. E. Pearson, Herbert J. Cutbusli, George
Gordon, Chas. E. Shea, J. Frascr, J. \V. Barr, R. C.
Notcutt, <:. H. Jenkins, \V. J. James, George Nicholson,
Ed. Mawley, Geo. Paul, and E. T. Cook.

.\ group of miscellaneous plants, of which Ihc
principal feature was some plants of Celosia, was
shown by Pi'RNKLL Purnell, Esq., Woodlands,
Htrealhan), S.W. The groundwork was of Ferns, and
towards the face of the group were well Oowered plants
of Primula ob<-onica (Silver Flora Medal).

Messrs. W. Paul & So.\, W.tltliam Cross Nurseries,
Herts, exhibited a group of their new Tea Rose Coral-
lina. The plants were in pots, but had been cultivated
out-of-doors, and there were vases of blooms also. The
Rose is remarkable for its rich colouring, and is so free
and continuous in blooming, it would make a good
variety for massing in beds.

Messrs. T. S. Ware A Co., Fcltham, Middlesex,
exhibited cut flowers of a few late blooming perennial
Asters, and a collection of varieties of Nerinc in pots.
The well known FothcrgiUi major, Prince of Orange,
Planti, Ac, were included; and several new ones, as
Nellie, silvcryrcd in colour, with a deeper coloured
lino through Uie centre of the petals.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road, Chelsea, exhibited a group of plants of
the winter-Dowering hybrid Begonia Mrs. Heal, ligurcd
in the GfirdrHCM' CTironfcte, and many times described
in these pages. The colour of the flowers is rosy-
crimson, with just a shade of purple, and they aie very
persistent. An excellent winter-flowering plant.

The Executors of the late Mr. Thomas Rociii-x)RD,
Turnford Hall Nurseiics, Broxbourne, Herts, exhibited
a considerable group of plants of a Begonia railed
Turnford Hall. It is a sport from Gloire do Lorraine,
with larger (lowci-s than the type, and much lighter
in colour tlian those of Mrs. Leopold de Rothschild.
Indeed, it is almost while, and apparently has a veiy
much stronger constitution than the variety Caledonia
(Silver Banksian Medal).

A group of the Begonia Mis. Leopold de Rothschild,
a sport from (iloire de Lorraine, was shown by Messrs.
Pekd a Sons, Roupell Park Nurseries, West Norwood.
London, S.E. The variety has larger and rather paler
coloured (lowers than the type.

Mr. Robert Green, Ltd., 28, Crawford Street,
London, W, exhibited a very laigc group of Codiieums.
Most of them were small plants, suitable for table
adornment, and were well giown, and highly coloured.
Several new varieties were included in the group, such
as Bobs, with rather short, moderately wide leaves of
good colour (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr, John Russell, Richmond Nurseries, Surrey,
showed a group of .\ucubas. Tliere were fine plants of
A. macrophylla variegata, A, japouiea, A. j. latimacu-
lata mas, A, j. vera, A. j. bicolor, &c. In fruit were A.
japonica longifolia, and A. j. vera. Tliese were very
abundantly berried, and would make fine dei'orative
plants (Bronze Flora Medal).

Messrs. Barr & Sons, King Street, Coveut Garden,
London, W.C , exhibited a collection of hardy flowers—
KniphofiaTriumph,a fine new one of the yellow-flowered
section ; also K. Cor.allina superba (deep colour), and
others. .\Iso varieties of Perennial .\sters, Scluzoslylis
eoccinea, Montbretias, &c. In pots was Crocus astu-
ricus atropui-pureus, a little purple autumn-flowering
variety. Tliis group, being less densely packed than
usual, was correspondingly more effective.

M. DRAPS, Dom Laeken, Bruxelles, showed nine "arge
plants of Cordyline Desmetiana, a variety with large,
wide, ^almost erect leaves, of green and red colour.
The youngest leaves were wholly red (Silver Banksian
Medal).

Messrs. John Waterer & Sons, Ltd., the Amei icau
Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey, exhibited a group of
hcaltliy, synunetrically-shapcd plants of Ilex, J mi-
perus, Retinosporas, Taxus, Auculias, .\bies, Tlinia<,
Andromeda japonica variegata, Skimraia japonica in
bloom, a vei-y fine dense bush; .and S. Fortunei,
loaded with its fruits. Among Retinosporas, tlicr;
were R. filifcra, with distinctly marked variegation;
R. pisifera aurea, R. plumosa aurea, and R. ol):u>a
nana aurea, with distinct and profuse variegation.
Among Junipcrus, mention maybe made of Japonica
aurea, the whole plant having a golden hue; among
.Vbies there were .V. puugens glauca, and A. Menzicsii,
the Californian Hemlock Spruce, .\moug Cuprcssus
we noted C. Lawsoniana gracilis, a variety whoso
shoots are pendulous at the tips, giving tlic tree a
graceful appearance ; C. L. aurea, a very dense vaiie-
gation ; also C. L. versicolor. Thuia gigantea zclniiia,
with foliage yellow lipped, is a striking variety iSilvcr-
gilt Banksian Medal).

Chrysanthemums.

Messrs. W. WELLS & Co., Ltd., Earlswood, Kcdliill,
made a very imposing exhibit of Chrysantliemunis,
including plants in pots and cut blooms. Ono of the
varieties shown is described under ".\wards," but
there was a large number of novelties displayed, many
of which are of a most promising nature. Tliis was tlic
most showy group in the hall, and it is a pity tliat llic
IniUding was so dimly lighted. Calvat's Sun is a naiue
given to an enormous yellow Japanese flower that may
1)0 very valuable; the blooms shown were not fully
expanded. T. Humphries, crimson, with bronze reverse,
is a very fine colour; Phyllis has exceptionally broad,
reddish-crimson florets, with bright bulT reverse, most
distinct ; Mrs. Alex. McKlnley is a large yellow Japanese,
with streaks otred; Ben Wells is a mammoth Japanese
of white or greenish-white colour, florets of wonderful
length (Silver-gill Flora Medal).

Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmoutli, Devon, made a very
lai-ge display of Chrysanthemums, most ot which were
seedlings raised at Exmoutli (see Awards) (Silvci'-
gllt Banksian Medal).

Bush plants of Chrysanthemums were finely shown
by Mr. K. Drost, Richmond : excellent market plants,
a or 1 feet high, with a dozen or more blooms upon a
plant— from the terminal buds, of course, with tlic
side-buds removed. The varieties were Mine. GusLive
Henri, Bouquet Fait, Ryecrofl Scarlet, and Solcil
d'Octobre (Bronze Banksian Medal).

Miss Eastehbrook, Fawkliain, Kent, showed a I ni-kct
furnished with large flowers of ClirysanthcmuiDS, and
another basket of autumn leaves and berries (Silver
Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Chelsea, exhibited
a large and imposing group of Clirysanthemiims, iu
pots. All of them were exhibition varieties, and some
were well shown, carrying very lino liloonis. Soleil
d'Octobre was the best, and indeed all the cai-lier-
flowering varieties succeed test in a congested district
like Chelsea. Other good blooms were Gcneial French,
Edith Pilkington, Mrs. Grccnneld, Reginald Godfrey,
&c. The varieties were very numerous, and all of them
good and up-to-date (Silver Flora Medal).

A nice group of single flowcied Chiysanlhemums
was shown by Q. Ferhuson, Esq., The Hollies, Wcy-
bridge (gr., Mr. F. W. Smith); there were somelhing
like twenty good varieties, and ilie blooms were
arranged thinly In vases.

There were also Chrysanthemums from Mr. II.
Weeks, Thrumpton Hall Gardens, Derliy; Mr IVrkins,
"r. to W. H. Smith, Esq.. Gieonlands, lleiilcy-oii-
■J'hamcs ; and Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 2, 1901.

Awards of Mekit.

Begonia Tarnjord Hall. — A sport from the variety
Gloire do Linraiiic. with larger flowers tlian tliose o£
the type, and nearly white in colour. Of very robust
habit, and an excellent garden flower. From the
Executors of the late Thomas'Rochi-ord, Turnford Hall
Nurseries.

Chriisanihcmuin The Kinu.—Vvinw Mr. W. J. Godfrey,
(Seep. 3-31, col. 3.)

Chrijsaitthemum Sematioii{.Goi>viai\).—StiC-s>. 298, col. 2.

Chnjsanthemimt Exmotith Cninson (Godfrey). — See
p. 314, col. 2.

Chrysanihrmnm Jiessie Godfrey (Godfrey).— Sec p. 314,
C 1. 2.

Ckrysanlhcmum Bronze Soleil d'Oclobre.—A very pretty
sport from this well known variety. A nice group of
plants of the novelty was shown by Messrs. G. Phil kfti
& Sons, Floral Nur.scry, S. Tottenham. In .iddiliun to
the Award of Merit, a Bronze Flora Medal was awarded
the group.

Vhrysanihemum Madame Herrewege.—Aapovi fi-om Aus-
tralie. Colour cream with greenish shade. Very fine
blooms, and plants bearing blooms, were shown by
Messrs. W. WEr,L.s & Co., Ltd., Earlswood, Redhill.

Chn/santheinuiii Miss May Willinniy. A Pompon variety
of pale violet colour, or flesh perhaps in a better light.
From Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanlcy.

Orcliid Committee.

Present : Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in the Chair; and
Messr.^. J. O'Brieu (Hon. .Sec). II. Little, J. \V. Potter,
J. W. Odell, W. H. Young, F. J. Thorne, H. .1. Chapman,
H. A. T]-acy, E. Hill, J. Douglas, H. Ballantinc, If. M.
Pollett, R. Brooman-White, and \V. A. Bilney.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Clielsea, staged a. very
interesting group, comprising a selection of their late
autumn and winter-flowering hybrids, and for which a
Silver Flora Medal was awarded. The central plant
was a very fine variety of Lsclio-Cattleya x Dominiana
Langleyensis (L. purpurata Brysiana x C. aurca), of a
dark colour ; around which were three of the pretty
L. Perrini crosses, viz., L. x Stalteriana (C. labiata x
L. Perrini), L. x SemiramLs (L. Perrini x C.
Gaskelliana), L. x Decia (C. aurea x L. Perrini).
two varieties of each ; also plauls of the showy Cattleya
X Portia (Bowringiaua x labiata), Cattleya x Fabia
(labiala x aurea), Lrelia Mrs. M. Gratrix (L. Digbyanax
LI cinnabarina). and others, among which were three
fine jiovellies (see list of Awards).

C. H. Feilino, Esq.. Southgate House, Southgate
;gr., Mr. Stocking), staged an extensive and effective
^roup, the main feature in which, was the finely-grown
and profusely- flowered varieties of Cattleya labiata.
With them were a good general selection of the Orchids
of the season, including many hybrid Cypripediums,
C. X Morgania!, and C. insigne Chautini, and hybrids
of C. Insigne being especially good; also a fine spe-
cimen of Miltonia Candida, !),nother of M. spcctabilis
Morellana, varieties of Lcclia pumila, Odontoglossum
crispum, Oucidium tigrinum, and its .illy, O. unguicu-
latum; Odontoglossum maculatum, ic. (Silver Flora
Medal).

J. Bhadshaw, Esq., The Grange, .Southgate (gr.Mr.
Whitelcgge), secured a Silver Flora Medal for a fine
selection of Cattleya labiata, of both white and coloured
varieties, two of which wore given Awards of Merit ;
plants of Cattleya x Mantini, and the improvement on
it; C.xJohn Baguley (HardyanaxBowringiana), Lselio-
Cattleya x Exoniensis, Cypripedium insigne Sandera;,
Cattleya aurea. C. Harrisoniaua alba, and spikes of a
finely coloured Cymbidium giganteum.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wyl.am, North-
umberland (gr., Mr. Wm. Murray.), showed Cypripedium
X Lawrebel, "Oakwood variety" (Lawrenceanum Hye-
anum 6 bellatuUim ? ), a fine flower, with white ground
colour, densely spotted with purple.

Col. Bkymer, M.P., Ilsington House, Puddletown,
Dorchester (gr., Mr. Powell), showed a flower of L:elio-
Cattleya x Powelli (L.-C. x SehillcrianaWolstenholmias
X C. Mendeli), a pretty flower, with pale lilac sepals
and petals, .and rather showy labellum, the front of
which was crimsou-rose, the disc bright yellow.

H. L. BISCHOFFHEIM, Esq.The Warren House, Stnn-
more (gr., Mr. Gleeson), showed a flower of a very
handsome and richly-coloured Cattleya labiata. The
sepals and petals were warm rose-purple, the lip almost
entirely of a rich purplish ruby-crimson colour.

Prau Ida Brandt, Zurich (gr., Mr. Schlich). scut cut
llowcrs of Epidendrum, &c.

Awards.

First-class Certificate.

Callleya ]l'a rseewicHi, " Wigan's variety," from Sir

Frederick Wkian, Bart., Clare. Lawn, East Sheen (gr..

Mr. W. H. Young).— A charmiiig silvery-white llower.

The front of the lip was beautifully marked with light
purplish-rose, around wliich was abroad white margin,
and the disc of the lip was also white, the yellow
colour seen on each side in the ordinary form being
suppressed.

Lulia A OKi'ta (crispa x xantliiua), from Sir Frede-
rick WiCAN, Bart, (gr., Mr. W. H. Young).— The. in-
florescence shown bore four flowers of good size, the
sepals and petals of a clear orange-yellow, and the lip
light cherry-red, with the yellow ground-colour
showing through in the centre a,nd base.

CnttleyaxBrowniie, " Veiteh's variety" (Harrisonianax
Bowringiaua), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons.
Chelsea.— One of the surprises of Orchid hybridisation,
for no one would expect to get a flower equal in size to
C ttleya Schrodcrcc, and with much of its thick texture,
i . uiu crossing two comparatively small-llowered species.
The large flowers suggest a new thought in regard to
Orchid hybridisation, viz., whether in this case the
vital force necessary to produce the many-flowered
inflorescence of C. Bowringiaua was not to a certain
extent expended on producing the few flowers entailed,
by the cross with C. Harrisoniana, and large flowers
resulted ? The sepals and petals are broad, the petals
abnorm,ally so, and of that pretty Peach-blossom tint
seen in good C. Schroderse ; the lip is large, and openly
displayed, the centre of rich orange colour, in front of
which is a band of crimson-purple.

Award of Merit.

Cattleya labiata " a. a. Whitelegge," from J. Bradshaw,
Esq., The Grange, Southgate (gr.. Mr. Whltelegge).— A
beautiful variety of the G. 1. Cooksonire. .and C. 1. Gil-
mouria' class, but with less purple on the lip. Flower
of fine form, pure white, with a wcdge-sViapcd blotch in
the centre of the lip, and a chrome-yellow tinge on llie
disc.

Cattleya labiata glauca, from J. Bradshaw. Esi|..
Southgate (gr., Mr. Whltelegge).— A bold flower re-
markable for its peculiar bluish tint. Sepals and
petals lavender coloured ; front of the lip purplish slate-
blue.

r,;rlin-Caltleya X OpMr (L. xantliiua x C. Dowiana
aurea), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea.- A
singular and distinct hybrid which will greatly improve,
as it was scarcely ready to show. Sepals and petals
green ish-yeUow; lip tawny-purple, with the yellow
shade showing through the surface colour.

Cattleya xBactia (Bowringianaxguttata), from Messrs.
Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea.— In this the form of C.
guttata is closely adhered to, but the colour imparted
by Bowringiana. Sepals and petals purple; front ol
the lip crimson-purple.

' Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present : G. Biinyrird, Esq., in Ihc Cliair; and Messrs.
H. liaklorsou, Li. Woodward, W. Bates, S. Mortimer,
A. Dean, W. Pope, W. Fyfe, M. Gleeson, G. Keif, F. Q.
Lane, J. Jaques, J. Smith, J. Willard. G. Wythcs,
G. Norman, H. S. Rivers, E. Shaw Blaker. G. T. Miles.
W. Wilks, and C. Herrin.

A remarkable collection of Apples and Pears was ex-
hibited by Mr. Goo. Woodward, gr. to Roiikr Leihii,
Esq., Barham Court Estate, Maidstone.

There were one hundred and twenty dishes, .and the
size and ({uality of the Apples especially, was extra-
ordinary. All of them were good, but those following
were particularly so ;— Tyler's Kernel, Newton Wonder,
Lord Derby, Mother, Scarlet Pearniain, Waltham Abbey
Seedling, Altriston, Belle de Pontoise, Golden Noble,
Washiugton, Peasgood's Nonsuch, King of Tomkins
County, Wealthy, Alexander, Mere de Menage, Cox's
Orange Pippin, AUington Pippin, Bismarck. Mabbofs
Pearmain, and Adams' Pearmain. The best of the
Pears were : Bourrd Dumont, Gansel's Bergamot, Emily
d'lleyst, Pitmaslou Duchess, Doyenne du Comice,
Doyenne Boussoch, Benrre Alex. Lucas, a splendid-
looking Pear), Duchesse d'Angouleme, Jean van Geert,

Passe Crassane, and Beurre Bachclier (Gold Medal).
Strawberry St. Joseph was shown by Sir D. L.

Broughton, Barl., Doddington Gardens, N.antwich

(gr., Mr. W. Wingfield), who contributed a few lale

fruits.
Cliiswick Peach Tomato was well shown by Percy

TULLOCK, Esq., Brighton. It is a variety possessing

unusually good flavour (Vote of Thanks).
Fruits of a Raspberry, without name, were shown by

R. C. Foster, Esq., The Grange, Sutton, Surrey (gr.,

Mr. W. Simpson), wlio has gathered 14 lbs. of fruit

during the last ten days. Tlie variety was tliought by

some to be that of Belle de Fonteuay.
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Royal E.xotic Nurseries,

Chelsea, exhibited four varieties of the Quince, in-

cluding the Portugal, Bourgeaut,Van Diemau's, and the
Pear-shaped variety. The Bourgeiiut (a novelty) is the
handsomest and most distinct.

Pear Grey Friar is a variety exhibited by Messrs.
Cross & Son, AVisbech, who stated that it is the one
most grown in that district. The fruits were of rather
good appoiarance, .iuicy, very sweet, and of moderate
flavour. The fruits ripen in October, and the variety
is descriljed as a very free cropper (Vote of Thanks).

The Date Plum, Diospyros Kakl, was shown by Lord
iLCHESTEit. It.:. and House, Kensington (Mr. Dixon,
gi'.). Tlie fruits, which had been grown out-of-doors
at Kensington, were not quite ripe, but were fair in
size (Vote of Thanks).

From Captain Carstairs, Welford Park, Newbury
(gr., Mr. C. Ross), were shown two seedling Apples,
Cropwell and Honblon, both being of good appearance,
but no award was granted them.

Gros Maroc Grape was shown well by H. Sturgis,
Esq.. Givons Grove, Leatherhead (gr., Mr. Peters).
There has been some discussion alleging the existence
of two varieties of this Grape, one with round the
other with oval berries. Indeed, this was the reason
for the Grapes being shown, as both descriptions of
berry were to be seen on one bunch (Vote of Thanks).

A fine collection of dried Plums was shown by Mr.
JAS. Udale. Superintendent of the County Experi-
mental Garden, Droitwich ; there were bright-looking
specimens of some eighteen to twenty varieties; also
samples in glass bottles of Apple-marmalade and jelly,
and Pear-jelly ; these had been made from waste pro-
ducts, namely, the peel and cores. There were .also
dried Apples, whole, and in rings, and various sorts of
vegetables. ■ Information was given as to the loss of
weight during evaporation, also upon the temperature
necessary and the duration of the operation. We
would refer any reader requiring information upon
this subject to an article published in the Oardenen'
chroniele, on Sept. 21, p. 217. Mr. Udat.e was given a
Silver Knightian Medal.

Messrs. H. Cannell <t Sons, Swanley, Kent, showed
a magnificent collection of vegetables, for which a
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal was awarded. The cultiva-
tion was excellent as witnessed by the weight of some
of the roots, and the quality of the. \utumn Giant Cauli-
flowers and Improved Defiance Cabbage; Ailsa Craig,
Cranston's Excelsior, and Cocoa-nut Onions, were very
lieavy. There were very fine Carrots, Leeks, Parsnips,
Up-to-D.ale Potatos, Beet (rather long). Turnips, Mar-
rows, and Gourds. In addition to the collection of
vegetables from Swanley, Messrs. Cannell showed a
collection of Potatos, including upwards of forty varie-
ties. These, too, were very commendable, the tubers
being of nice size, clean, and excellent in Hie skin.

Collections of vegetables :-The Earl of Carnakvon,
Uighclere Castle, Newbury (gr., Mr. W. Pope), was
awarded a Silver-gilt Knightian Medal for a collection
of wonderfully fine produce; the Onions especially,
consisting as they did of numerous varieties, and some
of enormous size. The smaller and perhaps more
useful bulbs numbered thirty-one varieties. Evidently
the drought was severely felt at Highclere whilst the
Onions were growing. The larger Onions consisted of
very large massive bulbs of Lord Keeper, Ailsa Craig,
Dcverel's Tankard, The Kitchener, and Improved
Wroxtou, all three almost identical in shape ; Excelsior,
Cocoanut, Aristocrat, Surrey Red, Ne Plus Ultra, Anglo-
Spanish, a fine flattish bulb, &c. The Leeks were
Dobbie's International, the blanched portion being
about 1 foot in length ; the Carrots, New Intermediate,
were very clean in the skin, and of sh.apely proportions.
Parsnip, Sutton's Tender-and-True, the perfection of
form in a Parsnij) ; a nice dish of Crosnes (Stachys
tuberitera). Turnip Early Snowdrop, Celeries Leicester
Red and Solid Wliite ; Brussels Sprouts, Sutton's Dwarf
Stem, large but solid Sprouts; Cauliflowers Autumn
Giant, fine large close heads, and Autumn Mammoth,
a smaller variety ; the pretty Cucumber Lockie's Per-
fection ; Tomato Perfection; Sutton's Blood-red Beet-
root, small shapely roots; Savoys Green Curled, and
Large Early; and of Potatos, nineteen dishes and
varieties were shown, handsome tubers generally, of
all-round favourite v.arieties. Of rounds we noted
Carter's Abundance, Sutton's Satisf.action, Champion
of England, and Sutton's Flowerball; of ov.al and
kiduey-shaped varieties there were Sutton's Epicure
Sir Johu Llewelyn, Snowdrop, Ideal, Sharpe's Victor
Centurion, Magnum Bouum, &c.
Awards.
Grape Rrine Olga.—this is a variety we have seen
exhibited every autumn for years past. It has round
berries of red colour, considerable size, and of good
flavour. It ripens well out-of-doors almost every

IfOVESlBER 2, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

331

season. The three bunches shown on Tuesday were
grown on a Vine against a wall, and the variety'may be
strongly reonnimended for out-of-door cultivation.
Fi-om Mr. Will Taylor, Osborn Nursery, Hampton,
Middlesex (First-class Certificate).

The Lecture.

Professor Henslow delivered a lecture on the
'• Mechanism of Plant Structures." Observing that
Huxley said that Lamarck's theory if true for animals,
could not apply to vegetables, the lecturer's object wa^
to prove that it did, and that new structures are pro
duced by plants in response to external forces. Taking
roots, he showed that the structure of adventitious roots
of Pandanus, Ac., was constructed so as to resist lateral
fracture by "swaying," as well as strains by "pulls."
He next illustrated, from Kerner's and Oliver's Nalurnl
Hislortj of Plants, how the arrangement of woody fibre,
collenchyma, &c., follows the sti ucture of combinations
of girders and lioUow cylinders, with the same suits.

Climbing plants supplied some of the best illustra-
tions, as among tropical lianes, some were ribbon-
shaped, but bulged on alternate sides, giving gieat
strength and elasticity; others, like Caulotretus, the
" Monkey's Ladder," had longitudinal " flanges " in
addition ; others resembled cables. The anomalous
character of woody climbers, however diflfcrent among
themselves, agreed in possessing poor wood, large
vessels, and much cellular corky tissue, giving elas-
ticity. That the conclusion thus derived from induc-
tive evidence, that these structures arc the result of
response to the strains felt by the lianes, hanging
among the trees of tropical forests, is justifiable, is
shown by the fact that experiments prove that when
stems or leaf-stalks are artificially weighted, they soon
acquire a much greater strength than if they arc
allowed to grow -naturally. This additional power to
resist fracture is acquired by developing wood and
other mechanical tissues in response to the external
force.

Numerous illustrations can also be found in Nature :
thus, it a self-supporting stem of Ivy, Wistaria, itc.
be compared with one of the same diameter, but sup-
ported, (he pith will be found greater, and the wood
less, in the latter case, and the reverse in the former.

THE DULWICH CHRYSANTHEMUM.

OcrOBER l.i. — At a meeting of the Dulwich Clirysan-
thcinum Society held on the above date, Mr. Percy
Waterer read a jiaper on the " Propagation and Culti-
vation of the Chrysanthemum," the more important
points of wliich we here give.

The lc<'turer began with the preparation of the old
plants for alTording cuttings, and advised the retention
of six suckers to a plant, and of some foliage on shools
of varieties shy in making suckers. He said that he
did not lielieve it a necessity to lake cuttings on a
slated dale, or that side shoots made bad cuttings as
was often thought.

Cuttings should be about 3 inches long, hard, and
short jointed, and should be generally inserted during
Decemoer: but varieties like Mrs. H. Wcekes and
Flijrence Molynenx were better if struck laler, ,%nd Ihe
break bud selected. Usea thumb-pot for c.ich cutting,
put a label to such, and place on a bottom of Cocoa-nut
fibre or coal-ashes, in small frames in a cool house or
frame. Tlie soil should be equal pai'tsof loam and leaf-
mould, witli shai'p sand, and put silver-sand in the hole
made for the cutting. Tlie plants should be slightly
syringed and the glass occasionally wiped, and in three
or four weeks the glass may be gradually removed.

Notes taken during a number of seasons lead to tlie
conclusion that the importance of pinching and taking
buds at specided dates is over-estimated, as the seasons
cause much variation in the plants. The best practice
is to grow only those sorts which experience has shown
throw the best buds naturally at the period required.
Decorative varieties should be pinched when « or
8 Indies high, and the resulting shoots when .'> to
7 inches long, the centre brancli being tied to a slake
and tlie outer branches to the inner one.

In regard lo manures, he said that one of the best
manures for horticultural purposes Is sun-dried blood,
but vilrioliseil blood used in a fresQ stale is dangerous,
and ouglit to lie kept twelve months before using i(.

During .August, topdresswilh fowl orpigeon's manure
a year old, or Peruvian guano, mixed wiih eight times
the quaiilily of fine loam, covering the soil J inch deep.
Repeat this liefore housing the plants. Kemembcr that
the foliage denotes the state of health of the plant, and
if sickly-looking give soot.

Heavy mists during August, he said, often favour the
spread of "rust." The Wye mixture, applied with a
fine syringe, is a good preventive. Bought cuttings
may be dipped in tlie same mixture, and an occasional
spraying given to plants during the season. Mildew
may be kept down with flowers-of-sulphur dusted on

the leaves, especially the under sides. A green insect,
the size of a house-fly, is troublesome, and should be
caught.

Crown buds taken about the first week in August, and
second crown or terminals aboutthird week in August,
usually give the best results. Other gi'owths should
be rubbed out as soon as large enough to handle.
Early in September, the houses should be cleaned out
and painted, walls lime-washed, and the hot-water
pipes sulphured ; and any jilauts with blooms showing
colour should be housed, and the remainder on signs
of frost. In favourable weather, syringe the foliage a
little. Spread out the plants as much as possible for
the first ten days ; remove the buds that develop round
the larger ones, and support weak buds with split
bamboo. Some of the incurved varieties are improved
by allowing the heads to hang down. W hen the plants
have been housed a month, the too-luxuriant foliage
may be thinned. If plants are backward a week before
a show, an application of nitrate of soda or sulphate of
ammonia, at the rate of half an ounce to a gallon of
water, will be beneficial.

BRIGHTON AND SUSSEX HORTI-
CULTURAL AND MUTUAL IM-
PROVEMENT.

OCTOBKR 17.— The auuouiicement of a lecture lui
" Town Gardening," by Mr. R. Dean, V.M.H., of Ealing,
drew a large atlendance at the monthly meeting of the
Society. Previous to the lecture there was asmall com-
petition with Apples, Pears, and Potatos ; there was
also some excellent fruit staged. After some appro-
priate remarks, Mr. Dean went on to speak of the
"municipal obligation"' to plant streets, contending
that it falls legilimately on municipal bodies to carry
out this sort of work, as also lo beautify open spaces,
and to plant trees for shade. He condemned the prac-
tice of sonic suburban local authorities of encroach-
ing upon the children's play-grounds by planting
belts and beds of shrubs which were generally
sorry spectacles for the greater part of the year:
especially as cheap shrubs of poor development were
bought in the interests of economy, and too frequently
planted in a perfunctory manner. The practice of
placing clumps of shrubs in the shade and close to
tall trees could not be too severely condemned. It
was contended that one kind of tree only should be
planted in a street ; that they should be planted a wide
distancc'apart. so that there would bo ample room for
development without the necessity for the absurd
metliod of pruning ado|ited by some local authorities :
llial only the best kinds of trees should be selected;
tliat planting sluuild be done only by those .tccustomed
to the work and after the careful prcpai-ation of tlic
ground ; that the municipalily should have the services
of a corporation gardener; that he should be a man
who had some training on a forest-tree nursery; thai
ho should have charge of all open spaces, parks, and
streets; be adequately remunerated, and be regarded
as one of the most important servants of the local
■authority.

House gardening was nextdealt with, the planting of
window-boxes and cases, iwiches, tSc. The use of Ever-
greens and their variegated forms in winter was advo-
catcd,aad all the year round in localities where llowcring
plants would do only ludifTerently well. Elementary
window gardening was also dealt with, in courts and
•alleys as in streets ; and various suggest ions were thrown
out for those who on social and philanthropic gi-ouuds
advocate house gardening among the poorer classes.
Home illustrations drawn from a personal knowledge
of what is being done in the East End of London.
House gardening wjis also touched upon, the lecturer
regretting lliat tlie cultivation of Hyacinths in glasses
is so little followed in the present day compared with
what it was twenty-live years ago. The lecture came to
a close with an assertion of the fact that among the
agencies at work in the direction of social regeneration
the culture of plants in homes was to be commended.

ALTRINCHAM GARDENERS'.

OOTOUEH 2J.— The fust lortiiiglitly lecture oi llic
winter session was held on the above date, when Mr.
3. Birkenhead, of the Kern Nursery, Sale, gave a
lecture on the " Cultivation and Propagation of Ferns."

Mr. Birkenhead dealt willi llic subject in a masterly
manner. He described tlie wliole routine of Fern cul-
tivation from the prolliallus to Ihe fully-developed
plant. The various modes of growth of diflerent varie-
ties was dclailed in an interesting manner. The
remarks on propagation proved that care need to be
licstowcd in the division of Ferns, the raising from
spores, and other means of propagation. Want of
lime did not allow Ihe lecturer to deal willi the subject
of the development of tlie spore as ho would have
liked.

There was a large attendance of members, who
listened to the lecture with deep interest, which was
augmented by a large number of lantern-slides, from
photographs taken by Mr. Birkenhead in his nurseries
at Sale.

WARGRAVE GARDENERS'.

OcTOBEK 23.— The members met on the above date to
hear a lecture given by Mr. T. J. Powell, gr., of Park
Place, on " The Advantages of Retarded Plants." He
said the idea of retarding plants was not a new one,
but it was nevertheless a very important one to gar-
deners who had to keep up a contimious supply oi
flowers. The great and important work in this direc-
tion, carried on by Mr. Jannoch aud the late Mr. T.
Rochford, was clearly described. Mr. Powell also
referred to Potatos and Rhubarb, which yielded well to
the retarding process, if carefully managed, and showed
a basket of new Potatos grown from retarded tubers.

There were some excellent exhibits, including flowers
fruit, and vegetables; by Messrs. Haskett (Pears),
McKenzie (Raspberries), Priest (Salvia, Pbysalis
Frauchetti, and Celery), Robins (Couve Tronchuda),
PowEi.i. (retarded Lilies of the Valley), and Scott
(autumn leaves). JT. Colcry, lion. Sec.

BRISTOL & DISTRICT GARDENERS.

OoTOiiER 2i.— This Society held i(s usual fortnightly
meeting at St, John's Parish Rooms on tlic above date,
Mr. BiNFiEi.D occupying the chair.

An interestingpaperwas rcadby Mr. F.G.Treseder,
of the CardifT Gardeners' Association, his subject
being "The Dahlia." Mr. Treseder being a specialist
on this flower, a good number of the society's
members availed themselves of the opportunity of
getting some excellent information concerning this
popular flower, and they were not disappointed, the
lecturer tracing its history from its first appear-
ance in this country in 17S7 to the present day.
Clear and concise details were given as to the culture
and general treatment, as also the most useful varieties
for bedding and furnishing cut flowers. A feature of
the evening was the collection of cut blooms of more
tlmn flfly varieties of D.alilias, shown by Mr. Treseder,
for which he was unanimously awarded a Special Cer-
tificate of Merit.

There were a few exhibits of Cactus Dahlias, Acalypha
hispida, and Cattleya labiata.

"The Management of Ijiwns and I'loasuro Grounds,'
will be the subject for the next forlnightly meeting,
being the Prize Essay, won by Mr. Gardner, of Redland

DEVON AND EXETER GARDENERS'.

OrroiiEi! 21. -Mr. Andrew Hope, llou. Sccroliuy, read
the annuiil report. The commiltce remarked that the
Association had now completed ten years of its lite.
years of steady progress and useful work, in which a
vast variety of subjects had been liandlcd, all more or
less bearingdirectly on horticulture and on I he interests
of gardeners and gardening. It was llicrcfoic a fair as-
sumption that some permanent good had been done to
gardening as a profession, and lo the followers of it in
llic neighbourhood. The report skeUhed tiio chief
events of the year. An excellent series of papers had
been arranged for the present session, aud the pro-
spects of the Association appeared to be as bright as at
any period of ils history.

Resjiondiug lo a vote of thanks, Mr. Berry said the
association had done him the lionour lo ask him to
give a demonstration in fruit drying. He dared say he
should find some prejudice among Iho gardeners to
the new methods he advocated. He discovered in the
farmers of Devonshire a very great prejudice. Fruit-
drying was carried on in every country except England,
but ho hoped it would be inlroduccd into this country lo
I he advantage of the 29,000 acres of orchards I hat we had.
lie liimsclf studied horticulture, as ho hoi>ca and be-
lieved they did, not tor the purpose of gain, but I o secure
greater prolicieney and to forward the interest of liorti-
culturc. He looked to the gardeners to help him in
the dillicull work he had to do in tlic county.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

OCTOBER 28.— At a meeting of the Floral Committee
held at the Royal Aquarium on Monday afternoon
last, First-class Certificates were awarded to each of
the following varieties, excepting tliat of C. Penford,
and this gained an Award of Merit only.

Chrymnthcmmn C. Penford. — A light streaky red-
coloured Japanese, with bufr reverse. Much loo devoid
of colour to meet with general appreciation. From
Mr. C. Peniwrd, Leigh Park Gardens, llavaiit.

C. Godfri-ijs liin().~A very large ,I,i|.mi. «• llMiver,
colour dull red, with golden reverse, lii r.)i-,m .h ihe
centre, until the ilower is fully expami if i . "u picu-
ously that of tlie reverse of the flower. I'l om Mr. \V. J.
GoDi'HEY, Exmouth Nurseries, Devon.

C. (lodfrei/s Pride. — An incurved Japanese flower,
some of the florets incurve at the tips only. Colour,
light crimson, with slatish-bufl' reverse. From Mr.
W. J. GoDi'REy.

C. II. IC. //n!/m«KisaJapaneseflower,wilh long, broad
florets, the tips of the florets occasionally incurving
spoon-like. Colour, i-cddisli bronze, with buff reverse.
From Mr. W. J. GODrREV.

332

THE GAR DENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[November 2, 1901.

''. /umberfey.— This is a very large yellow Japanese
II jwer, but the colour is not so deep as in some others.
From Mr. W, J. Godfrey.

C. George Lawrence.— A yellow Japanese, with very
occasional red upon the florets, especially the margins,
i^lowers, as shown, were of medium size and quality.
From Mr. 11. Perkins, gi'., Greenlands, Heuley-on-
Tliames.

C. Mrs. Oeorge Lcnvrence.— Three plants of tliis variety
wjrc sliown. Each was under 3 feet high, and carried
one bloom. The flowers are of good size, but ratlier
thin ; colour yellow. These were from March struck
cuttings, and future flowers may therefore be better.
From Mr. H. Perkins.

(-'. Mr. E. Hainmetl. — A curious Japanese flower of pale
silvery-violet colour, very long florets that twist a little,
and are occasionally spoon-like at the tips. The florets
unfold from the centre in a grotesque fashion. From
Mr. H. Weeks, gr., Tiirumpton Hall, Derby.

C. Violet Lady Beaumont.— A Japanese of rich crimson
colour, with bright yellow reverse. It is just the
colour required iu an exhibition stand, and the reverse
is seen but little. From Mr. N. Molvneux, gr., Rookes-
bury, Fareliam.

Amongst otlier exhibits was a collection of va-
rieties of Chry.santlieraum from Messrs. Vilmorin,
AxDRiEux ET CiE., Paiis. It was interesting (o see
iliom from such a distance, but they were not at all
ciiiiiporable in merit with those grown in tliis country.

PORTSMOUTH CHRYSANTHEMUM.

October 29. — Tlie annual autumn sliow was a success.
In tlie cut bloom section most interest centred in tlie
I'lass for forty-eight blooms, half to be Japanese, and
tlie remainder incurved. Mr. Hall, gr. to Lady Louisa
ASHRDBTON, Melcliet Court, Romsey, won 1st prize
from three otlier competitors, showing exceedingly fine
Japanese, and neatly finished incurved flowers; ;i
specimen of tlie variety Mrs. Weeks was grand. Other
conspicuous flowers wore General Buller, Florence
iMolyneux, Miss Alice Byron, Edwin Molyneux, and
May Vallis ; Mr. E. J. Hunt, gr. to Pantia Ralli, Esq.,
Ashtead Park, Epsom, was a close 2nd ; and Mr. Nobbs,
gr. to His Majesty The Kino, Osborne House, Isle of
Wight, 3rd.

In the class for twenty-tour Japanese blooms, dis-
tinct, Mr. Hall won the premier award easily ; Mr. J-
AriATE, Brockliampton Nurseries, Havant, was 2nd.

For twenty-four blooms, in not fewer tlian twelve
varieties, Mr. E. Brown, jun., 3, New Alma Koad,
Southampton, won easily with large fresh flowers.

In the amateur class for twelve varieties, .Japanese,
Mr. T. Williams, Southsea, was the best exhibitor.

Table decorations and baskets of Chrysanthemums
\vere numerous and good. Miss K. Turner was an
easy 1st iu both competitions.

Mr. W. Cheator, gr. to Sir W. Pink, Shrover Hall,
Cosham, won the premier award for a group of Chrys-
antlieinums and foliage plants. Mr. Acjate was 2nd.

Japanese Chrysantliomura VioletLady Beaumont was
shown by Mr. N. Molyneux, Rooksbury Park Gardens,
Fareham. Iu colour it niucli resembles Edwin Moly.
iicux. and the flower is of full size.

LorrufoomUnU

Acacia : Accicid. What is seen in the florists'
shops ill the spring months is A. dealbata,
■, specie.? largely grown about Grasse and
Nice, and other parts of Southern France, as
bushes in the open air. Acacias do not bear
much forcing, nor do the French gardeners
practice forcing. A. dealbata is a plant
of largo growth, quite unfitted for culti-
vation in an ordinary greenhotise.

Ampelopsis : ReseJer. We can only say " found
dead." We conjecture that there may have
been something wrong at the root.

Apples: E. D. 0. Cox's Orange Pippin, is
attacked by the Fusicladium dendriticum.
Tower of Glamis seems to have been injured
by a hailstone or some other mi.ssile, or
perhaps by a bird ; we see no fungus.

r.oOKS: F. F. L. My Gardener, by H. W.
Ward, is a book that will fulfil all your
retiuirements, both ve^ietable and floral. It
is published by Messrs. Eyre & Spottiswoode,
East Harding Street, London, E.G. In
regard to fruit cultivation, you should get
C. Bunyard's Fruit Farming for Profit, pub-
lished by F. Bunyard, Week St., Maidstone.

Cockroaches: J. McC. The beetle-paste of

the oil-shops is pretty efiEectual in destroying
these jjests.

PiNGUS : Reseder. A poisonous puff-ball — not
an Agaric. The only way to get rid of it is
to remove the soil and char it.

Grapes Placed in Water in Zinc TROut:HS:
Grower. The acids present in the shoots
might have a deleterious effect, and we
should rather prefer glass or eartlienware
receptacles. It seems certain that owing
to the much larger evaporating area of the
water in troughs as compared with that of
wine-bottles, the Grapes would be more
liable to be affected by mould, and the loss of
berries greater. The horticultural sun-
driesmen may keep the kind of troughs
desired, or you might get a tinsmith to make
them.

GiUBS ON Cyclamen: W. D. The grubs of a
species of weevil. Turn out the plants,
pick out the grubs, and repot in fresh soil.
*** Names of Fruits and of Plants, Special
Notice : We are desirous of assisting young
gardeners and our subscribers as far as we
can do so consistently tvith our editorial
duties, hut our readers must kindly remember
tlmt such H'or/c is outside oiir scope, and
iitunys involves some inconvenience, and gene-
rally a large e.vi^enditure both of time and
money on our part. Delay is unavoidable.
Correspondents not answered in this issue are
requested to be so good as to constilt the
following numbers.
Names of Fruits: W.C.A. The ripe condition
of the fruit reserved enabled us to distin-
guish it as Princess, a seedling obtained by
the late Mr. Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, from
Louise Bonne of Jersey. — A. R. 1, Tonneau ;
'1, Durondeau ; 3, Merveillo d'Hiver; 4,
Henkeld'Hiver ; 5, Fondante de Sickler. The
Apple is Yellow Ingestre. — F. E. H. 1, Dr.
Lentier ; 2, Surpasse Virgoulieu ; ;5, De Ma-
raise ; 4, Duchesse d'Orleans ; 5, Wadhurst
Pippin ; 6, Gendebien. — W . W. 1, Grenadier,
it is affected by the Scab-fungus ; 2, Beauty
of Kent; 3, Gogar Pippin; 4, rotten; 5,
Winter Strawberry ; C, Kerry Pippin. —
.1. B. The large Pear is Durondeau ; the
smaller one is Bergamotte Bufo. The Apple
is a good example of a twin-fruit, and such
combinations have been frequent this season,
where the fruits have been closely crowded
on the branches. A variety in which this
occurs commonly was named the Bedford-
shire Twin some years ago, but the cha-
racter is not constant. — J. M. You give no
name or address. 1, Brown Beurre (small) ;
2, not known ; 3, Autumn Bergamot ; 4,
Duchess of Oldenburg ; .5, Nonsuch ; C,
Golden Winter Pearmain. — Barussc. 1,
Easter Beurre; 2, Winter Nelis ; 3, Glou
Morceau ; 4, Bergamotte de Jodoigne ; ■>,
Cornish Gilliflower ; 6, Carlisle Codlin. —
C. II'. H. Cobham.— C. H. H. P. The red
.\pple is Calville Malingre ; the other is
Sugar-loaf Pippin. — F. T. M. Beurre Jean
Van Gcert. It is a dessert Pear, but it
varies greatly in merit, and is sometimes of
indifferent quality. Many such Pears can
be used witli advantage in an unripe state
for stewing. — B. L. 1, Hunthou.se ; 2, Min-
ehall Grab; 3, Lewis' Incomparable ; 4, notrc-
cognisable ; 5, Boston Russet ; 6, Eclilinville.
—T.W.C. 1, Cockle's Pippin; 2, Round
Winter Nonsuch. — Kyle. 1, Tower of Glamis ;
2, Melrose; 3, Blenheim Orange; 4, Rhode
Island Greening; 5, Yorkshire Greening;
li. Court Pendu Plat. The basket is, as
an exceptional favour, returned as desired,
but we cannot under any circumstances
return fruits sent for names. — 0. W. G.
1, Beauty of Kent; 2, Lewis's Incom-
parable ; 3, Cobham ; 4, Dutch Mignonne.—
W. W. It is a bad case of " cracking," due
to the attacks of the Scab-fungus. Spray
with Bordeaux Mixture, as repeatedly ad-
vised in the.se columns. It would also be
desirable to remove the hot-bed if it can be
done conveniently. — R. C. Durondeau ; see
reply above with regard to cracking. — Here-
ford. Diminutive fruits from stunted trees
are not the specimens to send for names.

Possibly the Apple is a local variety, other-
wise it is not in character, and in consequence
is unrecognisable.

Names of Plants : G. F. Cestrum anrantia"
cum. — A. T. C. 1, Abelia rupestris ; 2'
Manottia bicolor ; 3, Anemidictyon Phylli"
tidis, one of the so-called Flowering Ferns ;
4, Asplenium marinum ; 5, Pteris erotica
albo-lineata ; 6, Cyrtomium falcatum; 7,
Adiantum formosum ; 8, Asplenium bulbi-
ferum biforme ; 9, Pteris tremula ; 10, Pteris
serrulata cristata ; 11, Ophiopogon Jaburan ;
12, Pteris serrulata. — Fairiaion. 1, Selagi-
nella ctesia ; 2, Begonia incarnata ; 3, B.
metallica ; 4, Glechoma hederacea vario-
gata (Variegated Ground Ivy) ; 5, Begonia
argyrostigma ; 6, Ruellia Portellre. — J. H. L.
A good variety of Cattleya labiata, generally
known as the autumn-flowering C. labiata. —
A. L. T., Aberdeen. 1, Odontoglossum cris-
pum ; 2, O. Lindleyanum ; 3, O. grande. —
Margate, Brittany. 7, Salsola Kali ; 8,
Cakile maritima ; 9, ISIuscari racemosum. —
.S'. P. A hybrid Oak from Q. cerris, perhaps
a form of the Lucombe Oak, but we are
not sure.- — P. M., Notts. Polygonum cymo-
sun, English Knotweed. — W. G. Rhus Toxi-
codendron ; see letter from Tasmania in a
recent issue, p. 293. — H. W. 1, Ailanthus
glaudulosa; 2, not recognised; 3, AInus laci-
niata ; 4, Alnus imperialis ; 0, Phillyrea an-
gustifolia; C, Phillyrea media. — C. H., Bir-
mingluim. 1, Sempervivum urbicum ; 2,
Sempervivum arboreum ; both requiring
protection in winter.— C. H. Selaginella
W'ildenovii, and Pteris argyrsea.

NoTiCR TO Quit Service : H. S. Yes, to all
your questions. Notice should be given on
the usual pay-day.

Opuntias in the Open Air ; .7. »'. Tlie fol-
lowing are some of the species of Opuntia
which will succeed in tliis country in the
open air, if planted on a raised rockery in a
warm, sunny position, and protected in the
winter by means of portable lights : — O.
Raflnesquii and var. arkansana, O. vulgaris,
O. brachyarthra, O. Picoloniiniana, O.
humilis, and O. mLssouriensis.

ParrotTulips andNarci.ssi;.s bicolor E.^iperor :
.]. M. & iS'on.s. Fine examples, the Narcissus
more especially.

Proliferous Pear : J. C. W. it Co. Not
uncommon, many such cases have been
figured in Gardeners' Chronicle, one quite
recently.

Scale on Palm-leaf : J. ilcClelland. See a
full answer on this subject at p. .300, col C,
of Gardeners' Chronicle for October li), 1901.

Snow Boards, &c. : G. R. If you will kindly
furnish us with your full name and address,
we will put you into communication with a
person having show boards, cups, &c., to
dispose of.

.St. Bruno's Lily : S. P. This plant is botani-
cally Anthericum Liliastrum.

Communications Received.— .\. Worksop.— G. K., next
week— T. A. B., next week.— J. G.— J. B. P.— Miss
G. C— S. J. H.— W. G. H.— F. J. R.— Wetherby.— F. B.
— G. K.— L. T.— Linnean Society.— E. F. C.— G. G.—
T. M.— F. W.— C. H. P.— D. R.— C. E. F.— J. Veiteh &
Sons.— E. H. J.— S. A.— A. B.-T. H. S.— W. J. G.-
Comte de K., Ghent.— W. !B. H.— Prof. Penhallow,
Montreal.— Prof. Gilg, Berlin.— W. R.

PlIOTOdRAPH received WITH THANKS.- T. H. S.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."

Important to advertisers. — ne Publisher has

the satisfaction o.f announcing that the circulation of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle" has, since the reduction in the
price of tite paper, more than

m- TREBLED. -««

Advertisers are remindtd that the "Chronicle" circulates
amo7ig Country Gentlemen, and all Classes of
Gardeners and Garden-lovers at home, that it has
a specially large Foeeicin and Colonial Ciecula-
TION, and that it is preserved for reference in all the
priiunpal Libraries.

(For Markets and M^eather, sae p. s..)

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle." November 2, 1901.

Viburnum macrockphalum in the Nursery of Mr. J. Russell, Richmond.

November 9, 1901.]

THE G A R D E.\ ERS' CIIR ONI CL E.

333

THE

^anlcuer.r(!^lironictc

No. im.— SATURDAY, NOV. 9, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Agi'icuUural educat ion
in .\nierica

Ucgonias at Slirews-
bury

lioiatiical Magazine ...

Clerodeudron fallax...

Colonial notes

Dutch bulbs in English
auction rooms

Florists' flowers-
New varieties of
Japanese Chi-ys-
anthemuins
Some continental
varieties of Clir>'S-
anthemums

Fruit trade, the, in
Liverpool

Gardeners' Royal Bene-
volent Institution ...

Ci rapes. Appley Towers
and Lady llutt

Insect powder from
C'hrj'santheiiiums ...

Jamaica Pineapples ...

Juglans, the species of

Kentish vineyard, a...

Linden, M. Lucien ...

Melbourne botanic
Garden

Normandy, notes from

Orchards, the protec-
tion"of, from frost ...

Orchid propagation ...
Orobanche on Tropjco- j

lum

Pjconies

Pear-tree, a wonderful
Pithccolobium Saman
Plants which bury

their seeds

Plums, dried

Publications received
Railway rates, exces-
sive, for goods

Roses, select

Scientific Committee

ofR.H.S

Snowdrops

Societies—

lieckcnham Hort. ...

Linncan

ManchcsterOrcliid .

National Chrysan-
themum

Richmond Hort. ...

Roval Hort. ... ;no.
Tomato Up-toUatc ...

Walnuts, the

Week's Work, the-

Flower Garden

Fruits under Glass..

Hardy Fruit Garden

Kitchen Garden ...

Orchid Houses, the.

Plants under Glass .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

licgonias shown at Shrewsbury by Messrs. Davis i

Son 337

Chi-ysanthcmums in Mr. Godfrey's nursery at Ex-
mouth 3.^■•

I'orlrait of the late Mr. James Cypher air

Tomato Up-to-Date, in a Derbysliire Garden ... 343
View in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens (Supplement).*

PLANTS WHICH BURY THEIR
sp:eds.

'^I^HE care and solicitui

wliiili many
plants lictray in the (lisi)o.sal of tlieir
seeds is almost i)atcrnal, and meets us at
every botanical turn. Among the numerous
devices which have been adopted for se-
curing their safety, I select one for present
treatment. Let us examine a few of the
plants which carefully bury their seeds
while they arc still attached to the stem
from which they grew.

Our first instance may well bo the familiar
little Toadflax with Ivy-like leaves, found in
some parts of England on every old wall
and ruin. This modest little Linaria is
nearly related to the Toadflax with yellow
Howers, known in many places as Biitter-
nnd-Eggs. A still more dignified relative is
the Snapdragon or Dragon's-mouth, whose
lower lip may be made to open and shut.
Ifow we used to gaze and \vonder in the
years gone by as a big bee alighted on this
blossom, slipped inside, and was lost to
sight. Not less intense was our astonish-
ment when, after waiting awhile, we saw
the bee return to the outer world, and
instantly seek another prison-liouse. We

now know that a double game was being
played, and that while the strong - jawed
Snapdragon was supplying the bee with
sweets, it was also loading it with pollen for
the fertilisation of other plants.

The Ivy-leat Toadfias, I have said, grows
chiefiy and by preference on walls. It de-
lights to root in chinks and joints, crevices
and holes, and throws out its pretty, verdant
sprays that it may effectually mantle over
the unsightly blocks of masonry, and the
ruins which would otherwise be an eyesor<-.
It effects this in a very ingenious way.
When the flowers have been fertilised and
the seeds set, the stalk which carries the seed-
vessel begins to curl round and feel for a
crevice in the wall. If an opening can 1)0
tliscovered it secrets itself here, ripens its
seeds, and eventually deposits them in the
chink or hollow that they may germinate in
the ensuing spring !

We have among our native plants a yet
more wonderful illustration of the pains
which may be taken to bury the seed. Only
a few days ago, as I was walking along an
old eml)ankmeiit near the sea, 1 found the
turf whitened by the tiny blossoms of the
subterranean Trefoil, As Sir John Lubbock
(Lord Avesl)ury) has given an account of this
planfs device for sowing its seeds, I i|uote
his words in preference to writing a new
account: " Among lerrestial species there are
not a few cases in which plants are not con-
tented simply to leave their seeds on the
surface of the soil, but actually sow them
in the ground. Thus in one of our rarer
English Clovers (Trifolium subterraiieuiiO
only a few of the florets become perfect
Howers ; the others form a rigid, pointed head
which at first is turned upward, and as their
buds arc close together, constitute a sort of
spike. At first, I say, the flower-heads point
upwards, like those of other Clovers ; but as
soon as the florets are fertilised, the flower-
stalks bend over and grow downwards,
forcing the flower-head into the grouinl, an
operation much facilitated by the peculiar
construction and arrangement of the im-
perfect florets. The florets arc, as Darwin
has shown, no mere passive instruments.
So soon as the flower-head is in the ground,
they begin, commencing from the outside,
to bend themselves towards the pedunch".
the result of which, of course, is to drag the
flower-head further and further into the
ground. In most Clovers each floret produces
a little pod ; this would in the present
species be useless, or even injurious — many
young plants growing in one place would
jostle and starve one another. Hence we see
another obvious advantage in the fact thtit
only a few florets perfect their seeds.'

Everyone is aware that various Trefoils,
Clovers, and allied plants are exceedingly
i|uick to respond to atmospheric stimuli,
siijjplying us with illustrjitions of such phe-
nomena as sleep in plants, and hygrometric
contractions; but few, save the practical
botanist, are _aware that such a carefully laid
plan as this is regularly carried out by ten
thousand plants every year. If we examine
the older botanical works, we shall find that
botanists of a former generation were greatly
puzzled by these phenomena, and made
numberless mistakes in their attempt to
describe and explain them. Some failed to
recognise that the white filaments mixed
with the blossoms wen: themselves flowers.
While one asserted that they penetrated the

earth, another affirmed that they merely
rose upwards, '-their ends expanding into
little star-like points, till they finally en-
close the seed-vessels in a kind of prickly
head." Withering remarked nearly a century
ago that, '• there is something so singular in
this plant, that its economy merits further
enquiry. The strong, horny, stellated sub-
stance" (as he calls the florets that make
the shroud of the seeds). " which grows from
the extremity of the fruit-stalk, stretching
its ray outwards and downwards, encloses
and presses the capsules to the ground, thus
partially burying them."

Another of our common English plants
will supply us food for thought, if we will
examine it. 1 refer to the Violet. If this
flower be carefully looked into after the blue
blossoms of spring have disappeared, it will
be found that a new set of flower-stalks has
come into existence. Instead of thrusting
their heads into the open air, however, they
keep themselves as retired as possible; and
having fertilised their ovules without the
mediation of insects or outside agency, they
proceed to bury their capsules near the
parent plant. These curious cleistogamic
flowers, of which our flora has numerous
examples, must receive fuller attention at
another time. Meanwhile let it be observed
that the Wood-Sorrel and Violet each
proceed on similar lines in this device.

It may be of interest if we now take an
excursion to some foreign clime to see if
anything similar to this English usage is to
be found abroad. We shall be able with a
little care and patience to turn up several
well-known cases. I refer in the first place
to the (Jround-nut, or Monkey-nut, which
we can jturchaso in the shops — an oily seed,
of which many young people are very foiul.
This plant (Arachis hypoga^a) grows freely
in the West Indies, as well as in the far
East. The flower resembles that of a Tea,
but the calyx which encloses the blossom is
elongated. At the base of the flower, close
to the stem, is the ovary, or seed-vessel,
which undergoes a curious change as the
plant advances towards perfection. After
the flower has set its seed and withered
away, the young oval pod, still very minute,
begins to move forward from the stem by
the grow'th of a stalk which has hitherto
been invisible. This stalk becomes several
inches in length, and as it develops it curves
downwards so as to carry the seed-vessel to
the ground. Once the pod has become
securely fi.\cd underground, it begins to
grow, and produces two largo seeds. If,
howov(!r, it should fail in its attempt to
Inirrow, it soon perishes, and no seed is
secured. The whole life-history is so won-
derful that if it stood alone one might well
be excused for doubting the correctness of
the observations.

It is easy, however, to show by numerous
other illustrations that this habit of burying
their seeds is by no means confined to these
few examples. And as some special end
must be kept in view by the plants which
resort to such unusual devices, we may
allude, in passing, to one or two other cases.
I'eiliaps no group of i)lants shows a greater
facility for planting its own seeds than the
N'etches. Some of these are ingenious
enough to produce two kinds of seed-vessels.
The seeds of the one form are borne in pods,
which burst above ground, and scatter their
produce far and wide. The others resemble

334

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR 0 NI CL E.

[November 9, 1901.

the cleistogainic forms, which we find in our
Violet and Wood-sorrel, and burrow in the
ground. If we find the words "subter-
ranean ■' or " hypogwan " attached to tlie
names of plants, we may l3c pretty sure it
means that they bear seeds which bury
themselves. The words both mean "under-
ground."

In Brazil there grows a Crucifer which is
very nearly related to our Lady's Smock
and Bitter Cresses, which has adopted this
device, and in other lands there are other
examples, which I do not further specify
because they have no popular English
names, are not of great economic value, and
are known only to the student of botany and
plant-lore. Here, then, are the facts : In
England and various other parts of the
world, sundry Vetches, Trefoils, Violets,
(■resses, and other more or less familiar
plants, bury their seeds. Sometimes, as in
the case of the subterranean Trefoil and the
Ground-nut, there is only one kind of fruit
produced, and this underground. At other
times the fruit is produced by two very
different kinds of flowers, the one being
adapted for cross-fertilisation, the other
Ijeing entirely independent of outside agency.
It usually happens in the case of the English
Violets that those plants whose flowers are
readily fertilised liy insects rarely have under-
ground flowcis, while the sweet and the
hairy Vi"l'N. \vho~i' lilue flowers seldom set
their seeils, depend almost entirely on their
subterranean forms. A Sussex Naturalist.
(To be continued.)

THE WALNUTS.

JUGLANS. — Out of the ten or twelve species
of Walnut that are known to exist, there are,
at the present time, eight in cultivation. But
of these only two— the common and the black
Walnuts— can be said to be well known,
although there are others which promise to be
equally or even more striking as ornaments to
the garden and park. The leaf and flowers of one
of them, a little-known Japanese species, was
figiu-ed in a recent Supplement (October 19).

The value of the Walnuts, regarded as
ornamental trees, consists chiefly in the size
and beauty of their foliage. The common
Walnut is, in this matter, one of the least
striking in the genus. In the Walnuts of
eastern North America and north-eastern Asia,
the leaves are often 3 feet long on j'oung
cultivated specimens. The size is, no doubt,
reduced in fully - grown trees, but after
allowance is made for that, they remain some
of the most remarkable of the large trees that
can lie grown out-of-doors in this country. In
Juglans cordiformls, and in some of its allies,
the drooping catkins are an additional attrac-
tion in spring. The leading characters of
the Juglans are to bo found in the deciduous
pinnate leaves, in the unisexual flowers (both
sexes occurring on the same plant), and in the
fleshy fruit enclosing a hard-shelled, two-
valvcd, frequently edible nut. All the culti-
vated species come from the northern hemis-
phere, but two or three other species are to
be found south of the equator, in Venezuela
and Peru. The following is a list of the
species in cultivation : —

Asiatic.

North Ameeic.w,

corditonnis

californica

mandshurica

ciuerea

rcgia

nigra

Sieboldiana

rupestris

Several hybrids have been raised chiefly by
chance — alata (cinerea x regia), pyriformis

(nigra x regia), Vilmoriniana (nigra >; regia).
Mr. Jjuther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, California,
has crossed nigra with californica.

Of the cultivation of the Walnuts, it need
only be said that they should, when possible,
be raised from seeds, and put in their perma-
nent positions as soon as possible. The nuts,
too, should not be allowed to get dry before
sowing. Being gross feeders, they like a rich,
moist soil. They are apt to be cut by spring
frosts, and to become bushy-topped in conse-
quence ; thus it often becomes necessary to
keep the young trees to a lead in order to
obtain shapely specimens.

J. CALIFORNICA.

Young trees under this name are in culti-
vation at liew, but little can be said as yet of
the value of the species as a hardy tree in this
couatry. According to Sargent, who figures
t i 1 the Hilva of N. America, t. 337, the species
was discovered by Dr. C. C. Parry in 18-50, and
is a native of the coast region of California.
Cultivated specimens resemble J. rupestris as
regards foliage, the leaves consisting of fifteen
to nineteen leaflets, which are 11 in. to 3 in.
long. Like J. rupestris also, it is sometimes
shrubby, although it is found in a wild state
sometimes 40 ft. to GO ft. high. The bark of
the young branches is covered with minute
scales. J. rupestris is, no doubt, its nearest
ally; but the nut of J. californica differs in
being only slightly furrowed, whilst that of
the former is deeply so. The leaf divisions
also appear to be more numerous in J. rupestris.

J. CINEREA (B0TTER-NIT).
Although introduced in the seventeenth
century, not long after the Black Walnut, this
species has never become anything like so
common in English gardens and parks as the
latter. It has often been confused with it,
but as a comparison of the descriptions here
given will show, the two are readily distin-
guished when in leaf, and even better when
in fruit. I do not know of any trees that
equal in size the specimens of the Black Wal-
nut that are frequently seen, but young trees
grow with equal vigour, and are of equal
beauty. It is described as growing 100 feet
high, with a trunk 2 feet to 3 feet in diameter
in the North American woods. It has usually
a smaller number of leaflets than J. nigra, but
they are broader at the base, and together
with the leaf-st;ilks and young wood, are
covered with brownish down, especially be-
neath. Fruits have been borne in Britain,
but not frequently ; they differ from those of
J. nigra in being ovate (not globose), and in
tapering to a point at the top. They occur,
moreover, sometimes three or five in a cluster,
whilst the Black Walnut has them singly or in
pairs. Kach fruit is over 2 inches long when
fully grown. The kernel is very full of oil,
and soon becomes rancid.

J. REtiiA, Common Walnut.
There are several varieties of the couuiion
Walnut grown for the varying qualities of the
nuts; and, as is the case with all long-culti-
vated trees, there are several which vary also
in foliage and in habit. The most noteworthy
of the latter is the Fern- leaved variety, now
generally called laciniata, but also known as
fllicifolia and heterophylla. In this variety,
the leaflets arc handsomely lobed and cut. A
curious variety called monophylla has the leaf-
lets reduced to one very large one and a pair
of small ones, and sometimes even the latter
are absent. A variety with a weeping habit
(pendula) is also in cultivation, but has no
special merits as an ornamental tree. Var.
maxima, a valuable nut-bearing sort (the nuts
being perhaps twice the ordinary size), is

striking also because of its larger leaves. The
Walnut is a native of the region between the
Caucasian and Himalayan Mountains, and has
been cultivated in Bi'itain for many centuries,
probably from the time of the Romans.

J. RUrBSTRIS.

From all the other species of Walnut iu
cultivation, except possibly the little-known
J. californica, this is very distinct because of
its dwarf, almost shrubby habit, and small,
flnely-cut leaves. It was discovered in Western
Texas by Berlandier in 1835, but does not
appear to have been in cultivation (at least in
any quantity) till thirty or for y years later.
It is still one of the rarest species of Juglans.
The leaves, although often not more than
0 or 8 inches long, will consist of as many as
eleven and a half pairs of leaflets, these being
narrow-lanceolate, shallowly toothed, and H to
3 inches long. The fruits, so far as I know,
have not been borne in this country, but on
American specimens they are spherical, and
about jj iuch in diameter. One of the finest
specimens in this country is in Lord Ducie's
garden at Tortworth ; such is the plant I have
hitherto knoA\Ti as Juglans rupestris. It was
grown by the late M. Lavalli^e as J. fruti-
cosa. The other day, however, when accom-
panying Canon EUacombe round his wonderful
collection of shrubs at Bitton, ho pointed out
a Walnut as J. rupestris, with much larger
leaves and more vigorous growth, apparently
quite distinct from the above. On consulting
the Silva of Xorth America, however, 1 found
what is no doubt Canon Ellacoinbe's plant
figured as J. rupestris var. major (of Torrey).
The following excerpt from Prof. Sargent's
work will show how the two differ : —

" The eastern and western forms of Juglans
ruprestris seem sometimes like distinct
species, but in the extreme western parts of
Texas and in North Mexico the two grow-
together and appear to pass one into the
other. The Texas (or eastern) form is dis-
tinguLshed by its smaller size, by its narrower,
more glabrous, and more finely serrate leaflets,
which are often nearly sessile, and by the
small, globose, glabrate fruit and very thick-
walled nut, inclosing a kernel often scarcely
larger than a pea. The western form is a large
tree with broader and more coarsely serrate,
stalked leaflets, usually pubescent on the
lower surface, larger fruit coated with rufous
hairs, and more deeply sulcate, nut with pro-
portionately thinner walls and larger kernel."
(Siloa, vii., p. 120.) The small-leaved or
typical form seems to be the most distinct and
desirable.

J. SlEBOLOIANA.

This is the common Walnut of Japan, and
its nuts are as important an article of food in
that country as are those of J. regia in
Europe ; they are thin-shelled, and borne in
racemes. It is a tree 40 to .50 feet high, with
handsome leaves similar to those of the Jug-
lans cordiformls recently figured. The nuts,
however, are not flattened as in that
species. It was introduced to Europe by
Siebold about the middle of the nine-
teenth century, but is not a common tree.
Po.ssibly J. Sieboldiana, J. cordiformls,
and J. mandshurica are but forms of one
species differing mainly in their fruits. As
regards foliage and habit, I have not been
able to detect any reliable character to
differentiate the young, cultivated specimens.
W. J. D. [The last two issues of the Gar-
deners' Clironicle have contained articles by
Mr. Bean on various species of Juglans that
we were enabled to illustrate, and the article,
now published in full, deals with the remainder
of the species. Ed.]

November 9, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

335

NURSERY NOTES.

Chrvsantuemums : Mr. Godfrey's, at Ex-
mouth . — The annual display of Clirysanthemu ms
in the Claremont Nursery of Mr. W. J. Godfrey,
at Exmouth, is always worth a visit. In a large
and lofty span-roofed house, 160 ft. long and
30 ft. wide, there is grouped a collection that
may be said to eclipse all of Mr. Godfrey's
previous displays. The middle of the house
is entirely filled with plants ranging from
2 ft. fl ins. to 4 ft. in height, the sides being

immense bloom of great breadth and depth ;
it was awarded a F.C.C. by the National
Chrysanthemum Society on October 8. This
variety produces the richest colour from the
first crown natural break ; later buds showing
more bronze, tiodfrey's Pride is claimed to
be the largest bloom in the house, and the
largest variety grown ; it is claret- crimson
in colour, and comes good from any bud,
but best from that known as the second crown.
Exmouth Crimson is a novelty of that colour,
remarkable for its stout flower stems ; awarded
a certificate by the N.C.S. on October 21.

Japanese reflexed of large size, which the
raiser claims to be the finest of its colour.
Nellie Stevens is pale salmon, overlaid with
rose, flower very distinct and large ; the
plant is 4 feet in height.

Godfrey's Masterpiece is perhaps the best
of the varieties under notice, and was conspi-
cuous from any part of the house ; tlie blooms
are of great depth, with broad incurving
florets ; colour indian-red, with gold reverse ;
it is remarkably free, and all blooms come good
from any bud — this variety has been awarded
Certificates by the Royal Horticultural Society,

Fii;. 103.— viKVV i.N Mil. w. .i. oodi-rev'.s chhysantiikmim-uoiisk, ocniiiKit, 1901.

(illcd with i)]an!s a trifle taller, and nearly all
of tlicm are sci dlings raised en the place.
Immediately upon entering the house it is .seen
that the blooms are of very even quality
throughout the whole collection, and the
.sturdy growth and stout, leathery leaves of
the plants testify to the good constitution of
the numerous varieties.

Among so man j new seedlings there is plenty
of choice, and Mr. Godfrey has made a selec-
tion for .scndingout in the spring of 1902, which
ho claims to ho far in advance of any varieties
hitherto offered. These include the following :
—Sensation, of a rich golden colour, shaded
bronze, broad petals, slightly drooping, an

tjueen Alexandra, which has also been certifi-
cated, is a colour nnicli prized ; it may bo
described as fawn shaded with carmine-
rose. Hcssio Godfrey is a great advance
on Mme. von Andre, being a canary yellow-
coloured bloom of much greater depth than
that vario y ; certilicatcd by the N.C.S. on
October 21. Wilfrid II. Godfrey possesses a
fine constitution, and the flowers are of great
depth, with broad, incurving florets of rich
crimson colour, with old gold revor.se. Ex-
mouth Rival, as seen, does luit grow more
than .3 feet in height — the flowers are of
a rich crimson colour, slightly shaded to-
wards the centre with maroon ; a perfect

and the National Chrysanthemum Society.
Wallace E. Vowden is a .lapanese flower with
florets incurving at ti|)s, inside rose coloured,
chamoison the reverse. A l<'irst-class Certiflcato
was awarded the variety by the Royal Horti-
cultural Society in 1900, the bloom having
been cut from the seedling plant.

H. E. Hayman is a pleasing colour, of a soft
apricot tint, shaded rosy- bronze. The King is
reddish-crimson, with pure gold reverse, with
mucli of the form of Chenon do Leche, but with
longer florets ; it is so sturdy in growth that it
hardly requires staking; 4 ft. 0 in. in height.
Golden Eagle is of a soft amber yellow, outer
petals shaded carmine-pink, a flowe • of the

336

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 0, 1901.

build of JSTadame Carnot, but with longer
florets ; a plant noticeable for its strong consti-
tution. Godfrey's Triumph may be best described
as a crimson Chcnon de Leche ; it was certifi-
cated by the National Chrysanthemum Society
and the Royal HorticuUural Society.

Of decorative varieties, Dizzier is a bright
crimson reSexed flower. Delightful, a good yel-
low variety, with thread-like petals, but broader
than the ordinary thread varieties; a very
attractive flower. Kimberley was raised and
sent out in 1900 ; it is a large Japanese flower,
golden yellow in colour, and very distinct.

Of varieties obtained from other sources.
Loveliness, an Australian introduction of last
year, is very good ; colour canary-yellow,
with fluted florets resembling some of the
hairy varieties. Phyllis, another beauty from
the Antipodes, is a largo deep bloom, of
bronze-yellow colour.

Of continental sorts, Calvat's Sun is a
promising variety ; colour canary - yellow.
These sorts, however, lack the constitution,
sturdiness, and solidity of bloom noticeable in
the Exmouth Seedlings.

The cross fertilisation and seed saving is
done by Mr. Godfrey. He alms at producing
a large flower, refined in appearance, bright
in colour, dwarf of habit, with good con-
stitution— qualities that are very apparent
in the seedlings. His results do not bear out
the arguments put forward by some raisers.
He has found that two reds will produce other
reds, "like sometimes produces like," but not
always. He has not a white, nor a purplc-
raauve, or lilac-rose colour among this batch
of seedlings, while coarse rough blooms and
poor growers are conspicuous by their absence.

COLONIAL NOTES.

WEST INDIES.

Greun-Manuuinc.— Prom the Imperial De-
partment of Agi'icultui-e for the West Indies
comes a pamphlet containing a summary of
experiments carried on under the auspices
of the department with manures and Legu-
minous plants at the Svigar-cane Experiment
Stations at Barbados from 1898 up to the
beginning of 1901. The object of the trials
was to ascertain the comparative value of
Leguminous plants as animal fodder and as
green dressing ou land to be planted with
Sugar-cane. The Bengal Bean (Miicuna pru-
riens, var.) seems, on the whole, to have given
the best results. We read that: — "Com-
parison of the best of the Leguminous plants
with a good application of farmyard-manure
shows that the former cannot be employed as
a substitute for farmyard-manure. The latter
supplies four times as much organic matter,
two to three times as much nitrogen, six to
eight times as much phosphoric acid, and six
to eight times as much potash as does the
Bengal Bean. Consequently the use of a Legu-
minous snatch-crop will bo as fodder to the
plantation animals, when it will help to add to
and enrich the farmyard-manure heap; or, if
it be turned directly into tlie ground it should
be an addition to and not a substitute for farm-
yard-manure. The special value of a Legu-
minous snatch-crop compared with others lies
in the fact that the nitrogen is, at all events
in part, obtained and stored up from the
atmosphere. Prom this point of view, and on
the assuuiption that the Bengal B^an obtained
all its nitrogeu from the atmosphere, it repre-
sented a manurial application of 120 lb. of
nitrogeu per acre, worth about eight dollars
as a manure."

Bbbs. — Another pamphlet from the Depart-
ment deals witli "Bee-keeping in the West

Indies," and is by W. K. Morrison. Bee-keeping
is said to be one of the most promising of minor
industries in certain districts, and much is now
being done to encourage it. A bee expert who
has visited the several islands here gives the
results of his investigations, and it is to lie
hoped that the industry will be largely and
wisely taken \\p.

.lANrAIfA PiNE-APl'I.ES.

In an article in tlie September Biillcliii of
the Botanical Department, Jamaica, on "Eco-
nomic Plants," there are some interesting
details relating to the cultivation of Pine-
apples. Speaking of the best varieties of
these fruits, the writers, Messrs. William
Pawcett and W. Harris, quote the Superinten-
dent of Hope Gardens, who, in his report for
1890-97, "draws attention to the markings on
the leaf of the Green Ripley Pine - apple,
and points out that by carefully studying these
markings, plants producing poor and generally
worthless fruits may be detected at an early
stage of their growth, and discarded. The
Green variety has a pale green leaf, with red
stripes situated on different parts of the leaf,
the stripes being very pronounced in some
plants, varying from a dark red stripe an inch
iu diameter to none at all. As far as observa-
tions go at present, it is only when the Green
variety has the broad red stripe, and that
situated in the centre of the leaf, that the
plant is worth growing ; the totally green-
leaved plant, or the plant with a narrow
stripe, especially when the stripe is ou the
edge of the leaf instead of in the centre, is not
worth anything, the fruit jjroduced usually
having holes near the base into which ants
creep, and by eating the fruit, start it
rotting." Continued tests proved the correct-
ness of the theory that the quality of the fruit
is indicated by the colouring of the leaves,
and it is now particularly insisted upon that :
" the greatest care should be taken to propa-
gate plants from those having the rod colour-
ing matter well developed, and iu the centre
of the leaves only ; plants with faintly-coloured
or colourless leaves, or plants having leaves
with the red colour on the edge of the leaves,
should be avoided."

It is curious to note, from a table of Pine-
apples exported yearly since 1870, how the
numbers and values of them have varied. The
smallest number sent out was thirty-three in
1877, the largest 14,070 in 1884; while the
total in 1900-1901 was 7,511, the value of these
being estimated at £1,03.3.

PiTlIECOLOniUM Sasian.
(THE SAJIAN tree OF TlilNIDAD, (iHENADA, ETC.)

Recently, in looking through a copy of the
E.vc/uiiige Seed List for 1901, compiled by Mr.
G. H. Krnmbiegel, the Superintendent of the
State Gardens, Baroda, India, I noticed t iuit a
yellow-leaved PithecolobiumSaman is included.
This form is unconunon, at least, iu this island,
but at Gonyave (Charlotte Town) the chief
place of importance in the parish of St. John's,
there are two trees, one near the police-station,
and tlie other at the "old hospital." In my
diary of April 11, 1900, I made the followiug
note: — "Near the police-station at Gouyave
there is a yellow-tliited foliaged and vigorous-
growing Saiuan-treo ; there is, or was, a similar
one at the 'old hospital' of the same town."
Dr. Lxtour first pointed out the latter to me,
so that if deserving of varietal distinction,
his name should have due consideration. I
have nowhere seen this form before. Again,
on May 17 of the sanu^ year, I noted : — "The
Saman with yellow-tinted leaves near the
police-station (Gouyave) I found in vigorous
health, and clothed in foliage.

El KODENnnON (JUADRANGULATIM.

This Brazilian tree is here noticed on account
of the bright, fresh-looking, dark green leaves
it has during a period of the year when nearly
every other plant looks shabby. Trees of this
nature, like the Mango, stand out a splendid
contrast with their clothing of greenery.
There is one specimen iu the collection of
living trees and shrubs cultivated at the
Grenada Botanic Station. W. E. Broai-hcuij,
Grcncula.

P .E 0 N I E S .

" TiJK P:eony is a delicate plant, and is culti-
vated in long, sheltered beds, generally form-
ing the parterre to some adjoining chamber,
from which its magnificent blossoms can be
viewed. In the grounds of the wealthy it is
subjected to scrupulous care and nursing, ii>
order to produce flowers of enormous size and
fulness, often so large and heavy as to need
artificial support. It is regarded as the
flower-queen of China, and is essentially the
favourite of the upper classes in Japan. The
Pseony was first imported into Japan in the
eighth century, and was then chiefly culti-
vatetl in the provinces of Yamato and Yamd-
shiro. Even now the finest specimens in
Tokio are brought from the neighbourhood of
the old capital, Nara. The largest blossoms
measure as much as 9 inches across. The
Pjeony is sometimes called the flower-of-pros-
perity ; another fancy name by which it is
known is the plant-of-twenty days, because it
is said to preserve its beauty and freshness
for that period of time. Of the large Tree'
Picony, called ' botan,' there are ninety dis-
tinct kinds, and of the small plant PiBony,
having single blossoms, and called ' Shaku-
yaku,' there arc slid to exist 500 varieties.
. . . Among colours, the red and white are
most valued, purple and yellow specimens,
thougliraro, being less prized. This exuberant
flower, with its large, curling petals, is a
favourite subject for design and decoration.
Its companions in art are the peacock, tht-
golden pheasant, and the ' shislii,' a kind
of conventional lion, derived from Chinese
designs ; in such company it forms the con-
stant decoration of temple and palace walls."
Tlie Floral Ait of .ttipan, bijJ. Condei; p. 14.

ORCHID PKOPAGATION.

The " BACK-nuLiis " of Orchids.— With re-
gard to Jlr. Johnson's remarks (p. .■!28) respect-
ing my article, " Orchid Propagation," Oct. 10,
p. 258, in the first part of the paragraph he
expresses the belief that there is "a certain
amount of risk " in removing back-bulbs, and
illustrates the danger by particulars of the
death of a specimen which had been to a
flower show, was brought home, divided, and
which died within two months. This proves
nothing, for the damage may have been set ui>
ly its being exposed during the showing, or
by over-watering afterwards. But as I hold
still stronger views about the safety of divi-
ding an Orchid, almost bulb from bulb, if
needs be, and I intend to furnish an article
on the subject soon, that part of the question
may remain.

The second portion contends that, affording
water to the back-bulbs from the start is
better than dry treatment. As Mr. Johnson
in his manipulation of the plants " takes no
risks," but takes only pieces with good dor-
mant eyes, and as he suspends his divisions,
and I know applies water very carefully, his
methods are «;atisfactory to him.

But my purpose is not to know what treat-

NO^-EATBER 9, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

337

mont may answer in favonrible cases, but that
which is bsst in nnfavoui-able and seemingly
hopeless cases, and when that is ascertained,
that which is best generally has been found.
I should have thought that the account of
Mr. Norman C. Cookson's dry treatment of
l)aek pseudo-bulbs of Odontoglossums, whereby
he brings about almost to a certainty what
Jlr. Johnson says he would regard as a miracle
under his system, is conclusive evidence as to
which treatmint is the better. The fact of it
is, those who advocate the application of
water to rootless back pseudo-bulbs base their
argument on an operation they think they are
performing rather than on anything which
really takes place, for if the piece under treat-
ment has neither imbibing roots nor leaves in
active growth, what benefit can it derive from
the water? The argument is, that the water
keeps the pseudo-bulbs plump until growth is
renewed. But to what extent that takes place
is an open question. Whether it is desirable
for the hastening of growth is a question
ca-sier to answer, for those who are observant
will have seen many instances in Xiture whiih

weather, and where but for this marvellous
provision the plmts would perisli in hirgo
numbers. Many orchidists will hive occa-
sionally noted in freshly - imported plants
a dead or nearly dead back pseudo-bulb,
bearing at its apex a densely set uias*. which
may be likened to a globular, steraless, dense
inflorescence; examined it is found to consist
of a number of tiny bulbils, each with a rudi-
mentary awn-like leaf. On the plump pseudo-
bulbs these are not observed, and the closest
examination does not reveal any means for
the production of such a marvellous a^gre-
gition of safeguards against the destruction of
the plant by long continued drought or other
climatic rigours. Again, even with established
plants, we find that a great amount of damage
is done by the too liberal application of water.
Many of my readers will remember the advo-
cacy some years ago of applying water to
Cattleyas overhead with a rose watering-pot.
It was soon found that plants persistently so
afforded water for any length of time uuulo no
roots. On the other hind, it is found that if
water be sparingly applied while the soft-

MELBOURNE BOTANIC GARDEN.

The Melbourne Botanic Garden, of which
we have previously given an account, p. 'U6,
is situated on the banks of the River Yarra,
about a mile from the city of Melbourne,
and is IOC) acres in extent. It adjoins
the grounds of Government House and the
Public Domain, of which it forms a part. The
newer portions, as well as some of the old
ground, have been laid out in broad gravel
walks, and extensive lawns with clumps and
single specimens of trees and shrubs, which
have rendered the garden highly attractive to
the public, who frequent it in large numbers
on Sundays and holidays.

The garden contains large conservatories,
one devoted to the cultivation of Ferns and
some plants of industrial value ; and a mis-
cellaneous collection of stove-plants in pots.
A smaller house is occupied by succulent
plants. There are also several other small
houses for propagating and other purposes,
besides frames, and a large shelter shed for
the hardier plants.

VW. 101. — IlKGONIAK AT SlIliKWSHLI! V llnii I ICILTl UAL IKIK, SHOWN liV MKSSItS. I!. It. H.WIS AND SONS, OF VKOVIL.

proves that back-eyes, as they are called,
and the scarcely discernible "eyes" which
produce adventitious growths on the pseudo-
h.ilbg of l)endrol)ium nobilcand other Orchids,
which might be classed with Mr. .Johnson's
miraculous developments, are a provision of
Xiture intended to guard the plant from
destruction when its leading growth is de-
stroyed, or docs not push up because of
exceptionally long periods of drought. The
functions of these dormant eyes are never
brought into play unless attenuation steps in,
and as tlie old bulbs decay, the young growths
strengthen and form roots in order to absorb
moisture when the rain does come. This pro-
cess wo see going on under cultivation, and
produced l>y the same causes, viz., danger
to the life of the plant through its vital
energies being by some check diverted from
their normal courses.

But the most marvellous instance of this
provision of Nature, one which falls little
short of the miraculous, is seen in Cielogyne
(Pleione) humilis, growing in Nepal and
Sikkim at great elevations in a little moss on
bare rocks and trees fully exposed to the

p liuted root-) arc forming, a large number of
branching roots is obtained ; while those
subjected to overlie id application seldimi
branched. The reason is not diflicult to find.
The over-watered plants get more water than
they can take up with the few roots which
they possess, whilst those sparingly watered
have to Hud more mouths to get sullicient from
the smaller available supply.

I am very pleased to find that growers are
willing to discuss these mailers, and I hope
by placing a few more of my views beloie
them that some interesting facts may be ob-
tained, and made common property. J. O'B.

BEGONIAS AT SHREWSBURY.

\Vk present our readers with an illustration
(fig. 101) of a group of tuberous - rooted
Begonias, shown by Messrs. 15. H. Divis i"4
Sons, nurserymen, of Yeovil, Somersetshire,
on the occasion of the last horticultural
fete at Shr(!\vsbury. Messrs. Davis have
done much in raising line varieties of Bego-
nias, and the group contained many of the best
of these.

Tiic older p )rtions of the girdens contain
numerous fine specimens of I'alms, Araucarias,
and other Conifers, various Oaks, Ulnis, and
other deciduous trees, besides (irevilleas, of
which G. robusta forms a splendid picture
when in flower, and numerous other native
treesand shrubs. An extensive " Fern gully"
has been formed ; largo collections of I'alms
and Cycads have Ixen planted, as well as
groups of the more hardy of the Queensland
plants.

Ill the lower portion of the grounds, near
the river, is a large and beautiful lake,
occupying about fourteen acres, spanned in
places by rustic bridges, and dotted with
charming little islands which, planted with
ornamental trees and shrubs, picturesquely
arranged, produce a splendid ellect. A por-
tion of the native vegetation having been
allowed to remain, adds to the interest of the
scene. A large sum has been spent on the
gardens and domain during the last few years,
and the sums annually granted by Parliament
for the purchase of plants have enabled such
an increase in the collections to be made that
the total number of plants catalogued some

338

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 9, 1901.

years since exceeds 7,000 species, exclusive of
varieties. The wliole of the species are dis-
tinctly labelled with name, native country,
and natural order. The condition of the gar-
dens is in every way creditable to the City of
Melbourne, and especially to its Director,
Mr. W. R. tUiilfoyle, P.L.S.

Adjoining the Botanic Garden is the Domain,
305 acres in extent, including the grounds of
Government House, of 157 acres in gardens,
pleasure grounds, and extensive lawns, the
whole in charge of the Director of the Botanic
Garden. The Domain is intersected by walks
and drives leading to the city and various
parts of the southern suburbs. A small part
remains in its natural condition, but the
greater portion has been planted with an im-
mense number and variety of trees; these
have attained a considerable size, and produce
■a fine effect on the landscape, the Domain
extending within close proximity to, and com-
manding one of the best views to be obtained
•of the city."

Tlie foregoing particulars have been con-
densed from the Illiist rated Handbook of Vic-
toria, and supplement the account we recently
gave from the pen of Mr. J. H. Veitch. The
.supplementary illustration shows how well
Aloes and plants of a dry, hot region thrive
under the climate of Melbourne.

The Week's Work.

NOTES FROM NORMANDY.

The export of fruit to this country from
the district including Cherbourg has, it ap-
pears, been greatly increased of late. In 1899
-scarcelymore than 20 to 25 tons were despatched
here during that period ; last year showed a
great improvement, the export reached 525
tons— an increase of 500 tons on the previous
year. Formerly considerable quantities of
.Strawberries, grown mostly near Brest, came
here ind Cherbourg, the direct steamer calling
at Brest during the Strawberry season, thence
direct to Plymouth. Taking the trade fruits of
all kinds, i.e.. Pears, Apples, nuts, and Prunes
grown in Anjou, are mostly exported here
through Honfleur and Caen, and a certain
■quantity passes through Cherbourg. A great
deal of this fruit goes to Birmingham and
Manchester. Potatos are grown extensively
near Cherbourg. These are packed in small
barrels, weighing 88 lb., and shipped to
Jjondon. The highest export was in 1899,
when .3,510 tons were shipped from Cherbourg •
m 1900 the export was 2,92.3 tons. The trade
is well maintained. Cauliflowers and Cabbages
are largely exported to the United Kingdom,
the average price being Is. per dozen nett.
In 1899 some 2,700 tons were exported, but
last year only 1,101 tons were shipped. From
St. Malo we learn concerning Potatos and
■other market garden produce that the trade
IS improving, and the export here increasing
greatly. The sorts mostly grown are Myatt's
And the Royal Ashleaf and Early Giant Kid-
neys. Magnum Bonums have superseded French
sorts. Apples yielded a good crop on the
whole, and cider will be more like cider than
it was during some previous years; it was
really difficult to say of what it was made
■during 1897 and 1899. This reminds us of the
alleged saying of a French wine -merchant
after a run of bad harvests, that "he would
never despair of the yield so long as chemists
were left in the land."

TRADE NOTICE.

Certain persons calling themselves nur-
serymen in Switzerland and in Holland, and
addressing their correspondence from Basle,
.Zurich, and Rotterdam, are, it appears, giving
extensive orders in Belgium. The Cliamhre
Syndicale recommends its clients to take pre-
cautions before sending goods. As it is
possible our own nurserymen may receive
similar orders, the caution may be useful on
this as on that side of the Channel.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. H. Slade, Gardener to Lord Poltiiiiore,
I'oltimore Park, Exeter.
Ornamental Trees. — As a companion tree to
the variegated Acer JVegundo and Prunus
Pissardi, mentioned last week, Liquidambar
styraciflua is excellent for affording beautiful
leaf-colouriug in the autumn. In flowering trees
there is still great variety, and almost indis-
pensable are Laburnums, Amelancliier cana-
densis, Amygdalus, including A. Davidiana,
A. alba, A. rubra, A. perslca magnifiea, double
and semi-double flowered varieties ; Cerasus
pseudo - Cerasus Watereri, the large double
flowers of which are very pretty in tlie spring,
whilst in autumn theleaf colour is good. Pyrus
aucuparia, P. Sorbus, the Service-tree (at
the time of writing loaded with berries), P.
Mains acerba, the common and many exotic
Crabs are beautiful subjects given plenty of
space as previously advised, and if planted in
different aspects as standards, they add much
to the beauty of the garden and pleasure-
grounds. Then there are the Syringas (Lilac),
intermediate in height, undoubtedly very
telling subjects if grown as half-standards,
with clear stem of 3 or 4 feet in height. The
crowns of the standard plants should be kept
moderately thin by the removal of useless
shoots. A list of the double and single-flowered
Lilacs was given when the plants were in
flower. Other useful flowering shrubs of a
different style of growth are the Philadelphus,
or Mock Orange. The best forms of these
were also noted when in bloom. The older
and stronger-growing varieties should have
sufhcient space to form a good all-round bush,
and are good subjects for planting singly or in
groups of a few bushes on the lawn. M.
Lemoine's varieties do not appear so vigorous
as the species, and those named Boule d'Ar-
gent, Gerbe de Neige, and Manteau d'Hermine
seem more suitable for planting near the
margins of the shrubbery, or thinly in large
beds. Deutzia scabra, D. crenata, D. Wellsii,
and D. Watereri are useful for late flowering ;
and the forms of smaller growth, as D. gracilis,
D. parviflora, and D. Lemoinei, flower a little
before those. Rabbits do not damage the
taller growing Deutzias, but they are partial
to the last-named variety. Spirseas of the
shrubby type are specially useful in pro-
longing the season of flowering shrubs. Largo
specimens of S. arirefolia and Lindleyana
standing singly on the lawn are extremely
effective. S. callosa pumila alba, and varie-
ties splendens and superba, are suitable for
planting together in beds ; while S. confusa,
S. opulifolia, S. o. aurea, S. Thunbergi, and
S. Douglasii are useful plants for planting in
the front row in shrubberies. Staphylea col-
chica is useful as a quick-growing, early
flowering shrub; Diervilla (Weigela) Eva
Rathke, D. Stelzneri, and D. Looysmani aurea,
the last-named having leaves of a yellow tint ;
Elders with yellow variegated leaves, being of
strong growth, are useful in the more distant
parts of the pleasure grounds. Cornus (Dog-
wood) Spathi is the prettiest of the family,
during the summer the leaf colouring being
effective ; and the varieties C. kousa and C.
florida, and C. (Benthamia) fragifera are beau-
tiful shrubs, the latter growing to a height of
20 feet in the warmer parts of England and
Ireland.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq ,
Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road, Camberwell.
Caltletjas, Lwlias, and La-lio-Cattleijas. — The
recent article on the division of pseudo-bulbs
of hybrid and choice varieties of Orchids in
the Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 317, opens up a
subject of much general interest, and it will not
be out of place to include in my article one
or two methods of propag.ating Orchids that I
have found successful at Cambridge Lodge and
other gardens. I cannot see the advantage to
be derived from resorting to extreme methods,
thereby causing the pseudo-bulbs to shrivel or

unnecessarily subject the plants to injury;
for it is upon the pseudo-bulb that reliance
must be had, generally for the support of the
new growth and the future well-being of the
plant. I am convinced that extreme measures
are altogether unnecessary, and may be dis-
pensed with if the gardener gives due con-
sideration to the species of Orchids to be
divided. In increasing the stock of any of
the species and hybrids, I always prefer to
pass a kuife through the rhizome whilst still
lying in the compost, when the latter is in
such a condition that it may be allowed to
remain undisturbed for one season. This
severance of tlie rhizome should be made when
growth is dormant, or just when the new
growth is beginning at the base of the last-
formed growth. The advantages accruing
from this method are, viz., that even the
oldest pseudo-bulbs will retain vitality in
their roots, which are established in the com-
post and on the sides of the pot, pan, basket,
&c., v-hich roots must necessarily be injured
by removal, if taken away at the same time
the division is made, or when the plant is
turned out for re-potting purposes. I have
frequently known buds to form where this
method is followed, from points well above the
base of the pseudo-bulb, where the usual
breaks are produced, and where the existence
of a bud at the base was not suspected. The
divided plant should remain till the roots
make their appearance from the newly-
developed growth, and then be removed and
potted in the usual manner. Where this
method is followed, the plants rarjly become
distressed thereby. There may, however, bo
exceptional cases, when it becomes necessary
to repot the plants, and no opportunity is
afforded for making a division, when the com-
post is much decayed or sour. Where this is
the case, and back bulbs can be dispensed
with, then take them off at the most con-
venient place where there is the chance of a
dormant bud existing, and pot up the severed
portion and place it at the warmer and
moister part of the house ; or the piece may be
laid on cocoa-nut fibre refuse in a propag iting
case till it shows signs of vitality. Back
pseudo-bulbs of plants recently imported
generally possess dormant buds, which keep in
good condition for a year or two after being
transferred to the Orchid-house, so that the
plant has an opportunity of displaying its
particular characters, while the back bads are
in good condition ; and it is by this means
that the white forms of the typical species
are increased, as is illustrated in the small
plants of the white section of Cattleya
Mossife. The hybrids of this class retain
dormant buds at the base of the pseudo-bulbs
for a much greater length of time, and under
good cultivation they may be retained in good
condition for an indefinite period. It is a
great pity hybrids are allowed to continue
making single growths annually for so many
successive years, when a simple division of the
growth would have the effect of producing a
large specimen by accretion o! growths.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Matne, Gardener to the Hon. Mark Rolle,
Bicton, East Budleigli, Devonshire.

Forciny Asparagus. — The crowns selected for
this purpose should not be less than three
j'ears old, and where home-grown plants are
available, care must be exercised when lifting
to secure every root jiossible, and to shake off
most of the soil before conveying them to the
forcing pit, and not to expose them to the air
for a longer period than can be helped. The
surface of the hot-bed when the roots are
placed therein must not be more than 12 inches
from the lights, and the crowns should be
packed fairly close together, the roots being
spread out level, and at full length, not less
than 4 ins. of sifted leaf-soil being placed over
the crowns, and made moderately firm. The
lights should be kept close till the shoots
appear, which is usually in from two to three
weeks, then afford a small amount of air on all
favourable occasions by day, which will give

NOVEJIBEK 9, 1901.]

^HE GARD ENER S' CHRO XI CL E.

339

colour to the shoots. An ordinary dung-bed
covered with a two-light frame, started every
alternate week, will give a fair supply, though
in this matter the gardener must be guided as
to the requirements of the establishment. The
frames may again be utilised by stirring up
the material, and adding some warmed fresh
material, and renewing the linings if this be
found necessary. The top-heat should not
exceed 6-5", or the bottom-heat 75'. Those
who have pits heated ijy hot water-pipes at
the top and bottom need not go to the trouble
of making hot-beds of dung and leaves.

Senkale. — This delicious vegetable can be
brought on in a manner similar to Asparagus,
but instead of glass lights, wooden shutters
should be utilised to exclude the light, or the
blanching will be imperfect, covering with
Seakale-pots having lids, or boxes 15 inches
square, wlaich are surrounded and covered
with stable-litter and tree-leaves. For the
first few batches the crowns should be dug up
and planted about 3 inches apart in light soil,
and placed in the Mushroom-house or cellar.
Failing this accommodation, cover large pots or
boxes with others of rather larger size, ex-
cluding every ray of light, and place them in
a house having a temperature of 55° to 60°.
The crowns start better if lightly syringed
once a day. Under this kind of treatment
produce is fit for consumption in four weeks
from the start. A batch of roots should be
started every ten days. Where it is the prac-
tice to force Seakale in the open ground, and
produce is required in the last week in Decem-
ber, a start must be made forthwith. First
clear away decayed loaves, and then dust the
crowns with fresh soot and slaked lime, and
cover with coal-ashes 2 inches deep, and after-
wards place on the pots or boxes in position.
These must be covered with fermenting stable-
litter and tree-leaves, in about equal pro])or-
tions, to a depth of '2J foot. But tree-leaves
alone, if well prepared, will usually afford
enough heat if covered with long-litter. Test-
sticks should be stuck into the bed, and if
these arc found to be too warm, that is above
60°, some of the materials should be pulled
away from the sides of the pots for a while.
Fresh crowns should bo covered every fo>ir
weeks.

R)iiib(irb. — In order to have Rhubarb at the
end of December, forcing must begin forth-
with, and for this batch strong crowns should
be lifted and put into a house having a tem-
perature of 00° to 05', and be kept in darkness,
covering the roots with leaf-soil, and not
allowing it to get dry. Where plenty of suit-
able tree-leaves can be collected, a shed may
be erected about 12 ft. long, 8 ft. wide, and
5 feet high, the rough l)oards of which the
sides arc constructed being placed 2 inches
apart for the heat to pass through, leaving a
small entrance on the sunny side. A body of
trcoi-leaves 3 feet in width should then bo
packed around this shed, making them firm by
trampling. Some straw or reeds should be
placed on the top to prevent the leaves falling
through. As the leaves settle down, more
must be added. It is advisable to place a
thick covering of straw over all, in order to
throw off the rain or snow. A can of water and
a syringe should be kept inside the shed, and
the crowns lightly dewed over every morning.
Rhubarb and Seakalo are forced at Bieton in
this manner, and wo usually get a supply of
both about D(!cember20. The shed is sheltered
by a Laurel hedge.

PIiANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts, Gardener to Hussey Packk, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Lougliborougli.

The Rose llcmse. — I have recently referred
to the condition of the climbing Roses in this
house, and since then the weather having boon
warm and sunny for the time of year, the
wood has ripened thoroughly, and the pruning
may be performed. This will consist of the
removal of shoots too weak to produce flowers
or where they are crowded together, and the
cutting back of strong shoots to promising
plump buds. Enough young shoots of good

strength must be left to furnish each plant
with flowering wood. The pruning being
finished, unfasten all shoots and branches,
cleanse the roof with soft-soap and water, in
which a little carbolic acid is mixed. White-
wash or limewash the walls, putting a handful
of flowers-of-sulphur into a pailful of wash.
Then regulate and refasten the branches, &c.,
so as distribute the flowering wood over the
entire plant. Remove the exhausted upper
crust of the border, replacing it with turfy
loam, decayed manure, and some bone-meal.
For a few weeks after pruning, the house
should be thrown open. Tea Roses grown
under glass are so readily induced to grow,
that forcing should not begin till quite the
end of the year. Bring all Tea Roses in pots
under cover. As soon as the soil in the pots
is fairly dry, the pruning of these plants may
be carried out. The pruning consists of the
removal of all weak shoots, and shortenimg of
the stronger shoots, the soil in the pots being
meanwhile kept on the dry side. All kinds of
pot Roses received in from the nursery should
be placed in cold pits or frames, putting the
lights over them in rainy weather. Roses
bought for potting purposes should be potted
when received, plunged in a bed of tree-leaves,
and sheltered from the weather in pits, &c.
These later plants must not be forced until
they have been a year, or longer time, in pots.

Caladinms, Gloxinias, and Ttiberous-yooted
Be'jonias may now be stored away. The first
two being wintered underneath the stage in a
house having a warmth of 55° to CO' Begonias
may be shaken out of their pots, placed thickly
in dry soil, and wintered in a fruit-room or
seed-store having a warmth of not less than
■15°, and be kept dry.

Berried SoUiniims. — In the case of plants
with the berries still green, let the plants be
placed in a house having a temperature of
60' to 65'. These plants being subject to
be infested with aphis, should bo fumigated or
vaporised occasionally. The latest batch of
plants, till the berries show colour, maj' bo
afforded manure in the liquid or dry state.

THE UARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Jiy C. IlEnnis.

Anliimn Plant imj. — The condition of the soil
and the weather at the present season is all
that can be wished for by the planter of fruit-
trees, and good use should be made of these
favourable conditions in pushing on operations.
Assuming that the ground has been prepared,
there should be no hindrance to proceeding
with tree and bush planting. A select list of
suitable varieties of Apples and Pears for
private gardens is appended.

Early Dessert Apples. — Irish Peach, Mr.
(iladstone, Beauty of Bath, Red Juneating,
Kerry Pippin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Devon-
shire Quarronden, Lady Sudeley, and Worcester
Pearmain. Second earhj or mid-season ; for use
in the last three months of the year, are Cox's
Orange Pippin, the best flavoured dessert
Apple of its season ; it is a variety that has
become very popular, and fine fruits fetch
quite fancy prices. The now variety Charles
Ross is also ono that should be planted, and
the price of maiden trees is now more reason-
able than has hitherto been the case. Others
are Ribston Pippin, King of the Pippins,
Blenheim Orange, Allington Pippin, Margil,
Claygato Pearmain, Adams' Pearmain, and
Mannington Pearmain. Late rarieties are
Fearn's Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Wyken
Pippin, Reinetto du Canada, Hubbard's Pear-
main, Court Pendu Plat, Cockle's Pippin,
Sturmcr Pippin, and AINmi's Everlasting.

Ciilinarij Apjiles are Lord Suflicld, Lord
(Jrosvenor, a good and sure cropping variety,
that succeeds where the first mentioned often
fails; Ecklinville, Potts' Seedling, Stirling
Castle, f jrenadier. Cox's Pomona, .and Warner's
King. M id-season varieties : Peasgood's Non-
such, Lord Derby, Beauty of Kent, tiolden
Noble, Stone's, Blenheim Orange, Tower of
fllamys, Bismarck, and Royal Late Cooking.
Later varieties are Wellington, Lane's Prince

Albert, Alfriston, Newton Wonder, Bramley's
Seedling, Northern Greening, and Norfolk
Beaufin.

Pears for Bushes or Pijramids. — Clapp's
Favourite, Williams' Bon Chretien, Souvenir
du Congres, and Beurre d'Amaulis. Mid-season
and late : Triomphe de Yienne, Durondeau,
Fondante d'Automne, Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Marie Louise, Pitmaston Duchess, Doyenne du
Comice, Beurre Superfln ,Duchesse d'Angouleme,
Beurre Diel, President Barabe, .Josephine de
Malines, and Bergamotte d'Esperen.

Pears /or Tl'aU Culture should include —
Earliest : Beurre Giffard, Jargonelle, Clapp's
Favourite, Williams' Bon Chretien, Margaret
ilarrillat, and Beurre d'Amaulis. Mid-season
and late : Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise,
Pitmaston Duchess, Conseiller de la Cour,
Beurre Superfin, Kmile d'Heyst, Doyenne di>
Cornice (the best mid-season Pear), Thompson's,
Glout Morceau, and Beurre d'Aujou. Latest :
Marie Benoist, Easter BetirrtS Olivier des
Serres, Winter Nelis, Le Lectier, Nouvelle
Fulvie, Beurre Ranee, Doyenne d'Alengon,
and Duchesse de Bordeaux.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIntvre, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tknnant, The Glen, Inuerleitlien, Peeblesshire.

Earlij Forced Fig-trees in Pots. — Those trees
intended for affording fruit at the end of April
or beginning of May will now need dressing
with an insecticide, soft soap at the rate of
1 ounces to 1 gallon of water answering well.
Apply it in a tepid state with a brush, being
careful when using it not to injure the points
of the shoots nor to rub off the embryo fruits.
The trees having been regularly stopped
during the growing season, will require little
or no pruning ; but if the growths are imich
crowded and irregular, they should be thinned,
and the trees made symmetrical. The Fig-
house should be put into good order, the wood-
work and walls cleaned with hot water, lime-
washing the walls with quicklime and sulphur.
It is necessary for the perfecting of the
earliest crop that a mild bottom-heat should
be ])rovided, the pots being raised on loose
brick pedestals, and the pit lillod around them
with Oak or Beech-leaves and stable-litter,
pressed firmly together. The depth of the pit
may be 3 feet, and when leaves alono are used,
about 4 feet. Care must bo taken that the
heat does not exceed 05° until growth has
taken place. The trees should bo started
about the middle of the present month, and
brought along very gently, the house being
kept close and moist by sprinkling the floors,
I'ic., twice a day in bright and once in dull
weather, affording a temperature of 50° at
night, 55° by day, and with sun-heat 60° to
05'. The soil in the pots must bo maintained
in a thoroughly moist condition.

Succession Fif/s.— Any trees the shoots of
which are not well ripened should bo afforded
artificial heat in the morning hours only, and
plenty of air at night, artificial heat being:
turned off at mid-day. This course of treat-
ment will help to mature the foliage. Un-
fruitful trees should bo severely root-pruned,
and the roots restricted to borders of a mode-
rate size, more dependence being placed on
the feeding-roots near the surface, encouraged
by light mulchings, than on an extension of
the main roots. These operations should begin
just previously to the leaves commencing to.
fall. Mix with tho loam used one - sixth
of old plaster or mortar, and about tho
same qtumtity of road-scrapings, and make-
all quite firm. Tho Kig always does best
when its roots have but a very moderate- sized
border in which to grow, and is then more
manageable and fruitful than is tho case in
wide borders. When the leaves have fallen,
the trees should bo pruned, and the house
thoroughly cleansed. Trees infested with
scale insects should be washed with soft-soap
and water, and dressed afterwards with an
insecticide. Keep tho house cool and dry, but
exclude frost.

340

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[November 9, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Illustrations. — The Editor will thankfnlly receive and select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, &c. ; hut he
cannot be resjtonsible for loss or injury.

Loca? News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to
the Edifor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters tvhich it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Newspapers. — Correspondents sending newspapers should be
car^l to rnark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to sec.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 13

f Royal Hoi-ticultui-al Society's
Committee Meetings ; Clirys-
anthemum and Fruit Shows at
Cliesler (2 days), Birmingliam
(3 days), Belfast (2 days),
Ipswiuh (2 days), Dulwich
(3 days), Leeds (2 days),
Brighton (2 days), Devizes.
Chrysanthemum and Fruit
Sliows at Bristol, Chestcr-
lield, Asligate, and Liverpool
(a 1 two days); also at York,

I and Hull (both three days).

I and Buxton (one day), Bourne-

\ mouth (two days).

rChrysanthemum and Fruit

Shows at Edinhurgh, Stock-

THtJRSDAY, Nov. 14- port, and Manchester (three

I days); also at E.\eter (two

1. days).

FRIDAY Nov 15 t EradfordChrysanthemumSliow

sATirRTiAv Wnv ,,• I Chrysanthemum Exhibition at
bATUKUAY, ^o\ . lh.| Antwerp (three days).

SALES FOR THE WEEK.
EVERY DAY—

Bulbs, Pollexfen tt Co.
EVERY DAY EXCEPT SATURDAY.—

Bulbs, at Protlieroc & Morris' Rooms.
MONDAY, Nov. 11 —

Bulbs, .tc, Stevens' Rooms.— Johnson, Dymond it

Son, Lilium longiDorum.— Eastwood it Co., 2 p.m.
TDESDAY, Nov. 12 —

Shrubs, itc, Pollexfen & Co.— Clearance Sale, Ash-

leigh House, High Baruet, Protheroe & Morris, at

noon .
WEDNESDAY, Nov. 13.—

Vineries, Shop, .tc, Hnlnio y.nnc, near Keighlcv.

Yorkshire. — Nursery Shi. I;. ILi -linnerc, and on

Thursday, Messrs. ilrlln -ii l.ihuin lougiflornni.

Protheroe & Morris.— Hull i;-, iti . ji .■itovens' Rooms
THURSDAY, Nov. 14.

Palms, &c., Pollexfen J; Co., Fruit Trees, at Riiin-

Iiam, Kent.
FRIDAY, Nov. 15.—

Imported Orchids, Protheroe & Morris.
SATURDAY, Nov. 16.—

Tenders.— Tottenham Urban Council, Trees, ic.

ATEEAGE Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-425'.
AcTDAL Temperatures :—

l.oSDoa.—X'orember 6 (6 P.M.): Max. 41°; Min. 33°.

November 7. — Foggy.
PBOVINCES.— iVorcMfter 7 (6 P.M.): Max. 6.3°, Scilly :
Min. 33°, Home Counties.

^ . , T, ,, The full history of the ini-

Dutch Bulbs , ,. c ^^ 1 ^ 1 1, ■ i

in English portation of Dutch bulbs into
Auctiou England is one of the many
Rooms. unwritten phases of horti-
culture. That Dutch bulbs have been im-
ported into this country for over three
centuries is a fact with which all students
of the history of gardening are perfectly well
familiar. One of the earliest, most exten-
sive, and most notable of these importa-
tions occurred in 1567, when the Flemiirh
worsted manufacturers were driven over
to this country by the persecutions of
Philip II. and the Duke of Alva. But
we are not just now so much concerned
with what may be described as amateur
importations, as with those on a wholesale
scale.

For many years, certainly indeed for the
last quarter of a century, there has been in

nearly every town in Great Britain an annual
sale by public auction of Dutch bulbs, ex-
pressly imported for this purpose, and made
up in small parcels to suit the small grower.
It is scarcely necessary to state that these
annual imports are not of the best class of
bulbs ; sometimes these purchases turn out
successful, and at others the reverse — it is a
speculation in which the buyer takes all the
risks, and has no redress. If his double
white Hyacinths turn out to be single pink,
or if his Tulips refuse to show any sign of
flower, he must console himself with the
'• might-have-beens." The finest stocks and
varieties of bulbs find their way into the
hands of the trade in this country, whose
prices are necessarily considerably higher
than those which prevail at auction.

But who, it may be asked, first introduced
this system of selling Dutch Itulbs at auc-
tion in this country Y An earlier instance
than has hitherto been adduced can be seen
in turning over the very early catalogues of
Messrs. Christie, Manson & Woods, the
celebrated firm of art auctioneers, of whose
records Mr. W. Euhekts published an exhaus-
tive account in two volumes in 1897, under
tlie title of Memorkih of Christies, 1766—1896.
He came upon two catalogues which at once
arrested his attention. The first of these is
dated Friday, October 2, 1807, and announces
the sale on that date of '• A valuable assem-
Ijlage of curious and singularly fine Hya-
cinths, and other bulbous roots of the
rarest kinds and in every variety, suited for
forcing in glasses in apartments, or for the
garden, recently consigned from Holland."

The second catalogue is dated Novemlier 3
of the same year, but this second sale was
not made up exclusively of bulbous roots.
Specialising had not yet begun in the
auctioneering business, and even the Mr.
Christie of 1807 was satisfied to take what-
ever he could get to sell — all was fish whicii
came to his net. Mr. Christie's business
was of a very miscellaneous character until
long after the dates of these bulb sales.

As regards the sale itself, we do not think
that Mr. Christie could have found the
experiment a very profitable one, even if he
had taken the whole of the proceeds. There
is no name of any proprietor in the sale
catalogue, so that the natural assumption is
that the bulbs were either consigned direct
to Mr. Christie, or through a broker.

This was a time when Mr. Christie's
auction rooms in Pall Mall were quite close
to a large number of private gardens, and
when Piccadilly was almost on the edge of
the suburbs ; the " lots " were arranged
accordingly. The first lot in the sale con-
sisted of six double-red Hyacinths, twelve
double - white, two single - red, and three
single-blue; whilst six large yellow Crocus-
roots, and four " fine different Narcisses. "
were added as a sort of make-weight. This
lot was "bought in" at 12s. Following this
came about thirty lots, each of which consisted
of about twenty-eight roots, and realised from
10s. 6rf. to one guinea per lot, some being
sold, whilst others apparently did not reach
the reserve. There were about thirty lots,
which, in addition to the Hyacinths, in-
cluded four double French Jonquils, and
fourdifferent "Xarcisses," making thirty-one
roots to each lot, and these ranged from
halt-a-guinea to 17s. per lot; but not all
were sold. Other lots comprised thirty-
nine roots, including twelve difiierent early

Tulips, and four early "Xarcisses," varied
fi'om half-a-guinea to one pound. Lot 99
comprised one hundred and sixty roots,
among v/hich were twenty fine mixed double
Anemones, a similar lot of Ranunculus,
fifty late Tulips, thirty single Hyacinths,
etc. ; but the highest bid for this lot was
£'12.s-. ; whilst other lots similarly made up
averaged 1.5.s. 6<l. each.

Rather better prices appear to have been
obtained at the second sale on November .3,
but we have not been able to trace that Mr.
Christie repeated the experiment. The
names of some of the Hyacinths are pre-
served in the sale catalogue, but they all
have, to us, at all events, a very unfamiliar
sound; some of them are probably still
remembered by the older growers at Haar-
lem. The names are chiefly French or
Dutch. Among the double red Hyacinths
there were : Delice du Printemps, Hugo Gro-
tius. Rose Illustre, Delice de Flore, Princess
van Nassau Weilburg, and II Pastor Fido.
The double whites included : Gravin van
Welderen, Madame de Saint Simon, Herona
Regina, and Mark Graff van Baden ; double
blue : Kroon der Sweede, Perle Brillante,
La Bien Aimee, Prins Willem 4th, Lento
Vrengel, and Prins Lobcourts; single red;
Koninginne, and Rooscnkrans van Flora :
and single blue : Graaf van Buuren, and
Bischop Royal.

It would be interesting to know if any of
these varieties are still cultivated in Haar-
lem, and also if there is any record of an
earlier sale at auction in England of Dutch
bulbs than that of Mr. Christie. The quan-
tity of bulbs sent over each year from
Holland for the purely speculative purposes
of being sold at auction must be a matter of
many thousands of pounds in value, and
anything which has a practical bearing on
so extensive an industry cannot fail to be
of interest.

LiNNEAN Society. — The papers read at
the lirst meeting of the session 1901-1902,
on Thiu'sday, November 7, at 8.0 P.M., were
the following: — Mr. Wakburton and Miss
E.MBLETON, " On the Life-history of the Black
Currant Mite" (Phytoptus ribis). Mr. C. B.
Clarke, F.R.S., F.L.S., "Notes on the Types
of Species of Carex in Bootb's Herbarium."
Exhibitions: Mr. W. BoTTiNc Humsley, F.R.S.,
F.L.S., on behalf of the Director, Royal Bo-
tanic Gardens, Kew, (1) Germinating Seeds
of Araucaria Bidwilli, Hook. ; ("2) Tuber of
Siebera deflexa, Benth., an uuibelliforous plant
from Australia.

Royal Horticultural Society. — The
next fruit and flower show of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society will be held on Tuesday,
November 12, in the Drill Hall, Buckingham
Gate, Westminster, 1 to 4 P.M. A lecture on
"Insecticides, Spraying for Fungi, &c.," will
be given by Mr. R. Newstead, F.E.S., at
y o'clock.

At a general meeting of the Royal

Horticultural Society hold on Tuesday, Oct. 29,
thirty-nine new Fellows were elected, amongst
them being the Countess of Clonmel, Hon.
Mrs. Tkelawnv, and Lieut. - Col. Lionel
Benson, making a total of 829 elected siuce
the beginning of the present year.

"Botanical Magazine." — The following

plants are figured in the November number : —

Musa o!eracea,VieilIard, tab. 7802. — A species

believed to be unique, in the possession of a

November 0, 1901.J

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

341

large underground tuber, filled with starch,
which is boiled, toasted, or bated as an article
of food by the natives of New Caledonia ; its
flavour, according to M. YlEILLAllD, resembles
that of the Yam. The tuber has eyes like a
Potato, and the plant may hence bo propa-
gated by division. It differs from M. sa-
piontum, not only in the tuber, but in the
nervation of the leaf, the glaucous appearance
ot the lower surface of the leaf, and various
floral characteristics. In New Caledonia it is
said never to flower; there being thus, as is
60 often the case, a sort ot antagonism bet ween
the production of tubers and the formation of
flowers. At Kew it flowered in the tcmperate-
iiouse.

Henecio magnijicus, F. V. Mueller, t. 7803. —
A South Australian mountain under -shrub,
with glaucous leaves, the upper ones sessile,
oblanceolate, coarsely and remotely toothed ;
flower-heads yellow, nearly 2 inches across,
and arranged in loose corymbs : peduncles
beset with small linear bracts ; Kew.

Liparis tricallosa, Reichcnbach f., in Gar-
deners Chronicle, 1879, p. 225, and 1901,fig.85 :
tab. 7804. Malay Peninsula. Introduced by
Mr. B(Rbiu(;e.

Trevoria cidoris, Lehmann, in Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1897, i. p. 345, f. 128, page plate ;
tab. 7805.

Hijringa oblata, Lindley, in Gardeners'
Chronicle. 18.50, p. 8C8 ; tab. 7806. Kew.

Insect Powder. — Kxpericnce has clearly
shown, says M. E. CoLlN in a recent number of
the I'Uarnuiceutical Journal, that flowers ot
certain species of Chrysanthemum are the
most active of all vegetable insecticides, and
wholesale dealers should purchase no insect
powders that are not composed entirely of
these flowers. The principal commercial varie-
ties of insect flowers are tliree in number,
viz., Dalmatian, Montenegrin, and Caucasian
<or Persian). The most important of these is
the Dalmatian ; it is obtained from Chrysan-
themum cinerariicfolium. Vis. (Chrysanthemum
turreanum. Vis., C. rigidum, A'is.), a plant
indigenous to Dalmatia, Montenegro, and
Herzegovina. It is extensively cultivated in
Oalmatia, with an amount of care that is
sometimes prejiulicial to its activity. Monte-
negrin insect flowers are obtained from the
same plant in Montenegro, where it grows
wild in abundance. Caucasian (or Persian)
insect flowers consist of the flower-heads of
C. roseum, Bicb., mixed with those ot C.
carneum, liieb. These two species are closely
allied, but their fusion into one, as advocated
by some botanists, does not appear to be
justifiable.

Richmond Horticultural Society.— The
lirst Annual Dinner will be held at the Star
and Garter Hotel, Richmond Hill, on Thurs-
day, November 28, 1001, LEoroLD iiK Roths-
child, Ks<|., in the chair. Mr. C. R. KiNi;,
Honorary Secretary and Treasurer of the
dinner fund, who has charge of the dinner-
table decorations, would be glad to hear from
supporters ot the Society who coukl furnish
specimen plants, flowers and fruit, on this
occasion.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent
Institution. — It is proposed to give a grand
<-yncert in aid ot the above Institution in
the Constitutional Hall, Chertsey, on Thurs-
day, November 14, at 7 p.m. The following
ladies and gentlemen, amongst others, have
already accorded their patronage to the
forthcoming concert : — Rev. E. R. Parr, and
Mrs. Parr; the Hon. Stephen Powys ; D. E.
Iligham, Esq., and Mrs. Iligham ; F. S. Holland,

Esq., and Mrs. Holland; Mrs. H. E. Paine;
Gilbert D. Jennings, Esq., and Mrs. Jennings;
E. D. Stern, Esq., and Mrs. Stern ; and others.
The following well-known artistes have been
specially engaged : Miss Edith Welling
(Soprano) ; Miss Gertrude Freeman, Medallist,
R.A.M. (Contralto) ; The .Eolian Glee Singers,
from Brighton ; accompanist, Mr. Fred Monk,
Organist Chertsey Parish Church. Mr. G. J.
Ingram, the Secretary of the Gardeners' Royal
Benevolent Institution, is expected to be
present. A. J. Brown, F.R.H.S., of Jasmine
Cottage, Chertsey, is Hon. Secretary, and will
furnish all particulars on application.

The Protection of Orchards from
Frost. — The November number of the Roijnl
Mit(ia::ine includes an article, by MarcI's
TlNDAL, on " Driving Frost from Fruit." The
author describes and illustrates the methods
employed in California (as elsewhere) to raise
the temperature by suspending baskets of
smouldering charcoal from the branches, run-
ning hot-water through pipes and channels,
and making straw fires. All this is known to
fruit-growers, but in the pages before us is
told for the general public : — " The cold wave
that swept over the States in February last
year was accurately foretold, and the farmers
in the Calitornian valleys wore enabled to
protect their fruit trees before the frost came.
In Florida thousands of acres of Orange groves
were protected in time to save all the bloom
from the frost. Figures furnished by the
growers show that the value ot the Citrus-
trees, Pine-apples, and vegetables saved from
this frost in Fh)rida alone amounted to more
than £100,000." Screens and temporary houses
were, on this occasion, erected over the plan-
tations by the advice of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture.

A Wonderful Pear Tree. — In the issue ot
the Fife and Kinmss I'i'ople's Journal for
October 2(i, we read that Mr. RoiiERT Mvi.KS,
Carslogie Road, has in his garden a Pear-tree
which bears marvellous crops. The tree is
between fifty and sixty years old, is about
30 feet in height, and branches out to 25 yards
in circumference. It has long been known as
very prolific, and has for a number of years
paid Mr. Mvi.Ks" feu, which amounts to over
1:2. In 1890 it produced 300 lb. weight of
Pears, and by good nursing t ;o yield has gone
on increasing, and this year it is over 40 stones,
and the price ot the Pears sold has paid Mr.
Mvi.Ks' feu nearly twice over. There must
have been about 2,500 Pears on the tree, the
fruit on the upper branches averaging three
to the lb., and the lower branches five to six
to the lb. The tree was a wonderful sight
when seen in full blossom in summer, and in
full fruit in autumn, with 2, .500 fine Pears.

A Kentish Vineyard. — "The north-
eastern part of the conventual enclosure,"
according to a statement in A History of HI.
Anqustinc's Monastery, Canterbury, by the
Rev. R. J. E. BoficiH, B.D., p. 182, " was
known as the North-holme, a name that occurs
as early as 1268; for in an agreement of that
date made by the Abbot and the citizens, it
was determined that any thieves caught in
the ' Campi do Northome ' should be subject to
the abbot's jurisdiction. The place was
evidently a source of much trouble, for a
public pathway led to it, and the thickets and
broken ground afforded a hiding-place for all
kinds of bad iliaracters. In 1320, therefore,
Abbot Bourne, as has been already mentioned,
stopped the pathway, cut down the trees,
filled up the hollow places, and built a wall
around the whole. In the days when the cost
ot importing wine was very heavy, a vineyard

woidil be a valuable possession ; and the
abbot made good use of the ground thus made
available by jilanting Vines there. Some few
years later the wages of the Vine-keeper are
quoted at £2 12s., while £2 3.s. Id. was paid to
Yine-dressors, and £1 13s. lid. for trellises,
and OS. id. for tools. St. Augustine's owned
another vineyard at Chislet, and the wages
there were the same as those paid to the Yine-
keeper at North-holme. The cellarer's garden
occupied the upper part of the precinct
towards St. Martin's Church, and there was
also a garden allotted to the abbot for his
own use." Part of the North-holme in later
years formed one of the nursery grounds occu-
pied by the late Mr. Alderman Masters of
Canterbury.

Agricultural Education in America.—
This is the subject of an address bj- Dr. JOUN
H. 'Wilson, Looturei- on Agriculture and Rural
Economj- in the University of St. Andrews.
"Whatever," says the author, "our short-
comings may be, the doings of other nations
afford sufficient incentive to progress." Next
follows a description of the valuable work
undertaken by the I'nited States Department
of Agriculture, which has lately been visited
to gain insight and information likely to bo
useful in the organisation of the recently-
instituted Department ot Agriculture and
Rural Economy in St. Andrew's University.
" The lesson we learn from a tour of this kind
is that wo should keep our eyes open, and
take seriously to heart what is being done in
other countries to help the farmer, gardener,
and forester to got sound training in the
theoretical and practical sidesot his profession.
We are awakening to our need ot action, and
there are many hopeful signs that our insti-
tutions will, before long, receive more en-
couragement." Certainly any revival of
agriculture nuist begin with the education of
individuals.

The Fruit-trade in Liverpool. — The
October number ot the Canadiati Horticulturist
contains some noteworthy remarks upon the
trade in American Apples in England. Wo
read that " From small beginnings the fruit
auction has now become the hub of the Liver-
pool fruit trade. Five years ago, when the
Apples imported into Great Britain aggregated
2,937,000 bushels, 1,598,291 were received at
Liverpool, and practically all handled through
the medium ot the Liverpool Fruit Brokers and
Buyers' Association. There are six brokcr.s
who control the auction, but other receivers
who are not brokers sell their receipts through
one of these six, who are Messrs. Woodall &
Co., J. C. HouciiTON & Co., Jamks Adam,
Son & Co., McOeoroe & Jaudine, T. Connolv &
Co., and Rooers, Wray & Co., each taking
their turn of forty minutes and then twenty,
and sometimes selling till late in the evening.
The principal .sales are held three days in the
week, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays,
and the largo dealers from all the leading
towns in England and Scotland come in to
purchase. Stringent rules are in force, binding
on buyer and .seller, and tin; bid of any buyer
is refused who does not fulfll the i-equiro-
ments. The auction room is strictly public,
and catalogues of sales are issued by the
brokers on the day following, showing prices
obtained." There is naturally much variation
in the quality ot the Ai)ples sent in for sale,
this not always fluctuating according to the
state ot the crops, but depending also on the
manner in which these are picked and packed.
"To buy an orchard in l)ulk is a direct in-
centive to bad packing. It a man buys an
orchard that way, ho is going to get the num-
ber of barrels counted on, no matter how it s

342

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[IVOVEJIBER 0, 190t.

done. This year, the danger from tins system
will be particularly great, because, while the
crop is perhaps the smallest ou record, the
amount of Apples put up for sale may be very
large." As regards British traders: — "The
Englishman is the best commercial man in the
world — for England. He can pi-esent an ac-
count of sales which, while i^erfcctly honest,
will show the largest possible amount of
charges for himself, and the smallest possible
amount of pi-oflt for you ; and he will do all
this with tlie blandest smile in the world. At
the same time, the market of Liverpool is the
best market in the world for really gilt-edged
products. A case in point: a Canadian Apple-
grower for four consecutive years sent the
pick of his orchard to London, on consignment,
a dangerous thing to do, and yet his Apples
netted him an average of 3"51 dollars in the
orchard. That shows what can be done in
London by discarding all small and inferior
Apples, and sending the best only. As regards
supplies from Tasmania, that country does not
produce anything like as good a quality of
Apjjles as is produced in New Yoi'k State ; and
yet Tasmania, by her improved system of
transportation, can send Apples 14,000 miles,
largely over tropical seas, and land them in
excellent condition, and get a high price.
There are two commandments lying at the very
threshold of commercial success. The first is,
' Thou shalt deliver goods as they are repre-
sented to be ; ' and the second, ' Thou shalt
not deliver goods in poor condition.' Observe
these, and success is assured in any line."

Excessive Railway Rates for Goods. —
We have reeoivod the following well-merited
animadversion on the trade-killing rates of a
railway company from Messrs. W. Cutbusii &
Son, nurserymen, Highgate : —

"We draw your attentiou to one of the great reasons
of damaging trade in tliis country, whereby the
foreigner can compete so favourably wltli us. We liad
a consignment of twenty-tliree cases of bulbs for Leeds,
weigliinga tons (i cwt., sent by goods train on the Mid-
land Railway, which cost us in freight charges the sum
of £5 4s. 8ci. This very same consignment was sent to
us from Holland and delivered into our own vans at
the Docks for 38s. We complained to the Midland
Railway Company, and we give you a copy of their
reply. It seems that we are powerless, and are obliged
to pay these heavy charges for freight."

" Messrs. CuTBusH ■£ Son,

Highgate Nurseries, Highgate.
Gentlemen. — We herewith return you receipted
account for £4 lis. 6d., for which we are obliged,
leaving iss. 2'/. on account. This traffic is provided for
in the classification, viz., 3rd class, and we have
charged same. We cannot however go against this,
and we must ask you to remit diflference, 13s. 2d., at
your earliest convenience.

(Signed) J. BL.ujBuoruH."

The Fruit Committee and the Press. —
Mr. Alexander Dean proposes to call the
attention of the Committee at its next meeting
to a statement in a recent number of the
Journal oj Horticulture, reflecting on the
conduct of the Committee.

M. LuciEN Linden.— This gentleman has,
as was foreseen at the time of the formation
of the Company, just resigned his post as
Director-General of the "HorticoleColoniale,"
of Brussels, where his place will be filled by
the excellent subordinates that have beeii
trained by him. After a Directorate of twenty-
seven years, M. Linden is fairly entitled to
repo.se on his laurels, but that is by no means
his intention. Ife proposes henceforth to
devote his attentions specially to the culti-
vation and hybridisation of Orchids at the
remarkable establishment at Moortebeek, of
•whose wonders we have spoken in these
columns, and which will in future be carried
on under the style of Linden et Cie.

Snowdrops. — The garden is like a circle —
it has no beginning and no end. The Chrys-
anthemums end the floral year, but already
they are overlapped by some Snowdrops, which
instead of heralding the new year, appear to
adorn the close of the old one. IMr. Arnott
^ionds us from Carsethorn, Dumfries, a speci-
men of Galanthns Rachellte. It is in such a
hurry to show its flowers, that it does not
wait till the leaves are ready. It is a native
of Greece, and was discovered by Professor
Mahaffv. Botanically it is a form of G.
nivalis. It was described in The Garden for
1891, XXX., p. 243.

Migrants.— The newly-elected President
of the Horticultural Society of Orleans, as we
learn from the American Florist, is Mr. J. A.
Newsham, a native of Lancashire, and once
employed in the Orchid-houses of Mr. Per-
ciVAL, of Southport. He afterwards collected
Orchids in Central America, and eventually
established himself in A'^ew Orleans.

The death is announced at the age of

seventy-two of Air. Patterson, the oldest nur-
seryman in New Rochelle, New York. He
was of Irish birth. [We should like to hear
more of those who migrate toother climes. Ed.]

Publications Received. — canscWs DiMonary of

i.nrdcniiin, part li iCassell & Co., Ltd., London, Paris
New York, and Melbourne). — Annales Agronomii/ucs,
October 25; Contents: Production of Milk and
flutter, by MM. Malpeaux and Dorey; and Employ-
ment of Amraoniacal Manures on Calcareous Soils, by
iM. Giustiniani.— T/ie Queensland AgrimUimd Jiiunml,
September. — The Agricultural Journal, Cape <•/ Good
Hope. September 12 and 29.— Bulletin [of the Botanical
I'epartment, Jamaica, October; Contents: Banana-soils
of .I.amaica, Cattle Food, Historical Noteson Economic
Plants in Jamaica, Cinchona Bark from .laraaica.
and Bananas as a Diet in Xyplioid cases.— From the
Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West
Indies, Sugarcane Experimenls in the Leeward Islands:
Report on Experiments conducted at Antigua and St,
Kitts, in the season 1900-1901. Part^I., Experiments
with varieties of Sugar-cane, with an Appendix on the
Chemical Selection of Sugarcane; Part II., Manurial
Experiments.— From the same Department : 2lcpoH on
certain Economic Experiments conducted in connection with
the Botanic Station, Antigua, 1900-1901.— From the United
Stales Dcpaitment. Bureau of Soils: Circular No. S,

-''''"'■'"''' ^'11 Marsh. Utnds.— From the Division of

Enl.i . |.._, r.ulletin No. 28, Insect Enemies of the
■"■J" ' -^ '''asf .■ a popular account of results of

siavi.il 1 in t-^iiK,iUons, with recommendations for pre-
venting losses, prepared by A. D. Hopkins. Bulletin
No. 29, The Fall Army Worm and Variegated Cut-worm,
by F. H. Chittenden. Bulletin No. 30, Some Miscellaneous
Hcsults o/tlie ll'ork of the Dirision of Enfomolngg, prepared
under the direction of L. O. Howard.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

NEW VARIETIES OP JAPANESE
CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

The already long list of new varieties is
being so rapidly increased, that it is a matter
of great difliculty for those who have not the
opportunity to insjiect the flowers to make an
annual selection of the most deserving va-
rieties. The descriptions by the vendors are,
as a rule, so elaborate that it is dillieult to
find some of the shades of colour given in the
blooms.

If tho.se persons who are responsible for the
description of new varieties were to adopt a
much more simple way of describing their
qualities, they would be doing the gardening
public a great service, enabling them to
purchase novelties with more confidence than
is the case at the present time.

With a view of assisting those who have not
the opportuaity to inspect new varieties, I
have taken notes of the most desirable. There
is no denying the fact that an exhibitor, in
order to be successful, must add to his collec-
tion some new varieties that arc improvements
on those already existing.

For the sake of ai-gument, I will take the
two varieties Mrs. Weekes and Lady Byron,
both of the same type, and both white. The
lat-ter was at one time a popular exhibition
variety, but is now seldom observed, except
as a decorative variety ; whereas Mrs. Weekes,
which is of more recent introduction, stands-
at the head of the Japanese section. Note
also the great difference in the varieties
Madame Carnot and Avalanche, the latter at
one time a very popular white-flowered va-
riety, but now seldom met with, it being-
displaced by Madame Carnot, which is a great
improvement upon the former.

Most new varieties are of English origin,
and fortunately the major proportion are of
dwarf, sturdy habit ; the stems are clothed
with leatherj' leaves, and what is especially
important, the flower-stalks are stiff enough
to render the blooms self supporting, an
important feature in a Chrysanthemum, especi-
ally decorative varieties. Violet Lady Beau-
mont was raised by Mr. N. Molyneux, of
Rookesbury Park, Pareham. The expanded
flower measures 8 inches in diameter, and
from 5 to 6 inches in depth ; the rcflexing,
flat florets show the deep crimson tint to
perfection — the plant grows naturally to a
height of about 5 feet. Mrs. Greenfield is best
described as an improved Phoebus. In form it
resembles that beautiful variety, but of a
deeper colour, having- an orange suffusion -
this is really a charming variety.

Exmouth Crimson has loosely formed flowers
with incurving florets, which reflex with age,
and show fully the upper surface colour of a
rich shade of purple-crimson ; the reverse is-
bronze, flushed with yellow — a fully developed
bloom will measure 8 inches in diameter.
Godfrey's Triumph has expanding florets, in-
curving loosely, and gradually reflexing in a
drooping, graceful fashion. The colour is
ruby-crimson, with a crimson and gold-yellow-
reverse — as the blossom develops it is-
reminiscent of M. Chenon de Leche. Sensation
Is fully deserving of its name, the colour being
of a rich yellow, flushed and faintly striped
with crimson; the loosely incurving floi-ets are
fully half an inch in width, forming a handsome
reflexed flower fully 8 inches in diameter when
fully expanded. Bessie Godfrey Is of full size^
the long, broad, semi-drooping florets curl at
the tips ; the colour, pale yellow, deepens to-
wards the central or expanding florets ; it is an.
improvement upon Maclamo Von Andre. Mas-
terpiece is of an Indian-red colour, the reverse
of the florets of a golden-yellow tint flushed
with crimson ; in general outline it is a
variety that greatly resembles M. Chenon de
Leche — it is of massive build, and will not fail
to be admired. Exmouth Rival is a magnified
Cullingfordi, and a grand addition to any sec-
tion. The six varieties mentioned were raised
by Mr. W. J.Godfrey in his Exmouth nurseries,
and are a distinct advance upon existing sorts.

May Vallis has long, drooping florets which
have an irregular twist at the point ; the
colour is pleasing — rose splashed and flushed
with purple, which deepens in later blooms.
The reverse of the florets is silver. General
Buller, although one of last season's novelties,
is this year quite realising the fullest ex-
pectations. The blooms are fully 8 inches in
diameter and 6 inches deep ; the broad, droop-
ing florets are twisted here and there— the
colour is yellow flushed red. Every culti-
vator should add this fine variety to his stock,
no matter how small it may be.

Mrs. G. Mileham I predicted last year
would supersede even that grand variety
Mrs. Barkley. As the florets of the former
variety expand, which they do more readily
than in the case of the lattey, the lovely

November 9, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

343

surface colour is more fully exposed, which is
very distinct and attractive, a glowing silvery-
mauve ; the florets, too, are broader and
more massive. Miss Evelyn Douglas has
medium florets, pointed, quite full, of good
build ; in colour rosy-mauve. E. Moltjneux.
[Some of the varieties mentioned in this
article have been briefly described in the
Oardeners' Chronicle, pp. 314 and 331. Ed.]

sojie contixental xovelties in'
Chrysanthemums.
It seems to be pretty generally conceded
among Chrysanthemum-growers, that the con-
tinental novelties will not prove to be of so
high an average as in years gone by. With-
out either contradicting or maintaining this
opinion, it may be permissible to say that
there are thus early in the season some really
excellent examples of continental novelties,
although perhaps the number of them is

!M. Odo Jleulenare is another novelty from
Calvat, a Japanese, with grooved florets, the
colours being striking and rich, bright crimson,
■with a brassy reverse. For size, Madame Con-
stance Walker is perhaps the biggest pearly-
white tinted mauve. M. J. B. Galland isgood,
it has spreading flowers of great size, with a
multitude of narrow florets, close and com-
pact, colour pale golden terra-cotta, with gold
reverse. The grandest bloom, however, of the
year is unquestionably Calvat's Sun, an im-
mense Japanese, with medium-sized grooved
florets that twist and incurve, and form a deep
solid-looking bloom. The colour is one of the
purest and richest of deep golden yellows we
have. It i=. quite as good in England this
autumn as it was when I saw it in Paris the
first time, and it is not necessary to be a prophet
to say that Calvat's Sun is destined to occupy
a foremost position on our show boards as soon
as it gets into general cultivation. C. FJ P

Polygonum cymosu.m
is a tall-growing species, with lanceolate,
acuminate, glabrous leaves ; and terminal,
mucli branched, many flowered panicles of
white flowers.

Fig. 105.— tomato tT-To-i)Aii:, ix an amatei u"s (;aui)e\, DKitiiv.

rather under the mark. Madame Hecrowege,
the whit.? sport from Australie, shown for the
first time at the Paris Exhibition last year,
most certainly does justice to its parentage.
Marquis Visconti Venosta is not new this
jrear, but it is unquestionably much finer than
last. It is a noble bloom of massive dimen-
sions, with great breadth of floret ; the colour
rich purple-amaranth, reverse silvery. Paolo
Radaelli is a fine Jai)aneso incurved, witli
grooved narrow florets, the colour pure pearly-
blush ; the blooms arc very deep and solid,
fjoie KuUor is not so larg(> as some, but it is
effective in t-olour, which is white, strongly
streaked and suffused purple. Most of these
;ire varieties of Calvat's raising, and are
typical of the eminent Frenchman's seed-bed.
Another continental we saw last year when
in Paris is Madame Marie Liger — this variety,
it will bo remembered, won the special prize
■offered by the American Clirysanthemum So-
ciety for the best now seedling. It is a deeply
built Japanese incurved, with grooved florets
of medium width, colour pale silvery-pink.
Princess Alice de Monaco is a fine white, very
popular with French growers. Biela is a pro-
mising new y«llow; and so too is Etoile du
IVord, but of a deeper shade.

TO^r.VTO rP-TO-DATE.

Oia illustration (fig. lO.'j) affords an ex-
ample of the successful cultivation of the
Tomato out-of-doors so far north as Derby.
The method pursued is simplicity itself, the
ground being simply dug, levelled, made firm,
the stones and rubbish cleared off, and the
plants set out in May after danger from frost
is over. Each |)laiit was kept to a single stem,
■which was fastened to a rough stake, and evi-
dently tlie view was taken after the plants
had been deprived of their leaves with the
object of ripening the remainder of the crop
of fruit. The average number of bunches upon
each plant was 9 to 13, and the number of
fruits upon a bunch varied from \i to 17. The
variety I'p-to- Date is apparently a good cropper.

PLANT NOTES.

ASTFR OKAXDIFLORI'S.
This is a tall-growing form with spreading
branches, bearing numerous small linear ses-
sile leaves, which pass gradually into the
bracts of the involucre. The flowers arc
nearly 2 inches across, the ray-florets bright
violet, those of the disc yellow.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

THE IVIANUFACTURE OF CONFUSION. — Ou

Sept. 24, 1901, at the meeting of the R.U.S., I
saw three identical Dahlias with three different
names. The bloom in question was a beautiful
rosy-mauve with a white centre. In Ware &
Co. 's exhibit it was ticketed " Brema " ; in
Cheal & Sons' it was ticketed " Loreley " ; and
in Hobbies, Ltd., it was ticketed " Miss
Grace Cook." There was no difference be-
tween the three lots, other than that one
would see between the flowers on the same
plant. A noted horticulturist suggested
that probably this variety was of continental
origin, and when it came into the hands of
different nurserymen in England, they changed
the original continental name, and each gava
it a different English name ! It came out
that some nurserymen are great sinners
in the manufacture of this sort of con-
fusion. 1 had in my pocket two Apples,
t ho name of which 1 wanted to ascertain
--a beautiful red-cheeked and a white one,
both coming from the same tree. To my
astonishment I was told that this Apple had
three or four synonyms, of which "Yorkshire
Beauty" was one! There is another great
source of confusion : Nurserymen who raise
new seedlings, often give different names to
aliuost identical varieties. The only object of
this, it would seem, is to swell the catalogues
with grand nanu's, to the confusion of pur-
chasers and tlu' writers of historiesof garden-
plants. It was stated some time ago that a
raiser of Sweet-Peas had a list of some hun-
dreds of now Sweet-Peas. Ho "svas advised to
strike off about half of them as not sufficiently
ilistiuct to deserve different names ! Can any-
one suggest some sort of remedy for this con-
lusion':' Botanists feel the burden of
Humorous synonyms to the plants they have to
ilral with. If horlii-ullurists whoiiianufacturo
all sorts of jjlants arc to burden their science
and art with a similar number of synonyms,
the outlook is not pleasant. It ought to be a
point of honour not to change the name of a
plant when once it has been christened
— whether in this country or any other. E.
lioimi'Ut. M.li.

COTONEASTER MiCROPHYLLA. — When treated
as a wall plant, no shrub in the garden is
more beautiful than is this Cotonoaster at tho
present moment. Growing up the south front
of ono of tho cottages hero (S. Hants), is a
specimen, 10 feet high, quite smothered, espe-
cially near the top, with its bright red berries ;
it was almost as beautiful when covered with
its snuill white blossoms. No plant requires
less attention in tho mallear of treatment ; tho
soil should not be too rich, and tho shoots as
they grow in length should bo secured to the
wall neatly, and forcright skoots spurred-in
closely. E. M.

TREE LEAVES AND INSECT-PEST OF ORCHIDS.
— In last week's issue, speaking of likely suit-
able preparations on which to sow tho seeds
of Orchids, Mr. O'Brien names a compost
composed partly of leaves. Now, of all tho
difficulties attending the rearing of Orchids,
tho greatest, 1 should say, is the presence of,
and, under suitable conditions, tho rapid
multiplication of a certain little fly in the
compost. This littlo fly has a drowsy, harm-
less appearance as it ap|)ears on tho ■wing
amongst the leaves, but it has a voracious
appetite in the maggot period of its existence,
which it retains in a !ess degree in its adult
stage, always remaining vegetarian. It does
not care for peat-flbre, has a decided liking
for sphagnum whore not actively growing, and
regards tho germinating Orchid as a tit-bit.
This insect multiplies rapidly enough in the

344

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[A'OVEiMBER 9, 1901.

ordinary peat and moss compost, but a thou-
sand times more so in Oak and Beech leaves ;
in fact, Oak and Beeeli leaves kept moist with
rain-water seem an ideal nursery-ground for
it. A year-old seedling that has made un-
retarded progress might find the compost
which Mr. O'Brien mentions a suitable one, as
the insect does not, or rarely, touches the
roots; but, in my humble opinion, leaves
should be kept out of the house altogether
where the seedlings are in their rootless
stages, or when just endeavouring to form
their first root. J. M. Black (gr. to R. G.
Thicaites, Esq.), StreatlKini.

DRIED PLUMS. — Without wishing for one
moment to disparage the efforts of those who,
by drying Plums or other fruits, are endea-
vouring to promote what may be a valuable
homo industry, I do think no misleading state-
ments should be made in relation to it. I
noted at the Drill Hall on the 29th ult. that,
in connection with the Worcestershire exhibit
of dried fruits, French Plums were priced at
10(!. per lb. I thought that rather high, and
a day or two later made enquiry in Kingston
as to the retail price of these Plums, and
found a first-rate sample offered at Gd. per lb.
That is, of course, a great difference. If the
cost of drying English Plums on the Wor-
cestershire method be compared with the
retail cost of French Plums at lOJ. per
lb., the result may be much in favour of
the home drying. But a very diverse
result may follow if the basis of comparison
beCd. per lb. Take our most popular of Plums—
"Victoria. Assuming that good fruit can be
grown or purchased for Id. per lb., what is
the cost of drying, as per the Worcestershire
sample and method, and of packing into boxes
as French Plums are, putting them into the
grocers' hands, and enabling them to retail
them at 6(L per lb., or possibly less? Again,
assuming that can bo done profitably, how
•will the respective qualities compare ? Now,
the general impression made on the minds
(and teeth) of the Fruit Committee the other
day was that the skins of the Victoria Plums
had been dried to exceeding toughness. That
being so, would any araountof soaking and stew-
ing correct that toughness, and enable them to
be placed on the table forconsumption as good
in quality or better than are dried French Plums ?
The tost of value is to be found in getting satis-
factory answers to these queries. A member of
the Committee remarked, concerning the dried-
fruit exhibit, " If there was any money in this
method, it would have been a great commercial
industry long ago." That may or may not be
true, but all these things have to be subjected
to the commercial test. It is interesting to
note that this exhibit of dried fruit will, on
the '20th, be preceded by a very large one of
home-bottled British fruit, which has become
a great and profitable industry. Visitors to
the meeting at the Drill Hall and the Fruit
Committee will then have an opportunity to
note how far the wet, of whole fruit preserva-
tion, compares favourably or otherwise with
the dry method. An interesting lecture on
whole fruit preservation will also be given at
the same time. ^l. D.

APPLEY TOWERS AND LADY HUTT GRAPES.—

It is a matter for surprise that these Grapes
are not more largely grown than they a])pear
to be, seeing that both are excellent. The
reason for this is probably owing to their not
being well known to gardeners and growers
for market. Both varieties were raised in
1885 by Mr. T. D. Myles, at Appley Towers,
Ryde, from Gros Colmar crossed with Black
Alicante, the former being the seed-bearer.
The result of this cross was very mixed, not-
withstanding Mr. Myles's anxiety to keep it
pure ; and out of the nine seedlings, six had
oval-shaped berries and three round, including
Lady Hutt (white), the round berries being
the best-flavoured. Appley Towers (black)
was awarded a First-class Certificate by the
Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society on October 22, 1889, and Lady Hutt a
like award on December 9, 1890. The fruit of
Appley Towers resembles Black Alicante in

shape of bunch, berry, and colour ; but the
bunches are more compact than those pro-
duced by the male parent, as well as being fit
for consumption earlier, and of superior flavour.
The Vine is a good grower and a free bearer.
The bunches are of medium size, even in outline,
and generally tapering ; the berries of good
size when well thinned, oval in sliape, and in
colour an intense black, and covered with a
heavy bloom. The flesh is firm, and the
flavour brisk and pleasant. It is a good autumn
Grape, succeeding Black Hamburgh. The
habit of growth, colour of wood, shape and
colour of foliage of Appley Towers are almost,
if not quite, the same as those characteristic
of Black Alicante. Lady Hutt, in the habit of
growth, ijossesses all the cliaracteristies of
Gros Colmar, excepting that the berries are
white, or rather golden, in colour, and the
foliage, like that of all white or golden-
coloured Grapes, dies off yellow. Like Gros
Colmar, Lady Hutt grows freely and is a good
bearer, but the bunches are more compact and
even in size and shape than those of (iros Colmar
generally are. In other respects Lady Hutt
might be fittingly pronounced a white Gros
Colmar, but the berries arc better in colour
than those of the Grape bearing tliat name,
raised some years ago at Charleville Forest,
Tullamore, by the late Jlr. Roberts, and the
quality is also superior to White Gros Colmar.
I have no doubt about Appley Towers and
Lady Hutt Grapes becoming more extensively
cultivated in the near future, than has been
the case hitherto. In conclusion I should
like to ask, in the event of there being no
white Grapes grown in the vinery at Appley
Towers, in which the cross between Gros
Colmar and Black Alicante was effected, or in
any of the other vineries at Appley, would
it be possible, not to say probable, to obtain
a white Grape from a cross effected between
two black varieties ? H. W. Ward, Lime House,
Raijlcigh.

SELECT ROSES.— Very sorry, Mr. Slade, I
am older than you ; and neither of us is
young or inexperienced enough to need a
catalogue to choose from. Your list is as much
too long as the other was too short. The few
Roses I mentioned are the cream of the old
H.P.'s (new ones I do not know), and will
succeed almost anywhere, either budded or on
their own roots, tieneral Jacqueminot was
sent out in 18.5:t, Prince C'amille de Rohan in
1801, Madame G. Luizet in 1877, and Ulrich
Brunner in 1881, which proves how fit they
were to survive. How many new Roses are
better for decorative purposes than those ; or
how many climbers are better than Gloire de
Dijon, introduced in 1853? If I had to name
the two best Roses for utility, I should say
Gloire de Dijon and General J.acqueminot.
A. L. G., O.vford.

OROBANCHE ON TROP/EOLUM. — Enclosed is
a specimen of what I take to be Orobanche
rubra, with Trop£eolum majus as its host. In
Bentham and Hooker I see that the usual host
of this species is Thymus, tlrowing near to
where the enclosed specimen was found was a
large plant of the common Thyme, but on
examination I found it to bo entirely free from
this parasite, whilst a row about 14 feet long
of the Tropjeolum was infested with it. E. F.
Cole, Cfotcn Street, Dedham, Essex.

CLERODENDRON FALLAX. — Your correspon-
dent, Mr. More, in his remarks on the culti-
vation of Clerodendron fallax, October 19,
p. 294, has brought before the readers of the
Gardeners' Chronicle a much neglected plant,
and one of the most beautiful for autumn
flowering. Although the raising of the plant
from seed is recommended, I consider a more
satisfactory method is to raise it from cuttings.
As soon as a plant has ceased to flower, the
stem is cut down to within three joints from
the bottom, and placed in a house having a
warmth of 05% and when the shoots have grown
to a length of 3 to 4 inches, they should be
taken off, inserted in thumb-pots, and plunged
in bottom-heat of 75". When rooted, shift
into large OO's, and not allowed to get

pot-bound. In the month of May the plants
should be shifted into 32's, potting them
lightly in soil consisting of rich loam three-
quarters, and one-quarter decayed manure.
After the roots have permeated the fresh soil,
the plants must not lack water. Under this
kind of treatment a succession of flowers may
be obtained from August till December.
C. Garratt, gr., Swayland, Kent.

SOCIETIES.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

(N'OVEMBEI! .'•, li. 7.)

.ItRYSANTHEiMUMS and fog! Sllcli
have been the chief features of
the present week. Never has the
National Chrysanthemum So-
ciety held its cliief exhibition of
tlie season under worse condi-
tions. So dense was tlie fog over-
lianging London (and the country
generally) on Monday last, that exhibitors in the
Royal Aquarium. Wcsniinstcr, experienced much dif-
ficulty in getting to the place of exhibition at
the time desired. Then, some of them were engaged
nearly the whole of Monday night endeavouring ti>
arrange their groups, >.tc., in semi-darkness, for despite
the fact that all the lights were burning in the build-
ing, a great pall of fog overshadowed the interior off
the place. Tuesday was but little better.

The attendance was certainly thinner than usual, and
no wonder! Judging was commenced by the aid ol'
artitioial light about 10 a.m., and its use was necessary
throughout the day. It was with much dilTiculty that
judges or reporters could discharge their duties, for
the colours of the flowers, as seen in sncli circum-
stances, are very misleading.

The show itself was a good one, and once again the
exhibition was chiefly remarkable for the size and
([Uality of the Japanese blooms. It was these that
made the exhil)ition successful. They shone triuiii-
pluantly over all the other sections of the flower, and
probably were finer than any that have been shown
heretofore. Incurveds rank next to the Japanese,
and since Mr. Higgs, gr. to Mr. Hankey, at
I'etcham Park, Leatherhead, has succeeded so well
in their cultivation, these flowers are shown to the
public in very praiseworthy condition. The rest of the
typos follow a long way after those already mentioned.
.\Uhougli there are classes for Pompons, Anemone-
flowered, single flowered, and even reflexed varieties,
there is no enthusiasm in respect to them, and they
form a poor projiortion to the whgle. But if they arc
not glorious at exhibitions, we know, fortunately, that
many cultivate them in gardens and admire them.

Plants, too, are becoming an unimportant feature at
tliese exhibitions. For trained specimen plants, the
prizes offered are smaller in amount than formerly,
and proljably if this were not so, the falling ofT would
1)0 just as evident as it is. Perhaps few will regret the
disappearance of these plants, which, though specimens
of skill, were extremely artificial.

Tlie exhibition of 1901 has not been remarkable for
the defeat of the favourites, and the success of out-
siders. Mr. Vallis, who won last year for Japanese
blooms in the principal classes, has again won the
v.iluable prize for sixty blooms shown in twelve vases
and other 1st prizes ; whilst Mr. HiuGS has maintained
his position in respect to the inenrveds. Mr. Mease,
gr. to A. Tate, Esq., who has succeeded in so many
battles of the past, fared but poorly on this occasion,
although few Chrysanthemum growers have Iiad
greater experience.

The Challenge Trophy in the Societies' chass has beeu
won by the CardilT Chrysanthemum Society.

The arrangements for the show were carried out by a
conunittee and Mr. Richard Dean, and as we have
mentioned, their work was done under unpleasant
conditions.

BLOOMS SHOWN IN VASES.
Tliere were many more blooms shown in vases thai)
formerly. It is evident that the public admire thcni
most staged in this way, and the section wliich has
now become established is likely to widen until the
blooms upon boards will happily become the excep-
tion rather than the rule. If this be done, the effec-
tiveness of the Society's exhibitions will be materially
improved.

Twelrc eases of Japanese lilonms.—The most important
of these classes was one for twelve vases of specimen

November 9, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

345

blooms of Japanese, distinct. Each vase was tooontain
fire blooms of one variety, witli not less than 'i inches
of stem above the vase. The vases were about 16 inches
high, arranged on tables 21 inches high. A sum of
£.50 was offered in prizes : £20, £1-5, £10, and £.i. The
1st prize was well won by the same exhibitor as last
year, Mr. F. S. Vallis, Bromham Fruit Company, Ltd.,
Bromham, Chippenham. He staged the following
varieties :— Calvafs '99, Lc Grand Dragon. Australie,
M. Chenon de Leche, Mrs. J. Lewis, J. T. Can-ington,
Nellie Pockett, M. Kcmy (fine, soft-tinted yellow),
Madame Carnot, Mrs. Barklcy. Mrs. Mease, and
Ed. .Molyneux. .\11 of these varieties were shown
in capital condition, the flowers oeing of extra-
ordinary size, and not lacking in colour. Some
of them would have been more elTective had they
possessed a little longer stem, so that the blooms
might have been given even more space. This was
particularly so iu the case of Calval's 'S'9. The
most handsome bouquet was that of the excellent
Mrs. Barkley, which was shown iu grand colour : and
next to this the white varieties pleased us most. At
the same time, Le Grand Dragon made a very pretty
picture. 2nd, Mr. Chas. Beckett, gv. to Sir W. G.
Peabce, Bart., Chilton Lodge, Hungerford. His best
vases contained Lady llanham. The Princess, Miss -V.
Byron, and Mr. T. Carrington ; .'ird, Mr. W. Mekedith,
whose specimens of Lord Salisbury were very notice-
able: 4th, Mr. Silas Cole, gr. to the Right Hon. Earl
Spencer, K G., .\lthorp Park, Xorlhampton. Unsuc-
cessful exhibitors included Mr. W. Mease, Mr U.
Kexvon, Mr. Albert Cliandler, gr. to A. James, E«(i ,
Colon House, Rugby; and Mr. Frank Bible, gi-. to
H.S.U. Prince Hatzfei.dt. In Mr. liiULE's collcclion,
however, was the premier Japanese flower in the show.
It was a veiy characteristic specimen of Mrs. 11. Weekcs
One Vasi: of One varielij (icAite).— The best six blooms of
a white variety were shown by Mr. S. Foster, gr. lo
R. NivisoN, Es(i.,Tcnterden Hall, llendou, N.W., whose
specimens were not Darned; 2nd, Mr. \V. Cottcrill, gr.
to Mrs. Grey Pai;et, Oxcnhoath, Tonbridgc.

Vase of Six Japanese blooms (yellnw). — The best six
blooms of a yellow variety wcic of Edith Tabor, shown
by Mr. A. Jeffries, gr. to John Bai.fouii, Esq , Moor
Hall, Harlow, Essex : 2nd, Mrs. Mease, shown by Mr.
W. L. Bastin, gr. to Ai.EX. Henderson, Esq., M.P.,
Buscot Park, Faringdon. Berks : .Ird, the new variety,
Kimberlcy, shown by Mr. W. J. Godfrev, nurseryman,
Exmouth.

Vase of Six Japanese btooin8itt'f:tte antl yelloic varO^ies
ci'ii/fffrf).— 1st, Mr. A. Jeffrie?, gr. to John Balfoui!,
Esq., Moor Hall, Harlow, Essex, with fine flowers of
M. Chenon dc I,ivh6; 2nd, Mr. W. G. PiiuddenCi.ark,
York Road, Hilc liin, with Mrs. Barklcy; .lid, Mr. \V. J.
Godfrey, with Godfrey's Pride. There were miincrous
other competitors.

Six Japanese blooms itiairif-petnllfd). —Tlic six blooms of
hairy-petalled varieties were to include two varieties.
1st, Mr. Henry Love, I. Melville Terrace, Sandown.
Isle of Wight, who showed Prince.-;s Henry, a good new
one of this section, and Beauty of Trnro; 2nd, Mr. J.
Collingham, gr. to Hahoi.d HAiiMswoirrii, Efq., North
End Place, Hampstcad Heath; and .'Ird, Mr. W. G.
PrcddenCi.ark.

Six Vases of fncnrretis.— This important class w.-^s fur
six vases containing Ave blooms each. The 1st prize of
£10 was offered by Mr. G. H. Richards, horticultural
sundriesman, and this was won by Mr. \V. Higgs, gr. to
J. B. Hankky, Esq., Fotcham Park, Fclcliain. His
varieties were Louisa Giles, Ma Perfection, Hanwcll
Gloi-y, Lady Isabel, Globe d'Or, and Duchess of Fife ;
all of them very nice fresh llowcrs of good quality.
2nd, Mr. G. J. Hunt; and ."lid, Mr. Frank Bidi.e.

.Vfn« Pompons diflimt. Six Illooms of rac/i.— There were
two collections in this class, and the better one cjinic
from M. T. Carver, whose flowers were neat and of
good colours; 2nd, Mr. A. Page. gr. toG. \V. Kii.ver. Esq.
The large flowered Japanese Anemone bloomsvrcrc very
fine, especially the 1st prizecollection of twelve flowers
from Mr. W. Ring, gr. to J. Wahrev, Esq., Capcl House,
Walthain Cross; 2nd, Mr. J. Barrancc, gr. to G. \V.
Taylor, Esq.. Hadley Bourne, Barnct ; and .lid, Mr. A.
P.age, gr. to G. W. Kii.ver, Esc|., Ravenscrott, Moss
Hall Grove. Finchley.

The Uirge-flowered pare Anemone blnnins ave more sym-
metrical than the foregoing. The ray -florets arc
shorter, and the disc or "cushion" more highly
developed, the general outlineof the flower being more
regular also. Mr. \V. Rinii won 1st prize for twelve
blooms in as many varieties, and shown In two vases.
Quite as neat as tliose just noticed were a dozen blooms
from Mr. C. Brown, gr. to R. Henty, Esq., Langley
House, Al)bott8 Langley, but the blooms may have
been a little small in size.

Six Anemone Pompons distinct.— O! several collections
of six varieties each of these pretty little flowers, that
from Mr. C. Brown was the best; and the 2nd prize
was .awarded to Mr Jas. Maule, gr. to (i. HARVEY, Esq.,
Bolcnna, Hcdlcy Common, Barnet.

Simjle flowered raridies have an attraction to many
who have not unqualitied admiration for the large
Japanese flowers Mr. \V. Aldridge, gr. to G. Lacev,
E8q.,SpringIicId House, Palmer's Green, had the best
collection of six varieties; and Mr. .^. Dear, gr. to

\V. JOED.\N, Esq.. Kill House. Palmer's Green, was
awarded a 2nd prize.

BLOOMS SHOWN ON BOARDS.
Affiliated Societies' Contest.
This is a class open to any society afliliated with the
National Clirysanthemum Society. Each socicly must
stage forly-eight blooms, distinct, half of them Japa-
nese and half incurvcds. The Ist prize consists of a
Challenge Trophy and £10. This prize was won this
year by Wales, we think for the first time, by an exhibit
made under the auspices of the Cardiff and District
Chrysanthemum Society. We may remark that the
whole of the blooms were cultivated by Mr. GEO. W.
Drake, 44. Cathays Terrace, Cardiff. It may at
once be said that the flowers were a credit to that
grower, the incurved varieties and Japanese alike, and
they won the premier honour from four other com-
peting societies, neither of which had blooms below
exhibition quality. Among the Japanese varieties
shown by the Cardiff Society we may instance M. Chenon
de Leche. G. J. Warren, Madame Carnot, Graphic, Chas.
Davis, Calvat 'Oil, W. R. Chuich, M. L. Rcmy, Lord
Salisbury, Ed. Molyneux, and Mrs. Barklcy, all of
which were very fine, .\mong the incurvcds some of
the prettiest flowers were Madame Ferlat, Topaze
Orienlale, While Empress of India, C. H. Curtis, J.
Lambert, Mrs. 11. J. Jones, .Ma Portcclion, and Mrs. W.
Howe. It was noticeable, however, that the collection
did not include (Jiieen of Eufrlaud. or any of the Prin-
cess family. Although the 1st prize was won by a new
society at these shows, the 2nd prize was certainly not
obtained by a " favourite. " The Epsom and District
Chrysanthemum Society has not won Jst or 2ud prizes
in this competition so far as our memory serves us.
Nevertheless, the flowers grown by Mr. W. Hifios and
Mr. G. J. Hcnt, and staged under Hie name of that
Society, were a good lot. M. Louis RiSmy, Mrs. W,
Mease, Mr. J. J. Thorncycroft. Madame Carnot, Mat-
thew Smith, Mermaid, and M. Chenon de Lccln'-, being
tine in colour and size amongst the Japanese varieties,
and the incurvcds were neat flowers, but some of them
rather smaller and less well " built-up " than the
1st prize collection. The :ird prize was won by the
Winchester Horticultural Society, and the blooms were
grown by Mr. W. Neville, gr. lo F. W. Fl.UiHT, Esq.,
Cornstiles. Twylord. Tin- unsuccessful societies were
the Baruct and District Chrysaiithenium Socicly and
the Broinlcy and District Chrysanthemum Society.

OPEN CLASSES.
1ncur\ed Blooms.

The Holmes Memorial Challenge Cup and £10, being
the Ist prize for a collection of thirty-six incurved
blooms, was won by Mr. W. Ilnuis, who had the follow-
ing varieties :—/'roii( roir : Lady Isabel (premier in-
curved flower in the show), Nellie Soiilliam. Frank
Hammond, Mrs. H.J. Jones, Mmc. Durandal, Hanwcll
(;ioiy. Ma Perfection, Globe dOr, Topaze Orientalc,
laleiie, Duchess of Fife, rhry.^anthemum Bruanl.
renlre row : Robert Pctflcld, Yvonne Desblanc, Ralph
llatton. Countess of Warwick, Louisa Giles, Mrs. R. C.
Kingston. Lydia. J. Agate, Dorothy Foster, King-ottho
Yellows, Eg>'ptian, and Chas. Curtis. Front row : Thos.
Lockic. Creole, Empress of India, Jiilin Lambcrl. Mine.
Vernouil, Henry Ellis, Pearl Palace, Mrs. W. Howe,
Huecn of England. M. D. Lebusqnetic, Triomphed'Evc,
and Mr. E. Bennett. The 2iid prize was won by Mr.
G. J. Hunt, gr. to PANTIA Ram.i, Esq., Ashstead Park,
Epsom, who had Biiiallcr blooms ; :trd, Mr. W. Mease,
gr. to A. Tatk, Esq., Downside. Leatlierhcad ; and 4lh.
Mr. Frank Bible, gr. to U.S. II. Prince Hatzfeldt,
Di-aycot Park, Chippenham.

Twelve niooins, dittinet.—Ji> this class there were five
prizes offered; and in addition to the money prizes,
Messrs. Wood & Son offered a marble doc k to :hcoiii-
pany the 1st prize. This was won by .Mr. lli.;i^s uiih a
very excellent dozen blooms, most of which were large
and well built up; most of the varieties were well-
known ones. 2iid, Mr. W. L. Buslin, gr. to Alex.
Henderson, Esq., M.P., Huscot Park, Faringdon,
Berks; .Ird, Mr. Sturt, gr. to N. L. Cohen. Esq., Round
Oak, Euglcfleld Grcpu.

Six Itlooms, one variety.— The premier award was won by
the variety Duchess of Fife, shown by Mr. llmus; 2nd,
Topaze Orieiitale, from Mr. W. L. Bastin ; and .'ird, an
exceedingly large variety, not fully developed, from
Mr. E Colinan, gr. to T. L. BovD, Esq., North Frith,
Tonbrid^'C.

Japanese Blooms.

Forty eight blooms, dittiml—\n this class the 1st prize
consists of a Holmes' Memorial t'liallciigcCup and £10,
audit was won this year by the winner of the same
prize last year, Mr. F. S. Vai.lis, liromliam Fruit Com-
pany, Limited, Bromhiun. Chippenham. The varieties
staged were as follows .-Itaek row : Mmc. Hcrrewidgc,
Marquis V. Venosla, Ed. Molyneux, G. J. Warren, Mrs.
J. Bryant, J. Lewis, Plnclnis, Australie, two unnamed
Seedlings, Mnie. Carnot, Mine. P. Radellia, Lord Salis-
bury, C. J. Salter, T. Carrington, and Mrs. Mease, very
line; Centre row: Chas. Longley, Le Grand Dragon,
Florence Molyneux, W. R. Church, Mr. B. Wilde,
Calval's WWi, a Seedling. Matthew Smith. Mmc. F.
Riioirc, M. Chenon ilc l.cchc, Philip Rayncr, Lord
Ludlow, Mrs. G. Milcham, J. T. Thorneycroft. Austra-

lian Gold, and Mrs. Barkley, excellent; Front row:
Mrs. H. Weekes, a Seedling, E. Douylas, Mutual
Friend, Henry Weekcs. Alice Byron, Mrs. Coombcs.
vervfine: Milliceiit Richardson, Mine. L. Kcmy, Ii'V
Mountford, Pride oi Exmouth, Henry Stowe, Pride of
Madford, Mons. lloslo, and Nellie Pocket I. 2ud, Mr.
Geo. W. Dimke. 41. Cathays Terrace, Cardiff. He had
excellent blooms of Mrs. J. Lewis, Mrs. Barklcy, Mme.
Carnot, Graphic, Lord Salisbury, and Mmc. G. Bruanl.
3rd, Mr. W. Mease, ,i;r. to A. Tate, Esq., Downside,
Leatherhead. Tlicsc blooms were very fresh-lookiiic,
some of them hardly developed. -V variety named
George Davis wasa very line crimson iu colour. 4tli, Mr
W. Meredith, gr. to GEO. Wilder, Esq , Stanstead
Park, Einsworth, Sussex. Sir H. Kitchener was a
grand bloom in this exhibit, colour orange ai.d yellow,
a deep bloom of .Mmc. Carnot style.

TwF.ntj/fourJopnncseblooms, distiiid.— This is a'.wj;^ n
very popular class, and on this occasion there wen-
numerous exhibits therein. The best wa; from Mr. .^ .
Jeffiies, gr. to Jxo. Bai.touu, Esq., Moor Hall, Harluw.
Essex, :unl his vaiieties were :-/"r(»i.' niu' .■ Lord Lui -
low, .Vustr.ilie. Pride of Exmouth. Silver Q.icon. Mmc.
Vou Andre. Mrs G. W. Palmer. Mme. Carnot and J. K.
Upton. Centre row: Mrs. J. Bryant. Florence Moly-
neux, Lord Brassey, Miss Alice Byron. Mrs Haiklcy,
Louis Pc.nv. Mrs. F. A. Complou and Lady llanham;
Front row: Mine, Gustavc Henrv, Edith Tabor. Graphic.
Australian Cold. M. Chcnou de l.ccho. Jliss Ncltic
Poi-kclt. Lily Mountford ivery bcaulilul in co'our, and
the florets bro.-id). and Edwin Molyiuux. 2nd, M>'- ".
Mease, gr. to A. Tate, Esq., Leather'.. cad, who had also
sonic rirstcla.ss blooms, cspccLilly Mrr, Barkley. Mr.
Geo. Carpenter, J. R. Upton. &e. ; 3rd, Mr. J. W.
Roberts, gr. to G. T. Skilueck, E.-q., Clouard, Harrcw
Weald.

Twclee blooms, distinet.-\n this class there were no
fewer than thirteen collections -l.ii;.'.l iiul o[ tins

number that fio;ii Mr. W. L. Hamixxv; I ■! I I"' ^

Heliad a niagniliccnt bloom .11 Mi M' i r.-iMi
Carrington, Mme. Carnot and Mi . \' ' i i'Mpliun in
the Hack row ; Viviaiid Morel, Ki:m.lici;y. Mrs.
Coombcs and Lord Ludlow centre row : and Lord Sail -
bury, Mrs. Barklcy, Mrf. H. Weekcs, and Mrs. J. Lewis
in front row. 2nd, Mr. A. Jeffries, gr to Jso Bali-our,
Esq , Moor Hall, Harlow, Essex; 3rd, Mr. W. J. GOE-
FREV. Exmouth, whose exhibit was almost exclusively
composed of Exmouth uovellies of i he ricscnl season.

OTHER Types.

Twil:e Inrijc-flowcrcd refle.wd blooms, in not fewer Itiau
nine varieties. Wedo nolicc muchottlie old-fasliioiicd
reflexed blooms iu present day exhibilious. But (here
were fourcolleclious shown in this class, tliebcslbciiig
from Mr. T. Caryer, gr. to A. G. MmsSNEB, Esq
Aldenliolnio Wcybridge. These rcllcxed flowers arc
quite distinct from the rest of the i-liow in appearance,
and at first sight arc mislaken by soii.c of the nn-
inilialed for Dahlias. Thus Oo "fasliicus or ' stan-
dards ■' change I

Twnitufonr lorge-fl-.mi-r.d Anrmoni t)V>o:HS (Japanese
tnctndeii). - ilr. \V. RiNd showed excellently in this
class, and won the 1st prize from Mr. A, Pake Wo will
append the names of Mr. Rinh's collection : Mrs. 1 . .
Dunn, while; W. W. Aslor, with much t'Cl cxed ray-
florets- Owen's Perfection; Junou, pink; Sir Waltci
Raleigh, lighter iu shade than the variety last named,
but much larger; Mdllc. N. Bruii ; Queen EUzabct ,
with broad, white r.ay-florcls. and delicate pink
cushion, very handsome; and Le Chalcnais. Centre
row Empress; Marci i Jones, pure while; John
Bunyau, a well-known yellow variety of iiiiich incsril;
Lady Margaret; Descartes, crimson, a vaiiciy raised
within the past five years, and the most cIVectivc ol
thciii all ; Delaware. Enterprise, and .Mrs. Levin.
Front row: Jeane Marty, as staged appearing alinoit
all cushion, with drooping ray-florels next to lUvisiBle;
Mrs. Caterer, white; M. Ch.as. l.cboci ; Mrs. J.. Bene-
dict; GladysSpaulding; Ruche dAbondance,bi-ownisl-
crimson ; Mdllc. Cabrol, and Miss A. Lowo.
AMATEURS (DIVISION .\).
Japanese Blooms.

The ljc-t. collection of eighteen Japanese blooms,
distinct was shown liy Mr. David Agcr, gr. lo Milton
BODE Esq , Down House, Ball Road, Reading. There
were sevcr.al exhibits in this class, Inil.yr. -\«erswas
very line indeed for an amateur, his blooms of Mis.
Greenfield, Australie, and others being capital; -nd,
Mr C. H. Martin, gr. to Mrs. LASOION, Raymcad,
llcndon whose best blooms were Mine. G. Henry and
B. Hooper Pearson ; 3rd, Mr. A. Pa.ie. There were
several unsuccessful exhibitors.

The following class for twelve blooms was won by
Mr. Auer, as in the lastclass ; and Mr. L. Qooch, gr. lo
Wickham Jones, Esq., Trocesler Lodge, West Norwood,
was and. There were iiumcroua exhibitors in this

The best collection of six blooms was also '.from
Mr. AiJKR. , ,

The best collection of twelve iucnrvcds was shown
by Mr A W. Seabrook, gr. to W. WILLES, Esq., Ellcrslie.
Buckhnrst Hill ; and the best collection of six blooms
by Mr. F. Scarlcs, gr. to Ad^niral WRA-riJLAW, Kiuglcy
Hill, Kcigafe.

346

THE a A B D ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

[November 9, 1901.

The best variety o£ incurveds, shown in eoUectioiis
of six eacli, wos C. H. Curtis, from Mr. Jos. Childs, gi'.
to Mrs. Foss, The Priory, Totteridge.

Six bunches of Pompons, distinct.— The 1st prize in tliis
exhibit was awarded to a collection from Mr. E. W.
Coote, gr. to W. Howard, Esq., Leavesden, Weybridge,
who sliowed the varieties W. Westlake, Prince of
Orange, Rosinanle, &c.; 2nd, Mr. W. Aldridge, gr. to
G. Lacey, Esq., Springfield House, Palmer's Green;
and 3rd, Mi-. P. A. Coote, gr. to E. W. Howakd, Esq.,
Beechfiekl, Weybridge.

Division B.

Tlie best collection of eighteen Japanese blooms, dis-
Jinct, was from U. A. Allen, Esq., 3, Kymin Tei-race,
Penarth, S. Wales; in this exliibittliere were excellent
blooms of Mrs. Barkley, M. Clienon do Lechd, Mattliew
Smitli, T, Carrington, and otlicrs. The sea atmo-
sphere of Penartli seems unusually good for the deve-
lopment of colour. 3nd, A. R. Knioht, Esq., 63, Har-
dinge Road, Aslilord. Kent; and 3rd, Mr. Martin
SiLSBUKY, Providence, Shanlilin, Isle of Wight.

Tlie best collection of twelve blooms was one from
Ed. Ogden, Esq., Higli Street, March. The point of
colour was as high in tliis exhibit as in any in
the sliow. Nothing could l;c brighter than his
Hon. W. F. D. Smith, Sir H. Kitchener, M. Clienon de
I.ech6, &c. Indeed, the quality was very high in each
instance. There was much competition in this class,
and the 2nd and 3rd prizes were won respectively by
Mr. T. Sharpe, 1, Railway Terrace, Stone, Greenhithe,
Kent ; and W. Gooding, Esq , Four Elms, Edenbridge.

Tlie prizes tor six blooms were won by H. A. Ali.en,
Esq., Pen.arth ; W. Gooding, Esq., and J. G. MiLLS.Esq.,
161, Croydon Road, Anerley, London, S.E.

Anotlier competition for sixblooms was one in which
tliree v.irictics only were asked for, and two blooms of
each. The 1st prize was won by H. A. Allen, Esq.,
who showed Matthew Smith, W.R. Cliurch, and Nellie
Pockett ; Mr. T. Shaupe was 2nd.

The best collection of twelve incurveds came from Mr.
T. Shakpe, and the 2nd and 3rd prizes were won by Mr.
W. G. Prudden Smith and Mr. Ralph J. Jollikfe.
Fern Bank, Bonchurcli, Isle of Wight. Tlie class for six
incurved blooms w\as won by J. G. Mills, Esq., IiU,
Croydon Road, Ancrlcy.

Mr. Percy Waterer offered Cliallenge Cups in two
classes (one for ladies only) for displays of decorative
varieties ot Chrysanthemums, but tlierc was only one
exhibit in eitlier class, and tlie 1st prizes were very
properly withheld. -

Maiden Exhibitors' Class.

In the class for exhibitors who have not previously
won a prize at an exhibition of the National Chry;-
.anthemum Society, Mr. H. Buckmasfer, gr. to F. W.
Smith, Esq., Dunevan, Oatlands Park, Weybridge;
Mr. JAS. Wood, 5, Coolinge Villas, Folkestone; and
Mr. J. H. Apted, 2G, East HiU, Dartford, won 1st prizes.
Premier Blooms.

The premier bloom of a Japanese variety was one of
Mi's. H. Weckes, and of an incurved variety, Lady Isabel .

CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN POTS.
Six specimen pla?ds nf large-fiowcrcd varieties.— 1st prize,
Mr. W. Mease, gr. to A. Tate, Esq., Downside, Leatliei-
head. His best plants were Chas. Davis, Col. W. P.
Smith, Viviand Morel, and Lady Uanliam. These were
bush-traiued, and measured 4 feet high and 3 feet
above the pots in diameter, with foliage well retained.
Three trained plants, nni/ varict;/.— 1st, Mr. Whitehorne,
gr. to S. NicHOLLS, Esq., Oak Hall, Buckhurst Hill.
The plants were 3 feet liigh and 4i feet wide on an
average, and tlie varieties were Lady Ilanham, freely
bloomed; Miss Watson, and C. Davis, all good in
foliage and flower. 2nd, Mr. F. E. Wright, gr. to Miss
Troup, Essex Lodge, Upper Clapton, with semi-
globular plants about 3 feet high, and profusely
flowered. The varieties were W. Tucker, W. B. Smith,
and Editli Rowbottom, the latter a very telling one.

Owing to the .aclion of the Society in reducing the
number of [prizes awarded to trained plants, Pompon
varieties and others were very few, and by no means
Tery creditable examples.

The best three standard-traiued plants of large-
flowered varieties were those shown by Mr. F. E.
Wright, gr., Essex Lodge, Upper Clapton, 1st. The
varieties were W. Smith, Edith Rowbottom. and W.
Tucker.

Groups for En-ECT.
The "fountain groups" of Chrys,Tuthemunis and
foliage plants is not a new feature at these shows,
althougii the plan adopted differed from that in former
shows. Each toniifainbeingdividedinto two equal parts,
each of which was given loan exhibitor to furnish as
seemed to him best. The result was that Mr. Norman
Davis took 1st prize for his part of tlic fountain at the
west end of the Hall. This consisted more nearly of
Clirysanthemums than any of the others, and there was
also less evidence of a striving after uncommon and
striking effects, and more repose in the composition as
a whole. Many of the blooms were quite up to show
standard. Small Palms, Cyperus, Codiseums, Ferns,
&c., constituted the foils to colour, and these were not
obtrusively displayed. Mr. E. Dove, gr. to E. J.
Wythes, Esq , Bickley Hall, Kent, was 2nd. This
group contained very superior plants and cut flowers.

most of the latter being stood in tall vases, and all
thinly arranged in conjunction with Aralias, Codioeums,
Dracscnas, Palms, Ferns, Grevilleas, &c. Tliree small
vases elevated several feet above the rest gave grace-
fulness and variety, and added much to the effect
of tlie arrangement as a wliole. 3rd, Mr. J. Lock, gr. to
C. SwiNFEN Eady, Esq., Oatlands Lodge, Weybridge.
Tills was somewhat similar in general arrangement,
but scarcely so good as regarded the materials em-
ployed, and less artistic in treatment. Mauy good
Japanese and incurved varieties were observed, and
Bamboos were freely used as foils. 4th, Mr. J. Spink,
Summit Road Nursei-y, Walthamstow. This group
contained many fine Japanese, and some few good
incurved varieiies ; and so far as could be ascertained
no cut blooms, everything on tlie contrary being in
pots. A few P.alms, Codiseums, and Ferns, comprised
the contrasting foliage.

Floral Decorations.

There were several classes for exhibits of Chryr-
anthemum blooms in decoration. Miss C. B. Cole, The
Vineyards, Feltham,won the 1st prize for tliree epergnes ;
and Mrs. W. Gkeen, Harold Wood, Essex, was 2nd.

Miss C. B. Cole had the best two designs made of
Chrysanthemum blooms, showing an epergue and a
wreath. In the latter the flowers used were orange,
buff, and yellow shades of colour, and the effect good ;
2nd, Messrs. Harwood Brothers, Balhain Nursery,
Balham; Miss Anstey, 4, Knight HUl Road, West Nor-
wood, who was awarded 3rd prize, had worked a model
of the yacht Ophir, and this was placed over a mirror.

Tlie best two vases of Pompon blooms were from Mr.
W. C. Pagram, gr. to J. Courtenat, Esq., The Whim,
Weybridge.

Mr. G. H. Clark, gi-. to B. Winthrop, Esq., Barton
Court, Kirtbury, had 1st prize for six blooms of a
Japanese Chrysanthemum, arranged with any foliage
favoured by the exhibitor. The effect was handsome.
The blooms were of a yellow flowered variety, possibly
Australian Gold, and shoots of Grevillea roimsta were
interspersed with tliem. 2nd, Mr. J. Sandford, gr. to
G. W. Wright Incile, Esq., Wood House, Fiuchley, N. ;
and .3rd, Mr. Jas. Brookes, gr. to M. J. Newman, Esq.,
Totteridge Park, Totteridge.

In a cliiss for a hand-basket of Chrysanthemums,
open to ladies only. Miss C. B. Cole wonlst prize ; and
Miss Anstev, 4, Knight's HiU Road, W. Norwood, 2nd.

Mrs. W. Franks, 13, Crescent Road. Kingston Hill,
Surrey, had the best bouquet of Chrysanthemums ; and
.Mr. .W. Grundy, gr. to S. Brownfield, Esq., Orchard-
leigli, Rotherhithc, was 2nd.

The best single vase containing six blooms of a
Japanese Chrysanthemum (amateurs) was from Mr. A.
Robertson, gi-. to F. J. Yarrow, Esq., Nutford House,
18, Abbey Road, London. N.W.

Mrs. W. Taylor, The Gardens, Tewkesbury Lodge,
Forest Hill, won a 1st prize for an effective basket of
natural autumn foliage and berries.

FRflT COMPETITION.
There was very superior produce stiigcd in the fcw
competilions for wliith prizes were ofl'ered by the
Society. Pears were well shown by Mr. W. T. Stowcrs,
gr. to G. H. Deaens, Esq., 80, Harold Road, Sitting-
bourne, the fruits being of more than average size, and
free from all blemishes. We remarked as the finest
specimens Pitmaston Duchess, Couseiller de laCour,
Beurre Diet, B. Clairgean, Doyennd du Comice, and
B. Bachelier. Not every one a variety of first-class
flavour. Mr. E. Colem.an,gr. to T. L. Bovd, Esq., North
Frith, Tonbridge, 2nd. These fruits were rather smaller,
but consisted of some of the best dessert varieties!
Very fine were Marie Louise d'Ucclo, DoyenniS du
Comice, Beurr<S d'Anjou, and Madame Andrd Leroy.
The 3rd prize fell to Mr. J. Smith, gr. to Earl Grey,
Coombe Court, Kingston-on-Thames.

In the culinary Apple class for six dislics, Mr. Stowers
was likewise 1st with very excellent varieties, includ-
ing Lane's Prince Albert, Emperor Alexander, Peas-
good's Nonsuch, Lord Derby, etc. C. O. Walker, Esq.,
Ickleton House, Wantage, was 2nd, Blenheim Orange.
Peasgood's and Mere de Manage being the finest. Mr!
Smith, gr., Coombe Court, was 3rd, with some capital
fruits of the Queen. Sandringham, and Tyler's Kernel.
Mr. Stowers continuedhis successes in theseclasses,
taking 1st for six dishes of Dessert Apples, having very
fine Ribston, Orange, and Fcarn's Pippin; C. O.
Walker, Esq., was 2nd ; and Mr. Frank Bible was 3rd.
Some few bunches of Grapes were shown in St.
Stephen's Hall, which call for no remark.

Vegetables— In response to Mr. R. Sydenham's offer of
special prizes, there was a very large number of com-
petitors in all kinds of culinary vegetables, some of
these being of remarkable excellence.

Collections of nine kinds of vegetables in competition
were shown by Mr. E. Bennett, gr. to Lord Aldenham,
Aldenham House, Elstree,who was as usual 1st. We re-
marked as being of exceptional merit. Masterpiece
Onion, Up-to-Datc Potato, Tomato Viceroy, and Celery
Pearl White. The winner of the 2nd prize was Mr. J.
Gibson, gr. to W. Hudson, Esq., Danesfield, Marlow, in
whose collection were some capital Ailsa Craig Onions,
Standard Bearer Celery, and Pr.agnel's Beet. ' Mr. A.
Basile, gr. to Rev. O. T. Ponwell, Woburn Park, Wey-
bridge, was 3rd, showing Potato Pride of Britain, and
very nice Carrots, Onions, Celery, and Tomatos.

Non-competitive Exhibits.
Mr. W. J. Godfrey, of the Exmouth Nurseries,
Devon, secured a large Gold Medal for a magnificent
exhibit of 600 cut blooms, in whicli many of tlie Ex-
moutli novelties for the present season were shown in
very fine condition. As most of tliese varieties are
referred to on p. 335, it remains only for us to remark
upon the general excellence and efl'ectiveness of the
display madie of them.

Messi-s. W. & R. Owen, Castle Hill Nurseries, Maiden-
head, were awarded a Gold Medal for a large exhibit of
Clirysanthemums, including exhibition and decorative
varieties.

Tlie first-class new crimson Japanese Violet Lady
Beaumont was shown by Mr. N. Molyneux, Rooksbury
Park Gardens, Fareham, who had one dozen blooms.

Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, Roupell Park Nurseries.
West Norwood, had a group of Chrysanthemums in
pots (small Silver Medal).

Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green,
Lewisham, made an imposing display of Chrysanthe-
mum blooms under the organ, and was awarded a Gold
Medal. Some recent novelties in this stand were
Ernest George, a crimson pompon, a sport from
William Kennedy ; and the following Japanese varie-
ties, amongst others. General Buller, George Law-
rence, Elsie Neville, C. Jarvis, W. Neville, and W.
Higgs.

Mr. R. C. Pulling, Monkham's Nursery, Woodford
Green, also gained a Gold Medal for a most decorative
exhibit of Chrysanthemums in a line with that last
mentioned.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Son, Swanley, Kent, were
aw-arded a Gold Medal for a fine display of Chrysanthe-
mums <and zonal Pelargoniums and Cannas. Numerous
exhibition varieties of Chrysauthemums were quite
dull - looking in comparison with the exceeding
brightness of tlie Canua and Pelargonium flowers.

Mr. John Green (Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd.), Norfolk
Nurseries, Dereham, exhibited a large collection of
Chrysanthemums which made a very imposiug display,
and was awarded a Silver-Gilt Medal.

Messrs. G. Prickett & Sons, Floral Nursery, S. Tot-
tenham, N., had a group of plants of the New Bronze
Soleil d'Octobre, a sport from the well-known variety
bearing a similar name.

Messrs. Geo. Boyes & Co., Aylestone Nurseries,
Leicester, had a group of Carnations in pots and cut
flowers of same, inclusive of a large number of varie-
ties (Small Silver Medal).

Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway,
London, N., in a group of miscellaneous plants had
some pretty Ericas, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine,
Cattleyas, Oneidium Forbesii, Nerine flexuosa, with
very charming mauvecolourcd flowers ; also blooms of
Carnations T. W. Lawson and Peter Rngus (Silver-gilt
Medal).

Messrs. W. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate Nurseries,
London, had a group of miscellaneous species of decora-
tive plants in one of the galleries. There were batches
of plants of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, Liliums,
Aralias, Ericas, &c. (Gold Medal).

The Executors of the late Mr. Thos. Rochford,
Turnford Hall Nurseries, Broxbourne, exhibited a
grand group of plants in flower tliat had been "re-
tarded." There were Lilies of the Valley, Astilbes
(Spirteas), "mollis " Rhododendrons, Liliums auratum,
longiflorum, speciosum, and tigrinum. It is tlie first
time that L. tigriuum has been shown in bloom in
November, and it was most effective, grand in colour,
and bore fifteen or more flowers upon a spike. The
bright colour of this species will be especially welcome
in the dark, foggy days of winter. L. auratum, too,
was capital. It is interesting to note that the variety
of L. longiflorum is not capable of being retarded, for
the bulbs are unable to withstand the necessary cold
temperature. The new Begonia, Turnford Hall, cer-
tificated at the Drill Hall the week previously, was
again shown in a nice little batch of cone-like plants
(Gold Medal).

Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, 12, Tavistock Street,
Covent Garden, London, W.C, exhibited a group of
plants of Lantana hybrida iu full flower. They had
been raised from seeds sown on June 5 last.

Messrs. S. Spooner & Sons, Ilounslow Nurseries,
Middlesex, exhibited a collection of Apples and Pears
(small Silver Medal).

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons. Swanley, Kent, exhibited
a very much larger collection of Apples and Pears, and
were awarded a Gold Medal for same.

Messrs. Daniells Bros., Norwich, exhibited a col-
lection of vegetables, including a nice-looking new
Potato, named Sensation (Silver-gilt Medal).

Other exhibits included samples of turf, peat, and
sand for garden purposes, from Mr. Joseph Arnold,
.32, St. Paul's Road, .Camden Town, London, N.W. ; a
very extensive collection of sundries from the well-
known firm of Messrs. W. Wood & Son, Wood Green ;
also sundries from Messrs. E. Doivel it Son, Ravens-
court Avenue, Hammersmitli ; fruits of Apple Chas.
Ross, from Messrs. W. Horne & Sons, Perry Hill,
Cliffe, near Rochester; horticultural sundries from
Mr. J. George, Putney.:; samples of Lawes' horticultural
manures from the depot at 59, Mark Lane, London,
E.G. ; Ichthemic Guano from the manufacturers of
that manure; straw mats from Messrs. C. W. Niec-

NOVEMBBR 9, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

347

WEKF A Co., Pinner Road, Harrowou-the-nill; vege-
tables said to liave been brought to the degi'ee of per-
fection exhibited, by the use of nitrate of soda (Perma-
nent Nitrate Committee, Graceehurch Street, London);
a new design of fiower-vase, by Mr. A. W. Youxfj, Ste-
venage ; and "foundations" for wreatlis and crosses,
&c., by Messrs. AVhitisgton" & Sos, Newbury.

EOYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Scientific Committee.

October i^.—l'renent : Dr. M. T. M.asters, F.KS. (in
thccliair); Messrs. Drucry.Odell, Bennett- Poc, Worsley,
Hogg, Saunders, Holmes, and Gordon; Drs. Rendle and
Cooke ; Revs. W. Wilks, Englehcart, and G. Hcnsloiv,
Hon. Sec.

IlarMongue Fern, proliftroii?.— Mr. Dhuerv exhibited
a growing plant, known as Scolopcndrium v. cristatum
viviparum, O'KeUy. It was a particularly proliferous
seedling. Mr. Ueuery raised it from spores. The
3'oung fronds bore dense clusters of young plants all
over their surfaces, while the original bears them far
more sparsely. Mr. Druert also pointed out that (he
venation of the plants, like that of the parents, was
partially reticulated, instead of being normally furcate
and free. Fronds of three other species were produced
which were alTccted by a peculiar dark brown spread,
ing rot, which Mr. Druery said was contagious, simple
contact of healthy fronds with fronds so alTeclcd
leading to their rotting in like manner.

Dr. Cooke undertook to examine whether it was of
fungoid origin.

Sunflower, Replacement of flowrrs by «cnte«.— Mr. B.M.-
LARD, Colwall, Malvern, sent a remarkable flower, in
which every floret consisted of a solid axis, with no
ovary, tlie scales being very numerous, and more or
less of a purplish colour. Within them were several
small florets, constructed in a similar manner, in
having short solid axes, with numerous scales. Within
these the summit of the latter axes bore very minute
immature scales. There was no trace of any essential
organs or corollas.

Crociitesfrom Oreece.—iir. Bowi.ES sent specimens of
the following species :— C. Tourncfortci, remarkable
for never closing aftci the perianth has once opened ;
C. ochroleucus, with eight segments to the perianth,
and eight stamens; C.sativus var.cashmirianusand var.
Elwcsii, a scarce form; C. longillorus, vars. WUlielnii,
and mclitcnsis, with striped perianth leaves; C. mara-
thonisius, a new Greek species; and C. Itevigatus,
showing much range of colouring, including a pure
white form.

Crinum aeedf.—Me also exhibited some germinating
seeds of C. longifolium from which the embryo had
escaped with the exception of the tip of the cotyledon,
which was absorbing the reserve food materials oi the
endosperm.

RhM CofiniM.— Mr. Engleheart showed a mass of the
abortive hairy flower stalks ot the " wig tree." He had
found it to be extremely useful for covering Narcissus
seedlings. It keeps down mossy growths; it breaks
frost, and keeps insects ofl"; if it rain, wormsaredriven
out by it. As some other species of Rhus secrete poisons,
it was suggested that there might be something of that
nature present. The tree had borne such large quanti-
ties this year, that lie was able to cover 600 boxes, 8 by
8 inches in size, with a layer half-an-inch thick, which
was sufficient to keep out the frost, whereas moss I iuch
In thickness docs not do so.

rclanjonium firoUfcrnm.—Mr. Odell showed specimen s
of a crimson flowered scarlet Pelargonium, in which
secondary floral axes proceeded from the umbels
associated with foliage. The peculiarity ia not
uncommon, Imt it had become a flxed habit in the
plant In question.

Cyprtpcdimn scafc.— Dr. Masters exhibited a specimen
of stcUately formed Coccus scales. Mr. Saunders
undertook to examine them.

Pear-rind with grit. — Mr. Holmes exhibited some
pieces of the rind of a Pear, with remarkably large
callosities of "grit "just below the surface. No cause
could be assigned to its formation.

Birch h(irk.—Uo also exhibited a specimen of the thin
bark of Betula Ilhojpattra from India, wlierc it is used
as a writing material, the numeroui papeiy layers
being easily separated.

Vine leaves dieeaeed.—'Mr. E. Portsmou rn, of Herring-
ton Hall, Sunderland, sent leaves and fruits. He
observes :—" The disease is not confined to the Vines,
but is growing on the timber in the house; only in the
latter case it does not appear to thrive so well." Dr.
Cooke undertook to examine and report upon it.

Trehalose.— Dr. Cooke showed specimens of cocoons
occurring on a species of Echinops. They are made by
a beetle, Larinus raaculatus, Fald. The cocoons contain
a peculiar sugar called " trehalose," a bitter principle,
gum and starch identical with that found in the stem
of Echinops, and earthy alkaline salts. It is found
near Kirrinel, in Persia (see Haubury, Science Papers,
pp. 159-ltH).

Talia.^heei-.—Dv. Cooke exhibited specimens usually
known as "tabashecr," a sci-retiou of silica and lime
occurring in the nodes of Bamboos. It was received
from Calcutta.

BECKENHAM HORTICULTURAL.

OCTOiiER 2.5.— At a large meeting on the above date.
Mr. H. J. Chapman- read a paper on "Orchid Hybridi-
sation from a grower's point of view." Some beautiful
water-colour drawings, painted by Miss Nellie Roberts,
were kindly lent to illustrate the lecture.

Mr. Chapman referred to the first hybrids raised by
Dominy and Sedcu. Hints were given on the varieties
most suitable for crossing, the best seasons and time
of day for fertilisation, signs of fructification, ripen-
ing, gathering, and sowing seeds, germination, pricking
off, and watering seedlings, potting, and insect-pests.
Mr. Chapman testified to the vigour of home r.tised
seedlings.

THE L.KTE .lAMKS CVPIIKR

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

OcroiiDU Jl.-Ou the occa>iuii oi tlic mccling of this
Society on the above date, First-class Certificates were
awarded to—

Cyprlpedium insigne magniflcum, a fine form, as
large as C. i. Hareficld Hall var., but distinct there-
irom, very heavily marked in the dorsal sepal, O. O.
Wriolev, Esq.

Liclio-Cattleya x luminosa v.ar. Amy Lccmann, a dis-
tinct form of this fine hybrid, rich bright yellow sepals
and petals, and intensely dark lip. J. Leemanv, Esq.

CattleyaxMantiniShawc Hall var,, a fine variety, well
developed and richly coloured. W. Dihkwohtii, Esq.

Odontoglossoiii crisp-llarryana var. Lily, a hybrid
flowered in three and a half years from time of sowing
seed, in colour showing a large amount ot lilac, due to
a rosy form of O. crispum as its pollen-parent,
\V. Thompson, Esq.

Awards or MERrr.

Odontoglossum crispum var. Prestona, a spotted
form, bearing eighteen blossoms on a spike. Charles
Parker, Esq.

Cattleya x Lady Ingram. J. Leeman, Esq.

I.ffilio-Catdeya Cornelia. J. Lcemann, Esq.

Lailia pricstans marginata. J. Leemann, Es(i.

Lmlio-Cattlcya x luminosa. E. Rogerson, Esq.

Cypripediiijn,, Charlesworlhi var. marginata. E.
Rogerson, Esq.

Guonps.

For group of plants, principally hybrids. Silver-gilt
Medal. J. Lecnuann, Ksq.

Silver Medal to W. Duckworth, Esq.. for handsome
group, containing a large number of Cattleya aurea.

Silver Medal to O. O. Wrigley, Esq., for collection of
Cypripediums.

Bronze Medal toE. Rogerson. E^ci, for miscellaneous
Group.

Vote of Thanks to Mr. A. J. Keeling, for group.

Plants shown, but dealt with previously by the
Committee :—

Dendrobiura Phalajnopsishololcuca, Messrs. Charles-
worth.

Cypripedium insigne var Balla?. Mr. A. J. Keeling.

C.\q)ripedium x Prospcro. W. E. Watson, Esq.

Cypripedium insigne Sandera^. E. Rogerson, Esq.

C>T)ripedium x Alice Beatrice. E. Rogerson, Esq. P. W.

®bituar\>.

James Cypher.— It is with great rosrot
that we annouuec the death of Mr. .lames
Cypher, of the Exotic Nur.series, Qiiecn'.s Road,
Choltenhain, whicli took )5lace at bis residence
on Friday, Novomber 1.

Mr. Cyplier, who was born at Totbiiry, in
(Jloiicestershirc, in 1827, settled in Cheltenham
in 1848, and as head g.ardener to Miss Savage
was one of the leading local exhibitors of
plants at that time. Some years later, in the
early sixties, he commenced business on his
own account, by arranging a nursery garden
and plant houses on a part of the Uayshill
estate, which consisted of no'liing more than
disused clay-pits. Soon, under Mr. Cypher's
skilful management, an important nuvscry-
gardcn was evolved from these unpromising
materials, and his forethought in extending
the premises to meet the growing rcquirc-
meiits of the trade, and liis strictly honour-
able conduct in all his dealings, resulted in
the steady increase of the business, and his
reputation spread abroad as the most suc-
cessful grower and exhibitor of plants at all
the principal shows in the country, his suc-
cesses extending over the greater part of a
lifetime. It wa.s generally admitted that
.lames Cypher could grow and flower every
plant he took in hand in (ho best manner, get
the plant to the exhiljition in almost as good
conilition as it left the plant -house, and
stage it in a manner that admitted of no im-
provement. Always the same imperturbable,
genial, smiling enthusiast where plants were
concerned ; and even wlicn staging his plants
on tho morning of a show, ho was never in a
hurry, and always had time for ;i few words
with a passing friend, but, while talking, that
Necn eye of his was on his group, watching for
any possible improvement.

Of late year3 Orchids became a specialty at
the Queen's Ro.ad Nnrscry, and especially
Dendrobiums, in which tho collection is
specially rich. The Orchids answered to the
good culture as other classes of plants had
done before, and many medals and awards were
secured for them. For some years past his
nephew, Mr. John Cypher, who has all his
uncle's .skill with plants and cleverness in
exhibiting them, has managed the business.

Mr. James Cypher, who h;id been twice
married, lost his first wife in 1883, and his
second wife i-ather suddenly on February 7
last. Soon afterwards he showed signs of
failing health, and for the last three or four
months had boon steadily dec-lining, although
he took an interest in everything with which
he was connected until the day of his death.
By his first wife Mr. Cypher had two sons and
three daughters.

His loss is deeply felt in Cheltenham, where
ho took much interest in public affairs. In
1884 he joined the Board of (iuardians, which
office ho retained until April last. Ho w;is
elected a member of the Town Council in 1695

348

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 9, 19DI.

was re-elected in 189?, an 1 his toiin of
otlice only expired a few hours before
he died. He was a staunch Conservative and
OhureUman, and for years served on the Church
Council and Suhool Committee for the parish
of Christchurch. If he had lived until Decem-
ber]^31, he would have been seventy-five years
of age.

The funeral took place on Rlonday, Novem-
ber 4, in the presence of a large number of
friends, and beautiful wreaths were sent by
many of the leading residents as well as by
some of his friends of the horticultural world
in various parts of the country.

AliTIl'-ICIAL INlANURE FOR USE IN A KITCHEN

GARJiEN: E. The formuUe would vary
according to the needs of the lind and the
crops. For Potatos, 1 cwt. of kainite, 1 cwt.
nitrate of soda, i cwt. iron sulphate, 2 cwt.
common salt ; this would be good for Beet,
Carrots, &c. The same would answer for
Potatos, with super-phosphate of lime sub-
stituted for the salt. For leguminous crops
the i cwt. per acre of iron sulphate, and
potash 1 cwt. per acre do good. It would be
better if you had the soil analysed, and thus
ascertain in what elements of plant food it
is deficient.
Books: W.Y. Chrysanthemums and their Cul-
ture, by E. Molyneux. Ofthis manual there
have been ten editions, the latest having
been published in 1898. It is to be had of
the author, Swanmore Park, Bishop's Walt-
ham, and of the publisher of the Journal of
Horticulture, 12, Mitre Chambers, Fleet
Street, E.C.

Cocoons on Ivv cuowinci on Larch : G. W.,
Kent. A mass of silken cocoons or galleries
of one of the wax moths (Aphomia sociella,
L.), wliieh sometimes infest bee-hives to such
an extent as to drive the bees away entirely.
The caterpillars also infest wasps' nests, to
which they are very welcome, but as a bee
pest tliey are much dreaded in some locali-
ties, attacking more especially those stocks
kept in straw hives. Your find is of much
interest.

Earwigs : A. B. P. Put something about into
which the creatures can crawl and hide by
day ; lengths of bamboo and. Bean-haulm,
pots stuffed with damp hay, &c., and empty
these every morning into boiling water.

Ficus ELASTiCA : W.T. Cuttiugs Consisting of
three or four joints of two and three-year-
old shoots strike readily, put singly into
.small GO-pots filled with loam and sand, and
plunged in a close frame or case, on bottom-
heat of 80° to 85°. The leaves should be
fastened erect to small stakes.

Knipijokias : A. Goodwin. Wo are unable to
name the variety, owing to the blooms
having fallen almost as soon as received.

MUSA Ensete : A. S. The only method by
which you can reduce the height of the
plant is to encase the roots in a brick
chamber or slate tub ; and if that has not the
<lesired effect, cut down the large stem, and
grow two or three suckers that will doubt-
less ba thrown up by the roots instead of
one.

*** Names of Fruits and of Plants, Special
Notice: We are desirous of assisting young
gardeners and our subscribers as far as we
can do so consistently xoith our editorial
duties, but our readers must kindly remember
tlmt such work is outside our scope, and
always involoes some inconvenience, and gene-
rally a large cvpenditure both of time and
■money on our part. Delay is unavoidable.
Not more than six specimens should be sent.
Correspondents not answered in this issue are
requested to be so good as to consult the
followiitg numbers.

Names of Fruits: S. J. H. The Apple is
Golden Winter Pearmain ; 1, rotten; 2, Leon
Leclerc de Laval ; 3, Lansac ; 4, Durondeau ;
5, Beurre Superfin. — Alleync. 1, Cox's
Orange Pippin ; 2, Lord SutBeld ; ?,, Hormead's
Pearmain ; 4, Nelson Codlin (small) ; 5,
Cornish Aromatic; 0, Cobham. — Wetherby.
1, Jolly Beggar; 2, Greenup's Pippin; 3,
Augustus Peai'main ; 4, your Apple appears
to be that known as Ten Shillings, which is
usually described as a second-rate acid
dessert Apple, but it is more adapted for
culinary purposes, as a rule ; 5, Winter
Greening; the Pear is Durondeau. — J. G. 1,
Bess Pool ; 2, Scarlet Loadington. — G. C. 1,
Winter Greening; 2, Queen of Sauce; 3,
Reinettc du Canada ; 4, Small's Admirable ;
."), Yorkshire Greening ; fi. Royal Keinette. —
P. G. B. 1, Smart's Prince Arthur ; 2,
Broad -eyed Pippin ; 3, Loan's Pearmain; 4,
Ribston Pearmain ; .5, Reinette Grise ; G,
Sucvee Vert. — .7. B. P. Hunt's Deux Ans. —

F. B. 1, Van Mens. Lejn Leclerc ; 2, Besi
Esperen ; 3, Winter Nelis. — J. T. L. 1,
Norfolk Beefing ; 2, Greenup's Pippin, also
known as Red Hawthornden ; 3, Winter
Strawberry ; 4, Musette de Nancy. Some of
the labels were displaced, but wo have ap-
pended the number to the fruits to which they
appeared to belong. — A. B. C. Your Pear is
one that is not generally known in England.
It is the Poire d'Angoraof the French pomo-
logists. It is fully described and figured in
Leroy's Dictionnaire de Pomologie. — T. W.,
tjancs. 1, Yorkshire Greening; 2, Bedford-
shire Foundling. — J. D. C. Possibly a local
variety, but it is well worth growing. —
W. C. A- E. 1, Kilkenny Pearmain; 2, Red-
ding's Nonpareil ; 3, closely resembles
Federal Pearmain. — Ripon. Not in condition
for determination. — G. R. H. 1, Martin
Sire ; 2, Flat Nonpareil ; 3, Downton Non-
pareil.— G. J, D. The specimen is much too
over-ripe for us to form an opinion.

Names of Plants : H. W. 1, Sedum. perhaps
rupestre ; 2, Fuchsia Riccartoni ; 3, Fuchsia
magellanica, wrongly called coccinea ; 4,
Staphylea pinnata ; 5, Euonymus europteus,
Spindle-trec. — F. J. R. 1, Phacelia con-
gesta ; 2, Convolvulus maritimus ; 3, Daphne
Laureola ; 4, Plumbago Larpentfe. — J. S. R.,
read our rules. 1, Thuya occidentalis ; 2,
Thuya (Biota) orientalia ; 3, Physalis Fran-
chcti ; 4, Rubus laciniatus ; 5, Rosa rugosa ;

G, Cistus, no flowers ; 7, Cotoneaster, perhaps
C. frigida ; 8, Spiraea, no flowers ; 9, Trades-
cantia virgiuica ; 10, Ballota, no flowers ; 11,
Libonia, no flowers ; 12, Cestrum aurantia-
cum ; 13, Cassia corymbosa ; 14, Abutilon,
impossible to say which without flowers ; 15,
Centaurea montana. You serd more than
double the regulation number, and many of
them leaves only. You should make amends by
sending a donation for the Gardeners' Orphan
Funil. — W.H. Y. l,Cupressuspisifera(Retino-
spora) squarrosa ; 2, Thuya gigantea (Lobbi) ;

3, Retinospora plumosa aurea of gardens ;

4, Picea excelsa var. Clambrassiliana ; 5,
Cupressus (Retinospora) pisifera plumosa;
G, Cupressus (Retinospora) pisifera var.
squarrosa ; 8, Weigela hortensis nivea ; 9,
Berberis cmpetrifolia ; 10, B. Wallichi ;
11, B. stenophylla x .

Orchid-hlooms in collections of cut blooms
AT Shows: F. T. Yes ! provided the Orchids
are of distinct species.

PROPA(iATION OF ORNAMENTAL TREES AND

Shrubs : Arbor. A series of articles was
given by us in the Gardeners' Chronicle, in
vols, xix., XX. and xxi., 189G and 1897.

Phvsalis iVi.KEKENOI: Inquirer. Sow out-of-
doors in April in prepared soil in a sunny
situation, broad-casting the seed and lightly
raking it in. Seed may likewise be sown in
a cold frame, or slightly hastened by heat
up to the germinating stage, and grown cool
afterwards. Prick off into boxes or nurse-
beds and set out permanently in beds in
June. P. Alkekengi and P. Francheti re-
quire similar treatment — the first-named is
hardy. We are not aware that any insect
doe.s the plants any harm, except aphides.

Richardia Elliotiaxa: Calla. Wh en at rest
keep cool and di-y, like R. iethi opica ; but
when growing afford intermedi ate - house
treatment for the first few weeks, or till the
weather gets warm, when greenh ouse tem-
perature is more suitable.

SWAINSONIA caleoifolia : L. T. An excellent
plant to grow on the back wall of the green-
house above the staging. The plant will
make good growth in equal parts of turfy-
peat and loam, or in loam alone, if it con-
tain plenty of the turfy portions ; and when
a plant is sufficiently large, it may be kept
in health with weak manure-water. Repot
in March or April. The plant is apt to go
away on one side with strong shoots, and
weak ones on the other, a habit that must
be controlled by tying down the strong
shoots, and aS'ording light and space and an
erect direction to the others. Stopping of
the shoots, excepting in young plants, is
undesirable.

Temperatures : Veritas. Vanda Bensoni, the
East Indian or warmer house with con-
siderabl3' humidity. Ljelia majalis ; the
temperature in the growing season should
range from G0° to Go by day, and from 52° to
GO" by night, allowing a considerable rise by
day in warm weather. In August and
September the plant may be put out of doors,
indeed this is the only treatment if it is to
be got to fl )wer well. Cypripedium Roezlii:
the Mexican-house will best suit this plant.

The Neighbour's Fowls: J. Rylance. If you
cannot keep the fowls out of the garden, and
your neighbour will not keep them in pens,
you should put fishing-net over the Cabbage
plants, keeping it 2 feet above them by
means of arches of Hazel or other rods.

Warts on Leaves of Tabern^jiontana :
A. Worksoj). Our authority on plant pests
writes : " I have made a most careful micro-
.scopical examination of these, and can find
no trace of either animal or vegetable para-
sites in them. The soft tumid warts con-
sist chiefly of minute oil globules (not starch)
and broken down cell structure. 1 can make
nothing of the dry, scurfy warts and patches.
On the leaves I found a number of active
mites, and a few young mealy-bugs. If the
former were in suflicient numbers they might
cause injury, but in what form I cannot say.
They were not Phytopti. Judging from ex-
perience, I should imagine the disease
to be constitutional, and very probably
brought about in the way you suggest."
This opinion coincides exactly with our own
experience of this plant, or that there is a
lack of balance between the degree of
humidity and the ventilation.

Water-cress : H. W. C. Make the bottom of
the water course level, then place a layer
G inches thick of pasture loam all over it,
and place a thin layer of clean gravel over
all. Plant the cuttings (rooted) of the
Cress, and keep 4 to G inches of water over
it. It there is a slight current, so much the
better. The late Shirley Hibberd wrote a
handbook on Watercress, which was pub-
lished by Messrs. Groombridgc, but probably
now out of print, and only to be bought at the
old book-shops.

Y'ellow Flower: Correspondent. Chrysan-
themum Cloth of Gold, one of the segetum x
frutescens vars., or vice versa.

Communications Received.— N. K., Malshanger.—
E. H. J. — W. M., Beikswell — J. Downie— A. W. —
G. Bluett— G K.. Saxmundliam— C. Hewitt, specimen
not named not kept- J. B.— A. L. G.— F. T. M.— \vlll
enquiie— A. H.— F. P.— A. B.— T. H. S.— E. C— C. M.
W. C. L.— Justin Cordoroy— J. W., Junior— Santa
Barliara— J. O'B.-J. W. M.— Wild Rose- D. K.-G. G.
R. D.— A. O'Niell.- Ilurst & Son.— P. W.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."
IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. — Tlie PtMisher has
the s(iHf!faction of announcing that the circulation of the
'• Gardeners' C'/ironicte" has, since the reduction in the
price oftlie paper, more than

»5- TREBLED. -S«

(For Markets and Weather, sae p. x.)

November IG, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERli' CHROEICLE.

349

THE

No. 777.— SATURDAY, XOV. 10, 1901.

CONTENTS.

American noles

3.52

. Plants which buiy

Arbutus Unedo

3.58

iheir seeds

3f0

liastic, iM. de ]a

.■ioi;

Societies-

>>irds and insect life...

.3.^.8

Birmingham Chrys-

Caste in tlic garden ...

.319

anthemum...

363

Ceropegia stapelioides
Cranbrook, a glimpse

..353

Cardifl' and District

Wl

Dundee Chi-ysanthc-

of

.3.5(5

mum

am

Cuscuta europiEa, para-

Finchley Chrysan-

sitic on Iry

.^5.s

themum

3t!0

Eucryphia pinnatifolia

3.51

Hereford Fruit and

Foreign correspondeni

■e—

Chrysanthemum ..

362

Arbutus Unedo

3.53

Kings'ton i Surbiton

3H

I'ruit, exhibiting

•• Hurst & Son," Musi-

3.58

Linnean ... .ibi\

, 3«3

National Clii-ysan-

cal Society

357

tliemuin

3o9

Jiisectioidcs, spraying

Xorlhampton Chrys-

for fungi, &c., Icc-

anthemum

362

1 arc on

3W

Roy.al Horticultural

359

.luglans nigra

.^53

Soutiiampton Chrys-

Kocliia scoparia

.3.5H

anthemum

3S1

l.iliniii loiigifloruni,

Miscellaneous. .%5ii,

, 3(il

iclarding bulbs of...

a5«

Ta.xing gsirdeus

;).5«

North, a visit to the—

Thrinax Morrisii

353

.V Scotch Rochford's

a50

Tomatos, large crop of
Tomatos, discolora-

358

Oliituary—

Sniec, Mr. A. H. ...

a58

tion of

.35;

Open spaces

3.5(5

Weather-lore for No-

Orchid notes and

vember

.^56

gleanings—
Cattleya labiata at

Week's Work, the—

Apiary, the

.3.V.

1 lie Warren House,

Flower Garden

.^>l

btanmore

349

Fruits under (ilass..

3.51

uichids at Gattou

Hardy Fruit (iarden

.%53

I'ark

.%51

Kitchen Garden ...

a5.5

rhyllosfachys nigra...

.^58

Orchid Houses, the.
Plants under Glass .

X>i

Ciwin diying

.r>H

35.5

ILLU

8TR

IATION8.

i;iry.-,anlheiiiuiii " Queen Al

exandra"

3s;

i:iHM-y|ilii;i ].iiiiialifolia

at C

astlewcllan

351

Koch.as.-,.,Mna

a5i)

'Jhiina.K Morrisii in Botanic

: Garden, Grenada

a5:t

CASTE IN THE GARDEN.

'pHEold socialistic fallacy that "all luon
' are born equal," has received many
li.ir<l knocks in the past, and only the
ii^norant or narrow-niinded person will he
found holding to such a foundation of error
iiow-a-days. Born with predilections and
tendencies of one kind or other, for good or
liad, the youthful character of mankind
individually i.s quickly revealed. Xot only
1.1 this true of the animal, but also of the
jilant world. The man whose business in
life brings him into close contact with, and
causes him to be the raiser of many seed-
lings, and the watcher of many different
types of growth, and the various distinctions
of the vegetable kingdom, can hardly fail to
perceive the traits early shown, and the
vlifferencc of the various plantlets from a
sowing of a very ordinary subject.

When a popular peer takes it upon him-
self to publicly extol the Sweet Pea in prefe-
rence to the choicest Orchid that may be
grown, some of those may take heart who,
if put to the torture, would be fain to confess
)o more than a weakness for the number of
hardy plants which beautify and adorn so
many gardens in Britain.
Looking but recently on a group of Hya-

cinthus (Galtonia) candicans, mingled with
the white Jajianese Windflower, my thoughts
were unconsciously carried in the direction
set forth above. Here were two old friends
of the hardy plant grower, with nothing to
clash one against the other on the score of
colour, and j-et the tall spires of the Hya-
cinthus seemed in a sense exclusive, as
though having nothing in common with the
airy fairy, "take me, and set me up in a
glass" sort of gracefulness of the Anemones.
But I know where a round bed full of the
old bulbous plant, now in full flower, backed
1 ly a plantation of Poplars, appears as though
dropped down with artistic accuracy into its
proper position in life.

With so nuich written about the Kose,
Ipoth cultural and descriptive, it is difficult
to find unhackneyed expressions. It would,
however, be somewhat ill-mannered to leave
out the (]uoen of the community without a
few remarks. Passing by the pampered
highly-fed beauties, beloved of the exhibitor,
let us turn to those of the rambler class,
though I may note that these appear to be
shown in great(>r numbers during the last
season or two. In these are exemplified the
many-sidedness, and the many attributes
which help very considerably towards the
popularity of the <iueen of garden flowers.
These climbing, rampant, " ten-feet-in-a-
season" fellows, how beautiful they are!
many gorgeous adjectives might be bestowed
upon them, and then no more than justice
be done in their favour. They may be used
to clothe unlovely fences and walls with
verdancy, and at the proper period beauteous
clustering blossoms. Crimson Rambler at
its best is a sheet of fiery bloom. Train
some of them to poles, rough as you like,
they will break up the flat effect caused by
beds of bloated dwarfs. They will probably
not soar to the conspicuous publicity of the
show board, but will fill a place with a
beauty some of the more aristocratic Roses
might well envy, if given to the emotions
that sway humanity.

There are somi> plants, noble and effective
in appearance, that seem always trying to be
included iti the Brahman section of garden
society, and yet their habits of life compel
one to treat them to some extent as pariahs.
Take the Bocconias, or Verbascum olym-
picum, or even V. Chaixii— any of the thiee.
Give them lots of room, push them to the
back of a very wide border ; put them, as
you may think, out of sight, or somewhere
in the background, but with an aggressive-
ness that is the very opposite of good
breeding, they wmII come to the front and
make themselves conspicuous.

Verbascum olympicum is a splendid
plant, its enormous rosettes of downy
leaves being of more effect when the plant
is not flowering than when the tall spikes
are in bloom ; admitting all this, when,
however, a strong seedling settles down in a
bed of Asters and is allowed to remain, some-
thing must give way. In such a situation the
aggressive character of the plant will vividly
be shown. Plants of this nature, as well as
the Knot - weeds (Polygonums) and some
others, are best relegated to out-of-the-way
corners, in shrubberies, or for filling up and
marking by-ways in and between the various
portions of a garden. For jiurposes of this
description they may be indispensable, but
can scarcely be recommended as inmates of
the garden proper.

When in good health what lusty revellers
appear the Clematises! A sort of "let us
oat and drink" section of our gardening
community. They really do need a generous
diet if the best is to be obtained from them,
and then with their long arms flung over
rough fences, old stone walls or tree-trunks,
how lavishly they give of their beauty
From the early sorts, of which Henryi is
such a splendid example, to the later flower-
ing kinds, including the different varieties
of Viticella, and that nolile sort, Mile do
Paris.

The Tritomas, with their soldierly, sen-
tinel-like spikes of flame, remind us of the
military, perhaps more than any other class
of plants. Give them a warm, dry situation
as far as possible, allowing them to remain
undisturbed for some years, and in their
season the glowing torches will lie produicd
in abundance.

Space fails, or I might enlarge upon the
lordly fruits and the lowly of the garden. Of
the mundane occupants of the vegetable
world, which, though in the position of
" hewers of wood and drawers of w ater" to the
gardener, possess qualities as fascinating as
any of the more beauteous objects. Each
and all arc but parts of a great whole in the
commonwealth of horticulture, even as the
members of the greater world outside gar-
dening, in typo at least, it not individually,
indispensable in the aggregate. ./. II'.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATTLEYA LAIUATA AT THE WAUKEN
HOUSE, STANiMORE.

TiiK house of Cattloyas in the gardens of
II. L. IJiscliolIshoim, Esq., affords a reinarkablo
oxainplo of tlio vigour of growth and abund-
ance of flower 5vliich may be obtained from
thcin when well cultivated, as Mr. (Ueosou
cultivates them. The entire side of the Cat-
tleya - house affords a brilliant display of
Cattleya labiata, showing a groat range of
colour in the various plants. The favourite,
dark-coloured forms predominate, and of them
C. labiata " Warren House variety " is by far
the host. The llower is of good shape and
substance ; the sepals and petals of a bright
rose-purple, and the greater portion of the
lip of a rich purplish-crimson. Another flno
form has flowers that resemble those of Cat-
loya Wurscowiezii, and with a similar expan-
sion and the same rich colour on tlio lij). One
plant had a cluster of eight brilliantly-
coloured tlowers with a intrplish-crimson lip,
having a broad, light-coloured edging.

Throughout the entire collection scarcely
two plants possess ilowcrs exactly alike, the
variation being most marked in the lip, some
of which are of the same rosy-lilac tint as the
sepals and petals, while others havo in
different degrees bright purplish markings on
the lip ; and in these variety is afforded by
some having narrow, and some broad blush-
coloured margins.

The central stage of the house is filled with
plants of Cattleya Mossite, and these promise
a still liner show in their season ; and the
largo number of strong Cattleya Mendeli
on the other side are equally good.

Leaf-mould for Potlinc/. — But the chief point
of interest in the houseful of Cattleyas is that
loaf-soil is the chief potting material u.sed.
But in describing his treatment, aiul express-
ing his opiiuon that loaf -soil is tho best
potting material for this class of Orchids,

350

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 16, 1901.

he adds the caution — provided water is very
carefully afforded, and the plants repotted
annually, otherwise great damage may be
done. Mr. Gleeson selects a pot just large
enough to take a plant, one hollow crock
is placed over the hole at the bottom, and
the plant is potted in the leaf-soil to within
an inch of the rim ; it is then surfaced
with sphagnum-moss. In affording water the
object should be to moisten the sphagnum-
moss only, the leaf-soil obtaining sufficient
moisture from that to keep it in the moist but
not wet condition in which it was first placed
in the pot. The whole of the Cattleyas at The
Warren House have been kept tolerably dry
tor some time past, and the material in which
they are potted is a mass of roots, the tender
points of which are still growing. The leaf-
soil is now in precisely the same slightly
moist and perfectly sweet condition as when
it was first put into the pots. No better proof
of the utility of leaf-soil for Orchids could be
found than the robust and floriferous plants
to be seen at The Warren House, which have
always been grown in the manner described.
Those who may elect to try it should adopt
Mr. Gleeson's methods in potting and afford-
ing water, these being the essential points.

We observed a good lot of Dendrobium Pha-
Isenopsis growing in a stove, also a very fine
batch of Cattleya Warscewiczii and Dendrobium
formosum giganteum, and some other difficult
subjects in very fine condition.

PLANTS WHICH BURY THEIR
SEEDS.

{Concluded from p. ;»).)
One or two matters remain to 1)6 consi-
dered. We naturally enquire in the first
place, what end is served by this device ?
The answer is, that as the struggle for life
went on, the plants found they wore in danger
of being ousted if they did not make an
effort. Some could not secure the regular
visits of insects. This might be due to their
obscure position, their early period of flower-
ing, their inability to offer sufficient induce-
ments in the way of nectar or pollen, or
various other causes. They might find their
fruits and seeds devoiired when developing
or ripened, or they might experience difficulty
in getting them distributed. They there-
fore cast about for means of solving these
problems, and here is one of the results.
Certain flowers found they could act as their
own gardeners. They would therefore grow
and sow their own seeds.

But, asks an intelligent youth, is there not
a danger and disadvantage in this ? Will
not the plants exhaust the soil and so starve
themselves ? Do they not become so wedded
to one place that they cannot spread and
develop ? We should answer in the affirma-
tive if facts were not against us. Theoreti-
cally this is the ease ; in practice no evil
results follow. And as it was a choice
between two evils — that of extinction, and
that of limitation — the plants preferred the
law of limitation to that of extinction. True,
the theory is that plants growing in the same
situation continually tend to exhaust it, but
there are exceptions. All the seed-burying
plants thrive, though in a modest way we
must admit. They are none of them giants
and princes, but their plebian wants are
regularly niet in wall-chink, hedgerow, and
sand-bank, and none of them seems likely
at present to become extinct. The Toadflax
never adorned as many walls and ruins at it
does to-day, Violets surely were never sweeter

or more profuse ; and the Trefoil is found in
many lands, and widely diffused in our own.
And now see how the plant economises its
resources. Since these various devices have
been in vogue the Trefoil, for example, has
been able to minimise the number of its
seeds. That in itself is an important point,
for no process is more exhausting. Then it
is not only economical but prudent. If the
wliole of the flowers in the Trefoil yielded
seeds, the soil would be over-stocked, and a
slaughter of the innocents would annually
take place among themselves. But now
several of the flowers act as an anchor to
secure the others in tlie soil, and where fifty
seeds would T^e produced in another kind of
Clover, Vetch, or Trefoil, five will here be an
average number. So with the other plants.
In the Violet, the subterranean seeds arc far
less numerous than those grown from tlie
cross-fertilised blooms.

Lubljock, reviewing a few cases to which
he has called attention, remarks that it is of
interest to observe how " the subterranean
pods differ from the usual and ac?rial forms
in being shorter, and containing fewer seeds.
The reason of this is, I think, obvious. In
the ordinary pods the number of seeds, of
course, increases the chance that some will
find a suitable place. On the other hand,
the subterranean ones are carefully sown,
as it were, by the plant itself. Several
seeds together would only jostle one another,
and it is therefore better that one or two
only should be produced."

Brief as this review is, I think it cannot
fail to impress us with the wonderful
plasticity and adaptiveness of plant - life ;
while it gives us practical hints as to the
readiest and most economic ways of solving
some of the great problems which wc our-
selves also frequently have to face in our
struggle for life. If these illustrations do
not support the old theory of design, they at
any rate do not give countenance to the
theory that wc are mere creatures of fate—
we are blest with the most wonderful en-
dowments. A Sus-icr Xalurali^f.

A VISIT TO THE NORTH.— Y.

(CuMnacdSrom p. 326.)

SOME GLASGOW NURSERIES.

A Scotch Rochfoud's.— Some conversation
with a friend in the exhibition determined me
to go out to Bailleston and see the nurseries
of Messrs. Findlay Brothers. Few persons in
the south have a proper conception of the
extent of this business. It was described to
me as a " Scotch Rochford's," and so it proved
to he— a nur.sery very much after the heart of
the lamented Mr. Thos. Rochford.

Entering the premises rather late in the
afternoon, I was fortunate in finding Mr.
Thomas Findlay at home, and he greeted mo
very heartily, showed me all there was to be
.seen, and said that he believed 1 was tlie
first representative of a London horticultural
journal that had ever been there.

The glasshouses cover Oi acres of land, and
they are chiefly span-roofed structures with
only an occasional division between them, built
on the ridge and furrow system common to
establishments of this kind. Generally they
are 220 feet long, and some of them, especially
the vineries, are 25 feet wide. The business
is purely a wholesale business, and the plants
are grown to supply to the trade. House alter
house was filled with excellent plants of

Kentia species of Palms, K. Fosteriana, Bel-
moreana, and Canterburyana. They were in
grand condition, showing that the plants had
not been unduly forced, for they were stiu'dy
specimens with deeply greenleaves of thick su.b-
stance. Besides the growing plants in various
stages, it was estimated that there were
.~)00,O0O Kentias then germinating. Kentins
are essentially market Palms, and Messrs.
Findlay cultivate no other species, excepting
Livistonas or Latanias, as the market men
still call the fan-leaved Palms. Of these
latter there were four long houses of very
pretty plants.

What impressed me most, however, was
the tremendous stock of Araucaria excelsa.
Thousands of these plants were seen, and
scarcely one with its head an inch higher than
the others. They were a remarkably even lot.
It is also worth remark that one house was
filled with such speciraens from 3 feet to 4 feet
high. Many houses contained Tomatos, heavy
crops of a variety they call Findlay's Comet.

The vineries were pictures of good culti-
vation, the Vines rapidly finishing splendid
crops of highly-coloured fruits. But let the
crop be what it may, Mr. Findlay says that
the low prices now obtained for best quality
Grapes are not remunerative, and they will
probably abandon Grape culture altogether.

Jlessrs. Findlay Bros, possess two great ad-
vantages. Their establishment is in a colliery
district, and the price of coal is low. They
have also a railway siding on the premises
where twenty waggons can unload ; this
siding is five miles from the Glasgow station.
On the face of it, it would appear a consider-
able advantage over the growei-s near London,
but Mr. Findlay said he thought circumstances
Ascre about equal. He liought coal nearly two-
thirds cheaper than Mr. Rochford could, but
he burned nearly two-thirds more in bulk than
Jlr. Rochford, owing to the difference in
climate. I ought to have mentioned that a
good number of Perns is grown, especially
plants of the Pteris cristata major. The
Palms are disposed of in various centres m
Britain, and in Ghent and other towns on the
Continent.

The history of the business is very inter-
esting, and I will briefly describe it : —

About twenty years ago, perhaps more, Mr.
Thomas Findlay, the elder of the two partners,
was engaged in a stockbroker's business in
Glasgow, and his brother Robert in a certain
shipbuilding firm on the Clyde that built Sir
Thos. Lipton's Slidmrock. Thomas had a pas-
sionate love for plant-growing, and managed
to get a little house built out of his own
savings, where he grew Ferns and Palms. But
he had a desire to adopt plant-cultivation as a
business, and accordingly Mr. Findlay, senior,
set outone day to consult with one of the heads
of a seed business in Glasgow, who told him that
if he permitted his son to go into nursery or
market-gardening business it would mean ruin.
So for a time the son's passion found no
other outlet than he could contrive to make,
in addition to following the business his father
had chosen for him. He grew more plants,
however, and sold some, and later was able to
afford another house. Subsequently he was
obliged to employ a man to tend them whilst;
he still followed his calling in the city. It is
not surprising that at last the stockbroking
work, so distasteful, was got rid of, and that
success followed in a degree that warranted
Mr. Robert also relinquishing his business In
favour of joining his brother.

At present there are fifty men employed
under glass. Tl\e nursery is on part of tho
firm the father used to hold, and which
another brother now tills.

NjVEMBEr IG, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

351

I hiTe yet to add that Mr. Thomas Findlay
ae(|Uired a farm at Tovil, near Maid.s':one,
only t\v,^ months ago, and has come to Kent to
reside permanently, holding the belief that
fruit cultivation of the highest kind, -with
the most careful gathering, packing, and
grading, is an indiistry that may be followed
with profit. In the meantime, Mr. Robert Find-
lay will manage the Bailleston Nurseries. P.
(To be continued.)

ORCHIDS AT CtATTON PAEK.

In our issue of July 11, 1890, p. 37, we gave
an exhaustive notice of the gardens of J. Col-
man, Esq., Gatton Park, uearReigate: and in
that of Nov. n, 1897, pp. 341, 343 and 347
three views in the fine gardens, together with
some details as to the planting of the exten-
sive property were given.

At that time the cultivation of Orchids was

Fig. 107.— elcuvi'iiia i'inxatiioi.ia at castmcut i.i.an.

EUCRYPHIA PINXATIFOLIA.

A KiNE specimen of this highly ornamental
hardy shrul) (sec fig. 107) has been a mass of
flower during the past month at Ca.stlowellan,
Co. Down, the scat of the Karl of Annesley.
The plant is 8 feet in height, and 28 feet in
circumference. The flowers, mostly in pairs,
are 3 inches in diameter, pure white, with
golden-yellow anthers: foliage pinnate, dailc
green. It is a native of Chili, a strong grower,
and deliglits in a mixture of loam and peat,
with about a third of manure fi-oiu an old
Mushroom-bed. T. Uijan. |An illustration of a
(lowering branch of nitiiral size was given in
our colunnis, September II, 1880. Kd.]

being taken up, and .some new houses built
for these plants, and the whole of the glass-
house arrangements re-modelled. These ar-
rangements liave been finished satisfactorily
during Mr. \V. P. Bound's charge of the gar-
dens, and not only have the Orchids which
wjre formerly grown made very satisfactory
progress, but a large number of rare and
valuable specimens, both species and hybrids,
have been added to the collection ; and great
advances made in hybridising and in raising
hybrid (Jrchids, a branch of gardening in
which Mr. lionnd appears to bo very export.

Tlie O.lontoglossiiiiis more especially have
remarkably iuiproved during the last two
years, and the house devoted to these plants

is pleasant to view on account of the vigour of
the plants and the fine quality of the flowers.
Here, as at Burford and some other gardens,
the practice of employing the rhizomes of
bracken instead of crocks is adopted, and to
this some of the success attained is attributed.
Thus one of the most important materials
in Orchid culture which used to be wasted a
few years ago, is eagerly collected, and when
the supply obtainable from the plat in use is
exhausted, it is purchased wheuever possible.
Some few Odontoglossums were in flower, in-
cluding a fine form of O. Harryanum and
another of O. cirrosum ; also a batch of Onci-
dium macranthum, well furnished with spikes ;
O. monachicum, Masdevallia Veitchiana, M.
Davisii ; and overhead a row of Sophronitis
grandiflora, and a few plants of La>lia mono-
phylla intended for hybridising purposes. The
Cymbidiums are here grown cool, and C. Tracy-
anum, C. Lowianum concolor, and other dis-
tinct varieties were observed to be in fine
condition.

The warmer houses are connected at one
end by a lean-to range, placed against an
existing wall, and the various divisions are
heated at different temperatures, and the wall
in each division is clad with showy flowering
climbers and trailers, that are of use in fur-
nishing the largo quantity of cut flowers re-
quired at all seasons. The wall in the first
division is planted w^th Stephanotis floribunda,
15egonia corallina, and other showy plants, and
Dendrobiums arc suspended from the root, of
which D. ;. rhodostoma and D. chrysanthum
were in flower. The bed at the front of the
house was occupied by compact plants of
CodiiBum, with loaves beautifully coloured.

The second division contained a number of
the almost perpetual flowering Begonia tiloiro
de Lorraine, the pillars were clothed with
Asparagus Sprengeri, plentifully sot with
berries ; and on the wall a plant of Strepto-
solon .Tamesoni was in bloom, as also Swain-
sonia galegifolia alba aiul i'lnmbago capcnsis,
all very useful for flowering in the winter.

In the central ami larger division, plants of
Lapageria rosea and L. alba were in bloom,
also some well-grown ones of Lotus peliorhyn-
chus were drooping over the stage ; Salvia
Pitcheri, one of the best blue winter flowers,
and various other showy subjects. In the
adjoining division an Asparagus plumosHS was
clothing the wall, and a flue selection of
Xeponthes is cultivated, all of which wore in
excellent condition. Their crossing as oppor-
tunity offers is contemplated. Mr. Hound has
already had much success in crossing the
Nepenthes. The last division in the range is
devoted to the cultivation of Roses, but any
portion of the range is available for special
classes of Orchids, or Orchids in a stage in
which it may be deemed beneficial to give
them a change of house.

In the first house entered from the con-
necting range, a number of fine Dendrobiums,
both species and hybrids, were remarked.
These were suspended from the roof, and
among them were some fine forms of D. x
Owenianum, D. >; Clio, D. •/. Wiganiic, D. x
Cybele, and other showy hybrids ; D. crassi-
nodo album, and D. aureum, with very large
and stout pseudo-bulbs; fine varieties of D.
nobilc, including I), n. album, and others.
Suspended likewise from thereof were select
varieties of La'lia pumila in flower, most of
them being largo and richly coloured ; the
varieties possessing a white ground being
naturally the most cherished. Of these, L.
pumila Colmani has blush coloured flowers,
with rose-purpio markings on the lip ; and
L. p. Gatton Park variety, white flowers, with
a peculiar bluish-purple front to the lip.

352

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1901.

The last-named has been propagated, and
there are now several plants of it. So, also,
the famons Lselia aneeps Waddoniensis, perhaps
the finest white aneeps. The main plant has
increased in vigour, and plants have been
oijtainod by division. The collection of Lielia
aneeps is a select one, and the plants were
well furnished with flower-spikes. In flower
were remarked fine specimens of Pilumna
fragrans, and its larger flowered variety
nobilis ; a grand specimen of the Gatton Park
variety of Zygopetalum JIaekayi, Odonto-
glossnm Hictonense album, O. Krameri, On-
cidium ornithorhynehum album, a large plant
of Coelogyne speciosa, which is seldom out of
flower ; this species has been crossed with C.
cristata alba. Remarkable, though not in
flower, were plants of Cymbidium Tracyanum,
with fourteen leading growths ; a fine C. :
eburneo-Lowianum, and other rare subjects
which have been grown into fine specimens
from quite a small size.

The next house, a spacious one, was filled
chiefly with finely-grown Cattleyas, Ltelias,
and Liclio-Cattleyas. The plants of C. ,
Hardyana thrive admirably here, and some
handsome forms were passing out of flower.
In flower were the last of the L. tencbrosa
and L. purpurata, Cattleya aurea, C. granu-
losa Schofieldiana, and other Cattleyas ; and
the plants of C. labiata were making
their winter display. Of these, C. labiata
Master J. Colman is a very distinct and
pretty form. We noted Hpidendrum vitel-
linura autumnalc, Epiphronitis Veitclii,

Miltonia Regnelli citrina Gatton Park variety,
with yellow sepals and petals, and purple
lip, which is by far the best of the yellow
M. Regnelli which have yet appeared ; and JI.
spectaliilis Moreliana. Very vigorous plants
of LrelioCattleya Captain Percy Scott and
L.-C. Henry Greenwood, both favourites
with Mr. Colman, were noted ; also Cattleya
Skinneri alba, C. Triana-i alba, and other
albinos.

In a sheltered, warm, moist house, the
I'aising of hybrids and crosses is being suc-
cessfully pursued, and the seeds seemed to
have come up thickly in some cases. The
method adopted is to prick them off as soon as
possible into seedling pots, a number in each,
and place these in a glass case ; otherwise, if
left for any length of time where the seeds
germinated, the mortality amongst them is
great. There were numerous interesting
crosses coming along, the successes being all
the more praiseworthy in that they have been
accomplished in a very short space of time.
In the same house some pretty plants of Phaho-
nopsis Esmeralda, and fine varieties of Den-
drobium Phalajnopsis Schroderianum were in
bloom.

At the end of another range, in which Poin-
settias and other showy plants are grown, is a
small hot-house, in which the Phalcenojisis
thrive, a few of which were in flower. In an
intermediate- liouse Diacsenas, Palms, &c.,
were observed, among which varieties of
Sobralias, including S. macrantha alba, were
placed at intervals — an arrangement the latter
seem to like.

In one of the vineries, in which the Vines
(Madresfield Court and Muscat of Alexandria)
were carrying a fine crop of Grapes, was a
batch of Thuuias, only just then broiight in
from where tliey had been standing in the open
air, which appeared to be all the stronger for
the change.

The large number of Peach and other fruits
houses, and the well-cropped kitchen- garden,
were in excellent trim. Pears were plentiful
and good, hut Apples scarce, and generally
very small.

AMERICAN NOTES.

EXHIlilTION l.\ NEW VORK.

A f;REAT horticultural exhibition has just
closed in New York (October 21-27), and it is
several years since the city has seen a large
exhibition of plants and cut flowers. Horti-
culturally speaking, this effort has been an un-
qualified success, but as to its financial out-
come I am unable at this time to speak posi-
tively. The venture was fathered by the New
York Florist's Club, the representative trade
organisation of New York; and, as it had the
necessary funds to insure itself against loss,
things will be satisfactory so far as they go.
The Club set out to demonstrate the possi-
bility of a great exhibition for the city, and
it has triumphantly demonstrated its feasi-
bility, that is all it sought to accomplish. It
is more than probable that the effort will be
repeated next year, and it is hoped to make
the Fall Flower Show at Madison Square Gar-
den an annual event. This Exhibition Hall
consists of a large amphitheatre and arena,
and is approximately of the same size as the
Westminster Aquarium — a trifle smaller per-
haps. It is devoid of all decorations, and
there are no permanent attractions, conse-
iiuently the exhibition has to stand or fall on
its own merits. All things considered, the
attendance was fairly good, for there are many
distractions (chiefly political), and many of the
well-to-do residents are not yet returned to
town. I must, however, emphatically deny
the extravagant imaginings of the London
Times correspondent, wlio pictures us as living
under a Reign of Terror — New York and London
are much alike.

The one feature of the exhibition by which
it will be specially remembered was the Palms
and other foliage plants ; these were truly ex-
cellent. The first-named were represented by
some of the grandest specimens it has ever
been my portion to see. There was a giant
Latania borbonica, 24 by 24 feet, well furnished,
and in the best of condition. This plant came
from Mr. H. JIcKay Twombly's establishment,
where ilr. A. Herrington is the gardener ; and
it was brought at no little trouble on a
specially constructed truck and \>y road for
thirty miles. It easily won the prize, i;l5.
At the close of the show this fine specimen
went to the New York Botanical Garden.

Other fine Palms were a Rhapis, 10 feet
high ; and particularly noticeable for its
gracefulness was Phtenix Roebelini, a specimen
5 feet high, from Siebrecht & Son. This firm,
W. A. Manda and Julius Roehrs, were the
chief trade exhibitors of foliage plants, tree
Ferns, and Bay-trees ; Mr. Roehrs being the
largest contributor, and winning the chief
prizes.

Among private exhibitors, Mr. Waite, an
Englishman, gr. to S. Untermeyer, was also
successful. Among private collections near
New York, that of Jlr. Willis James (gr., W.
Duckham), also at Madison, N.J., is the most
famous for being kept abreast of the time, and
whatever is latest and newest in greenhouse
or stove plants may be seen there. These
treasures were freely exhibited at the Show,
and the actual specimens could be compared
with almost anything in Messrs. F. Sander >S:
Co.'s latest catalogue. Specimen Ferns and
Cycads, with gi-eat masses of India-rubber
plants, were also prominent.

In the cut flowers the quality and size of the
Chrysanthemums-blooms astonished us all ; it
was an early date for them, and the season
itself is backward. Such varieties as Mrs.
Henry Robinson, Jlrs. Coombes, H. J. Jones,
President Carnot, and its yellow sport; and

Yanariva, were as good as could be desired.
All these were shown in vases for effect, and
the blooms were generally shown in the nsual
American style, with long stems ; but there
were some blooms exhibited on boards, whiclt
I observed, attracted more attention and
comment. I cannot but think that a Chrysan-
themum exhibition should encourage both
methods. The actual points in the flower can
certainly be more easily compared on the
show-board, and I believe that there w 11 be a
return to that method of exhibition. One
out-of-town exhibition, of which the schedule
is before me, also provides for blooms to be
shown on boards.

The new Tea Rose Mrs. Oliver Ames, which
was seen in true character for the first time
in New York, is a pink sport from Mrs. J. P.
Jlorgan, itself a sport from Madame Cusin ■
and will surely be of the greatest value for
decorative purposes, since it shows up to
advantage under artificial light. This was
awarded the Silver Jledal offered by the
Society of American Florists for the best new
plant of American origin. The Bronze Medal
went to a new scarlet - flowered Carnation,
"The Rose," exhibited by Mr. John May,
Summit, N.J., but it originated near Boston.

Orchids were exhibited in abundance by
both private and commercial growers. There
was nothing of great rarity, the plants being
chiefly Cattleya labiata and Oncidium vari-
cosum. All of these displays were on circular
tables of 10 feet in diameter. A beautifully
made-up basket of Orchids was one of the
finest pieces imaginable.

TiiK Condition oi- the Farm Crops.

The anticipated shortness of crops has bceii
realised. Potatos, Apples, and Corn (Maize)
are selling at high prices, but as the scarcity
is practically universal, it is not the farmer
who is suffering.

Fruit.

An important experimental shipment of
Pears and Peaches from the Eastern States to
London has just been made by the Department
of Agriculture. The fruit export trade of this
class is chiefly from California, and the efforts-
of the Government to place the products of
the Eastern part of the country on the foreign
markets has awakened much interest. The
fruit of the Pacific coast is certainly no better
than that of the East, but it is marketed with
more skill, and even in New York the Western
produce commands a large share of the trade.

The Pan-American Exposition at
bum'-alo, n.y.
This has but a few days to live. To the
horticulturist it has been an important affair ;
the florist and nursery trade has been well
repre.sented in the grounds, and permanent
growing displays of their several specialties
have been maintained. This department was
under the direct active supervision of Mr.
William Scott, a local florist of national
repute, and he has worked hard to score a
well-merited success. The assassination of
the President naturally killed public interest
in the exhibition, and it has not been brought
to a conclusion with as much attention as was
bestowed upon it earlier in the season. The
one lesson to be learnt from the floral depart-
ment was the possibilities of annuals. Water-
Lilies were largely shown by Messrs. Dreer,
of Philadelphia, on a scale that was most
remarkable; there were hundreds of speci-
mens. The Pomological Society held its-
biennial session in Buffalo in order to take
advantage of the fruit exhibits; these were,
simply wonderful, as displaying the resources
of the West, and never have I seen such

November 16, 1901.]

THE G A n D ENER S' CHR ONI CL E.

353

fiigantie Plums as those that wore shown
from Oregon, which were as big as medium-
sized I' ars, and other fruits were in propor-
tion. Truly, as was prophesied fifty years
ago l)y Patrick Barry, the famous pomologist
of Xew York, the Western States of America
see th ; perfection of fruit raising as a com-
mercial industry. A welcome European visitor

1890 (Kew BiiUetiti, 1891, pp. 131--2). The
individual now noticed (fig. 108) was received
from the Royal Gardens, Kew, on October 23,
1895. At the time of writing, it bears fourteen
leaves on rather erect petioles ; some of the
leaves reach to 20 inches in length and 30 ins.
across the blade. The segments of a leaf
average thirty-eight to forty in number, and

plant it is. Dr. Morris informs me that the
plant has become scarce at Anguilla. We
have in the garden several dozens of small
seedlings raised from seed sent to the gardens
last March for propagation. Should our plant
continue in its vigorous condition, seed ought
to be obtainable for distribution at no very
distant date. W. E. Di-oiidimii, Grenada,
July 24, 1901.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

AKIJUTI'S rXEDO.
I SEE from a note in the Gardeners' Chronicle
tliat the fruits of the Strawberry-tree, Arbutus
IJnedo, Ij., are unknown in the London mar-
kets. Here, in France, these fruits are not in-
frequently sold and consumed. When the fruits
arc perfectly ripe and quite soft, so that they
fall off the trees, tliey have a pleasant taste.
Still, the fruits of Arbutus Andrachne, L., are
better. Both, contrary to most EricacejB,
thrive well in a very calcareous soil, the first
grows wild in quantity on a woody moun-
tain slope, forming part of my property, and
forms certainly the most striking ornament of
the wild vegetation. These trees open their
numerous white flowers, resembling those of
Lily of the Valley, just at the same time as the
fruits ripen, and the trees covered with flowers
and bright red fruits, showing well against the
glossy green foliage, they can at this time of
I lie j'ear compete in beauty even with the
Orange-trees. If, as J have understood, the
Strawberry-tree is hardy in all the milder parts
of Kngland, one should expect it to be planted
in any garden where it can resist frost, espe-
cially as it will content itself and even prosper
in the poorest soils. 15ut when one considers
how few of the most highly ornamental plants
which, even in England, can give a tropical
;i|)p('arauc<' tn gardens as the Hemp-Palm,
Trarhyi'arpus cxcclsus, the Yuccas, the Cordy-
lines, the I'honniuin, the Hamboos, &e., are
to be found in the gardens th(^re, where
amateurs certainly are jiroportionately more
numerous than in any other country, except in
.lapan, then one cannot wonder tliat here in
southern France, where at least 100 species
of Palms exist in the open, and some authori-
ties think that up to 300 could do so, only
about half-a-dozen species are to bo met with
in any numbers, and even some of the most
<'\(iuisitely bt-autiful, and at the same time
• luick-growing and perfectly hardy Palms, as
I lie Cocos Komanzolliana, are still rarities,
though specimens flower and produce good
seed in abundanco (giTminatingcvcn naturally
around th<' motlicr-plant in great numbers) for
the last llftecii years. Nay, here at Nice, not
even a single specimen of this remarkable
Palm is to be found in any of the public gar-
dens. A. Ilol)erlxon-l'roxcliowskij, Pare "Lex
TropinHcx," Chctnin des Grottes, St. Hilene,
Sice.

ililiiNw Nhii;KiMi, IS I'.Di AMC (;ai:iii:n, f:Ni:N\llA.

The Week's Work.

at the convention was Mr. Philippe de Vil-
morin, of Paris, who has been on a through
tour to the Pacific Coast, and is now again in
New York on his return journey. Leonard

liarrnn.

TllRINAX MORRISII, JW'h.II.

There is under cultivation in the Botanic
Station of Grciuida a healthy specimen of this
Palm, which Dr. D. Morris discovered growing
wild in the inland of Barbuda, whilst making
a tour of the Wett Indies in the latter part of

arc never more than 1 inch in width. The
total height of the plant is 10 inches, and
its spread 18 inches. So far, no signs of
flowers have made their appearance. It will
be noticed from the dimensions given that this
Thrinax, under cultivation, is likely to attain
larger dimensions than in its habitat, where
apparently it never attains a greater height
than about 30 inches. With the aid of the
photograph now sent (probably the first ever
made of the species), taken by Inkerman
Smith, Esq., a well-known artist of this island,
it will be observed wh it a pretty and compact

THE IIABDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. llEJiUiN.
Frnit-trec Planting. — In continuation of my
remarks on the planting of fruit-trees, I give
the following selection as being generally
reliable in various districts : — Apricots : Breda-,
a small, early variety ; Moor Park, a largo
and finely flavoured variety very generally
planted; llcmskirk, a large, hardy variety,
somewhat resembling the preceding ; I^ato
Peaoh, a large and rather later ripening
variety. Deatiert Plums : Early (ircengagc,
Oullin's Golden Gage, Green Gage, Deiiniston's
Superb, Transparent (iago, Jefferson, Kirke's,

354

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1901.

Ickworth Imperatrice, Reine Claude de Bavay,
•Guthrie's Late Gage, and Coe's Golden Drop.
€nUnar\j Plunu: Rivers' Early, Victoria,
Pond's "Seedling, MagmiJ-i Boiuim, Diamond,
Prince of Wales, Priuce Euglebert, Mitchel-
,-son's, and Monarch. Dessert Cherries: May
Duke, Bigarroau de Schreeken, Black Tar-
tarian, Elton, Progmore Early Bigarreau,
Black Eagle, Bigarreau Napoleon, large red,
s-ather late ; St. JIargaret's, or Tradescant's
Heart, a valuable late variety ; and Noble, a
large and very fine new variety that should
flud a place in the smallest collection. Cu-
iinarij Cherries are Kentish Red, Flemish,
Black Heart, Morello, and Belle Magnifique, a
ffed Morello.

Planting Orchard-trees.— ^heve this work is
to be carried out, a beginning should be made
AS early as possible ; and i£ the ground has
already been prepared, planting may begin
forthwith. In forming a new orchard from
aand under cultivation, and given up entirely
to fruit-growing, it is much to be preferred if
the land be kept under the plough or light
spade culture. Under this system, trees in
bush or low half - standard form should be
jjlanted. I prefer the former, as these begin
to crop early and afford some return for the
first outlay, which is greater than when the
orchard is composed of standard trees. As
circumstances will decide the form to be
adopted, this may be left to the planter ; but
■due regard must be given in the choice of a
site, and a position sheltered on the north
and east sides, and with a slight slope on the
■west or south-west, should be selected if
possible. In planting Apples and Pears of
bush or pyramidal form, a distance of 1'2 feet
apart should be allowed ; and for a few years
bush fruits or Strawberries may be grown
between the rows. Most of the varieties
s-ecently enumerated are well adapted for
this style of planting, but those varieties
should be given a preference that are known
to succeed in the district. If the planting is
antended to furnish fruits for the market, the
number of varieties should be restricted, and
a few good varieties planted in large quan-
itity. Standard trees should be afforded a
-distance of, at the least, 21 feet apart each
way ; and those of a strong growing, spreading
liabit, as Blenheim Orange, 30 or more feet
apart.

Apples.— Good varieties for this style of
islanting are Keswick Codlin, Manx Codlin,
Wellington, Beauty of Kent, Blenheim Orange,
Bramley's Seedling, Tower of Glamis, Newton
"Wonder, Dutch Miguonne, Northern Greening,
Lane's Prince Albert, and Autumn or Red
Calville for kitchen purposes ; while for
dessert, Kerry Pippin, Devonshire Quarren-
.den. King of the Pippins, Juneating, Cox's
■Orange Pippia, Fearn's Pippin, Adams' Pear-
■main, Sturmer Pippin, and Allen's Ever-
lasting, are suitable varieties.

Pears suitable for the orchard are Williams'
Bon Chretien, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Fer-
itility, Beurre Clairgeau, Beurre de Capiaumont,
Beurre Bose, Hazel, anl Fondante'd'Automne.
Steiving Peoi-s.— The fruits of Catillao and
Cvedale's St. Germain may be grown to an
iimmense size, when the trees are grown on
walls, although these and the other varieties
aiamed succeed either as bushes or pyramid
trees. Others are General Todleben, Bellissime
d'Hiver, Vicar of Winkfleld, Verulam or Black
■Worcester, and Winter Orange.

of Oncidiums are destroyed, and the buds have
taken on a yellow tinge. The older flowers of
Cypripediums are but pulp, and the later
flowers and buds are sh" ving the ill effects,
and will be lost when ..e sunlight at length
reaches them. The plants themselves do not
seem to have suffered, excepting that the
older leaves decay quicker than would other-
wise be the case. At this season keep the
inside temperature as regular as possible, and
the amount of moisture in the air very low ;
and it is more prudent to afford a slightly
lower temperature in the warm divisions, and
keep the air dry than to afford a high tem-
perature and much damping down. Ventila-
tion being very undesirable, it is difficult to
retain the desired conditions in the houses,
unless the degree of warmth is reduced to a
reasonable extent.

Co'logijne (Pleione) lagcnaria, C. maeulata,
C. Wallichiana, and others which have passed
out of flower, will commence to grow forth-
with, and the repotting of any plants re-
quiring it should receive attention. These
plants succeed in shallow pans suspended from
or placed on shelves near the roof, and they
are most effective when planted in masses.
The pans should be well drained, and a com-
post used that consists of turfy peat, sphag-
num-moss chopped up, a liberal addition of
leaf-mould from the Oak, and silver sand. The
distance at which the plants may be placed
from each other in the pans will depend upon
the size of the plants and the number of breaks
to each pseudo-bulb, but about 1 inch apart
will generally be found sufBcient. The com-
post must be pressed firmly, so as to hold the
pseudo-bulb in its place. The pans should be
placed at the cooler part of an intermediate-
house, and scarcely any water applied till
roots make their appearance and the growths
got well away from the base. C. humilis and
C. Hookeriana do not flower, till the new year,
and these should be repotted as soon as they
have flowered, and suspended in a greenhouse
tlie whole year.

Odontoglossum-Uoni<e.—The pretty O. Rossii
and O. R. majus, whose flowers are beginning
to expand, sli'ould be suspended near the roof,
out of the reach of snails and slugs, which
eat the flower-buds. The greater amount of
light near the glass gives substance and high
colour to the flowers. The flower-spikes_ of
Odontoglossum crispum arc unusually plentiful
for the season, and must be protected from
the small black sings which quickly ruin them ;
small quantities of bran, brewer's grains, or
oatmeal, placed on small crooks about the
stage, attract them, and they may be easily
caught at night. Cotton-wool wound round
the base of the more advanced spikes will also
help to protect the points and more tender
portions of the scapes.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. H. Slade, Gardener to Lord Poltimore,
Poltimore Park, Exeter.

growing, cut - leaved Beeches and Alders,
golden-leaved Elms and Acacias, Kcelreuteria
paniculata. Tulip-trees, Paulownia imperialis,
Catalpas. pyramidal Oaks, both green and
variegated-leaved ; pyramidal Acacia, Celtis,
Gymnooladus, some of the small - growing
Gleditschia and Magnolia acuminata that are
almost indispensable in the garden.

Spring Beddiiif/.— The various bulbs and
plants used for this purpose should now be
planted. When it is intended to plant bulbs in
beds having carpetingplantsofSilene,Myosotis,
Wallflowers, Limnanthes, Saponana, &c., the
spots to be occupied by the bulbs should be
indicated by conspicuous wooden pegs.
Golden Feather, plants of which were used in
the beds during the summer as an edging or
carpet, still retains its yellow colour, and
is of use in beds which are filled with old-
fashioned spring flowers. If this plant does
not harmonise with these, or is not suitably
placed in the beds, it may be safely lifted and
replanted. Only young plants should be
utilised for this purpose, as they are liable to
die off in the winter it old.

C«niOTs.— Plants standing in beds should
now be lifted, the clumps labelled, and be
placed in a cool, airy house or frame to dry
somewhat before being stored away. It Caniias
are required to flower during the winter, divide
and pot some of them in retentive soil. Ihe
plants which have grown out-of-doors possess
greater vigour than those which have stood in
pots the whole season. Two varieties ot
Canna whichhavedone well outside are William
Tolfts, largesalmon-colouredflower, edged with
yellow, and dwarf in habit. The other is Mrs.
James Bailey, rich crimson, growing about
3 feet in height, and very showy. The oanna
is a good plant to use where rabbits have
access, these animals not touching them;
others similarly immune are Nieotiana sylves-
tris and Abutilon Thompsoni.

Pa-onies.— If circumstances have delayed the
planting till this date, it will still be better to
plant thorn than to wait till the spring.

Herbaceous Bor.iers.— While the ground is in
workable condition, the stronger growing
plants may be lifted, divided, and planted in
tresU situations. The manuring and digging
of the border should proceed together with
the lifting and transplanting. Vacant spaces
may be planted with Daffodils, Hyacinths,
and Tulips, that were forced; Wallflowers,
Polyanthus, Myosotis, &c. Plants of Dractena
Sanderiana have been grown outside at
Poltimore, and they have been exposed
to 9" of frost, and beyond looking a little
sicklv, they do not seem to have suffered. In
nearly every garden there is a demand lor
change and variety in the summer bedding ;
but these cannot always be afforded by simply
ringing the changes upon the usual kinds ot
bedding plants, and any new plant which is
hardy enough, and is of use in summer bedding,
is a desirable one to plant.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H J Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddeii Road, Camberwell.
Orchids and Fog.— The plants grown in the
neighbourhood of London and other smoky
towns will have suffered greatly in loss of
flowers from the recent fog. In my long expe-
rience in and near London I do not remember
such a prolonged period of dense black fog as
the recentvisitation, and it is difficult tosay what
£11 effects the fog may yet have upon the plants.
Expanded Cattleya flowers, as well as buds
out of the sheath, are destroyed ; the flowers

Oniame/ifai Trees. — Flowering shrubs of
moderate growth are Csesalpinia japonica and
Hodysarum multijugum, Cratsegus of species,
including C. oxyacantha var. Paul's double-
flowered scarlet, and those with pink flowers ;
the Quinces are useful garden shrubs, with
great white blossoms coming in corymbs. Pyrus
Japonica, P. j. Maulei, and P. j. M. superba
should not be forgotten ; they bear close
clipping, and then form dense masses of bright
colour. Clerodendron trichotoinum is now,
although we have had 9" of frost, in full
flower, and should not be overlooked ; the
flowers have not suffered from several nights
of sharp frost. Styrax obassia, a distinct
flowering small tree from Japan, has bright
o-reen leaves, downy on the lower surface, and
of large size, giving the tree a striking appear-
ance. 1 have not mentioned any of the orna-
mental-leaved Oaks, because unless the garden
is of great extent these large trees should be
very sparingly planted, the better place for
them being the park adjoining. The same
reasons hold good for excluding many other
timber trees. There are, however, small-

PRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By MALCOLM MclNTTRE, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant, TlieGIen, Innerleithen, Peeblessliire.
Piue-ai^ples.- The plants in each department
having been rearranged, and the glass made
bright and clear, the growth of the plants may
be encouraged throughout the winter; but
sun-heat being essential to good progress, the
plants should have a thorough rest by the
gradual and considerable reduction of the
amount of heat and moisture applied Ihe
plants at this season are generally divided
into three sections, viz., those with swelling
and ripening fruit ; those which have made
their growth, and will afford fruit nextyear ;
and the suckers that were potted in the
autumn. Fruiters which are att'orded a good
bottom-heat,and the leaves are close to theglass,
should have a high temperature, 6o to 70 by
ni"-ht and 80° bv day, or the fruit will not
swell properlv; and a humid air by damping
down the walls, floors, and surface of the bed
daily once or twice a day ; and if practicable,
the roof should be covered at night with some

November 16, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

355

non-eonduetiii!^ material. If this covering be
fixed to rollers, it caa be drawn down on the
approach of storms by day, and always during
the night in the winter. All plants with
fruit swelling, slowly of course, will require
water at the root occasionally, but no rule
can be laid down for its application. Be-
ginners in Pine-apple culture must guard
against applying water in driblets, which is
always injurious. When soil in which a plant
is growing has reached the dry side, enough
water should he afforded as will moisten the
entire mass, whilst its neighbour, perhaps only
half dry, may be left over till the next exami-
nation. The bottom-heat being SO' — a suitable
temperature for plants with swelling fruits,
that of the water used for moistening the soil
should be certainly i/ higher, especially when
the warmth of the hot-bed is on the wane.
When a fruit has reached full size, the pot
may be mounded over witli dry, warm tan or
tree-leaves, and no more water applied at the
root. The varieties Charlotte Rothschild and
Cayenne will take more water without being
injured than is good for the Black Jamaica
variety.

Succession Pines. — The first batch now
resting will hardly require, under ordinary
circumstances, any more water at the root till
the time arrives for starting them ; but when
danger from a too dry soil is apprehended, the
tan or tree-leaves of which the bed is made
should be moistened with tepid water, and
pressed firmly round the pots. The bottom-
heat may range from Co to 70'; the top-heat,
CO' at night, C.j' to 70' by day, so as not to
induce growth at this season. The plants in-
tended to succeed the earlier Queens may be
kept a little wanner and moistcr, as the most
of them will make growth before they throw-
up fruit in the spring. Younger plants, which
will not start until after midsummer, must be
kept close to the glass in light well-heated pits,
where the roots will make progress during the
winter. If the materials of which the bed
consists arc moist, very little water will be
needed by these plants for two months,
especially if the soil is of a tenacious nature.
On tlie other hand, plants growing in 8 or
9-incli pots, which were fairly filled with roots
last month, must be afforded water occasion-
ally, otherwise premature fruiting may occur
after they arc potted in January.

Suckers potted in September, and removed
from moist beds of fermenting materials, now
that they are plunged in pits heated by hot-
water, must not bo afforded nuicli water ; but
plants growing in small pots well lillod with
roots, and plunged over bottom-heat pipes,
soon get dry, and must be carefully examined
at short intervals of time, and water applied
as soon as it is needed by any plant. It is
prudent to keep the plunging materials moist
by applying tepid water.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. KonKKTS, Gardener to IIussky 1'ackk, Esq.,
Prcslwold Hall, Lougliborovigh.

Pits and Frames. — At this season the ventila-
tion of pits and frames and the affording
water to the plants therein must receive much
careful consideration, or there will be great
losses from damp. Water should ho applied
in the morning of fine days, and notany should
be spilled needlessly, or the leaves of the
plants wetted. Decayed leaves should be
picked out from amongst the Violets, and
plenty of air admitted to the frames on fine
mornings, keeping them open till 2 or ."!
o'clock. Should the Violets require water,
let it be applied with a small-spouted water-
pot, pouring the water between the rows and
not over the leaves. If cocoanut-fibre refuse
be spread on the soil after water has been
afforded for the first time, evaporation of
moisture will be in great measure averted.
Cinerarias should now be placed in the green-
house or in a greenhouse pit having the means
of keeping out frost. Cinerarias grow best if
they are stood upon a stage or bed covered
with fine coal ashes, and in a temperature of 40"
to 45°. Plants of C. stellata are now showing

their flower spikes, and should be put into a
house with a temperature of .50° to -"io , and be
afforded weak liquid-manure water once a
week till colour is perceived in the flower
heads.

Campamda puramidnlis, &c. — Although suffi-
ciently hardy to live out-of-doors, it is an effec-
tive plant in a pot. The plants that were potted
some time ago should now be placed in a cold
frame, and the pots plunged in tree-leaves.
In wet or frosty weather the lights should be
placed over the plants. The collection of bulbs
of the Hyacinth, Xarcissus, and Tulip should
be examined, and those which have filled their
pots with roots and made some amount of
growth removed to a cold frame, the pots
being sunk in coal ashes to the rims. If this
be neglected the roots of the Hyacinth will
sometimes decay, if the soil in the pots gets
dry. Bulbs not suflieiently advanced to re-
move to a cold frame should be replaced in the
coal-ash bed. Layers of Souvenir de la Mal-
maison Carnations should be placed on the
shelves in a greenhouse where the tempera-
ture does not get above 4.')°. The larger plants
should be kept in a similar temperature,
allowing a rise to 50 bj' day. Always afford a
trifling amount of ventilation at night, with a
slight warmth in the heating apparatus. All
frame coverings make of dressed canvas ; dry
bracken, stable litter, and other protecting
material, should from the present time be kept
in readiness for use.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mavne, Gardener to the Hon. Mark Rolls,
Bic'ton. East BudlciKh, Dcvousliiic.

Peas. — There are gardeners who adhere to
the practice of sowing seeds of early Peas in
the autumn, though it is a matter of doubt
whether anything is gained by the practice.
And I know that for three or four months the
seeds, and later the plants, arc exposed to the
attacks of mice, game and other birds, and
slugs. On clayey soils it is useless to sow
these early Peas, for although the seed may
germinate capitally, the plants make no pro-
gress during the winter months. Where the
soil is warm and friable, and a broad south
border exists. Peas may be sown at this date
with some chance of success. The seed
must be made moist with paraOin, and bo
coated with dry red-lead, as a safeguard
against loss by mice. The seed should be
sown more thickly and rather deeper than is
customary in the spring, and it should be
covered with refuse soil from the potting-
shed.

Broad lieans.—Tho foregoing remarks apply
also to liroad Beans. Although a south border
is not so necessary, 81 ill a position should be
chosen where the plants are sheltered from
oast and north. The Early Longpod is a suit-
able variety to sow at this date.

Celenj. — All Celery that has ceased to grow
should bo earthed up finally, leaving only the
topmost leaves visible, and smoothing the top
of the ridge with the back of the spade. The
latest Celery should have a small quantity of
soil put to it, but not so much as will Imry the
tops of the central or heart leaves. In times
of severe frost, bracken or clean straw should
be strewn over the plants, removing this
when mild weather ensues. Cardoons should
be similarly protected.

PotatoH. — Let all stores of tubers bo ex-
amined now that the latest crops have been
dug up, as whilst more or less damp, it is not
always possible to detect diseased ones ; and
these, if left in contact with sound tubers,
soon infect the latter. Tubers for the
table should be kept in the dark, covering
with straw or bracken if the store be not
proof against hard frost. Clamps out-of-doors
should be similarly protected.

A/iscc/iaiieoii.s.— The open weather of the
past fortnight will have been taken advantage
of by the industrious gardener in hoeing and
cleaning the ground among the various crops,
in the housing of licetroots and Carrots, and
charring of weeds and garden -refuse — the

ashes after sifting them being stored for
use when sowing seeds in the spring.
On frosty mornings, stable-manure, decayed
dung-bed material, leaf-mould, or soot, should
be wheeled on to vacant plots ; and if the soil
is stiff, digging and trenching may forthwith be
begun. I prefer to bastard-trench the kitchei:>
garden quarters, which if properly performed
stirs the soil to a depth of 2 feet, i.e., deep-
enough to grow any kind of vegetable ; and
if the subsoil is poor, 1 lay some partially
decayed manure at the bottom of the trench,,
and put another layer between the first and
second spits, and all land dressed with soot or
wood-ashes receives similar treatment.

THE APIARY.

By EXPKHT.
Bes KcepiiKj for Profit. — In my remarks on
this important and growing industry, it
will be as w-ell, I think, to entitle our lessoi*
" Bee Keeping for Profit." Before handling oi~
going near bees, put on a veil, and some
sound stout gloves. These give confidence,
because you know the bees cannot sting you •
and iu all cases I should strongly advise
beginners to have the assistance of some-
experienced keeper of bees. Having deter-
mined to keep bees, wo naturally want to-
know how to commence, and the best method;
of starting; the answer to which is — keep
them in skeps, or in bar frame hives. The
former is rapidly dying out, on account of th&
dilliculty experienced in looking at the bees-
to examine their condition ; because you cannot
very well turn up your straw skep to look at
them, as by so doing you disturb them, and
you cannot even then find out much about
their state, or know whether they want
feeding, much or little, as the case may be.
With the bar frame hive, the state of the hives
can be very easily ascertained, and that without
having to disturb them much. Firstly then,
should wo decide to keep bees in skeps (as
indeed should bo the case if we commenc©
with the bar frame), secure a nice clean skep,
old ones are a great bother and a great risk,,
as well on account of the disease known as
foul brood ; and in purchasing a stock of bees^
if you have not a friend near who will inspect
them for you, ask the question of the sellei-
before purchasing, "Are they free from disease-
so far as you know ':* " Having brought home
the bees, place them in a sheltered position
about a foot or l.S inches off the ground. Your
next question is: Whatdo I want the bees to do?
do I want them to work for run-honey or for 1 lb.
sections V This is most important, particularly
if the honey is being raised for sale, because
it is very little use to raise run-honey if yoii
cannot sell it ; and the same applies to the
sections. If, then, you intend to raise run-
honey, about the end of April or the com-
mencement of May place a smaller skep
over the top of the old and larger hive, and
as soon as the bees find they have no room in
the bottom hive or skep, they will go into the
top one ; and as soon as this is filled take it off,,
substituting an empty one for it. Should
the bees swarm and you wish to increase your
apiary, you should hive the swarm in the
evening, and place it on its stand. If, oii>
the other hand, you do not wish to do so, return
them to the original stock. You must re-
member you cannot secure honey and a swarnn
as well. In placing on the super or small
skep at the top, have a little dough placed
around the old one first, .so that the top one
will fit closely and kcci) out the draught,
liecs have a great dislike to draught, and any
little place loft they will first of all seal down,
and as our seasons are so short, this would
be a waste of valuable time which cannot bo
made up.

The Rev. David R. Williamson, of Kirk-
maiden, one of our Scottish contributors, ha.s
been elected an Honorary h'ellow ot the
National College of Music in London.

356

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November IC, 190^,

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Illustrations.— Tlic Edilor will thankfidhj receive and select
photographs or drawinfis, suitable for reprodxiction^ oj
gardens, or of remnrkahh j>la7its, flowers, trees, £c. ; l)xU he
cannot he respousil/k for loss or injury.

Local Uev/^.—Corrr-ii'oiuhniis icill greatly ohlige hy sending to
the Editor euriij inlMujinn of local events liktlji to be of
interest to our readers, or of any mailers which it is dcsiivUe
to irrinfi under the notice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY, Nov. 10^ Chrysanthemum E.xliibiUon ut
) Antwerp (three clays).

THURSDAY, Nov. 21

■jLC-lliii, L . W :.■!;,, mil l)is-

I ciely's Shou- ilhrce days).

FRID\Y Nov 9Q t -^'"^I'tlt'cn Clirysanthemum

■"") Show (two days).

SALES FOR THE WEEK.
E.VERY DAY EXCEPT SATURDAY —
. Dutch Bulbs, at Protlicroe & Morns' Rooms.

■ Bulbs. Pollexfen & Co.
MONDAY, Nov. 18.—

■ Bulbi and Plants Stevens' Rooms: and Johnson
Dyraond & .Sou.

TOESDAY, Nov. III.—

■ Surplus Stock, Cnle & Son, B.xth.— Roses and
Shrubs. Pollexfen & Co.

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 20.-

NurseryStock, Shorllands Nursery. Kent, Protheroe
A Morris.— Bulbs and Plants. Stevens' Rooms • and
Johnson, Dymond & Son.— Nui-serv Stock, Reigalc
Road. Dorking; Continental Plants. Roses, Stove
and Greenhouse Ferns and Plants, Protheroe A,
Morris.

THURSDAY, Nov. 21.

Nursery Stock, Upton Court Farm Nursery, Pro-
theroe & Moi-ris.— Palms. Ac , PoUexfeu & Co.
{Forfartherpartietdars sx .Idi'rrlisemcnt columns.)

Ateeage TEMPEEATnEE for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-41-7'.
Actual Tempeeatubes :—

London.— .Voi'CTniier 13 (6 p.m.) : Max. .53° ; Min. Ji'°.
November M.— wind, sleet, then lino.
. Phovinces— .Voran()i-r 13 (6 P.M.): Max. «', Scillv :
Min. 40°, offTyuemouth.

■ . ^ The inventors of taxes might

' Gardens. '^'^''y ^^'^ ^^"^^^ ^ section of tlio
next l)ook of Signor Lombroso;
the subject might, indeed, form an appendix
to a new edition of this distinguished philo-
sopher's Man of Genius. The psychology of
tlie tax inventor has, we maintain, been
vindnly neglected, but this, like so many
other "long-felt" wants, will doubtless be
supplied in time. In the meanwhile, the
tax inventor has just created a genuine
sensation in Paris, where the determination
of the Municipal Council to tax gardens
seems perilously near taking eSect. The
tax is described as not one of gardens, but as
one of "terrains non batis," which is the
same thing under another designation. The
antipathy of the French to direct taxation.
and their extraordinary long-suffering of the
iniquities of indirect "taxation, are facts too
■well-known to need comment. One could
quite wellbelieve that the French had long
since exhausted every possible source of in-
come ill the way of indirect taxation, but such
is not the case. ThcTecent removal of cer-
tain octroi duties on goods, chiefly wine,
entering Paris has'resulted in a heavy de-
ficit, and some brilliant genius has sought to
equalise this by suggesting the imposition of
a tax on the private gardens in Paris. The
tax amounts to an ad valorem one of
iiO centimes for every 100 francs' worth of
"terrains non batis," and by this means a
revenue of about 4,500,000 francs will find its
way into the coffers of the City Council.
Tlie tax will not affect those whose gardens

do not cover a larger area than that occupied
I ly their houses, so that the very poor, who
have no gardens at all, will at all events be
exempt.

It has been calculated by a contrilmtor to
Le Temps that out of the 10,000 houses
with gardens in Paris, only some 2000 or
I'.'jOO will fall within the scope of the new
t.ix. This is not a very exhilarating prospect
for those who have to make up the four and
a half million francs. So far, therefore,
from a large garden in Paris lieing a source
of pleasure to the owner, and a distinct
advantage to his immediate neighbours, it
becomes under the new regulation a very
serious burden. It is fully possilile that
instead of well-cultivated gardens, there will
be howling wildernesses.

The iniquity of the tax is self-evident.
But there is another side to the question,
while those who are in favour of the tax,
that is, those who have no gardens, or only
very small ones, are emphasising for all it is
worth. It is pointed out that when a rich
proprii'taire wishes to enlarge his town
garden or park, he purchases the neighbour-
ing house, pulls it down and adds the whole
of the new place to his pleasure grounds.
At one blow the city loses the whole of the
taxes which it derived from the demolished
mansion, and without receiving anything to
balance the loss. From this point of view
of course the new tax is neither so unjust
nor so unreasonable an affair as it seems
on the face of it ; but it is the thin
end of the wedge, and those who have
had any experience of the elasticity of
the tax-maker's conscience will fully realise
that this new power will be exercised to the
uttermost, and that we shall soon be in-
formed of numerous instances of flagrant
abuse. The difficulty in all thesp things is
the initial stage: the persons entrusted
with the carrying out of the law can be
fully depended upon in seeing it observed
to the letter.

Paris has many splendid parks and open
spaces, liut these are usually wide apart ;
and anything which, like the new tax, tends
to reduce the number and extent of its
private gardens is a grievous calamity. The
low death rate and very high general state
of public health in London are largely
attributable to its innumerable private
gardens, v/hicli are proiiably more numerous
by a hundred to one than those of Paris, and
we are certain that no one but a lunatic
would suggest a tax on London gardens.

LiNNEAN Society.— On the occasion of llic
evening meetiug, to h; held on Thursday,
November 21, 1901, at 8 p.m., the followiiis
paper will bo read : — Report on the Botanical
Publications of the United Kingdom, as a part
of the International Catalogue of Scientific
Literature. liy B. Davdox Jacksox, F.L.S.

Open Spaces. — Last week, the Metro-
politan Gardens Association offered to lay out
Granville Square, Clerkenwell, and St. SLit-
thias' Churchyard, Poplar, as public gardens,
subject to the maintenance being undertaken
by the local authorities. It was also decided
to assist in promoting schemes for the pm-
chase of 10 acres of land at Southfields,
Wandsworth, for £24,000 ; and of 15 acres of
land at Deptford for .£30,000, for the purpose
of public recreation and playing field.s — in
each case the ground being needed to meet
the wants of a poor and rapidly increasing
district.

Dundee Chrysanthemum Society.— The.
forthcoming sliow to be held on JJovember 21
and two following days, if ■we may judge by
the inducements offered in the form of special
prizes and Challenge Cups given by the Cor-
poration of Dundee, and Mrs. Geo. Armistead,
with other good prizes, will eclipse all fora,cr
Chrysanthemum shews in Duudee. A so-called
" Society group " will consist of select Dowers
and fruit supplied by the members of the
Society, which will be sold during the show,
and the proceeds handed over to the Dinidee
Royal Infirmary. Many of the leading firms in
Chrysanthemum culture, north and south, ■will
bo represented. The music will be furnished
by the baud of the 2nd Battalion (Black Watch)
Royal Highlanders,

Retarding Bulbs of Lilium longi-
FLORUM. — It appears that our remarks upon
the exhibit of retarded plants shown at the
National Chrysanthemum Society's meeting by
the Exors. of the late TllOMAS Rocill'ORl),
have led some of our readers to think that it
is not possible to retard bulbs of this fine
garden Lily. Vte do not know why this should
be, for our remarks read, " The varieiij of 1j.
longiflorum," meaning Harrisil. It has been
well known for several years past that
L. longiflorum may be successfully retarded
by cold, esiDecially the form sometimes called
L. longiflorum giganteum. The bulbs of the
variety Harrisil, however, that have so far
been subjected to the process have perished.

Weather Lore for November.—
" Martohnass shall come again.
Spite of wind, and snow, and rain ;
Bub many a strange thing must he done,
Many a cause bo lost and won ;
Many a fool must leave his pelf.
Many a worldling cheat himself ;
And many a marvel come to pass,
Before return of Martelmass." — Uervick.
" If ducks do slide at Holland-tide,
At Christmas they will swim ;
If ducks do swim at Holland-tide,
At Christmas they will slide."
" If there's ice in November that will bear a
duck,
There'll be nothing after but sludge and
muck."
" If the ice bear a man before Christmas,
It will not bear a mouse after." J. C.

A Glimpseof Cranbrook.— The Homelands
Association's Handbook (21, Bride Lane, Fleet
Street, E.C.), No. 19, is entitled a Glimpse of
Cranbrook, the town of the Kentish Weald,
and gives a useful account of the place and its
vicinity. Mr. W. S. Maktix mentions the
means of access, the history and associations
of the town, and describes the best excursions
in the neighbourhood. The handbook has
reached its second edition, and this fact is in
itself a testimony to its usefulness and to the
attractions offered to the visitor in this part
of one of our most beautiful counties.

M. DE LA Bastie, President of the Pomo-
logical Society of France, has lately died at the
age of sixty-seven years. M. DE L.v Ba.stie was
an enthusiastic gardener, who rendered valu-
able services to pomology. It was largely upon
his account that the Pomological Congress of
1900 was not held in Paris, as was at first
arranged, this causing many objections to he
raised. M. de la Bastie had served in the
army before he entered upon his pomological
work ill his grounds at Pont d'Arche. He
was President of the Societe d'Horticulture
de I'Ain. M.any people think it likely that
M. Ch. B.vltet will be selected as the new
President of the Pomological Society of
France.

November 16, 1901.J

THE GAEDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

357

The "Hurst & Son" Musical Society.
— This Society, which has now entered upon
its fourth season, will hold its First Ladies'

to the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institu-
tion. It is to be hoped that everyone inte-
rested will be present, and assist the Society

Discoloration of Tomatos.— We should
be glad to have the opinion of experienced
Tomato-growers as to the yellow discoloration

103.— MR. GODI-REV'S NEW JAPANESE UURYSA^'TIIEJIUM "QUEEN ALEXANDKA.
Colour fawn, slightly sliaded with carmine-rose. (See ante, p. 33.5 )

Evening Concert in the Crown Room, Holborn
liestaurant, on Tuesday, November 20. Several
first-rato artistes have been engaged, and the
committee have decided to give the proceeds

in augmenting the funds of tliis deserving
Institution. Ticlvcts, reserved seats, l.i. ; un-
reserved, ()(/. each, may bo had from the Hon.
Sec, 152, Houndsditch, London, E.

which is so common both in homo -grown
Tomatos and in tho.se imi)orted from the
Canary Islands. At first wo thought the
yellow patches might be the early stage ot

358

THE GAUDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

[XOVEMBBR 16, 1901.

the spot-fungus, which is so destructive, but
this view is not accepted by experts, who are
not able to detect any trace of fungus in the
yellow spots. We have received specimens
from experienced growers whose method o(
culture is not to be improved on, and the dis-
coloration occurs both in Tomatos grown out-
of-doors and in those under glass.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

LARGE CROP OF TOMATOS.— I have read
with interest the note on Tomatos by your
correspondent signing himself " F. L. C. " on
p. 312 of the Gardeners' Chronii-le, and should
be glad if he would kindly afford your readers
some particulars of the system of culture
whereby he obtains such a large crop as 20 lb.
of fruit to a plant. He surely does not mean
that he grew that quantity on plants growing
out-of-t'oors, and even if he can succeed in
getting that weight on plants grown under
glass, his methods must be worth following.
I quite agree with his statement that the
Tomato-plant does not require much water
when planted out. T. MatUcios, Waltham Crosit,

CUSCUTA EUROP/EA PARASITIC ON IVY. — I
recently found, on a visit to Trinity College
Botanical Gardens, Dublin, a tine specimen of
Dodder (Cuscuta europ.'ea), whose pale yel-
lowish shoots were flung in confusion across a
wall where Hedera amnrensis was growing
profusely, despite the unwelcome visitor. The
Ivy appeared in full vigour, and where the
parasitical plant had not become matted
together, the Ivy was not seriously checked
ingrowth. .1. O'Neill.

ARBUTUS UNEDO. — It may interest some
readers of the Garilencm' Cliroiiiclo to learn
that the Strawberry-tree fruits splendidly in
this northern garden. The trees are fifteen
years old, and 6 feet high ; there are hundreds
of fruits on each tree. The flowers appear
whilst the ripe fruits are still on the branches,
so that we have white, red, and green on the
trees at the same time. As material for filling
flower-glasses, or for dinner table decoration,
it is most useful. G. Muir, East Lothian.

JUGLANS NIGRA (BLACK WALNUT). — This
noble and iifeful tree is one of our finest
deciduous tiees, and like many more tine
timber trees, was more appreciated and more
extensively jlanted 300 years ago than is now
the case, or during the past century. The
tree will thiive in almostany kind of soil, is of
quick growth, and planted thick with other
trees makes tine straight trunks. If planted
in an isolated manner, or in exposed situation,
the branches are apt to be broken by thewind.
Although this tree is so valuable, yet how
seldom is it met with, other than as an
ornamental tree ! Many nurserymen will tell
you that as a tree for forest planting it is
practically unknown, much less asked for.
This is doubtless owing to the rage during the
past sixty or seventy years for planting useless
species of Conifers, many of which are only fit
for making Christmas-trees, and useless as
timber. The Black Walnut was planted at
Albury on its introduction to this country,
and in" height the trees range from GO to
90 feet, with trunks 10 to 12 feet in circum-
ference. One tree cut down eight years ago
was 100 feet high, with a straight trunk
without a branch for 05 feet. This fine tree
had to come down owing to its being too near
a very large Cedar of Lebanon. The trees fruit
very freely here in most years, and I would
mention that I cannot agree with your able
and respected correspondent, Mr. W. J. Bean,
who writes that the Black Walnut only pro-
duces two fruits together. Here they are in
clusters of from three, four, five .and six fruits
together. One large tree overhanging part of
my cottage bears a big crop of nuts, and these
nuts in falling break scores of tiles every
autumn. I have hoard the very absurd re-
mark that grass \^ill not thrive underneath

this Walnut, which is erroneous, as the
grass under the trees is as green and healthy
as elsewhere. In conclusion, I wonder this
tree has not been used for planting in com-
pany with Planes in streets and public tho-
roughfares. W. C. Learh, Albnvii I'lirkGardeiis.
Gnildfoi-d. [If the nuts be stratified in sand in
a cohi frame in late autumn, they will sprout
during early spring, and may then be set out
in nurse beds, at 1 foot apart. Ed.]

PLUM DRYING. — Your correspondent, "A.D.,'
does well to publish his precept in regard to
"misleading statements;" but he would do
better if he carried his precept into practice.
In the seconel and third sentences of his article
he attempts^to mislead the readers of the Gar-
deners' Chronicle by suggesting that the price
atlixed to a sample of French Plums in the
Worcestershire County Council's exhibit of
dried proeUice at the Drill Hall, Westminster,
on Tuesday, October 29, was too high, and
therefore misleading. The sample of French
Plums was bought in Hirmingham, at the lead-
ing fruit merchant's shop, about a month
ago, it was the only fxuality there offered for
sale, and the price paid for the Plums was
t0(i. per lb. The sample was placed in the exhi-
bition case (also a sample of Californiau Plums,
bought at Gil. per lb.), with twelve other
varieties of Plums, home grown and home
dried, for comparison therewith. It was
labelled "French Plums, bought at lOrf. per
lb.," and I have yet to discover how those
words constitute a "misleading statement."
If the price had been marked higher, or
lower than lOil. per lb., it would have been
both misleading and untrue. I have recently
bought some dried French Plums at 6d. per lb.,
and compared them with those for which 1
paid lOd. per lb., and with the Victoria Plums,
which "A. D." so picturescjuely describes as
having had their skins " dried to exceeding
toughness." Taking fruits from each sample at
random, I found that the skin of the best
French Plum was just a little less tough than
the skin of the Victoria, and the skin of the
cheaper French Plum was as tough as the Vic-
toria; but the latter surpassetl the former in
fleshiness and flavour, jloreover, I found, on
comparing the samples of French Plums one
with the other, that the better sample was so
much superior in quality to the other,
that it was as well worth lOJ. per lb.
as the inferior was worth C((. per lb. The
manager of the shop from whence I pur-
chased the samples of French Plums, informed
mo yesterday (November 9) that they often
sell French Plums at Is. and Is. 2d. per lb. I
do not see why Victoria Plums should not
be dried and sold retail at Od. and Sd. |)cr lb.
They are a sounder and more wholesome
fruit than the French Plums sold at Od. per lb.
J. Udalc.

PHYLLOSTACHYS NIGRA.— Three plants of
this very distinct Bamboo have been flower-
ing this year in the collection at Batsford
P.ark, Gloucestershire, the whole of the culms
on two being covered throughout their length.
There are other plants in the same group of
similar age and size, and many more of the
same species in various sizes grouped in other
positions, but on none of these have flowers
been observed. It is to te hoped that flower-
ing will not become a general habit with these
plants just when they attain their greatest
height, and should in con-secjuence be most
effective and ornamental. The whole stock of
P. nigro-punctata flowered last season, but no
seeds have ripened on this or on the type this
year. J. G.

CEROPEGIA STAPELIOIDES.— I am at a loss
to know why this plant, instead of growing
upwards, or twining, should turn down over
the pot. I have been growing planis of it for
many years, but not in this I'oim, downwards.
This one was a seedling, and rotted, and then
was re-struck, and this is its style. Is it a
new freak ? It looks, to my thinking, much
darker in its colour than the old ones I had.
There is another, about 2| or 3 ft. long; one
shoot ran straight along on the pots of other

plants, and on the shelf, ami it got into tho
darker parts under the shelf ; but it does not
look up to the light, but turns, like the other,
down. I have not attempted to train it, as
the shoots would break oil. I put one piece
upright, and that has made a1x)ut 2 inches of
growth, and seems to say — I have done. It
looks flat on the end, as it its growth upwards,
was not what it liked ; it has not flowered, not
having made any flowering growth ; perhaps
it may be something strange when it does so
do, if it ever does. I am interested in its
style, and hope to see its flowers, if any. J. C

BIRDS AND INSECT LIFE. — I was much inter-
ested in Mr. Harrison Weir's article on " The
Cuckoo and other Birds," p. 310, ante. No-
doubt others besides myself have also noticed,,
and with sorrow, this almost complete absence
of antagonism between birds and caterpillars,
especially when these insects infest Brassicas
and Gooseberries. This absence of antagonisn>
is all the more remarkable when one sees birds-
chasing the White Cabbage Butterfly, pre-
sumably for dietary purposes, as the latter
flit about egg-laying. May it not be that the-
caterpillars are poisonous, or at least dis-
tasteful, aiul the birds know it? A. C. B.

EXHIBITING FRUIT.— How are exhibitors to
know how to exhibit fruit, i.e., Pears, wheik
the schedule reads " All dessert fruit fit for
table ; " and yet in the 1st prize six dishes of
Pears at the Royal Aquarium, Beurrt^ Olair-
geau, which is not even a second-rate variety
as regards rxuality, were shown ; and a dish of B.
iiachelier was quite unripe, requiring a period
of three weeks before it would be fit ior-
lable. The fruits of Doyenne du Cornice had
but very little colour, and would not be i-ipe-
for three weeks unless hurried on by heat.
The Judges, in my opinion, must have valuetl
size, and not ripeness or fine quality. The-
six dishes that took the 2nd prize were of even-
size, and consisted of fruit of good quality,
ripe, and fit for consumption, in accordance-
with the schedule. I should like to know the
reason why the judges went away from th&
wording of the schedule. Vir^itvr.

Mr. a. H. Smee.— Horticulture has suffered
a notable loss in the death on the 8th inst. of
this gentleman. His residence. The Grange,
llackbridge, near Carshalton, was well known
in horticultural circles as "My Garden," the
name by which it was designated by its-
founder, Mr. Alfred Smee, the father of the
late proprietor. The book prepared by Mr>
Alfred Smee under the same title was an.
encyclopiedic account of the garden, and all
that pertained to it; and as it was written
by a man who possessed an unusually wide-
acquaintance with all branches of science and
natural history, and one who was in addition
an enthusiastic gardener, it will remain a
valuable book of reference for many years-
to come. To the possession of this garden^
Mr. A. H. Smee succeeded at the death of
his father, and in his hands it lost nothing
of its reputation, while in the matter of
Orchid-growing its character was enhanced.
Mr. Smee was one of those who proved the
advantages in some cases of the open-air
treatment of Orchids during the summer. Mr.
Smee also took much interest in fruit culture,
allotment gardens, and in the diffusion of
horticulture and its benefits among the work-
ing classes and other members of the com-
munity. He was an accomplished chemist,
and turned his knowledge to good account in
his researches on the chemical constitution
of Orchids, the purity of water, the utili-
sation of sewage, and the prevention of
epidemic disease. He was the medical adviser
of the Gresbam Life Assurance Society, anil
was an authority in certain matters connected
with life assurance. Of the Royal Horticul-

NOTEJIBER 16, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

359

tural Society and of its Oi-eliid Committee, Mr.
Smee was an active member, and it was, in a
large measure, owing to lais efforts that the
.anomalies and trammels of the old charter
"were replaced by the more modern and liberal
jirovisions of the one under •which the Society
is now regulated.

KOCHIA SCOPAPJA.
TULS plant, one of the weedy family of
Chenopods, has been exhibited at the Royal
Horticultural Society on several occa.sions this

SOCIETIES.

NATIONAL CHBYSANTHEMUM.

November 11.— At a uiecting of the Floral Com-
mittee, on Mouday last, awards were made to the two
varieties followii-

Chrysantheinum Vnckt'S!* o StUhfrland. — A yellow
Japanese flower, of a bright but not deep shade ; the
fl )rcts loosely incurve and curl. Shown by Mr.
Pesfohd, Leigh Park Gardens.

Chrysantheiiium Elhel yU^roy.—A large Japanese flower,
o£ deep amber colour. Shown by Mr. H. Weeks,
Tbrumpton Hall Gardens, Derby.

¥

•"^W^

rt

Fig. 110.— KociiLv scoparia: lkaves grass-green, ciianmxg to cri.mson.

year. It forms a dense, compact bush, with
ascending branches, and linear leaves of a
^■reen colour, till aiittnnn tinges them of a
reddish-crimson colour. As .seen in its summer
guise, it attracted but little attention, except
as a curiosity ; but when it was shown in its
autumn p.iiio|)ly of purple, it counuanded
universal .idwiiration (fig. 110).

Tt will be remembered that many of the
Chenopods, ami Spinach-like plants, assume a
.similar coloration. The flowers are incon-
.spicuous. The plant was shown by Messrs. M.
Cannell & Sons, of Swanley, Kent, at a meeting
of the Koyal Horticultural Society on Sept. 10,
and gained a First-class Cortillcate.

ROYAL HOHTICULTUBAL.

NovEMKEK 12— .\t a meeting held on Tuesday last
in tlic Drill Hall, Duckingham Gate, Westminster,
there was a very poor display of exliil)its. Not a single
award to a novelty was recommended by the FLonAi,
and FiiniT Commitpees, and only six Medals.

The Orchid CosiMrrrEE bad not so fruitless a sitting,
for it rccn:nmcndcd awards, including four First-class
CerliHcalosand three Awards of Merit, in addition to
three Medals.

The attendance of visitors was less than usual, and
even the committees themselves (especially the Fruit
and Vegetable Committee) bad but few members
l^resc-.it.

Before the members of the Fi;urr CoMMiTiEE Mr.

.^LEX. DE.tx moved a resolution calling upon the
Couneil to take action in reference to a statement
which appeared in the Journal of HorticuUitre criticismg
an award made by the Fruit Committee at tlie last
meeting. The resolution was carried, but not with
absolute unanimity.

The Lecture in the afternoon was by Mr, Newstead,
of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

Floral Committee.

Present : Mr, W. Marshall, in the chair; and Messrs.
C, T. Druery, G. Nicholson, J. Walker, G. Reuthe, J. F.
McLeod, J, Jennings, C. Dixon, W. Bain, C. E. Shea,
W. P, Thomson, E. H, Jenkins, G, Paul, and H. B, May.

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine and B. Caledonia were
shown splendidly in a group of plants from F. D. L.\M-
HERT, Esq., Moor Hall, Cookham (gr., Mr. J. Fulford).
These plants numbered about two dozen specimens iu
5-inch pots, and represented most successful cultiva-
tion. The type was grand, and the white sport Cale-
donia has never been exhibited in so good a condition
(Silver Banksian Medal),

Messrs, T, S. Ware, Ltd,, Hale Farm Nurseries,
Feltham, exhibited a collection of varieties of Nerines
in flower. The variety FoUiergilli was the brightest of
them all, but several very pretty seedlings raised by
the firm are well worthy of cultivation. An efl"ort is
being made to obtain varieties that will flower rather
later than most of the present ones. Among the seed-
lings, Mrs, Reuthe, Kitty, Beautiful Star, and Prince
of Orange, are all attractive,

Messrs. H, C.1XXELL & Soxs, Swauley, Kent, exhibited
a collection of nearly thirty bunches of decorative
varieties of Chrysanthemums, including such varieties
as White Thread, Arachnoideum, and Goldeuen Fiiden,
with very curious thread-like florets ; others were Pink
Xiveum, Eleganz. a single variety with very long,
drooping florets of blush-pink ; Mrs, Gus TroUip, a
rosy-lilac-coloured seedling from Cape Colony ; Mrs.
W, J, Hartin, a large single-flowered variety, reddish-
brown, with yellow band around disc; Dorothy, a
blush single; G, W, Forbes, fine crimson single; Star
of Honour, white single ; Arab, a very curious red and
yellow-coloured variety, with drooping florets; and
Mrs, Brown Potter, white single.

Messrs, W, Wells it Co., Earlswood Nurseries,
Redhill, Surrey, e.xhibited a large collection of exhibi-
tion Chrysanthenium-blooms, Most of the novelties we
have seen already this season, such as W, R, Church,
Madame llcrcwcgi. Mrs, T, W, Pockett (one of the best
Japanese of the season). Marquis V, Venosta, Lord
Ludlow, Matthew Smith, Mrs, Bhrkley, Mrs. G, Mile-
ham, C, J, Salter, &c. ; but the blooms shown of each of
these varieties were of grand size and (juality. There
were one or two unnamed seedlings staged, and several
novelties that will bo heard of again, A collection
of bundles of decorative varieties, included single
flowers and others useful for furnishing vases (Silver-
gilt Banksian Medal),

Mr, J. SURMAX, Victoria Nursery, Beckenham, ex-
hibited a group of plants of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine.
Also a group of Chrysantliemums in pots, composed of
dcco alive or market sorts. The plants bad been
grow.! in the open ground, and lifted a few weeks ago
and put into pots. The plants had held their foliage
well, were very dwarf, and many of them had nine or
more good.blooms (Silver Banksian Medal),

Messrs, JAS. VErrcii & Sons, Royal Exotic Nurseries,
King's Road, Chelsea, exhibited a grand group of
winter-flowering Begonias, They made a much brighter
display than on the last occasion, and more varieties
were shown. There were Mrs, Heal, Winter Pcrfectiou,
and John Heal, The last named variety is dwarfcr in
habit than the others, and the leaves and flowers are
much less in size also. These hybrids between the
fibrous and tuberous-rooted Begonias are excellent
winter flowering plants, and have been described mauy
times in these columns, Mrs. Heal is by far the most
showy variety (Silver Banksian Medal).

Flowers of the old-fashioned Gloriosa superbawere
shown by Mrs. Evaxs, Forde .\bbey. Chard (gr., Mr. J.
Crook).

Dr. BONAVIA, Worthing, showed a few Chrysanthe-
mum blooms, grown out-of-doors in that town, and
showing that little frost has visited the district yet.

Sir TuEVOii LAWRENCE, Bart, (gr., Mr. Bain), showed
blooms of an incurved Chrysanfhemum, Mdllc. Mario
Liger, The variety has lilac pink coloured flowers
of large size,

J. COLMAN, Esq., Gatton Park, Surrey, exhibited a
plant in flower of Vallota purpurea, said to bo a
hybrid between the Vallota and Crinum Moorei; but
we could discover no evidence of hybridity.

360

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 16, 1901.

Orchid Committee.

PresMit : Harry J. Veitch, Esq., in tl»e Chair, and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), de B. Crawsliay, 11. M.
Pollett, H. Ballautinc, W. Cobb, R. Brooman-White,
F. A. Rehder, E. Hill, W. A. Bilney, H. J. Chapman,
W. 11. Young, .1. W. Potter, F. Sander, H. A. Tracy,
H. Little, J. G. Fowler, and M. Peelers of Brussels.

Jeremiah Colm.w, Esq., Gatton Park, Reigate, was
awarded a Silver Flora Medal for an effective group
consisting principally of fine varieties of Cattleya
labiaia, some of which were exceptionally large and
finely -coloured, especially the variety "Emperor."
Witli them were tlie pretty white Ljelia pumila,
'George, Prince of Wales," a distinct form with white
sepals and petals, over which was a delicate blush tint.
The labellum had a small purple mark on each side,
which gradually clianged to pale rose towards tlie
front; Cattleya aurea, Epidendrum vitellinum, Odon-
toglossum X Humeanum, cut spike of tliree forms of
litclio-Cattleya x Schilleriana, two Cymbidium Tracy-
anum, L.T;lia anceps, Ac.

G. Taylor, Esq., Margery Hill, Reigate (gr., Mr. W.
Seaman), was accorded a well-merited Silver Banksian
Medal for a group of three fine specimens of Dendro-
biura nobile well furnished with flowers, and which
liad been treated in tlie open-air in summer as
described in the Gardeners' Chronicle, November 2,
p. 339. Tills mode of culture is well worthy of atten-
tion, for by it the flowers are produced at a time when
they are much more valuable than at the ordinary
season. Spikes of a fine variety of Cymbidium gigan-
tcuni and Cattleya labiata were also in the group.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch »t Sons, Clielsea, showed a small
group of the true Cypripedium insigne Sandera;, all
propagated from part of the original. One plant bore
sevoi flowers (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mc-srs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford,
showed a pretty variety of Lfelio-Cattleya x Gottoiana,
raised at Heaton ; L -C. x Helena (L. cinnabarina x
<;. Schilleriana), a singular hybrid, with yellow sepals
and petals tinged with brown, and claret-purple
marked lip ; L.-C. x Luna (C. Harrisoniana x L. harpo
phylla), with small clear yellow flowers ; and two other
line hybrids (see Awards).

M. A. A. Peeters, St. Gilles, Brussels, showed Cat-
tleya X Whitei, home-raised; Cattleya x Goossens-
iana. L:elia x lona, Peeters' variety; and Cattleya x
Mantini, Peeters' variety— all good, showy forms.

F. A. Bevan, Esq., Trent Park, New Barnet (gr., Mr.
Parr), sent Odontoglossum crispum Trent Park variety,
a prettily spotted form of tlie O. c. guttatum class.

Sir Frederick Wiuan, Bart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen
(gr., Mr. W. H. Young), showed Lajlio-Cattleya x
Frederick Boyle (L. anceps x C. Trianaii). Gurxey
Wilson, Esq., Mayfield, Chrlstchurch Road, Streatham
Hill, sent Cypripedium x Leeanum giganteum.

The Honourable Walter Rothschild, M.P., Tring
Park (gr., Mr. E. Hill), showed the very remarkable and
ornate Cirrhopetalnin Rolhschildianuni, with upper
sepal and petals beautifully fringed with purplish,
crimson, the lower sepals extended into slender tails
of a cream-white tint, heavily banded with crimson-
purple. It was awarded a First-class Certificate Oct. 1.5,
189.5, and a natural size illustration of plant and
flowers was given in the Qardeners' Chronicle, Nov. I'.i,
1895, p. 609.

De Baeri Ceawshay, Esq., Rosefleld, Seveuoaks (gr.,
Mr. Stables), showed Cymbidium Tracyanum Craw-
shayauum.

J. Bradshaw, Esq., The Grange, Southgate (gr., Mr.
Whitelegge), showed a fine plant of Cattleya x Whitei
" J. Bradshaw," with tliree flowers ; La;lio-Cattleya x
Decia; Cattleya labiata "Angel," pure white, with a
purple blotch on the lip; and C. labiata "Ariadne,"
white, the lip of a light purple tint in the front, with
dark purple veining.

Mr. John Crook, Forde Abbey Gardens, Chard,
showed two very profusely- flowered plants of Cypri-
pedium insigne.

Awards.
FiRST-CL-iss Certificate.
To Lxlio-Catlkyn x Dij/bi/ann-Mendeli " Ilessle mriely"
(L. Digbyana x C. Mendeli). The finest of a very
favourite hybrid, sent by W. P. Burkinshaw, Esq.,
The West Hill, Hessle, near Hull (gr., Mr. W. Barker).
The flowers were very large, and finely termed, the lip
with its pretty fringe being finely developed; flower
of bright rose colour; the contrc of the lip soft yel-
lowish-primrose, the base having some purple lines.
A very remarkable flower of cliarmingly soft tints.

Odontoglossum crisj)uin ■' liaijinond Crnwshay," ivom De

B. Crawshay, Esq.. Rosefield, Seveuoaks. Tliis magni-

cent blotched Odontoglossum crispum was first

shown by Mr. Crawshay, May 7, its flowers then being
scarcely mature. Itwas given an Award of Merit.
Since that tiriie it has grown strongly, and again in a
period of six months produced a strong inflorescence.
The flowers are large, all the segments broad, wliite,
strongly tinged with purple on the reverse side, the
colour showing through to the surface. The sepals and
petals bear many showy blotches of a peculiar bronzy-
orange tint, and quite different to the markings usually
seen in O. crispmii.

Snphro-Catllei/a x \ydia (S. grandiflora x C. x calnni-
niata), from Messrs. J. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton,
Bradford. Flowers of a uniform dark scarlet colour
with some small purple spots on the sepals and petals.

Awards of Merit.

Cattleya X mollis] rnr. Lois (Gaskelliana virginalc x
superba), from Captain Holford, Westonbirt, Tetbnry
(gr., Mr. A. Chapman). A very pretty hybrid, equal in
size to C, Gaskelliana, but with the firmer texture and
some of the features of the lip of C. superba. Sepals
and petals light rose colour; disc of the lip unusually
large, and of a bright dark yellow; front, purple,
clianging to rose towards the margin.

Oilonlot/lossmn x crispo - Harryantim roseiun, from
W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, Stali'ord
(gr., Mr. Stevens). Sepals and petals rose coloured,
lilotched with red-brown ; lip, wliite, with in'i'P'c
blotches at the base.

Lielio- Cattleya x Liiminosa (L. lenebrosa x C. aurea),
from Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford-
Sepals and petals straw coloured, tinged witli purple ;
lip large, rosy-lilac, veined with purple.

Pruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: A. H. Pearson, Joseph Cheal, S. Mortimer,
Alex. Dean, Geo. Keif, H. Markham, F. Q. Lane, Geo!
Wylhes, Jas. H. Veitch, and Rev. W. Wilks.

A collection of Apples and Pears, which included
some 120 dishes, was shown by Mr. A. J. Thomas, Rod-
mersham, Sittingbourne. This was a very commend-
able collection of varieties, which was deservedly
awarded the Hogg Memorial Medal. Mr. Thomas grows
fruit for market, and though the fruits staged were not
comparable with those shown on the last occasion by
Mr. Woodward, they were considerably better than one
often sees in the market.

Messrs. John Laing & Sons, Forest Hill Nurseries,
London, S.E., and Catford, Kent, exhibited a collection
of Apples, including culinary and dessert varieties, in
about 100 dishes. Some of the dishes of fruit were of
very high quality, especially the following : Cox's
Pomona. Baumann's Red Winter Reinette, Cox's Orange
Pippin, Beauty of Kent, Bismarck, King of Tomkiu's
County, Mfcre de Manage, Tom Putt, Peasgood's Non-
such, Worcester Pearniain, Tyler's Kernel, Lord Derby,
Lane's Prince Albert, Blenheim Orange (very fine in
colour), and Gascoigne's Scarlet (Silver-gilt Knightian
Medal).

Three good, well-coloured bunches of Black Alicante
Grapes were shown by Mr. John Ceook, of Fordo
Abbey Gardens, Chard, and a Cultural Commendation
was awarded.

Some Potato tubers of extraordinary size were shown
by A. E. Philips, Esq., Old Dalby H.all. These tubers
were monstrous, and fit only for feeding cattle.

Apple Brockhampton Beauty, shown by A. W. Foster,
Esq., Brockhampton Court, Ross, was a highly coloured
fruit of attractive appearance; and R. M. Whiting,
Esq., Credenhill, Hereford, showed Crcdenhill Pippin
Apple, but neither of these varieties were awarded any
distinction.

The Committee and the Press.

Mr. A. Dean moved the following resolution, whirh
was carried with one dissentient.

" This Committee, having heard read the false and
calumnious imputations on one of its awards made at
the meeting held here on the 29tli of October last, and
published in the Journal of Horticulture of October ;flst
last, calls upon the Council of the Royal Horticultural
Society to take such immediate steps as shall be
needful to obtain from the proprietor of tlie said paper
an ample apology for the publication of such un-
warranted aspersions, and thus vindicate the Com-
mittee's honour and integrity."

As a consequence of this resolution, the following
letter has been published on behalf of the Council :—

" Resolved : That it be entered upon the
Minutes aud communicated to the Chairman of
the Fruit and Vegetable Committee, that the
Council of the Royal Horticultural Society have

full confidence in the perfect impartiality and
absolute integrity of tlie Committees of the.
Society."
A fitting explanation having been given of thcr

unfortunate incident, we trust we may hear no more

about it.

The Lecture.

"INSECTICIDES, SPRAYING FOR FUNGI, &c."
The lecture upon the above subject, by Mr. Newsteadv.
of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester, was read by Mr.
Pearson in the absence of the lecturer. Mr. Newstead
referred to the new fruit-tree Tortrix (Penthina-
variegana), described and illustrated in Gardener^''
Chronicle, June 1, 1901, and quoted therefrom, also,
giving details of further experience in respect to its
treatment. New and valuable information was .given
upon the life history of the Pear-tree slug-worm, and
the best methods explained of eradicating it. Speaking
of mealy-bugs, reference was made to several interest-
ing subterranean species recently discovered, and
information given upon the best means of destroying
the pest when infesting the roots of Ferns and olher
plants. When the whole of the paper is published ira
the Society's Joitnmf, it will form a v,aluable contribution
to this subject, in conjunction with that upon scale
insects by the same author, read on October 10, 1S99^
and published in the Society's Journal, vol. xxiii.

IRISH GARDENERS'.

At the winter session of the above Society, held
recently, at their quarters, Grafton Street, Dublin, Mr_
F. W. Burbidge, M.A., F.L.S., lectured on "The Pro
gross of Garden Craft," the lecture being illustrated by
70 limelight views, kindly lent by the chairman and
Prof. Johnson, D.S.C. At the outset, his remarks were:
devoted to a sketch of the history of their Society,
dwelling on the tercentenary of the Potato, organised,
by tliem, as being their biggest effort, and from whence
flowed much good; and he tlien proceeded with the-
essential factors of plant life, explained the forma-
tion of varied kinds of soils, dealt extensively with
plant life in the tropics, and then with some prominenl)
leaders in horticulture, alluding to the late Thomas
Rochford, especially in reference to retarding bulbv>
and plants. Then followed a brief note of the bot.anists
whose labours have been of immense assistance to.
horticulture. Before the close of the meeting, a hearty
Vote of Thanks was jiassed to the lecturer and thc-
chairman, and the meeting adjourned. A. O'Xeill.

PINCHLEY CHRYSANTHEMUM.

OcTOiiKH .'il and Novemiier 1.— The sixteenth annua
e.xhibition of Chrysanthemums, fruit, and vegetables
of this society was held on the above dates, and con-
sidering the rather early fixture, the array of cut-
blooms was excellent, although several of the best
specimens would have been in greater perfection a.
week later. The competition in most of the numerous
classes was very keen, and the quality very good. The
leading class, in which a handsome silver cup was
added to good money prizes, was for four vases of
specimen Japanese blooms, distinct, each vase con-
taining five blooms of one variety, shown together with
Chrysanthemum foliage upon separate stems. Four
competed, and the 1st prize with cup was awarded to.
Mr. W. Ring, gr. to J. Warren, Esq., Waltham Cross;
the varieties being Mrs. Mease, Madame Carnot, M.
Chenon de LeclnS, and Mrs. Coorabes, and each bloom
was in magnificent form; Mr. Brookes, gr. to J. New-
man, Esq., was a good 2nd, with Le Grand Dragon (fine),
Mrs. Barklcy, Australie, and Lady Hanham ; 3rd, Mr.
Sandford, gr. to G. Wright-Ingle, Esq., N. Finchley.

With twenty-four Japanese blooms, Mr. W. J. Clark,
gr. to F. D. Thomas, Esq., was a good 1st with large
blooms, although some were scarcely fully developed.
His bciit were Mrs. Mease, Le Grand Dragon, Sim-
plicity; Mens. Chenon do LeclnS, Phcebus, Nellie
Pockett, Lady Hanham, and Lionel Humphreys ; 2nd,
Mr. Brookes, with a nice stand of smaller blooms ; 3rd
Mr. Bennett, gr. to J. B. Braithwaite, Esq.

.\nother class was for twenty-four blooms, twelve
incurved and twelve Japanese, the 1st prize going to
Mr. A. Jones, gi'. to Miss Wvbuen, who was very strong
with incurveds, having extra fine blooms of C. H'.
Curtis, Duchess of Fife, Globe d'Or, Mrs. N. Molyneu.x.
Lady Isabel, and Jean d'Arc ; his best Japanese were
Mrs. Barkley, Thos. Wilkins, Mrs. Mease, Lionel Hum-
phreys, Le Grand Dragon, and Mr. T. Carrington ; Mr.
Ring was a close 2nd with better Japanese, but lost
points with his incurved blooms.

Two classes for twelve Japanese, open to nieinbC7S
and "single-handed" gardeners respectively; the com-
petition was best in the latter, six competing. The list
prize went to Mr. J. Childs, gr. to Mrs. Foss ; 2ud. Mr.
Martin, gr. to Mrs. Langton. In the first-mentioned
twelve, the 1st prize was taken by Mr. J. Kirkwood.

For six blooms of Mutual Friend, the 1st prize was
taken by Mr. A. Page, gx-. to G. W. Kilnjsr, Esq. ; 2ud,
Mr. Sandford.

November 16, 1901.]

THE GARD £^ ER S ' CIIR ONI CL E.

361

For a siniilai- number of yellow-eoloured bloom?, the
1st prize went to Mr. Foster : 2nd, Mr. Cook, gr. to
G. W. St-\th.vm, Esq. ; each o£ the fire competitors
staging PliiL'bus.

With six blooms of any one vai-iety. Mr. Brookes was
1st witli Australie; 2nd, Mr. Frost with Pbrnbus.

Many other classes for Japanese blooms were well
lillcei. and the competition was generally very close.
With twelre incurved distinct, Mr. A. Jones was 1st,
with a very good stand ; 2nd. Mr. Tilbury, gr. to E. B.
Yoc.NG, Es<i , and the blooms of this section in several
other classes were better than is now usually seen.

A strong competition in the Japanese Anemone
classes made a good display. In that for twelve
distinct. Mr. A. P.voe was 1st, having beautiful flowers
of Owen's Perfection, Descartes, Mrs. Gardiner, and
W. W. Astor, among others : 2nd, Mr. B.\Rn.\NCE. The
first named exhibitor was also 1st with a nice vase of
single varieties.

Several classes were devoted to vases of blooms
an-anged with any sort of foliage. In the strongest
one, Mr. Brookes was 1st, Mr. Frost 2nd.

Groups effectively arranged were poorly represented,
and tlie best came from Mr. G. Neal, gr. to H C
Stephens, Esq.. J.P. ; 2nd, Mr. Edington, gr. to M.
Chafmav. Esq.

Fruit and vegetables weie extensively shown, and for
a collection of the former Mr. Xeai. was 1st : while for
a collection of vegetables in the principal class (Prizes
given by Messrs. Sutton & Sons) the 1st prize went to
Mr. KiRKwooD ; 2nd. Mr. Cook. €. II.

CARDIFF AND DISTRICT CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

November .i, «.-Tliis Society held its annual show,
I u-ual, in the Park Hall, CardilT, and althougli the
licrwasvery foggy, it did not appear to affect the
lance of visitors. The show was an excellent
111 every respect ; the groups and blooms of Clii-j-s-
.-mihcmuiMs were of great merit, and notwithstanding
that Mr. Drake (Cardiirs Champion Grower) was else-
where engaged, he managed to secure the 1st position
ir, the open classes both for twenty-four Japanese, and
twenty-four incurved blooms. Apples, Pears, and
Grapes were shown in splendid quality, aswcrcalso
bonqncts, wreaths, ornamental plants, ic.

Oi'EX Classes.

In the class for twenty-four Japanese blooms dis-
tinct, only two exhibitors staged, Mr. Drake, Catliays,
Cardiff, with capital blooms of M. Louis K(:-my, Lord
Salisbury, Calvafs 'Wi, Mnie. P. Rivoire, Mrs. Barkley,
Mr C. H. I'.iyne, .tc, was placed 1st, followed by .Mr'
J. IIOHE, Llandafl'.

Mr. IIOWE obtained 1st place for twelve Japanese
blooms, distinct, showing Pride of Madford, Australie
Mr. J. Cai rington, Mrs. G. W. Palmer, &-. ; Mr. Pitt,
Ahcigavcnny, was a good 3nd.

Mr. Drake led for twenty-four incurveds wllli
blooms of good quality, staging as liis best Lady
Isabel, C. II. Curtis, Ma Perfection, llanwcll Glory
Miss Violet Foster, Ac 2nd, Mr. Hawkins, gr to Mrs'
PiCTON TciiERviit.E, llcndiefoilan.

OrnupKufChriimnthemum PlartU.— these were arranged
on (in square feet of space, and were interspersed willi
ornaiiienlal foliage plants. 1st, Mr. W. Trk.sedkr,
. Cardiff, wlio arranged an excellent group of plants
possessed of large blooms and line foliage, lightly
mixed with Palms. Crotons, Ac, and edged with
Maidenhair Fern ; 2r.d, Mr. Aldridge, gr. to .Mrs. In-
sole, who had an cxiiibit of almost equal merit. 3rd,
Mr. Ellis, Carditr.

For bush Chrysantlicmuni plants in four varieties
Mr. \V. Theseder was isl.

J-'l'iml armiigemi-nte— The best hand bouquet of Chrys-
antliemums was from Mr. Theskder ; 2nd, Mr. Ellis.
Mr. W. Tresedeh had a beautifully-arranged bridal
bouqiiit of Odonloglossuins, Pancratium fr.igrans,
and Asparagus ; 2nd, Messrs. Par,sons it Co., Swansea.
I Mr. Treseder had Ist prizes also for a ci'oss, a
1 wreath and lady's spray made of Chrysanthemum
flowers.

,\MATEURS AND GENTLEMEN'S GARDEXER.S' CLASSES.

Ill- best group of C'lirysanthemums upon a space of

• i'l -c|iiare feet was shown by Mr. W. Hetherdale,

Cardiff ; andMr. Brown, gr. to J. Howell, Esq., Cardiff',

was2iid.

Groups of miscellaneous plants of 10 square feet

' each were bright and pretty. Mr. J. Prosser, gr. to

I J, II. Mullens, Esq , Preswylfa, CnrdifT, was 1st, and

! Mr. Graham, gr. to A. J. Stephens, Es(|., Penarth, 2nd.

i In a class for twenty-four .I.apanesc Ijlooms, tlierc

were seven competitors, and some of the best stands in

the show were staged, the N.C.S. Silver Medal being

nwarded with the Ist prize, created much interest.

T' ivas dcsci-vcdly secured by Mr. Graham with

I liliioms of Mrs. J. Lewis (which was awarded the

Certificate of Merit as tlie best bloom in the

I''. Molyneux, Matliew Smith, Mme. Louise

Kiin.v, Calval's \xw, Mrs. Barkley, Lord Salisbury, Lc

Grand Dragon. Ac. 2nd, Mr. Hawkins, witli Lady

Byron, Emily Towers, Pride of Madford, Ac. A pretty.

flesh-coloured sport from Miss Nellie Pockett was
staged in this stand; .3rd, Mr. E. Parsons.

For twelve Japanese blooms Mrs. Frank Hill was 1st,
and Mr. Graham 2nd.

In Mr. Parsons' 1st prize exhibit of twelve incurveds
there were good blooms of Miss Violet Foster, Mine.
Fei'lat, Miss D. Foster, Ac. : Mr. Lcckver (gr.. J. C.
Hanbury), Pontypool Park, was 2ud.

Fruit.

Showing good dishes of Muscat of -Uexandria Grape,
Coo's Golden Drop Plum, Blenheim Orange Melon,
Beurrc Superfin Pear, and American Mother Apple,
Mr. Spencer, gi-. to H. C Moffat, Esq.. Goodrich
Court. Ross, was an easy 1st for five dishes of dessert
fruit ; Mr. Pitt, Abergavenny. beiug2ud

For six dishes of dessert .\pples, Mr. Basham, Fair
Oak Xursery, Newport. Mon , was 1st, and for six
dishes of culinary .\pples .ilso.

Tlie best six dishes of Pears were from Mr. Spencer.

Lord LLAStiATTOCK (gr., Mr. Thomas Cooniber), was
awarded a Silver Medal for a collection of forty dishes
of large, highly-coloured Apples.

Trade Exhibits.

Mr. Basham furnished a large table with splendid
Apples, and was deservedly awarded a Gold Medal.
Messrs. CLiisRAN A Son, Oldficld Nurseries, .\ltrinc-
ham.wereawardcd a Silver Medal for a capital collec-
tion of about one hundred dislies of .\pple5 ; and
Messrs. Jarman A Co.. of Chard, Somerset, secured a
Certificate of Merit for a smiller collection of good
Apples.

Mr. W. Theseder staged a beautiful collection of
Cactus Dahlias.

KINGSTON AND SURBITON
CHRYSANTHEMUM.
NOVEMUER 5, 1).— This old Surrey Society held its
twenty-fifth annual show in the capacious Kingston
Drill Hall on these dates. The weather was here as
elsewhere very foggy, but whilst it kept not one com-
petitor aivay, it did deter manyof the public. Tlicshow
was an excoplionallv pretty one, plant groups to the
number of fourlceii proving to be a strong feature.
These lined each side of the h.all : specimen plants
lined and faced the orchestra: whilst at the entrance
end on one side was a most remarkable and coii.-
prchcnsirc display of imported fruits, shown by Mr. II.
SHEPHERD, of Kingston Market. all eff"cctivclyarianged ;
and on the other side, a singularly beautiful and
arlislically grouped collectiiiu of bottled home-growu
fruits, shown by Mr. J. E. Austin, of Kingston.
Mr. Will Tavler, of Hampton, had a collection of
superb Apples : Mr. W. Havw ard, the Secretary, showed
elegant chaplcis, crosses, wreaths, and other flor.al
designs : and Mr. W. Wells, Earlswood, had some fine
new Japanese and single Chryfanlhcmums.

Groups ok Plants.

The best of Hie Chi-j-sanlliemuins, and an excellent
one was staged by Mr. J. Plowman, gr. to C. L. Lavers
Smiih, Esq , Thames Dillon; Mr. Atkins, gr. to G. W.
Monro, Esq., Kingston Hill, being 2ad; Mr. Castle, gr.
to J. W. Marker, Esq., J.P , Ham, coining .t:d

Tlic miscellaneous groups generally found colour
through the free use In llicni of Begonia Glolrc do
Lorraine. Mr. Tarrant, gr. to A. J. GiLLorr, E^q., East
Molesey, was 1st, with a liglit though not bright group ;
Mr. Kodda, gr. to G. A. KoniNsoN, Esq., Eslicr, being
2nd ; and Mr. Buckill, gr. to M. C. Cooke, Esq ,
Kingston Hill, .'trd

In the classes for six and four free gro'.vn specimen
Chrysanthemum plants, Mr. J. Pead, gr. to R. S. BOND,
Esq , Surbiton, was well 1st; Mr. Watson, gr. to Miss
Bkckkord, Ham, being 2nd, Willi six; and Mr. Blen-
cowe, gr. to H. Compton, Esq , Kingston Hill, 2.id, willi
f jur plants.

The latter exhibilor was a good 1st with six flivering
Begonia Gloire de Lorraine; Mr. VV. Woodward, gr. to
Mrs. Macrae, of Kingston Hill, being 2nd. Very finely
flowered double Primulas in variety were a good Ist in
their class, from Mr. G. Mileham, gr. to A. J. Miller,
Es(| , Leathcrhead. Mr. Waison had the best six
Solanums. The best six table plants came from Mr.
Stevenson gr. to F. S. Holland, Esq., .\ddleslone.

Cut Flowers.

The open class for twenty four incurved blooms
brought Mr. G. J, Hunt, gr. to Pantia Ralli. Esq.,
Aslitead Park, to the front with a capital lot of blooms ;
Mr. Stead coming 2nd.

With twelve blooms, Mr. Forbes, gr. to Madame
NiciioLL, Itegent House, Surbiton, was well Isf, having
very line blooms of Topaze Orientale, Ma Perfection,
Globe d'Or, Lady Isabel, C. H. Curtis, and Madame.
Darrier, with others. Mr. II. Buckmaster, gr. to F. W.
S.MITII, Esq., Oatlands Park, Weybridge, was 2nd.

Mr. Filswater. gr. to P. Brabv, Esq., Teddiugton,
had the best six blooms, including Duchess of File, Ma
Perfection, Mrs. W. I':gan, C, II. Curtis, Clirysanlhc
Bruante, and Miss Foster Mr. Mileham was 2nd.

With six of one variety, Mr. Hawkcs, gr. to G. If.
T.vrE, Efi| .Thames Ditton Iloilse, was a good 1st witli
noble blooms of Duchess of Fife.

The finest twenty four Japanese came from Mr.
Stevenson, and capital blooms they were: they
included W. R. Cliurch, Louis Henry, Lord Salisbury,
Mrs. While Popham, E. Molyneux, M. Chenoii do
Lechc, Editli Tabor, Australie, Miss A. Byrou, Mrs.
Mease, A.:. Mr. Hunt came a very close 2nd, and Mr.
Pead :jrd.

Mr. G. Mileham had the best twelve .Tapanese, having
superb blooms of Nellie Pockett, Madame Carnot, I.e
Grand Dragon, Mrs. Mileham, a superb incurved pink ;
Miss A. Byron, Harry Greenfield, a rich crimson, and
others. Mr. Buckmaster was 2nd.

Mr. J. Plowman had the best six blooms, and Mr.
Stevenson, with flue Australie, the best six of one
variety.

Of others in similar classes, but shown in vases, Mr.
Pead had the best whites, in Mdlle. Th^rfcse Rey : the
best six yellows, with fine Vicar of Lcatherhcad; and
Mr. Tarrant the best six of other colours in M. Chenou
de LCL-ho.

Rcflexed nt the old style were still shown, Mr Forbes
having the best twelve; also the best (and very fine)
twelve Anemones, and the best twelve bunches of
Pompons in trebles. He also had in May Baylis, Rose
Pointer, Victoria, E.arUwood Glory, Purity, and Crown
Jewel, most beautiful and large singles. Mr. S. Pead
came 2nd.

Fruit was well shown and in good quantity, the suc-
cessful exhibitors including Mr. \V. Taylor, gr. to
C. Bayer. Esq., Forest Hill ; Mr. T. Smith, gr. to Mrs.
BovLE, Wimbledon ; Mr. Forbes, and Mr. Buckmastkh.

SOUTHAMPTON CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November .5, «.— The recent exhibition in the Skating
Rink was one of the best shows ever held at South-
ampton. Gr.apes, Apples, and Pears were excellent.
Ciiryiautliemuin plants and blooms were nu uerous,
and the (juality high.

Cut Blooms.
The principal class was tha', for twelve varieties,
Ihrce blooms of each, arranged In vases. Mr. G. Hall,
gr. to Liuisa, Lady ASHiiuinoN,McIchet Court, Romsey,
secured quite easily the leading ,\ward. with massive
examples of Mrs. Wcekcs. W. T. Cliiiich. Nclhc I'o.kdi,
Le Gnvud Dragon, Mrs. J. Banks. Mrs. Ikuklcy, Eavvi.i
Molyneux. Ac. Mr. A. II. Morse, Belmont Niuscries,
Southainpton, was 2nd.

Mr. L. Dawes, gr. to Mrs. OoiLViE, Uambledon, won
the premier place for two dozen Japanese blooms, and
Mr. Hall was 2iid.

Mr. B. llollis, gr. to Major Chichester, Emblcy Park,
Romsey, with superior examples of Lord Ludlow. E.
Molyueux, Mutual Friend, and M. Louis Hcinv, won
the chief prize for twelve Japanese blonm - ili-.! iii> 1

An interesting chass was that foroucib tii .I.i|i.inc-e
incurveds. Mr. Hall won 1st prize with .-u.li viiiiciics
as Oceana, Mrs. Weckcs, and Lady Alice Byron.

Blooms in eight specified colours made an interesting
display. Three of a cslour were shown in vases.

Incurved varieties were much better than is com-
monly the case, the classes were well filled with
credilable exainplos. For twelve blooms, distinct, Mr.
R. Woodfino, gr. to Col. BovD, Croltoii House, Titcli-
lield. Has an easy 1st with typical examples.

Mr. E. Brown, jnu.. New Alma Road, Southampton,
was unapproachalile in the amateur division, winning
with twelve and six Japanese blooms, distinct, and
staging excellent blooms.

The premier incurved was C. H. Curtis, belonging to
Mr. M. HoDcisoN ; Mr. Hall securing a like honour in
the Japanese section for a magnificent bloom ol Mr>.
Weekes.

Plants.
Groups of Chrysantliemums in pots added much to
the beauly of the show. Mr. Hosey easily won the
premier award with grand examples of dwarf growth.
Le Grand Dragon, Modestuin, Swanley Giant, Pluebus,
and M. Chcnon do LcchiS, were conspicuous for their
good qualily. Mr. Hosey also won for tour specimen
plants.

Mr. E. Wills, Shirley Nurseries, Southainpton, won
Ist prize for a group of miscellaneous plants;ananged
for effect.

CHELTENHAM.

NovEMUBR ti.-The tliirty-first annual two d.iys
sliow of the Cheltenham Root, Grain, Fruit and
Chrysanthemum Society was opened at the Winter
Gardens, Chcllenham, on this day, and as usual
the most attractive features for the general public were
ueilhcr the giant roots nor the fine grain, but the Chry -
anthemums. The exhibits in tlic flower and fruio
classes numbered 272, somewhatfewer than those of last
year, but the c|ualily was well maintained, and the
competition between the Chrysanthemum enthusiasts
as keen as ever. 'I'Ih- Clu'llinliam Corporation's five-
guinea Cup for hix \ iiiriir ni inciu'ved was won by
Mr. J. PiLiiRiM, Pill ill.' \in . ly, though its last ycai '9
holdcr,Mr. H. G. Bknnki 1. i:iii him close. Sir Hicks-
Beach's five-guinea Cup for the best group was last
year won outright by Col. Rookrs, who had gained ic
Uic preicribed thrice in succession. This year Sir M-

362

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1901.

Hicks-Beach presented a new Challenge Cup in the
same class under tlie same conditions, and it was won
after a keen competition by Mr. J. Hoklick, Cowley
Manor, Dr. Ferguson Ijeiug a close 2nd.

A new feature ot tlie show was two circular groups oi
Ghrysantlicmunis iu response to the olTer of a five-
guinea Cup by Col. Rogers, to be won three years in
succession, and tlii-i will be held for the year by
Messrs. Batfs >t Shakpe, Mr. J. Hoelick (gr., W. Mad-
docks) being placed 2nd. The groups were ex-
tremely beautiful, and the judges had considerable
difBculty in deciding between riral merits. Tlie same
may be said of tlie cut blooms, which had been brought
to the greatest pitch ot loveliness in form and colour.
Col. Rogers (gi-.. Mr. Lusty), was again to the front in
the cut bloom classes, some of the specimens shown in
milieu were fantastic as well as beautiful, and the
ijeteran exhibitor named showed amongst his thirty-
six varieties (Japanese) a new one called Cheltonian, a
jcllow sport from Nellie Pockett, which is usually
white. Mr. G. Adlaed, Postlip (gr., Mr. E. E. Young),
was 2nrt. Tlie Baron de FerriOres' special prize for
tlie best Clirysanthemum plant was won by Mr. H. G.
Besnett (gi-., Mr J. Bates); and Mr. J. Horlick, who
secure! the Mayor's prize— a cup value £5 8s.— for the
second time, was also awarded a Certificate for the
best cut bloom, a Mrs. Mease. Mr. J. L. Burgess (gr.,
Mr. W. Humphries) succeeded in taking the 1st prize
for twelve cut blooms, incurved, also a 1st for six in
eurved, and 2nd for eighteen blooms, incurved and
Japanese. The same gentleman also received the
premier award for six cut Japanese blooms. Mr. S. B.
SUTHEIE being placed 2nd. Mr. G. F. Moore, Boui-ton-
»n-the-V'ater (gr., Mr. F. W. Holland), was placed 1st
Sor a collection of eighteen Japanese cut blooms, and
Mr. S. B. Guthrie was 2nd.

DEVON" & EXETER GARDENERS'.

NovEMiiER (i.— Ill the Guildluill, Exeter, on the above
date, at the opening meeting of the session, a lecture
mpon " Fruit-growing in Guernsey " was given by Mr.
r. J. Fletcher. The lecturer, possessing as he does,
an intimate knowledge of the fruit industry in that
Island, gave much interesting information respecting
the methods adopted in cultivation, and the amount of
different kinds of fruit exported from tlie Island, which
is prodigious. Our Exeter correspondent has fur-
Bished us wit i a rather full account of tlie lecture, but
we regret, owing to the crowded conditions of our
eolumns at the present time, we cannot print this
in full.

NORTHAMPTON CHRYS-
ANTHEMUM.

November 6, 7.— The tliirtioth exhibition of tliis
Society was held in the Corn Exchange, and the quality
»! the exhibits was far superior to tliat on former
occasions. The entries were more numerous, and tlie
eompetitions much keener tlian it lias been tlie case
for some years. Exhibits from amateurs were particu-
Larly good, and special mention must be made of the
splendid group staged by Mr. W. Kirby, 26, Milton
Street, Knipley Park. Northampton, wlio has now won
autright the Silver Cup giveu by the Vice-President of
tlie Society.

Plants and Groups.

There was only one group of Chrysanthemums in the
elass open to subscribers within a radius of fifty miles,
and the 1st prize (£-1 lOs. and a Silver Cup value l.igs.,
giveu by the President of the Society), was awarded to
F. G. Notcut, Esq., Northampton (gr., Owen Soden).

Mr. Soden was also placed 1st for six Japanese plants,
distinct varieties, and for four varieties.

Mr. Soden'.s 1st prize e.xhibit of two Japanese iu-
«luded the varieties R. Hooper Pearson and Miss Nellie
Pockett.

For four incurved varieties of Chrysanthemums, a
specimen pompon, and for twelve single - flowered
Primulas, Mr. Soden was most successful in every
«ase.

The best collection of six Primulas was one from Mr
A. Smith, gr. to Mr. W. H. Turner, Beaumont Villa,
Cliftonville, Northampton.

A collection of six table plants was shown best by
Sari Si'ENCEE, Altliorp Park, Northampton (gr., Mr
Silas Cole).

Tlie groups of plants staged by amateurs were excep-
tionally good, and tlie chief winners were Mr. Kihuv,
ilr. J. Baekawav, Mr. Seaton, and Mr. Brewstek.

Cut Blooms.

For six vases of specimen blooms, Japanese, three
Blooms of each variety. Sir Heeeward Wake. Bart.,
eourteeu Hall, Nortliamptou (gr., Mr. Kightley), was
placed 1st ; Mr. Dunkley and Mr. Cole were 2nd and
Srd respectively.

Iu the class for three vases ot single - flowered
varieties, distinct, six sprays to a vase, Mr. G. W.
Thipps, Northampton (gr., Mr. Reeves), won Ist prize,
liaving some nice sprays of Edith Pegram, Miss Mary
Anderson, and Florie; Mr. Soden being 2nd.

For eighteen Jap.anese varieties, distiuct, Mr. Cole

was 1st, with clean lieavy blooms of Mr. W. Topham,
Mr. T. Carrington, Mrs. W. Mease, Mr. H. Weekes,
Loveliness, Mrs. Barkley, in the back row: A''stralie,
Madame Louise Remy, Mrs. Barratt, Secretaire lierens,
Mrs. Phillips, and Lord Salisbury, in the middle row ;
and Graphic, Lord Ludlow, Mr. Palmer, Calvat's " 99,"
and R. J. Up'oii. ii; the front row. The M.arquis of
Northampton i^i Mr. J. Hayes) was 2nd. Mr. Cole
won 1st prizes al.-,t for twelve varieties and six viirieties.

The best Japanese variety sliowu lU collections ot six
blooms each was Le Grand Dragon, from Mr. Coles.

In the class for twelve incurved varieties, Mr. Cole
took leading honours.

Mr. Dunkley was placed 1st for six incurved blooms
ot one variety, staging C. H. Curtis.

In the amateur classes the principal winners were
Messrs. Kirby, Hennings, Simons, Cumberbatch,
Speight, and Peabody.

Fruits and Vegetables.

For a collection of vegetables of eight varieties, Mr.
Cole was 1st, having good specimens of Onions and
Celery in his collection. Mr. KioHTLvJand Mr. Wilson
being 2nd and 3rd.

Mr. Wilson had the best Celery, with a large, heavy,
but coarse specimen. And Mr. Cole was 1st for two
dishes of Kidney Potatos, the varieties being Sutton's
Supreme and Snowdrop ; and for two dishes of round
Potatos, staging Windsor Castle and Syon House
Prolific.

For;sLx dishes of culinary Apples, Mr. F. S. Becton,
Ramsey, Hunts, was in front.

Tlie Rev. — Wadhams, Great Houghton, Northants,
w.as placed 1st for six dishes of dessert Apples, liaving
Cox's Orange Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, Ribston
Pipiiin, &c.

Mr. Cole had tlie best three dishes of Pears, with
Benrre Diel, Pitmaston Ducliess, and Conseillier de la
Cour ; also the best two bunches of black Grapes : and
Mr. A. Child, gr. to W. H. A. Attenborough, Esq.,
Cates'iy House, Daventry, the two best white Grapes
II. K.

ASCOT CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 6, 7.— The neighbourhood of Ascot has
long been noted for the plants grown in a dwarf
manner for grouping purposes, and this year a fine
display was made of these. Mr. Lane, gr. to Sir E.
DURNiNQ Lawrence, Bart., King's Ride, Ascot, easily
won the premier place with plants of dwarf stature,
with ample green leaves, and magnificent blooms. Mr.
II. White, gr. to the Dowager Marchioness Conyngham,
The Mount, was 2nd. E.xhibits of undisbudded plants
are encouraged to illustrate their decorative beauty.

There were classes arranged for four competitive
groups. Tliat wliich secured 1st prize for Mr. T. Grant,
gr. to Sir John Lucas, Bart., Heatherbank, was com-
posed mainly of Pompons, single-Qowered, and small
Japanese varieties, and the grouping was well done.
Mr. Hawthorne also sent an attractive collection, and
took 2nd prize.

Chrysantliemums grown as "bush" specimcRs were
freely flowered, which is the salient point about this
type. Mr. Neate, gr. to Miss Thacker, Queen's Hill,
easily secured first place in the prize list. Elsie and
Mons. W. Holmes were conspicuous in this group.

Cut blooms were not numerous, but possessed much
quality. Mr. A. L. Farrow, gr. to H. P. Laschallas,
Esq., Highams, was 1st for thirty-six distinct, halt
being incurved, and the remainder Japanese : Mr.
Lane was 2nd. Mr. W. Wilson, gr. to Mrs. Christie,
Ridsden, was the most successful exhibitor for twelve
Japanese, distinct.

For three blossoms of six varieties arranged in vases,
there was mucli competition. Mr. W. Perry, gr. to
Louis Floersham, Esq., Perry Hill Park, with typical
examples ot Australian Gold, G. J. ^^'arren, Edwin
Molyneux, and Madame Carnot, gained tlie premier
award

In the class for six blooms of any white flowered
variety, Mr. Peeey won with huge examples of Madame
Carnot. Mr. Perry staged Mrs. Mease in admirable
condition for any coloured variety.

Mr. Wilson had the best incurved blooms in twelve
varieties, C. H. Curtis, Ernest CanneU, and Duchess of
Fife, standing out conspicuously, even in a good stand.
Chrysantliemums arranged in a basket made ([Uite a
pleasing feature.

Acre Fruit Co., who were a close 2nd, h.T,d good
dishes of King's Acre, and Bow Hill Pippins ; the last-
named is new. Messrs. Pewteess Bros., Tillington,
Hereford, 3rd.

The class for thirty dishes was very full, Mr. R. M..
Witing, Credeuhill, Hereford, leading wi"i excellent
fruits; amongst his best were Golden Ivoble, Lime's
Prince Albert, Peasgood's Nonsuch, and Ne ton
Wonder; 2nd, Mr. J. Pewtress, Bishopstokc, Ilerefird;
3rd, Messrs. Campbell & Setting, Glew&ion Court,
Ross.

The class for t\ve.i;y-tour dishes of Pears was won by
Mr. Spencer, gr. to II. C. Moffatt, Esq., Gccv.-. ich
Court, RO.SS, with fine dishes ot Crassane, Consciller
de la Cour, Beuric Did. B. Baltet p6re. Doyenne du
Cornice, Durondeau, Beurrd d'Avaloa, itc. ; 2nd, Mr.
Humphries, gr. to the Earl of Chesterpield, Holm
Lacey.

Mr. Rick, gi-. to — H.\diteld, Esq., Morriston, Ross,
was 1st tor twelve dishes of Pears ; and Mr. Grindrod,
gr. to G. T. B.ATES, Esq., Whitfield, Hereford, 2nd.

Amateurs' Classes.

Apples in twenty-four dishes, twelve culinary and
twelve dessert, were ot high quality from Mrs. Basuill,
Bridge Sellars, Hereford ; 2nd, Mr. Davies, gr. to W. E.
King-King, Esq., Bodenham ; followed by Mr. Wooten,
Byford, Hereford.

Mr. Grindrod won the Ist prize for twelve dishes of
Apples, liis best being Lane's Prince Albert, Gascoigne's,
Tyler's Kernel, &x. ; 2nd, Mrs. Woodhouse, Burghill
Court, Hereford.

For eiglit dishes of dessert varieties, there was great
competition, Mr. Spencer was 1st; Mr. Grindrod 2nd.

The best eight dishes of Pears were from Mrs. Wood-
house ; and Mr. Hazelhurst was 2nd.

For a collection of fruit iu six dishes, Mr. Dawes, gr.
to M. BiDDULPH, Esq., Ledbury Park, was 1st, with
excellent Gros Maroc aud good Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes, President Plums in good condition, Pitmaston
Duchess Pears, Cox's Orange Pippin Apples, and a
Melon. Mr. Dawes also took the premier place in the
classes for three bunches of Gros Colmar Grapes, three
bundles of any wliite Grape with Muscat ot Alexandria
ill good condition, any black Grapes with perfectly
finished Gros Maroc, aud tor the most perfect bunch iu
the show witli a fine bunch of Gros Maroc.

Champion Classes.— For the best dish of Pears in the
show, 1st, Mr. Humphries, with large, well coloured
fruits of Doyennd du Comice. For best dish ot dessert
Apples, 1st, Mr. T. Pewthess, with splendid fruits of
Cox's Orange Pippin. For best dish of culinary
Apples, 1st, Messrs. Campbell & Getting, with highly
finished, large fruits of Bramley's Seedling.

VEGET;U1LES.

The 1st prize offered by Mr. Wilson, Commercial
Street, Hereford, for a collection of vegetables, twelve
dishes, was won by Mr. Grindrod ; 2nd, Mr. Foggatt,
gr. to J. Walker, Esq., Belmont. There were eight
excellent collections staged.

Mr. Wilson exhibited a grand non-competitive col-
lection of very large Onions, also floral wreaths and
crosses.

Chrysanthemums.

Mr. C. Whitinc; won 1st prize for a group of Chrysan-
themums. Mr. Lovelock, gr. to A. W. Foster, Esq.,
Brockliampton Court, was placed 1st in the classes
for twenty-four blooms of Japanese Chrysanthemums,
and tortwelvebloomsotincurved varieties. Mr.Seaton,
gr. to the Rev. H. Brierley, was 1st for twelve Japanese
blooms; and Mr. Rick took the leading place for
twelve vases of Japanese varieties.

The best vase ot Chrysanthemums, arranged with any
kind of foliage, for which Mr. Wilson ofl'ered special
prizes, was shown by Mr. Lovelock.

HEREFORD FRUIT AND CHRYS-
ANTHEMUM.

November 6. 7.— This Society held its annual show
in the Shire Hall, Hereford, when Apples and Pears
were shown in perfect condition in sixty classes.

Open Classes.
In the class for fifty dishes of .\pples, distinct, there
were three collections. Mr. Watkins, Pomona Farm,
"Withington, was placed 1st with very highly-coloured,
clean fruits, including splendid dishes of American
Motlier, Warner's King, The Queen, Bramley's Seed-
ling, Tillington Seedling, Wealthy, Newton Wonder,
and Wolf River, very like Cox's Pomona. The King's

MARGATE CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 6, 7.— This society held its fifteenth annu.al
exhibition on the above dates, at the llall-bj'-the-Sea.
The gi'oups ot Chrysanthemums arranged with foliage
plants for elTect, brought together some well-grown,
specimens, and the competition was keen. The 1st
prize, a Sliver Cup value fifty guineas, was won by Mr.
Cornford, gr. to the donor, P. H. G. Powell Cotton,
Esq., Quex Park, Birchington. This group of plants '
bore some splendid blooms; Mr. Chapman, florist,,
Ramsgate, was 2nd. ,

For a group of miscellaneous plants Mr. Cornford
again took the lead ; followed by Mr. Knowles, gr. to
Sir J. Sebag Montekiore, East CliflF Lodge, Ramsgate.

In the class for twenty-tour Incurved blooms ot
Chrysanthemums, Mr.; Corni-ord was 1st; and the
same exhibitor was 1st In the classes for twenty-four
Japanese blooms and twelve Incurved blooms.

'The best collection of twelve Japanese blooms came
from Mr. Downer, gr. to G. .\dams, Esq., Mountfield.

The smaller classes tor cut blooms were well filled,
aud pot plants showed a marked Improvement over
those of previous years.

In division B., open to amateurs, there was a very
spirited competition. The leading prize - winners
being Messrs. A. Ross of Westgate, Downer, and
Doughty.

November IC, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

363

There was a fine show ot Pears and Apples, some
seventy dishes and baskets of Apples and Pears not
for competition being staged by Mr. Mount, Nui*sery-
man, Canterbury ; and a very creditable lot by Mr.
Fagg, Ash, near Dover.

Amongst the prizewinners in the class set apart for
Fruit were Mr. CoHXFOiiD ; Mr. Burgess, gr. to J. T.
FiiiESD, Esq., Xorthdown ; Mr. Twigg, gr. to Col.
ISACKE, North Foreland; and Mr. Hurley, gr. to Capt.
Hatiield. Hartsdown.

In spite ot tlie dry season experienced in the Isle of
Thanet, vegetables were exceptionally fine.

Bouquets, sprays, and other floral arrangements were
numerous: Mr. J. BiNt;, South Bank Nursery; Miss
BiiOCKMAX, Addington Lodge : and Mrs. J. Reeves being
the principal prize-winners.

The committee and its secretary, Mr. Levet, is to be
congratulated upon the success of the society, which
has become one of the best in the county.

LINNEAN.

November 7.— Mr. W. iiOTTiSG Hemslev had several
interesting exhibits. Specimens were shown of a West
Australian Umbelliferous shrub, Siebera deflexa, re-
markable in having strings of undergi-ound tubers of
a dirty yellow, resembling a mis-shapen Lemon. These
tuiiTT arc eaten by the aborigines both raw and
1, and they are not disdained by some colonists.
■ere sent to Kew by Mr. A. Morrison, of the
iltural Department, Perth, but tliey were ob-
i.iiiicd from the Fitzgerald River, in the southeast of
the colony. The curious point is, that a shrub sliould
produce tubers in strings, though many produce large

"" '"' stocks, from whicli annual stems spring.

lection of u dozen Soutli African species of lleli-
im illustrated the marvellous diversity of this
in its centre of greatest concentration, where
'«j species arc congregated. There were species
inga moss, a Lycopodium, a Cypress, a Heath, a
1 1 and various other types in habit and foliage,
uiiii ilower-heads as diverse as the leaves, and as dif-
ferent from the common Everlasting IlclicliO'sum
bracteatum as one could imagine, yet the floral struc-
ture is vei'y uniform.

Archidendron solomonense, Henisl., a new tree of
the Leguminosie, discovered by Archdeacon Comins in
the Solomon Islands, to the south-cast of New Ouinca,
is one of the few members of the order which produce
several pods from eacli flower.

Tlie germination of the seeds of .Vraucaria Bidwilli
was explained from specimens sent to Kew by Mr. Tid-
marsh. Curator of the Botanic Garden, (iralianistown.
South Africa. There arc two stages in the germination
of this seed. In the first stage, the radicle emerges
from the secdsliell, finally bringing out the axis of the
plantlct and the stalks of the cotyledons, the blades of
which remain within the shell, which docs not burst
open. The radicle grows into a small, liard. Carrot-
shaped body, from whicli tlie stalks of the cotyledons
part when tlicy have done their work of conveying flic
nutrinieut in the seed to the growing plant. At the top
of this Carrot-shaped root is the rudiment of the plu-
mule, which eventually develops into a stem or trunk ;
but growth does not commenco here until sonic weeks
after severance from the cotyledons, and may be pro-
longed by droiiglil under natural conditions, or by
witliholdiiig moisline under artillcial conditions.
This kind of gcrmiuatioii may be better kiir.wii in
gardeners than to botanists.

BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLAND
COUNTIES CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NiixK.MUEK 1;, l:;, II.- The aiiiiual ^how ..i this

V was opened on Tuesday last in (he Uinglcy

i;irmingliain. Tlierc was a very tine display in

' Ltpacious hall, and honorary exhibits were more

niiiuerons and of greater interest than ever before. In

the cut bloom section, there was observed a little

falling olThere and there, compared with the very best

shows Birmingliiim has held, Init on the whole the

committee has every cause to be gratilicd.

The great groups of Chrysanthemuiiis, (or which
such substantial prizes are given, always rank first in
point of attractiveness. Mr. J. Wiiitiikld, of Mose-
Icy, again won 1st prize with probably the most showy
group ever set up in tlio building. Conspicuous in it
were some very handsome blooms of Charles Davis,
Lady Hanliam, and Viviand Morel. In Mr. J. A. Ken-
kick's 2nd prize group llicrewas a little weakness in
the front, in comparison with which the back was very
closely packed with llowers. The .Ird group— Mr. II. K.
Padmores— was not nearly so impressive, the blooms
being smaller in characler all through.

The competition in the smaller groups was even
more keen, but Mr. \V. .Smith, of Moseley, was 1st with
aline exhibit; Mr.G. Cadhukv wasan excellent 2nd, ll;e
varieties in both groups being of the usual standard
types.

The lateness of the show perhaps provides the
explanation for Mr. E. Maktineau's 1st prize group of
nine largellowering Clirysantlicmuins being a little

past their best, yet they were magnificent plants.
Madame Ferlat. a pretty blush white, being a superb
specimen. Mr. G. Cadbury's exhibit, which took 2nd
prize, was not nearly so far forward — hardly in full
bloom, in fact.

The class for six Japanese supplied some glorious
plants. Conspicuous in Mr. E. Martineau's 1st prize
group were very handsome specimens of Charles Davis
and its beautiful companion, Viviand Morel. Mr. J. A.
Kesrick ran the premier exhibitor exceedingly close
with a niagniflcent group, in which that pretty salmon
sport from Viviand Morel, Lady Hanham, attracted
chief notice.

Mr. E. Martineau is again the owner of the l.st prize
plant in the class for one large-flowering (Japanese ex-
cluded); and he also took premier honours in the
single Japanese class, showing a grand specimen of
Mrs. J. Ritson, absolutely covered with pure white
blossoms.

The class for three single ChiTsanthemums, dis-
similar varieties, attracted only one exhibitor, Mr. <;.
Cabbury, who was given the first award for three very
fair plants.

In the classes for cut blooms, the Japanese varieties
were, of course, most strongly represented, but the
c|uality of the incurved blooms testify to the great
amount of trouble which had been expended on them.
The twenty-fonr incurved blooms, for which the
Dowager Lady Hindlip secttred 1st prize, included
some extremely even, beautiful specimens, amongst
which were Mine. Ferlat and Mrs. H. J. Jones.

Only one exhibit was made of eighteen incurved
blooms, but in the companion Japanese class Mr.
Henderson's exhibit came quite up to the standard of
the larger class. The efforts of the Show Committee to
encourage the exhibition of blooms in vases have this
year met with satisfactory response, the half-dozen
specimens shown being amongst the best of their
kind.

\ very strong class, too, was that for Japanese blooms
arranged with small Ferns and Palms in pots. Mr.
PiGGorr's exhibit was displayed to great advantage:
whilst the 2nd prizewinner also nicely furnished his
collection with foliage. The handsome display of
Primulas which supiileincnted the foregoing .sections
is what might he expected in Birmiiighaiu.

A number ot well-grown and freely bloomed plants
won for Messrs. Tuomson the 1st prizes in several
classes for Chinese and double flowered Primulas ;
whilst Mr. J. A. KKSliicK also met with some success.
Mr. R. C. Caktwiiigiit was the only exhibitor of
Cyclamens.

The exhibits of Grapes were fully up to Hie average.
Mrs. P. Need, with some beautifully finished Imnches.
defeated one of the best-known growers in the country.
In regard to the vegetable section, it may be slated
that 120 feet more tabling was required than usual, and
that the various vegetables shown were fully deserving
of the space devoted to Ilicm. A fine collection from
Lord .\LDKSiiA.\i (gr., Mr. E. IlKi keit), was thought to
be decidedly the best lot of vegetables ever seen in
Birmingham.

We append the names ot the winners in a fe>v of the
principal classes, as given in the Itirminiih'tm Dnily
I'ost ;—

For twenty-four blooms incurved, 1st, Dowager Lady
IliNDMP, Droltwich ; 2nd, A. Heniiehson, Farlngdon.

For twenty-tour blooms, Japanese, Ist, Dowager Lady
HiNDi.ip; 2nd, A. James.

Eighteen blooms, incurved, 1st, .\, Jamrs.

Eighteen blooms, Japanese, Isl, A. Henderson ; 2nd,
Mrs. J. D. WiNdFiEi.DDlGUY, Goleshill.

Twelve blooms, incurved, Ist, A. James ; Snd, Mrs.
,\nMriEi.D, Edgbaston.

Twelve blooms, Japanese, Isl, A. Jamks; 2nd, H.
Neediiam, Gravelly Hill.

Twenty-four blooms, twelve incurved and twelve
Japanese, local, 1st, E Martixeai;.

Twelve Chinese Primulas, 1st, Thom.son & Co..
Sparkhill; 2nd, J. A. Kenkick.

Six Fern-leaved Primulas, Isl, J. A. Kenkick; 2ud,
E. Martineau.

Collection of British grown fruit; 1st, E. J. COKIIEIT,
Droitwich; 2nd, Earl ot Carnarvon, liurlonon-Trent.
Grapes (six bunches): 1st, Mrs. F. Nead, Great Malvern :
2nd, Lady Henry Somerset, Ledbury. Black Grapes ;
Ist, Mrs. F. Nead; 2iid, Earl ot Hakkington, Derby.
White Grapes (Muscats): 1st, E. J. Cokbett; 2iid, Earl
of Harrington. White Grapes (Muscats excluded) :
Ist, E. J. Corhett; 2nd, A. II. Griifiths, Edgbaston.
Apples (culinary): 1st, E.J. ConnErr; 2nd, Lady IIenhv
Somerset. Apples (dessert) : 1st, Lady Henuy .Someh-
set; 2nd, Mrs. F. Williams. Eight dishes of Pears:
1st, E. J. Cohkept ; 2nd, Lady Henry Somerset.

Collection ot Vegetables (Messrs. Suttons' prizes).—
1st, Lord Aldenham, Elstree; 2nd, Earl ot Car-
narvon.

Collection ot Vegetables (Messrs. Webb's prizes).— Isl,
Lord Aldenham ; 2nd, Earl of Carnarvon.

Noncompetitive Exhiiuts.
A superb collection ot Orchids was staged by Mr. II.
Whateley, upon :iO feet sjiace along a wide bench
range. Conspicuous among these were Vandacicriilea,
Cypripcdlum insignc Sanderic, Oncidium crispuiii, and
O. variosum Rogcrsii.

Messrs. Webr & Son, of Stourbridge, had an exhibit
noon so feet of table space, chiefly of Potatos.

Messrs. Tiiojii'SON >t Co.. of Birmiugluani, staged »
very conspicuous group of plants, in which a striking
centrepiece was formed by a tall column of Salvia
splendeus grandillora.

Of interest from the point of view of the future of the
fruit industry was ffic stand set up by Mr. J. Udai.f,
from the Woivestcr County Council's experinientiU
garden at Droitwich. Mr. Udale contends that
English fruits, and especially Plums and Apples, are as
well suited for diying as are those grown on the
Continent.

Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmout.h Nurseries, Devon,
exhibited a fine collection of blooms ot new varieties o£
Chrysanthemums.

Gold Medals
were awarded to Mr. H . Whateley, Kenilworth, Orchids;
Messrs. Hewitt & Co., floral display and collection oi
shrubs; Mr. T. Hughes, floral display; Mr. J. Crook,
floral display ; Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., fruit,
flowering plants, and shrubs ; Messrs. Thomson & Co.,
collection of vegetables, flowering and other plants;
Messrs. Webb ..t Sons, miscellaneous plants, Potatos,
and Onions; Mr. John Basliam, collection of fruit;
Messrs. Yates & Sons, collection of vegetables ; Messrs.
W. & J. Brown, collection of fruit; Mr. W. J. God-
frey, collection oi cut Chrysanthemums andflowei's;
Messrs. Pewtress Brothers, collection of Apples.

Silver Medals
were awarded as follows :— Messrs. Pope <& Sons, floi'al
designs and collection ot Ferns; Worcostershiro
Couuty Council, collection ot dried fruits and pre-
serves; The Vineries, Acock's Green, collection of
ornamental Gourda and Tomatos; Mr. II. Dcverill,
Banbury, collection ot Onions and zonal Pelargoniums ;
Messrs. Weeks A Co., colloclion of cut Chrysauthemuiu
flowers; Mr. J. Smith, lollcction otGourds; Mr. W. B.
Child, collection of shrubs and alpine plants; and The
King's Acre Nursery Company, for a collection of
Apples.

Society Reports. — Oioiiig to the (jveat pres-
sure on oil)' space, mauij Reports are being held

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

A Catherine Mer.met Rose, Wood still
Grkrn and Immatuiu:: IV. M. Apply no
water at all at tho root, ;iiul reduce the
tcmpcrattiro of tho Krecnliouso as much as
possible, consistently witli the safety of the
other plants in the hottse. I'robably
tho border i.s very deep, and the drainage
imperfect. This might bo seen to between
tht^ present time and March. No harm will
be done should tho Ko.se not shed its leaves,
and the growth become dormant ; the general
lowering of the temperature at this .season
allording a certain arrest ot growth. 15c-
yond thinning out wetik llowerless shoots,
anil shortening the lengthy ones somewhat
at different lengths, giving tho stronger
ones a horizontal or downward direction,
nothing more is required in the matter ol
pruning and training.

A Standard Chrysanthe.mum : ^1. E. T. A
plant having a globular crown, and a clean
stem ot from 1 to 3 feet in height, strong
enough to carry the crown without needing
any support.

Hkecii-leaves : M. //. B. When thoroughly
decayed, that is turned into " leaf-mould,"
they form a good addition to soils in the pot
culture of plants. The period for tho total
decay of the leaves is from two to three
years; but (he heap sliould not lie uudi.s-
turbctl for that lengtli of time, but tho fine
decayed portion sliould bo removed once a
year by sifting through a J-iiich meshed
sieve or screen, and the remainder throwa
together again.

Black Pot.vto; J. I'. A. There are several
black varieties, such as the Negro, Congo,
.Jersey Black, &c. In Franco they are usetl
cut in slices for garnishing purposes.

China Rose with Dakk-tinthi) 1i'(ima(iu: Diiih-
(Ionian. What is meant is probably the
Noisette Rose, Pelleiiberg, ;istr<ing-growing,
very florifcrous plant, willi bright crimsoo
flowers and bron/.y-grccn foliage — .m excel-
lent variety for peg{;iiig down alino.st to the
soil, or clothing a low wall or a pillar. The
original Noisette was due, as Mr. W-

364

THE a .\nDEXEE S ' CIIRO lYI CL E.

[November IC, 1901.

Paul remarks in T/ie Rose Garden, " to the
accidental fertilisation ot the China Rose
with the Musk Rose. It was obtained by M.
Noisette in N. America, and sent to Paris in
1814. " The old style of Noisette is being-
lost, and the varieties of to-day are mostly
those that are hybrids of the Tea-scented
Rose ; -with the result that we are making a
hardy race tender, and losing a pretty
feature— the large and graceful trusses of
bloom."
Chrysanihbmum BuuS: W. Y., Ealing. Many
cultivators have the sime difBculty as your-
self in preventing varieties of the Madame
Carnot group from forming smaller flower-
buds around the one that is developing.
In order to overcome the tendency as
far as possible, select your flowering-bud
about the third week in August, and do not
feed your plants very much until you have
ground to conclude the buds will develop
kindly and normally. Above all, do every-
thing possible to assist the plants to ripen
their growths as tliey progress in age, and
expose them to all the air and sunshine
throughout the summer.

lU.IDMS AURATUM AND LANCIFOLIUM : J.H.S.

We do not know if your lancifoliuiu is
correctly named. L. lancifolium is erro-
neously applied to the pale red-flowered L.
elegan's and to L. speoiosum. L. elegans
(true) and L. auratum are Japanese species,
and amenable to similar treatment, and in
this country the bulbs should be taken up
when the sterna have died down, and not
left long exposed to the air, but pot ed in
loam, peat, decayed manure, and sand, and
stood in a cold pit or out-of-doors sunk in a
bed of tree-loaves, after putting a slate over
each pot so as to exclude mice and rats that
,are partial to the bulbs. If the potting-soil
is moist, no water should be applied before
growth has taken place. They can be re-
planted without disturbance in April or
lM(iy. If your L. lancifolium is really L.
speciosum, which has white flowers spotted
more or less with ruby colour, it need not
be taken up at this season, except for safety
sake, but may be left in the soil under little
mounds of coal-ashes. These Lilies succeed
where there is partial shade, but not under
the shade of trees, and we think that your
hulbs get too little sunshine, hence their
unsatisfactory condition. Peat is better for
Lilies than so much leat-mould, although
some of the latter may be employed, to-
gether with manure.

*i,* Names of Fruits and of Plants, Special
Notice : We are desirous of assisting young
gardeners and our subscribers as far as we
tan do so consistentlij u'ith our editorial
duties, but our readers must Icindlij remember
that such luocfc is outside our scope, and
always involves some inconvenience, and gene-
rally a large expenditure both of time and
money on our part. Delay is lUMvoidable.
Not more than si.v specimens should be sent.
Correspondents not aiiswered in this issue are
requested to be so good as to consult the
following numbers.

Names of Fisuits : D. B. 1, Beurre Ranee ;
2, Bergamotte Sageret ; 3, Urbaniste ; 4,
Beurrc d'Aremberg; 5, Glou Morgeau ; 0,
rotten. — G. F. M. 1, Grange's Pearmain ;
2, Allen's Everlasting; 3, Smart's Prince
Arthur; 4, Hanwell Souring; 5, Dredge's
Fame; 0, Beurrc d'Aremberg.— T. T. 1,
Beurre Diel ; 2, White Doyenne ; 3, Vicar
of WinkGeld. — York.i. 2, Dumelow's Seed-
ling; 3, Gloria Mundi ; 5, Maltster; 0,
Beauty of Kent ; 1 and 4, not known. — Tl'. G.
1, Leon Leclerc de Laval ; 2, Beurre Super-
fin ; 3, rotten.— A. P. 1, Melrose ; 2, Hunt's
Deux Ans ; 3, Minchall Crab; 4, Cellini; 5,
Hawthornden; 0, Grenadier. — J. B. A.
Domino. — W. A. .lolly Beggar. — O. B. C.
Box smashed, and the greater part of con-
tents useless, we could only identify the
following : 2, Beurre du Cercle ; 4, Colmar
Nells; 5, Sorrurier. — Gardener. 3, Mai'echal
Dillen ; 4, Rousselet de Meestre. The others
■were past recognition. — .Y. P. R. We regret

that you have not complied with the request.
It is an invariable rule.— A. A. K. The Pear
is Louise Bonne of Jersey. 1, Murfitt's Seed-
ling ; 2, Sabine; 3, Round Winter Nonsuch ;
4, Dumelow's Seedling; .5, Winter Pomeroy.
— D. Both the samples are Beurre Clairgeau,
the i-light differences may be due to acci-
dental circumstances. — J. F. 8. Pear : 1,
Fondante de Malines ; 2, Gaudry. Apple: 1,
Dr. Harvey ; 2, Domino.— J. S. 1, Tyler's
Kernel ; 2, Broad-eyed Pippin ; 3, Winter
Greening ; 4, Keddlestone Pippin. — J. H. D.
1, Flower of Kent; 2, Ribston Pearmain ; 3,
Golden Spire; 4, Mere de IMenage ; 5, Dr.
Andry ; 0, Auguste Roycr. — Cobham. 1, An
imperfect fruit, one of the chief characters,
the eye, quite destroyed ; 2, Cox's Pomona.
Correspondents should never affix the labels
Ijy pins or nails driven into the eye of the
fruit. — H. F. One of the Pears was smashed
in transit, and the labels reduced to pulp. —
G. W. H. G. Passe Colmar.— F. H. J. The
Pear is Catillac, which is sometimes known
as the Pound Pear, a title also applied to the
Black Worcester, which is regarded as
Parkinson's Warden Pear, hence probably the
confusion. The varieties are quite distinct.
The Apple is Northern Greening. — A. M.
Such imperfect specimens cannot be identi-
fied. They have been compared with the
fruits in two large collections, but the
characters are too indefinite. — F. E. S. 1,
Norfolk Beefing; 2, Hormead Pearmain; 3,
Reinette Blanche ; 4, Scarlet Nonpareil. The
labels were misplaced, and the above is the
nearest we could get to the order in which
they were packed. — C. L. It is doubtful if
the Pear is grown in any British nursery,
tliough it is known in some parts of France
a , Poire d'Aigue, or as Poire Coudaigne. It
is there found to be extremely prolific, but
is not much valued.

Names of Plants: Rothesay. Please read our
rules for naming plants ; but as you have
transgressed them, you might make amends
by sending a contribution for the Gardeners'
Orphan Fund. 1, 'Veronica Traversii ; 2,
Santolina inoana ; 3, Veronica, not recog-
nised ; 4, Veronica, perhaps pinguifolia ;_5,
Euonymus japoiiicus var. radicans, varie-
gated form ; (J, Thuya occidentalis var. A'er-
vjeneana ; 7, Cupressus thyoides, variegated
form; 8, Retinospora dubia of gardens, a
form of Thuya occidentalis; 9, Juniperus,
perhaps a form of sinensis ; 10, Cassinia
fulvida ; 11, a hybrid Veronica, perhaps
Andersoni ; 12, Spirtea Douglasii ; 13,
Euonymus japonicus, narrow-leaved variety.
— John F. Morgan. A variety of Aspara-
gus scandens. — Margate. 10, Asplenium
Trichomanes; 11, A. Ruta-muraria ; 12,
Marchantia polymorpha ; 13, Euphorbia. We
do not recognise the species ; we may do so
later on. — W. T. G. All Cattleya Loddigesii ;
useful, but not very valuable. — G. P., Kent.
Cattleya labiata of an exceptionally good
strain. — J. F. 1, Nerium Oleander. You
may cut it back if necessary ; 2, Salvia
coccinea ; 3, Abutilon Boule de Neige, not
Christmas Rose ; 4, Acacia armata, not a
Myrtle ; 5, not Eucalyptus, nor anything
like one— send when in flower ; 6, Cotone-
aster microphylla; 7, Pelargonium Italia
Unita.— n'. J. B. Zygopetalum Mackaii. —
Co?istfn!f Reader. 1, Tradescantia discolor
(Rhrea discolor) ; 2, T. repens ; 3, T. zebrina ;
4, T. z. tricolor; 5, T. repens variegata
of gardens ; 6 and 7, utterly inadequate
specimens. — S. T. Cattleya Dowiana aurea,
a specially fine form.— F. t'., Hertford. 1,
Miltonia Candida; 2, Phyllanthus nivosus ;
3 and 1, forms of Codia?um (Croton) angusti-
folium ; 5, Adiantum Waltoni ; 0, Adiantum
Pacotii. — G. H. Postal order for Is., for-
warded to the Gardeners' Orphan Fund. 1,
Adiantum hispidulnm ; 2, Nephrolepis daval-
lioides; 3, Asplenium bulbiferum var. bi-
forme ; 4, Pteris cretica var. ; 5, Rochea
falcata ; C, Colutea arboreseens ; 7, Daphne
Mezereum ; 8, Ribes rubrum ; 9, Deutzia
crenata ; 10, Euonymus japonicus ; 11,
Berberis Darwini ; 12, Hibiscus syriacus,
but where are the white berries? 13, Ma-

honia aquifolium ; 14, a variety of the
common Yew ; 15, a variety of the
common Spruce ; 10, common Yew, or a
variety; 17, Thuiopsis dolabrata; 18, a
Juniper, perhaps J. sinensis. You must be
under the impression that we have nothing
to do but to name plants. Please road our
rules, and on another occasion do not send
more than six specimens. We do not under-
take to reply by post.— P. M. ], Thuya
gigantca (Lobbii of gardens) ; 2, Tasus
baceata fastigiata, variety with golden mar-
gins to leaves ; 3, Retinospora .^quarrosa ot
gardens, really a form of Cupressus pisifera ;
4, Retinospora plumosaof gardens, a form of
Cupressus pisifera ; 5, Thuiopsis dolabrata
variegata of gardens; C, Abies excelsa var.
elanbrassiliana, if of compact dwai'f habit.
— W. T. Galley. Cattleya Loddigesii, in all
cases ; useful, but not valuable. — T. H. C.
Solannm nigrum.

Onciijium Gravesianum: Edivin. This is allied
to, or a local form of, O. prajtextum. It
belongs to the class grouped together,
according to their requirements, for the
purposes of cultivation, viz., Oncidium
crispum, O. curtum, O. Forbesii, O. Mar-
shallianum, &c. These require a cool inter-
mediate-house, with a decidedly cool, dry,
resting period, after the pseudo-bulbs are
fully matured. They never live long in a
close, moist house, and are more likely to
succeed grown as cool greenhouse plants
than as stove-plants. When growing, they
should have abundance of rain-water.

Rust on Carnations: A. Witt. Remedy
there is none ; and rather than waste valu-
able time in doctoring the plant with
various washes, and meanwhile allow the
fungus to spread to healthy plants, it is the
wisest course to lift the rusty plant with
every bit of root, and throw it into the lire
forthwith.

SKiM-AriA : H. C. S. The true S. japonioa,
erroneously called S. oblata in gardens. It .
is probably the variety Foremani, but
wo do not remember to have seen that
variety in fruit.

Spot in Apples: J.L.& S. The .spots are
produced by a fungus, described and figured
by Mr. W. G. Smith in the Gardeners'
C7ij-o)iicie, July 11, 188-5, p. 53. It is very-
destructive to stored Apples, spreading
rapidly. If the fruit be bruised or injured,
as by hail or other cause, the spores at once
germinate, but they have no power of pene-
trating the uninjured rind of the Apple.
All affected fruit should be destroyed by
fire. Spraying the shoots with weak Bor-
deax Mixture in spring has been recom-
mended as a preventative.

" Stopping " the Different Varieties of
Chrysanthemums, so as to obtain Show
Blooms in November: W. S. We would
advise you to purchase Chrysanthemums and
their Culture, by E. Molyneux, Swanmore
Park, Bishop's Waltham ; or one of the
Guides issued by the nurserymen each year.

Tomtits DEVOURiNti Grapes in a Vinery :
W. U. Yates. These and other birds that
take to fruit at certain seasons have fre-
quently to bo kept out of vineries, by
placing hexagon or other close netting over
the openings by which air is admitted.
Vineries in wooded districts have usually to
be protected in some manner against the
birds. We have known wood-pigeons to
enter a vinery to obtain food.

Communications Received. — R. Gi-eenlaws— II. W.
Ward— J. McClellau— W. George— Bai-ou Stackelberg,
St Petei-sbui-gh—W. M., double flowers: See a recent
number; we will revert to the subject sliortly— C. ^W.
—A Fischer de Waldheim, St. Petersburg— H C. S.
—J C— J. M., Bath— A. H. ; Plioto,with thanks; those
formerly sent are not suitable— L. V. H., Ghent;
many thanks, but not suitable— W. R.-Dr. R., Sydney
— Sir G K., San Kemo— W. A.— M. A.— H. P.— Alnus,
Bedfoi-d-N. E, B.— A. M.— J. G,-J. C.-A. H.-U. D.
-J O-B.-D. R.-G. W.-E. B.m;ivia-A, D.-W. II. D.
-E H. Krelage-r. Q. C.-S. B.-E, K.-W. P.-L T.-
H II.T.-J. R. W.— G. Renthc. -I-. 11 , Ihi Is -F. S.-
T. B.-Reader.-C. Jones.-.I.«.-G.C.-E. W. R,-l. Y.

(For Markets and Weather, see p. s.)

November 23, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

365

THE

No. 77S.— SATURDAY, yOV. 2?., 1901.
CONTENTS.

Agave recurvata ... 3i30 Nursery, a flooded

mal-

and

Antirrhinums,

formed ;ii'>

.^rctotissUechadifolia 3ij9
Books, notices of —

A Practical Text-
Book of Plant Phy-
siology 3»>;

Die Moderne Te])-
pichgiivtnerei ... 3^7

Publications leceived 37ii Palms, garden..
California, notes from MH Paris professorship oi
Calpurnia lasiogyne horticulture

and Schotia bracliy- Pinus austriaca, seed-

pctala :Siia ling

Cauna Mrs. Kate Gray 3t><i Rosa cinnamomea

Obituary-

Balchin, W. ...

Jacques, Mrs.

Meehan, Thos.

Orchid notes

gleanings—

Waluewa pulchella...
Orchids, the back

psTudo bulbs of ...

Bti-ifoUata, fruit-
ing of

Clematis brachiata ...

Colonial notes;.

Continuation - school
gardens in Surrey...

Ehn-bectle, the

P'crns, the

I'loribts' flowers-
New Chrysanthc-

llUIl

378

370

Flowers, double, and
Iheir production ...

Foreign correspond....

Forestry-
Fancies and facts in
British forestry ..

Fruit register

<; rapes Appley Towcrs-
andLadyHutt

(Ireenhouse, the as-
pect of a spau-
roofed

liclianthus mollis and
II. toiiienlosus

Hohcria p:puhiea ...

Leichtlin, llcrr Max,
presentation to ... 3".'

l.indcn, M. Lucieu ... 37."

Moore, Mr. T. \V., pre-
sentation to 37.'

-\orlh, a visit to Ihe—
Glasgow CilyGardcns .Tii

ILLUSTRATIONS

Chamterops humilis var. Birroo ...

i'lcmatis brachiata

Cocoa Yatay

Hohciia populnca (Su|iplcinenl).
Portrait of the late Thomas Median .

Saintpaulia ionantha
in the open air

Scientific Committee
oftheR.H.S ...

Scotland, trees and
shrubs in the West of

Societies-
Bristol Clirys.
Bui-y St. Edmunds .
Chester Paxton
Devon and Exeter

•''' liullChrys

•**" Liverpool Chrys. ...
Manchester Orchid .

,„a ' Manchester Koyal

*?i Botanical

■''" I National Clir>-8. ...

„— I Keading Chrys.

'"' I Royal Horticultural
of Ireland

„.„ Scottish Hort.

'""' Winchester ChiTS....

j.g Various

■371 Stangeria paradoxa ...
Stock-taking

3".i Tomalo.s in Guernsey

375 Week's Work, the 372,
Wistaria sinensis

37.i Worms of garden and
lawn— The earth-
worm

THE FERNS.

PROBABLY very few people who use
ini'iiibLTS of the Fern family for decorn-
tivc |)iir[)osos in their rooms, conservatories,
or shady corners in the garden, are aware of
its immensely greater anti(iuity as com-
pared with that of the trees, shrubs, and
flowering |)hints, associated therewith. The
fact that Ferns produce no obvious flowers,
nnd licncc lack one of the cliief popular
attractions, cau.ses them to rank invariably
second to their more brilliant companions;
;iiid it is usually only the botanist who
recognises that we owe the latter to the
I'oi-mer, and the geologist who goes further
still, and will even tell us that a vast per-
centage of the progress of the human racc,and
<.f the wealth which accompanies it, is due to
the like seemingly humble family of plants.
There was a period in the history of the
woi'ld when all the vegetation consisted of
Ferns or their allies, the seaweeds, mosses,
Ivjuiseta, and lichens, which, in the ))ro-
i-ess of evolution brought about by gradual
<liange of surface conditions, and that
mysterious faculty of adajitation which is
implanted in all living matter, had been
-lowly differentiated into separate families ;
;ind itwasatthis period, evidently a very vast
on '. that our coal formations wore built up
by the growth and decay of immense forests
toiupo.?ed of flowerless plants and trees
which had Ijccn so evolved, and, as evcry-
iiody knowS: it is to these formations that
-.vc arc indelitcd as above.

(iradually, as surface condition's became
drier, and atmospheric ones less cloudy,
in some subtle fashion, some members of
t liese varied families assumed the giuse of the
Fir tribe, many of which to this day reveal
their distant i)arontage by their foliage, e.g.,
Giidvgo hih)ba, with its Maidenhair Fern-
leaves, and even, as our Japanese friends
have demonstrated, a iiartially fern-like mode
of fertilisation; while in other branches of
this family the resemblance of the foliage to
the Selaginellas is remarkable. Then, as time
went on, the modification extended, flowering-
plants proper appeared, and eventually, by
the hiteraction of many inducing causes, and
the struggle for existence which led to greater
and greater complexity, we arrive at the pre-
sent time, when the whole world teems with
countless beautiful floral types, fitted for the
most diverse environments ; while, wherever
the primwval conditions of shade and humidity
still present themselves, we find the original
ferny denizens still surviving, and often in
forms which are hardly distinguishable fiom
tlioseof their coal-forming progenitors. Hence,
when strolling through a garden teeming
with brilliant flowers, we are, comparatively
speaking, in a modern atmosphere ; while
plunging into some ferny glen, we may
with propriety imagine ourselves trans-
ported icons back in the evolutional his-
tory of the world. Doubtless, too, in the
densely Fern-elad forests of some tropical
islands, and in New Zealand and Australia,
wc may still behold coal strata in process
of formation, although tho mind utterly re-
fuses to grasp the fact that prior to their
eventual discovery as such the present shady
glades, roofed in by verdant foliage bathed in
brilliant sunshine, will have boon, to .indse
by past history, succeeded by innumerable
changes, involving inundations, subsidence,
elevation, existence as a sea-bottom, &e., Ihe
pha.ses of which will write their history in
strata of deposits which the future di.scovorer
will have to pierce it may be for thousands of
feet ere he reach the present surface, and the
coal it has fashioned through its ferny out-
growth. If wo could imagine a cinematofjraph
constructed to take a |)icturo every century of
anyone spot in the earth's surface, and sum
all up in an teon or so on a screen, what a
marvellous and incredible series of changes
would it present, and yet our Ferns, could they
tell the story of their descent through the
ages, would have to describe precisely such a
kaleidoscope. Perhaps, however, the more
curious feature in this connection is the fact
already alluded to, that'the survivals from this
immense antiquity which have retained the
Fern character have done so with/so little modi-
fication. If we compare the fossil ]''erns, of
which innumerable specimens have been per-
fectly i)reserved, with our Ferns of to-day, we
find a remarkable resemblance in typo, while the
forms of fructification present such essential
similarity, and the modt- of reproduction to-day
is so primitive, that biologically they seem at a
standstill. No existing Fern presents the
slightest approach to the formation of flowers
proper; every one, even in tho more diver.se
genera, reproduces itself in the primary
cryptogamic fashion. This, too, despite the
fact that many species have managed to wean
themselves from the need of constant shade
and hiMiiidity, and contrive to stand hot
suns and periods of drought with impunity.

Wo also find in those later days that wide
departures from the normal types may arise as
" sports," and perpetuate themselves as truly
through their spores as specific forms can do;
and also that in the life cycle, modifications of
all sorts may occur, which only half a century

ago were undreamed of. None of these varia-
tiojis, however, go in the floral direction at all,
and we cannot even assume them to be more
modern than the normal, since they occur
now-a-days numerically so rarely that their
nondiscovery in fossil form goes for little or
nothing, not one Fern in many millions pre-
sumably becoming fossilised in a recognisable
shape, so that the chance of a fossilised
variety is extremely remote. It is indeed a
wonder that any have been handed down to us
at all so wonderfully well preserved as we
find them. If we examine the dead growth in
a Fern-glen, we usually find the previous
season's fronds brown, shrivelled, withered,
and mostly devoured bj' insects, and those of
tlie year before rotted into soil. Such frond or
fragments as wo find so well preserved in coal
and shale, are presumably accidentals which
have been suddenly submerged and buried in
luud or sand while still green and living,
subsequent deposits and pressiu'c tending to
preserve them intact. We are, however, now
straying rather into the geologist's realm of
study, which is not our province; our object
Ijcing simply to point out that Kerns are not
merely pretty objects for decorative purposes,
but material of intense interest, really
transcending in this respect the more con-
spicuous flowers to which they are unde-
servedly subordinated, lieauty consi.sts not
merely in colour, but also in form, and it is
quite certain that as reyai-ds Ihe latter. Ferns
in their best and I'lnest types far and away
transcend all other foliage [)lants in delicacy
and variety, besides being additionally in-
teresting for the reasons aliove given. Clius. T.
])ni,-i-!i. F.L.fi.. V.M.II.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

WALIEWA PlILCllKLbA, Hegel.

Those who take pleasure in " botanical "
Orchids have often interesting experiences.
The first occasion on which I saw the pretty
plant which hears the above name was in
flower about tho year 1N81. The plant camo
in an importation received from the elder
M. dc Saint Leger. This lot of plants included
several singular-looking species, and all were
said to have been collected in Paraguay. Tho
only species of which there were many plants
was that which lleichenhach described as
Oncidium O'Hricnianum in tho Gardeners'
Chronicle, .lanuary Htli, IXSl, p. W, and which
ho at first referred to as O. puhes, although a
critical examination proved it to be stuictu-
rally distinct. The other plant, now called
Waluewa pulchella, though totally different,
caused him to first think of O. pubes again,
and the temporary error has since been made
again in this country. The specimen I sent
is probably in the Reichenbach Herbarium,
and named and described, but I do not know
whether it has been published.

In 1898 1 received a specimen from h'rau
Ida Brandt, Brunneidiof, Iticsbach, Zurich,
and I at onco recognised my old acquaintiinee,
but failed to find a naino for it until I
sent it to Prof. A. Cogniaux, who replied on
October C, 1808, giving mo tho reference to
the figure and description of Waluewa pid-
choUa (Oarfeii/Iora, 1801, t. 1341). It is there
stated to have been sent by Herr Idolize,
probably from Minas Gcraos. The author
named the genus after Count P. A. Waluejow,
and considers it allied to Gomeza. It has
again flowered at Brunnenhof under Mr. H.
Schlecht's care. The plant might be easily
mistaken for a small Oncidium pidjcs. The
slender inflorescence is densely set with
flowers about :; inch across, with all tho

366

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

segments slightly incurved ; the sepals arc
creamy-white, and the petals white crossed
■with bright rose-coloured lines; the lip is three-
lobed, the side lobes being closely folded back,
so that the middle lobe is extended on the
narrow portion bearing the claret^coloured
crest ; middle lobe -white, with dark rose-
coloured blotches. Column with two prominent
wings, ciliate on the upper edges, white,
tipped with rose. The plant is also in the
Royal Botanical Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin.
J. O'B.

CALIFORNIA.

CANNA MRS. KATE GRAY.
This is correctly represented in the Supple-
mentary Plate of the Gardeners' Chronicle,
No. 769, as of " rich orange colour," and not
brilliant scarlet, as it is stated at p. 227. In
fact there is no scarlet in it, and the yellow
"flaming" in the throat is hardly noticeable.
This variety has some analogy with America,
which remains one of the best of the second
lot of Dammann's " creations," but the flowers
of Mrs. (not Miss) Kate Gray are larger, of
much brighter colour, they have much more sub-
stance, and are more freely produced. It was
originated at Alhambra, near Los Angelos,
in California, in the year 1896, by W. H. Morse,
an English gardener, employed at that time by
Capt. Gray, and was obtained by fertilising
Italia with the pollen of Madame Crozy. Out
of the many attempts made, only one seed
appeared to ripen, and it came very near to
being lost by an accident. Mr. Morse, of
course, made very many visits to his Canna,
and one morning he was accompanied by a pet
Angora cat, who all at once jumped on the
plant to catch a humming-bird. Under her
weight the stalk of the Canna broke, the bird
and the cat went flying in the air, and Mr.
Morse picked up the precious seed-pod — with
what feeling one can imagine ; but he was not
discouraged, and tried to do the best he could
under the circumstances. The solitary seed
was well formed and plump, but still soft, and
hardly beginning to colour. It was carefully
sown, notwithstanding, and it came up in
three weeks.

ERYTHEA AliMATA IX BLOOM.

The plant, of which an illustration appeared
in the Gardeners' Chronicle, October 10, 1890,
p. 425, is in bloom again, this time bearing
four panicles, which are fully 18 feet in length,
springing first upright above the silvei-y fan-
shaped leaves, and then arching gracefully to
the ground, like gigantic feathers, and of a
yellow-green colour. This " blue Palm," and
also Seaforthia elegans (Arehontophconix Cun-
ninghami) are well worthy of being grown as
isolated specimens on a lawn, for the sake of
their flowers only.

Agave recurvata.
This species is very remarkable among the
largest-growing Agaves, on account of its
gutter-shaped, symmetrically-arching leaves,
which have a very distinct glaucous colour,
and minute marginal spines. The flower-scape
has attained 30 feet in height, the panicle pre-
senting a waving and graceful outline, quite
different from the stiffcr A. mexicana, A.
Palmeri, and A. huachucensis, which happened
to come into bloom at the same time. Very
little is known of this Agave, which is not
described in Baker's Handbook of AmarijlH-
dacece. A short notice and a photograph of
two pot-grown plants is to be seen in the
seventh Report (1S9C) of the Missouri Botanic
Garden. It has been found growing in South-

eastern Florida, where it appears to have been
introduced, years ago, by Dr. Perrine, together
with the true "Sisal Hemp " (Agave rigida
sisalana), from Yucatan.

Calpurnia lasiogvne.
This is a South African shrub or small tree,
not much known in gardens, but well de-
serving to be grown in all temperate countries
for the sake of its flowers. It has been
called " the Natal Laburnum," and it looks
very much indeed like the common Laburnum ;
its leaves, however, being evergreen, and with
the peculiar scent of Fenugreek. Its racemes
of yellow, scentless flowers are here produced
throughout the winter.

SCHOTIA BRACHYPETALA

Has much of the habit of S. latifolia, an old
inmate of European gardens; but while this
last has flesh-coloured flowers borne on the tips
of the branches, the first-named species bears
them as it were nestled in heavy bunches on
the old wood of the bare branches, and being
of the brightest crimson colour, the effect is
superb, especially when the sun is declining.
Dr. F. Franceschi.

A VISIT TO THE NORTH.— VI.

(Continued from p. 351.)

The city of Glasgow possesses in a large
degree some of the evils that have to be con-
tended against in London. Not only is the
city densely populated, but a large proportion
of the people is engaged in manufacturing
businesses that contribute largely to the
wealth of the Empire, but which appear to be
inseparable from conditions of life that need
all the alleviation that can be afforded. The
toilers in London, Glasgow, or any other great
city can have no acquaintance, much less inti-
macy, with Nature, unless the governing
authorities are alive to their responsibility
in this matter. Readers of the Gardeners'
Chronicle are aware of the splendid work
which the London County Council has done in
the direction of acquiring and maintaining
parks and gardens in all districts of the
metropolis, where people may enjoy the delight
of witnessing the growth of tree, flower, and
grass.

Having a desire to see what has been done
in Glasgow, I determined to make an inspec-
tion of —

Glasgow City Gardens.

To this end an appointment was sought with
Mr. James Whitton, who superintends all of
the parks, open spaces, and Botanic Garden,
under the control of the Parks Committee of
the City Council. Mr. Whitton very kindly
spent one day in driving a friend and myself
to the most important of the fifteen parks.
What we saw upon that day was sufficient to
convince us that in the work of securing for
the people means of healthy recreation and
enjoyment, Glasgow is behind no other city.
More than this, in some respects, Glasgow
city gardening has attained to a condition un-
equalled in any other city. I know of no
instance where a city possesses such collec-
tions of plants as there are in Queen's Park,
Camphill, and other parks in Glasgow. In
London, our County Council's parks are main-
tained satisfactorily ; but in none of them
has there been formed collections of indoor
plants, except in a few instances where a
winter garden has been furnished. Londoners
who wish for collections of exotics go to Kew,
and there they have an unrivalled collection.
At several of the Glasgow parks collections of

Chrysanthemums are cultivated, just as they
are in London ; but beyond these there are
greenhouse and stove plants, Nepenthes, and
Orchids in very large numbers.

Queen's Park and Camphill.
Queen's Park has an area of 90 acres, and
was acquired in 1857 at a cost of £30,000, this
price including 53 acres of " feuing " land.
It is situate on the south side of the city, and
at the end of the long, straight Victoria Road
there is an imposing entrance with thirty or
more steps. My visit, it will be remembered,
took place at the end of the summer, and at
that time a very long ribbon border proceeded
on the left and right of the entrance. There are
more flower - beds on a terrace north of the
flagstaff and bandstand, and in the closely-cut
greensward large beds of Rhododendrons. We
entered one of the many glasshouses — the
stove — and noticed fine plants of Musa Eusete,
15 or 16 feet high ; also excellent specimens
of Dendrocalamus sikkimcnsis, 18 feet high.
In the Orchid-houses were numbers of Cat-
tleyas, Cypripediums, Odontoglossums, Masde-
vallias, Dendrobiums (especially D. Dalhousie-
anum), large baskets of Lselia anceps, in fine
growing condition. Calanthes are less suc-
cessful, the Glasgow atmosphere like that of
London does not suit them in early winter.
Collections of Nepenthes, Sarracenias, and
Nerines, were remarked, and the Nerines arc
said to succeed splendidly. One house con-
tains a grand lot of greenhouse Rhododendrons,
some of which plants are 15 feet or more in
height. R. Nuttalli, R. Veitchi, R. Countess
of Haddington (a pyramid plant 8 feet high),
and R. Dalhousise, were some of the best
specimens. The collection has since been
augmented by the addition of a number of
Messrs. James Veitch's hybrids.

In other houses were Tree and dwarf-growing
Ferns, Ivy - leaved and zonal Pelargoniums
(which filled one house with a prodigal display
of colour), Restio subverticillatus (from Edin-
burgh Botanic Gardens, where there is a very
remarkable specimen) ; Araucaria excelsa,
Agapanthus umbel latus Mooreanus in flower.
Pancratiums, Clerodendrons, Hydrangeas, and
many other species of plants. This excellent
range of houses was built some five years ago
by Messrs. Simpson & Farmer, and consists of
twelve span-roofed houses, 80 feet long each,
and varying from 12 to 30 feet in width, pro-
ceeding from either side of a central corridor
200 feet long. As many as 3-500 Chrysanthe-
mums are grown here, in addition to early-
flowering varieties.

Camphill is attached to Queen's Park, and
has an area of 58 acres, acquired in 1804 at a
cost of £63,000. It is really an old residential
garden, and is peculiarly attractive, from the
fact that the charm of the old garden remains.
There have been necessary modifications, but
the fruit and plant-houses, borders of hardy
flowers, the old walls (some of them covered
with Magnolias), the kitchen-garden plots,
and hardy fruit-trees, have been preserved.
The kitchen - garden plots are now adapted
for nursery and experimental purposes. The
poorest people in Glasgow can therefore enjoy
the same privileges as the owners of large-
gardens themselves, so far as the sense of
sight goes, and this is a boon not easy of over
estimation.

Among the old trees that remain are Turkey-
Oaks, Beeches, Elms, an avenue of Irish Yews,,
a fair example of the Weeping Ash, and I
noticed with surprise a plant of Aralia f pinosa.
Mr. Mclver is the resident superintendent for
Queen's Park and Camphill, and, as I have,
briefly shown, he has the care of large collec-
tions of plants. As we walked back to the

November 23, 1901.]

THE GARD EXER 8 ' CHR ONI CL E.

367

conveyance, Mr. TVhitton remarked (he has
an experimental garden at Queen's Park)
that latterly Beeches and common Oaks
are failing to grow in the city, but the
Turkey Oak will succeed. .So far as his expe-

CLEMATIS BEACHIATA.

For the opportunity of illustrating this
plant (see fig. Ill) we are indebted to Mr.
Lynch, the energetic and ob'iging Curator of

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Fig. 111.— cle.matis br.vchiata: flowers GitKiiNisii-WHixE.

rience^has gone, Rosa rugosa, however, is I he
hardiest and best plant to be got. On the
very barest, most bleak, or smoky positions,
this beautiful Rose holds its own better
than any other plant — tree or shrub. V.
(To be continued.)

the Cambridge Botanic Garden. The flowers
are greenish-white, and deliciously fragrant.
Though grown in a greenhouse, it would pro-
bably be hardy except in severe winters, as
it has already been tried out-of doors at Cam-
bridge for three or four years. It is a native
of South Africa.

Die Moderne Teppichgartnerei. Yon W.
Hampel. (Berlin : Verlagsbuchhandlung
Paul Parey, S.W., Hedemannstrassc, 10.)
TirERE is, nowa-days, quite a revival in
favour of carpet-bedding, so that there seems
good reason for the publication of books deal-
ing with the subject. French and German
authors have furnished these, but at the
moment we fail to recall any modern work in
English devoted entirely to formal gardening.
There is no excuse lor spoiling naturally
tasteful gardens by the introduction of one
or more beds where coloured plants are so
arranged as to look from a little distance like
painted tiles ; but as curiosities in large
grounds, or in conjunction with certain styles
of architecture, the prim beds may not be
amiss. Herr Hampel gives many excellent
designs, ranging from simple to very elabo-
rate compositions, and supplements this with
letterpress descriptive of necessary, suitable,
and possible plants, and details of their habits
of growth and proper training. We learn that
the Eiffel Tower itself may be built up with
Sedums and Alternantheras, and crowned with
a Yucca. '^ sehr oriyinal ! "

A Practical Text Book of Plant Physio-
logy. By 1). T. .Macdougal, Ph.D. (Long-
mans, Green & Co.)
This is one of those books which exemplify
the prevalent tendency to take nothing for
granted. It is not suilicient to say that a
Mimosa is sensitive to touch, it is not even
enough to show the phenomena ; the onlooker
must be induced to make the experiment for
himself. The principle here is, of course,
beyond all cavil, though its application is
sometimes needlessly particular. Wo do not
all want to be practical physiologists, but no
one should consider his education complete
who has not a general acquaintance with the
principles, and, to a large extent, with the
facts of physiology. Making allowance for
the necessary modifications, the physiology of
plants and that of animals, including human
beings, is the same. As the physiological study
of plants can be more readily undertaken than
that of animals, and is not open to the same
objections, it is more convenient for the
general student, whilst, of course, it is es.sen-
tial to the student of plant-life. Reverting to
the illustration of the sensitive plant, it no
longer suffices to know the fact, it is impera-
tive to find out all that can be found out about
the how, the why, and the wherefore. This
can only be done by thorough investigation of
structure and careful compai-ative experiments
under natural conditions. These are always
complex, and in order to understand them, it
is generally necessary to isolate the conditions
and measure the effects of each separately.

This is the work of the laboratory, and can
only be carried out by the use of appropriate
apparatus not accessible to cultivators or
general students. The book before us is in-
tended as a guide to laboratory work. The
table of contents is in itself a full analysis of
plant-physiology, while the text abounds in
directions for the practical study of the dilTc-
rent phenomena of plant life as by, or connected
with, mechanical agency, chemicals, water,
gravitation, temperature, electricity, light,
the movements of fluids, food and its sources,
respiration, fermentation, digestion, growth
and reproduction. The table of contents, as
wo have said, is a programme in itself; the
index is equally copious, and the illustrations
are numerous, so that we have in Dr. Mac-

368

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

clougal's pages an easily consulted epitome
of vegetable physiology, suitable not only in
the laljoratory, but for jsuriDoses of general
reference.

WORMS OF GARDEN AND LAWN.

(Continued /romp. 311).

II. — The Earthworm.

Until quite recently there were two species
of annelid, one a Lumbricus, the other an
Allolobophora, which went by the name of
the common Earthworm. So little attention
had been paid to their differences that endless
confusion found its way into text books, owing
to the differences in the types selected for
description. Less than ten years ago a learned
demonstrator used to carry an Allolobophora
into the lecture-room and describe it as a
typical Lumbricns. Now all is changed, and
chaos has been reduced to order. There is not
the slightest excuse for any lecturer to-day if
he confuse the two genera. As the term
Lumln-icus is the oldest name in use for a
worm, I propose now to give a description
of that species of worm which correctly bears
the name. Later on we shall study the rival
worm which is often found with it and mis-
taken for it. Tlio older systematists called
tliese worms Lumbricus terrestris ; it is now
customary to speak of them as the Earthworm
(Lumbricus hcrculeus) and the Longworm
(Allolobophora longa). Tlie synonyms will be
dealt with later.

In digging up a plot of fairly rich soil tlie
gardener is almost certain to come across
numerous specimens of a large worm of a
warm brown colour, which moves rapidly,
looks sleek, covers the hand with slime,
becomes iridescent when the light plays upon
it, has a flattened tail and a dirty-yellow or
raw sienna girdle. This is the common Earth-
worm, the old Lumbricus terrestris. We will
examine it with some care ; and it will be
well to begin with the head.

It will be observed that the second ring has
a kind of mortise in its back. This is from
the head or prostomium, which according to
our definition in the introduction, is mortised
in Lumbricus but dovetailed in Allolobophora.
This is in itself sufficient to distinguish the
true Earthworm from its rival the Longworm.
Working backwards we see that the body
becomes larger in the region of the tenth seg-
ment, and if the worm were opened at this
point it would be found that all the more
essential organs, reproductive and nutritive,
lie in this locality ; with these, however, we
are not concerned, as we are eschewing
internal characters.

On either side of the fifteenth ring we may
find an opening, which bears the name of the
male pore. It is carried on a pad or cushion
of swollen tissue. As we work backwards we
come to the girdle. This consists of six rings,
beginning with the thirty-second. If the
worm is in good condition, it will be possible
to see on the underside of the girdle a jmir of
bands extending over the four inner rings,
i.e., from thirty-three to thirty-six. These
bands are known by the ugly term tubercula
pubertatis, there is no popular English name.
In all the true British Lumbrici this band is
present, and always extends over the four
inner girdle segments. In the other genus the
band is usually replaced by pores similar to
those on the fifteenth ring. They are not
always continuous, nor is their number
unvarying as in Lumbricus.

The girdle is an indication that the worm is
adult. Each worm possesses both male and
female organs, but when eggs are to be laid,
two worms approach each other from opposite

points, and when the girdles are joined the
cocoon or egg-case is produced. Under the
microscope the girdle tissue is seen to differ
from that in other parts of the body.

Behind the girdle there are no other organs
of importance, but it will be seen that the tail
flattens out as we approach its extremity.
The worm in its normal state is about 6 inches
in length, but when fully extended is at least
half as long again. It may usually be known
by its size and colour alone. It is much larger
than any other species of Lumbricus found in
England, though an Irish species (L. papil-
losus, Friend) closely resembles it, as does
also another species found on the continent.
Though its size agrees roughly with that of
the Longworm, the colour is considerably more
ruddy, and the Lumbricus has a more graceful
contour.

The Earthworm is a greedy feeder. It some-
times does a good deal of harm among Cabbage
and other plants by drawing tlie drooping
leaves into its burrow during the night, when
they have been newly transplanted. On the
whole, however, the services of this species
are beneficent. It is a great collector of
fallen and decaying leaves and other vegetable
debris. When it lives in garden-soil wlicre
manure is freely used, it passes the vegetable
matter through its body, and so changes it
into a fine, rich mould. It is a cruel and un-
wise thing to cut the worm to pieces with the
spade. The nervous system of the earthworm
is highly developed, and this renders it ex-
ceedingly sensitive. As the worm has a very
important place in the economy of Nature, we
do not feel prepared to give any advice as to
the best means of getting rid of it. If it
sometimes gets out of bounds, its eradication
would be one of the greatest losses we could
sustain.

It may be well here to say a word or two
respecting its nearest allies. In our next, we
shall deal with the purple and red worms and
their allies, so that only the larger species
need here be mentioned. The total number of
species of Lumbricus at present known to
science does not exceed ten, and probably the
true number, when rightly defined, is eight.
Five of these are found in Great Britain, but
up till the time of writing, one has never been
found out of Ireland. This species I have
named the Papillose Worm. Its girdle begins
one segment further back than the girdle of
the Earthworm, but it covers only five seg-
ments. However, the tubercula pubertatis,
which are a good character by which to deter-
mine species, extend over four rings, viz., the
3Ith to the 37th, as compared with the 33rd to
the 3Gth in the common English form. In this
respect the Irish worm (L. papillosus) finds its
counterpart in a Continental species (L. n;eli-
ba>us), which has five girdle segments ("29 to
33), with the band on the four hindmost rings.

Since Beddard's splendid work on Annelids
{Monocimph of the Oligoclueta) appeared in
189.5, a new Lumbricus has been found in
Normandy, which closely resembles our Eng-
lish form. It proves to be a missing link, for
the girdle and tubercula fill a vacant place in
the list. It is named L. Studeri by Mens.
Riliaucourt, and has the girdle on segments
31 to 30.

In examining the common Earthworm, we
find that a series of openings, called dorsal
pores, begins between the seventh and eighth
rings. Much has been written respecting the
use of these apertures. We shall have occa-
sion to discuss the subject when we take up
the study of the Bi'andling. For the present
it is sufficient to note its position, as it differs
from that of the Irish worm, whose first dorsal
pore is between segments nine and ten. Tlie

Earthworm is found not only in England,
but generally throughout Europe, North
America, and in Siberia. It may, however,
be questioned whether any species of this
genus is a native of any other continent than
Europe. They differ entirely from the Asiatic
types as well as from the African, and the
presence of our common Earthworm in America
is probably due to emigration.

The following summary of external cha-
racteristics will be abundant for the identifi-
cation of the common Earthworm (L. her-
culeus) : Length about 6 inches ; average
number of rings 180 ; colour warm brown,
lighter on the under surface ; girdle raw
sienna, extending over six rings, from 32 to
37, on four of which (33 to 36) the tubercula
pubertatis appear as a band on each side ;
first dorsal pore between the 7th and 8th
rings ; male pore on the 15th, conspicuous ;
tail flattened ; bristles in pairs.

[Article III. will deal with the red and
purple worms.] Hilderic Friend, Chiclieater.

FORESTRY.

FANCIES AND FACTS IN BRITISH
FORESTRY.

Rabbits and Woodlands. — When our Saxon
and Danish kings imagined their hunting-
grounds were in danger of getting exhausted,
they usually took a look round, selected a
nicely watered, wooded, and, generally speak-
ing, fertile tract of country, and issued a pro-
clamation to the effect that this particular
tract would henceforth become a royal forest.
The advantages of this proceeding to the king
were many. He became a landlord at once,
and provided himself ample facilities for in-
dulging in the pleasures of the chase, and of
letting the privilege out on lease to his barons
and favourites, in retiu-n for which he expected
and received substantial benefit.

In much the same way, but in a more legiti-
mate fashion, the landed proprietor who wants
sport to-day follows the royal example of a thou-
sand years ago. He sets apart certain portions,
of his estate as game preserves, and in order to
make the most of the ground, plants trees
upon it to increase its efflciency and improve
its appearance. As these trees increase in
size, the number required to produce the
desired effect becomes less, and thinnings are
made from time to time according to the
wishes of the i^roprietor, or the ideas of his.
agent or forester, and these thinnings are
either used on the estate, or sold. The sum
total of these proceedings has lately been
known by the name of British Forestry, the
primary object of which is the provision of
.suitable conditions for rearing, preserving,
and shooting pheasants and rabbits.

For the last 200 years or so, attempts have
been made from time to time to turn what was
formerly known as the "vert," and now as
the "covert," to better account, and in this
way estate woodlands came to be included
amongst the minor sources of revenue, and as^
a reserve of capital which could be made
available in time of emergency. This commer-
cial aspect of the ease brought into existence
the British forester, and to his zeal in the
development and improvement of his particular
section of the work may be traced that slight
resemblance to economic forestry which Eng-
lish wood-management exhibits to-day. Un-
fortunately for him, his work has always been
of an uphill nature, and while his endeavours
have been made in one direction, those of his
hereditary enemies, the rabbit and the game-
keeper, have been made in the opposite. Tho

November 23, 1901.]

THE GARD ES ER S ' CHR 0 NI CL E.

369

recognition of this fact doubtless gave rise to
that beautiful dream of the enthusiast on
forestry— a rabbitless game-covert, the reali-
sation of which is either so exceptional or so
short-lived that it is hardly worth taking into
account.

To insist therefore that rabbits should be
excluded from English woods altogether, and
that the latter should be maintained exclu-
sively for the production of timber, is simply
to ignore one of the chief objects which estate
owners have in view when planting or main-
taining woodlands.

It may be said that rabbits are not game ;
that many sporting proprietors profess to dis-
like them in excessive numbers, and give their
keepers orders to "keep them down"; and
that pheasants are the only legitimate occu-
pants of a bond fide game covert. All this may
be true enough ; but it is equally true that
rabbit-shooting is as good a sport in its way as
pheasant-shooting, and has the advantage of
being infinitely cheaper and less troublesome :
and we never heard of a sportsman despising
rabbits because they did not come within the
legal or technical definition of game.

It is quite true that many (one might almost
say the majority) of our sporting proprietors,
who keep their shooting in their own hands,
object to an excessive number of rabbits, and
instruct their keepers to kill them down; but
with what result? The keeper knows well
enongh that it is not the rabbits them.solves,
but the damage they do, that is objected to :
and that this damage is assessed, not by its
actual, but by its visible dimensions. As a
rule, rabbits do not make their depredations
apparent to ordinary observers until the
.shooting season has bcgnn, when it is too late
to take measures of suppression, beyond thai
included in a day's covert-shooting. Hy this
time, three-fourths of the actual damage, in
the shape of wholesale destruction of seedlings
and young plants, has already been done ; and
compared with this, further damage is unim-
portant, so far as the forester is concerned.
It is a well-known fact that a proprietor with
a gun in his hand is much less disposed to find
fault with a large head of rabbits than when
he is only taking a walk round his woods with
the aid of a slick. The keeper knows that it'
lie can stave off the day of reckoning until the
shooting season, an excess of ral)l)ils becomes
more of a virtue than a fault ; and then there
is always the " season "' to fall back on.

Rabbits may have a bad breeding season
sometimes, but the only way of bringing that
desirable event about that we know of is by
means of shooting and trapping. A good or a
bad breeding season, therefore, is usually
determined by the energy, or lack of it, dis-
played by the keeper during the early months
of the year in the way of conscientious ferret-
ing, netting, or shooting. We fear the usual
method he employs of carrying out this opera-
tion is somewhat as follows: — Ho sallies out
with his pipe, his gun, and his ferrets, drops
the latter into a burrow, lights his pipe, and
.stands easy. In a big burrow not more than
half the rabbits bolt ; of those that do, he kills
perhaps one out of three, and then spends the
next hour or two in digging out his ferrets.
At this rate, about two or three burrows are
gone over in a day ; the ])rocess is repeated
daily (weather permitting) for about a fort-
night, and the rabbits are then considered
" kept down."

But occasionally one comes across an estate
where the damage has been so severe, or tlio
forester's oonstantropresentations have been so
persistent, that the rabbits have really heeii
got down in earnest. Iji the latter casi-
the forester puts on a cheerful face, fills his

blanks and odd corners up with young trees,
and feels that British forestry has a future
before it after all. For a couple of years,
perhaps, all goes well, then the estate-owner
and his old sporting friends compare notes.
This is the place wiaere A. shot his rabbits so
well two years ago. B. remembers the fun
they had with the rabbits in that particular
covert ; and the keeper casually reminds C.
that this was the ride in which he shot thirty
rabbits in one stand, and regrets that the
chance of doing it again is gone now, worse
luck. The proprietor explains to his guests
the enormous damage the rabbits did, and how
he was reluctantly compelled to get them
down ; and then they all sigh gently, and
change the subject as a painful one. Mean-
while, the keeper has taken all this in, and
knows he is ou safe ground again. Next year
the rabbits increase (season, of course), and
nothing is said ; the year following they
increase still more, and in a short time things
are where they were, and the forester's trees
are not where they were, that is the only
difference.

The above state of affairs is what goes on
in ninety per cent, of the estates tliroughout t he
country, and will go on in spite of all that may
be said or argued against it. One may suggest
a remedy here, another a remedy there, but
none actually exist, for the simple reason that
the rabbits provide sport for the sportsmen,
while the trees only provide sport for the
rabbits. Extinguish the sportsman, and you
may extinguish the rabbit,' and in all pro-
bability the wood as well. A. C. Forbes.

PLANT NOTES.

KOSA ClXXAMO.Ml'^A.
Ar.r, those who like plants with tinted foli-
age in the autumn should grow this Hose,
whose leaves turn to a pretty .shade of colour
when dying off, varying from brown to cinna-
bar-red and yellow. I suppose it derives its
specific name from the.se characteristics, as I
have not discovered anything else relating to
Cinnamon in connect ion with it [the young bark].
The plants at lielvoir grow in full sunshine
against a fence painted blue, which show off
their autumn tints to perfection. Some old stock
plant' growing amongst Rhododendrons in one
of the woods have not coloured, owing to their
shady position. The plants here are all of the
double form, but doubtless the single one
would colour equally well. It is a plant of
small growth, with numerous small thorns on
the stems, and its leaves are of the size and
very similar to those of the Scotch Rose — R.
spinosissima, the flowers rose-coloured in the
centre, fading off almost to white at the edge,
and are pretty when grown in the shade, but
almost useless in a sunny position. W. II.
Dicers, Belvoir Castle, Qraniham.

A RCTOTIS STtKClIADIFOLIA.

In the Gordcners' C/iroiiie(e of November 10,
r.M»0, 1 find a notice concerning .several species
of Arctotis which interests me, as I was the
introducer of A. stoechadifolia into Europe.
This very lovely plant was brought into com-
merce by Messrs. Haage & Schmidt, Erfurt,
only a short time ago. The first seeds of
this plant 1 collected last year only, on
alluvial sands of the Tsoachaub river for the
above-named firm, who wrote to me by the last
pest that they consider it as one of the best
things I ever sent from this country. Mr.
(iinnbloton, in his notice, does not believe it
to be an Arctotis, but thinks it a Calendula.
He needs only to consult Ilarv. and Send.,
Fl. Cap., iii., p. 451, to see that he is mistaken.

It is a species, that is not at all doubtful ;
but it is, as we call it, a very good one. He'has
seen, probably, only specimens with entire
leaves, but they are very polymorphic. The
name A. grandis is objectionable ; grandis,
Less., is a variety of my plant which does not
occur here. Lovers of S. African plants intro-
duced for the first time in Europe by the
writer of these lines, will find in the general
Catalogue of Messrs. Haage & Schmidt for
1901, a good lot of such plants, which will
mostly be easily recognised by the words,
South Africa, or South-west Africa. Kurt
Dinter, Forstivirtscliaftliche Station, Brak-
water, German S.-W. Africa.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

OLD HVACINTH8.

Most of the varieties referred to in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, p. •'ilO, are offered in a
very elaborate descriptive bulb catalogue,
published in English in the year 1709, by the
firm of Voorhelm & Schneovoogt, successors
to Voorhelm & Van Zompel, of Haarlem. It
contains 108 pp., with a supplement of 32 pp.
No fewer than 15 pages are devoted to Hya-
cinths, with accurate descriptions of nearly
•200 double red, 2,1) double white, and 300
double blue varieties ; nearly 300 single blue,
over 100 single white, and about 70 single red
varieties. The appendix " of many new sorts
of Hyacinths," itc, describes 52 double reds,
19 double whites, 05 double blues, 84 single
blues, 31 single whites, 7 single yellows, and
01 single reds. This catalogue contains most
valuable information about the history of
these and other florist's flowers. " Moreover,"
says the author in the preface, " the most part
of Dutch and French names are English, to
please such British flowrists who might be un-
acquainted with that language." So wo find
"Flonkor Stcr (Sparkling Star)," " Konig's
Kroon (King's frown)," &a., a system which
might bo useful to avoid confusion, even in
our days.

A catalogue without date, but published be-
tween 1814 and 18'20 by E. 11. Krclage, Haarlem,
contains all the varieties referred to in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle, with only two exceptions.
Only one of these, viz., Madame de Saint
Simon, is sti'l to bo found in the collection of
this firm. There are, however, some other
Hyacinths of the same period which still exist,
although in very limited quantities ; indeed,
in a few bulbs of each variety only, viz.,
Cilobo terrestre, Ne plus Ultra, Passe no
plus ritra. Grand Monarqiie de France,
Sphiera mundi, Eendracht, and some others.
As a rule, these old-fashioned double Hya-
cinths arc very late bloomers, and either do
not propagate at all , or so slowly that they are of
no use for present trade purposes. Conse-
quently they have generally been abandoned,
and alow specimens only may still be found in
some old nurseries which keep them as curio-
sities. Most of these used to be shown almost
yearly in M<>ssrs. Krclage's show beds of Hya-
cinths, arranged for the last time in 1801. All
the varieties named in this paper ou p. 340 are
still remembered by my father, who know
them all in his youth, when they were reckoned
among the more inferior trade varieties. His
library contains many drawings and en-
gravings of the most famous Hyacinths of the
period 1750-1800. E. II. K., Haarlem.

CAcrrs Dahlias Lobuluv and Biikma.

These are two quite distinct varieties, and
both of (ierman origin (See p. 343 — "The
Mannjact lire of C'oii/ii.sion.) Loreley was sent
out in 1897, and was then the best of its colour—

370

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

a soft rosy-mauve, with lighter though not pure
white centre, an abundant bloomer, with very
graceful flowers. Brema, sent out in ISOO, has
much larger flowers, of a deeper shade of rose,
and pure white centre; most effective, al-
though not of true Cactus shape, and perhaps
somewhat too heavy. The two varieties can-
not be confounded one with the other by any-
one who has once seen them, provided the
plants or flowers are true to name. E. H. K.,
Haarlem.

FRUaT REGISTER.

MIRABELLE PLUM.
A NEW variety is figured in the Revue
Hortir.ole, for October IG, under the name of
Gloire de Louveciennes. Tlie fruit is of the
size of a pigeon's egg, citron-yellow, with rose
coloured spots. Flesh firm, sugary, with a
slight Apricot flavour.

Pear Munz Apothekerbirne.
(Garten Flora, October, tab. 1491.)
A medium-sized Pear, obovate, oblong, with
a stalk rather more than 1 inch long, con-
tinuous with the fruit. Skin yellowish, eye
open, flesh white, of good flavour; ripe in
August.

Amongst some of the newest varieties, and
which will not be distributed till next spring,
I specially note Henry James, a noble bloom of
the old Oceana type, with deep incurving
florets of great width, colour a lovely shade of
soft chrome-yellow ; Countess Cromartie, soft
lilac-mauve, shaded pale purple, with long,
flat florets : S. H. Croucher, a .Japanese in-
curved, with broad grooved florets, deep in
build, colour a fine pure golden-yellow of a
very clear tone. Miss Linda Sewell ; this is a
distinctly large Japanese of a fiery reddish-
crimson, with a gold reverse. Others, such as
Justice Way, crimson; Princess Patricia,
purple-amaranth ; Capt. Lee, a warm golden
terra-cotta with bronze reverse, are all de-
cidedly promising. C. H. P.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

NEW CHUYSANTHEMDMS.

Growers of the popular autumn flower must
not be surprised, and especially those who
belong to the class of novelty hunters, if they
find before the season is over something like a
revolution in the state of affairs. There is
every indication that there will be a .somewhat
keen struggle for supremacy among the seed-
ling raisers this year. Ever since the first
appearance of Australian novelties there has
been a marked increase in number, and cer-
tainly a higher standard of excellence percep-
tible in the succeeding instalments that we
have received from our Australian growers ;
and most persons will agree that during the
past two years there has been something like
a decline in the quality of the continental
seedlings generally. Mr. Pockett, Mr. Kers-
lake, and Mr. Brunning are certainly a trio to
be reckoned with, and their productions have
this autumn turned out well. Especially
grand is Mrs. T. W. Pockett, a Japanese
variety of fine proportions, having narrow
florets very closely and compactly arranged,
forming a fine, deep flower not unlike a Carnot,
but of a pure yellow tint. Then Millicent
Richardson is another fine variety, very large
in size, with florets of great length ; colour
pale rosy-amaranth, reverse silvery. C. J.
Salter, a pure pale yellow, is well known, and
is again good ; Lord Roberts, which won a
Gold Medal in Australia, is a brilliant deep
golden-bronze, with inside of chestnut-crimson ;
Nellie Pockett is known to everybody ; Mr. T.
Carrington, Australie, and several of the
older ones are probably still as popular as
ever.

Of a very fine type is Frank Hannaford, a
Japanese incurved flower with narrow grooved
florets, very close and deep, colour golden-
bronze ; Mrs. Harry Emerton, of fine form,
long and drooping florets, colour golden
canary-yellow, is equally meritorious ; Blanda
is immense, and deep in build, and of a rosy-
amaranth colour with silvery reverse. There
are many others bearing names strongly sug-
gestive 3f patriotic or domestic feelings.

base of the lamina will be seen to be set upou
the petiole in a straight line, and to be soiue-
whaterect. InCbani:eropshumilis (fig. 113), the
base of the lamina is reniform, the large ligula
3-lobea. Indeed, whilst Chamserops humilis
has the undermost segments of the lamina
directed away from the petiole at an acute
angle, those of the C. Birroo are crossed over
the petiole. I took the following notes on the-
spot : — Petiole up to 1"10 m. long, 2'5 cm.
broad at the base, 1"5 cm. broad under the
apex, the apex dilated to 3 cm. ; ligula
3-lobed, lobes sub-equal, the middle one
somewhat prolonged, all obtuse ; spines re-
mote, geniculate, as much as 3'.j cm. long, very
irregularly arranged ; lamina strong, glabrous,
reniform, with 32 segments, which are bifid for

1

^HH

1

jS|||^A^

■1 '

1

m

^M

i^^^M^*^

^^^^

Wm

^s

1

^^

''^■'■""

■4m

m

■n

Fig. 112.— cocos yatay.

tiS GARDEN PALMS.

Cham.EROPS Birroo. — In the nurserymen's
catalogues this Palm (fig. 113) is seldom to bo
found — at least, under this name. But why is
it ? I have looked for the plant for many years
in different botanical gardens and private col-
lections, but nowhere could I find it. Some
time ago I at last found fine specimens on the
Riviera. The first one I saw was in the famous
Palm nurseries of Mr. Winter, at Bordighera
(Italy), of which I took a photograph. After-
wards I found very fine old male and female
specimens in the Villa Thuret, at Antibes,
where Mr. Naudin lived for so many years
after the death of M. Thuret.

I think Champerops Birroo is a mere variety
of C. humilis ; but it is a very characteristic
one. Up to the present I have not seen
flowers or fruits, but I hope to get them in
due time. Two characteristics are significant
of this variety, viz., the very long spines of
the petiole, which are yellowish, up to
3j centimetres long, and geniculate, and the
base of the lamina of the leaf. If the ordi-
nary Chamserops humilis be examined, the

more than half their length; old spathes uni-
laterally split down, glabrous, 15 cm. long,
5 cm. broad. A bushy plant, with one or more
stems, about 2 metres high.

I have still to mention that a plant in the
Villa Thuret bears a label with the note that
it is a descendant of C. macrooarpa. Whether
or not this label was in Mr. Naudin's hand-
writing I could not make out. The C. macro-
carpa is not a very distinct species so far as I
can see, as it is impossible to say from the
fruits where Cham;erops humilis begin, and
where C. macrocarpa ends.

Cocos Bli'men.wii, Hort.
This Palm belongs to that group of Cocos
that was introduced into the gardens of
Northern Europe some years ago from the
Riviera — fine, strong specimens of it, together
with C. campestris, C. Gaertneri, C. anstralis,
and C. Yatay. These have all a more or less
similar habit, and to distinguish them is by
no means always easy. The most distinct one
is the Cocos Yatay (fig. 112), the leaves of which
attain to a length of 4-25 m., are recurved in a
wide circle, with green, very long pinnules, up

NovExrBER 23, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

371

to 75 cm. loDa;, and 1 to 1'5 cm. broad ; black
spines on the long petiole, and a vagina
merging into a brown fibrous network. Cocos
Gaertneri, on the contrary, has very short
petioled leaves, which are almost erect, and
bluish-green. I cannot say whether this is a
distinct species, or only a garden form, as I
have not seen flowers and fruits.

Cocos campestris is a well known and long
ago described plant. So also is C. australis.
Now, what is Cocos Blumenavii, Hort. ? At
first sight it very much resembles Cocos
australis, but closer inspection shows some
difference. Whilst in Cocos australis the pin-

(Gros Colman x i-upestris). This hybrid, though
very healthy, has never yielded any but male
flowers, never having borne pistillate blooms.
The polleu is vei-y effective, and I have with
it artificially fertilised varieties with recurved
stamens — iladeleine, Angevine, &e. Four
years ago 1 grafted one of these stocks on
one of the hybrids I had obtained containing
seven-eighths of Vinifera sap, and only three-
eighths of .Vmericau sap (sic). Last year the
stock sent up one shoot. I immediately
observed a difference between the foliage of
this shoot and the foliage of the other plant
of Colman ; rnpestris that remained intact and

H^Hi

H^BJI^^I

^1

HHh

^

P r^^^m

1

I

B

JM

s

iHl

Fio. 113.— CHAM.KRors iiUMir.is VAR. niRRon. (see p. 370.)

nules arc arranged in groups, those of C.
Blumenavii are very regularly disposed, never
in groups. Whilst the spathc of C. australis is
glabrous, that of ('. Blumenavii is woolly or
hairy; whilst the fruits of C. australis are
elongated and tasteless, those of C. Blumenavii
are broad, depressed, and have a fine Apricot-
flavour. I do not hesitate to declare that
Cocos Blumenavii, Hort., is the true Cocos
criospatha. Dr. Udo Damnicr.

MIXED GRAFTING IN RELATION
TO THE SEX OF PLANTS.
In the Comptes Rendiis for Sept. 2, 1901. is a
papsr by M. A. Jurio on the sexes of plants as
influenced by mixed grafting, llo says that : —
" 1 have for ten years possessed two plants
of a hybrid Grape of M. Millardet, No. 100

was beside it. The loaf was more puckered,
of a deeper green ; the veins and the wood
were also redder. All these differences
showed the influence of the graft, the leaves
of which arc |)ucker('d, are black-green, and
the wood of which is very dark red.

" This year I pruned back the shoot to two
eyes, the internodes being very long, the eye
longer tlian the eyes of the graft ; this eye
yielded a sturdy branch, shot out vigorously,
and at the third node of the branch there
grew a long inflorescence which, to my sur-
prise, developed suflicient fruits to form a
bunch. The fruits formed enlarged normally.
This is an exact statement of the facts.

"From the appearance of this shoot it was
possible to effect, with the grafted portion,
mixed grafting; the influence of the elabo-
rated sap of the graft, in conformity with M.

Daniel's tlieory, induced on the shoot an inflow
rescence of flowers that were, in part, her-
maphrodite. It is observable that the stock
contained seven-eighths of the vinifera sap,
originating from Vines with decidedly herma-
phrodite flowers ; the stock itself was a hybrid
of vinifera and American origin. Vinifera
sap predominated, and resulted in the formal
tion of hermaphrodite flowers by a true asexua-
hybridisation. Such is the explanation I find
of this unusual fact.

"I may add that, on this subject I have
several experiments under observation, wish-
ing to discover if by grafting, and so rendering
predominant a sap common to the stock and
to the graft, it is possible to improve the fruit,
or induce resistance to phylloxera in important
vineyards. Already accident has enabled rae
to transform, by grafting, a ' foxy ' and tardy
hybrid into a Grape entirely free from ' foxi-
ness," and ripening very early."

COLONIAL NOTES.

CEYLON.
We hear that, commencing with the present
year, it is intended to issue a new botanical
periodical to be called The Annals of the Roynl
Botanic Gardens, Peradeniiia. It will be a
journal of pure and applied botany, and will
contain chiefly the results of work performed
wholly or in part in the laboratories and
herbarium of the Ceylon Botanic Gardens, or
upon material supplied by the gardens. It
will also contain notes, papers, and reviews,
dealing with general tropical botany and its
applications; papers written in French antl
German will at times bo included, and there
will be illustrations as required. Exchanges
will l)e gladly made with other scientific
journals. Among the papers that may be pub-
lislicil within the first two years are : — History
iif till- Botanical Department in Ceylon, by the
Editor (.1. C. Willis) ; Uesearch Institute of
these Gardens, by the Editor ; Life History of
the Cacao Canker, by J. B. Carruthcrs ; Re-
vised Catalogue of the Phanerogamic Flora of
Ceylon, by .1. C. Willis ; Ucvision of the
Podosteniaeea; of India and Ceylon, by J. C.
Willis; Ceylon Ebonaeero and their Timbers,
by H. Wright ; Botany of the Maldive Islands,
by J. C. Willis and J.S.Gardiner; Notes on
Hcmileia vastiitrix, by C. Iloltermann ; Citro-
nella Oil Industry of Ceylon, by J. C. Willis
and M. K. IJamber ; SapotaceiO of Ceylon, by
H. Wright; Phylogeny of the Sympetalas, by
J. C. Willis ; and Growth in Thickness of
Tropical Trees, by H. Wright.

South Afiuca.

Orahamxtown. — We have Palms, &c., growing
here, but you have near at hand, in France
and Italy, much finer growths. Want of suffi-
cient moisture is the chief cause of this. Cli-
mates here are very local ; 400 miles to tho
west, at Cape Town, they get over 40 inches
of rain ; about tho same distance to the east
of us. Natal, the rainfall is in excess of Cape
Town, again. Our average Is 2.5 inches ; but
some years 10 to 12 inches only have fallen.

I may mention that I have recently sent to
Sir W. T. Dyer some specimens of germination
of Araucaria Bidwilli, which comport them-
selves after the way of Rhi/.ophora conjugata,
as shown in N<il. Hist. Pliinis, Koruer and
Oliver, p. 00:f, article on "Cotyledons."
There is, of course, the difference that tho
fruit of Khizophora remains suspended on tho
parent tree, while tho Araucaria is supported
by the surface of the .soil ; but tho pericarp
and cotyledon separate from the future young

372

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

plant iu the same way. This, of course, is
known to persons who liave grown this Arau-
caria from the seed ; but I do not find the fact
named in any book to which I have access
[see " Masters' Anatomy and Life History of
Coniferse," Joiirn. Linn. Hoc, 188!), xxvii.,
p. 234]. E. Tidmarsh.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McInttre, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant, The Glen, luuerleithen. Peeblesshire.
Cucumbers. — My latest Cucumber plants are
father more backward than I care to have
them, still, they will come in useful at a time
when the plants now in bearing are on the
wane, and so useful are these late Cucumbers
that no gardener need be without fruits in
February and March if the plants are kept
steadily growing. A temperature of 65° to
70° by night, to 76' or 80° on fine days, is gene-
rally recommended, and fruit-bearing plants
no doubt produce the finest Cucumbers under
this kind of treatment. It largely depends
upon a good start being given to the plants,
and their being kept steadily growing in a
minimum degree of warmth of 60°, and a maxi-
mum of 70°, and a bottom-heat of 75° to 80° —
stable-dung and tree-leaves being employed to
afford the latter. These plants should not be
stopped till January, the foliage should be
kept clear of tlic glass, and not syringed. If
it be practicable, the lights should be covered
with some warm material at night. Plants in
full bearing sliould be top-dressed with horse-
droppings and loam, given a little at a time,
and as often as may be necessary. If bottoni-
lieat be obtained from fermenting tree-leaves
and hot-water pipes combined, the drainage
being ample and good, the roots will take more
tnanure water tlian many gardeners apply, but
it must be of a mild description, weak and
varied, and 10 warmer than the soil of the
bed. Water derived from tanks that catch the
drainings of manure-heaps and hot-beds, forms
an excellent manurial aid, and it may be varied
with guano and soot-water for application at
the roots and damping down ; it should be
applied in a weak state, perfectly clear. The
materials used for top-dressing should consist
of moderately light sandy turfy loam, with the
finer particles taken out of it, coarse lime-
rubble and plenty of charcoal, the whole being
left in a warm place ready for use. A top-
dressing should bo thin ; and broken cliarcoal
should be applied round the bases of the
stems. If canker or mildew attack the plants,
a little quicklime and sulphur may be rubbed
into the parts affected, and sulphur in any
form will prevent the mildew spreading ; but
prevention being better than cure, every part
of the house, including the floor and glass,
should be kept scrupulously clean, and not a
particle of decaying matter be left lying on
the bed. There should be a constant inlet of
fresh air, not in the ordinary way by opening
the top ventilators, but by admitting it near
the ground-line, a little below the hot-water
pipes. Direct syringing having been discon-
tinued, atmospheric moisture, and at the same
time a brisk bottom-heat, may be secured by
the frequent turning and renovation of the
■ bed, particularly if it is composed of gradually
decaying Oak-leaves. Removing the leaves at
this season is an operation that requires great
care, especially in dealing with the old ones,
the great secret being the avoidance of the
slightest check at a time when the vitality of
the plants is rather low. Old leaves upon
plants which have been over-fed at the out-set
often look rusty, and seem to invite the intro-
duction of the knife, but it is much the better
way to leave tliom alone for a time than run the
risk of bleeding, thereby weakening the plant.
When the trellis is quite full, a leaf here and
there may bo removed ; and space for the
extension of the best laterals may be secured
by pinching the points of weak growths on
their first appearance. Some growers leave a

few male blossoms, but no one thinks of
securing seed at this time ; therefore, the
whole of them without detriment to the fruit,
may be removed.

Orchanl-liouse. — If the trees were disbudded
and superfluous shoots removed as soon as the
fruits were gathered, very little pruning will
be necessary at this date. Still, they should
be examined ; strong shoots, in some in-
stances, cut back to triple buds about 12 in.
from their base, and others cut hard back in
order to ensure young growths. The leaders,
too, in the case of pyramidal trees, may need
shortening, and alwaj-s to triple buds. Weak
laterals with only two wood-buds, one at the
point, the other at the base, must be left
intact^certainly, until the crop is set and
shoots are pushing freely. An experienced
person can shorten back each shoot to a
nicety, but anyone who lacks the confidence
that knowledge gives will do wisely to defer
pruning altogether until there can no longer
be any question as to the position of the
wood-buds, one of which must be left at the
point of each shoot.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Matne, Gardener to tlie Hon. Mark Rolle,
Bicton. East Budleigh, Devonshire.

CauHpowei-a. — Plants wintering under hand-
lights or in common cold frames should have
the lights removed, excepting when there is
severe frost or snow. Stir the soil under the
plants at weekly intervals, following this with
a sprinkling of wood-ashes. Cauliflowers in
pots must be guarded against lack of water at
the root.

Harden Wtdks. — Now is a good time to put
gravel walks in good order by turning or re-
gravelling, or both, as may be deemed neces-
sary. Sometimes it may be necessary to pass
the old materials through a 1-inch meshed
sieve, and to make use only of the rougher por-
tion. After making sure that the drains are in
good order, make the bottom level, and place
a layer of the rough materials on it, finishing
off with another layer of fresh gravel ; level
this with an iron rake, avoiding the collection
of the largest stcmes in places. When the
levelling is done, pass a heavy roller over the
walk. If the walk can be left unused for a
week, the gravel will bind much firmer if it be
well saturated once or twice with water pre-
viously, using a large watering-can with the
rose, before and after the roller has been over
it. Two men should work the roller, wliile
two or more afford the water. When paths
newly gravelled are in use directly afterwards,
the work should be carried out while the
weather is di-y. The central part of a path
may be from 1 to 2 inches higher than the
sides, according to its width ; more than this
is inconvenient for persons walking abreast.
All binding gravel walks should be rolled
every few weeks, whilst moist. Gravels which
contain much sand never bind thoroughly, and
are invariably unsatisfactory.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By T. H. Slade, Gardener to Lord Poltimore,
Poltimore Park, E.xeter.
Plantinri Uoses. — Assuming that the beds
and borders intended to be planted are pre-
pared for planting, the work may be carried
out forthwith ; the ground is still in good
order for planting, and will so remain till
heavy rain or snow fall, in which event plant-
ing must cease. If the plants arrive from the
nursery before the land is ready for them, or
whilst it is wet and sticky, open the bundles
of plants, and lay-in the latter by the heels in
trenches securely from frost, and plant when
circumstances are favourable. In planting
dwarfs, it is advisable to cover the union of
Rose and stock about an inch with soil, and
thus steady the plant in the ground, and in-
duce roots to push from the Rose itself.
Pruning should be left till the spring, but
apply a light mulch forthwith to newly planted
and to old Rose-beds. In some parts of the
country it is advisable, and even necessary, to

afford protection against frost ; and for such a
purpose dry bracken or stable-litter may be
used, removing it partially or wholly in mild
weather ; otherwise the plants may be induced
to make growth, instead of resting. Spruce
Fir boughs, bracken, and litter should be kept
in readiness for use when required.

Earlij-jloweriuiiChrijiiantheniums. — The plants
should now be trimmed over, and the varieties
of which cuttings are required lifted and
placed in a cold frame, bedding them in leaf-
soil. Any of these varieties which are not in
bloom at this date may be lifted and potted,
and brought into the greenhouse, where they
will afford flowers fit for various decorative
purposes. Early -flowering varieties worth
growing are Queen of the Earlies, Golden
Queen of the Earlies, Mme. Marie Massee, and
the crimson form of that variety ; A. E.
Mauser, O. J. Quintus, Harvest Home, Mytchet
White, Pride of Mytchet, and Ryecroft
Scarlet.

The Home Nursery and the Reserve Garden.
— Cuttings of shrubs desired may now be
propagated. Some of the more common garden
shrubs and trees that may be struck from
cuttings at this season are Ribes, Willow,
Paulownia, Poplars, Philadelphus, Privet of
all species and varieties, Laurels, Roses, Loni-
ceras. Ivy, Lilacs, Cornus, Euonymus, Althea
frutex, &c. Cuttings will vary in length from
9 to 12 inches, according to the species. In
the case of plants which are grown as
standards, the lower buds on the cuttings
should be removed, but those on cliinbers and
trailers should be retained. The cuttings,
being of various sizes and lengths, should be
placed in trenches made with an upright face,
and from 6 to 9 inches deep, and the cuttings
arranged at from C to 12 inches apart. A
cutting should rest on firm soil, and tlictrcnch
filled in firmly, road-grit or sand being first
scattered along the base of the cuttings.
Rose-cuttings, If not put in earlier, may be
similarly treated ; also Rose-stocks of the
Dog Rose, Polyantha, and Manetti species.

Hints on General Work. — The frosts during
the past fortnight have ranged from 5° to 15°,
and deciduous trees are being rapidly denuded
of their leaves, and everything in the border
that is not perfectly hardy is putting on its
winter dress. The patches of white formed
by plants of Krmiga maritima are still con-
spicuous in the herbaceous perennial borders.
The litter constantly accumulating in the
borders and on the lawns and walks must be
raked and swept up frequently. The lawns
must be rolled as often as the staff will allow.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. MEASOkes, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road, Camberwell.

The EuAt Iii(iiai!-/io»se.— Most of the Aerides
having completed their growth, only sutticient
water should be att'orded as will keep the
foliage plump, and the moisture in the atmo-
sphere should also be reduced to the lowest
point, especially towards night, and during
cold or verj' sunless weather. When Aerides
are kept fairly dry, a drop in the temperature
of a few degrees will not harm them ; although
it is advisable to keep the temperature from
much fluctuation during the winter, avoiding
the use of much fire-heat in mild weather, and
maintaining the proper degree of warmth during
unfavourable weather. If these conditions
are observed, the "spot" on the leaves will
seldom occur, and progress will be satisfactory
during the season of growth.

Saccolahinms and R/iyuc/iostyHs.— Where the
gardener must grow these plants in a moist
stove, the surfacing of sphagnum-moss should
be removed. These genera having very thick
leaves, the plants are enabled to exist with-
out injury under dry conditions, and with but
very little water at the root. When water has
to be afforded, nothing should be allowed to
remain on or about the roots that will prevent
these from getting dry within a short period
of time. Saccolabium bellinum should be
placed in a light position at the warmer part

November 23, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHR0:NICLE.

373

of the iatermediate-house for the next few
weeks, the plant being still in active growth.

A?ir;ra;cHHis. — The miniature Angrsiecuras,
always interesting where they can be induced
to grow satisfactorily, yield abundant blooms
in their season. While most of them succeed
under the moist conditions found in the warm
intermediate house during the summer, they
must be removed to a warmer house for the
winter, and hung up near the roof in a light
position. At the present date many of the
plants are in active growth, and are in that
state for the greater part of the year, so that
while affording sufficient moisture at the root,
care must be taken to prevent the materials
remaining in a moistened condition for any
length of time. The larger growing species
being now at rest, require the same kind of
treatment as inmates of the East Indian
division — referred to in this note.

Deudrobiiims. — Some of the early-flowering
species of deciduous Dendrobiums are show-
ing their flower-buds, and if the plants are to
flower early a very small advance in tempera-
ture may Ijc afforded ; a high degree of warmth
tending to the production of growth rather
than flowers. In smoky and foggy neighbour-
hoods the entire section of early-flowering
Dendrobes should be kept cool and quiet for
the next five or six weeks, which will bring us
to a season when the prospects of a crop of
flowers of good quality will be much better
than at this season.

THE UAEDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Herein.

P/anting ]r\nl btufhes. — The planting of fruit
bushes should proceed simultaneously with
that of Apples and Pears. In gardens in
■which small fruits havequartcrs to themselves,
a distance of '> to 0 feet from bush to bush
should be allowed, and for the first season or
two some light intercropping may be allowed.
In mixed fruit plantations the distance apart
often has to bo regulated according to that of
the chief fruit-trees, but crowding together
of the bushes should be avoided. Where space
permits. Gooseberries and Black Currants
should stand at 8 feet apart. The land should
be deeply worked, and manure liberally
applied at the bottom of the trenches.

liUirk Currants. — These prefer a moist soil,
and where such a site is available it should bo
chosen for tliis fruit. In recent years the Cur-
rant bud-mi te lias caused much loss in some pa rt s
of the country, ruining the bushes and thecrops.
No real check has boon discovered for this pest,
but it has been demonstrated that when grown
in isolated rows, with (looseberries or some
other crop between, the Hlack Currants may
be grown more successfully than when planted
in quantity by themselves. The varieties
grown should include Lee's Prolific, Carter's
Champion, and the Hlack Naples. Of Red
Currants, lied Dutch, a good sweet cojnnion
variety ; Kaby Castle, a late dark red ; La
Fertile, or Fay's Prolific, large and fine, a
good exhibition variety. Wliite varieties :
White Dutch, good and early ; Transparent,
large and handsome, good cropper.

Giiosi'berricx. — Red varieties : Crown Hob,
Whinliam's Industry, for picking green ; War-
rington, the best flavoured ; Ironmonger,
Rifleman, Jjondon, and Conquering Hero.
White : Whitesmith, ]<'reedoni, Jenny Lind,
Eagle, and Langley (i;ige. Yellow : Golden
Drop, Keepsake, Leveller, Ringer, and Lang-
ley Beauty. Green : Gretna Green, Glanton
Green, Keepsake, Shiner, Green Gage, and
Gr<<en Walnut. Goo.soberries may be success-
fully grown as upright cordons or pillar
plants, and do well on north walls or fences, in
which position the fruits may be protected
till late in the autumn, and when thus grown
they form a useful addition to the bush fruits.

Ra»pl>erric« usually occupying the same
land for several years, it should be put into
good heart before the plants are set out. It
should therefore be trenched 2 or more spits
in depth. Light soils should be heavily

dressed with rotten cow-mauure, and those
soils that are cold and clayey should receive a
dressing of half-rotten stable -manure, crushed
bones, and mortar-rubbish, these being incor-
porated with the staple in the process of
trenching it. Planting may take place after
some weeks. Various methods are adopted
for planting Raspberries. A strained wire
fence is one of the best means for securing the
canes in private gardens. These fences arc
arranged about 0 feet apart, and the canes
planted singly at 2 feet apart alongside. Two
wires, the upper one about 5 feet high, will
suffice ; and these should be secured to iron
or oaken standards, and strained tightly by
means of raidisscitrs, or nuts and screws.
•Vnother method of planting is in clumps of
three or four at 4 feet apart iu the rows, and
secured to upright stakes, or collected into
bundles of eight to twelve, half from one
stool and half from the other, and bent over
so as to form an arch, tying them together in
several places, and securing them to a stake
placed about the middle of the bow. One of
the best varieties to plant is Superlative, the
fruit of which is much in advance of others in
size and in flavour, making it eligible for the
dessert. This variety is also a prolific and
perpetual bearer, and produces a few fruits
well into the autumn from the lower laterals.
Other good varieties are Baumforth's Seedling,
Carter's Prolific, Fastolf, and Semper Fidelis,
a bright coloured and sharp-flavoured variety,
excellent for preserving, and which birds will
not eat. Yellow fruited varieties are Antwerp,
-Magnum lionum. (iuinca, and Yellow Super-
lative; while October Red and Belle do
Fontenay are good autumn bearing kinds.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts. CJardcner to Husset Packk, Esq.,
Prcstwold Hall, Loughborough.

Lily of the Valleii. — The finest variety for
early forcing is that called the Berlin variety.
As soon as these come to hand, pot them
forthwith, never permitting them to get
dry. If potting cannot be attended to just
then, plunge thebundlesof crowns temporarily
in damp moss or soil. A pot -1^ inches in
diameter is a useful size for Lily of the Valley,
twelve to fourteen crowns being put into a
pot, employing almost any kind of finely-sifted
soil, and potting firmly and sutliciently deep,
to leave the crown just visible at the surface
of the soil. After potting, afford water to set tie
the soil, and plunge the pots to the rim in a bed
of coal-ashes out-of-doors; it being thought
necessary that the crowns should be " frosted "
before forcing them. My own experience
teaches mo that no dilTercnce is noticeable
between frosted Lily of the Valley, and those
that have been long exposed to the weather.
From now onwards batches may be put into
the forcing pit once a fortnight. Let the pots
bo plunged in a bed having a warmth of 80° to
8.")', top heat of tiH', covered with cocoa-
nut fibre or moss, and kept constantly moist
till the flower-spikes are developed ; then
gradually accustom the plants to the light by
removing some of the moss or Cocoanut-fibre,
and ultimately place them upon a shelf in a
house having a temperature of 0.5°. For
decorative i)urposes, the root masses may be
divided without injury, and placed in fancy
bowls, and mossed over.

Spirri'd.s. — Pot up clumps on arrival into
largo 48's or small 32's, according to the size
of the clumps, using linely-sifted soil around
them; put them in a cold frame plunged in
tree-leaves, with a few of the latter over the
crowns. They should be got into growth before
they are forced in heat. The varieties which
are liked the best are S.astilboides floribunda,
S. japonica, and S. compacta multiflora. In
forcing Spirieas, much water at the roots is
needed, and much humidity in the air. Weak
liquid manure-water may bo applied when the
flower-spikes are coming along.

Pobj(jonalum cmd Dielytra require similar
treatment to Spirseas in potting and after

management. In order to make large speci-
mens, several clumps should be placed
together iu large pots.

Freesias, — These bulbs may now be gently
forced, if very early flowers are required. Let
each growth be separately secured to a neat
stake, this being a better method than placing
three or four sticks around the edge, and a.
ring of raffia to support the growths.

SItow Pelanjoniums. — Those plants that were
the earliest to be cut back, being advanced a
little in growth, may be potted in the pots in
which they will flower, that is 24's. Employ
a compost consisting of turfy- loam three
parts, leaf- soil one part, with sand ; pot-
ting firmly. Place the plants on a bench or
shelf near to the light in the greenhouse, and
afford water sparingly during the winter, and
only when absolutely necessary. Vapourize
or fumigate the plants occasionally. Zonal
varieties are now at their best, and notes-
should be made with a view ot weeding out
the least desirable varieties.

HERBACEOUS BORDER.

HELIANTHUS MOLLIS and II. TOJIENTOSUS-
A i"EW weeks since, a very handsome Sun-
flower received an Award ot Merit from thc-
Royal Horticultural Society, under the name
of Heliauthus mollis. The plant has bceii
known as II. mollis, but it would now appear
that the correct name, according to Ivew, is-
II. tomentosus ; therefore, anyone desirous of
adding the certificated II. mollis to their col-
lections should make a point of asking for the
kind to which the award was made, otherwise-
they may receive an inferior plant. This
matter is more important than appears on the-
surfaco, as, apart from the two distinct forms-
named above, there is a very iiuIilTorent plant
also that is said to be H. mollis, but which
docs not agree with any authoritative descrip-
tion of that plant, and is not worth growing
in company with the best of these two species.
When the award was made, three hardy-plant
firms were exhibiting cut blooms of the so-
called II. mollis, ami in two instances the
plants were identical, and in the third a
dilTerenee was remarked in the flower-heads,,
such as would arise in seedlings. The per-
plexing part is, that this last and the best forn>
alluded to above bear distinct specific names,
for the difference is slight indeed if wc are to
regard the plants as distinct species.

By the kindness of Mr. Amos Perry, Winch-
more Hill, and Messrs. T. S. Ware, Ltd.,
Feltham, I am in receipt of ground plants of
these Sunflowers for comparison and test
purposes. A marked characteristic of II.
mollis (Ware) and II. tomentosus (Perry) is the
thrice forked arrangement of the inflorescence
as this emerges from the decidedly acuminate,
obcordate, perfoliate leaf that encompasses the
flowering stem at its first inclination to-
branch, at nearly 2 ft. from the ground. In
both, the involucral bracts constitute an ideal
formation, while the root-stock and the mode
of breaking from the soil are also identical.
The only other difference, and it is indeert
trifling, is that II. tomenfosus is possibly
rather whiler than H. mollis; indeed, so nearly
identical do these plants appear, tiiat they
may well pass as varieties of one spei^ios.

Those, however, who are desirous of adding
one of the handsomest of perennial Sunflowers,
to their collection, should make a pointed refe-
rence to the plant that has been honoured by
the Award of Merit this summer. The plant
is about 5 ft. high, and apart from its chief
characteristics of leaf and stem, the downy
character of the tomentnm is very striking.
E. H. Jenkins, Hamfitoii Jlill.

374

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[November 23, 1901,

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Mlustrations. — The Editor will thankfully receive and select
photographs or dravnngs, suitable for reprodvction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, t&c. ; but he
cannot be responsible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— r?i€ Editor does not
vndertake to pay for any contributioJis, or to return the
vnused communications or illustrations, unless by special
«[,rrangement.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

THURSDAY, Nov.

^ \ Societe Nationale d'ilorticul-
'/ turede France (Orchid Show).

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

EVERY DAY EXCEPT SATURDAY.—

Dutch Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms.
Bulbs, Shrubs, Roses, t&c., PoUexfen & Co.

MONDAY, Nov. 2.5.—

Cleanance Sale of Nursery Stock at Cockmannings
Nurseries. St. Mary Cray, by Protheroe & Morris at
II. -"^O. — Bulba, Palms, &c., Stevens' Rooms: also at
Joluison, Dymond & Co., and Japan Lilies at i p.m.

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 27 —

Japanese Lilies, Palm Seeds, Roses, Lily of the
Valley Crowns, &c., at Protheroe & Morris' Rooms ;
also at Stevens' Rooms ; Japan Lilies, same phice,
2 •'JO P.M.

FRIDAY, Nov. 29.—

Imported and Established Orchids at Protheroe &

Morris' Kooms.

[For fitrtker particulars see Adirrtiseiuent colttiinis.)

AvEBAGE Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-41'r.
Actual Temperatures :—

London.— lYoirw/jf r 20 (6 P.M.) : Max. .5i;°; Min. ,M".

Xoveinber21.—l>nU, mild, rainy.
Provinces.— iVoi'fiHftcr 20(6 p.m.) : Max. .'.1°, Soutliern
Counties ; Min. 34°, Orkneys.

A CORRESPONDENT Sends on ,1

Double post-card a query which •would
flowers, and i -, i j? ,

their produc- demand a volume for a reply,
tion. He asks for some information

concerning double flowers, per-
ceiving rightly that several different condi-
tions are included under that term. The
loose nomenclature of gardens may be
adequate for ordinary purposes, Ijut when
the natuj-al inquisitiveness of the plant-
lover comes into play the necessity for some
less vague terminology begins to lie felt. It
is the aim of the scientific naturalist to
secure that each distinctive word that he
makes use of shall have one definite
signification and one only. Of course,
he does not fully succeed in thi.s, for
he cannot impose his will upon others
whilst differences of application and varia-
tion in interpretation arise either from
individual carelessness or from legitimate
differences of opinion. In course of time
also, owing to the advances of knowledge,
things come to be looked at in a different
light; new ideas gradually evolve, the old
nomenclature becomes obsolete, and is sup-
planted by thenew. This is not an unmixed
blessing, tor the new is often no improve-
ment upon the old, and science becomes
encumbered by a useless synonym.

Those who devote themselves to systematic
botany consider themselves bound by the
rules of priority: thus if a plant has been
described and designated by a name, that
name must be retained in perpetuity, and no
one has the right to alter it, unless it can l.ie
shown to be, in substance, erroneous. Even
then the change should not be made lightly,
after the manner of some men, liut only after
the fullest consideration. In other depart-
ments of botanj', physiological, anatomical,

chemical, a less strict adherence to priority
is admissible, liecause new discoveries often
entail new interpretations of old facts, and
wider and clearer interpretations of familiar
phenomena. Still, it is a great nuisance to
one who has left the students' benches to
take up a book and find a new terminology
made use of in cases where it is not desir-
able or necessary. How often do we meet
with neologisms which, when comprehended,
are found to be merely new expressions for
old facts ■?

In the field or in the herbarium the rule
of priority is acknowledged and acted on
more or less loyally ; but in the laboratory,
especially German ones, no such restrictions
seem to be thought of — and so we have
half a dozen different epithets for the same
thing. This applies especially to the nomen-
clature of the tissues, but is not confined to
microscopical anatomy. For instance, the
familiar "stamens" and "pistils" are by
some now called sporophylls, or sometimes
mierosporophylls and megalo- sporophylls
respectively !

The new terms, it is true, denote facts and
deductions from facts of extreme import-
ance, which were formerly unthought of.
But is it not preferable to continue to use
an old term which commits the user to
nothing in the way of explanation, and
which in itself is a meaningless label, rather
than adopt a new and cumbrous expression
which may be out of date to-morrow Y

The result is, that in this particular the
scientific student becomes as loose in his
use of terms as the gardener who makes no
pretence, but who often adopts scientific
methods in spite of himself !

Keverting to the subject of double flowers,
we may begin by eliminating those which
in a botanical sense are not double. This
sweeps away all the so-called double Chrys-
anthemums, Asters, Daisies, Sunflowers —
all the Composites, in fact, which owe their
epithet " double "' to conditions which are
not the same as those to which the botanist
applies the word "double."

Again, two or more Dahlias, or other
flowers, by some accident, at or soon after
birth, become united — or at least do not
separate one from the other as they should
do — and these the gardener calls double.

Another class of so-called double flowers
occurs when a petal, instead of remaining
single, divides or branches either radially
(some Mallows) or collaterally (Primrose).

What, then, are double flowers '? In a strict
botanical sense, double flowers are those in
which an additional number of petals is
produced, either by actual increase of
number, or by the substitution of petals
for stamens or for carpels, or both (Rose
Camellia, &c.).

It is quite possible that the causes which
bring about these various kinds of double
flowers are also diverse, and this being so,
it may be of great practical importance to
determine what they are. This brings us to
what our correspondent wants to know.
Unfortunately it is just here that the
deficiencies in our knowledge are greatest.
In some eases we say, and rightly, they are
hereditary ; but this explains nothing, it
only implies that there was a time when
the structure was different from what it
has since l)ecome. What brought about
the change, and why has it become fixed
and hereditary y

Again, we say glibly — but, no doubt, with
some truth — that these double flowers are
the result of some differences in the condi-
tions under which plants grow — to a differ-
ence in the "environment," as it is the
fashion now to say. These changes bring
about a corresponding alteration in the
nutrition of the plant, and so on. All this
is true enough, but it is not sufficient for
practical purposes. We still want to know
how and why. The difficulty of finding out
is increased l.)y the fact that we constantly
find one plant out of many producing double
flowers, or it may even be one flower out of
several on the same branch, that is doubled,
whilst all the others are normal, and yet the
" environment " is, for aught we can see,
unchanged.

Of late years the production of double
flowers has been attriliuted to the action of
mites or other insects, to fungi, and quite
recently to the influence of nematode worms
in the roots. It cannot be denied that such
causes may lie oiierative. All that we can
say is, that although we are pretty familiar
with double flowers in a wild and in a culti-
vated state, as also with the effects of injury
from insects and fungi of various kinds, yet
we have never seen any such morphological
changes as are exhibited in "double" flowers
as a result of parasitic injury. What we do
find in such case are pathological deformi-
ties in which regularity of conformation is
abolished, and more or less shapeless masses
ensue, or, as in the case of galls, we find a
regular adaptation to the requirements of the
insect.

Speaking generally, then, we do not think
the causes of the doubling of flowers are at
all sufficiently understood. Morphology has
done its part ; it is now for the experimental
physiologist to endeavour to ascertain and,
if possible, to prove what are the causes
which bring about doubling. The results to
practical horticulture will eventually be
commensurate in importance with the bene-
fits conferred on vegetable physiology.

*** Our Almanac. — According to our ustial
practice we shall shortly issue a Gardeners'
Ctironicle Almanac for the year 1902. In order
to make it as useful as possible for reference,
we shall be ohiifjed if Secretaries of Horticul-
tural, Botanical, and allied Societies, or any of
our correspondents, will send its immediate
intimation of all fixtures for the coming year,

HOHERIA POPULNEA (Supplementary Illus-
tration).— We are indebted to Mr. Burbidob,
of the Trinity College Botanic Garden, Dublin,
for the opportunity of figuring this beautifid
New Zealand shrub. It would probably prove
hardy in southern England, and looks as if it
might be utilised for forcing purposes. It is
included in the Mallow family (Malvacese),
and is in its native country a small tree,
" everywhere admired for its handsome foliage
and the beauty of its pure white flowers,
which are produced in vast profusion during
the early winter mouths." So said the late
Mr. Kirk in his very useful Forest Flora of
Neiv Zealand. In that work no fewer than
five plates are devoted to this species, in order
to illustrate the astonishing diversity in the
form of the foliage. Our plant, it will be .seen,
is almost typical, corresponding nearly to the
one figured on plate 53 of Kirk's work, which
represents the "Houhere" of the natives, or
the "Ribbon-wood" of the settlers. The
bark is in layers, which may be used like that
of the Lime in Europe, or for cordage. The

November 23, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

375

typial form, it appears, does not vary much in
its foliage; but it it be cut back, the new
shoots will produce leaves of different forms.
The flowers do not show the same amount of
variability, but are almost constant in all the
varieties." The plant was figured in Hooker's
/cones Plantarum, t. 5C-5, ■")i;0 ; see also J. D.
Hooker, Handbook of the New Zealand Flora
nSGT), p. 31.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The next
meeting of the Fruit and Floral Committees
will be held on Tuesday, November iO, in the
Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, Westminster,
I to 4 P.M. Instead of Prof. HessloWs demon-
stration, a lecture will be given by Mr. J. E.
Austin, on "Fruit Preserving in relation to
Fruit Culture." The lecturer will also exhibit
a large number of specimens of bottled and
otherwise preserved British fruits.

At a general meeting of the Royal

Horticultural Society held on Tuesday, Nov. 12,
twenty-two new Fellows were elected, amongst
them being Lady Clay ; Sir Alfred .S. Lett-
HRIDGE, K.C.S.[. : Major McR.\e-Gilstrap ;
E. EVANS-LOMBE, J.P., D.L. : G. H. Pinckard,
M.F.H. : making a total of 8-51 elected since
the beginning of the present year.

The vacant Victoria Medal of Honour

has been conferred by the Council of the
R.H.S. upon Mr. W. Bateson, M.A., F.R.S.,
of the I'liiversity of Cambridge, for his study
and investigations in Hybridity and Heredity.

M. LuciEN Linden, who is about to retire
from his iiost as Managing Director of the
f 'oloniale Hortieolo in order to devote him.sclf
the more closely to his famous Orchids at
Moortebeek, has just been nominated Officer
of the Order of Leopold.

A Flooded Nursery. — Tlic extensive
nur.scries of Mr. W. TitoiiaiTON, at Walton-lc-
Dale, Preston, owing to the storms of Tuesday,
November 12, were entirely flooded by the
adjacent Darwen river, the water standing
7 feet deep in many of the greenhouses.
Owing to the lie of the land, the flood receded
very slowly, and was only eventually cleared
by making a breach in the river-bank, and by
the use of manual and steam flre-engines,
kindly lent by Messrs. Horrocks, Crkwiison
* Co. As might i)e anticipated in such a
locality, the thick deposit left by the flood
was of a most foul and fd'tid nature, which apart
from other damage cannot fail to have a very
4etrimcntal effect upon the plants coated with
it, and the soil which it pervades. The flood
appears to have been locally increased by a
mass of timber from a bridge in course of
erection, blocking up the waterway. Mr.
Troughton estimates his loss at fully 1*1,000.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent In-
stitution.— Reports reach us of a very suc-
cessful concert held at Clicrtscy on the 14th
inst., on behalf of the funds of this excellent
•charity. Mr. A. .1. Brown, of the School of
Handicrafts, Chcrtsey, who on two previous
occasions has promoted similar concerts, has
thus sliowii his enthusiasm as a local secretary
of the Institution.

Stock-taking : October.— Once again a
decrease has to be reported on both imports
and exports for the month of October — the
former footing up £4,144,20."), the latter
£7.59,2',)4. The imports for the past month
were .£44,3.51,403, against £4H,49.-),008, for
October. 1900. The principal decreases are to
be found in cotton, grain, and timber; in the
.same category are cheese, unrefined sugar,
some fruits and vegetables. On the increase
side we find Barley, Oats, bacon, butter,

refined sugar, tea, and tobacco — this latter,
perhaps with an eye to the next budget,
possibly also caused by competition at home
between English and American syndicates. It
may be remembered that the imports of timber
in October of last year were abnormally large.
The following figures from the "summary"
tables are to the point : —

Imports.

ISKK).

1901.

Difference.

£

£

£

Total v?.luc

48,495,608

44,351,403

—1,144,205

(A.) Articles of food
and drink— duty
free

14,905,619

14,745,2.n5

—160,364

(B.) Articles of food
& drink— dutiable

5,599,854

4,453,009

—1,146,84.1

Raw materials for
textile manufac-
tures

6,193,663

4,188,551

-2,003,112

Raw materials for
sundry industries
and manufactures

6,8.10,815

5,353,.345

—1,497,470

(.\.) Miscellaneous
articles

1,265,025

1,436,215

+171,190

(B.) Parcel Post ...

86,210

81,457

—4,783

In sundry materials for textile manufactures
there has been a falling off— the -same remark
applies also to various manufactured articles
and sundry classes of raw materials — all of
which denotes dulness of trade, due in great
part to the uncertainty caused by the
political outlook. The figures relating to the
trade in fruit, roots, and vegetables are of
general interest : —

Imports.

1900.

1901.

Difference.

Fruits, r.aw :—

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

.Vpplcs

368,4.56

298,840

—69,616

Apricots and Peaches

8»

230

—694

Bananas... bunches

126,202

222,349

+96,057

Grapes

175,182

280,797

+ 105,615

Lemons

42,579

72,468

+£9.889

Nul8— Almonds

35,496

27,494

—8,002

Others, used as food

129,728

170,540

+40,812

Oranges

42,279

90,866

+48,587

Pears

73,134

48,619

—24,485

Plums

9,444

987

—8,457

Uncnumcratcd,raw...

39,346

46,729

+ 7,383

Fruits, dried—

Currants, lor home
consumption

108,526

214,128

+ 105,602

Raisins

142,274

1.56,766

+14,492

Vegetables, raw :—

Onions bush.

831,728

713,816

—117,111:;

Potatos cwt.

995,751

153,845

-841,906

Tomatos „

66,061

37,490

-28,571

Vegetables, raw, un-
eiiumeialcd ...value

£48,598

£13,789

—£34,809

Bananas appear to be keeping the position
they achieved on the first development of the
new line of steamers to the West Indies ; the
import of currants and raisins will also be
found of note. The value of the imports for
the past ten months is placed at .t:l2H, 7 15,972,
against 1 127, (110,780 for the same period in
1900 — an increase of £1,099,180: a diminutive
mercy. Coming now to the—

E.\ POUTS
for October, the result is about the same as
recorded for October in last year, when the
ligures weie placed at £24,742,930, against
£23,983,630— a reduction this year of £7,59,294.
The lowering of prices in coal and metals is ac-
countable for much of the falling off, and it is
curious to note a reduction of £219,000 on the
export of herrings. Taking stock of trade re-
ports in various Continental labour centres, it
would appear that labour languishes there
more than here ; which is a poor consolation.

The value of the ten months' exports is placed
at £233,342,070, against £248,214,085 for the
corresponding period of last year — a decrease
of £0,872,009. It is not likely that the tide
will turn in the period remaining to complete
the year 1901.

Presentation to F. W. Moore, Esq.,
M.R.I. A.— The Council of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society of Ireland, at their monthly meet-
ing held on Friday last, took the opportunity of
presenting F. W. Moore, Esq., M.K.I. A., with
a very handsome canteen case of forks and
knives, on the occasion of his approaching
marriage. In the absence of the President,
Mr. Robertson presided, and in making the
presentation expres.sed the pleasure it gave
his colleagues on the Council to have such a
fitting opportunity of convoying to Mr. MOORB
their sincere appreciation of his indomitable
zeal and unflagging energy in, from time to
time, helping to further the object of the So-
ciety, and on behalf of the Council wished
Mr. MooRE and his bride elect every happi-
ness in their future state. Other members of
the Council spoke to the same purpose, to
which Mr. MoORE suitably replied.

The Bordeaux Chrysanthemum Con-
ference.—Mr. Harman Payne was awarded
the Silver-gilt Medal of the Societo Frau<;aiso
des Chrysanthemistes for a most interesting
paper read at the Bordeaux Chrysanthemun
Conference on the 8th inst. The subject of
Mr. Pavne'.s paper w.as " The History of the
Introduction of the Chrysanthemum into
Franco and England."

The Dyson's Lane, Millfield and Foun-
tain Nurseries Benefit Society.— The ninth
Annual Dinner, Mr. 11. 1!. JNlAV in the Chair,
was held at the Uy.son's Lane Nurseries on
Saturday, November 10, when a large num-
ber sat down to an excellent supper supplied
by Messrs. Schmidt, of Enlield Town, after
which a programme consisting of instrumental
and vocal music was carried out to the enjoy-
ment of everyone present. The proceedings
closed with a speech from Mr. H. B. May, the
President of the Society.

Herr Max Leichtlin, Town Councillor o£
Baden- Bmlen, and corresponding member of
the .Society for the Advancement of Horti-
culture (Verein zur Befiirdorung des Garten-
baues), was, on the occasion of his seventieth
birthday, Octobi^r 21, presented with the
Silver-gilt Modal with a suitable inscription.
This is a Medal only presented as an acknow-
ledgment of service done in furthering the
aims of the Society by general advancement
of horticulture, (riii-lcn/lora, November 1, 1901.

Tomatos.— " Naturally," writes a corre-
spondent to us from Guernsey, "we have an
idea here that our Tomatos are under-rated.
When wo first started the cultivation of this
fruit, we were content to grow very inferior
varieties, and market them in a questionable
condition. We were not experts at fruit-
growing, but farmers. There was money in it
in those days, however, for the taste for To-
matos went ahe.ad of the supply. Now every-
thing is altered. We arc all experts; our
methods of cultivation are advanced ; our
varieties up-to-date, our packing and mar-
keting almost beyond reproach ; our fruit of a
very high quality ; but there is not so much
money in it. A (Jucrnsoyman sees more in the
Tomato than most people. Our youngsters are
born to it, and know a good bit about the plant
long before they know their alphabet. They
take to it as naturally as ducks take to water,
for wo are all Tomato-growers. No matter
what trades we may have learnt, or in what

376

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

department of the labour market we started to
earn our bread, we drifted into tlie growing,
and, on the whole, we have been successful.
Tinkers, tailors, quarrymen and sailors,
merchants and builders, or picture - frame
gilders, we all have our glasshouses filled with
Tomatos. Many of our houses are 300 ft. long
and 40 ft. wide, holding from 4,000 to 5,000
plants. From this number it is not unusual
to pull seven or eight tons of fruit. As this
only averages 3 lb. to 4 lb. per plant, it would
appear as only a moderate crop to an English
grower, but we do not set much value upon
the average per plant ; what we do value is
the average weight, say, in a perch of ground,
or, if wc can take from this space, say, 10 cwt.
of fruit, we are not on bad terms with our-
selves." Fruit Trade Neivs.

The Elm - beetle (Galeruque). — M. A.
MiiNEGAUX has recently communicated to the
Paris Academic des Sciences (C'omptes Renihis,
September 9), the results of his endeavours to
cope with the Elm bark-beetle. The greatest
success obtained by him was by the plan of
spreading for the larv:e a bed of moss or of
hay under V'C Elms, into which shelter they
repair when about to liocome pupa?, when it
can be at once burnt. Or fully-grown beetles
can be destroyed after knocking them out of
the branches in the morning and at sunset,
and gathering them into spread-out sheets.
By seeking their winter retreats, and raking
up and burning dead leaves, the park or
nursery is soon freed from the greater number
of these pests.

Saintpaulia ionantha in the Open Air.^
M. Andrk, in the Revue Horticole for Nov. 1,
narrates how he grows this pretty little plant
in pockets on his rockwork, with a northern
aspect. The plant does well, and blooms tlic
whole season. Each year it is renewed at
little cost or difficulty.

Continuation - School Gardens in
Surrey. — Eight years ago the Surrey County
Council established a series of continuation-
school gardens throughout the county with a
view to teaching youths the best .methods of
cultivation, and inducing them to take
practical interest in the work. Mr. J.
Wright, F.R.H.S., has just presented an ex-
haustive report on the work of the past year.
He says that it would be difficult to find at
home or abroad better tilled and more produc-
tive cottage gardens and allotments than arc
to be found in Surrey. But the advance made
by the youths in their gardens has in the
aggregate been still greater, and the results
have demonstrated that the produce of any
kind of land that is at all amenable to im-
provement can at least be doubled in value by
sound methods of cultivation. This assertion,
he says, is substantiated by the actual results
obtained in 1,682 plots of land cultivated
systematically by youths from 14 to 18 years
of age, working iinder instructions during a
period of eight years. The value of every
crop in these plots has been carefully ascer-
tained and correctly recorded, and from these
data it seems absolutely clear that the land
has actually doubled in productiveness. The
average number of merit-marks in the first
year of the experiment was 45 ; this year it is
90, and many of the workers have greatly ex-
ceeded this avci'age. The Royal Horticultural
Society has awarded one lad, Herisert C.ksar,
of Hale, near Farnham, its silver Banksian
medal in recognition of the best work tliat has
ever been seen in a school garden-plot in
Surrey or elsewhere, and he is the youngest
silver medallist of the Society in England.
Mr. "Wright adds that the money value of the

crops on three typical stations, after deduct-
ing t;40 for manure, seeds, rent, &c., is shown as
follows: — At Hale, which isongravelly soil, the
gain on the outlay in 1894 was at the rate of
£14 per acre ; this year it is £82. At Engle-
field Green (sand) there was a loss on outlay
in 1895 of £2 ; this year there is a gain of £70.
At Dorking (marl) the gain on outlay in 1895
was £2 ; this year it is £50. The labour of
the youths has not been taken into account in
these figures. Times.

Seedling Pinus austriaca. — The Earl of
DuciE writes: — "About three weeks ago a
seedling plant of Pinus austriaca, 2 feet high,
was discovered at Sarsden, near Chipping
Norton, Oxon. It occurred in a covert con-
sisting of a few Larch, some small groups of
Pinus austriaca, low Thorn -bushes, rough
grass, &c. The geological position : The
lower beds of inferior oolite a few feet above
the Upper Lias ; the soil poor and stony.
Situation : A valley facing south-east on a
bleak hillside, at about 400 feet above sea-
level ; sheltered from all winds north-east to
south. The plant has been verified at Ivew
as P. austriaca. There is, apparently, no
record of P. austriaca reproducing itself in
this country under natural conditions.
Perhaps some of your readers may be able to
cite instances of its self-sowing. I may add
that in the covert referred to, some few cases
of self-sown Larch have been noticed. Diicie,
Tortirorth Court, Nocemher 13, 1901."

The Paris Professorship of Horticul-
ture.— Since the death of our late friend, M.
-Maxi.me Cornu, no appointment of a successor
has been made. It appears from an article in
the Jardin, that the election is, in the first
instance, in the hands of the Professors of the
Museum. The claims of the various candi-
dates are discussed by them with the assist-
ance of the members of the Academy of
Science. A list of the candidates, with the
number of votes allotted to each, is then for-
warded to the Minister of Public Instruction,
who in his turn submits it to the President of
the Republic, who, as a rule, selects the can-
didate who has obtained the highest number
of votes. Among the candidates on this occa-
sion is M. Bois, whose qualifications are well
known on this side of the Channel.

Antirrhinum.— Mr. Justus Corderov sends
us a spike of an Antirrhinum bearing what
seems at first sight to be a large number of
flower - buds. But the Ijuds are destined
never to attain the dignity of flowers. On
examination they are seen to consist of green
scales only without a trace of floral organs.
The question, of course, at once arises : Now,
why is this ? But unfortunately we cannot
give an answer. To say that it is something
which disturbs the nutritive processes of the
plant is to utter a truism but not to give an
explanation.

Publications Received. — B«iWi« o/ Miscei-

laiieoits Information, Botanical Department, Triuidad,
October. ' Contents : Omplialea megacarpa ; Expedi-
tion of Dr. P. Precess to Central and South America
and tlic West Indies ; Funtumia clastica ; Death of Mr.
Sutton; the " Sugar-cane ; " Application of Manure to
Trees in the Tropics, &c.— Proceedings and Jnnrmil of
Ihr A:iricullural-HorUcnUiiral Society of India, April to
June, includes Notes on Coryphas (illustrated), and
Authuriums. A hint is given concerning the preser-
vation of hooks in tropical climates :—" The covers of
books in the Society's library are periodically wiped
with a rag previously soaked in kerosine, and well
wrung out ; this in great measure preserved the books
from the ravages of tiny grubs which infest the pages,
wliile cockroaclies were kept away from the covers."
—From the Society Nationaled'Horticulture deFrance,
Coininission des Engrail, dc ses Travatix, Recherches
speciales de M. Georges Trutfaut. — Nature Notes, No-
vember.—Tfte Money-Lender's Act, 1900 : A year's expe-
rience of the measure ; its failure to secure reform,
and; the need tor an Amending Act, by Thoma? Farrow.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

fasciated lily. — I wish to direct your
attention to an anomalous form of growth of
Lilium auratum observed by me on one of my
friend's plants here in St. Petersburg. The
bulb emitted five flower-spikes which were
scented, forming one flat ribbon-like sten*
about IJ in. broad. Each stem was faintly
visible in the ribbon, which thus recalled to
the mindaduck's footwiththcwebbing between
the toes. The stem, 2 feet high, carried twenty-
nine blooms of perfect form issuing distinctly
from the five spikes, some on the edges, and
the other on the broad side of the ribbon.
The stem was only 2 feet high. The bulb had
already flowered the previous year. I enquire
if this anomaly is common or not'? Borora
Stackelberg, Wof:skressertD Prospect, 17, St.
Petersbury. [Not uncommon. Ed.]

fruiting of citrus trifoliata.— As an in-
stance of how well Citrus trifoliata thrives in
the open border on the Sussex coast, I beg
permission to mention that a bush of it I have
grown here from a small plant without protec-
tion of any kind, has to-day thirty-two healthy
Oranges on it of a pleasing yellow colour,
although, of course, of no value as an edible
fruit. C. B. Leigh-Smith, Major-General, The
Acacias, Worthiiirj.

the potato crops. — The sturdy and
healthy appearance of the haulm throughout
the season, led growers to assume that the
yield would be a good one, and indeed this
has been more favourable than could have been
expected, considering the coldness and wetness
of the soil till quite the end of the month of
Jlay. The weight of tubers per acre is almost
double that of the three preceding years, and
the size and quality of the same are all that
could be desired, with very few small or
diseased Potatos. I cultivate several varieties,
and the heaviest croppers this season ■were
Up-to-Date and King Noble. Geo. Woodgate,
RoUeston Hall Gardens, Burton-on-Trent.

aspect of a span-roofed glasshouse.^
I should be glad to ascertain the preponder-
ance of expert opinion on this matter, i.e., the
judgment arrived at by the actual experience
of nurserymen and gardeners, and not mere
theory. The theory u.sed to be, I believe,
that such a house should have its longer axis
running east and west, so that the whole of one
side may have the fullest exposure to the sun
at noon. The objection to this position is, that
an equal length is open to the north, and the
distribution of sunlight at midday is unequal.
Unless I am mistaken, it is largely the custom
now to place span-roofs north and south, a
situation which Mr. T. F. Rivers, writing in
1889, considered essential for a properly-
planned orchard-house—" To ensure a certain
and profitable crop the trees should be grown
in a span-roofed house running north and south,
so that the sun shines on Ijoth sides." In any
discussion, it should be taken for granted that
the site is open on all sides, and that the fruit
or flowers to be grown are such as benefit from
a maximum of sunlight. G. //. Emjleheart.

BOTANICAL specimens. — Like Mr. Mott
("A Midland Garden," p. 286), I know Heer
Buysman's botanical specimens, and can quite
confirm what he says about them. Much as
one prefers the living plants, it is often
useful and always interesting to be able to
X'efer to good specimens of i)lants in various
stages of growth. Few of us have either the
leisure or the skill to prepare good specimens,
and Heer Buysman's certainly come under
that term, and are very useful for anyone
making a study of any particular genus. _ I
recently received some specimens of species
of Solidagos, beautifully done, and apparently
correctly named — though that is a difficult
thing to say of Solidagos. S. Arnott.

TREES AND SHRUBS IN THE WEST OF SCOT-
LAND.— As one who knows a little about the
West of Scotland and its capabilities, yon

1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

377

will, perhaps, permit me to draw atten-
tion to the remarks of your representa-
tive, "P." in the course of his fourth
instalment of "A visit to the North," where
he says (p. 320), in speaking of the small
demand from nurseries for anything but
shrubs and trees of but the commonest
and hardiest character, " I think that gar-
deners in the district are too timid in trying
to extend the number of species grown."
It is too true that this is the case, and it
makes one rather sad to see the sameness
■which often prevails in places where the newer
trees and shrubs might be introduced with
advantage. I think, however, that this largely
arises from the few opportunities northern
gardeners have of seeing these things compared
with their brethren in the south, where these
trees andshrubs are so often brought before the
public through the medium of the shows. In
the places where one meets with the rarer
subjects it is often found that their introduc-
tion is due to the employer having seen them
somewhere in the south, and the greater
nnmber of these rarer things have been bought
fn other than Scottish nurseries. From what

a yearly thing to produce cones, if in good
health, as it retains its leaves for a longish
period, two years sometimes. Is there
male and female of it ? 'Which might it
probably be, male or female '! I have
another one, 9 or 10 inches high, very
smooth in the stem, and showing a new-
growth, but something like the sloth in its
movements. But still, patience is a great
thing, and I am waiting for its development.
J. C.

THE BACK PSEUDO-BULBS OF ORCHIDS.—
What is their proper function V certainly not
to remain and drain the vitality from the
young growths, and generally to weaken the
constitution of the plant. Why, therefore,
should they be left on the plant, providing
they serve no good purpose? Mr. Johnson, in
his article on " Back-bulbs of Orchids," in the
issue of Xovember 2. is the fii-st grower who
has said that there is any risk in removing the
back pseudo-bulb, providing there are, as Mr.
O'Brien remarks in his article on " Orchid
Propagation," in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
October 19, two or three pseudo-bulbs im-

^H^^HBBPr/<i^ff
h~ ■■•■ ^^h'jm

m

Fig. 11 1.— wisT.MiiA in bloom on a wall at wbest park.

1 know of gardens along the West Coast, I
believe that many might with great advantage
take the remark of "P." to heart, and seek
for some new shrubs or trees. Mr. Melville,
the gardener at Poltalloch, gave a very inte-
resting and useful paper on the subject to the
Scottish Horticultural Association two or three
years ago, which was published in the I'ro-
<'eedin(i^. Then, further north, Mr. Osgood
Mackenzie has shown what the west coast of
Koss-shire can do. Mr. Coulson has, down
the Clyde, been gradually getting together a
collection of choice things, and in other places
further from the coast one sees reputedly
tender things do well. .S'. Aruotl.

STANQERIA PARADOXA.— I have a plant of
this species between thirty and forty years
old, but it is very slow growing; it has one leaf
now from the crown (and one from the roots
under the soil, a much smaller one), and it is
now showing a cone, which it has frequently
done before, having liad four or five old ones
on it at a time. As they were not easy to
remove, they were left. It has within the
last seven or eight years made two crowns,
but only one with a loaf yet, but it looks very
much like growing— but Oh ! how slow. It
has not been re-pottod for, I sliould think,
thirty years. 1 was offered T.'i francs for it as
long ago, perhaps. It is (J inches high, or
more. The leaf generally produces about
twelve pairs of leaflets. I do not know if it is

mediately behind (he lead. We know what
the general result has been for the past twenty
years with the thoasands of Orchids which
have been imported during that period. 1
venture to observe that not 10 per cent, are
alive and in good health to-day. Why 'i In the
majority of cases they have l)een coddled and
denied fresh air, and the old pseudo-liulbs
have been allowed to remain, to deprive the
young growtlis of their proper .-vmount of sup-
port. Perhaps I have rather left the point at
issue ; but 1 am convinced of the desirability
of taking away the old back pseudo-bulbs,
whether they are required for propagation or
not. Take for instance a pi'opagated ])en-
drobium ; we get from the tirst young pseudo-
bulb about an inch in length, a fine pseudo-
bulb very often from 0 to 10 inches in length ;
and in this case the whole of tlie young roots
go to support the young growth, and not to
Iced bulbs already made. I think this is quite
sullicient to show that the more old pseudo-
bulbs the plant has, the weaker will bo the
growth. JVo doubt someone will argue that
they have plants that make lino pseudo-bulbs
each year, an<l still have a large number of
old ones ; but 1 contend that if they take away
the robber behind, they will have still finer
pseudo-bulbs and better flowers. My experi-
ence goes to ])rovc that when the back pseudo-
bulbs are cut away, it " the variety is worthy
of propagation," and no eye of any description
is visible, they should not be thrown away,

but hung up, as Mr. O'Brien says, in a fairly
warm, dry house. I do not mean over the
pipes, or near the heating apparatus, but in
some place where the air is clear and sweet,
and the temperature not lower than .55° at any
time, rising in genial weather to about 70°, for
the back-bulbs of Cattleyas and Lselias, and
the hybrids of both. Then they will require
no water at all till the young growth is
pushing, when I would advise a syringing once
daily, in order to soften the scaly shields over
the eye; when the young roots begin to
appear it is quite soon enough to pot them.
Very small pans and a very small quantity of
compost should be employed, scarcely any
w'atcr being applied till the roots have. f. My
taken to the compost. There is a ca'se in
point here this season. The two back pseudo-
bulbs on a plant of Lpelia purpurata Hardyana
turned of a yellow tiuge, and slirivelled. I
cut them off, and no eye of any description
could be discovered, yet there is now a young
growth pushing out from the section of rhi-
zome between the two pseudo-bulbs. This
appeared to be an instance of a hopeless case,
and I mention it to prove that so long as there
is life in the removed part, growth may be
l>roduced. W. P. Bound, Gatton Pari.
{To be ciintiiiiicd.)

APPLEY TOWERS AND LADY MUTT GRAPES.

— Ileferring to Mr. H. W. Ward's enquiry in
the Gard. Cliron., Nov. 9, p. 311, whether there
were any white-fruited Vines growing in the
vinery where the cross between Alicante and
(iros Colniar took place '? it will interest himto
bo informed that there wore no such Vines in
Appley Towers Gardens at that time, ex-
cepting a vinery of Muscat of Alexandria,
which was part of the same range, but sepa-
rated by an early vinery 30 ft. in length. The
Muscats had passed the flowering stage, and
tlio bunches were being thinned at the time
the cross was oftected, which took place in the
late vinery — at that time filled witli Blaek
Aliexnte, Gros Colmar, and Lady Downes
Vines. 7'. D. i\f;;/ct!, U'/ieat/m)H/).sfefi'/, Herts.

WISTARIA SINENSIS.

Tuis magnificent climber, when satisfactorily
grown and flowered, is apj)rcciated in the
gardens of peer or peasant. Owing, no doubt,
to the favourable spring for the growth and
development of its beautiful racemes, the
cultivator of this charming climber was amply
recompensed last season with a profusion of
racemes from early May until well into June,
as the accompanying illustration (fig. 114) will
testify.

Of the other species i>f the Wistaria in culti-
vaton, none has given the cultivator the
satisfaction that the common Wisl aria sinensis
has done. Although W. inacrobotrys, with its
beautiful, largo racemes, is of groat beauty,
it is loss hardy than the common one.

Another species of great beauty is W. multi-
juga, from Japan, wliich resembles W. sinensis
in its pale purple flowers, which are often
borne in racemes from IJ to 2 feet long. This
variety is also known under the name of W.
grandiflora.

1 recollect seeing W. sinensis growing and
flowering most luxuriantly in the flower gar-
don at Dulton (Archerfield), East Lothian ;
also at Ncwbattle Abbey, Mid Lothian. In
the west of Scotland, its cultivation is not
always a success, as I have seen it make from
(i to 8 ft. of growth during the season, but
owing to the wood not being properly matured
during the autumn, it could not withstand the
winter, and had to be cut back each spring to
the old stump, as is generally practised with
Erythriua crista-galli.

On garden walls, mansions, and cottages,
where space can bo allotted for the planting
of Wistaria sinensis, 1 .should strongly ailvo-
cate devoting the space to this most ologant

378

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

climber : and should the climate and soil be
suitable to its growth, it is marvellous the
amount of wall it will cover in the course of
a few years. When once established, it will
make as much as from 12 to 13 feet of growth
in one season. An unsightly wall, or any
other unsightly structure, can thus be clothed
■with a climber of the choicest kind in a few
years. George Mackinlaij, Wrest Park Gocdens,
AmpthiU, Beds.

SOCIETIES.

BOYAii hoe;ticultubal.

Scientific Committee.

November 12.— Present : Dr. M. T. plasters, F.R.S.
<in the Chair); Messrs. ^Oclell, Chapman, Saunders.
Bowles, and Michael Drs. Rendle and Cooke; Revs.
W. Wilks and G. Henslow, Hon. Sec.

HMlale Coccid. — With reference to the specimens
brought by Mr. Chapman to the last meeting, Mr. Robt.
Newsteat) reports as follows :— "The Coccid on Cypri-
pedium is tlie Vinsonia stellitera, Westwood, 'The
Star Scale.' It is known from both hemispheres, but
lias been found most abundantly in the West Indies.
The specimen sent was a male puparium, and one
contains an imago ready to emerge. They are both
new to science." Mr. Chapman added that the species of
Orchid was C. Godefroyse var. leucochilum. It was
imported some six months ago, but the exact locality
was not known. Dr. Masters suggested Cochin China
as being the native country of that species of Orchid.

ll'orms in Soil.— Mr. Saundeks reported as follows
upon specimens sent to the last meeting by Mr. Baker,
of Henbury, Bristol ;— " As regards the worms sent by
Mr. Baker, of Henbury, I hear from Mr. F. E. Beddard,
our best authority on these animals, that they are not
young earthworms. He says the worms you sent ine
are members of the family Enchytrajidre, not earth-
worms in the strict sense. I think that they do injure
living plants— at least, some of the many species of the
family do. I am not certain what particular species it is
that you have sent nic. To identify them is rather a
troublesome task, because of the numbers that are
known and the slightness of the characters that
sometimes distinguish species. I have written to Mr.
Baker, and recommended him to water thoroughly
•with lime-water, or a solution of 1 oz. of corrosive sub-
limate and 4U gallons of water, to turn up the soil well
so that the birds might get at them, and to turn
poulti-y in if practicable."

Fernfronds.— Dr. M. C. CoOKE reported upon speci-
mens sent to the last meeting :— " The two Fern fronds
were examined, and the spots, like those caused by
rain drip, showed no sign of fungus or mycelium, and
I am convinced that the cause must be sought in the
surroundings."

]'ine If a/. —Dr. COOKE also reports as follows :— "Two
objects on tlie leaf attracted my attention. The one was
represented by small, black, superficial spots, which
were something like grains of gunpowder in appear-
ance. They had no adhesion to the leaf, were quite
amorphous under the microscope, and probably were
ouly insect ' frass.' The other object consisted of
small, discoloured spots about half-an-inch in dia-
meter, and of a dingy olive colour. On attempting to
remove a portion on the point of a pen-knife it flaked
off in pieces, and left the leaf beneath quite green and
uninjured. It could all be wiped from the leaf, as
there was no attachment. The object proved to be a
network of brown mycelium, with the slender threads
and spores of a species of delicate Cladosporium. As
itwas wholly superficial, I did not attempt its specific
determination, since it could not inflict injury on the
Vine, and could be readily wiped away." The thanks
of the Committee were given to Dr. Cooke for these
investigations.

Club-root fungicide.— Rev. W. Wilks inquired, on
behalf of a correspondent, wliether lime cures this
disease, as some farmers consider its prevalence to be
due to a want of lime in the soil.

Mr. Odell said that gas lime was effective, as it is
also for wireworm, but doubted the value of lime
itself.

Dr. Masters observed that Wallflowers which grow
on chalk are very liable to the disease, and attributed
the destruction of the fungus to the sulphur in the gas
lime, and not to the lime itself.

Effects 0/ London Fog upon Orchids.— yir. Chapman
brought specimens of the flowers of Cypripedium
insigne, a hardy mountain species, which was quite
uninjured. In the case of Odoutoglossums, he scarcely
lost a plant in bud, whereas warmer sorts of Cypri-
pediums had their flowers limp, and collapsed.

(ialls.— Dr. M. C. Cooke exhibited specimens of two
kinds of galls; one from Oaks, and a second from
i-ertain members of the Anacardiacea\

Carnations diseased.— Mr. Douglas sent some plants,
which were referred to Dr. Cooke for examination and
report.

yarcisstis Bulbs Decaying.— Some bulbs were received,
apparently attacked by some grub at the apex. Mr.
Saunders undertook to examine them.

Maple Branches Coherent.— Mr. Dicks exhibited a fork-
ing Maple-branch, which another had apparently
pierced. It was suggested that the latter had been
caught in the fork, and by growth had split the main
stem below it, then this had healed up all over the
shoot. The position of the inserted bough was rather
below lliat of the other two, which formed the angle
between them. Rev. W. Wilks said that he knew of a
very similar occurrence in an Oak-tree, but the bough
was a very large one in that case.

Apple Spotted. —Dr. Masters exhibited an Apple
covered with black spots. Dr. Cooke observed that
they were the early stage of a fungus, Labrella pomi.

■Skimmia japonica.— Dr. Masters showed a fruiting
spray of this plant.

Beech Ij;aees ivith Galls.— Mr. Odei.i. showed leaves
with galls of a small gnat-like;fly, Ilormomyia piligera,
oneof theCecidomyidPC. A peculiarity in the autumnal
colouring of the leaves was, that while all the rest of
blade was orange coloured, the portion near the galls,
or the upper half of the leaf beyond them, was still
bright green. This retention of the clilorophyll was
apparently due to the stimulus produced by the local
irritation set up by the presence of the galls.

Plants .from Botanical Gardens, Cainbridfif. —Mr. R.
IKWIN Lynch sent the following for exhibition :—
Gerbera, a new var., " Sir Michael " (.Gardeners' Chronicle,
September 21, 1901, p. 2231. The disc florets are peculiar
in having two thread-like petals on one side, and three
longer ones on the other. It may be noticed that this
condition sometimes occurs in the transitional
state of disc florets in semi - double Daisies, &c.
Plectrauthus saccatus, a new introduction to Cam-
bridge, the flower being exceptionally large for the
genus; it was received from the Cape. Lotus glaucus.
Ait. (referred to in Journal of Jlotani/. 18V'7. p. 382).
Pancratium canariense. Lindenbergia grandiflora,
introduced to Cambridge 1900 (Bot. Mag., 1900, t. 7738),
Nat. Ord., Scrophularine^T. The genus embraces eight
species— E. Africa. Arabia, India, and Malay Arch.
The present species has yellow flowers, resembling
those of Mimulus, but is devoid of the two sensitive
stigmatic lobes, the stigma being globular.

Plants from Botanical Gardens, Trinitij College, Dublin.—
Mr. F. W. BCRBIDCE sent the following for exhibition :
ColIetiaBenthamiana.aplantofdwarferandfinergrowth
than C. ferox ; it bore three leaves upon the spines.
Rubus australis, in three forms, viz., var. foliosa, with
large leaflets ; var. intermedia, with very small ones ;
andtheordinaryform,withnoncatall. Natives of New
Zealand. Apera arundinaria. Hook., tlie " Pheasant's-
tail" Grass of the island New Zealand; the autumn
tints of red and brown are very pronounced (Gard.
Chron., vol. xxii., October 23, 1897, p. 283, fig. 84).
Hypoxis hemcrocallidea (= H. elata, Bot. Mag.). A
point to be observed is the circumscissile dehiscence
of the ovary. It has been grown in the open at Dublin
for seven years. Narcissus Tazetta, a variety always
blossoming in November and December in the open
air, but near a warm plant-house. It is remark-
able for the great length of stem and foliage.
Laurelia aromatica, the "Chilian Sweet Bay." The
leaves are highly aromatic if bruised. It makes an
open air shrub at Wicklow 25 feet high, and is useful as
a pot or tub plant in a conservatory. The geuus has
only two species— one in Chili, the other in New Zea-
land, indicating (with Fuchsia) a former connection
between these places; it belongs to the order Moni-
miacere. Azolla filiculoides has lived for years in
muddy tanks ; if introduced in a pondjt is diflicult to
eradicate, from its hardy nature and great powers of
multiplication. Acacia melanoxylon (?), showing com-
pound blades upon several of the phyllodes, an unusual
feature in Australian species. Paroi'lu-etus communis,
"Indian Shamrock," remarkable for the perfectly
straight peduncles, which become strongly bent in
fruit, as if to bury the legumes like Arachis.

CROYDON AND DISTRICT HORTI-
CULTURAL MUTUAL IMPROVE-
MENT.

November 4.— The usual fortnightly meeting was
held on the above date, Mr. Percy F. Bunyard in the
Chair. The evening was devoted to questions and
discussion on November fruits and flowers, outdoor
Grapes, and the summer-pruning and root-pruning of
fruit-trees.

The Chairman remarked upon the Grape-vine cover
lug the walls of Mr. W. Wells' house at Earlswood, and
at the request of several members, Mr. Wells gave a
very interesting history of it, also of the excellentwinc
that is made from the fruit, proving what can be done
with hardy Grapes in this country.

The pruning of fruit-trees having been next dealt
with, the grand stauds of Chrysanthemums on the
tables, exhibited by Mr. W. Wells and others, suggested
a discussion on the queen of autumn flowers, its culti-
vation, usefulness, and beauty; its diseases, and
some hints on remedies for the rust were made.

The next meeting will be held on Tuesday evening,
November 19, when a paper will be given by Mr. J. F.
McLeod, gr., Dover House, Roehampton. entitled
"Notes on the Cultivation of Malinaison Carnations^'

READING & DISTRICT GARDENERS'
MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT ASSO-
CIATION.

November 4.— By arrangement with the authorities
of the Reiding College, a lecture was given by Mr.
Douglas A. Gilchrist. B.Sc.Edin. (Director of the Agri-
cultural Department), in the lecture hall of the College,
on "Soils and Manures." Unfortunately a fog pre-
vailed, and prevented many members from attending.
Mr. Leonard G.Sutton, the President of the Association,
presided. Mr. Gilchrist, in introducing his subject,
said thathe wished to bring before them two particular
points :— First, the supply of water to soils; and
secondly, the most economical way of manuring soils.
The lecturer explained in an interesting manner the
different classes of soils in the Reading district, their
formation, and cropping value ; passing on to water in
soils, the means of retaining moisture in soils, and
finally referred to manures. The lecture was easily
followed on account of the diagi-ams and maps placed
before the audience, many of which had been specially
made for the meeting.

WARGRAVE GARDENERS'.

November tj — At a meeting held on the above date,.
Mr. F. Harrison, Orchid grower to Sir John Edwards-
Moss, Bart., of Thamesfield, read a paper on "Orchids,
and their Culture." A great deal of information was
given on the proper treatment of freshly-imported
plants, besides hints on temperatures, syringing,
shading, watering, propagating, and general culti-
vation of Cattleyas, Cymbidiuras, Cypripediums,
Lffilias, Odoutoglossums, Dendrobiums, &c Orchid
pests were described, and the best means of eradicating,
them explained.

HANLEY CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November iv— The Hauley Chrysanthemum Show lias
become one of tlie best patronised exhibitions of its-
kind in the Midlands. The exhibition was incontestably
the best yet seen. The entries were more numerous,
the quality in many classes of a high standard, and one
or two features were sufficiently novel and interesting
to ensure popularity. The Chrysanthemum blooms
and plants weie excellent. The feature of them is the
level excellence of the display of cut blooms, Japanese
and incurved, in the professional classes, and the im-
proved character of those benched by amateurs.

The groups displayed for effect were good, and Uic
banks of Chrysanthemums attractive. Very general
admiration has been caused in previous years by the
display of crosses and wreaths, and the florists this
year did their best to earn even greater admiratisn.
Messrs. Jenrinson tt Sons, Newcastle; Messrs. Kirk
Ji Sons, of Eaton Chapel, Manchester ; and Mr. Lewi.s,
of Bedford Place, Hanley, among others, exhibited
wreaths and crosses made tip with excellent taste.
Mr. J. Kent had made the orchestra look quite gay
with a large number of greenhouse and flowering
plants tastefully arranged.

The following is a list of some of the prize-winners ;—
Mr. J. Maddock, The Cedars, Alsager (gr., Mr. B.
Smith) ; Mr. W. Bowers, Caverswall Castle (gr., Mr.
W. G. Gilbert); Mr. J. McPhail, of the Queen's Park,
Longton; Mr. J. C. Waterhouse, Collar House, Prest-
bury(gr., Mr. A. H. Hall); Mr. F, A. Brace, Doveridge
Hall (gr., Mr. George Wadesou) ; Mrs. Acres, Moreton
Hall (gr., Mr. W. C. Breeze); The Duke of Sutherland,
Trentham Hall Gardens (gr., Mr. P. Blair) ; and Messrs.
M. JENKINSON & Son, Newcastle.

November -23, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

379

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OP
ENGLAND ORCHID.

NovEMUEE 7. -On this otvasioii M. A. A. Peeteks,
Brussels, exhibited a fine plant of Cattleya x Hardy-
ana var. alba, having wliite sepals and petals, the
labcUum being similar to that ot an ordinary variety.
This plant was much admired, and received a F.C.C.,
and an additional award of a Silver Medal.

Capt. C. C. Hurst. Hinckley, exhibited a good variety
of Cattleya x Iris, named oculata, which differs from
the plant recently shown in London, having distinct
eyes, as in C. gigas. The plant received a F.C.C.

E. RonEESON, Esq., Didsbury, exhibited a fine plant
of Cypripedium insigne, Haretield Hall var., of a
golden hue, which imparted to the flower an interest-
ing c'.iaractcr. The colour, as was suggested, may have
been due to the age of the flower. A plant of Lycaste
X Rogersil came from the same exhibitor. It is appar-
ently a natural hybrid with L. Skinneri x plana, and
shows the characteristics of each (.\ward of Merit).

S. Gratrix, Esq., Whallcy Range, staged a lew good
plants, amongst them being a fine form of Cypripedium
insigne var. Sanderianura, called giganleum.

T. Statter, Esq., Whitclield. exhibited a very fine
variety of Cypripedium > Leeanum Albcrtianum,
which had previously received an Award of Merit at
Manchester; also Lwlia ■ Cattleya x Stattcriana. The
latter was not dealt with by the Committee, who de-
sired lo see it in an improved state.

Mr. .V. J. Keehxh exhibited a rather rare plan tin Cyni-
bidium cyperifolium,to which an Award of Merit was
given, a similar award going to a good variety of Cypri-
pediam insigne, called picturatum. A Silver Medal
was awarded to E. Rogeksos. Esq., for a group of
plants. Bronze Medals to Mr. W. B. Upjohn, for a well
grown collection of Cattleya IJowringiana; and lo Mr.
A. J. Keelinci for a group of Cypripediums. P. 11'.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL OF
IRELAND.

NovEMbERi;, 7. —This show was held in the Central
Hall of the Royal Dublin Society, on Wednesday and
Thursday, the «th and 7th inst., and was well patron-
ised by the public on both days. Groups were not
much in evidence, but cut blooms, fruit, and vegetables
were abundant, and keenly contested ; and the stands
of the nursciTmcn made a brilliant displ.iy.

Plants in Pots.

For a group of Chrysanthemums, exhibited for the
Ardilaun Prize, not to exceed thirty pots, staged for
effect. Palms or other foliage plants being used, Mrs.
McCann, Simmons Court Castle, Dounybrook (gr., Mr.
T. Goff), was Ist. The group was tastefully arranged,
the Chrysanthemums being models of cultural skill,
and there were many novelties.

For a group of chrysauthemums, arranged for effect,
not more than thirty six pots, for Lord Ardilaun's
Challenge Cup, value £lu, to be won three times before
beconiiog the property of the winner, 1st, F. Millbb,
Esq , Baegotrath House, Sandyniount (gr., Mr. P.
Geoghegan>; and as he ha>, taken the premier place for
the past three seasons, the cup is won outright. The
plants of which the group consisted were heavily
bloomed.

For three plants of Chrysanthemums, Mr. .1. Ca-
vanagh, gr. to R. W. Booth, Es(|., Victoria House,
Oalkey, was 1st, the plants being giant specimens, with
numerous blooms ; Mrs. McCann was 2ud with
smaller plants.

Twelve Cyclamens, 1st, Mr. Samuel Davis, gr. to Mrs.
GooDiiODV, Obelisk Park, Blackrock, who took Lord
Ardilaun's Challenge Cup, and a good money prize.
The plants were superb; and the same exhibitor was
Ist for CodiiiMims, Diac;cnas, and Aralias, in the class
for six table plants; Mr. A. Porter, gr. to Lord Ash-
town, CO. Galway, was 2nd.

For the six pots of Tree Carnations, Souvenir de la
Malniaison varieties excluded, let, Mr. J. Toner, gr. to
Mrs. T. .Vi.iAGA Kelly, Loiver Leeson Street, with Mrs.
Lawson, Winter Cheer, Countess of Warwick, and
Madame Th6rj!£e Franco.

Cut Blooms.

For thirty-six blooms of Japanese Chi-ysanthemums,
distinct varieties, Mr. Mitchison. gr. to Colonel the
Hon. C. F. Ckichton, Mullaboden, Ballyniore Eustace,
CO. Kildare, was 1st, taking the society s Silver Medal,
and a money prize. The best of the more modern
varieties were included in the stands; Mr. A. Pouter
was 2nd, with moderately good llowcr-lioxcs.

Twelve vases of cut blooms of Chrysanthemums, in
as many varieties, three blooms of each, stems not to
be less than 12 inches above the top of the vase, foliage
other than that of the Chrysanthemum excluded. The
competition in this class was not keen, and the Isl
prize fell lo Mr. Porter, Lord -VsnTowNS gardener, with
an even lot of well-formed, not excessively large
flowers, taking the \Vaterhonse Challenge Cup and a
money prize; Mr. J. O'Connor, gr. to A. PiM, Esq.,
Bellevue, Blackrock, was 2nd.

Twenty-four Japanese, in as many distinct varieties.
Mr. Mitchison again led with a good boxful ; and Mr.

Bradslmw, gr. to the Marquis of Downshire, Hillsboro',
CO. Dowu, was 2nd, with a good boxful of blooms.

Twelve Japanese blooms, in as many varieties. Mr.
T. McDonald, gr. to J. F. Tiernan, Esq., (ircenhills,
Drogheda, was 1st, with a choice boxful ; and Mr.
Bradshaw was 2nd.

Twelve blooms, in the least six varieties, brought a
close contest, it being open to exhibitors who had not
won a prize in any previous ChiTsanthemum com-
petition. The best twelve were those shown by Mr. P.
Harper, gr. to Sir Malcolm Inglis, Montrose, Douny-
brook ; Mr. J. Cavanagh, gr. to R. W. Booth, Es(| .
Dalkey, was 2nd, with a fine box ; his bloom of Mad.ame
Gustave Henry was by far the best bloom exhibited.

Twelve incurved, distinct : Ist, Mr. Webster, gr. to
Lord Plunkett, Old Co;iuauglit House, Bray, vilh
medinra sized, well formed blooms; Mr. M. Reilly, gr.
to G. C. .\SHLIN, Esq., St. George's, Killiney, co. Dublin ,
being 2nd. with nice blooms.

For twelve blooms of Carnations (tree), Malmaisons
excluded, prizes presented by Lord Ardilaun, Mr. Kigg,
gr. to Lord Cloncurrv, was 1st, with superb blooms of
Belle Silliman, Cardinal Wolsey, Priucessc de Mouai'O,
Mrs. Llewelyn, &c. ; whilst the stand had two seedlings
of his own flaked varieties, white ground, the llorets
being streaked just midway with a purplish-rose hue.
Mr. J. Toucr, gr. to Mrs. T. Aliaga Kellv, was 2nd,
Willi smaller blooms.

Fruit.

For four bunches of Grapes, two varieties, Mr. A.
Pokier was 1st, with bunches of middle-size of .Muscat
(■f Alexandria and Black .\licaule; and Mr. Bi,ad.suaw
was 2nd.

Prizes were awarded for dessert Pears in twelve
dishes, distinct, lo Mr. R. McKenna, gr., Charlcville
Forest, Tullamore, 1st, for very choice samples; and
J. T. PiM, Esq. (gr., Mr. W. Long), 2nd, with smaller,
bui well tlnlslicd fruits.

For a similar number of dishes of .\pplcs in dessert
and culinary varieties, Mr. J. P. Bradsmaw was an easy
Isl; and Mr. Hartley, gr. to W. Goff Pim, Esq., .vlounl-
niellick, a close 2nd.

VE(iKTABLES.

Fov a collection of vegetables, twelve distinct kiuds,
Mr. W. Stringer, gr. lo Gen. Sir Rouer Palmer, was
Isl with a fine lot; and Mr. A. Porter 2nd willi an
almost equally goodcollcclion.

Miscellaneous Exhibit.s.

Messrs. Mackev A Sons, Ltd., had a inagnillccnl
stand of fruit and vegetables, backed with lalmsand
inloi'spersed with foliage plants. Upwards of llfly
variclies of Pota;os were shown, whilst fruit ciu-
br.iced llncly-coloured standard varieties.

Messrs. Watson & Sons, Cloutarf, had a pleasing
display ot outdoor Chrysanthemums, comprising many
of the newest varieties.

Messrs. .\i.ex. Dickson .t Sons, Belfast, sl.tgcd ex-
cellent hardy fruit In about two hundred dishes, also
some nice Grapes. This linn st.-iged a quau:iiy of
Conifers and ornamental shrubs.

Messrs. Charles Ramsay <)c Sons had an oval bank
nf llowers composed of Ciiditcunis. retarded Lilies.
Orchids, Ficus Parcclli. and Pentas carnca, and a stand
of lloral designs.

Messrs. RiVEiLs it Sons, Sawbridgcworth, Herts,
through their agents, Messrs. Ediuondson, Dame
Street, exhibited a varied stand of fruit, cunlaiuiug
n;any Pears of their raising, the specimens being very
line.

Messrs. IssAu House, Bristol, slagcd Violels in great
v.iriely.

Messrs. McKenzie ASons, Brunswick SI reel, had a
line array of large specimens of .\pples and Pears.

Messrs. TAiTi Co., Capcl Street, had a goodly col-
led ion of fruit.

An interesting feature was the coiupetilion in fruit-
packing, inaugurated by the Royal Dublin Society, for
one barrel of dessert Apples, and one.barrel of cuhn.iry
Apples; the barrels to he similar to those in which
American Apples come over to this country. Tho fruit
must belong to and be grown by exhibilnr. In this
class competition was keen, and Mr. Robert McKenna,
gr. to Lady Emily Bury, was awarded the 1st prize. In
the culinary class. Miss Markey and Ludlow Bea-
mish, Esq., CO. Cork, were equally placed, the mode of
packing favoured being the one introduced byCali-
fornian growers, namely, each fruit wrapped in a
separate piece of paper. A. O'Xeill.

POTTERS BAR HORTICULTURAL.

.NovEMiiER 7.— Tlie second show of this young tnciely
was held in the Village Hall, Potters Bar, on the dale
given above. The society is making good progress,
and given support from the cottagers and residents of
the district, promises to lake its place worlhily among
the extra urban societies. The competitions in the
vegetable classes were well supported, and the produc-
tions shown very meritorious. Chrysanthemum cut
blooms were not numerous, there being but two
classes, a twenty-four and a twelve bloom ; Mr. II. Joy,
gr. to Mi's. DORE Stormont, being 1st in the larger
class; and Mr. Chas. Kitney, gr. to E. Mathews, Esq.,
the secretary of the society, in the sniallere'ass.

BURY ST. EDMUND'S CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

N'ovEMHEi! 7, s.— Tlie show held under the auspices
of this society is one of the finest in the eastern
counties. The exhibition held on the above d,^tcs in
the Corn Exchange was quite equal to its predecessors,
and in cut blooms and pot plants was better. Some cf
the best known growers in East .Vnglia contributed
plants and blooms, the successful e.xhibitors including
Sir S. B. Crosslev, Bart., M.P. ; Lord de R.vmsev, 8ir
Jas. Miller, Bart., Sir J. Blundell Maple, M.P., Mr.
W. R. Seago, Oulton Hall, Lowestoft ; the Marquess of
Bristol, and Hon. W. Lowther.

The 1st prize for a circular group of ChiTsanthemums
and foliage plants w,as gained by Mr. G. Milver
GiijSON-CULLUM, Hivrdwick House (gr.. Mi-. R. Marks),
who had an excellent group ; and the 2nd prize by Mr.
R. Burrei.l, Westley hall (gr,, Mr. W. Ingrain), for a
very good group, but rather too heavily arranged.
Mr. BURKEI.L had previously won the 1st prize lor
three years in succession.

Sir S. B. Cro.ssley, Bart., MP. (gr., Mr. F. Ilanso 'ic).
took the premier prize for thirty-six cut blooms cf
Japanese varieties, the beat amoug which were J. 1'..
Upton, Madame P. Rivoire, and Edith T.abor ; Lnr.l
Ramsey (gi'., Mr. G. W. Musk), took 2nd prize wiili a
collection of blooms somewhat smaller, the principal
feature being the white blooms. Sir S. B. Crosslvv
was agiin the Ist prizewinner in the incurved varieties
twelve blooms).

Mr. R Burrkll showed the premier prize J.apanes-e
bloom in the show, in Calval's 'SKI, a charming flesh-
coloured specimen ; and Mr. C.J. Simpson, tho premier
incurved v.ariety. a rich and perfectly formed liloom I'f
(C. 11. Curtis. The lable decorations were a feature cf
the show, the Hon. W. LowrHEi! taking first honours.
A new class in the show was one for floral exhibits
arranged for effect, composed of cut llowers or pol-
pliints, Mr. K. Burrell taking the 1st place wiili a
lightly arranged group of Violets, Orchids, and Glo'r'?
de Lonaine Begonias, Palms, &c. Mrs. Manners,
F.aruhain Hall, w.as 2nd.

The members' classes were equally well filled with
the open classes, and the fruit, though someivlnt
below the average in nninbcr of exhibits, was bcyonil
expectation in quality, consiilering tlie dryness of the
season ; and the same may be said of the vogetal>les.

It should be mculioncd that the eighteen cut blooms
in the members' division were amongst the finest en',
blooms in the show, Mr. B. B. Booth. Pl.ashwood Park
(gr., Mr S. Gilbey), being the premier prizewinner.

Lord Cadogan showed a magnificent group (not for
coinpclition) of Chrysanlhemr.ms and foliage plants;
and the Marquess of Bristol a collection of exquisite
Carnations.

WINCHESTER CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NovEMHER 7, N — The lilteenlh annu.al show in the
Guildhall was a decided fuccess. Groups of Chryfau-
themunis were a feature. Tl.c plants belonging to Mr,
BuKGE, The College, Winchester (gr., Mr. G. Street;.
were dwarf, well clothed with foliage, and carried
capital blooms.

Special cncouragcmcnl is given lo plants ciillivatcd
for conscrvalory decoration. These should be dwai f.
not stifily trained, should lossess good foliage, and
have not fewer than five blooms on each. The reEull
was therefore that such varieties as C. H. Curtis, Ma
Perfection, R. Hooper Pearson, Lady llanham, Mr-.
Barkley, and Niveum, were not more than ,3 feet high,
yet bore llowers that would not disgrace a class for cut
l)looms. Mr, .\(lanis, gr. lo Col. F. A. DlCKINS, Edge
Hill, Winchester, secured the principal prizes in all the
classes set apart for tliis section.

Three capital groupsof miscellaneous plants arranged
for effect were staged, Mr. E. Long, gr. to F. C. BURcii,
Esq , Clovelly. Winchester, was 1st; and Mr. H. J. Pit-
iiian, gr. to the Hon. II. Sewell, Oakwood Lodge,
Ollerbonrnc, 2nd,

t'nr Blooms
Were numerous and good. Tlic pi iii.iiol rl.i.s wastlat,
for forly-eight distinct, half In i..- ,,, ni.r.l, and the
remainder Japanese. Mr. J. HulIh' ,, n i-i Messrs. A.
Hart & Sons, Guildford, secured the liicmior Award,
with handsome Japanese and neat incurved specimens.
Some of the most noteworthy blooms were Mrs. J. W.
llark^, Lily Mo intford, Mrs. Coombes, Mrs. Weekes,
Lord Salisbury, Sir II. Kitchener, Jliss A. Byron, and
Lady llanham ; and amongst the incurved. Duchess * f
Fife, C. II. Curtis, Il.inwcll Glory, Lady Is.abel, and
lalenc were the most noteworthy. Mr. Neville, gr. to
F. W. Flight, Esq . Cornsliles, Twyford, was an e--
cecdingly close 2nd, with better incurveds, but weaker
Japanese blooms.

Mr. J. Wasley, gr. (o J. B. Taylor, Esq., Sherfield
Manor, Basingstoke, secured the leading place for
thirty-six Japanese blooms.

The chass for twelve Japanese produced a dozen coin-
I etilors. Mr. Wasley again asserted his supeiiority,
winning easily; Mr. Dawes, gr. to Mrs. Ogii.vie,
Itamtiledon, 2nd.

Mr. Hughes was the most successful with incurved
varieties.

Amateurs exhibited well. Mr. Yanoh, North Walls,

380

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

aud Mr. S. Cliiton, Clifton Eoad, Wiuchester, were 1st
and 3ud respectively.

Quite two of tlie best classes in the show were those
for twelve bunches of Japanese and Pompons respec-
tively, to be shown as grown, without disbudding. Mr.
Hunt, gr. to J. R. Moss, Esq., Fern Hill, Blackwater,
won the 1st prize in each class.

Non-competitive Exhibits.
Messrs. Hillier & Son, nurserymen, Winchester,
showed Apples and Pears ; Mr. B. L.-vdhams, Nurseries,
Shirley, Soulhanipton, a piece of rockery, planted for
efl'ect in autumn. ,T. K. Moss, Esq., Wintershill House,
Bishop's Walthani, had a maguiflcent display of Cattlcya
aureaand C. laliiala.

BECKENHAM HORTICULTUEAL.

NovEMiiEit 8.—" Sweet Scented Plants and Shrubs,"
was the subject brought before the Society by Mr.
St. J. Tucker, on the above date, illustrated by magic
lantern ; and the very extensive collection of spicee,
barks, woods, resins, seeds, nuts, roots, and manufac-
tured articles kindly lent by Messrs. Carter i Co., High
Holboru. The plants grown for the extraction of
scents, such as Lavender and Peppermint, Mr. Tucker
thought might be much more extended for commercial
purposes.

Mr. Chosswell exhibited some flne single Chrysan-
themums raised from seed, of which Miss Mary Ander-
son appeared to have been one of the parents. U. 11'.

ALTBINCHAM, SALE, AND BOWDON
HORTICULTUEAL.

NovBMiiEB 8, 9.— Prom what appeared to be a gloomy
outlook last year in matters financial, this most pro-
mising Society has this year emerged with a balance of
*|J0, and judging from the substantial prize-list and the
magnificent show which opened in the spacious Drill
Hall at Sale on Friday last, the committee are deter-
mined to keep faith vfith their subscribers.

The groups of Chrysanthemums were not quite so
numerous, but the quality was excellent, Mr. Lk.aii
winning the 1st prize and the Gold Medal given by
the President, B. R. Edmoudson, Esq., with large-
flowering varieties, the majority of which were fit" for
the exhibition lioard.

The decorative groups are always interesting, con-
taining as they usually do, most of the smaller-flowered
varieties. Mr. J. Ashbrook, gr. to \V. B, Edmondson,
Esq., Lime Grove, Brooklands, scoring a decisive
victory.

Cut flowers were more prominent than at any pre-
vious show — in fact, several of the stands were
absolutely perfect.

For twenty-four varieties, Japanese and incurved,
besides a capital money prize, a valuable Silver Cup,
presented by the tradesmen of the district, was also
included. Mr. H. Mottram, gr. to Messrs. Inman ct
■Walmslev, The Priory, Bowdon, was 1st, every flower
in the stand being perfect iii form and colour. Mr.
J. Mottram, gr. to Mrs. Boden, Beech Mount, Bowdon,
was an excellent 2nd.

In the single classes for twelve Japanese and twelve
incurved, Mr. H. Mottkam was again in great form,
the varieties being similar to those shown by him in
the larger class.

Plants were meritorious, as were also the miscella-
neous section, which included Roman Hj'acinths.

The fruil classes made a good display, Mr. J. AsH-
BKOOK taking many prizes. The non - competitive
exhibits included a fine contribution of Apples and
double Primulas from R. P. Gill, Esq., Bowdon.
Grapes, Pears, Apples, &c., iu splendid condition, from
JJr. Wilkes, gr. to Miss Lord, Ashtou ou-Mersey.

A First-class Certificate was unanimously given to
Chrysanthemum "Mr. J. Joiuson," a grand flower,
which might fittingly be termed a carmine "Aus-
Iralie," and which was raised by Messrs. Clibran & Son,
Altriucham. (ircliid.

Mr. WAiiD was 1st for twelve bunches of Chrysanthe-
mums. Mr. G. DonuLAS, Wellingborough, had the best
bouquet ; and Messrs. Clayson & Son, Wellingborough,
1st for a wreath.

Messrs. H. E. & W. Lock staged the best collection of
Apples, and was also 1st for six dishes of Apples, and
was in the front for Pears.

For two bunches of Grapes Mr. H. Lattimoee was
1st; aud Mr. Hayes staged the best collection of vege-
tables. //. A'.

WELLINGBOEOUGH CHRYSAN-
THEMUM.

NovEMiiER s. ».— At this Society's seventeenth annual
exhibition the entries were not quite so numerous as
usual, but the quality was better.

For a collection of Chrysanthemums the 1st prize was
taken by Mr. W'. Ashton, Wellingborough; and Mr.
Ward, Wellingborough, 2nd.

Mr. Ward also had the best four Chrysanthemum
plants, aud Mr. Meaoee the best specimen Chrysan-
themums.

For Primulas Mr. H. LArriMOEE took 1st prize:
and for six plants H. E. & W. Lock, Wellingborough,
were 1st; and the Marquis of Northampton, Castle
Ashby (gr., Mr. J. Hayes), 2nd.

In the cut bloom section, for eighteen varieties, Mr.
W. KiHBY, Northampton, was 1st, aud Mr. Hayes 2nd,
Mention ought to be made that Mr. Kirby is an amateur,
and great credit is due to him tor beating his profes-
sional opponent. Mr. Kirby also beat Mr. Hayes for
twelve incurved varieties and lor twelve white varieties.

ECCLES HORTICULTURAL.

NovEMiiER 8, 9.— The thirteenth exhibition was held
in the Town Hall on the above dates, and may be said
to have been one of the best yet held under the auspices
of the society. The entries were larger than last year,
and the quality much above the average.

For Chrysanthemums in pots, Manchester alone can
supersede this splendid show, and Mr. F. Mulloy, gr.
to T. Harkee, Esq., was 1st for nine plants, six
plants, six plants Japanese, three singles, three
Pompons, and three plants not disbudded, with a
display that was in every point excellent. So, too, in
the cut bloom classes the same excellence was main-
tained. Mr. J. Kirkman, gr. to Jno. Spanning, Esq.,
Lytham, having Japanese of perfect contour and size.
His incurved varieties were much behind the 2nd
prizewinner, Mr. Young, gr. to S. J. Williamson, Esq.,
Otterspool House, Otterspool, Liverpool, who showed
remarkably well, and who distinguished himself by
showing for the premier bloom in the show a splendid
Lady Isabel.

In the miscellaneous class which includes Anemones,
incurved, Japanese, aud reflexed, and which goes to
keep up a beautiful feature iu the show, Mr. J. Roberts,
gr. to Miss A. LufHTisouEN, had a charming stand.

Other prizewinners were Mr. R. Wainwright, gr. to
A. Cross, Esq., for twelve splendid incurved varieties ;
Mr. J. Kirkman for twelve maguiflcent Japanese; and
Mr. MuLLOY forsix incurved aud Japanese varieties.

The vase classes were a special feature ; Mr. J. Quinn,
gr. to W. S. BODDINUTON, Esq., winning with a specially
good eighteen.

Tiie amateur classes were more than adequately
filled; the Challenge Cup being won outright by Mr.
James .\tuerton.

In no place could finer bouquets be seen than those
sho .'u by Mr. Jno. Kirk.

The Palms from Mr. Elkin, gr. to Mrs. Thomas
AciNEW, helped materially to relieve the somewhat
monotonous rows of flowers. Orchid.

GLOUCESTER ROOT, FRUIT, AND
GRAIN.

November 9.— The annual Chrysauthemuui show iu
connection with the Gloucestershire Root, Fruit, and
Grain Society, was held in the Shire Hall, Gloucester
on Saturday last, and proved iu many respects a
distinct advance on previous exhibitions. The entries
were more numerous, and the quality of the exhibits
Avas above the average, while the competition in all the
classes was of the keenest.

For the best group of Chrysanthemums, in pots
arranged on a space not exceeding 8 feet by 4 feet,
W. Meath Baker, Hasfield (gr., Mr. J. Aplin), secured
the 1st prize; W. Gammidoe, Gloucester (gr., Mr. C.
Tidmarsh), being placed 2nd.

For twelve incurved cut blooms. Col. Rogers, Mayor
of Cheltenham, repeated his successes at Cheltenham
the week previous, and gained 1st prize; J. Horlick,
Ks((., Cowley Manor. Chelteuham (gr., Mr. Maddocks),
taking the 2nd award.

In the class for eighteen Japanese cut blooms, Mr.
Edward S. Godsell, Stroud, took the premier
honours, and A. W. G. Wright the 2nd prize.

Mrs. Swinburne, Winchcombe (gr., Mr. J. Martin),
won the 1st prize for twelve incurved Japanese blooms,
and Mr. A. W. G. Wright was 2nd.

The display of fruit was the largest and best ever
staged in the history of the Society. F. P.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL OF
ABERDEEN.

November 9. —The annual general meeting of this
Society was held in the Music Hall Buildings, Aber-
deen, on Saturday evening, the attendance being good.
Mr. W. PvpEE.of Hillhead, presided.

The Society has £178 ex. lOrf. at its credit to carry
forward to next season, the deficit of £22 13s. :!f(. on
last year's accounts having been generously wiped ofl'
by one of the directors.

The President (Lord Provost Fleming), Vice-Presi-
dents, and Honoraiy Directors were all re-elected.

Mr. Alexander Milne was elected \'ice-Chairman, and
all the Directors w^ere re-elected with the exception of
Mr. McDonald, gr., late of Balgownie Lodge, who has
gone south, his place being taken by Mr. Sim, gr.,
Glenbui'uie Park.

The usual votes of thanks concluded a most
harmonious meeting.

UNITED HORTICULTUEAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

NovE.MUEK 11.— Tlie usual monthly meeting of this
Society was held at the Caledonian Hotel, Adelphi
Terrace, Strand. Three new members were elected,
and one other nominated. The Secretary reported four
members on the Sick Fund. The amount paid to sick
members since the last meeting was £8 2s. The
Treasui'er was authorised to invest £400 in the best
available Trustee Stock.

DEVIZES BENEVOLENT SOCIETY'S
CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 12 —.Vt Devizes, the Chrysanthemum is
enlisted on the side of charity, and a show is held in
connection with a bazaar, in aid of the Benevolent
Society. By these means a considerable sura is obtained
for distribution among the poor of Devizes. The show
took place in the spacious Corn Exchange.

In the centre were four large circular groups of
Chrysanthemums and foliage plants ; Mr. H. Clack, gr.
to C. E. Colston, Esq., M.P., Roundway Park, taking
the 1st prize with a highly meritorious one ; Mr. \V.
Oliver, gr. to the Marquise de LavallSe, Draycott
House, Chippenham. 2nd.

Among the few classes in the schedule was one for
twenty-four distinct blooms of incurved. This brought
Mr. W. HiGGS, from Fetcham Park, Leatherhead,
with his superb blooms, such varieties as Frank
Hammond, MdUe. Lucie Faure, Hanwell Glory, Duchess
of Fife, C. H. Curtis, Lady Isabel, Bonnie Dundee, very
fine ; Nellie Southam, Ma Perfection, Pearl Palace, &c.
were seen at their best. Mr. G. W. Drake, Cardiff, was
2nd, witii large blooms of general good quality.

Some maguiflcent Japanese blooms were staged by
Mr. F. S. Vallis, Bromham. in the class for twenty-four
varieties, being fresh, bright, aud finely developed. It
is invidious to select, but the following were very
striking : E. Molyueux. Mrs. W. Mease, Le Grand
Uragou, Mrs. J. Lewis, Madame Carnot, Calvat's "99,"
very handsome ; Nellie Pockett, Phcebus, Ethel Fitzroy,
W. R. Church, Suzic, itc. Mr. F. Bible was 2nd.

With twelve blooms in a class for exhibitors residing
in the county of Wilts, Mr. F. S. Vallis was again 1st;
aud Mr. H. Cl.^ck 2nd.

An unusual class was that for twelve J,apancse, six
white and six yellow. Again Mr. Vallis was 1st; he
had three varieties viz.. Mrs. J. Lewis and Madame
Carnot, white; and G. J. Warren, yellow. Mr. Bible
was a good 2nd.

There was a class for twelve incurved Japanese
blooms, and here Messrs. A'allis aud Bible were 1st
and 2nd, both with very good Ijlooms.

Mr. H. Clack, was the only exhibitor of twelve
.\nemone-flowercd varieties, having mainly Japanese
in good character, and he was awarded the 1st prize.

A class for a basket of hardy autumn foliage, with or
without flowers, brought twenty-three exhibits, mostly
by young girls.

The admirable arrangements made liy Mr. Thos. King
of the Castle Gardens, who acted as general manager
greatly pleased everyone.

CHESTER PAXTON.

November 12.— This Society is doing a valuable work.
It holds periodical meetings where instructive papers
arc read upon horticultural subjects, and occasionally
has such shows as that held upon the above date in the
Town Hall. Mr. X. F. Barnes, of Eaton Hall Gardens,
is the popular President, and Mr. G. P. Miln, Secretary.

The principal feature of the recent show was the
grand collection of fruit, and the decorative stands of
flowers arranged in old-fashioned vases from Mr. N. F.
Barnes, gr. to the Duke of Westminster, the fruit
comprising everything in season.

For fifty dishes of Apples grown in the open, Mr. J.
Watkins, Pomona Farm, Hereford, won 1st prize, and
Messrs. Pewteess Begs., Hereford, were 2ucl.

The latter Arm secured the prize for the best packed
Apples, having six boxes of Blenheim Pippins.

There were forty separate classes for the best known
varieties of Apples, and brilliant they looked.

In the Pear classes were many excellent fruits. The
principal prize-winners were, the Rev. L. Gaenett,
■J. S.\ndeeson, G. \V. Baeeett, J. Towxshend, J. M.
Frost, E. Dickson, J. Lee, G. Faulkner, Mrs. Town-
shend, Mrs. HCMBERSTO.v, and Mrs. Baillie. The
Black Alicante Grapes from Mr. Stubbs, gr. to Captain
Mac<;illicuddy. Bache Hall, and the Muscat of Alex-
andria from Sir G. Meykick, Bart, Bodorgau, Anglesey,
were grand.

Groups of plants for efTect were very pretty this
season, Mr. Stubbs was 1st, and Dr. La whence 2nd.

C'H//iou'crs.— In the leading class, Mr. C. Threleall
won 1st prize; 2nd, Sir G. Meyrick. In other classes.
Dr. Laweence, Mr. C. W. Barrett, Mr. W. T. Jolliffe
find Mr, E. Stubbs.

There were good exhibits of specimen Chrysanthe-
mum plants and of other decorative species.

Messrs. Dicksons, Ltd., Cliester, showed a most effec-
tive stand of Planl:s, Ac. Mr. McHattie a similar
exhibit; and Mr. H. G. Little, Colonial fruit.

NOTEMBKR 23, 1901.]

'HE GARD ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

381

IPSWICH CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NovEMisER 12, 13— The annual show was held in the
Public Hall, and was a success.

For twenty-ioul- Japanese blooms, Mr. G. Musk, gr. to
Lord DE Ramsey, Haverland Hall, Norwich,was 1st, with
medium -sized examples; Mr. J. B. Socthgaie, 26,
Salisbui-y Road, Ipswich, 2nd.

For twelve Japanese blooms, Mr. A. Haynes, gr. to
Col. Bkowning, C.B., Bantham Court, Ipswich, won 1st
prize, and sliowed unusually good Oowers.

The variety Nellie Pockett won for Mr. Haynes the
premier position for six blooms of any one variety.
The best six blooms of any other colour were of M.
Chenon de Lech6, shown by Mr. G. Gilbas, gr. to B. B.
Booth, Esq., Plaslimead Park.

Incurved varieties were not numerous. Mr. F. H.
Kettle, gi-. to H. G. E. Geees, Esq., Kings Ford,
Colchester, was the most successful exliibitor.

Chrysanthemums in vases were well shown, although
in the premier class the 1st prize was witliheld.

For four vases of decorative varieties, not more than
six undisbudded sprays to eacli, there was keen com-
petition, Mr. Kettle winning with a charming set.

For the best display of decorative varieties, arranged
on a table space of 5 feet by 3 feet, there were but two
competitors, but these made quite an interesting
display. Such varieties as Source d'Or, Queen of
Earlies, Lady Selboume, Elaine, Modcstura, Adelaide
Kussell, Souvenir de M. Menier, Ettic Mitchell, and
Madame Edinond Roger, were staged in perfection.

" Spidery " varieties were an interesting feature, Mr.
R. C. NOTCUTT, Woodbridge. won with representative
varieties in their best form. Singlc-Uowered varieties
were good.

Mr. XOTCtrrr had the best group of Chrysanthemums
in pots ; and Mr. W. Chandler was 1st for a group of
miscellaneous plants arranged for elTect.

BEADING CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Nove:miii:ii l.X— The two spacious Town Malls, the old
and the new, were filled to ovcrllowing on the above
date with fine exhibits. The interest of the gardeners
was mostly centred in the large groups in Class 1 as to
who would compete for the liandsome Challenge Cup,
but one only entered, Mr. Gait, gr toC.E. Kkysku, Esq ,
the President, Aldermaston Court, who gained it again
with a bold and striking circular gi'oup in the centre
of one of the lialls. Chrysanthetntinis and foliage
plants alike were of excellent quality.

Some very pretty groups were staged in the class for
plants not disbudded. The best came from Mr. \V. B.
MONCK, Reading (gr., Mr. J. Booker); a very bright
collection, well grown and bloomed: Mr. Mii.tox
Bode, Reading (gr., Mr. U. Agcr), was a good 2nd. The
specimen plants staged were not nearly so good as
have been seen at Reading.

There wasa linedisplayofcutblooms. Mr.J.li.llANKKY,
Fctcham Park (gr., Mr. Higgst, took the Isl orizc with a
stand of twenty-four very line incurved blooms.

In the twelve incurved. Miss Ridge, Eiiglcljcld Green
(gr., Mr. G. Lane), was 1st, showing even, symmetrical
flowers. Sir C. Russell, SwallowHcId (gr., Mr. E. Cole),
was 2nd.

The Japane.se blooms were very line. The best col-
lection of twenty-four came from Mr. J. B. Tayloii,
Basingstoke (gr., Mr. Wasley), large, even, finely-
developed blooms of the popular varieties; Mr. R.
Hewitt, Reading (gr., Mr. Alexander), was a close 2nd.

The class for six vases of distinct varieties brought
very good blooms from Mr. L. Fi.okhsheim, Bagshot
(gr., Mr. Perry); while in the class for twelve bunches
of singles, Mr. LEOSAni> Sutton, Reading (gr., Mr.
Leaver), was 1st with remarkably good varieties. This
was one of the most attractive features in the Hall.
Mr. W. B. MoNt K was 2nd.

With six Japanese, one variety, Mr. C. E. KEYSEit was
Ist, having glorious blooms of Mrs. Uarkley.

With six incurvcds, one variety, Mr. J. B. Hankkv
was 1st with highly finished blooms of Lady Isabel.

There were classes for plants, including Palms,
Solanums, zonal Pelargoniums, Orchids, Begonia
Gloirc de Lorraine, Cyclamens, and Chinese Primroses.

There was a very nice fruit show, and good (irapcs
were staged. Mr. R. Chamberlain had the best two
bunches of Alicante, large, handsome examples, well
finished. Mr. G. C. Raphael was 1st with two bunches
of excellent Lady Downes; Mr. Cole came in 1st with
finely finished white Muscats: any other white was
Mrs. Pearson, two well balanced bunches from Mr. G alt;
any other black was Gros Maroc, from Mr. C. Cooi'ER.
Mr. E. W. Caddkk, Ross, took the 1st prizes for twelve
dishes of Apples, six of culinary, and six of dessert.
Mr. R. WEim, Bunham, was 1st with six dishes of
dessert Apples ; Mr. Chamberlain 1st with six dishes
of cooking varieties.

Mrs. O. Phifpen, (loral decorator, of Reading, staged
a large number of illustrations of floral decorations.

blooms were quite up to the season's average in point
of quality.

Plants.

Nowhere can better groups of Chrysanthemums and
foliage plants be seen as at Hull. In the class for groups
to occupy spaces of 100 sq. ft., a silver cup and £10 was
the premier award. The groups were arranged on each
side of the central hall, and made an imposing etTect.
Mr. V. Waterhouse, gr. to W. T. Owbridge, Esq., Cherry
Garth, Cottingham, was distinctly 1st with hand-
some Chrysanthemums, beautifully coloured Crotons,
and other suitable foliage plants, all arranged in an
attractive manner. Mr. Jarvis, gr. to Mrs. Whittaker,
Cliff House, Hesslc, was a good 2Qd, with an eflective
arrangement: but the Chrysanthemums were not
nearly equal in quality to the 1st prize plants.

There were four gi-oups of miscellaneous plants
arranged down the centre of the hall. Mr. C. Tipling,
gi-. to F. B. Gbotriax, Esq., West Hill House, Hessle,
won the leading prize with plants just suited for the
pui"pose, and which lost nothing in arrangement. Mr.
John Foster, juu., Cottingham Road, Hull, showed
really well for 2nd prize.

A vei*y interesting and eflfective class was that for the
best decorated drawing-room mirror. Mr. G. C. Coates,
gr. toS. L. Haldane, Esq., lit, Coltman Street, Hull,
was the most successful amongst nine competitors.

Specimen plants were as a rule good. Much en-
couragement is oflfered to the culture of " bush " and
"cutback" plants.

In the former section two classes are provided, one
for six and the other for four plants. In the former,
Mr. GOODHILL, Mayfiekl Avenue, Hull, won with
capital examples of poinilar varieties. In the latter,
Mr. R. TuiRSK, Grove Hill Road, Beverley, was an easy
1st prize winner. Mr. Thirsk also secured the leading
award for "cut backs," staging such varieties as
Viviand Morel, Lady Hanham, and Nivcum.

Standard-trained plants were best shown by Mr.
Thompson, gr. to Mrs. C. J. Ringrose, Cottingham
Grange, Hull. The varieties were entirely of the
Kundle type.

Cur IlLOOMS

were numerous and of good <iuaUty. In the class for
twenty-four incurved varieties, there were but three
exhibitors. Mr. Leadbiiter, gr. to A. Wilson. Esq.,
Tranby Croft, Hull, was 1st, and showed medium-
sized, neat examples of popular varieties. Mr. Dodd,
gr. to Mrs. Campion, Frenches, Rcdhill, Surrey, was
2nd. The last named exhibitor won for two dozen
Japanese, with blooms of good quality; Mr. Lead-
hitter being 2nd.

Mr. G. Walker, gr. to C. B. A. Lvon, Esq., The Lair,
Hornsea, with exceedingly fine examples of T. Car-
rington, won Isl prize for six Japanese blooms of any
one variety.

Anemone-flowered varieties were, and generally are,
shown vci-y well at Hull. For twelve varieties, Mr.
Mason, gr. to Col. A. K. Diiui, Kirk Ella, won 1st prize.

Reflexcd varieties were best staged by Mr. R. Walker,
gr. to Major Stiucev Clitheuow, Hotliam Hall,
Brougli.

Pompon and Anemone Pompon varieties were spe-
cially provided for. Twelve bunches of two steins
each are required, arranged with any kind of foliage
in a given space. Mr. Bearpark, Great Thornton
Street, Hull, won with popular varieties carrying good
bloom. Slnglc-flowcred varieties arc also encouraged in
a like manner.

Competition in the distinct classes was keen. Mr. C.
Jennings, gr. to F .\. Jameson, Es(i., Aston Hall,
won 1st prize for eighteen incurved blooms ; and Mr.
H. Thompson for eighteen Japanese blooms.

There were many classes exclusively for Ladies, and
as these were all devoted to the arrangement of cut
flowers in some form in a darkened room, under arti-
ficial light, much interest wascrcated. Hand.somo prizes
were ofitercd for the best decorated round dessert table
completely laid for six persons. Miss Fanny Kirk,
Oustwick Hall, linrslwick, Hull, won Ihc Isl prize for
this.

HULL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November i:t, M.— The eighteenth autumn cxliibilion
was held in the Artillery Barra«'ks, and if the show was
not quite so extensive as in so:ne past years, the

LIVERPOOL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Novkmhkr i:!. It.— The twenty second animal show
was held in the St. Cieorges Hall. The cxhil)its showed
an all-round excellence, and there was an increased
number of entries. Following the gloom which has
threatened to overwhelm the Society for several years,
there are indications of a successful period in the near
future. Palms, Ferns, Orchids, and fruit helped m,ite-
rially to take one's thoughts from the long lines of cut
blooms, which are apt to become monotonous.

Chrysanthemum Blooms.
These were fully up to the Liverpool type. The prin-
cipal class for twenty-four incurved and twenty-four
Japanese, the vaUuAle Trophy valued at 2ii guineas,
and a £lu prize, were won by Mr. James lleaton, gr. to
Mr. Houston, The Lawn, .\igburth, and donor of the
Cup. The Cup now becomes Mr. Hcaton's property,
being the second he has won in four years, each being
won two years in succession. His principal blooms
were Mons. Hostc, Graphic, Mrs. Mease, Silver fjucen.
Sir II. Kitchener, W. R. Church, Lady Isatcl, C. H.

Curtis, lalene. Duchess of Fife, and General Symons.
Mr. Davies, gr, to E. Ellis, Esq., Heswall, was 2nd.

The class for eighteen lapanese blooms was strong.
Mr. C. W. Findlow, gr. to G. E. Moses, Esq., Dulce
Domum, Bebington, won 1st prize, and the Hon. Mrs.
E. Kenyon, Whitchurch, 2nd.

Mr. Findlow was successful in the corresponding
class for incurved blooms.

P. J. WiNSER, Esq., Higher Bebington, was Ist for
twelve Japanese , Mr. G. Osborne, gr. to Dr. Duffus,
West Derby, was 1st for twelve incurved blooms ; Mr.
Caunce, gr. to E. Windsor, Esq., Sefton Park, won
several minor classes ; E. Thiekell, Esq., Foriuby, had
the distinction of winning all the amateur classes.

The Plafits were of moderate quality. Groups of
plants showed improvement. Mr. Bracegirdle. gr. to
W. H. W.iTTS, Esq., Elm Hall, Wavertree, was 1st in
both classes.

Exquisite were some dwarf Poinsettias from Mr.
Lyon, gr. to A. Mackenzie Smith, Esq., Bolton Hey,
Roby. Begonia Gloire de Lorraine (for which a special
class is set apart), from Mr. Hitchman, gr. to .\rthuic
Earle, Esq.. Childwall, was capital.

Orchids were exhibited well : Mr. E. R. Finch, gr. to
Joseph Smith, Esq., Newstead, Wavertree, and Mr.
Barber won 1st prizes for them.

Fruit was greatly in advance in quantity and quality.
Mr. J. Skitt won 1st prize for sLx dishes; Mr. E. Lord
won 1st prize for four bunches of Grapes, .\pples
were magnificent, Mr. J. Lee, Cheshire, and Mr. J.
Davis, Hereford, fighting a very equal battle throughout.

Non-competitive exhibits included the following :—
Messrs. Dicksons, Apples ; Messrs. R. P. Ker & SONf,
Aigburth, Cyclamens and Begonias; Mr. C. A. YOUNO,
West Derby, Carnations; Messrs. T. Pavies it Co,
Lily of the Valley; Mr. Middi.ehuhst. r.it ^m , Mo;?rs.
jNi). Cowan & Co., a group of Orclii.l M' i Kow-
land, Mouvardias and Begonias ; and M -ii \i -son,
Pembroke Place, a group of housetop ;-;i"" ii I'luil

BRISTOL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Novemueu 13, 14.— This Society held its thirty-eighlh
annual show in the Colston Hall, Bristol. The classes.
except those for groups of plants, were remarkably
well filled, and generally the quality of the exhibits
was high. The arrangements were made by Mr. Ellis
Groves, Secretary, and his committee, in a thoroughly
able manner. The show was the best ever held al.
Bristol. Mr. Vai.lis' thirty-six blooms, Japanese, were
considered the best sot that he has staged this season.
Open Classes.

In the class for thirty-six Japanese Ihlooms, distinct,
there were six collections staged, Mr. Vallis, Chippen-
ham, being placed 1st, with perfect blooms; Mr. Run-
nades, gr. to R.Whitehead, Esq., Sherborn, being2nd.

Mr. Parsons won the 1st prize for twelve Japanese
blooms.

For twelve Japanese blooms, incurved, Mr. Barker,
gr. to Dr. J. Cropper, was 1st, with Swanley Giant,
Pride of Madford, Duke of Wellington, R. Hooper
I'earson, &c. ; 2nd, Mr. Parsons.

Mr. Frank Bible, gr. to H. S. H. Prince Hatzfei.dt,
obtained Ist place for twenty-four incurved blooms,
and Mr. Kunnaclks was 2nd.

In the class for twelve blooms, Mr. Bavi.is was
placed Ist.

Twenty-four J.apaneso blooms, in eight varieties,
lieing staged on long stems, made attractive exhibits.
Mr. McCollock, gr. to J. Coi.thurst Godwin, Esq., was
placed lst;Cand Mr, Hack, gr. to W. Pethick, Esq.,
Bristol, 2nd.

Anemone- flowered varieties were splendidly shown
by Mr. Strugnell.

The groups of Chrysanthemum plants were arranged
in a space of ."JO square feot,and the 1st prize group,
arranged by Mr. G. Harford, of Westbury, was in
every way oxcollont.

In a class for Chrysanllii>iiiiini'^ inianged with plants
possessed of ornaineiilal i.ihi^r. m .'ji square feet, Mr.
Hannister, gr. to Mrs. Si. \ in( i \ i .\.mks, Westbury-ou-
Tryin, arranged a very IicluUuuI i\lnbit.

Miscellaneous plants, arranged in .W square feet,
were well shown by Mr. McCollock.

l*rizes were ofi'ercd for vegetables in collections by
Messrs. Carter & Co., Messrs. Sutton & Sons, and
Messrs. Garraway & Co., and a splendid lot of tlic most
seasonable varieties were staged, the leading exhibitors
being Messis. Bannister, Virgo, and S. Kidley.

The leading exhibitors of fruit were Mr. Mitchell, gr.
to J. W. Flemmino, Esq.; Mr. Spencer, gr. to C. H.
MoFi'Arr, Esq., Goodrich Court, Ross; Mr. Bannister,
Cote House Gardens, Westbury-on-Trym; Mr. Woo'iton,
Hereford; Mr. Robinson, gr. to Lord Ludlow; Mr.
Runxaci.es, and Mi-. Andrews, gr, to T, J, Lennard,
Esq.

Trade Exhibits.

Messrs. Sutton & Sons secured a Gold Medal for
sixty dishes of Potatos. Messrs. Carter & Co. showed
a stand of vegetables; and Messrs. Gariiaway about,
sixty dishes of Apples. Messrs. Parker & Sons, also
Mrs. Rogers, both of Bristol, staged extensive collec-
tions of houqucis, wreaths, etc. Mr. Godfrey, of Ex-
mouth, arranged a stand of now Chrysanthemums,
Carnations, and zonal Pelargoniums.

382

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

DEVOiSr AND EXETER HORTI-
CULTUEAL.

NovEMBEH IJ, 1.1.— The fixture being one of the
latest iu the district, and a two days' show, the e.vlii-
bitiou suffered tlirough several of the prominent
growers having their flowers too forward. Entries in
Chrysanthemum classes were less numerous than
usual, but the quality generally was good in the cut
bloom classes, while the principal groups were superior
to those shown in former years. In the fruit classes
exhibits were numerous, and the quality was first-rate.

C'HRVSANTHEMUMS.

For the best group of Chrysanthemums in not fewer
tlian eighteen varieties, arranged in a circle of 10 feet
diameter, there were but two competitors. Tliey had
met before and contested for this, the premier prize,
but on this occasion the competition was keener than
ever. The result was that Lady Duckwobth, Knight.
leys (gr., Mr. W. R. Baker), was placed 1st ; Mr. \V.
Brock, Parkerswell (gr., Mr. W. Rowland), 2nd. While
Mr. KowL.\ND staged a most cfVective group, Mr.
Baker's group was the heavier in bloom. Two liner
groups have not been put up in E.veter.

In the smaller group of not fewer than fifteen varie-
ties with an 8 feet diameter. Sir Dcdley Duckworth
Ki-N'G (gr., Mr. Sidney Baker, a son of Mr. Baker of
Knightleys), was 1st with an excellent group.

In the next class for a semi-circular group, nfcet by
h feet, for Chrysxntliemums in pots not over 6.1 inches
wide, a very fine exhibit was staged by Mr. C. M. Col-
I.INGWOOD, of llic Institution for the Blind, Exeter.

For a group of miscellaneous plants 7 feet square.
t!ie title to supremacy lay between Mr. Rowland and
Mr. W. R. Baicer Both were very good, but on the
score of lighter arrangement tlic judges gave tlic pre-
ference to Mr. Rowland.

Chrysanthemum Blooms.

In the premier class for tliirty-six blooms, Japanese,
not fewer than twenty-four distinct varieties, tlie 1st
prize fell to Mr. B. H. Hill of Crediton (gr., Mr. Geo.
Lock). Notwithstanding tlie lateness of the date, he
staged a fine lot of blooms.

In the next class for eighteen blooms iu not fewer
than twelve distinct varieties, the 1st prize was also
awarded to Mr. Hill.

\V. B. Heherden, C.B., President of tlie Society (gr,
Mr. G. C. Cole), won 1st prize in the class for twelve
blooms.

In the class for twelve Japanese, incurved, the 1st
prize was awarded to Mr. B. II. Hill, Crediton.

Incurved Chrj-santlicmums are gradually waning in
favour at this show, and only the ball-shapDd, large
blooms, excepting in a few instances, are now popular
with growers.

For six incurved blooms, the chief prize went to Mr.
C. M. COLLiNowooD for perfect though not large
blooms.

For single Chrysanthemums, Mr. Justice Swixuex-
Eady (gr., Mr, James Lock), staged a nice lot.

Fruit.

lirapes were the best class seen in Exeter for
many years. The Rev. H. Clerk, Exmouth (gr., Mr. R
Pike), was 1st for three bunclies of Black Alicante,
shown in perfect condition.

For three bunches of Muscat of Alexandria, Lady
Peek, Rousdon (gr., Mr. A. Bailey), was 1st, with large
and handsome Grapes in bunch and berry, and of
marvellous colour; Mr. J. F. J. Bannatvse, Haldon
House !gr., Mr. J. Ellicott), was a good 2nd.

In the class for three bunches of any other kind, the
Mr. Justice Eady was 1st, with Alnwick Seedling,

For the special prize offered for three bunches,
distinct varieties, ([Uality to be the first consideration,
Mr. Baxnatyne took premier place with well-finished
fruit of Mrs. Pince's Black Muf:cat, Black Alicante, and
Muscat of Alexandria ; Mr. Justice Eady was 2nd, with
Mrs. Pearson, Alnwick .Seedling, and Muscat of
Alexandria.

Apples.— The competition was keen. 1st prize for
thirty dishes (fifteen culinary and fifteen dessert) went
to Sir John Shelley (gr., Mr. R. Mairs); 2nd to Sir
John Ferguson D.wie, Greedy Park (gr.,Mr. Seward).
In the twelve dish collection. Sir T. D. Aclaxd,
Holmcote (gr., Mr. John Blackmore), was 1st.

For the best dish of dessert Apples not named in the
schedule, Lord Poltimore (gr., Mr. T. Slade), was 1st,
withMargil.

For the best culinary Apple not named in the
schedule, Mr. W. J. Battishill, Wonford igr., Mr.
Bradford), was 1st, with Annie Elizabeth.

The prizes for flavour were, as usual, given to Coxs
Orange Pippin.

Pears.— For six dishes dessert and three culinary. Sir
John Shelley was 1st; and for six dishes of dessert,
Mr. F. R. IlEARX, Alphington (gr., Mr. G. Anning), was
1st.

In the single dishes. Doyenne du Comice and Pit-

maston Duchess were very fine. Tae 1st prize for any

dessert variety not named in the schedule was won by

r. T. KEKEWicH, witli Marie Louise ; and tlie culinary

by Sir John Shelley, with Black Pear of Worcester.

Premier honours for flavour went to Doyennfi du
Comice, shown by Mr. T. Kekewich.

honorary Exhibits

, G.C.

came from Messrs. Robert Veitch & Son, J. King,
Sclater, Jarman & Co., and Sir John Kenuaway, Escot,
who exhibited boxes of very choice fruit (Apples)
packed in small and attractive boxes, made up ready
for sale.

BARTTSLEY CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November 14, 1.5.— The Barnsley Chrysanthemum
Society is to be congratulated upon the success attend-
ing its fifteenth annual show. Tlie coniniittec recog-
nising the fact that they have to rely to some extent
upon the subscriptions generously given by those who
are not members of the horticultural craft, but who are
enthusiastic in the delights which a show at this time
of the year affords, have wisely provided good musical
entertainment.

The prize-money offered this year was shortly under
£100, and there were two silver cups, besides the
National Chrysanthemum Society's Certificates, and
the medals and certificates offered by Messrs. Toogood
& Sons. The show tliroughout was an excellent one,
the entries numering 2,S0 as against ITS last year, and
the quality of the exhibits showed a decided improve-
ment. Incurved varieties largely predominated,
especially among cut flowers. Mr. Alderman, gr. to
J. W Ellis, Esq., J. P., of Worksop, who took six or
seven of the best prizes, quite ran aw.ay from his
competitors, and his exhibits were greatly admired.
The groups were very good, both as to flowers and
arrangement ; and though in the large class tlie winner
perhaps had a superabundance of foliage, and less
bloom than might be wished, it was pleasing to see the
prize go to a local exhibitor. The cut flowers were
fresh, brightly coloured specimens, and not over large.
Mr. W. B. Armitage, the genial Secretary, worked hard
for the show s success, and to him must be awarded
great praise. Tlic following were the awards in the
open classes.

Groups of Chrysanthemums, flowering and foliage
plants, occupying HI square feet: 1st, Mr. A. Gibson, gr.
to R. K. Micklethwait, Esq., Ardsley.

Cut Flowers.

Eighteen incurved, not fewer than twelve varieties ;
1st, Mr. A. Alderman, gr. to J. W. Ellis, Esq., Sparken
House, Worksop ; 2nd, Mr. A. Brookes, gr. to Countess
of RossE, Womcrsley Park, Pontefract.

Eighteen Japanese, not fewer than twelve varieties
1st, Mr. A. Alderman ; 2nd, Mr. E. Hill, gr. to Mrs .
Morris, Beechfield, Doncaster.

Twelve incurved, not fewer than eight varieties : 1st,
Mr. .\. Alderman ; 2nd, Mr. A. Brookes.

Twelve Japanese, distinct : 1st, Mr. A. Alderman ;
2nd, Mr. E. Hill.

SLx Japanese, distinct: Ist, Mr. A. Alderman: 2nd,
Mr. A. Brookes.

Six Anemones, not fewer than four varieties, and not
more than two of one variety : 1st, Mr. G. Wilkinson
Barnsley; 2ud. Mr A. Lockwood, Barnsley.

Six vases of flowering Chrysanthemums, three of one
variety in each vase: 1st, Mr. A. Alderman; 2nd, Mr. T.
Ketcheli .

Fruit.

Collection of dessert fruit : 1st, Mr. J. Findley, gr. to
Mrs. Heywood Jones, Badsworth ; 2ud, Mr. Alderman.

Black and white Grapes ; 1st, Mr. A. Alderman ; 2nd,
Mr. T. Ketchell.

During the proceedings an interesting paper was
delivered to a large audience by Mr. Leadbeater,
Tranby Croft Gardens, on "The Manipulation ^of
Chrysanthemum Plants."

distinct, arranged on a space o feet by 3 feet, with the
addition of any other foliage plants or foliage. The
1st prize was awarded to Mr. C. Young, gr. to G.
Field, Esq, Bray Court, the only exhibitor.

Incurved blooms were above ihc average. With
twenty-four blooms in eighteen varieties, Mr. Watson
was 1st ; 2nd, Mr. G. Lane.

For twelve incurved, distinct, Mr. C. YoU.'iG was 1st.

Mr. Cole staged the best six blooms of one variety.
Duchess of Fife.

Mr. FULEORD was the only exhibilor of a group of
Chrysanthemum plants for effect, a very good one.

The same exhibitor was also Idt for a vjiy handsome
group of miscellaneous plants ; closely followed by Mr.
Richardson, gr. to G. Herring, Esq., Bridge House,
Maidenliead.

Mr. F. Cole won the leading prizes in the
Grape classes; and Mr. D. Paxion was a successful
exhibitor of vegetables.

Messrs. W. & R. Owes, Mr. E. F. Such, and Mr.
Broughton were tlie principal exhibitors iu tlie non-
competitive section of the show.

MAIDENHEAD CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NovEMUER 14, 1.1 —Tlie fourth annual exhibition was
held at the Town Hall, and although there was a slight
falling off in the number of entries, the quality was
e.xcellent throughout.

Cut Blooms.
The leading class was for thirty-six Japanese blooms,
iu not fewer than twenty-tour varieties. The 1st prize
was well won by Mr. W. Watson, gi-. to F. Cox, Esq.,
Harefield Place, Uxbridge, with some very fine flowers ;
Mr. J. Cole, gr. to Sir Chas. Russell, Bart., Swallow-
field Park, Berks, was 2nd.

For eight vases of specimen Japanese blooms, e.ich
vase containing three blooms of one variety, Mr.
Fulford, gr. to F. D. L.vmbert, Esq., Moor Hall, Cook-
ham, staged a magnificent collection, and won a Silver
Cup presented by the tradesmen of Maidenhead.

With twelve Japanese, Mr. J. T. Young, Clewer,
was 1st.

For six Japanese of one variety. Mr. Davis, gr. to
H. ADAMS, Esq., Cannon Hill, Bray, was 1st with
Australie.
A class was provided for eighteen Japanese blooms,

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

NiivKMBEK 11, I.''. PI.— The Chrysanthemum exhibi-
tion was licld on the above dates in tlie V'averley
Market, Edinburgh. No fewer than 4000 blooms were
staged in competition, making one of tlie finest dis-
plays of cut blooms seen this season. Plants were of
moderate quality only ; the cultivators in this district
strive to obtain too large an area of training-space, many
plants measuring as much as 5 ft. in diameter, tlie result
being they are too much drawn out to be of use iu a
decorative sense, and what Is still more important, the
blooms are of poor quality. Fruit-Grapes, Apples,
and Pears— as well as vegetables, were of high quality.

Wiiat are termed " decorative " plants, such as
Crotons, Dracfenas, Ferns, ic, in ii-inch pots, are a
feature here, and are well cultivated. As usual, the
management was of the right order, Mr. Peter Loney
proving a worthy successor to Mr. R. P. Laird —
himself a model oBicial.

Cut Blooms, in Vases.
The principal class was that for twenty varieties,
three blooms of each ; £20 and a gold medal was offered
as the premier award. SLx collections made a grand
display. Mr. T. Lunt, gr. to Captain Stirling, Keir,
Dunblane, was the winner. So uniformly good were
his specimens that we append their names :— Mrs. Cad-
bury Lady Ridgewav, Mrs. J. R. Thorueycroft,M. Louis
Remy Le Grand Dragon, Mons. Hoste, Mrs. Weeks,
Eva Knowles, Australie, Mrs. Barkley, J. E. Clayton,
Mrs J Bryant, Mr. A. Barrett, Mine. P. Rivoire, Edwin
Molyncux, Nellie Pockett, Florence Molyneux, Mine.
A Rosseau, H. Weeks, and Mons. Clieuou de Leclie.
Mr J Beisant, gr. to Mrs. Armistead, Castle Huntly,
was a good 2nd, with many magnificent blooms ; Mr.
J. Cumming, gi'. to Lady Stewart. Grantully Castle,
Aberfeldy, 3rd.

For fifteen varieties, three blooms of each, for which
the City of Edinburgh prize, value £ JO, was offered,
nine competed. Here Mr. D. Niccol, gr. to J. W. Bell,
Esq Rossie, Forgandeuny, was the premier prize-
taker with even, handsome blossom i of popular
varieties. Mr. D. Kidd, gr. to Lord Elphinstone,
Carberry Towers, was 2ud.

For tlie Scottish Cup, offered for twelve varieties,
three blooms of each, eight competed. Mr. T. Lunt
was again successful, winning easily. Mr. BEiSANTwas
a close 2nd.

In the class for four varieties, threo blooms of each,
ten entered. Mr. J. Bonchier, gr. lo II. E. Gordon,
Esq Aitkeuhead, Cathcart, secured the leading posi-
tion with a fine set. Mr. J. Day, gr. to Lord Galloway,
Galloway House, Dunfermline, 2nd.

Eleven competed in a class for six Japanese blooms .
of any one variety. 1st, Mr. W. Lanioni. gr. to Rev. R.
Macnair Brizlee, CoUinton Road, with typical blooms
of N. C. 's. Jubilee; 2nd, Mr. McIntvre, The Glen,
Innerleithen, with Mrs. Barkley.

For three varieties decorative Chrysanthemums, not
disbudded, witli any foliage, no fewer than fourteen
competed. Mr. W. Galloway, gr. to Lord Wemyss,
Gosford, Longniddry, won 1st prize, with huge pyramids
of La Triomphante, Source d'Or, and Melanie Fabre.
Mr. J. McGregor, gr. to R. H. Elliott, Esq., Clifton
Park. Kelso, 2nd.

Single-flowered varieties were a distinct feature, so
numerous were the exhibits. In this class, one vase
irrespective of variety was required. Chrysanthemum-
foliage only to be used. Thirteen entered, and as the
bulk adhered to one variety only, a grand display of
well - grown blooms was the result. With perfect
examples of Miss Annie Holden, Mr. A. Angus, gi-. to
Lord HAMILTON, D.alzell, Motherwell, was 1st; 2nd,
Mr. J. Mackinnon, gr..to E. Anderson, Esq., Eastwood
Hill, with Mary .\uderson.

Blooms on Stands.
For twelve Japanese blooais, distinct, there were as
many competitors ; Mr. Lunt here securing the leading
award, and Mr. J. H. Cummin 2nd.

NOVEJIBER 23, 1901.]

THE GARDENER S' CHR ONICL E,

583

An interesting class was that for twelve Japanese in
four varieties. Mr. \V. Luraley, gr. to the Ear! of
Elsiv, Broomliall, Dunfermline, won the 1st prize with
a grand exhibit.

Incurved varieties were moderately good. Mr. J.
Martin, Corndean Hall, Winchcombe. secured Ist prize
for twelve blooms, distinct, and for six blooms of
any one variety. Mr. J. Shotton winning for six blooms,
distinct.

Amateurs staged well in their respective classes ; Mr.
R. C. Dickson, School House. Raplock, winning in
several classes with really good exhibits.

The premier bloom of the show was a magnificent
one of Madame Cadbui-y, belonging to Mr. LrxT.

In the plant classes, the leading awards were made
in favour of Mr. W. Pulraan, gr. to D. R. \V. HiSE. Esq ,
Hollywood, Colinton Road : and Mr. D. Cavanagh, gr.
to Mrs. J. C. Olives, St. Edwards, Murrayfield.

First-class Certificates were granted to Japanese
Chrysanthemums Henry Barnes, Mrs. T. W. Pockett,
and Mrs. Thirkell, belonging to Mr. \V. Wells, Earls-
wood, Surrey, who had an interesting exhibit of new
Chrysanthemums. Mr. J. Cocker, Aberdeen, had a
fine display of early-flowering Chrj'santhemums in
hugebuni-hes, wliich attracted uiuch attention.

MANCHESTER EOYAL BOTANICAL.

November l-t, l."), 16. — It was certainly a step in the
right direction to leave the Town Hall and move into
the spacious St. James' Hall, where there is not only
ample room to display the exhibits fully, but a margin
left for promenading. There are not too many classes
in the Schedule, and the show formed a relief to other
shows, where classes arc so numerous as to make them
bewildering.

The cut blooms shown were remarkable for depth,
colour, and freshness. The leading class was for
twenty-four incurveds and twenty-four Japanese: tlic
fortunate winner who this year wrested the twenty-
five-guinea Challenge Cup from Mr. West, gr. to E.
Behrens, Esq.. Whitchurch, being Mr. C. Crooks, gr. to
the Dowager L.ady HiNDLip, Droitwicli. Mr. J. CUTTS,
Nottingham, was :ind.

Mr. CiiooKs won another Ist prize for a handsome,
collection of twenty-four incurved blooms.

For thirty six Japanese blooms Mr. CitoOKS again
proved invincible, but the best collection of eighteen
Japanese blooms was one from Mr. A. II. Hall, gr. to C.
W.viEHHOUSE, Esq., who also won 1st prizes for twelve
Japanese blooms and twelve iiu-urvcd blooms.

An important class was that for thirty-six miscel-
laneous, J. Lamb, Esq., Bowdon, winning.
Plants.

The nine specimen plants staged by Mr. Mulloy, gr,
to T. Uahkeh, Esq., Didsbury, were remarkable in-
stances of clever culture ; Mr. G. 11. Gaddu.m was 2nd.

The six bush plants and six Pompons were equally
good; J. BuowN, Esq., Heaton Mersey, and Mr. J. Wal-
ton tvinning respectively.

Groups were a centre of attraction, handsomely
arranged, save for a somewhat loose frontage. Messrs.
J. Brown ist, and J. Walton 2nd.

Trade Exiiiiiits.

There was a large display from the trade. Messrs.
Clibran & Son, Altrincham, had a collection of Chrys-
anthemum blooms and many choice plants.

Messrs. Dickson &. Robinson, Manchester, had a dis-
play of fruit. In baskets, Roman Hyacinths, Cycla-
mens, (Stc.

Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, an exhibit of
Apples and Pears.

. Mr. Wells, Earlswood Nurseries, Surrey, showed a
small stand of new Chrysanthemums.

Mr. R. Doe, gr. to the Right Hon. the Earl of Drrbv,
Knowsley Hall, had a decorative table of fruit.

Messrs. Cypher, Clicltcnham.CHAHLE.swoRTii & Co ,
Bradford, and Jno. Kohson contrit)Uted collections of
Orchids. Gold Medals were awarded in each of theabovo
eight Instances. Silver-Gilt Medals were awarded to
Messrs. Jno. Waterer <t Son.s, for shrubs; Messrs.
HuoH Low i Co.. Enlield, and Duckworth (Flixton),
for Orchids; Messrs, Dickson, Brown, & Tait, Man-
chester, for floivering plants in pots. Silver Medals
were awarded to Messrs. Caldwell Jc Sons, Knuts-
ford, for herbaceous and Alpine plants ; and to Messrs.
J. BOYES it Co., Aylesbury, for Carnations.

An extensive group of beautiful plants was shown by
Mr. Weathers, from the Royal Botanical Gardens,
Manchester.

BRADFORD CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NovKMiiKii l.-i, ir..-Tlic IlKccnIh annual cxIiibitii.M
was held in St. Georges Hall, and was a great succcs.^i.
Dr. Hv. Smith proved the winner of the Mjiyor of
Bradford's Cup, witli a fine group of Chrysanthemums.
There was a good competition for this class, Mr. Hell,
gr. to J. Rhode, Esq., Bolton Royal, Bradford, taking
2nd prize.

Specimen plants were a feature of the show, the 1st
prize for six being won by Mr. J. W. IIaiton, who
shoived a particularly good lot, tnd won the Challenge
Trophy for the second time.

The open 10-guinea Challenge Cup only brought two
exhibitors, Mr. E. Ellis, Heswall, Clieshire, being 1st,
closely followed by Mr. J. Collier, gi'. to G. Sixoer,
Esq., Counden Court, Coventry.

For twenty-four incurveds, Mr. E. Ellis was again
successful ; Messrs. H. Clark & Sox, Rodley. 2nd.

The class for twelve Japanese blooms brought a good
entry, the 1st prize going to Mr. C. W. Findlow, gr. to
G. E. MOSES, Esq., Higher Bebington, Birkenhead ; 2nd,
Mr. E. Ellis.

Lord Masham's Challenge Cup, value 10 gs.. was won
a second time by Mr. J. Thornton, Lumb Hall
Nurseries.

Bouquet and floral decorations were exhibited in
variety, Mr. J. Brooke, Mr. W. Brooke, and Mr. Sam
Deane taking the prizes in tlie order named.

Auiateurs were again well to the front, Mr. Thos.
Bird, Messrs. D. Baker >t Son, and Mr. M. Pembehton
being the principal prize winners. Other successful
exhibitors were Wm. Moorby, gr. to H. Mackintosh.
Esq. ; F. Howland, gr. to T. Arton, Esq. ; Wm. Banks,
gr. to A. S. Uaooos, Oakworth.

The arrangements were well carried out by Mr. W.
Horsman. Chairman, supported by an excellent
committee.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

November is.— The Floral Committee will only meet
once again this season, at 1 p m. on December .■!, in con-
nection with the winter exhibition. At a meeting held
on Monday last, awards were made to the following
novelties :—

Incurved variety JVilliavi Higg^. — A large, massive
flower, of very promising character, with good, broad
florets ; colour fawn or light buff. Shown by Mr. H.J.
Jones, Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green, Lewishain
(First-class Certificate).

SiiigU variety Robert Hairsitie.— Of moderate size, and
magenta in colour, with two rows of florets. Shown by
Mr. J. E. LOTT, Alexandra Road, Hull (Award of Merit).

Japanese variety tn-nernl IIiUton.—An Australian seed-
ling. It is a large fiowei-, of goldenyello.v colour, with
very broad florets. The blooms shown were from
difTerenl buds, and varied in smoothness a little; but
the variety will, we think, prove to be fii-stclass
Shown by Mr. Lovelock (Award of Merit).

The committee commended the variety Mrs. John
Lott, a large-flowered single, colour magenta. Miss
Dorothy Powell, a wliite Japanese flower, from Mr.
II. J. Jones, was promising.

©bituar\>.

The Late THOMAS MEEHAN.

Thoivias Meehan. — On June" 15 of t)ic
present year, we published a portrait and
an account of the life career of Thomas
Meehan, who by zeal, dogged perseverance,
and constant work, rose from a garden-boy to
be the head of one of the largest ntir.scry firms
in the United States, a distinguished botanist,
and for many years a Vice-President of the
PliiladelphiaAcademy of Natural Science. Mr.
Meehan had for some time past been in failing
health, and now we learn from a cablegram
sent to his brother, Mr. Charles Meehan, gr.,
St. Clare, Isle of Wight, that he died on the
19th inst. On the occasion of his receiving
one of the Vcitch Medals a few months since.

we published a detailed account of his life and
works — an accotint so instructive and so
stimulating, that we can but recommend our
readers, and especially young gardeners, to
peruse it and profit by its lessons. By his
death we lose a friend of thirty-five years'
standing, and a contributor to these columns
for even a longer period.

Mrs. Jacques. — Many of onr readers will
learn with regretof the death of Mrs. Jacqur s,
wife of the head gardener to Lord Portman, at
Cryanstonc, Blandford. Mr. Jacques, who is
the eldest son of the gardener at Waddesdon
JManor, Aylesbury, and who had been pre-
viously employed in the Royal Gardens at
Sandringham, had been married only a few
months.

William Balchin.— This gentleman, the
head of the extensive nursery firm of Messrs.
W. Balohin & Sons, Brighton and Ilassock.o,
died at his residence on the Hassocks Nur-
series on the 16th inst., after a painful illness
which had kept him confined to his bed for
twelve months past. He was in his seventy-
seventh j'ear. Coming to Brighton as a young
man, and seeing an opportunity to commence
business, he in conjunction with his brother-
in-law started as Messrs. Balchin & Nicl. In
course of time the partnership was dissolvo(',
and the business was carried on by Mi-.
Balchin alone; and under his management it
became considerably developed, with branch
nurseries at Brighton, Hove, and Hassocks,
and conservatories in the Western Uoad,
Brighton, and In the Church Road, Hove. In
course of time, two at least of his sons bec;inie
associated with him in business, and the linn
is known as W. Balchin & Sons. At Hassocks,
a place a few miles on the London side of
Brighton, there is a considerable quantity of
glass, and a nursery of forest/trces, fruit-trees,
and shrubs. The foreman at the Hassocks
Nurseries has perhaps scarcely a rival as a
cultivator of hard-wooded plants ; his success
with such subjects as Lescheiiaultias, lioronias,
Kricas, ICpacris, Chorozemas, &c., is widely
known. There is, as might bo expected, a
considerable trade connection. Mr. l!;ilcliiii
was often pressed to take part in public life,
but his heart was thoroughly in bis I iisinets,
and he would not be drawn away from it. Ho
leaves a widow and eight children. His
funeral took place in the Uove Cemetery on
the 20th inst.

ENQUIRY.

VioLKTS. — What cause can be assigned or
remedy suggested for the following ;ippaicntly
arrested flowering of Violets'? I live in Staf-
fordshire ; all round arc gardens where Violets
in frames flower well from September (o May.
In my case the Violets (strong, large clumps),
havefor two years running been lifted into the
frames at the end of August, buds have formed,
five or six showing on a plant, and then iiot'iing
has happened ; the buds have not damped olT
but simply remained apparently in a state of
arrested develoiiraent till the end of February,
when they have flowered profusely. Can it be
the particul;ir locality, or can any chemical
application bo suggested to push on the
flowering without stimulating plant growth '.'
It has been said that former gardeners have
been unable tollower Violets at this particular
place, but 1 do not credit it. D. L. [Wc should
be glad to hear vihat our Violet growers have
to say on this matter. Ed.]

384

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 23, 1901.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

EUONYMUS RADICANS VARIEGATA.

Attention has been recently directed in the
Gardeners' Chronicle to this plant, and to its
value for covering walls. For many years the
ifronts of some four or five cottages at Hamp-
ton, have been completely covered by this
plant, which must have been planted a number
of years, for when I first saw them twelve
years ago, the shoots had tlien reached to the
eaves, 20 feet above the ground. At this
point the shoots were stubbed back, otherwise
the gutter would have been interfered with.
What particularly struck me was the uniform
covering of the entire frontage by the plants.
It is a pity so good a wall-plant is not more
frequently employed in this manner.

In the late Robert Parker's nursery at
Tooting, many years ago, this plant was em-
Ijloyed as an edging similarly to Box, and also
as a wall covering. Right and left of the
seedshop door the jslant clung closely to the
wall, and it was more than 12 feet high ; while
the borders, some 200 yards long, by the sides
of the walk leading to the shop, were edged
with plants which then were about 15 inches
high.

The plant is self-clinging. Those who may
recxuire the plant for this purpose, should
obtain long cuttings, and having rooted them,
place in the desired spot, for the old plant
requires time to get out of its clustei-ed
growth, and become elongated. E. H. Jenkinx,
Hampton Hill.

LorrufoomknU

"Abnorm.vl Growth" on Brambles -. Enlo-
mologtj. This is produced by Diastrophus
rubi, a fairly common insect.

Books : Devon. We believe Mr. L. llpcott
Gill published, some years ago a manual on
the Peach, written by the late D. T. Fish.
Apply at the Bamar OfBce, 170, Strand,
London, W.C.— L. T. Cactnn Culture for Ama-
teurs, by W. Watson. Published by Upcott
Gill, 170, Strand, London, W.C.

CiiRYSANTHEJiUM Bloom : 11. H. ■ We cannot
comply with your request, as the bloom
reached us on Tuesday last, and the next
meeting of an authoritative Committee will
be that of the R.H.S. on the 2Gth inst.
The National Chrysanthemum Society's Com-
mittee will not meet until December 3. You
descrilje the yellow flower as a sport from
Miss Edith Pilkington, but we can see no
evidence of this. "Miss Edith Pilkington is
a rich golden yellow-coloured Japanese,
with fine broad florets. On a terminal bud
the flowers sometimes are bronze-coloured.

CoDi.'EUJi Leaves Drooping and Crippled :
F. Lodijc. The result, probably, of a sudden
lowering of the temperature of the house
at night, owing to a cold snap, such as
occurred a few weeks ago in the London
district.

Correction— CuscQTA : J.E.J. The species
growing on Ivy in the Trinity College Bo-
tanic Garden is, as has often been noted in
our columns, C. refloxa, not C. europasa, as
stated in error.

Hardy Climber : A Constant Reader. Probably
Bignonia radicans ; send flowers and foliage
another year, ripe wood being .scarcely
enough for identification.

Hollyhocks diseased : F. 8. Pucoinia mal-
vacearum, the dreaded disease of the Holly-

hock. Burn all affected plants, and annihi-
late all Marsh-mallow plants that may be
growing in the vicinity of the garden.

Lime for Slugs on Celery : Devon. Not gas-
lime, but freshly slaked stone or chalk lime.

*** NAsras OF Fruits and of Plants, Special
Notice: We are desirous of assisting young
gardeners and our subscribers as far as we
can do so consistently with our editorial
duties, but our readers must kindly remember
tluit such joorfc is outside onr scope, and
always involves some inconvenience, and gene-
rally a large expenditure both of time and
money on our part. Delay is unavoidable.
Not more than six sj)ecimens should be sent.
Correspondents not answered in this issue are
requested to be so good as to consult the
following ntimbers.

Names OF Fruits : J. G.. Gloucester. 1, Cal-
ville Rouge d'Hiver; 2, Waltham xVbbey
Seedling. — Logan. Please send a small
sample of the wood of each tree, and describe
the habit of growth. Attach the same num-
bers as those given witli the Apples, i.e., 1,
medium red fruit ; 2, conical yellowish fruit.
We will keep the Apples received until
samples asked for arrive.^A. P. M., Dar-
lington. Beurre de Jonghe. — F. Y. Beurre
Sterckmans. — E. W. K. Pears : 1, Passe
Colmar ; 2, Beurre Superfin ; 3, Durondeau.
Apples : 1, Cockle Pippin ; 2, Kerry
Pippin. — li. C. H. Marechalde la C'our.

Names of Plants: J.F. Coelogyne lagenaria,
or, as it is more often called in gardens,
Pleione lagenaria ; also known as Indian
Crocus. — James Cornford. Crinum abyssini-
oum. — W. H. II. Sedum carneum, varie-
gated form. — C. H., Herts. The grey-green
plant is Echeveria secunda glauca. The
other Begonia heracleifolia. — F. M. 1, Cat-
tleya Warseewiczii ; 2, Cattleya labiata ; 3,
Selenipedium x calurum. — W. C, Chelten-
ham. 1, Crattegus pyracantha; 2, Berberis
vulgaris; 3, Eriobotrya japonioa (Loquat), a
Japanese fruiting plant. — R.B., Slireu<sbury.
Both very fine forms of Cattlej'a labiata ;
No. 1, an exceptionally richly- coloured
variety. — Gf. B., Herts. Cattleya Warsee-
wiczii, often called Cattleya gigas ; a very
good variety. — C. J. 1, Polypodium aureum ;
2, Adiantum Waltoni diffusum ; 3, Nephro-
diura Molle ; 4, Asparagus procumbens. —
Constant Reader. Lygodium soandens. —
J. T. H. Hedysarum coronarium (French
Honeysuckle), so far as we can determine
from a seedling uuflowered plant. It is
scarcely a plant for growing in a pot, being
better suited to the border of herbaceous
perennials. The photograph kindly sent is
not suitable for reproduction. — Bucks. Ber-
beris vulgaris and Cestrum fasciculatum.

I'EARs FOR A Wall facing North : J. R. W.
Catillac for stewing ; Winter Nells, Jean de
Witte, Brown Beurre or Beurre Diel. No
variety is first-rate on a northern asftect.
Morello Cherries, Currants, and Goose-
berries are more valuable.

Pelargonium Blooms Discoloured: T. W.
The disfigurement and decay of the flowers
are due to damp. These varieties succeed in
a moderately dry, warm house, say ol 48' to
•50' by night, and 60° by day at this season,
air being given whenever the days are mild.
Drip from the roof and the slopping of water
on to the floor and staging must be avoided
as much as possible.

Pelargonium Blooms Spoiled : T. E. The
result probably of a lowering of the tem-
perature by tlie door being left open at
night, and by fog being admitted. The
bailifi's children were doubtless the
culprits.

Pelargoniums: C. J. We cannot undertake
to name the variety. You should take the
blooms to some grower in a large way.

Roman Hyacinths Diseased: X. Y. Z. Bulbs
are attacked by a bacterial disease caused
by Bacterium hyacinthi. This disease is
very contagious. G. Massce.

Scale on Currant Stems : Entomology. The
brown scale is Lecanium coryli, L. (= ribis.
Pitch) ; the small white scales are the male
puparia of Chionaspis salicis, L., and near
them are the pyriform scales of the females.
The Currant is a new food-plant for this
latter species.

Soil Analysis : E. If you are a Fellow of the
Royal Horticultural, or of the Royal Agri-
cultural Societies, you can get your soil
analysed at small cost.

Spent Hois: a. A. W. In the fresh state
spent Hops have no value as a manure, but
fermented in a heap, with or without being
mixed with stable-dung, and turned over
once or twice, they become a useful manure
for vegetables growing in light land.

Spot on Grapes : Devon. In vineries where
this fungus has attacked the fruit, it is a
matter of prudence to use a fungicide as a
preventative soon after the berries are set,
and twice afterwards at monthly intervals.
A safe one consists of | oz. of sulphide of
potassium (liver of sulphur) dissolved in a
gallon of water, and spray the Vines and
bunches therewith. Every affected berry
should be removed and burned.

The Leaves of Grape-Yines suddenly Drop-
ping : Puxded. NVithout a thorough inves-
tigation made on the spot, we are unable to
account for the occurrence.

Tomato Seeds: W. P. We cannot act as
intermediary in matters of buying or selling.
You should advertise in this journal. We
have no right to divulge the name and
address of a correspondent who chooses to
write under initials.

Vines: A. II. P. The Vines are evidently
very weak from some cause, and the sub-
lateral growths more so than ordinarily. We
think you should look to the condition of
the border and the roots. Frost would not
account for it. Excessive fruiting of any
plant will not kill, although it may in .some
cases weaken a Vine it for a year or two.

Zonal Pelargoniums with Spotted Leaves:
Zonal. The method of cultivation must be
at fault, or the plants are constitutionally
weak. As the " spots and lumps " are not
the work of insects or fungi, it is impossible
to advise without further information.

Communications Keceived.— J. Maers— H. B. M —
E. M.— J. W,— F. W. Holland— the Viscount P.— the
Earl of A.— the Earl of D.— G. W.— C. M.— F. W. B.—
G. R. H.-Suhscriber-H. S. W —Geo. Mason— J. H.—
J. C. T.— F. W. M— T. N.— H. C.-Secretary National
Chrysanthemum Society— H. J.— J. H. H.— Dickson &
Robinson— E. M.— A. C— A. H.— An Exhibitor— G. L.
— G. F.— A. 0. B.— J. C. C— D. R.— H. W. W.— W. B. B.
— C. H.— A. B.— D. R. W— Wild Rose— H. J. C— F. T. M.
— R. B. L.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mii. JuH.\ UiKSK, for the last fonr years Chi-ysanthe-
niuni Grower at the Royal Botanic Gardens.
Glasgow, as Head Gardener to Alexandee, Esq.,
Brentham Park. Stirlingshire,

Mr. W. S. Cholwill, for two years Foreman at Mount
Edgcumbe, Cornwall, and previously Head Gar-
dener at the Manor House, Stoke. Devonport. as
Head Gardener to J. J. Mac Andrew, Esq., Lukes-
land, Ivy Bridge, Devonsliire.

Mr. S. Bbightman, for three years Gardener at Berkin
Manor, Horton, Slough. Bucks, as Gardener to
Robert Prvor, Esq., Hinxton Hall, Great Chester-
ford, Essex.

Mr. Robert Preece, as Head Gardener to Mrs. Barnebv,
Trcwyn House, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire.

Mr. A. E. Bambridge, for the last four and a half years
Foreman at Gatton Park, Reigate, as Head Gar-
dener to Lieut. -Col. Shipway, Grove House, Chis-
wick, Middlesex.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."
IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. — T/iC Publislier has
the satisfaction of amiouncing that the circidatiov of the
" Gardeners^ Chronicle " has, since the reduction in the
price of the paper, more than

m- TREBLED. S*

Advertisers are remindtd that the '•Chronicle" circalatrs
among Counthv Gentlemen, and all Classes of
Gardeners and Garden-lovers at home, that it has
a specially large Foreign and Colonial CiRcnLA-
TiON, and thai it is preserved for r^erence in all the
principal Libraries.

(For Markets and Weather, see p. viii.^

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle," November 23, 1901.

HOIIERIA I'Ol'UI.NEA, HARDY KVERGREEN SHRUB, WITH WHITE FLOWERS, EROM THE BOTANIC GARDEN,

Trinity College, Dublin.

November 30, 1901.]

THE GARD EXER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

385

THE

No. Ti^.— SATURDAY, NOV. 30, 1901.

. Cookii con-
ing at Kew 3«7

Asters, perennial ... 386

Blackberry, a white ... 393

Books, notices of—
Dictionnaire Icono-
grapiiique des Or-

chidiSes 390

Lilies for English

gardens 390

Various 396

Isotanic Gardens, St.
I'ctcrsburg 395

Bottle- brush tree at
Torquay .399

Bulb-garden, the—
Hybrid Montbrctias .388

Campanulas rapuncu-
loides andCirossekii 398

Ceropegia 400

Cryplomeria .389

Fogs in Paris 396

Forestry—
Avcnnc planting ... 390

Fi-uitcultureandlruit
preserving ... 394, 398

<Tlas9liouses. aspect of
span-roofed 399

<;rapc Keinpscv Ali-
cante 398

liobcriapopulnea ... 399

Iriiies, a new race of
hybrid alpine ... .397

.Japanese trees, dwarf .39.1

Locusts, how to cope
with •iK.'i

JJorlh, a visit to the—
Glasgow City Gar-
dODS 391

Nursery notes-
Seed Potatos at
Rciullng .398

Orange - growing in
(iraliamstown ... .3»'i

CONTENTS.

Orchids, the back

pseudo-bulbs of ...

Phylloxera, a new

remedy against
Pinus laricio var.

Moseri

Plant portraits
Plants, new or note-
worthy

Plums, dried

Publications received
Kosary, the—
Preparing for the

winter

Societies—
Chelmsford Chrys-
anthemum

Croydon Hort. Im-
provement

Devon and Exeter

Gardeners'

Dulwlch Chrj'santlie-

mum

National Chrysan-
themum (Annual

Dinner)

Reading and Dis-
trict Gardeners' ...
Royal Horticultural
SheOield Floral and

Hort

York Chi7santhc-

mum

Sparks and crops
Trinity College Gar-
dens, Dublin

Vegetables-
Peas

Violets not opening

their flowers

Week's Work, the 391',
West Indian fruit ...
Winter activities
Winter washing of
fruit-trees

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Araucaria Cookii coning in Tcmpcrate-liouse, Kew .3-*

Araucaria Cookii upon islet ofT New Caledonia ... :»;

Cryptomeriaiaponica near Yokohama .381

Iris, new hybrid early-llowerlug alpine (Supple-
ment).

Metrosideros at Torquay 39(

I'orlralt of Mr. James Whitton 391

Stopper, a, for preserve-bottles 391

TRINITY COLLEGE GARDENS,
DUBLIN.
rpEINITY COLLEGE occupies a large
-*- space almost in the centre of the city,
anil is pleasantly surrounded with trees and
verdant lawns; but the botanical gardens
ill connection with the College, also ably
presided over by Mr. F. W. Burliidge, M,A.,
;irc situated at Ballsbridge, about one mile
from the College, but easily reached by
tram from all parts of the city. Entering
them from Pembroke Road, the visitor
observes a long walk in front of him, with
a wall to the left, facing south, and on
^vhich are many plants that invite close
inspection. Amongst them a tall specimen
of Dracaena australis, which affords a tropical
appearance to this part, which is materially
lieightcncd by several smaller specimens in
<.-lose proximity ; a fine plant of Trachycar-
|)iis excelsus (Chaniicrops), which has grown
thei'c for several years, and many younger
specimens. Overhead is a tree of Quercus
<-erris var. plumosa of distinct appearance,
llie branches of which stretch out horizon-
tally for a long distance ; and close by stands
a specimen of the large-leaved Lime, Tilia

tomento-^a. syn. argentea : a fine plant of
Pittosporum Mayii also deserves notice;
and amon^ plants of lesser growth, Apera
arundinacea, syn. Stipa arundinacea (the
Pheasants-tail Grass) must not be forgotten.
The inflorescence when cut resembles a
pheasants-tail in shape and hue. It is a useful
grass for arranging with cut flowers in vases :
it sows itself, and springs up again, but not
too plentifully. On the wall I noticed a very
fine plant of Berberis fascicularis, which is
certainly worth extra care and attention on
account of the beauty of its foliage. Plants
of B. gluinacea and B. nepalensis were also
doing well, as was Rosa macrantha. Close
by, Colletia horrida had grown into a fine
specimen, and in another part of the garden
C. cruciata was growing well— two strange
and formidable-looking plants. Here is also
a very fine specimen of Arbutus hybridus
which I observed for the first tiiue. The
plant is intermediate in character between
A. Amirachne and A. Uncdo.

The gardens were commenced early in
the last century, and contain many Conifers
of large size, as well as deciduous trees. I
made a special note of an American Elm. a
more graceful tree than the English Kim.
A tree of Pinus Pinea, the Stone Pine, is
said to be the finest specimen in the I'nited
Kingdom : another Pine is sometimes given
this name in error, and I was very glad to
see the titie sjiecies which is not l)y any
means plentiful.

A part of the garden is laid out in rectan-
gular beds for furnishing botanical speci-
mens to the students, and many interesting
plants were remarked. In front of two
greenhouses is a pond, whose surface was
thickly covered with the leaves of Marliac's
varieties of Water Lilies, the banks forming
ideal sites for Gunnera manicata, Pampas
Grass. Bamboos, etc. A grand efl'ect has
been produced here liy the use of a few
distinct kinds of foliage backed up by tall
shrubs and forest trees. In the greenhouses
were plants of O.valis Ortgiesii with bronzy
leaves ami yellow flowers, and some fine
specimens of the Australian Grass-trees,
Xanthnrrliira, with many other foliage and
flowering jdants in good condition too
numerou-i to be mentioned here, and col-
leetively affording a pretty effect. Several
of the newer varieties of Nymphiea were
flowering in a rectangular tank where they
can be readily insjjcetcd; some of the best
were X. o<lorata sul|)hurea, very fine ; N.
EUisiaiia, which Mr. Burbidge spoke very
highly of ; \. Andreana, N. Marliacea rosea,
and N. chromatella; Trapa nalans and T.
verbaneiisis, growing in a corner of this tank,
the latter has very pretty red petioles. Two
feet in depth of water is found to be suflR-
cicnt for these plants.

Along the sid(>s among some stones were
.Vndrosaco lanuginosa and A. Leichtlini,
thriving as I have never seen them else-
where : they evidently enjoy a fair amount
of moisture. Plants of Lobelia cardinalis
var. Firefly were thriving, and this variety
is, I consider, a great improvement on the
type. Myrsinc afrieana is a rare shrub with
bright green foliage ; a native of the Cape
of Good Hope, it seemed quite at home in a
sheltered spot. One of the prettiest plants
in the garden was Sparaxis pulcherrima,
so light and graceful in appearance, that it
is difficult to convey an idea of the plant
in words. Mr. Burbidge aptly calls it

the Fairy Fishing Rod ; it is of a pleasing
shade of rosy-pink, 4 to 5^ feet high, with
pendent campanulate flowers set on very
slender stems, totally distinct from the
ordinary species — it was growing out-
of-doors, in peat soil. A wall in a shady
situation furnished with " pockets" in which
to grow plants, was prettily furnished with
a variety of things, one of which was Cam-
panuhx isophylla, flowering remarkably well.
On a similar wall, erected in a sunny posi-
tion, Zauschneria californica was also doing
well, the bright orange-scarlet of this flower
at once arresting my attention. The double
Calystegia pubeseens was also remarked ;
it is a climber that should be more often
grown in gardens. Does anyone know the
single form of this ?

A choice collection of Orchids, Ferns, fine
foliage plants, and many other plants are
grown in the houses, and Mr. Burbidge has
every corner filled, both outdoors and under
glass, with something of interest to a gar-
dener. Begonia President Carnot was extra
good, growing in a heap of turves, like those
used in growing Cucumber plants : another
Begonia not often seen, 15. Ilaageana,
which is similar to B. metallica lint larger
with flowers, is worthy of general extensive
cultivation. Many decorative plants are
grown for use at the College on special
occasions. Two plants must bo mentioned
for the excellent scent found in their leaves.
These are the Chilian Bay (Laurclia aroma-
tica) and the wild Lemon. An exotic Dodder,
Cuseuta reflcxa, growing in one of the
houses had escaped through the ventilators
and looked very curious; it was growing on
some Ivy on a north wall. I must not omit
to mention some very fine plants of Phor-
mium tenax and P. Colensoi in various parts
of the garden, the latter being nnuh the
hardier plant. It was obtained originally
from Powerscourt, where a quantity of it
was grown for ornamental planting. As
seen here it is worthy of extensive planting
in the warm parts of the country on account
of its distinct appearance. 11'. //. Dicers.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

From Mr. iMax. Leichtlin eomo specimoiis of
now plants for doterinlnation. The first i.s a
new species of Aster from Hazara in N.W.
India, ol' which Mr. .Spencer Moore kindly
furnishes a description.

Aster subccbrulba,* sp. nov. S. Moore.

' IIei-l).Tfc:i, fvcrin. cnulo subtcroti in Iniu'iliKlinoiii
cximic .^ii .iNi |..ii iui pilosulo; folii • iiiimiiii-

loiigo-dlil rMiih iiiidliique obtusis innvii ,.ir,Mii

undul; I.nii. uIjI w piiis strigulosis ^i|.i.i.' i , |.i;ri-i-

pue supra obsitis in sicco laHe viricUlmt,; c-apilulis
majuseulis solitariis pcdunculalis; involncri sub-
hcmispha.'rici basi impressi phyllis y.seri;[fis lancco-
lafo-oblongis acutis margine ciliolatis Ik i Ij.i.ci h.isjji
versus decoloribus ; radii flosculis circM "h ni mvii-
lucrum iiiagnopere excedentlbus obhiun mLiIi i.iiiii,,is
deorsuni longiusculc attenuatis subcui uk:i.i, , ui liii-uiis
oblongis compressis faciebus 1-costatis pubeucenlibus;
pappi setis circa 12 quam achicnia bi'evioribus scabrius-
culis brunneis.

Folia ao— 90 cm. long, (sumitia veio insigniler
imminuta), dimidio abaxiali circa I'ii cm. lat., iiorvi
lateralcB 2 uorvum centralim usque ad mciliiim
folium ai'cto approximautes llquc parallcles. I'odnn-
culi circa 10— 10 cm. long., raro loo cm. altingcntcs,
pilosuli. Capitula cxpansa 45 cm. diam. Involncri
phylla 08 cm. long., suinmum 0'2 cm. lat. I.igulit> fere
2*0 cm. long., sursuni 0"3 cm. lat. Achtcnia 0"2.') cm.
ct pappa sctic 015 cm. long.

Appirently nearest A. lingulatus, Franchct, but
difTeront from it in leaf; shape of involucral leaves;
pale blue, not purple ray-florets ; different pappus, &c.
S. Moore.

386

THE GARDENERS' C^:.RONiaLE.

[November 30, 1901.

HYSSOFUS OFFICINALTS, L., VAR. GRASDIFLORUS,
Rendle, vat: noi\
A striking form, cliavacterisetl by the dif-
fuse habit of the flowering shoots and the lax
arrangement of the partial inflorescences, but
especially by the large, open flowers. The
measurements of the floral organs arc as
follow:— Calyx 9 mm. long, including the
shortly aristate teeth (3 mm.). Corolla-tube

1 cm. long, the lower slender cylindrical part
7 mm., the bifld posterior lobe of the corolla
5 mm. long by S'o mm. broad, the anterior
7'5 mm. long from the base to the centre of
the broadly emarginate, spreading mid-lobe ;
the mid-lobe 4 mm. long by 1 cm. broad, the
lateral lobes barely 2 ram. long, by little over

2 mm. broad. Posterior stamens 13 mm. long,
anterior 14 mm. Nutlet (barely ripe) slightly
pubescent at the apex, 2'5 mm. long. The
leaves are narrowly linear-lanceolate, and
highly glandular. The whole plant is glabrous.
Hab., Lake Baikal.

Mr. Max. Lciehtlin also sends a Mertensia,
■which, though a finer plant, is, I think,
inseparable from M. primuloides. The speci-
mens are about 41 inches high; the leaves
reach 4 to 5 cm. in length, and have a slender
stalk exceeding and passing into the somewhat
oblong blade. The corolla tube reaches from
12 to 1,5 mm. in length, .and the spread of the
limb in the dried specimens reaches 1 cm. The
corolla, when dried, is of an indigo-blue colour,
but when fresh said to be Prussian-blue, with
a white centre and a yellow eye. There is a
precisely similar specimen in the Kew Her-
barium from llazara, N.W. India.

Prom the same source also come a Codo-
iiopsis, from llazara, which is certainly C.
ovata (Benth.); and an Adenophora from
Central Asia of doubtful appearance, of which
further specimens are required. A. B. Uriidlc.

PERENNIAL ASTERS.
The Starworts or Michaelmas Daisies form a
most interesting class of plants, but being
hardy, and growing freely under almost any
conditions, they have not received the atten-
tion they deserve. In addition to the number
of distinct species there are many garden
varieties, and there is evidently scope for
further improvement ; in fact, there are few
classes of plants which aflord better material
for the " hybridist." It is only recently that
this fact seems to have been recognised.

Perhaps few better displays of these old-time
flowers have ever been made than was seen at
a recent meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society, when they were shown .as pot-grown
plants, the plants being taken up from the
ground. It is unnecessary to say much
with regard to culture, except that by
dividing the plants annually, manuring the
ground, and giving them plenty of room,
they continue in flower much longer and
make a finer display — and some of the
varieties are well worthy of a place as iJot-
plants for decorations. Useful as they are as
cut blooms they do not last so well as when
the plants can be used. It is only a limited
number of varieties that I should recommend for
pot culture, and these are mostly of the Nova'-
Anglife and Novi-Belgii types ; the latter af-
ford the greatest variety, and keep up a longer
succession of bloom than any other class. For
pot culture, they should be started with a
single stem ; cuttings or off-shoots taken off
early in the year will make large plants by the
autumn. They cannot be flowered well in less
than 8-inoh pots, and where convenience will
allow, larger ones may be used. The chief thing
in pot-culture is attention to affording water ;

it will be found that the strong-growing sorts
take up water freely, and it would be dillicult
to over-water them — but they are more liable
to suffer for lack of water than from any other
cause. Even when grown in the open ground,
they suffer in dry weather, the roots not
penetrating so deeply as many other subjects ;
and though they will live through any hard-
ships, they will make a much finer display if a
little attention can be given them, especially
after they begin to form their flower-buds.
A good soaking with water and then a mulching
of manure will be very beneficial.

The necessity of replanting cannot be too
often repeated, for where a collection is
planted together, the stronger-growing va-
rieties will destroy the weaker ones, if not
replanted and reduced in size ; and where the
blooms are left to form seed, the seedlings
spring up in all directions, and this is the
chief cause of the difticulty in their nomen-
clature. The foliage is variable at different
seasons, and even the flowers vary consider-
ably : those which come from the young ground-
shoots are often quite distinct from those on
the main stems; there is also considerable
variation in regard to heights.

No better opportunity could hi had of
judging the relative merits than the extensive
collection grown by Mr. H. J. Jones of
Lewisham, the .source from which these notes
were prepared. Mr. .Jones has procured
stock from every available source, and has
given them his personal attention. Nearly
the whole of the varieties have been grown
in pots, and also in the ground. In many
instances those grown in pots came into
flower earlier than those in the ground. I
should mention that all the pot-grown plants
were grown from single stems, most of them
having been propagated from cuttings early
in the year. In addition to the stock of
named varieties, Mr. Jones has grown a
number of seedlings, and has selected several
which appear to be quite distinct advance-
ments. He has also done some hybridising,
so we may hope for further improvements
another season. A. Hemsleij.

{To be continued.)

THE ROSARY.

PREPARING FOR THE WINTER.
There are many who, stimulated by the
splendid blooms they have seen during the
past summer, may be desirous of enrolling
themselves amongst the enthusiastic Rose cul-
tivators, and want to know how they are to
do so. So much has been written, printed,
and distributed by the National Rose Society,
the horticultural press, and others interested
in Roses, that it may seem to be a waste of
words to add to all that has been written,
and yet I am constantly receiving letters from
persons who have access to these various
sources of information to know what they are
to do. I think that all this arises from the
fact that gardens are so varied in their
character, situation, and soil, that the owners
often want special information as to how they
can best attain their object. Soil has, of
course, a great deal to do with success, but
climate still more, for with the former you can
come to conclusions and regulate your garden
according to its necessities. It has now
become so much the fashion to have Roses
budded on the Seedling Briar, or Briar cutting,
that most persons ought to know what soils
suit those stocks the best. The Dog Rose
likes a strong loamy soil, and the Manetti
rejoices in one much lighter, and being much
stronger and grosser in its growth, it is we

adapted to vigorous and strong growing
varieties, but is not for the more delicate
growing varieties like the Teas. There is one
mistake whioli is sometimes made with regard
to the formation of a rosary. Persons are
enjoined to make it in a sheltered position, but
this does not imply that it is to be anywhere
under the shade of trees. I recollect being
shown a Rose-garden in one of the great
historic homes in the midlands, and the
gardener complained that his plants would
not bloom well, and were much infts'.el wjtii
mildew. When I saw its position I did nob
wonder at this; it was surrounded by largo
Elm-trees which effectually shaded it from
the morning sun, and consequently its growths
were drawn and sappy, while the flowers were
of vei-y poor quality.

The Rose likes fresh air, and prefers even
cold winds to a close and muggy position. 1
would therefore say to those persons who
intend to form a rosary, choose an airy situa-
tion. Another point to be determined is, the
purposes for which Roses are wanted . Are they
for exhibition, or for the owner's gratification
at home ? It may perhaps be asked: Would
not these require to be quite similar? No,
must be tlie answer, because there are some
which the exhibitor would not care to be
without, but which would only cause disap-
pointment to the ordinary grower. Take, for in-
stance, one of the grandestdark-coloured Roses,
Horace Vernet, it can only be had in perfec-
tion from maiden plants no matter on what
stock it may be budded ; but anyone who has
seen the grand blooms of it exhibited by Mr.
Lindsell and Messrs, B. R. Cant & Co., are
often tempted to run the risk, although they
know that disappointment must await them
afterwards. The same may be said of other
Ro.scs, such as Viscountess Folkestone, that
fine hybrid Tea, but a poor grower, and short-
lived ; and also of Lady Mary Fit/.william,
which only an exhibitor would care to grow.
But after all, the subject which should most
interest Rose-growers at this season is, are
there any new Roses which ought to be added
to my collection, and if so, what are they V Now,
a season in which the National Rose Society
has awarded four Gold Medals ought surely to
have something which any Rose-grower would
desire to add to his collection. Some of these
Gold Medal Roses will not be distributed this
autumn, but with all that, there are many
novelties which are worthy the consideration
of the rosarian.

There are several sources amongst our own
Rose-growers from which we regularly expect;
something novel ; and these are mostly old-
established, well-known firms, whose names
need not bg mentioned here.

It was natural to expect that the attractive-
ness of Crimson Rambler, though many did ibot
care for its colour, would draw the attention
of the hybridiser; and perhaps the most suc-
cessful cross has been with Rosa polyantha
simplex, the noveltyQueen Alexandra, a variety
combining the floriferousness and rampant
growth of the parent with flowers of a pleasing
shade of pink. This variety obtained the geld
medal of the National Rose Society at the
Temple Rose show, and as a pillar Rose will, 1
doubt not, be much valued.

Tea Roses have received a good deal of
attention, and there are several which it would
be well for growers to add to thjir collection,,
as, for instance : —

CoraUuifi has been seen an ' ad ired at the-
Drill Hall, receiving an Award of Merit; it is
deep crimson, shaded with coral-red, especially
beautiful while in the bud, strong-crowing,
and a fine autumn bloomer.

NO\-EMBER CO, 1901.]

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR OX I CL E.

387

on a long footstalk above the foliage. There
are some other new Roses such as Lady
Roberts and Ben Cant, but as they will not be
available until later on, it would be useless to
mention them for this autumn planting ; and
in thus indicating those new Roses which 1
think might be added to any collection, I may
have a few words to say about the preparation
of the beds for the dull days of winter. Wild
Rom-.

Fli;. lie— ARAICARIA COOKII UPON ISLET OFF NEW C.U.EDOXIA.

Then there is : —

.l/r.s. li. It. Caiif.— I can speak with a good
deal of confidence of this Rose, as ( have had
it in flower in my own garden ; the flowers
are of a deep rose colour (in the autumn quite
a rich red), the inner petals being soft silvery-
rose, slightly suffused with buff at the l)ase :
f'le foliage is very attractive, being of a deep
rich blue green — it is a goo<l autumn blocmier.
anl very strong in growth. It obtained a (iold
Medal at the Temple Rose Show, and an Award
of Merit of the Koyal Uorticultural Society.

Robert .Scoff. — A Rose of American origin,
of which rosarians .seem to think very liighly.

Duchess of I'ortlnnd (H.T.), which was
awarded a Gold Medal by the Xatioiuil Rose
.Society, and is a Rose of great beauty, pale
-suiphur-yellow, full, large, and of perfect
symmetrical form.

Ladij Moura Beaiiclerc (H.T.).— The colour is
cmique, being a rich bright Madder Rose, with
frilvery reflexes.

Mifiireii Grant (H.T.).— This very fine Rose
is silvcry-whitc, the edge of the petals shaded
and bordered with pink ; it is perfectly formed,
and the flower of good substance, and con-
sequently remains long in perfection ; the
raisers consider it to be the best Rose that
they have raised.

Mamie (H.T.*.- This ftne Rose, originally
known as Mrs. Conway Jones, is of a rosy-
carmine colour, very free flowering, blooming
early and late, very fragrant.

Lady Battcrsea (H.T.) has been frequently
seen during the past season, and was specially
in evidence at one of the meetings of the
Horticultural Club, when it was greatly ad-
mired. There is no doubt that it is a garden
Rose of grand quality ; the flowers are of
moderate size, not quite full, and possibly it
may be at times a good exhibition Rose. The
blooms are of a light rosy-crimson ; the bud
has an orange tinge which it retains when the
flower is open ; the blooms appear singly, and

ARAUCARIA COOKII.

\Ve have on former occasions given illustra-
tions of this species as growing in its native
country, New Caledonia (see flg. 110), when it
resembles the mutilated Elms so common near
London, in which the side branches are re-
moved periodically, while the crown is allowed
to remain. The result is a thicket of short
lateral shoots all up the stem, and a restricted
crown at the top.

Our present illustration (fig. 117), from a
photograph by Mr. Wallis, for which we are
indebted to Mr. Watson, the newly-appointed
Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, shows the
crown of a tree now 30 feet in height, in the
temperate-house, which is bearing cones that
are subglobose in form, and bristly with the
projecting tips of the scales. The foliage con-
sists of small appressed leaves, like so many
lizard-scales. The tree at Kew was presented
by the Duke of Roxburgh in 1812. Figures of
the tree will be found in the Journal of the
llorliciilliiral .Socicfy, vi., p. 208; in the
Botanical ilatjazine, t. 403.5; and in our
colnmns, January 20, 1877, p. 80, 87.

Fla. 117.— TOP OF ARAUCARIA COOKII, AS GROWING IN THE TEMPERATE-HOUSE, KEW.

WINTER ACTIVITIES.

The gardener has not an attractive environ-
ment at this season of the year. The once
lustrous leaves, unless in the special and
somewhat rare instances of Laurels, Hollies,
and other Evergreens, have fallen from the
trees; the Roses, which flowered well into
November, have ceased from their activities —
they have found, not prematurely, their period
of repose. Hut the nature of the ardent
horticulturist does not partake of this well-
merited rest. Ho is active in the present,
because he is thinking of, and providing for
the future. Many precious plants, many
bulbs full of embryonic energy and beauty,
must carefully and seasonably bo inserted in
the soil (whose nature must also fulfil their
requirements), if spring is to be a veritable
scries of floral pictures ; of Snowdrops, Cro-
cuses, Cliionodoxas, brilliant Tulips, and
fragrant Narcissi ; if summer is to be made
niomor.ible with the splendours of the Lily,
and the glories of the Rose. The latest
and most beautiful varieties that can be
.icquired must be added to his possessions,
iiowever extensive, or he is not content.
Doubtless ho is not, if a wise individual,
alt(>t;i'tlier regardless of expense ; there are
Miarjy treasures for the garden which, by
reason of their almost it not absolutely pro-
hibitive prices, he cannot as yet afford to
acquire ; but he knows from experience that in
a few years oven those envied creations of the
florist and rosarian will come within his reach.

The amateur gardener is, like Goldsmith's
Whang the Miller, "naturally avaricious;"
lie is never contented with such things as he
has ; he has often much that is beautiful and
consoling in his garden, but he would like to
have more — and such horticultural ambition
is ({uite pardonable, provided it does not
eventually make him a mere miser, who would
not part with anything valuable he possesses,
even to his dearest and worthiest friends. It

THE GABD ENER 8 ' CHll ONI CL E.

[November 30, 1901.

is especially in late autumn or early winter,
when the catalogues seem to come to us with
those desolating blasts which, in the ex-
pressive language of Robert Burns, "make
fields and forests bare;" and when, turning
over their marvellously artistic pages, we
come upon bright pictures of far -distant
vernal and summer beauty that gladden the
waste places of the Nature-loving heart, it is
chiefly then that the horticulturist experiences
thatuuquenchabledesire for enlarging his "col-
lections," to which 1 have referred. There is
really, under such stimulating conditions, no
possible limit to such avarice as his. If to
Wordsworth the meanest flower that lived
could give thought that often lay too deep for
tears ; to the amateur gardener the latest
" incomparable " Narcissus, however inferior
to his own Emperor and Empress, or the Rose
of faultless loveliness most recently propa-
gated, though not of greater beauty, and
probably less vigorous than his Duke of
Edinburgh or Margaret Dickson, if they can-
not at once be acquired by this ardent culti-
vator, relegate his patience to the regions of
despair.

While thus constantly adding to his garden
possessions, the earnest horticulturist cannot
be inactive at any season of the year. They
are by no means the most assiduous of gar-
deners who are the most intensely conserva-
tive; who do not hunger and thirst (mentally)
for the latest acquisitions in the exquisite
departments of flowers and fruit ; for they,
by reason of this very conservatism, which
often arises fi-om mere indolence or prejudice,
do not exert themselves too much. Horticul-
ture, if it is to be widely beneficent, or greatly
inspiring, must also be progressive ; ever
reaching upwards unto loftier heights. Nothing
can be more impressive to the student of
Nature as thus glorified by art than the
gradual evolution, through hybridisation, of
the Narcissus, the Chrysanthemum, the Dahl a,
and the Rose; and he who contents himself
with the possession, in many instances indo-
lently derived from his ancestors, of the older
and more primitive forms of these, does not
know what human energy, combined with
mental genius, whose constant friend is perse-
verance, has accomplished for mankind.

Nature herself is more active at this season
of seeming repose than can ever by any possi-
bility be apparent o those who desert their
gardens during the winter months. The pro-
cess of root-producticn, generative of future
vegetative energy and consummate floral
beauty, is progressing without intermission
underground. In sheltered regions, the fragile
stems of the Snowdrop, that annual revelation
of ineffable purity, already appear ; while Jas-
minum nudiflorum, calmly shining in the heart
of atmospheric tribulation, is in radiant
bloom. David R. Williamson, Kirkmaiiien
Manse, Wiytonshire, N.B.

How TO COPE WITH Locusts.— In tlio
report of the Administration of Rhodesia for
1898-1900, Part V., p. 368, we find the following
reference to this subject: — "Dr. Edington
has rendered a further service to the colony
by the systematic apDlication of a iioisonous
fungus to the destruction of the devastating
swarms of locusts. The remains of in.sects
which have died from the disease are dried,
powdered, and mixed with water ; young
living specimens are then washed with this
solution, and are set free to contaminate the
swarm. The locusts, when followed up, are
found to perish in large numbers, and tlie
fungus is to be seen growing out of their
bodies. This toxin is also cultivated sepa-
rately, and is supplied to natives and colonists
in tubes."

VEGETABLES.

*■-

LATE-CROPPING PEAS.

Tests of varieties made in one garden only
cannot be accepted as conclusive, more
especially if the soil be liot, shallow, and
gravelly. Moreover the weather has a great
influence on the cropping capacity of the
plants. In the following notes is embodied
my experience in regard to late Peas in
gardens, as far removed from each other as
those of Syon (Middlesex) and Alnwick Castle,
Northumberland. I have the same varieties
of Peas growing at Syon and at Alnwick
Castle, and in the former garden they ai-e
very poor, and at the latter really splendid.
A light gravelly soil, like that of Syon, is
not good for late Peas, of which the Royal
Horticultural Society's Gardens at Chis-
wick furnish another good instance. No one
could have wished for better samples than tlie
early Peas, and even mid-season crops were
fine ; but the later ones were not nearly so
good, and there was the best of the late
varieties grown. Heat and drought arc fatal
to crops of late Peas in this part of the country,
no matter how good tlie treatment. In gar-
dening generally, and in kitchen gardening
in particular, the cultivator has to adapt his
practice to circumstances. When I came to
Syon, I was very loth to discard that fine Pea
Veitch's Perfection, one of the best wrinkled
marrows grown ; for in the midlands it was
our best Pea in .luly and August, and having a
large establishment to provide for, I used to
grov/ it in quantity. At Syon it proved quite
a failure when sown to crop during those
months.

A newcomer in the district asked my advice
concerning late Peas, and I told him not to
sow too many varieties, to put most reliance
on early Peas ; advice which, I believe, was
not much liked, the questioner being an
amateur, who had a large garden. Ho did
not follow my advice, and now complains that
he has not had a bushel of pods from half-a-
dozen rows. In the gardens at Alnwick
Castle, the plants of the same variety arc
covered witli pods down to the ground, and
showed bloom at the same time. The variety
is Autocrat, which is a splendid I'ea for tlie
cooler north, the production of pods being
two months later than at Syon. It is a well-
known variety, partaking of the Ne Plus
Ultra type. At Syon, Ne Plus Ultra cannot be
relied on to produce many pods after the
month of .luly, which is a great drawback.
Peas being desired as late in the year as
possible. As regards good quality it cannot
be excelled.

In order to obtain Peas late in the year,
various means have been tried, but these
have been more or less failures. In a Stafford-
shire garden I had no dithculty of tliis kind,
fine crojis being produced wlicn the jjlaiits
were afforded ample space.

Another excellent Pea that does very well
in the north when sown late is Sutton's
Continuity. The pods, of a deep green colour,
come in great abundance, and in pairs, and
they are blunt - ended, and the plants not
unlike in growth to that of a dwarf Ne Plus
Ultra ; the peas are of a capital flavour, and
the plant has a strong constitution— alto-
getlier it is a fine late Pea, and one that will
bear for a considerable space of time.

Another very fine variety and equally good
as a cropper and for quality, is Royal
Jubilee, an earlier Pea than Continuity, but
good for preceding the latter. I have not
tested it at Syon, but there can be no doubt
as to its value if sown for coming in late in

the summer in gardens where late Peas are a
success. In the north the variety Late Queen
is a favourite Pea, a very distinct variety, and
one that is the equal of Ne Plus Ultra in
regard to flavour, and growing 3 to 4 feet h\
height. I remarked last year that it was free
from mildew right into the month of October.

No note on late Peas would te com-
plete without mention of Carter's Michael-
mas, one of the best late Peas. The variety
is appropriately named, it being really
good at Michaelmas. The haulm is of
medium height, and good habit, and at Alnwicl';
it bears pods abundantly well into the present
month. Tliere is no lack of good late Peas,
but unfortunately it is not everyone who
succeeds in growing them well. O. Wiithes.

Peas in 1901.
Considering the very dry summer. Peas di<l
well in this garden. The earliest here was
English Wonder, a variety which cropped
most abundantly. The plant is not quite so
hardy as American Wonder, but it is to be
preferred to that variety, as being of superior
flavour. My early Peas are sown on a south
border in the month of December, and in
favourable seasons the first picking is about
the middle of the month of May. Gradus,
May Queen, and Sutton's Giant follow in suc-
cession— of the three, Gradus being earliest;
Sutton's Giant, a very fine Pea, a few days
later. These three varieties are well wortli
growing to succeed English Wonder. Re-
specting new Peas that I have grown, and
which have done well, I may mention Glory of
Devon, a fine Pea which I have tested for two
seasons, and believe it to be one of the best,
if not the best, of recent introduction in
regard to crop, hardiness, resistance to mil-
dew and drought, and in flavour equal
to Goldfinder, which is an older variety,
sent out by the same firm as Glory of Devon.
Others I may mention are British Empire, ;v
very distinct Pea, about "2 feet in height :,
haulm and seeds of a very deep green colour,
a good cropper, with the pods in pairs.
I think this Pea will gain in general estima-
tion. Tlie variety Mansfield Show was almost
a failure this year, but it may be better another
year. Older varieties were Masterpiece, an
excellent Pea, having very large pods, suitable
for exhibition, but not such a great cropper as
some others. Large pods do not always afford
the greatest number of Peas. The Autocrat
type of Pea is better in that respect, viz.,
Goldfinder and Captain Cuttle ; this last a
splendid Pea for sowing late, bearing well in
October, as also does Autocrat. F. Q. C, Lifton
Park Gardens, Devon.

BULB GARDEN.

HYBRID MONTBRETIAS.

As a consequence of my saying in a note to
the Gardeners' Chronicle on mildew, that t
had learnt by experience a good deal about
the cultivation of Montbretias, I have received
several letters asking me to give others who
want it the benefit of what I have learnt. Iii
the first place, as regards their hardiness, I
often see it stated that they are absolutely
hardy, but I have several times known them
to be killed outright by frost, both in my
garden and in others. I cannot say how many
degrees of frost the conns will endure, but if
the young shoots are frozen hard down to tho
corm, no new shoots will be formed. M.
Lemoine, years ago, warned me that in the
climate of Nancy even the hardy type M.
Pottsii requires in winter the protection of at
least a foot of litter over the surface, but no

NoVEBfBER 30, 1901.J

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

389

doubt the extreme ■svinter cold of Xancy is
generally much below that of London.

1 find two common complaints about Mont-
bretias. First that when bought the eorms
will not start into growth, and secondly that
they increase so fast as to be unable to flower.
My chief trouble, the stalks turning brown
and withering prematurely, seems less pre-
valent with others. Jlontbretias and Tritonias
(Crocosmias) are said to grow at their home
in moist, almost boggy ground. Before the
flower-stalks and leaves are dead, new shoots

sulphide of potassium, half an ouuce to a
gallon. Any refuse soil, without crocks to
drain, will do to fill the pots, which arc then
watered and placed together in some sheltered
spot luider trees, and covered with light
soil, ashes, or any such material, to a foot
over the top of the pots ; this covering
material to be added to in the event of long
and hard frost, but they must not be protected
against rain or snow, as it is essential to keep
them moist. About the end of March or
beginning of April they are planted out, the

■|;VI'ln.M|:l;lA .lAI'llMCA. NKAIt Vi ikdIIA.MA.

arc generally thrown out by the corm. If
these are either dried up or broken off, the
corm becomes useless. It is therefore of
great importance that they should not be kept
out of the ground, and that they should always
be obtained as early in autumn as possible,
and planted at once. The routine work I
follow is this : — ^About the end of October or
beginning of November (later would do, except
that the new shoots are liable to become
Jongor than convenient), I got say 100 -j-inch
pots; into each of these I put about three
<;orms, which make about ten slioots in all for
a pot. I generally, before potting, dip them
overhead, including the tops, which must uever
l)c cut till spring, in a bucket of solution of

eorms being put 0 inches deep. There is no
advantage in trying to retain in planting a
ball of soil, they grow just as well without it.
Provided the border where they are planted
docs not dry up with suu or the shelter of
trees, it makes no difference whether loam or
leaf-mould or peat is the prevalent material,
but I avoid sand ; feet in moist shade and
head in bright sun, is what they like best.
Amongst dwarf Koses, or amongst mixed
herbaceous plants, they do very well. 1 do
not limit myself to the 100 pots mentioned,
wliioli are intended as a stock in the event of
a severe winter. I plant many large clumps,
100 eorms or more together, a foot deep in
heaps of soil in sheltered places for the winter,

and separate as many as I want in spring,
planting them in threes about the borders—
but leaving thom for two or three years to
become untidy forests of green leaves is always
to be avoided.

I am asked to name the best kinds, but they
vary much in constitution and quickness of
increase. The types Pottsii and Crocosmise-
flora multiply too fast to flower well. Pottsii
grandiflora, in spite of its name, has small
flowers, scarlet outside, yellow inside, very
free, seed - heads ornamental, and habit
vigorous. Etoile de Feu, scarlet, is the best of
its kind. Bouquet Parfait and Feu d'Artifice,
for mixed yellow and red. For ochre-yellowr
with dark eye there is Tigridie, a grand, tall,
robust variety, perhaps the largest of all.
Golden - yellow are Gerbe d'Or and Drap
d'Or ; pale yellow are Solfatare (Lemoine
•spells this name right, and nearly all
English catalogues and writers wrong), and
Sulphurea germania, a very large flower I
have only seen, but it is to be recommended if
robust. The above I consider the best, but I
have grown at least thirty varieties, and many
others are good. Distinct from all these are
two varieties of the old Tritonia (now Cro-
cosmia ; and the latest change seems to be
Montbretia, see Index iCeiueusis) aurea, called
iraperialis, with very large flowers, and broad
imbricated, orange - coloured petals ; and
maeulata, with flowers as large, but narrower
petals, and a dark brown spot on each. These
are less hardy than the hybrids, and make
longer underground shoots ; they are later to
flower, and arc more pronounced bog plants.
They do very well left alone in a bog-bed if
well littered against frost, and are excellent
conservatory pot plants for autumn. In plant-
ing out Montbrelias, I avoid the exact spot
where they have grown before. The best
situations and soils in each garden must bo
found by experience. C. WoUcij Dod, Edge
Hall, Malpas.

C R Y P T O M E R I A.

We are indebted to Mr. Unger, of Yoko-
hama (IJoehmer & Co.), for the pliotograph of
the flue Cryptomeria .shown in flg. 118.

In this country the Cryptomeria is very
handsome in the young state, but as it gets
older it is apt to become more or less brown
and unsightly. A very common peculiarity is
tlio prolongation of the axis beyond tlio cone
in the form of a slender branchlet.

There are numerous varieties of Crypto-
meria in cultivation, some of which, like the
form called C. elegans, is only a stage of
growth of C. japonica. Its foliage assumes a
bronzy-brown tint in autumn, as do some of
the Thuyas and Uetinosporas (Cupressi sp.).
C. Lobbi of gardens is a robust form with
straightor loaves. Then there is a fasciated
form, and one with spirally-twisted loaves.
Wo have a specimen whereon the leaves on
one of the branches are spirally-twisted, while
on the otlicr they are straight.

Tlie loaf structure is much the same as iu
the Hemlock Spruces (Tsuga), especially in the
possession of one large rosin canal in the
middle of the under surface, beneath the flbro-
vascular bundle.

Cryptomerias once grew in this country in
Eocene times, .so tliat we are but growing as
an exotic wliat once was a native ; and we are
growing as a comparative novelty, introduced
within the memory of those now living, a tree
of untold antiquity in our own islands !

Wliat the tree looks like in Japan we may
gather from tlie Forest Flora of Jajxm, by
Cliarles Sprague Sargent.

" The most generally planted timbci--trce of Japan
is tlic Sugi, Cryptomeria japoaiea, and ita wood

390

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November SO, 1901.

is more universally used tliroiigliout tlie Empire
lliau tliat of any other Conifer. It isone of thecouimon
trees of temple gardens and roadside plantations, and
when seen at its best, as in the temple groves of Nikko
or Nara, where it I'ises to a height of 100 or 12o feet,
with a tall, shaft-like stem tapering abruptly from a
broad base, covered with bright cinnamon-red bark,
and crowned with a regular conical dark green head,
it is a beautiful and stately tree which has no rival
except in the Sequoias of California.

" Japan owes much of the beauty of its groves and
gardens to the Cryptomeria. Nowhere is there a more
solemn and impressive group of trees than that which
surrounds the temples and tombs at Nikko, and the
long avenue of this tree, under which the descendants
of Teyasu travelled from the capital of the Shogans to
do honour to the burial-place of the founder of the
Tokugawa dynasty, has not its equal in stately grandeur.
This avenue, if the story told of its origin is true, can
teach a useful lesson, and carries hope to the heart of
the planter of trees, who will see in it a monument
more lasting than those which men sometimes erect in
stone and bronze in the eflbrt to perpetuate the memory
of their greatness. When tlie body of Teyasu was laid
in its last resting-place on the Nikko hills, his suc-
cessor in the Shogunate called upon the Daimyos of
the empire to send each a stone or a bronze lantern to
decorate the grounds about the mortuary-temple. All
complied with the order but one man, who. too poor to
send a lantern, offered instead to plant trees beside
the road, that visitors to the tomb might be protected
from the heat of the sun. The ofl'er was. fortunately
accepted, and so well was the work done that the poor
man's offering surpasses in value a thousand- fold those
of all his less fortunate contemporaries."

In Mr. J. H. Veifcch's Traveller's Notes,
frequent mention is made of this tree, and a
flne illustration of the grove at Nikko is given
at p. 1:13 of that volume.

NOTiCES OF BOOKS.

dictionnaire iconographique des
Orchidees.

The May number of this useful publication
gives excellent illustrations, descriptions, and
other details of the following, the genus
Rodriguezia being commenced :

Roilii(iiii'-ia (Ircora. — Introduced from Brazil
in 18-")1. The plant is of scandent habit,
bearing in winter and spring sprays of white
flowers, spotted, except the front of the lip,
with purple. An old inhabitant of our gar-
dens, more commonly known as Burlingtonia
decora and B. picta.

Cattlctja Ilardijana var. alba, Rolje. —

Sepals and petals white, lip as in the typical C.

Hardyana. The plant figured flowered with
M. Pceters, Brussels.

Cattleija Eldorado var. Wallisli, Rand.—
Flowers white, with yellow disc. Several of
this variety usually flower out of every
importation of C. Eldorado.

Cijpripedium :< Swinhurnei, O'Brien. — A
showy hybrid between C. Argus Moensii and
C. insigne :\Iaulei. Raised in the Swinburne
collection, now dispersed.

Dcndrobhim Pierardi, Ro.xhurg.— One of the
commonest of Dendrobiums, but very hand-
some in fine specimens if grown in baskets,
and suspended. The long pseudo-bulbs are
pendulous, especially when profusely furnished
with bloom. As is often the case with droop-
ing Orchids, the picture is made to appear
upside down by the name being placed at the
wrong end.

Dendrohiitm barbatidiim, LhuUcij. — A pretty
species, with upright spikes of white flowers
with yellowish centres. First imported into
England in 1844. The specimen figured flowered
with Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.

Calanlhe n-^tita rar. Sterensiana, IJort.—
Imported by M. Regnier from Cochin China
in 18S;J, and distributed as C. Stevensiana ; it
also appeared among imported C. Regnieri,
and has been named C. Regnieri Stevensiana.

In this case it is made a variety of C. vestita,
and probably typical C. Regnieri would be
dealt with in the same manner. Botanically,
there is little to separate it from C. vestita ;
but for garden purposes, C. Regnieri is so
distinct from that species that it is more con-
venient to keep it apart, especially as it has a
wider range of variation in itself than typical
C. vestita has. Flowers white, with reddish-
rose labellum.

Lii'lia jlara var. aiirantiacti, Hort. — An
orange-coloured form of the yellow L. IJava,
which flowered in Lord Rothschild's collection
in 1895. The plant illustrated was flowered
by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.

Ladia riibeseens, Llndle]]. — An old Mexican
species, introduced in 18.30, and more generally
known in gardens as L. acuminata and L.
peduncularis. Flowers white, slightly tinged
with rose; disc purple on primrose-yellow
ground.

Odontoglossum x cri^po-Harnjaniiui rar.
.vpcctabite,Cogniatix. — Sepals and petals heavily
blotched with purple on a greenish ground
colour; lip white, with rose-purple markings
on the basal half.

Odontoglossum crispo - IIarr!ia)iuin mr.

amivnum, Cogniaii.v.— Sepals and petals prim-
rose colour, sjjottcd except the tips with purple ;
lip white, with flne rose-purple markings.

()donto(ilossumtentaculaii(m, Reichcnbach, I'd.
— Sepals and petals yellow, blotched with
brown ; lip cream-white, with a purple blotch
in the centre. Probably a hybrid of the O.
mulus section.

fielenipedunn caudatum var. Wallhii. — A
well-known large, light-coloured variety.

Vanda rivrnlea, Griffith, — Discovered by
Ciriflith in the forests of Burma, 1837, but not
in cultivation till Col. Benson sent it in 1807.
Flowers blue. The specimen figured flowered
with Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.

Lilies for English Gardens: A Guide for
Amateurs. By Gertrude Jekyll. {Conntrn
Life Oflice, Tavistock Street, Covent
Garden).
This is a little treatise, nicely got up and
beautifully illustrated. Its text is based upon
replies obtained in response to a circular sent
out to certain readers of TJte Garden, and upon
the author's own experience. We should have
been glad to have had more of the latter and
less of the former. Anyone who turns to the
account of the White Lily, and reads the
extraordinarily conflicting evidence as to the
proper mode of culture of this most lovely
plant, will find that in the multitude of coun-
sellors there is [no] safety. Therefore " coun-
.sel is but vain," and we may say to the
amateur, " C'aveto be thy counsellor." The
report of the Lily Conference is not yet pub-
lished, or it would have furnished abundance
of matter, abstracts of which have indeed
already appeared in the horticultural press,
which might appropriately have been uti-
lised, as well as the stores of original
inforcnation given in our own columns.
The book is professedly " an amateur's hand-
book, a simple guide to those who wish to
grow Lilies in English gardens." We arc,
therefore, not to expect details which are
purely of botanical interest. Still, those who
wish to grow Lilies require some information
as to the structure of the bulbs, the nature of
the roots, and the varying manners and cus-
toms of the several species. Chapter xvi. of
the volume before us will illustrate our mean-
ing, and shows that the author has not alto-
gether overlooked these very important
matters. The most brilliant patches of green

in the border at this season are furnished by
the leaves of the common White Lily. When
other Lilies are resting (or rather hard at
work) below ground, this one is still mani-
festing great leaf activity above ground. What
does this mean '.' Does it behave like this in
its native country ? Surely, if we had an
answer to these questions, we should have a
clue to the treatment they require at our
hands in the garden. The so-called double
White Lily is not mentioned under Liliun>
candidum, though it is a very old inhabitant
of our gardens, and though highly curious, i.s
not devoid of beauty when properly developed.
Miss Jekyll elsewhere speaks of it as a
" wretched, mis-shapen thing, not worth
growing," to which comment we should add
" that depends." We have often seen it ugly
and mis-shapen, but we have occasionally seen
it stately and attractive, even in a London
garden .

The chapters which impress us most are
.just those wherein the author writes from her
own experience, such as chapter vii. — Somo
beautiful ways of growing Lilies ; chapter viii.
— Lilies in the Rock-garden; chapter ix. —
Lilies in pots for outdoor culture ; chapter x.
^Lilies as cut flowers. The final sentence^
of the volume is rather suggestive of a
dose of medieiiic, for it contains a formulai
for the preparation ot the Bordeaux Mixture,
in which the copper sulphate and the quick-
lime are recommended to be used in equal
quantities, but if the lime employed be (juick-
lime, a lesser quantity sufBces. Lily-growers
and Lily-lovers will find it to their interest to
procure this attractive little volume.

FORESTRY.

AVENUE PLANTING.

In reading the various articles on the above-
named subject in j'our columns, I have not
noticed any remarks on what I may term clump
or group avenues. To my view where space
is fairly plentiful, this method is more effective
from the out.set than when planted singly, anc)
the trees when fully developed have a much
nobler effect in the landscape. For a good many-
years after being planted, single tree avenues
have a rather meagre appearance. Especially
is this the case in exposed positions, and where
the surrounding landscape is scantily furnished
with trees. Nearly all the species or varieties
of trees used for single avenue planting are
well adapted for grouping ; the exception in
my opinion is the English Elm, which being of
a more self-reliant nature, its branches do not
intertwine with their neighbours so freely, as
say Beeches and Limes. I have under almost
daily observation some park groups of these
two kinds of trees, which are so intertwined
in limb and branch growth as to form a mass
undistinguishable from a single tree, if one
did not look at their base. Severe gales which
too often wreak havoc with single tree avenues
would not have the same effect in group
avenues.

Here I would like to say a good word for
Quercus Cerris, the Turkey Oak, as avenue
trees, in addition to the ones mentioned.
Where the soil is of fairly good loamy character,
this variety of Oak grows very freely. Its
foliage is of a very handsome character, and
when the trees are fully developed, the cork-
like bark on their stems has a very pleasing
appearance. In selected positions I ami
strongly of opinion that group avenues of the
small-leaved Birch would look well. I am
careful to name the small-leaved variety, as its
drooping branchlets make it a much more

November 30, 1901.]

THE GARDEyERS' CHRONICLE.

3tl

pleasing tree in the winter months than its
larger leaved relative. Avenues planted in
the way I suggest would not have to be planted
so near together as arc smaller trees. For
the more extensive sites I would say from
60 to 70 feet apart from centre to centre of
each group in the case of Beeches, Limes,
and Turkey Oaks, and with from 15 to "20 feet
less for Birches. In the event of the dis-
tances given for the former trees being thought
too great, I would here suggest that in the
centre of each intervening space, a small
group of some one or more flowering trees or
shrubs may be planted. Amongst others as
suitable for this purpose may be named the
finer varieties of flowering Crabs, scarlet and
pink-flowered Thorns, the same in Laburnums,
and where it will flourish the handsome and
not too often seen Koelreuteria paniculata.
In each case strong plants on stout, 5 to C feet
stems, should be used. As the larger trees
grow, these supplementary groups should be
cleared out. The number to be planted in
eich group would vary according to the site
and general surroundings. From three to
seven would work out well in ultimate effect.

After marking the sites the ground should
be well broken up by double digging, and if
the land is poor, either from thinness of soil
or other causes, a heavy dressing of rotten
dung or garden refuse should be worked in as
the task proceeds. The dug spaces should be
circular in outline, and vary in size, say from
10 feet in diameter for the smaller groups, to
15 for the larger ones. When planting, use
stout, well-rooted specimens of each kind.
Do not plant deeply ; mulch well with any
leafy refuse, and stake firmly. It is par-
ticularly necessary to avoid deep planting,
as one of the most striking parts of a grou[) of
indigenous trees is the strong, branch-like
roots that rise above the surface of the soil
fror.i the base of each tree.

Where cattle are allowed to graze it would
be necessary to protect each group with some
sort of fence. If wooden fencing is decided
upon, I would suggest the use of pickled or
creosoted fencing, although it bo not very
artistic in appearance it near to a gentleman's
residence. Whatever sort of wood-fencing
that may be used, it should be square in form
when fulished, hence, would take up more land
than a circular fence. Where the first expense
is not an object, iron-fencing would be best.
Wlion ordering this sort of fencing, it should
be specified that the upright bars should be
bent outwards about a foot from the top, with
a hole near the end to receive a stout bar of
iron, .so as to prevent horses from reaching
the trees and damaging them. If covert
is wanted for winged game, and there are no
rabbits about, some stout plants of Rosa
rugosa and Berbcris Aquifolium may be thinly
planted amongst the permanent trees in the
larger groups. If smaller foliagod plants are
preferred, the old Knglish Privet wouldanswer
well. Rabbits do not injure this nearly so
much as they do the larger growing .Japanese
Privet now so freely planted. II. J. Claijtim,
Grimxton Oardeux, Tadcaster.

A VISIT TO THE NORTPL— VII.
GLASGOW CITY GARDKXS.

(Continued from p. aij.)

Glasgow Grkfx.— This is the oldest of the
public parks, and consists of 13() acres,
which have been acf(iiired at various
periods between KKii - 1792. Here is the
columnar monument to Nelson, and a veiy
beautiful Doulton Fountain, presented to
the city by Sir H. Doulton in 1888. This is
the district of Glasgow's Whitechajjel, and

very few plants indeed will succeed. Only
three of the old trees upon the Green now
remain I But thess l-"i8 acres of land at
least keep an open space amidst the congested
chimneys around them, and the privilege
long enjoyed by the residents to dry their
clothes on part of the site is doubtless a boon
to them, though the display of clothes is not
cttractive. In the People's Palace adjoining,
which Lord Rosebery opened four years ago,
there is an institution that seeks to provide
education and recreation for these same
people. It is a large building, with museums,
reading-rooms, &c., and a huge conservatory,
with glass roof and wooden floor, built
by Boyd of Paisley. There are Palms, Tree
Ferns, Eucalyptus, Camellias, &e., planted
out in this building ; and upon the stages
around the sides pot plants of various species.
The people are encouraged to pass part of
their time here by occasional musical enter-
tainments, and it is one of the most popular
places in the city.

ToLLCROss Park,
an area ot 82] acres, is Glasgow's Diamond
Jubilee Park, for it was acquired in 18'.)7, the
cost being 1:29,000. Tollcross also was for-

.M II, .IAS. WllITTD.S,
Supcrinlciulciit ot tlic Glasgow Parks.

mcrly a gentleman's estate, and Mr. Whitton,
in transforming the place into a public park,
has the advantages of big timber trees already
grown, and masses of great Rhododendrons
that hang over the water of a swift-running
brook that passes through the grounds. Wlien
the i)ropose(l wild garden or bog garden has
been made, Tollcross Park, which is :!.l miles
from Queen Street, will be very attractive
indeed. A prett y flower-garden is maintained,
and the old glass-houses, and newer ones
erected by Simpson & Farmer, contain a
capital collection of stove and greenhouse
plants, including Orchids. Mr. Wilson, who
has charge of Tollcross, carries out a system
of propagation of these plants for distribution
to some of the other parks. Huge masses of
Cypripedium insignc were growing very satis-
factorily in sailors' mess-tubs. I would recom-
mend gardeners who may have extra largo
plants to obtain similar receptacles for them.

SrRixGBCRN Park
was purchased in 1892 for .C20,71O, and is
.")() acres in extent. The work of making this
park is not yet concluded ; the actual " laying
out" is done, but further adornment and
detail remain to be effected. It will make a
splendid park of medium size, and already

contains a magnificent winter garden 209 feefc
long, 70 feet wide, and ."iO feet high to the top
of lantern, possessing an iron and glass roof,
and a spacious gallery. This winter garden,
which is used periodically for musii-al enter-
tainments, was the gift of Messrs. Reid, of
Hydepark Locomotive Works, Springburn, and
cost t' 10,000. There are also four span-rooted
houses proceeding from this, each 5') feet by
30 feet, and 16 feet high. Mr. R. II. Moore
has the immediate care of Springburii.

RrcniLL Park
is still the scene ot much transforming work,
although the land itself (5;'. acres) was acquired
in 1892 for £35,700. In this, as in all the
other parks, Mr. Whitton makes every possible
use of the natural features of the site, and
adapts them to the purposes required, rather
than attempts to create effects that would be
purely artificial. The land at Ruohill is ex-
tremely uneven, and will never be more than
an open space and recreation gromul. On the
slopes of the great mound, and beneath the
flao'staff, where a conunanding view of the dis-
trict is obtained, it will be very dillieult to
encourage shrubs to grow. They aro required
to furnish the slopes, and make them as
ornamental as may be. In this position, which
is the most bleak in any of the parks and
Hardens, the Rosa rugosa has shown itself at
pioscnt the best able to make headway ; and
its growth is surprising.

TlIK BOTANK' Garhrns.
Thcso were acquired by the City Council, in
IS91, for the sum of £59,531. They were then
but 21', acres, but since that time the hanks ot
the Kelvin have been incorporated with the
wardens, at a cost of £9,300, the area now
amounting to 40 acres. The Botnnic Gardens
arc under the inuncdiato superintendence of
Mr. Daniel Uewar, who some of us remembep
liad the care of the herbaceous department at
Kcw when we were "present" Kcwites.
I 1 had only time for a cursory glance at these
-ardcns, but it was suflicicnt to show how
attractive they are, and the collection of
plants includes some very rare specimens,
whilst others are as remarkable from the
cultivator's point of view. There wore
several plants ot Rhododendron Gil)soni, for
instance, in a collection ot greenhouse species
and varieties, that I think better than these
even Mr. Heale ot Messrs. Veitcirs cannot
have seen. They were cone-Kke or pyramidal,
trained like the old plants of A/.!ilea imlica
used to be, seven or eight feet in height, and
not a shoot out of place, or a place without a

shoot. . , , r n

I was greatly interested in the perfectly
round glasshouse with copper roof, it is of
such unusual appearance. In this there is a
central bed with a path around, and the bed
is planted with Tree Ferns, forty or there-
abouts, growing freely without the hindrance
of pots. What a beautiful picture th<-y make,
as one looks through the vista of long, beau-
tiful stems ! Some of the largest plants were
Dicksonia antarctica, Alsophila excelsa, and
Cyathea dealbata, one of which has a double
or "twin" head. As wo walked through the
collection ot Economic plants, Mr. Dj'^var said
that last year the Vanilla-plant produced 450
pods. Rarely indeed does this sih-cics yield
so well in this country, although it fruits very
freely every year in the Duke of Northumber-
land's gardens, Syon House, Brentford. Pa»-
siflora (luadrangularis (C.ranadilla) was also m

"^ There is a little Water-Lily house, and a col-
lection of Nepenthes, which were looking very
pretty. Mr. Dcwar drew my attention to a

3^2

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 30, 1901.

variety of Lapagoria rosea with larger flowers
tbat 015811 more fully than the type, and are
much more effective.

A collection of three thousand Chrysaiithe-
TOUra plants are grown, and are making a good
display at the present time.

If further particulars of these gardens are
.needed, they may be found in an illustrated
Gruide noticed in the Gardener:^' Chronicle,
Aug. 31, p. 1G8. Some glimpses of the early
.and interesting kistory of the gardens are
given, and notes upon the prominent plants
there at the present time.

Othisr Parks and Open Si'-ICes.

In addition to the parks I have mentioned,
<there are the following : Kelvingrove, with
.adjacent lands, the site of the successful
•exhibition, 85 acres ; Alexandra, and Lands of
Kennyhill, 114 acres; Cathkin Braes, 49 acres;
Maxwell, 21 acres ; Maryhill, 5i acres ; Go-
-s'anhill, 4 acres ; Bunhouse, C| acres ; Bella-
Jioustou, 178 acres; and Richmond, 44 acres:
making a total of fifteen parks, with a combined
acreage of more than 1,020 acres, acquired at
a cost of about £.500,52.j. Maxwell Park was
the gift of Sir John Stirling Jlaxwell, Bart. ;
.-and Cathkin Braes a gift of James Dick, Esq.
Mr. Whitton's charge also includes the care
of sixteen minor open spaces, and seven
.^graveyards.

I think, therefore, that it will be granted
that Glasgow is doing her duty from our
point of view ; and it is noticealjlo that many
■of the parks and open spaces have been ac-
•quired during the past ten years, when all
local authorities have been waking up to the
dmportauce of the work.

With all the responsibility that the City
•Council has assumed, that body could have no
better man for its Chief Superintendent than
is Mr. Whitton, whose portrait is given on
p. 391. He has had the necessary experience
du horticulture, he is a business man to the
backbone, and possesses a kindly manner that
caiakes him beloved by all. There is no public
man in Glasgow more popular.

Some of our readers may remember that in
a892-3, before leaving Glamis Castle Gardens
tfor Glasgow, Mr. Whitton contributed a weekly
article to these pages on the cultivation of
■"Fruits under Glass." P.

(To be continued.)

The Week's Work.

PRTJITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIntyre, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire.
Mixed Orchard-liouse. — If the house is not
billed with Chry.santhemums, it should be put
dnto working order, although the trees need
not be housed before Christmas. The glass
and woodwork should bo cleansed, brickwork
limewashed, and all woodwork given a coat of
(Iiaint. These jobs may be carried out on
days when work out-of-doors cannot be under-
taken. If, as so frequently happens, the
■centre row, or perhaps the whole of the
•centre bed in large houses contains permanent
trees, these should be carefully cleansed with
soapsuds, and the shoots thinned and tied into
form, provided the shortened shoots have a
wood-bud a the end. The retention of wood-
buds should not be overlooked, as it is so
easy to render a shoot useless by removal of
the terminal wood-bud. The work finished,
the house must be kept very cool, air being
■freely afforded when the weather is not
unusually severe. Keep the borders moist,
or bud-dropping is sure to occur. The buds
of trees generally being so ripe and promi-
nent, the position in which the trees are
stood, with their roots secure from frost,

should be open and exposed ; otherwise, in a
mild winter easily excited kinds and varieties
may start prematurely into growth. A sharp
look-out must be kept on the birds. An ex-
cellent plan is to cover the trees with herring-
nets at this season. The potting of fruits
trees may still be performed, but earlier
potting gives more time for the trees to get
re-established. Maiden trees may be lifted,
potted up, and plunged in the open borders,
but so much time having been lost, the best
place for these is tlie lightest and most airy
part of the orchard-house. Figs should be
stored where they can be kept dry and safe
from frost ; in fact, I opine that orchard-
house trees may be kept in the houses the
year round with much advantage.

I'ot Htrawbcrries. — The most important
work in connection with these plants is
storing for the winter. Although the crowns
have ripened well, a great many growers,
owing to the open weather, have delayed the
plunging of the plants till real winter weather
has set in. The work nevertheless must be
done. If cold frames are scarce, a good
alternative is a single board placed on edge
back and front, forming a satisfactory plung-
ing-pit ; short stumps being driven into the
soil to keep them upright, and left a foot in
height above the boards, and to which laths
for carrying the protecting cover are nailed.
Cocoanut-fibre refuse, spent tan, or dry tree-
leaves answer very well as plunging materials ;
keeping in the moisture when heaped up
well upon the rims, and forming a protection
against frost. The worst of all methods is to
place the pots resting on their sides in the
form of ridges, and ftlling-in the centre and
between the pots with coal-ashes or leal-
mould ; and should the winter be a wet one,
the plants may take no harm. But the soil in
duo course becomes dry and shrinks from the
sides of the pots, and air takes the place of
moisture, and the roots may perish or be greatly
injured. The Strawberry should never lack
moisture in the soil, hence the risk incurred
by laying the pots on their sides.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. EOBEKTS, Gardener to Hussey Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

Ferns. — Active growth being over, a less
moist atmosphere will be needed ; afford only
just sufficient water at the roots to maintain
the plants in a healthy condition. Plants
which have become shabby through hard
usage or constant cutting from, may be placed
in a position in a late vinery where little
watering will be required, and there is a tem-
perature of 50% until they show signs of new
growth in the new year. Deciduous varieties
of Davallias, including Leucostegias and Acro-
phorus, may be placed beneath the taller
Palms, &c., in a temperature of CO'. iVo water
will be required until the resting period is over.
By such means the robust-growing varieties of
Adiantums, Aspleniums, Pteris, &c., can be
afforded more space during this dull period.
Remove the fronds of the climbing Lygodium
scandens, and keep the roots moderately dry,
in a temperature of 5.5°.

Clinjsanthemiims.- — Remove these from the
conservatory directly they cease to be deco-
rative, and re-arrange the plants, adding
later- blooming varieties. Make preparations
fov propagating. Select strong and short-
jointed young shoots for cuttings, and insert
them singly in small CO-size pots, using a com-
post of loam, leaf-soil, and sand ; make sure
that a little sand is placed below and around
the cutting. Select, as far as possible, for
early propagation those varieties which require
stopping in the early stages of growth ; fol-
lowing on with the general collection as cut-
tings are procurable. Place the cuttings into
a temporary frame, or in a position where they
can be afforded a temperature of 50 to 55°,
and afford them a slight syringing on bright
days. Remove the top glass or light at nights
to dispel superabundant moisture. Do not
use artificial heat.

Lilliim lonrjifiorum and L. cdndiduin.' — Imme-
diate potting of imported bulbs is necessary,
or they will commence to shrivel. We prefer
to put three bulbs into a C' or 7-inch pot,
using a compost of two parts of good turfy
loam, one part well-decayed manure, and one
part leaf-soil, with the addition of .sand to
keep the whole porous ; cover the bulbs an
inch deep, and let the pots be three parts
filled with .soil when finished. Plunge the pots
in leaves or ashes in a frame until there is
root-action, and growth has commenced. No
attempt to force the.se bulbs must be made
until abundance of roots have been made, and
top-growth is observable.

Gladiolus The Bride. — Pot up a good supply
of these bulbs for forcing purpo.ses, placing
six to eight bnlbs in a 6-inch pot in a compost
of loam, leaf-soil, and sand. Put them in a
cold frame, and be sparing of water until there
are signs of growth.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road, Camberwell.

Miscellaneous matters. — For the next few
weeks the plants in the warmOrchid-houses will
be more or less dormant. This will afford the
gardener an opportunity to cleanse the plants
of insects and dirt, and to put new sticks to
those requiring support. Tliis being done,
the pots, iians, staging, and the glass
should be made clean. The Orchids of the
cool and intermediate si-ctions, which are
generally making some amount of growth at
this season, need much attention in the matter
of applying water, and where the plants as of
Miltonia vexillaria are very critical subjects,
the least excess of moisture at the root may
destroy or greatly injure a plant in a few
hours. Masdevallias, especially the so-called
botanical species, are very liable to be injured
in this way. " Spotting " of the leaves of the
more robust species of Masdevallias may
usually be traceable to too much water afforded
during lengthy spells of cold, dull weather.

Sophroiiitis grandiflora. — This plant is per-
haps the most desirable of all Orchids of
small growth, and it is one which most readily
accommodates itself to cool-house treatment,
and blooming as it does in the winter .season,
is an additional attraction. Importation of the
plant generally take place at the present
season, so that no difliculty is experienced in
procuring plants at auction sale-rooms. When
purchased, the plants should be placed several
together so as to fill shallow pans, well drained
with crocks, and filled up with a potting com-
post consisting of turfy peat and sphagnum-
moss in equal proportions, pressing it mode-
rately firm. Wire handles should then be
attached to the pans, and the plants hung up
in proximity to the roof. Water may be
applied in quantity sufficient to keep the
pseudo-bulbs plump till new growths begin to
form, after which more water must be afforded.
Newly-imported Sophronitis should be placed
in a cool-house.

Other Mexiciin Orchids imported at the
present season areOncidium sarcodes, a useful
summer - flowering species, with very large
racemes of brown and yellow flowers freely
produced. The plant does best in well-drained
pots, which should be large enough to contain
it without unduly cramping the roots, and
using a compost consisting of peat and sphag-
num-moss in equal proportions. The warmer
intermediate-house is the most suitable place
for it. O. Marshallianum, the finest summer-
flowering species, is now being imported, as
is likewise O. Forbesii, which should be placed
in pans or shallow baskets, and hung not far
distant from the roof at the cooler part of the
intermediate-house, or in a fairly dry part of
the Odontoglossura-house. They require but
little moisture at the roots before growth be-
comes well advanced. It should be remarked
that the growth of imported plants should not,
as a rule, be hastened for a few weeks, or the
growths will be weak. It will be time enough
to push them along when the days begin to
lengthen.

November 30, 1901.]

THE GArxDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

393

Cattleija Harrisoncc is now arriving in this
country. It is a very useful and beautiful
species, and mueli in demand for cut flowers.
The plant may be grown in pots, placed near
the glass. A suitable compost consists of two
parts peat and one of chopped sphagnum-moss.
Imported plants are usually of considerable
weight, and the long pseudo-bulbs should be
secured to strong, neat sticks. Afford the
plant water sparingly, till growth is well
advanced.

THE FLOWER GARDEN".

Gaillardias. — Border plants have flowered
well this year, also the perennial Gaillardias.
These showy plants last till cut down by frost,
and are effective in the garden and as cut blooms.
They like a dry warm soil, or one that is
well drained, and a position open to sun-
shine for the greater part of the day. The
varieties are extremely numerous, and show
great variety of colour. There are two which
show some great difference in tint, namely,
Rose of Huish and Rosebud ; but they are
tender at Poltimore Park, the soil being moist
and heavy, but in a drier soil they would
doubtless survive any winter. Other varieties
pass the winter safely here. Plants may be
planted at this sea.son in open weather, or
planting may lie deferred till the spring. A
moderately rich soil should be afforded, and
they should be planted in small or large
masses to produce the Jinest effects ; and if
grown by themselves in beds they may be
pegged down to the soil. Where plants are
likely to be lost during the winter, cuttings
should be struck annually, putting one cutting
each into small pots filled with light sandy
soil, and placed in a cold frame from which
frost is excluded. If slugs abound, line coal-
ashes should be scattered round about the
plants in the borders and beds. The following
are a few nice varieties, Vivian Grey, splen-
didissima plena, James Kelway, W. li. Childs,
Primrose Dame, William Kelway, Langport, &c.
The two varieties previously mentioned, unless
in moderately dry soil, would bo best planted
in the spring.

Schizoatijlix coccinea.- — This bulbous plant is
useful as furnishing in a fairly dry soil a bit
of bright colour late in the autumn. The
plant should be grow-n in a warm place out-of-
doors, as for example the border on the south
side of a stove or other warm house, and in
frosty weather bo afforded slight protection.
The plant may bo grown in a mass out in the
open in any fairly rich soil, and be covered
with an ordinary frame when the flower-spikes
push up.

TrolliiisorGlobe Flower. — These are desirable
plants for growing in the mixed border, or
near streams or ponds. They flower in the
late spring and early summer months. The
plants may still be planted or divided, choosing
mild weather for carrying out the work. If
divided and set out in the spring, the plants
suffer greatly from strong sunshine and cold
winds. T. gigantous, T. asiatieus, T. europseus,
and T. acaulis, are among the best.

Christmas Rose. — As the plants begin to
push up their flowers, sheets of glass or hand-
lights should be placed over them so that the
flowers may not bo splashed by rain. Glass
protection has the good effect of lengthening
the flower-stalk, which enhances their useful-
ness as cut flowers. If no glass is put over
the plants, the ground round ahoutthem should
be covered with litter, as for Strawberries.

forming next year's sets, covering them with
soil to the depth of 6 inches, and throwing
some litter over them in severe weather.
When the men cannot work outside, these
thongs may be cut into sets, 4 to 0 inches in
length, with a level cut at the top and a
slanting one at the lower end. Having made
them, lay them close together in boxes of soil,
and plant out in March. Land that has been
under a crop of Seakale should he forked over
carefully, and every bit of root collected.

Cabbages. — Those plants that were set out
early in the month of October, having grown
to a good size, will be the better for a stirring
of the soil with a hoe, after giving it a weeding
by hand.

Parsley. — Place garden frames over a portion
of the crop, or lift and pot or box as many
roots as can be accommodated, and place in a
vinery or Peach-house, and afford it plenty of
air in mild weather.

Lettuce. — Plants in pits and frames should
be fully exposed by day, excepting iu rainy or
frosty weather. 1 am now lifting and planting
Winter Giant and Lee's Hardy Green Lettuces
in frames, the need having been sown in
August; and these are fairly well hearted, and
will afford a daily supply until some time in
January.

Endive. — The curled-leaved varieties being
less hardy than the liatavian or broad-leaved,
cannot be depended upon for a lengthy supply
after this date. The broad - leaved plants
blanch very satisfactorily when placed in a
Mushroom - house or other darkened place
having the same temperature. Chicory should
now bo brought on in a similar manner, first
removing the old leaves all but about a tuft of
1 inch in length. Finely sifted leaf-soil should
always be kept in store for placing around the
roots of the plants mentioned.

General Kemark.t. — If protecting materials
have not as yet been placed around Celery,
Cauliflower, and Hroccoli, it is to bo feared
that recent frosts have spoiled many of the
plants, which would be rather tender owing to
the luxuriant growth of the plants in late
autumn. Clear away all blackened heads, and
the stumps of the various vegetables, and till
any spare pits and frames with the more
forward Hroceoli-plants, i.e., those with heads
from "2 to 3 inches across. Introduce more
roots of 8pear-niint and Tarragon to the
forcing-pits, giving slight bottH)m-heat at the
start. Mustard and Cress may be sown at
weekly intervals, or according to demand;
and then early and severely thin the crop of
Radishes sown in frames in October.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mayne, Gardener to the Hon. Mahk Kollk,
Biclou. East Budloigli, Devonshiro.

Seakale. — The recent frosts have denuded
the crowns of foliage ; the latter may, where
grown for forcing indoors, be lifted in such a
manner that the buds are not injured, and the
best mode of doing this is to trench out the
roots by going over the ground regularly. The
middle-sized thongs should he laid-in for

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. IIKHHIS.

Priiiiiii;;. — IJy making an early start much of
the pruning may be carried out in better
weather than usually prevails later in the
winter. The first to be taken in hand are
Pear-trees growing against walls and espaliers;
if these have had their annual slioots .short-
ened, the pruning required will be slight.
Old Pear-trees an; sure to have some over-
long fruit-spurs, and a few of these should be
cut back or removed annually ; the operation
being invariably followed by a crop of new
shoots, of which the strongest is selected as
the future fruit-spur. These long spurs will
occur in different jjurts of the tree ; and when
cut back it shrmld be to within an inch of the
old wood. If the saw bo used, the rough
surface should be smoothed with the pruning-
knife. As a rule, the earlier in the season
that these fruit-spurs are removed, the more
readily growth starts from dormant buds at
the base of the snag. In the case of a second
growth having taken place after the summer
pruning, the shoots must be cut away below
that break, and a couple of dormant buds
left on the branch ; and where the spurs are
too thickly |)laced, a few may bo entirely
removed. The leading shoots of the
current year's growth may be reduced to
IS ins. to 2 ft. in length, according to strength,

and weak shoots still shorter — say, to two or
three buds. Younger trees that are trained
horizontally, or fan-wise, should be so prunedl
that the resulting branches will be distributed
regularly, the growth of the past season being:
shortened, so as to ensure its breaking where-
shoots are required for the forming of a sym-
metrical tree. Strong shoots may be left
about 2 ft. in length, and weaker ones propor-
tionately less. The central leader must be
pruned according to the distance at which
shoots are desired, allowing one bud on either
side and a terminal bud for extension.

Cordon-traiued trees should be similarly
pruned, and where there is space for further-
extension, the leader should be shortened
sufficiently to ensure a regular break of spurs,
or the cordon will be unsightly. If the Pear-
trees are free from scale, and otherwise clean^
the training of the branches may follow the-
pruning. The largest branches will need tying
to large wall-nails or staples with tai red string,,
which usually lasts two years, and doubtful
ties should be renewed. Shreds arc the most,
suitable things for securing the young shoots.
Trees infested with scale or covered with
lichen should be taken from the wall and
dressed with an insecticide to destroy scale,
the branches being scrubbed with paraffin
emulsion or Gishurst Compound at the full
strength given on the boxes, and the lichem
or moss scraped away, or removed with
a dry scrubbing-brush. Later in the winter-
the trees may be sprayed with the caustic-
soda and potash mixture that has been ofteni
recommended in the (hardeners' Chronicle^.
which will destroy any parasites that may-
remain, and give a healthy appearance to the-
trees. To make this wash, dissolve t lb. of
caustic-soda and 1 lb. of crude commercial'
potash in 10 gallons of hot- water, and use at »
temperature of 120". While the trees are-
unfastened, all nail-holes aiul crevices in the-
brickwork should be pointed, a small quantity
of cement being added to the mortar used.

THE APIARY.

By EXI-KKT.

Uoneij sections. — Now, as regards sections^
a little box made to rest on the top of th&
hive, holding about fifteen 1-lb. sections, will, if
the sides hang down well over the skep, prevent
it from being blown off, and help to get rid of
rain and snow-water. .As soon as tho sections-
are full, take them out and re-fill, which in a-
good season is an operation that can bo dono-
three times, and sometimes more often ; and if
the honey thus obtained bo reckoned at 8d. per-
section, it will show a good return.

Sed.soiifible remarks. — Have all bee-hives welt,
wrapped up, with a cake or two of candy on>
the top ; and every roof should be examincdi
for l(-aky places, stopping these effectually.

A White Blackberry. — Among tho nu-
merous hybrids raised by Mr. Ldthkk Hur-
B.VNK is that above mentioned, and of which
he speaks in the following terms :— " The well-
known Lawton is, when ripened, unsurpassed,,
and very generally known as the most produc-
tive market berry. Owing to its fixity of race,
it will reproduce itself from seed almost
exactly, and its seedlings will not be influ-
enced when raised from seed i)ollinatod by
other varieties; but it readily imparts it®,
good qualities when enqiloyed as the stami-
nate parent. One of tho great-grandparents,
of Iceberg was Lawton. The first gonerntiort
of seedlings, when crossed with Crystal White,
was all black ; the second also, though varying
much in other respects; but the third pro-
duced this wonderful plant, bearing tho^
snowiest white berries ever seen. Very little^
attention was paid to the long rows of cross-
bred descendants, until ono day this berry-
was discovered, among its black relatives,
with the canes bending in various direction®
with their load of delicious, snowy berries,
which are not only white, but so transparent^
that the seeds, which are unusually small, may
be seen in the berries when ripe.'"

394

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 30, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS shoutd be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Olustrations.— The Editor will thanTcfully receive and select
photographs or draioings, suitable for reproduction^ of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, Jlowers, trees, £c. ; hvt he
canTwt be responsible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— T^e Editor does not
vndtrtuke to pay for any contributions, or to return the
vniised commvnications or illv strati cms, unless by sj^ccial
arrangement.

APPOINTMENTS FOR DECEMBER.

! National Chrysanthemum Soc.
Exhibition. Royal Aquarium,
Westminster (:i days).

SATURDAY Pec 7 ' ^9^'*^ Botanical Society Mect-

1 Royal Horticultural Society,
Dec. 17- Committees meet at West-
/ minster.

THURSDAY, Dec. 2«-Bank Holiday.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY, Dec. 2.—

Bulbs, Shrubs, &G., Stevens' Rooms; also at

Protlieroe & Morris'; Johnson, Dyraond A: Sons ;

and PoUexfen and Co.
TUESDAY, Dec. 3.—

Roses and other Plants, Pollexfen & Co.

Bulbs, <fce., at Protlieroe & Morris'.

WEDNESDAY, Dec. 4.—

Plants, &c., Protheroe & Morris, StCFCiis, and

PoUexfen & Co.
THURSDAY, DEC ,5.—

Palms, Rhododendrons, Ac, Pollexfen & Co.
FRIDAY, Dec. 6.—

Orchids from Rochford's, by Protheroe it Morris.

Nursery Stock, PoUexien & Co., and Herbert \V.

Rendell.

(For furtJier particulars see Advertisement columns.)

Ateeaoe Temperatuhe for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-fl'3°.

ACTITAL Temperatures :—

London.— iVoi'cmfter 27 (6 P.M.) : Ma.T. 47°: Min. lu°.
Xovember 2H.— Fine, mild.

The genial superintendent of
Hardy Fi-uit tijg gardens of tlie Royal Horti-
culture and ,," , „ . , .'r,,. . ,

Preservation, cultural bociety at Chiswick
has had to undergo cross-ex-
amination at the hands of the uliiquitous
and all-inquisitive interviewer. The results
may be seen in the pages of Cvmmenr for
October 30, together with a portrait of the
victim. In view of the great importance of
the subject, and of the great displays of
bottled fruits made by Messrs. Austin & Co.
and others at the meeting of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on Tuesday last, it may be
well to call attention to the line of ci'oss-
examination adopted by the interviewer, and
to the opinions which were elicited. The
subject in hand was the drying of fruit.

Every now and then there is a great
outcry that we do not avail ourselves
of the opportunities at our disposal, that
good fruit is not picked because the price
that would be obtained for it would not pay
the cost of picking and marketing, or that
it is allowed to fall and rot on the ground
for the same reason. Every now and then
we ourselves are witnesses of cartloads of
what was once good fruit consigned to the
dust-carts and conveyed away as refuse from
the adjacent market, because there was a
" glut," or because, for some cause or another,
it had not been found possil^le to dispose of
it. This is one side of the case. On the
other, there is the incontrovertible fact that
hundreds of tons of one sort or another of
fruit are imported in the course of the year.

a very large proportion of which might just
as well have been grown at home. And as
to quality, everyone that has seen the
Kentish Apples staged by Mr. Woodwaed
and others must admit that they are
unsurpassed. As for Plums, except in cer-
tain instances, we have never seen such
fruit on the Continent as may be found in
our markets. Similarly, when English-
grown Grapes were sent to the Paris
markets, they were found to be superior
to those grown in France, so much so, that
the French Government at once placed a
prohibitive duty on their importation, thus
killing a promising branch of industry, and
depriving the average French consumer, of
Grapes, which in quality were superior to
any he could get at the price. These facts
will give some notion of the difficulties the
would-be grower of fruit for market has to
contend with.

How are these difficulties to be met '?
Some say by jam-making, and no doubt
Mr. Gladstone was right in that matter,
for jam -making has become a profitable
industry, and to some extent relieves the
grower of his embarrassments, particularly
in those cases where the grower can deal
with his own produce on the spot.

Another suggestion is to dry the fruit and
compete with the quantities of dried fruits
which reach our shores from France, from
Bosnia, from California, and Australia.
Experiments in this direction were made
in former years at Chiswick — experiments
which were perfectly successful except in
the one item of profit.

The want of success at Chiswick, com-
mercially speaking, should not, we think,
deter others from making further experi-
ments, as indeed Mr. Udale has done.
We do not expect an experiment to be
directly remunerative ; we only want to
see it there is good reason to suppose
that on a larger scale and under other
conditions success may reasonably be
expected. We think the Chiswick trials
did show this, and it is for the commercial
men now to do their part. Mr. Wright told
his questioner, however, that intending
fruit-growers should, instead of attempting
drying, "do everything in their power to
prolong the supply of fresh fruit by culti-
vating early and late sorts, and by providing
better storage accommodation than exists
at present — in that way profit lies." Mr.
Wright's opinions as to the necessity for
planting and cultivating for quality rather
than quantity, for growing early and late
sorts which are available when the markets
are not over-stocked, as they may be in the
mid-season, and his views on the necessity
for care and honesty in putting goods on
the market, are shared by all those who
have given consideration to the matter.

Except perhaps in the case of Strawberries
and bush fruits, it may be questioned
whether, in Kent, at least, there is now any
large quantity of land that could advan-
tageously be given up to fruit-culture, but in
other counties, and especially in Ireland,
there is plenty of room for extended fruit-
culture. Incidentally we may mention that
whilst penning these notes we received from
Mr. Haetland, of Cork, some specimens of
Peasgood's Nonsuch, of high C|uality, heavy,
well coloured, free from blemish, and of
fietter flavour than is usual in this Apple.
Moreover, they were so carefully packed,

that not even the rough usage of the postal
authorities had been able to inflict a bruise
on them. If these can be taken as samples
of what can be done in County Cork, there
is surely a good prospect of a remunerative
culture. In these days of competition it will
be imperative to keep the quality of the fruit
at as high a level as possible, and never to
relax for a moment the care in packing, or
the diligence in watching the markets.

As far as the bottling of fruit is concerned,
the exhiliition at the Drill Hall on Tuesday
last showed what may be done. Indeed, it
would have been more convincing to the
experts, and more consonant with the dig-
nity of the Society, if a few samples only
had been shown, instead of the terribly
commercial display, which excited quite as
much unfavourable comment as admiration.

Messrs. Austin & Co. displayed a collec-
tion of about 2000 bottles, containing all
kinds of British-grown soft fruits, with the
exception of Strawberries. Though there
was very unnecessary duplication in this
collection, it served to show how successfully
these fruits may be preserved whole in a
condition little removed from the natural,
and without the addition of sugar, or any-
thing but water. The fruits, as seen in
these bottles, were quite natural in colour,
whether the specimens were green Goose-
berries, red Raspberries, or yellow Plums.

Other exhibits were made l)y the Lady
Warwick Hostel, Reading ; the Horticul-
tural College, Swanley; and Messrs. Lee
& Co., Maidstone. In the collection from
Swanley, were some Gooseberries bottled as
long ago as 1896, and they had kept their
colour well ; whilst Mr. Austin declares
that his fruits may be subjected to
extreme variations in temperature without
any injurious effect. Also, that when
taken out of the bottles, the fruits will keep
good for several days if the weather be cool,
some having been kept in good condition in
such circumstances for three weeks.

Fruit bottling is no new practice, however.
Housewives have preserved small quantities
in this way for ages, and with more or less
success. But sometimes the fruit did not
keep well owing to the method of bottling
failing to completely exclude the air from
the fruit. Of late years there have been
invented several very convenient stoppers,
by the use of which it is easy to secure a
vacuum, which will hold the stoppers in posi-
tion, and, together with complete sterilisation
of the fruits within, preserve them for an in-
definite period. These vacuum stoppers have
given a great impetus to fruit-preserving,
and some of the leading firms of jam makers
are now engaged in this industry, which in
a commercial sense is certainly new in this
country. Messrs. Austin & Co. declare that
they have discovered a system differing in
detail from any of those jiractised by other
firms, being less costly, much more certain,
and requiring only one quarter of the time.

This much was divulged by Mr. J. E.
Austin in his lecture upon the subject on
Tuesday. But Mr. Lewis Castle and others
failed to get any information as to the
system recommended with such hopefulness;
the lectui'er declaring that having lost .£".300
in one year in making experiments, he was
not prepari'd to divulge his secret. He did
say, however, that it was essential to success
that the fruits used for preserving whole
should be of the very first quality, and it is

November 30, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

395

necessary to examine these more than once,
and to eliminate every fruit of which the
sikin has been broken or that possesses any
flaw.

It may be well to remember, therefore,
tliat the whole-fruit preserver will provi<le
.nn outlet for only the best and finest dessert
•fruits; and those of second and third-rate
•quality, which are at present the cause
•of the periodical gluts upon the market,
will, as heretofore, be left for the makers of
jams. In view of this aspect of the case, we
may remark that the most skilful of hardy
tfruit-growers assert that they have no diffi-
culty at present in disposing of the finest
<iuality of fruits, so that it is not necessary
for them to preserve it, but those of inferior
grades are unprofitable.

All this points to the necessity for fruit-
growers to lay themselves out to produce
*he type of fruit most desired. We have
urged again and again that the successful
fruit - cultivators in the future, as at
present, will be those whose object it is to
produce the very best samples of the choicest
varieties, and who will give proper attention
io grading and marketing. Such cultivators
will have no difficulty in obtaining remune-
rative prices, whether the fruit be consumed
whilst fresh, or sold to the fruit-preservers.

For the assistance of those gardeners and
others who may like to preseiTC small
«juantities of fruits for their own use, we
will reproduce the directions which the
Chairman, Mr. Cheal, gave to the audience
<it Tuesday's meeting. Take some l)Ottles
with air-excluding stoppers, and nearly fill
them with carefully selected fruits. Put
*hem thus into the oven, and let them
remain there for a few minutes, until the
fruits show first signs of cracking, then pour
boiling water over them, and seal the bottles
«t once.

*«* Our Almanac. — According to ouriLsual
firactice wo shall shortly issue a Gardeners'
Chronicle Almanac for the year 1902. In order
to make it as useful as jmssible for reference,
we shall be oblifjed if Secretaries of Horticul-
•iiirrtl, Botanical, and allied Societies, or any of
our correspondents, will send us immediate
Jntimation of all fixtures for the cominij year.

LlNNEAN Society.— On the occasion of the
ineetiiig to be held on Thur.stlay, December 5,
1901, at .S p.m., the following I'apors will be
read :— 1 . On the Foraminifera collected round
itlie Funafuti .\toll, from Shallow and Modc-
d'ately deep Water, with Notes on now Species
from the Sands of the Reef Slope ; by Mr. F.
■CliAi'MAX, A.L.S., F.R.M.S. i. I'rotoplasmic
.connections in the Lichens ; by Mr. J. H.
Sat.tcr, D.Sc., &c. To be exhibited :— Ten
jihnormal sacra of the Frog ; by Dr. II. G.
.({niEWOOD, F.L.S., &c.

Kew. — A list of seeds of hardy perennial
.and arboreous plants, available for exchange,
«!ias been published by the authorities of the
Royal Gardens, Kew. Those seeds are not
sold to the public, but are offered in exchange
to the correspondents of Kew, and to public
botanic establishments at home and abroad.

West Indian Fruit.— Those interested in
the resuscitation of the West Indian fruit
itrade will hear with regret, per a telegram
ifrom St. Thomas, that according to news
received there from Barbados, the steamer
Para has put in there so damaged that she
cannot i)rocecd to her port in this country.
It appears that, on the voyage between
-Jamaica and Barbados, the reserve supply of

chemicals, employed in reducing the tempera-
ture as a means of preserving the fruit on
board, exploded, killing the inventor of the
process (Mr. Lorton), and two others, also
injuring the captain and several of the crew.
The afterpart of the Para was wrecked.

Sparks and Crops. — Injury done by
sparks from railway-engines to trees or grow-
ing crops has so seldom been recovered for at
law that it is worth stating that the North
Eastern Railway have not appealed against a
recent decision by His Honour Judge Steaven-
SON in a ca.se in which they have had to pay
almost the whole sum claimed. It is neces-
sary to show negligence. But the negligence
may be a permanent condition ; for example,
owing to the steepness of an incline necessi-
tating specially heavy pufHng such as may
shoot large pieces of hot ash a long distance.
The damage in the Cumberland County Court
case was to a part of a plantation of young
Conifers.

The Dwarf Japanese Trees. — I'nder the
auspices of the Japan Society, Mr. TORiii Tsi-
-MlR.ilately delivered a most interesting lecture
at 20, Hanover .Square, W., on " Japanese
Dwarf Trees." Mr. Autuur Diosy, who pre-
sided, described the subject as being quite one
of the questions of the day in London at the
present moment, and certainly the great in-
terest and keen curiosity excited by these
proclucts of the Japanese "garden artist" are
widely spread, and were demonstrated by the
dimensions of the gathering assembled. Mr.
Tsi'.MiRA's paper, with lantern-slide illustra-
tions, was full of literary and poetic descrip-
tion, but as an exposition of the mystery of
these wonderful productions scarcely .satisfied
the curiosity of the gardener who wants to
learn how they are achieved. The lecturer
hesitated to commit himself to a definite state-
ment as to how long the art has been prac-
tised. Certainly pollard trees wore culti-
vated at the begiiiniiig of the eighteenth
century, and he is inclined to think that at a
very much earlier period the art of ' dwarfing
trees was introduced into Japan from China,
and was later much developed on Japanese
soil. Illustrations and expositions of the
methods of grafting and training the branches,
easily understood by an English horticulturist,
were given, and some indication of soils em-
ployed in the cultivation oC ccitaiii trees, and
the control of the watering. But as to the
treatment of the roots, which will seem to
some to bo the key to the marvellous results
attained in dwarfing, there was very little
enlightonmeiit. Tho Japanese expert manages
to keep only the fibrous and feeding ends of tho
roots in the soil,]and insome way prevails[upon
tho large roots to exist above the surface. As
Mr.Tsi'MlKA expressed it incidentally, "Nature
authorises the gardener to dispense with some
of the roots," but it is strange that in so limited
a space enough active root-fibres are preserved,
and can draw enough food from the soil to
induce and support a healthy dwarfed growth
of forest trees, whose roots and branches in a
natural state extend over an area of many
square yards. H'cstmin.s/er Ga:ette.

A New Remedy against Phylloxera.—
Professor Vassimiork, in the Girondo, France,
as quoted in Some Miscellaneous Results of the
^York of the Division of Entomology, I'.S. De-
partment of Agriculture, 1901, p. 95, has for
several years past met with good success in
using calcium carbide against Phylloxera. It
is said to bo superior for this purpose to bi-
sulphide of carbon, both as to efficiency and
absence of danger in handling. The cost, also,
is less, and it can he used in any season. It is

sufficient to use the residue resulting from tho
manufacture of carbide of calciiun, which is of
little value otherwise, and which is sold at
about 2 dels, for 220 lbs. For 1 hectare of
vineyard-land (1 hectare equivalent to 2-171
acres) about 1100 lbs. of carbide are required.
The carbide pieces are put into holes in the
ground about S inches deep ; water is poured
in, and the hole filled up again. The resulting
vapours kill the phylloxera, while the ammonia
generated manures the ground. Carbide is at
present extensively used in the vineyards of
southern France, and experts claim that it is
the best remedy against phylloxera. Richard
Guenther, Consul-General, Frankfort, Germany.

PiNUS Laricio var. Moseri. — We have to
thank M. MosER for a specimen of this
curious variety, which is indeed not only
curious, but attractive as well. It is a dwarf,
densely-branched Pine, somewhat globular in
shape. The leaves are of a bright green in
summer, but in winter assume more or less of
a golden-yellow coloration. It is a good plant
for the rockery or the front of a shrub border.

St. Petersburg Botanic Gardens.— From
the reports by A. Fischer de Waldheim, of
tho Imperial Botanic Garden in St. Petersburg,
we learn the following news : — The Minister
of Agriculture sanctioned, last March, the for-
mation of a central phytopathological station ia
connection with the Imperial Botanic Garden..-
This is now in operation, under the diroctioa
of Mr. A. Jaczewski. Mr. W. Komarow, Con-
servator of the Garden, after studying the
plants from Manchuria in the Garden, has
commenced tho publication, in the Acta horti
Pi'troi>olitani, of tho results of his studies and
of his own investigations in the country,
under the title of "Flora Manshuriie." The
following botanists have been made delegates
of the Garden for scientific purposes : — Messrs.
TanI'IUEW and Lipskv, in Siberia; Nadson,
on the borders of tho Baltic ; Fedschenko, in
Turkestan and Palibin, in the North (Arctic)
Sea. Further, .Mr. AuciKilowsKY has received
a commission to collect Alg:e on tho border*
of the Baltic. Tho Victoria Hcgia in the new
large tank in tho Garden began to flower as
early as usual, on May 25. The two speci-
mens of the plant in the garden bore from
May 25 to September 3, sixty-three blooms.
During May, 11,035 persons visited the houses,
2,000 of whom came tho first day that tho Vic-
toria regia flowerc^d. In May and Juno a
series of public lectures was organised, and
these were delivered by Messrs. AnciKiiosvsK v,
Gerhinoit, KiTscnouNOii'', and Koaiarov.
During March each visitor to tho houses
received at the entry a list of the most
remarkable flowers then open in each house.
In July ono of the oldest specimens in tho
garden of Encephalartos Altcnsteini began
to flower. On January 1, 1901, the number of
species and varieties of plants was .'13,097.
Those notes will be appreciated by all inte-
rested in the St. Petersburg Botanic Garden,
for they form answers to the questions that
every visitor naturally asks.

Orange-growing in Grahamstown. — in
the Report of the Grahamstown Botanic Gar-
dens for 1900 tho Curator, Mr. F. TlDMAR.sil,
says that in spite of the losses caused by war
and by a four years' drought (now only broken
up), tho Citrus family have thriven well.
Trials have shown that various new kinds of
Oranges imported by tho native nurserymen

ai'rdi'sli 1 I o hold a first place in the markets,

iKii loi-^cd iiig, however, that a good strain of
tli<' old ('a|»' variety may suit some conditions
of climate better than the last imported sorts.
Tho following history is given of the Wash-

396

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOYEMBER 30, 1901.

ington Navel Orange, which " apparently
originated in Brazil, and was first imported
into America about the year 1870 ; but speci-
mens -were fruiting in Grahamstown years
before that, having been imported from Baliia
by the late Mr. Breiim, ot Uitenhage not later
than 1853. Young trees grafted from these
imports reached Grahamstown about 185G
or so." Cultural notes are also given iu
the Report before us, wlierein we read : —
" Of equal importance with the kinds of
Orange to plant, is tlie stock they are grafted
on. Although tlie trees certainly grow faster
grafted on the rough - skinned Lemon, it is
no longer made use of in this nursery. At
present, all the trees grown here are grafted
on one of two stocks, each of which has its
peculiai-ities of growth. The Seville Orange
■was adopted as a stock in consequence of
official reports from various Orange-growing
countries that this Orange was not subject to
the gum disease. The other Citrus we graft
on is, in this part of the colony, known as
'Pamplemousse.' Of the disease -resisting
properties of tliis tree we have what ajjpears
to be sufficient evidence in the colony. . . .
Probably this tree is one of the numerous
varieties of ' Khatta Orange,' described by Dr.
BONAVIA in his book. The Oranges and Lemons
of India and Ceijlon. ... As some stress has
been put on the question of budding uersjis
grafting the Orange, I may remark tliat there
is not any physiological significance attached
to the difference of the two methods. In
budding, a small piece of wood having one bud
on it, is inserted under the bark of the stoclc ;
and in grafting, a larger piece of the scion,
taken with three or four buds, is partly in-
serted between bark and wood of the stock."
We recommend this pamplilet to the con-
sideration of all interested in Orange-cultiva-
tion, the extracts here given being sufficient
to show how valuable it should prove to them.

"Your Garden may Kill You.— From the
earth we get everything to sustain life, but
we also get a great many things that destroy
it. The seeds ot typhoid fever, cholera, lock-
jaw, blood poisoning, pneumonia, scarlet fever,
leprosy, and consumption, arc all found to
flourish in the soil. As a rule, they are either
on the surface, or not very far from it. The
largest number live at a depth of from 1 to
2 feet. In warm, wet weather they come up,
and when the ground is fi-ozen they move down-
wards. As a general rule, there are few germs
deeper down than 4 feet. It a gardener re-
ceives a wound on the hand or foot he is in
considerable danger of getting tetanus, or some
other disease. Likewise when he eats his food
without well washing his hands, he may have
an attack of typhoid fever. Typhoid fever, in
fact, is always worst in autunm — the season
when Potatos, and other underground crops,
are dug up. On the other hand, a miner who
gets a wound finds that it heals rapidly. This
is because there are no germs at the depth at
which he works. If grass be grown on a soil
swarming with disease germs they all disap-
pear. A very useful conclusion has been
drawn from this fact. Waste areas in towns,
being regular death-spots by reason of the
quantities of disease germs they breed, are
now planted with grass in some up-to-date
foreign cities."

The above " cutting " has been sent to us
for our opinion. Our opinion is that a state-
ment of this character should never have
been published without previous verification of
the so-called facts. Of course, if the soil
should contain the germs of typhoid fever or
cholera, it would be a source of danger,
but under ordinary circumstances these

poisonous germs do not exist in the soil.
How often do gardeners cut themselves, and
how very rarely do any evil results follow ?
Xo one would dig in a plague-pit if he could
help it, or at all, without taking precaution,
but under ordinary conditions no form of
exercise is more beneficial than gardening,
and to attempt to disparage it by sucli ill-
judged statements as those quoted, is to incur
very serious responsibility.

"The Best Hardy Perennials." — Mr.
F. W. Meyer, during his twenty-five years'
connection with the well-known firm of Messrs.
Robert Veitch & Son, of the Royal IVurseries,
Exeter, has had considerable experience with
hardy plants, and at the request of Messrs.
Bi.AKE & Mackenzie, Horticultural Printers
and Publishers, of Liverpool, has written
the descriptive matter and cultural directions
for a new book they are publishing under the
above title. The book contains descriptions
of hundreds of hardy perennials, and many
practical hints regarding arrangement, culti-
vation, &c. It is illustrated by forty-eight
coloured plates, measuring 10| by 8 inches.
We shall take an early opportunity of alluding
at greater length to this volume.

Tobacco in Connecticut, U.S.A. — To
many people it may seem strange to link the
two, but we learn on authority that the
acrciige of tobacco is 10,120 acres, and this
yielded in the last season 16,930,770 lb.

"IconesSelect/cHortiThenensis." — Two
parts completing the second volume of this
publication arc now before us. They are, as
we liave already mentioned, devoted to the
description and illustration of plants growing
in the collections of M. Van den Bossche at
Tirlemont, in Belgium. The illustrations are
faithfully and beautifully executed after
drawings by M. d'Apreval ; whilst the bo-
tanical details are entrusted to the careful
and critical hands of M. JiE Wildeman, whose
notes are of great value and interest. Brief
cultural details are also given. An enumera-
tion of the plants figured will be given in our
list of " Plant Portraits."

"West Indian Bulletin." — This is the
journal of the Imperial Agricultural Depart-
ment, of which Dr. Morris is the Director.
It is devoted to the publication and diffusion
of such scientific observations as are of
interest to planters in the West Indies. In
the number before us we find articles devoted
to the insects and fungi affecting Cacao and
Sugar-cane, and other subjects, including a
note on the formation of sugar, by Mr. W.
Freeman, which is an excellent summary of
the most recent investigations into the pro-
duction of sugar. AVhen the observations of
scientific men are placed before the reader
with so much clearness and accuracy, one
cannot but believe that the practical culti-
vator will estimate their importance and adapt
them to his own purposes.

The Formal Garden in England.— A
third edition of Mr. Reginald Bloomi hold's
work has been published by JIacmillan & Co.
The author, alluding to the controversies
Ijetween architects and landscape-gardeners,
says "the question of design came fairly
within the province of the architect." This,
with certain limitations, may be granted, but
it cannot be admitted for a moment that " de-
sign " is the exclusive privilege of the archi-
tect. It appears to us that the controversy
will rage luitil each side defines more clearly
than it has yet done what it means by a "gar-
den." We turn to p. 232, and there we find
the author stating his view that " the primary

purpose of a garden [is] as a place of retire-
ment and seclusion, a place for quiet thought
and leisurely enjoyment. . . . Everything was-
reasonable and unaffected." This sentence
might have been written by a gardener ;! but
when we turn from precept to practice, we
find that the gardens which the author holds
up for our admiration by no means fulfil the
conditions he lays down. Everyone who walks-
in them must be in full dress, in wigs and fur-
belows, powder and patches. State and for-
mality take the place of ease and recreation.^
We should not like to pluck a flower there,
nor, so to speak, to think but by rule and.
compass. Probably this is not what the author
means, but the illustrations he gives, and the
examples he cites, convey that impression..
We no more want a garden [so-called] made by-
an architect than we want a mansion designed!
by a gardener.

Raisins in California. — The annual con-
sumption of Raisins in the United States for
the past five years has been about 80,000,000 lb.,.
or not far short of 1 lb. per capita of popula-
tion. Practically the total supply is home-grown.
In England the average annual consumption is-
upwards of 5 lb. per capita, and the total
supply comes from Southern Europe. The-
Americ; n fruit is entirely furnished by Cali-
fornia, 1 he only Raisin-producing State in the
Union.

Royal Appointment. — We understand that
Messrs. Dickson & Robinson, of Manchester,
liave by royal warrant been appointed seeds-
men to His Majesty the King. They for many
years held similar appointments to H.M. ther
late Queen Victoria and H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales.

Botanic Garden, Brussels. — We learn
that M. DiRAND has been appointed Director-
of the Garden in place of M. Crepin, resigned
through ill-health.

Mr. Fredk. W.Moore, of Glasnevin Botanic
tiardens, was married to I'llVLLIs PAUL on.
Nov. 19 at Rutland Sq. Presbyterian Church,
Dublin. The happy pair left for England and
the Isle of Wight, followed by the best wishes-
of their many friends. The Council of the
Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, the
Microscopic Club, the officials and workmen at
Glasnevin, &c., presented Mr. MooRB with,
plate, binocular glasses, &c., and there were-
many souvenirs from private friends.

The Birds of Yorkshire.— The Executive
Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union
invite subscriptions for the publication of the
work which has been antl is still in prepara-
tion, first by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, and after-
wards by Mr. Thomas H. Nelson. The present
work is based upon an unrivalled and excep-
tionally complete mass ot material, both pub-
lished and unpublished, which is now at the
author's service.

Fogs.— London has no monopoly of fogs.
The Chrysanthemum show in Paris was spoiled
by the " intense and penetrating fog" which
rested over Paris during the time of the show,,
and to a large extent prevented the hoped-for
influx of visitors.

Publications Received. — The AgncttUurai

Journal, Cape oj Good Hope, Octolier 10, devoted to
notes on crops, stock -farming, dairying, forestry,
and horticulture. — The AgriculUiral Gazette of Neu-
Soiith Wales, September ; among tlie contents are an
obituary notice and portrait o£ Mr. James Stephen-
sou ; and articles (illustrated) dealing with Root-Gall,
Cabbages for Dairy Cattle, Experiments with Wheat at
Mount Templeton, Pear and Cherry Slug and Aus-
tralian Saw-flies, Cancerous Disease of the Vine, Guinea.
Grass, &c. — From the United States Department oi

November 30, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

397

Agi-icultiire come : Farmers' Bulletin, No. 130, T/ir
Me:dcan Cotton-boll H'efcii, by Frederick W. Mally;
Farmers' Bulletin, Xo. 132, The Principal Insect Eiiemief
of Growing Wheat, by C. L. Marlatt : and Division of
Entomologj', Bulletin No. 27, .Some Insects Injurious to
the Violft, hose, ami other Ornamental Plants, by F. H.
■Chittenden.— Jonrnal Ilorticolc and Ti'd'coie, November 1 .
Tliis includes the compte rendu of the general meeting,
and various articles and notes on horticultural matters.
—Journal d' Agriculture Tropicak; October 31, includes
papers on CastiUoa as a Rubber Producer, Knives tor
Reaping high-growing Cacao, Tobacco in Madagascar.
Agave amcricana as a Fibre Plant. Paper from Sugar-
.'jane, «£c.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Alnus occidevtalis.— ^0. .*ffec?. Ilorl. Thenenn., t. lb.

Apple, Hoover. Remr Ilorticole. Nov. 15. A South
•Carolina Apple introduced into France by MM. Simon
Louis, of Metz. The Fruit is of tirst-rate quality, and
is in season in October. It is of medium size, oblate,
■deeply depressed at the apex, with a red skin flecked
-with yellow.

AZARA MiCHOPnvi.LA, Hook., f. — Ic. SeUcl. Ilorl.
Thenens.. t. 71.

BowKERiA TBiPHYLLA, Harvcy. — Ic. Select. Ilort.
nenens., t. 74.

COBOKIA COTONEASTER, Raoul. — /<'. Select. Hnrt.
Thenens., t. 73.

EucAL\'PTUS LEUCOXVLOS, Rerue Hortieole, Novem-
ber. A pink-flowered Eucalyptus with narrow. lanceo-
'late acuminate leaves.

Edontmus vaoans, WallicU.— /c. ■•<elect. Horl. Thenens.,
t. 77.

.lACOBiNIA POLITA, HieTn.—Ic. .''elect. Ilort. Thenens.
•t. 79.

Maranta lcjaiasa, Hort. Linden. L'erue de I'horticul-
'iitre, Beige, November. Leaves on long red stalks ; cor-
date, ovate ; acute green above, purplish-red beneath.

Nlttallia cerasiformis, Torrey and Gray. — Ic.
Select. Hort. Thenens., t. 78.

Oeeopanax pekmixtum, E. Marchal.— /c. Select. Ilorl.
Tlienens., t. 72.

Peach, Comtesse Hekvev de Goi^ssekcourt. HuI-
ietin d'arboricuUure. A-c. <tc., November. Of medium
size, deeply coloured on the sunny side; a freestone;
'flesh delicate ; juice abundant : sweet. Season October.

Peak, Fin de Sikcle. lluUetin d'arborlcullure. S:i\,
October. A new fruit of large size, symmetrical form,
golden-yellow, flushed with red ; flesh white, sugary ;
slightly musky. Season October.

Pelargonium fehulaceum, Windenow. — Ic. HrUcl.
Jlort. Thenens.. t. 'is.

Pkinos verticili.ata. Mrehans' Monthly, November
A Holly-like slirub with red berries in winter, which
'Constitute its chief merits as a garden plant.

ScHUBEHTiA lUtANDii i.ORA, Martius. liarlcn Flora.
Nov. 1. A climluug Asclepiad with hairy leaves, aiul
'argc, waxy-white flowers, like those of a Steplianotis.

Westhiniiia ItcssiARiNiioiiMis. — Ic. ■'^clecl. Ilorl.
rhenenf., t. 80.

The Colour Problem.

A NEW RACE OF HYBRID ALPINE

JRISES.

[SUPI'LH.MKNTAKY ILLUSTK.VTION.]

This addition to the race of early spring-
flowering Irises is the result of many years of
■experiment in hyliridising Irises, undertaken,
in so far as the plants of this section of Iris is
■concerned, with a view to the improvement ol
■that very promising little group of dwarf
bearded Iris which arc the first of all the
rhizomatous Irises to bloom in the spring, and
are included under the names of biflorus,
■Chamjeiris, (Mbiensis, pumila, &c., which have
one or two varict;il names to add to their list,
but were still very limited both in number and
an the range of colour they presented, having
nothing of the gorgeousness that the numerous
varieties of tall bearded or " Flag " Irises had
accustomed us to connect with the word Iris.
'This lack of variety in colour was a consider-
<ible bar to any chance of popularity they
•otherwi.se deserved — and tliat tliey did deserve
it-was evideni from their many other qualities:
their freedom in blooming, their acceptance
■of and delight in a windy, exposed position,
•where other plants could not thrive; their
hardiness, and power to withstand extremes
■of weather, nourishing on a dry bank where
grass was unhappy, and being withal, at every
.season of the year, neat and cheerful-looking
plants, with a pleasant contrast of character
lin their foliage to all other plants in the
border, looking after themselves for the most
part, and .satislied with an occasional clean up
of weeds and dead leaves, happy in the privi-
lege of being let alone.

g Questions which had to be considered at the
outset were : What should be done to impart
new colours, and to improve the old ■:* Would
Nature herself do it by simple intercrossing':'
Was the artist's pigment theory one that
might be reasonably expected to act':' or was
the scientist with the spectrum right ? for very
queer things arise from the admixture of spec-
trum colours to the eye of Art, and that Nature
herself was perfectly independent of any calcu-
lations on the matter was evident from the way
she ijroduces brilliant scarlet, as in the Pelar-
gonium, &c., when a pure white opaque ground
is covered with a thin skin of dingy, semi-
transparent material which works the miracle
— one could not hope to even remotely follow.
However Art stuck to its colours, and the
event proved reliable, the pure whites must
be set to the credit of Xature alone, and both
the yellows, the puiples and blues shaded with
these as was expected through Art experience.
Crimsons, rich yellows, and bronzes had their
rudiments in plants of species which were
either wholly new, or had been previously un-
obtainable ; and to whoso aid I was, as must
be surmised, entirely deiJendent upon the
liberality, kindness, and interest of Sir M.
Foster. With these new means at hand the
possibilities of success were greatly foi'-
warded. Many things which had previously
seemed hopeless became accomplished facts,
though not all at onc-e visible, for Iris raisin;;
is a matter of many years' patience, and many
pleasant surprises began to arrive.

Dkscriition of these Irises.
To describe the Irises which are tlie result
of this inter-crossing of species, which, as
regarded their parents, hail from all the alpine
and sub-alpino districts of Europe, I have
ventured to call tluMu hybrid alpine Iris. One
most say that they are rhizomatous plants, with
practically evergreen leaves, four or live to a
tuft, thin, flat, sword or sickle-shaped, 3 or
4 inches long at flowering-time, afterwards
prolonged to (i or 8 inches, and from half an
inch to 1 inch wide, growing out towards the
end of the rhizome on all sides, so that the
tendency of the plant is to form a circular
patch. The flowers are produced in early
spring, as soon as the weather breaks and will
allow of growth to be made, upon stiff, succu-
lent stalks, which enable them to remain fresh
for a long time without water after being cut,
and standing from I to 8 inches, or in the
tallest, 10 inches in height. The flowers ar(>
large, often larger than the plant which pro-
duces them, and are of similar shape to the
German or summer-flowering Iris, with three
upright petals, the standards, which in some
of the varieties, however, lay flat open, and
expose the 3-petaloid styles to view; the
three lower petals, or falls, are pendent, some-
times contracted and tucked in, so to speak,
and they all have a more or less conspicuous
white, primrose-yi'llow, rich orange, or blue
board.

Their Colours.

In colour they range from the purest of
white selfs, white st:indards and cream or
yellow falls, white and blue, white and violet
and purple, each being white, yellow or
orange bearded ; primrose-yellow self, cream
and canary-yellow to rich yellow, with con-
spicuous orange-scarlet beard ; blues from the
palest porcelain to deep blue-purple, lavender,
violet-purple and crimson self, and bronze and
almost black. These, with many changes of
smooth or folded petals, long or round, plain,
unmarked, or covered with lines, dots, and
tracery, make up a sudiciently varied amount
of combination and change to please a

fastidious taste, and all of them together
maintaining a constant relay and succession of
flowers from very earliest spring to the end of
April or early in May. Indeed, if the weather
is mild, they will begin during October, No-
vember or December to throw up litfi;lly one
or two flowers.

As A New Forced Flower.
They have proved a welcome addition to
greenhouse (either slightly heated or cold)
decoration, they occupy but little space ia
small pans or 3-inch pots ; and if in clumps
largi'r sizes may be used, but they require
very little soil whilst in pots, and are very im-
patient of much water until growth has well
set in, so that it is best to err on the safe side.
If grown in quantity for cutting, shallow boxes
are equally satisfactory. In heat they will
bloom from January to the end of March ; in
a cold-house they commence early in March or
cud of February, and continue through to
April. In all cases plenty of air .should be
given, especially when in bloom ; for if in a
close, stuffy temperature, a minute fungus
besprinkles both the petals and leaves, and
the remedy is, of course, ventilation. They
do not make satisfactory growth in pots,
jians, or boxes, and so they should be
hardened off and replanted in the open ground
as soon as the weather will permit, for it must
bo remembered that they are hardy plants,
accustomed to a rigorous climate.

For SiTU.vTioN and Soil.

A free, rather gritty soil is perhaps the best,
and provided there is no stagnant moisture
about, they are not exacting ; they have
thriven in a stiff clay in a windy, exposed, and
sunburnt situation, and in ordinary garden
loam. Their roots are voracious feeders, and
quickly interlace in all directions whore the
plant is happy ; but if they get a rather dry,
sunny bank, where it is too hot and dry for
most things, their growth may bo much
smaller, but their flowers will gain greatly in
i-efinement. There is, in fact, no dirticulty
about their culture, provided that it bo
understood. Weeds and the sh.ade of trees or
large plants are quickly fatal to them, as is
stagnant moisture; but beyond this, they are
happy almost anywhere — on rockwork, as
edgings, small borders, old walls, &c. ; and as
they are small, bright green plants, they give
an added charm to any situation they may
occupy.

Their enemies, other than the conditions
ai)ove stated, are chiefly the winter-slug,
snails, and woodlice, the first two being very
destructive. The latter is very insidious and
troublesome if not looked after when the
plants are grown in dry situations, as it makes
its home underneath the rhizomes, or in the
interior of the older decayed ones in the
centre, and foods on the budding tips of the
now roots just at the end of the advancing
ihizomo, which of course prevents its growth
altogether ; but these can be trapped or other-
wise kept down, should llioy make their
appearance.

In conclusion, it is hoped that they may
prove useful, satisfactory, and popular plants,
for there are no special cultural dilliculties
connected with their culture, as is tli(^ ea.so
with most of the bulbous Iris, together with
the magnificent group of Oucocychis Iris.
With the new hybrids of " iiiteririe(li;il(! "
Iris, which have caught the lai'gei' h.-iiiit and
flowers of the later, tall, bearded, summer-
flowering Iris, together with many of their
colours, but winch have placed themselves in
time of blooming in front of I. germanica, the
tall, blue flag, whose group furnishes the
advance guard of summer Iris, wo may have a
continuous display from the earliest days of
spring, that endures without a break up to
August. W. J. Cupanic, Oiiernsey.

398

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 30, 1901.

NURSERY NOTES.

SEEDLING POTATOS AT READING.

Some two years ago the results of some
interesting and valuable Potato crosses, which
had been effected by Messrs. Sutton & Sons,
of Reading, were described and remarked upon
in these pages. What was then observed in
the stores of the firm was the produce of
several crosses in their first and second years'
development. Even at that time there was so
much that was remarkable in them, that the
editor expressed a desire to see them again
after trials had been made under ordinary
cultivation.

A short time ago, when happily fine and dry,
we again saw these seedlings, but then as just
dug up, and lying on the ground. During the two
years naturally some of the least promising
had been eliminated, but still there were
scores of diverse varieties left, and the trial
of seedlings alone was a most extensive
one. When it is understood that of ordi-
nary commercial stocks the annual trial,
in rows of equal length, and grown
under precisely similar conditions, runs up
to a thousand, it is easy to understand how
extensive are the Potato trials at thefirm's seed-
farm. In the case of these seedlings, scores
of diverse ones as they were, the greatest
possible care had been taken to select from
every one twelve tubers, so that each dozen
■weighed just If lb., or an average of "2; oz.
each. All were planted at the same time in
the spring, in rows some V^ feet apart, on
ground that had been deeply ploughed, and to
which a light dressing of animal-manure had
been added. The culture -was practically that
of the field, and not of the garden, as the
ground is neither trenched or dug as good
garden-ground is. Planted with so much care
and precision, it was most easy when the
tuber produce in each row was lifted to tost
the merits of each seedling. But to increase
the value of that tost, close by were planted in
exactly the same way twelve tubers of the
same size of well known commercial varieties,
such as I'p-to-Date, Reliance, Windsor Castle,
Abundance, Supreme, Ninetyfold, Flourball,
and others. Attention was first drawn
to these that their produce might be
noticed. Then it was compared with that
of the myriads of seedlings that in their
separate rows lay on the ground. One
feature of these was their general round-
ness ; that was markedly the case from the
finest cross of all, viz., I'p-to-Date and the
Sutton Flourball.

Surprisingly few were coloured : indeed we
saw only one, a most productive red kidney;
but the majority were not only round, but had
most handsome tubers, and not one had in any
■way super- tuberated, as is so commonly the
case with kidneys. Then as compared -nith
the produce of even so great a cropper as
Up-to-Date, there were many of its progeny
that fully doubled it in productiveness, the
tubers of good size, in remarkable abundance,
and some even much finer, whilst all of them
showed that netted skin we used to be so
familiar ■nith in the old Regents, and which
always indicates superior table quality.

Other crosses ■were: the Sutton Flourball
and Windsor Castle, Early Puritan and Early
Regent, Reliance and Flourball, and others.
It was impossible to look over this remarkable
collection of seedling Potatos without coming
to the conclusion that the firm has in them
"struck oil; " for whilst we seem to have in
commerce to-day splendid croppers, no onp
can say that the perfect Potato is vet
supplied.

Apart from these test rows, there were to
be seen also the produce lifted of many
similar rows in breadths of the most prolific
of the seedlings, and what was seen in these
breadths showed that the test rows gave
absolutely correct examples. Of one seedling
10 lb. were sent out to a well-known gardener
at Newbury to test on good garden ground,
and his result by simply planting the tubers
as sent, and in no way manipulating them, as
was done in a famous competition many years
ago, was to lift a splendid crop of 17 bushels,
35 lb. That was in all 985 lb., or just about
one - hundred - fold increase. But Jlessrs.
Sutton & Sons, in conducting their enormous
Potato trade, they have this autumn sent out
hundreds of tons of seed tubers to South
Africa, packed with the utmost care in boxes
and hampers, have in their minds in the

crosses they now have some consideration for
the requirements of other countries • — the
needs of France and the Channel Islands for
early marketing, and not least the require-
ments of Ireland, where certain descriptions
of strong - growing, heavy cropping round
Potatos are greatly in demand.

We had the pleasure when at the Reading
Farm of meeting Professor Campbell, the head
of the Irish Department of Agriculture, who is
deeply interested in Irish Potato produc-
tion. It was instructive to sec lifted in his
presence roots of the old Champion, Champion
2nd, and the well-known Skerry Blue, and then
compare the sample of tubers (deep-eyed, un-
gainly and ■ivasteful, and here not large), with
the superb tubers lying so densely on the
ground, produced by the seedlings that have
been referred to. Irish people do not like
Kidney forms, and they have a fomlness for
tubers having if not deep at least fairly well-

pronounced eyes. There are 'some amongst
these round seedlings that seem as if they
would fit the Irish taste exactly, whilst per-
haps not quite refined enough for British
taste ; yet, after all, they may be of splendid
quality. That a famous " Shamrock " may be
found amongst them for Ireland's benefit is
our earnest wish. But whilst the crosses so far
mentioned cater chiefly for the production
of mid-season and late varieties, and many
stocks of these latter had yet to be lifted ;
crosses to secure finer first earlies than we
now have were also seen in their first
year's cropping. Some produced no less
than from 40 to 50 tubers, the first year, to
the single plant. It will be no surprise if
some very fine varieties are found amongst
them. Let no one imagine the Potato is played
out ; certainly that is not the belief of the
great Reading firm. Evidently it has yet a
wonderful future.

WHOLE-FRUIT PRESERVING.

The upper diagram in fig. 120 shows the nccfc
of a jar or bottle, with its tinned steel cap iii
position, held firmly, yet allowing for the
escape of steam, by a simple clip of steel,,
during the process of boiling, in the case of
■\vhole fruit. The lower diagram gives a trans-
verse section of the same : a, the clip to be
removed when the contents cool; li, a thiiii
ring of india-rubber ; c, the cap of metal.
During the process of cooling a vacuum is.
created in the bottle, consequently the pres-
sure of the outer air suffices to close the cap
and hold it tightly till an aperture be made
with a fine bradawl. The caps will serve for-
many years, if before making use of them the
awl-holes are closed with solder.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

GRAPE KEMPSEY ALICANTE.— In my notes-
on "Old and New Grapes," through a mis-
print, doubtless the fault of my caco-
graphy, I am made to refer to this Grape a&
" delicious." That term must have seemed an
odd one to use when the context was read.
The word I really wrote was "dubious," indi-
cating both its doubtful value and its identity.
There is only one Grape in the list published
last week that so far has not yet had an.
opportunity to be fairly tested : that is the
black Prince of Wales, to which an Award of
Merit was granted on September 25 of last
year ; and until it is in commerce, and
generally tested, it may be difficult to pro-
nounce satisfactorily its merits. It was de-
scribed as a sport from Mrs. Pince, " having
large, oval blue-black berries, of very good
and slightly Muscat flavour." That is a very
good character, and if in commerce it be well
maintained, then it may in time become a
standard variety. I have thought that just
now, with the Grape season closing in, it may
be worth while to invite from Grape-growers
tor private consumption a census of the best
six blacks and four whites in commerce, lb
would be so interesting in that way to learn
how far we had got in the improvement of
Grapes during the past thirty years. Black
Hamburgh has been with us some 200 years,
Madresfleld Court some thirty-three years,
Muscat of Alexandria time out of mind, Black
Alicante the same, Alnwick Seedling thirty-
five years, and Lady Downe's over fifty years.
A. D.

CAMPANULAS RAPUNCULOIDES AND GROS-

SEKII. — Like your correspondent "R.," I am
sorry to see that Mr. Mott, whose articles I
always read with pleasure, recommends Cam-
panula rapuoculoides. Speaking for my.self, 1
would gladly get rid of it if 1 could, and 1
have been keeping it down in this garden for
some seventeen years. It was here when I

NOVEilBER 30, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

399

came, and it looks as if it -would remain long
after my gardening days are over. In one
small bed it has become such a nuisance that 1
must face the necessity of taking everything
out, although there are things in it whicii
should not be removed any oftener than one
can help. I expect I shall have to remove the
most of the soil before putting anything else
in. C. Grossekii is little better, and a plant
introduced some years ago, unwitting of its
lunning habits, has given one much trouble.
Neither of these should be planted where they
arc likely to get among other flowers. .S..lrno(t.

A BOTTLE-BRUSH TREE AT TORQUAY. — I
have a plant of Metrosideros growing in my
garden at this town (fig. 121), between 8 and
9 feet high. It Howers profusely each year.
It is quite in the open, uncovered in the
winter, sheltered by house and terrace from
the north, but quite open to the oast and

it produced a growth from the top of the bulb.
In both these cases no water was given before
the growtli was visible, and 1 fail to see why
water is wanted, unless it is to lot the
dormant eye; they cannot derive any sus-
tenance from the water, and if there is any
life at all to produce a growth, that growth
will come if no water be afforded. Another
method I have successfully followed is to
nearly sever the rhizome stem at the centre,
between the portion to be cut away and the
plant that remains, and leave it on the plant
till the young growth from the back portion
shows signs of rooting. Success is almost
certain to follow this method, and I usually
adopt it, unless when we are potting a plant,
that if I left on all the back bulbs it could
not begot conveniently into the pot or pan 1
considered large enough for it. In such a
case 1 cut them off, and hang them up in the
way described by Mr. O'Brien. The same

Fig. 121.— MF.TRIf-IDKIUS IN TltE OPEN AIR AT TORQUAY.

south-cast winds, except for the cover of a
hedge about :!0 feet distant. In answer to a
question a fmv years ago, a leading Exeter
nurseryman told nic that it would grow in tin'
open on the south coast, but that 1 must not
expect it to flower! " li. Aiidiis Clark.

HOHERIA POPULNEA.— In reference to this
New Zealand flowering shrub, so well illus-
trated in your last issue of the Oardoicrs'
Oironicle (supplementary illustration), I should
like to say that the plant itself now growing
and flowc ling here -vas presented by .Mr.
'I'iiomas Smith, Daisy Hill, Newry, who had
reared it from New Zealand seeds. I am very
pleased the plant has flowered here last year
(inOO) and this (1901), but Mr. Sn.ith really
deserves the credit of its introduction, so far
as we hero are concerned. Having fertilised
some of its flowers, which are, moreover, very
attractive to flies, the winged fruits are now
developing, and we hope that good seeds may
ripen. F. W. liitvbidae.

THE BACK PSEUDO - BULBS OF ORCHIDS
iaei' pKjf. :)11). — .\nother case is that of a
back pseudn-biilb of a plant of Lycastit
Skinneii alba removed this season: it had no
eye at the base, as the bulb was badly
diseased ; wo laid it on a stage quite dry, and

method I like for increasing the stock of
Odontoglossuros, namely, to nearly sever the
portion desired to be taken away for the well-
being of the plant. IJut do not think that the
back pseudo-bulbs of Odontoglossums which
have been cut off can be kept too dry. It is
surprising how (|uii-kly these propagated
plants develop into line and very often more
vigorous plants than the ones from which they
have been taken. I think Mr. O'Urieu should
have the thanks of Orchid-growers for opening
up this discussion as to the desirability of
leaving on ba<'k bulbs, and of propagation by
n eans of these which have generally found
their way to the stoke-hole. \V. P. Bound,
Giilton Pork Cardetis, IteiQate.

VIOLETS NOT OPENING THEIR FLOWERS. —

I would ask your correspondent, " B. C,"
who writes that his Violets do not open their
flowers in the winter months, if his garden is
a low-ljing one? if so, he should liavo his
frames of Violets in the highest and sunniest
position in the garden ; affoi-ding the plants
plenty of air niglil and day in mild weather,
planting them sot ha' tliey a re with in a few inches
of the glass. 'I'lic conipostshouklconsistof loam
and leaf -mould in ecjual proportion, with soino
coarse sand or road-grit to keep it open. The
light should be kept quite clean. With these

precautions, the plants should bloom as satis-
factorily as those in his neighbours' gardens.
Here I use no manure for Violets, and they are
grown from start to finish with leaf-soil as tb<
staple, which is the best for them here ; and;
grow from .500 to 000 annually from runner
planted out the first week in April, and
planted in the frames for winter in the first
half of September. A. S. Cole, Monmiije
(i'((i-(ii-/!s, lirid<je-o!-Et.tnx, N.B.

THE ASPECT OF SPAN-ROOFED GLASSHOUSE

— The aspect of a house of this kind (see
paja ."!1C) will ("ep3nd to a great extent
on the plants which ai-e intended to
occupy it. If it is for fruit-trees, or
Vines trained up near the glass, it ought t >
run north and south, so that each side of the
roof may get an equal amount of sunshine.
If the house is to be filled with fruit-trees in
pots, it is not so important, because the roof
would not be shaded, and the plants on the
north side would got the sunshine through the
south side ; but much attention should be paid
in regard to ventilation and other requirements,
and the house must be of a fair size, as smill
ones become too hot in the summer. Cherries.
Tomatos, and Jlclons will ripen in the summoi-
months quite as well on the north side of a
span-roof as they do on the south, provide!
other conditions are suitable. Roses, espe-
cially Marechal Kiel, are of little use on the
north side of a span-roof, as the plants
flower sparingly, owing to the insufticient
ripening of the wood. For plant culture in
pots, in the summer, span-roofed houses run-
ning east and west are very diflicult to manage,
especially when they are small ; requiring
much shading, damping down, and airing, an I
a genial, moist atmosphere can only be main-
tained in them at the cost of much labour an 1
attention. In changeable weather, during
early summer, they are more liable to acci-
dents from scorching, as the temperatur.'
rushes up quickly when the sun bursts out
suddenly ; and in the h -at of summer the plants
in them are very liable to bo infested 'Aitli
red-spider and other insects. For obtaining
fruits or flowers in winter or early spring,
houses running cast and west are undoubtedly
best, the supply of sunshine in our fickle-
climate being all too small even when every
gleam is made the most of; and although span-
roofed houses can be used for winter work
when running in this direction, good flowers
being grown on the stages on the north side,
it is yet more economical to have leau-to
houses for this purpose, with the back wall
running cast and west. By this means shelter
is obtained from north-east, north, and north-
west winds, and the sun-heat is conservcil
with greater effect. To sum up, if only one
house is obtainable, and it is a span-roof, it
should run north and south for plant culture ;
if it is intended for fruit, it should run north
and south, unless it is for pot fruit-trees, when
it is possible to succeed with one running east
and west. When several houses can be
arranged, either for plants or fruit, it is best
to have the majority running from north 1 1
south, with one or more for winter use running
from east to west, and for the latter the lean-to
house is the best. II'. //. Dit'ces, IlcU'oir
Caxtle Gardens, Oniiilliuiii.

DRIED PLUMS.— 1 have road with interest
the letters that you have published on the
subject of dried I'lums. It seems to mo that
"A. I)." has missed the point of the advo-
cation of evaporating fruit. If we can get 1'/.
per lb. for the fresh fruit, wo shall not want
to dry it. The possibilities of this method lie
in the fact that it is a prevention of waste. It
is not intended to bo a method of making any-
one's fortune, in accord with the remarks of
the " Member of the Commiltec " quoted ; nor
is it suited for large factories. Wo have to
teach that it pays to grade fruit, even at the cost
of throwing away the rejected. This is no
worse than the rest, exceijt that it is small.
Th('n the evaporator is another string to the
bow of the grower ; therefore the cost of the
fruit that goes to the evaporator is almost

400

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 30, 1901.

ml. When the fresh fruit pays us in the
luarliet we do not want to be bothered with
evaporating. Last season, however, the
marliet price of good Plums was less than \i\.
per lb. Had only the best been sent, there
might have been a better return. To this the
evaporator is an aid. Then the dried product
will pay, even if it does not fetch the high
prices that we have read of. I may add, that
hoth my dried Plums and Damsons are free
from toughness in the skin when cooked. The
dried i)roduco will, from the reasons given
above, never be in great competition with
4he bottled fruit, which is from first to
last, or ought to be, essentially a high priced
thing to touch ; except that at present
the grower has no means of defence against
the low prices that obtain in the markets.
When, however, by the aid of co-operation he
can have his evaporators (which do not call
for great outlay, or expense in working, nor
demand a highly skilled attendant), there will
be another aspect to this question. When,
too, it becomes known that there is not only
nothing added to the dried fruit, but that it is
actually richer in food constituents than the
fresh, then perhaps the cause of the grower
will find more advocates than it has to-day.
The prices that Mr. Udale quoted, thougli not
tlie wholesale ones, seem to me to be abso-
lutely fair for his object, d!.-., comparison.
I may add that the list of produce suited for
drying is a long one, and that our army in
South Africa has been supplied with tons
and tons of foreign dried vegetables, &c.,
which might have been supplied at home.
a. F. E.

CEROPEGIA. — It may interest "J. C." (see
Gardeners' Clironicle, p. 358) to know that I
have a plant here of C. stapeliEeformis, which
exhibits the same flattened or crested form of
growth, but evidently in a more marked
degree, as that which liedescribed in last week's
Gardeners' Chronicle. The plant was procured
about two years ago from a continental firm.
It appeared to have been giown from a cutting
to the height of 0 inches, in an upright manner ;
the growing point then commenced to grow flat
in the form of a coxcomb, and then afterwards
it formed from ojie end of the "coxcomb" a
normal growth which grew downwards ; this
growth was about 9 inches in length when we
received the plant, it is now 2 feet in length.
The crested growth continues to grow, and is
now 4 in. long, 11 in. high, and ,' in. thick. I
have not succeeded in flowering this plant.
As to the downward growth, it is character-
istic of this species, so far as my experience
goes. 1 have recently received two other
plants from the continent under the same
name, but they appear to be of a different
species ; the nodes are further apart, and
there are only three leaves at each node. In
the plant described above there are four
leaves, wliich are arranged at regular distances
round the stem. The habit of them is like
C. Sandersoui, but the stem is mottled, though
not so dark as C. stapelifetormis. Are these
two plants C. stapelioidcs, or is the name a
synonym of C. stapeliiBformis V "J. C." does
not say if he obtained the seedling from his
twining plants. I assume that two different
plants are sold on the Continent under each
name, and that "J. C." may have been served
the same as 1 have been. My experience is
that some of these continental dealers are not
feoo particular in sending plants true to name.
Arthur Cohbold, (jr., Holltj Point , Heaton Merscij.

WINTER WASHINGofFRUIT TREES
The following notice, being leaflet No. 70,
to fruit growers, has been issued by the Board
of Agricultvire : —

" A neglected orchard not only harbours all
Banner of insect enemies during the winter,
which come out in the spring and commence
their ravages in that particular orchard, but
it forms a nursery or breeding-ground from
which other orchards are supplied with noxious
iaisects.

It is desirable, therefore, that all such
orchards should be treated in some way to
stoj) the damage that is caused by the various
insect pests they encourage.

For this purpose a caustic or burning wash
known as Caustic Alkali- wash is most suc-
cessful. This mixture serves a double func-
tion. It removes, by means of its caustic
properties, all vegetal incumbrances, moss
and lichens ; and at the same time it causes
all rough and decaying bark to fall off. A tree
so treated soon assumes a more healthy
appearance. By the removal of the moss and
lichen from the trees, the favourite quarters
of many hibernating insects are destroyed.
The Woolly-aphis, the Apple Blossom-weevil,
the Earwig, the Codlin-maggot, Thrips, and
numerous othersmall insects, are found during
the winter beneath the vegetal growth and
rough bark on fruit-trees. The destruction of
their winter quarters places these often
serious pests at a disadvantage, and they
cease to multiply abnormally.

Scale insects, of which two at least are more
or less harmful in this country, namely, the
Apple Bark -louse or Mussel -scale, and the
Brown Currant>-scale, may also be destroyed
by caustic alkali-wash.

Not only are moss and lichens and the insects
referred to above destroyed or stopped from
excessive increase by this wash, but it acts
also in another way by attacking the eggs of
certain species. The extent of its action on
the eggs has not, however, been fully deter-
mined. Groups of the eggs of the Apple-sucker
(Psylla Mali) treated with it were all killed, as
also were those of the Red-spider — a species
of Bryobia — on fruits, and those of certain
aphides. Spraying the wash over eggs recently
laid had little effect on them, but, when the
embryos were nearly matured, the majority of
those of the insects mentioned above were
destroyed.

At present, therefore, the wash is mainly
recommended for cleaning the trees in an
orchard, and thus destroying the shelter of
various insects during the winter, and for
killing certain hibernating pests themselves,
as the Codlin-maggot, Woolly - aphis, I and
others. It certainly has no effect in the open
on the ova of the Winter Moth, Lackey Moth,
and those of certain plant lice.

Caustic alkali -wash has a most beneficial
effect on both old and young orchards in which
the trees are infested with moss and lichens
and with Woolly-aphis. The best time to
spray the trees is about the middle of
February, as the eggs of some insects and
mites are then more likely to be affected than
earlier in the winter, and it is not so late in
the season as to harm any developing buds.

To prepare caustic alkali wash, first dis-
solve 1 U). of commercial caustic soda in
water, then 1 lb. of crude potash in water.
When both have been dissolved, mix the two
well together, then add J lb. of agricultural
treacle, stir well, and add sufficient water to
make up to 10 gallons.

As the wash has a burning effect on the
hands, care must be taken in employing it.
Rubber gloves are sometimes used to protect
the hands, but these, imless close fitting, allow
the wash to run under the rubber, and more
harm is done than usual. With ordinary care
the sprayers need suffer little inconvenience.

SOCIETIES.

TRADE NOTICE.

The title of the firm Herb & WuUe, Naples,
of which Mr. M. Herb has been the sole pro-
prietor since October 1, 1895, has been changed
to M. Herb, Naples, Seed and Bulb Grower.

BOYAL HOBTICTJLTUBAL.

NOTEMBEK 211.— A meeting of the Committees of tliis
Society took place ou Tuesday last, in the Drill Hall,
Buckingham Gate, Westminster, and a good display for
the present season was made.

Orchids were shown in considerable numbers, and
included cut llowers of a great variety of Cypri-
pediums.

The Floral COMSinxEE recommended two Awards of
Merit to novelties, one to a new variety of Messrs. Jas.
Veitch & Sons' wiuter-lloivering Begonias, and another
to a remarkable variety of the Hartstougue Fern. There
were groups of well-ilowered plants of BegoniaGloire de
Lorraine, including yet another reputed sport from
this variety: a magnificent group of zonal Pelargo-
niums from Captain Holford, and flowers of Chrys-
anthemums from various exhiljitors.

The FfiuiT AND Vegetahle Committee recommended
no awards to novelties, but awarded a Gold Medal to
an extraordinary collection of vegetables from Lord
Aldenham's garden. A fine collection of Apples came
from Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, and choice Grapes
from the Earl of Habkington's garden. There were
tour exhibits of bottled fruits, one of them being a
needlessly large one.

In the afternoon a Lecture was given by Mr. J. E.
Austin upon "Fruit Preserving in Relation to Fruit
Culture" (see p. 391), before a large audience. Mr.
Austen described the pecuniary advantages to be
obtained from a proper system of preserving fruits, but
afforded no information whatever upon the methods of
doing this. Some of the Fellows had travelled con-
siderable distances in the hope of learning a better
system than they at present practice, and there was
some disappointment expressed, the lecturer's reti-
cence meeting with general criticism. The exhibits o£
fruits were instructive.

Floral Committee.

Present: W. Marshall, Esq., Chairman; and Messrs.
Chas. T. Druery, H. B. May, R. Dean, II. Selfe Leonard,
James Hudson, J. F. McLeod, John Jennings, W.
Howe, C. R. Fielder, Chas. Dixon, G. Reuthe, C. Blick,
C. J. Salter, R. C. Notcutt, Chas. E. Shea, W. P. Thom-
son, E. H. Jenkins, M. J. James, O. Thomas, Jas.
Walker, J. II. Fitt, and E. T. Cook.

A magnificent group of zonal Pelargoniums, in pots,
was shown by Captain lIOLi'ORD, C.I.E., Westonbirt,
Tetbury, Gloucestershire (gr., Mr. A. Chapman). Tliese
plants filled one side of a lung table, and presented a
very beautiful display of flowers. Most of the plants
were in 7 or 8inch pots. Conspicuous amongst the
varieties were those following :— Crabbe, a single
flower, rosy-pink in colour, very large ; Mrs. Simpson,
white, with pink eye ; Mary Hamilton, crimson, shaded
purple; Norah, delicate pink colour; Barbara Hope,
very large, pink ; Chaucer, of largest size, of rosy-pink
colour ; Mark Twain, salmon-rose colour, mottled with
white, especially towards the centre ; Mrs. Williams,
rosy-violet colour; John Milton, vivid scarlet, with
white eye ; Mrs. E. Rawson, scarlet, and many others
(Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Earlswood Nurseries,
Redhill, Surrey, made an exhibit of Chrysanthemum-
blooms, including late flowering exhibition and a
number of decorative varieties (Silver Bauksian Medal).
Mr. R. C. Notcutt, Wood's Nursery,Woodbrldge, and

Broughtou Nursery, Ipswich, exhibited a very pretty
collection of single and decorative varieties of Chrys-
anthemum, the flowers having a very fresh appearance,

and possessing bright colours.
Miss Easterbbook, Fawkham. Keut, exhibited two

baskets decorated with Chrysantheiiium-blooms.
Messrs. II. Cannell & Sons, Svvanley, Kent, exliibited

three very fine blooms of Chrysanthemum General

Ilutton, a Japanese variety in the way of Le Grand

Dragon, but distinct from that variety. No award was

made to it, but for exhibition purposes the variety is

one of the best novelties of the year.
Chrysanthemum Ringham Glory is a fine decorative

flower of warm pink colour, .'i to (5 inches across, shown

liy E. J. Johnstone, Esq., Ringham Hall, Bury St.

Edmunds (gr., Mr. J. Doig).
Mr. Robert Holmes, Norwich, exhibited blooms of a

new Japanese incurved Chrysanthemum, Miss M. B.

Holmes. It is nearly the same colour as Phrebus, of

considerable size, and much incurved.
A collection of flowers of Pompon Chrysanthemums

was shown by Lord Aldenham, Aldcnham House,

NOTEMBBR 30, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

401

Elstree(gr., Mr. Ed. Beckett). There were about flity
varieties shown in neat little bunches in nice condi-
tion (Silver Banksian Medal).

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, so frequently exhibited
at these meetings, was shown in glorious condition on
this occasion by E. A. Hambro, Esq.. Hayes Place.
Hayes, Kent <gr., Mr. W. Beale). About twenty of the
plants were staked up in tlie ordinary way, and two
others were suspended. All of them were abundantly
covered with blossoms of tlie best colour ; the sus-
pended plants with the gi-owtlis hanging around the
sides of the pot showed how suitable this Begonia is
for such a purpose (SilvergUt Banksian Medal).

Messrs. J. Carter & Co., High Holborn, London,
showed a few plants of Chinese Primula Crimson King,
a single-flowered variety with exceedingly dark ci'im-
son flowers.

Mr. G. Lange, Hampton, c-vhibited a gi'oup of plants
of Begonia Gloire de LoiTaine, and of a sport from
same under the name of alba grandillora. This sport
appeared tous as being between Caledonia and Turnford
Hall, but as these varieties were not present for com-
parison, the Committee rightly made no award. The
flowers are nearly but not quite white, and of con-
siderable size (Silver Banksian Medal).

From the British Challenge Glazing Comp.\nv,
Ltd., 11, Bermondsey Street, London, S.E., were shown
models of a new system of rafters and glazing for
glass-houses. Tlie rafters are made of steel, and are
fitted with lead covering and cap, drawn out by hy-
draulic power. The system entirely prevents any pos-
sibility of drip, and when once erected, it is said to
require no painting or other attention as long as the
house stands. The primary cost would be 5 per cent,
to 10 per cent, higher than the usual system.
Awards.

Begonia " IdeaUt."— This, is a new variety ot the winter-
flowering section, raised by Messrs. James Vcitch <.<c
Sons, Royal Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea, from crosses
between B. socotrana and varieties of the tuberous-
rooted section. The plants shown were very dwarf,
not more than (! inches high as a rule, and very neat in
habit. The flowers arc semi-double, about 2 inches
across, of brilliant rose-colour, and are so persistent
that they shrivel upon tlie plant (Award of Merit).

Scolopendrium vtdgare mr. DriimmomUx sitperba. — A
very pretUly fringed variety of the common llarls-
tongue Fern, with prolhalli on the fringes. From Mr.
CUAs. T. Druerv (Award of Merit).

Orchid Committee.

Present: IIari-y J. Vcitch, Esq. un llie Chair); and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec). De li. Crawshay, F. A.
Kehder, W. Cobb, E. Hill, W. A. Bilney, J. W. Odell,
F. J. Tliorne, W. H. Young, H. J. Chapman, J. G. Fowler,
and H. Little.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch i Sons, Clielsea, again showed
one of tlieir remarkable gi-oups of hybrid La'lias,
Ltelio-Cattleyas, &c., with which the hall is often
graced at this season of the year, for which a
Silver Flora Medal was awarded. The group contained
L:clio-Cattleya x Dccia and L.-C. x Semiramis, two
very showy hybrids of L. I'errini; L.-C. X Bi^an, like
an improved L.-C. x Exoniensis ; the richly-coloured
L.-C. X Pallas, L.-C. x Tircsias, resembling one of the
parents, L.C. x elegans, but with tubular, round-
fronted, crimson-purple labellum; L.-C.xAscania, and
L.-C. X The Hon. Mrs. Astor; yellow-tinted hybrids ol
L. xanthina; L.-C. x EpicasUa; L.-C. x Ophir; La;lia x
Digbyano-purpurata, with fine rose-veined flower,
having a fringed lip; L. x Mrs. Gratrix, and olhersi
(see Awards).

t G. F. Moore, Esq., Bourtonon-the-Water,' staged
a very line group of cut flowers ot Cypripediums, in-
cluding a fine selection of varieties of C. insigne, among
which the Harelield Hall variety was the largest; an
excellent scries of C. x Lceanum, C. x ArUiurianuin,
and others, in all over l."iO blooms being setup (Silver-
gilt Flora Medal).

Mr. A. J. Keeling, Cottingley, Bingley, was awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal foragoodgioupof Cypripediums.
including several yellow forms of Cypripedium insigne
the fine dark coloured C. i. picturatum, and the neat'
well-formed C. i. Distinction. Specially good in the
group were C. x Menclik (Boxalli ■: Calypso), will,
shining, reddislitinted flowers, the upper sepal of
which was heavily blotched with blackish-purple, like
C. X Beckmani; C. x radians (Charlesworthi x Spiccr-
ianumi, like C. Spicerianum, with a C. Charlesworthi
dorsal sepal ; C. x Eismannianum supcrbum, aflne rosc-
tlntcd flower, with chocolate linen on the dorsal sepal •
C. X Sallieri supcrbum and C. x Leoanum •' Keelings
variety," both good ; C. x Niobc, and some unnamed
hybrids.

Frank A. Rehder, Esq., Gipsy Hill (gr., Mr. Norris),
staged a group of Cypripediums, in which C. x Kichcsii
of unrecorded parentage was very fine. It had some
resemblance to a large C. x nitens, but with indication
of C. X Swinburnei, or some kindred hybi-id, in the
blotching of the inner parts of the petals. Also in the
group were C. x Lceanum Masereelianum, C. x
Pitcherianum, Williams' variety; C. x Medea, C. x
Arthurianum, C. x nitens supcrbum, C. x Behrens-
ianum, C. x T. B. Haywood, and several unnamed
hybrids of superior merit. A Bronze Banksian Medal
was awarded— not too appreciative a recognition ot an
important group in November.

R. 1. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell
(gi-., Mr. H. J. Chapman), showed Cj-pripedium insigne
Arthurianum, a fine, bold flower, witli large dark-
coloured markings in the line dorsal sepal.

Captain Holford, Westonbirt (gr., Mr. A. Chapman),
showed a hybrid Cattleya, almost identical with that
known as Cattleya intricata maculata, or C. intermedia
punctatissima.

W. F. BluiiEY, Esq., Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury
(gi-., Mr. Taylor), sent spikes of Cattleya labiata
"Edith" with very finely-coloured dark lip, and C. 1.
Jason, a large flower with ■rirason front to the lip and
white margin.

De B. Chawshav, Esq . Kosefield, Scvenoaks (gi-., Mr.
Stables), again showed the fine Odontoglossuni crispum
Crawshayanum, a very heavily-blotched and showy
variety of established reputation.

Messrs. HCGU Low i Co., Enfield, showed a fine
plant of a supposed natural hybrid from Brazil as
Cattleya Grossii. Tiie plant had eight flowers closely
resembling C. bicolor, but with a slight indication of
spotting on the petals.

Robert Ti-n.still. Esq., Monkholme, Burnley (gr.,
Mr. Balmfortli), showed C.vpripcdinm insigne Sandern;
"Monkholme var.," probably a home-raised seedling,
with clear yellow and white flowcre of perfect form.
.Vlso two fine hybrids (see .\ wards).

F. Welleslev, Esq., Westfield, near Woking, showed
Cypripedium x Massaianum " W. E. Dickson," with
one flower on an imperfectly developed spike.

Awards.
First-class Certificate.

Lxlio-CaUlrija x ScmirdniU supeiba (L. Perrini x C.
Gaskelliana), from Mcssi-s. Jas. Veitch & SoN.s, Chelsea.
—The largest and showiest of the L. Perrini hybrids.
Sepals and petals silvery-wliite, tinged with rose ; front
of lip pui-plish-crimson. The original variety in an
undeveloped state received an Award of Merit on
November 12, Inw.

Awards or Merit.

Ci/prlpeditimx Helen (insigne Chantini x bellatulum),
from RORKiiT Tunstill, Esq., Monkholme, Buriilcy
igr., Mr. Balmfortli).— A very distinct and pretty hy-
brid, with rather narrow green leaves, showing a dark
green reticulation. The flower had the cliaiacterisUc
form ot the C. bellatulum crosses. The upper sepal
and broad petals were cream-white, beanlifully marked
with purple; lip yellowish, with a purplish tinge on
tlio fa«c, the whole flower being of a wax -like
appearance.

CiiUki/a X Purlin (Bowringiana X labiata), from RODT.
TtiNSTiIX, Esq., Monkliolme, Burnley (pi-., Mr. Balm-
fortli).—Flowers of the general appearance of C. x
Mantini, bright rose with rose-pui-ple front to the lip.

CijpHpedliim x„" ilrt. Alfred /"owter" (Cliarlesworlhi x
Lathamianiim), from J. Guunev Fowler, Esq., Glebe-
lands, South Woodford (gr., Mr. J. Davis),— A vei-y flnc
hybrid, rich in colour, and of novel features. Upper
sepal large, rolled back at the edge on the lower half,
base nearly black, changing gradually upwards to
bright rosepnrple, which colour extends in fainter
markings into the white apical portion. Petals and
lip greenish-yellow, marked with purple, the surface
glossy.

Cypripedium x Stiliix (Concolor x Dayanuni), from
F. Welleslev, Esq., Westfield, near Woking.— Leaves
very beautiful, whitish, with broad, transverse, dark
lireen markings and reticulation. Upperscpalgrpenish-
white, with irregular lines of deep purple. Pc'als
broad, white, slightly tinged with green, and evenly
marked with purple dots. Lip long, and laterally
compressed ; greenish-white, with the upper part of
the face of a purple tint. Another form of it is known
as C. X Burbidgeanum, but in view of tlie C. Bur-
bidgoi, Rchb. f., Ourd. Chron., 1881, xvi., p. ."is, tlie
name " Salus " would be more convenient.

Cypripedinm x J/Uchin^'ire (insigne x Cliarlesworthi),
from Mrs. IIAVWOOD, Woodliatch.Reigale (gr., Mr. C. J.
S.alter).— Upper sepal large, white, veined, and tinged

with light purple. Petals and lip resembling C. Cliarles-
worthi, but larger.

Lalio-CaUteya x Tlione (C. Bowringiana x L.-C. x
Doininiana Langleyensis), from Messrs. Jas. Veitcu &
Sons, Chelsea.— The best and brightest of the C. Bow-
ringiana crosses. Flowers several on an upriglit inflo-
rescence; large, and finely-formed, of a bright daik
rose-purple, with the front of the labelUiin velvety
ruby-red.

Lxlia X Omen lautumnalisxpurpurata), from Messrs.
Jas. Veitch >t Son.s, Chelsea.-This singular hybrid
approaches singularly closely in lialiit and in form of
flower to La;lia autumnalis, but the pseudo-bulbs are
more elongated, and the flowers considerably larger.
The three-tlowercd inflorescence has liglit rosy-lilae
flowers, the curiously shaped lip being marked witU
dark rose.

Pruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present .- H. Baldcrson, Esq., Chairman; and Messrs.
Jos. Cheat, Henry Eslings, Geo. Woodward, J. W.
Bates, S. Mortimer, Alex. Dean, W. Fyfe, James Smith,
F. Q. Lane, Geo. Wythes, J. Willard, G. Norman, Jas. tt.
Veitch, W. Poupart. A. H. Pearson, W. Wilks (Rev.),
E. Beckett, and Geo. Thos. Miles.

A magnificent collection of vegetables was shown by
Lord -Vldenuam, Aldeuham House, Elslree (gr., Mr. E.
Beckett). It extended quite three-parts of the length
of the hall, and was representative of all kinds iu
season, and many varieties of each kind. The Celeries,
Carrots, Onions, Potatos, Parsnips, Beet, ttc, were as
perfect as possible, and the green vegetables were just
as numerous, and of the very best iiuality. A Gold
Medal was deservedly awarded this collection, by no
means the first of the kind shown from the same
garden.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, exhibited
a fine collection of Apples, and a few Pears, making iu
all about 120 variet ies. Tliesc were eirectivcly displayed
upon a white ground, most of tlicm iu dishes, but all
along the centre were baskets and square trophies .
furnished with excellent examples of Apples and Pears,
and each surmounted by a plant of Asparagus Sprengeri
(Silver Knightiau Medal).

Some choice Grapes were shown by the Earl o£
Harri.ngton, Elvaston Castle, Derby (gr., Mr. J. C.
Tallack), including sixteen bunches of black varieties,
and twelve of while ones (Silver Knightiau Medal).

The largest collection of preserved fruits was one
from Messrs. AusriN & Co., Kingstonou-Tliames, who
had about 2000 liollles, said to weigli several tons. All
kinds of soft fruits wore included, excepting Straw-
berries, and in appearance at any rate tlioy were excel-
lent. They are preserved in water only, and arc tliero-
foro unsweetened. In this exhibit tlicrc weredozcna
of examples of the same article, and they made an un-
usual display iu Ihe Drill Hall, suggestive ot a Grocer's
exhibition at Islington, ratlier tlian one of tlio Royal
Horticultural Society's Committees (Silver - gill,
Knightiau Medal).

Exhibits of bottled and dried fruits ot excellent
quality were also showu by Messrs. E. Lee <Si Co.
Maidstone (Bronze Medal); The Houticultural Col-
lege, Swanley (Silver Banksian Medal) ; and The Lady
Warwick Hostkl, Heading (Silver Banksian Medal).

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

.VNNUAL llI.VNKIi.

NovEMiiKR 27. -Tiio annual dinner of tiiis Socicly
was held at the Holborn Restaurant ou Wednesday
evening last, when a company ol 2iw ladies and gentlo
men were present.

Tlie Chair was taken l)y Sir Albert Kayo llollit,LL.D.,
D.C.I/,, M.P., who lias recently succeeded the late Sir
Edwin Saunders as President of the Society. This being
the first occasion on which the new President lias come
directly into association with tlie iiiembers since his
acceptance of the position, the opportninly was taken
to afford him a hearty welcome. Sir Albert was sup-
ported, on his right by the Mayor of the Borough ol
Hackney and on his left by the Mayors of tho County
Borough of West Ham and the Borough of Slioroditcli.

The company, which was nearly three times .as large
as last year, included all the aclive moMibcrsof the
National Chrysaulhemum Society, a considerable
number of visitors representative of afliliated societies
and of horticulture gener:illy.

After the toasts of " Tlie King," " The Queen," " Prince
and Princess of Wales, and Royal Family, " had been
honoured with more than usual enthusiasm, the
President proposed the toast of the evening, "Tlie
National Chrysanthemum Society," and made a
rousing, humorous speech, pleasing llio company
immensely, lie took tliat opportunity to publicly
thank tlic members for the honour Ihcy had con

402

TUB GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 30, 190T.

ferred upon him, but feared that he would be
little beyond "a figure-head " — " a humble Pom-
pon among the big Japanese." He would do his
Ijc^t, however, for one year, at any rate, and having
been chairman of the management of the Hull Botanic
Gardens, and being associated in various ways with
horticulture, these experiences would help him. Sir
Albert said he had visited the Society's exhibition .and
tliouglit the display excellent, the cut blooms, and
especially the groups of plants and blooms around
the fountains. He thought we might learn a
little from the Japanese, who, in arrangement of
flowers, nhvay^ secured the highest decorative elTect
possible, and luad a fondness for the single-flowered
Chrysanthemum which we might emulate.

Speaking of the hardy fruits shown at the Aquarium.
Sir Albert recommended growers to preserve part of
their produce. An American once said of their fruit
industry, " We eat what we can, and can what vve can't."
AiM P. for Islington, Sir AllJcrtwasgladthattheSociely
originated in North Loudon. The Society had done
great service in many ways, including that of judging
new varieties, and in classification and nomenclature.
He had looked through a list of varieties, and among
other names saw thatof the Rt. Hon. Jos. Cliamberlain,
described as a " non-damper and an easy doer 1 " The
Chrysanthemum was not only a grand flower, but it
tame to us in the very dullest season of the year.
'•AVliy, we open our Chrysanthemum shows in the
Tensgst fogs, and can't find our way home afterwards."
Sir Albert implored the members to constitute them-
selves a power for the preservation of the gardens and
greenery of London, whether in Piccadilly or else-
where. London's gardens were as beautiful as any in
the world, including the famed ones of Damascus.

Tlie toast oE "The President and Vice Presidents,
Ollicers, Auditors, and Committees of the Society."
V7as proposed by the Mayor of Hackney; and the
'• Royal Aquarium Company and the Donors of Special
Prizes," by Mr. T. W. Sanders. Other toasts inclnded
those of ".Mliliated Societies," "The Visitors" (by the
President, who mentioned the names of the mayors
present, and Mr. S. T. Wright, of tlie Royal Horticultural
Society. Chiswick, and Mr. Schneider, of the Socictc
Franfaise d'Horticulture de Londres) ; the Ladies, the
President, the Press, Ac; and speeches were made by
Mr. Thos. Bevan, Chairman of the Executive Com-
mittee ; Mr. C. Harman Payne, the Mayors of the
Boroughs of West Ham and Shoreditch, Mr. Josiali
Ritchie, Chairman of the Royal Aquarium Company ;
Mr. Schneider, Mr. T. W. Wilkinson, &c.

The principal prizes won at the recent show were pre-
sented, the Challenge Shield to tlie CardilF Chrys-
an;i emum Society (Mr, Geo. W. Drake), the Holmes
Me norial Cups to Mr. W. Higgs and Mr. F. S. Vallis, and
Gold Medals to Mr. H. J. Jones, Messrs. W. Cutbush &
Sons, Mr. R. C. Pulling, &.C. ; also Silver Medals to
others.

Owing to the generosity of some of the ti;ide firms,
a.nd to Mr. Richard Dean (Secretary), and several
ticlpers, the room and tables were atjundantly deco-
rated, and the proceedings tlirougliout were en-
thusiastic.

CROYDON AND DISTRICT HORTI-
CULTURAL MUTUAL IMPROVE-
MENT SOCIETY.

Nov. 19.— A large number of the members gathered
at the " Sunflower " Temperance Hotel on Tuesday even-
ing to meet Mr. McLeod, gr. to J. Pierpoint Morgan, Esq.,
Dover House, Roehampton, who gave a most interesting
and practical paper, entitled." Notes on the Cultivation
of Malmaison Carnations." Mr. W. J. Simpson pre-
sided, and introduced Mr. McLeod. The lecturer, who
is one of the most expert growers of these particular
Cai'nations, de.alt thoroughly with his sul>ject, detailing
tlieir culture from layers, &c., through their various
stages of growth, potting, tying, selection of composts,
&c. Tlie diseases to wliich they are subject were noted,
and tlie treatment required by each described. Border
and oilier Carnations also received attention.

The paper was listened to with great interest, and
Mr. McLeod's replies to the questions were much
;i.ppreciatcd.

The subject for next meeting on December 3 will be
" Lilies," by Mr. Wade, Riverside Nursery, Colchester.

SHEFFIELD FLORAL AND HORTI-
CULTURAL.

At last an elTort is being made to bring Sheffield into
line with other large centres in respect to horticultural
exhibitions, and it promises to be successful. Some
two years ago a horticultural society was formed,
called the " Sharrow and District," and this body at
once olfered liberal prizes in classes open to all
England, with the result that it has already outgrown
sucli a lo ;al appellation. The Committee has therefore
decided to enlarge its influence, and under the title of
the " Sheffield Floral and Horticultural Society," a
successful future may be anticipated. The recent show
was a decided success from a horticultural point of
view.

Messrs. Frettingham, Sharp, Artindale, Proctor,
Machiii, etc., were amongst the exhibitors.

Mr. Samuel Roberts. J. P.. is the President, the Duke
of Norfolk, Earl Wharncliffe, Sir A. Wilson, and other
prominent men being Vice-Presidents. Mr. Lewendon,
;»:!, Ncill Road. Slicffleld, is Secretary.

The date fixed for the next annual show is August 14,
when a Challenge Cup given by the President will be
offered for Roses, and it is hoped to arrange a prize
list that will attr.T,ct some good exhibits. Monthly
meetings and exhibitions are held, and essays given,
wliich will keep the members in close and frequent
association with each other.

E. Boyce (th3 present Secre'ary). The tables were pro-
fusely decorated witli Chrysanthemuni blooms, some
fine specimens coming from Messrs. Cannell & Sons.

YORK CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NOVE-MHER i:t, 14, 15.— t^uite tlie best show yet seen in
York w.as that held in the exhibition building on the
above dates. Cut blooms were especially numerous.

The principal class was that for thirty-six blooms,
half to be incurved and the remainder Japanese.
Seven exhibitors competed, the best stands coming
from Mr. W. Mease, gr. to A. Tate, Esq., Leatlierhead,
Surrey, who staged extremely fine blooms in both sec-
tions. Mr. J. T. Leadbetter, gr. to A. Wilson, Esq.,
Tranby Croft, Hull, was a close 2nd, with particularly
neat blooms.

Mr. Mease also won 1st prize for eighteen incurved
blooms with massive examples, staged quite in his best
form. Mr. Folkard, gr. to Lady M.tRY Walkeu, Sand-
liutton Hall. York, was a good 2nd.

Twelve incurveds were best staged by Mr. G. 1 homas.
gr. to the Marquis of Ripon, K.G., Ripoii.

Mr. McPherson, gr. to Lord Londesboeough, Market
Weighton, had the best of nine stands of six incurved
blooms, staging Lady Isabel, Duchess of Fife. J. Agate,
C. H. Curtis, Ma Perfection, and Hanwell Glory ; Mr.
(j. H. Dobson, gr. to R. Lawsox, Esq , Clifton, York,
was 2nd.

Mr. McPherson staged Topaze Orientale in excellent
condition for the prizes tor six blooms of any one
incurved variety.

For eighteen Japanese blooms, Mr. McPherson won
1st prize easily ; Mr. D. Williams, gr. to the E.arl of
Feversham, Duncombe Park, Helmsley, w.as 2nd.

No fewer than seventeen extiibitors entered in a
class for twelve Japanese blooms. Mr. R. M. Dewar,
gr. to the Hon. Thomas Dijsdas, Northallerton, won
the 1st prize.

With Phoebus in capital condition Mr. McPherson
won for six blooms of any yellow-flowered variety ;
and for six blooms of any white variety, won with
Madame Caruot in the best condition we have seen it
this season.

Mr. Dewar presented blooms of Viviand Morel of
great depth and richness of colouring in the class for
six blcoms of any coloured variety.

Single-flowered varieties were splendidly shown by
Mr. Huri.'Hi\sox, Kirby Moorside.

Mr. J. Spink, gr. to J. B. Oldham, Tollerton, Easing-
wold, won 1st prize for .Vnemone-flowered varieties.

For twelve bunches of Chrysanthemums, distinct,
not disbudded, three spr.ays of each, there were nine
entries. Messrs. Theakstone i Sons, Hull, led with
the following in splendid condition. Pride of the
Market, Source d'Or, White Quintus, Mdlle. L,acroix,
and October Yellow ; Mr. G. R. Akester, Dritheld. 2nd.

Plants were capitally shown, Mr. Spink winning
most of the 1st prizes, for highly cultivated specimens,
in tlieir respective .classes. Mr. Everard. gr. lo Mrs.
GUTCH, Holgate, York, was also a leading winner.

Groups of Clirysa-nthemnms were a good feature.
Mr. J. HiELDS, .\corab, York, won with dwarf plants,
tastefully arranged. Mr. W. Townscnd, gr. to E. B.
Fader, Esq., M.P., Harrogate, had the best arranged
group of Chrysanthemums and foliage plants.

READING AND DISTRICT GAR-
DENERS'.

November 18.— The fortnightly meeting was held in
the Club Room on the above date. The subject for
discussion was "Root-pruning." It was introduced by
Mr. J. T. Powell, of Park Place Gardens, Henley-on-
Thames, his remarks being based upon "Why is root-
pruning necessary, and what advantage do we obtain
by it?" The discussion which followed was engaged
in by Messrs. Neve. Woolford. Hinton, Townsend,
.Vlexander. Burfitt. Cretchley. Chamberlain. Wilson,
Bryant, and D. Dorc. Three new members were
elected.

HIGHGATE AND DISTRICT CHRYS-
ANTHEMUM.

November 20.— The seventeenth Annual Dinner of
the above Society was held on the above date, the
President, C. F. Cory- Wright, Esq., J.P., D.L., presiding,
supported by Captain C. B. Balfour, M.P., sever.al of
the Vice-Presidents, and about eighty members and
friends of the Society, including the Treasurer (Mr. J.
McKerchar), Mr. T. Bevan, Mr. J. H. Witty, Mr. H.
Barnaby (the first Secretary of the Society), and Mr. W.

DEVON AND EXETER GARDENERS'.

\T the leceiil lorliughlly meeting of this Society, the
Honorary Treasurer (,VIr. W. Mackay), of the Koyal
Nurseries, Exeter, read a paper on "Air, Heat, and
Water, as applied to Horticulture."

Premising that the subjects named were tlie A B C of
gardening indoors or under glass, he maintained that
all gardeners should be conversant with the proper
use of the watering-can, the ventilators, and the
stoking-irons. The regulation of the air in glass
houses was of the utmost importance; it made all the
difTerence in the colour and flavour of fruits, and in the
early winter this question of air and the prevention of
cold draughts wjis essential to the well-being of Chrys-
anthemums and other important plants. The average
gardener was too much inclined to coddle and treat as
tender all plants grown under glass. The use of water
many degrees lower than the temperature of the house
should be avoided. It was a mistake to put the garden-
boy to look after the tires, as that was work which
should be done by a responsible man. As to affording
water to plants in pots, how often does one see an all-
round dose applied to plants in conservatories, whether
it was required or not. The application of water over-
head required discretion, as many plants were the
better for being dipped in a w.ater- tank fixed in each
glass-house; and a hot-water pipe running through it
was a great desideratum. Probably a better one was to
have a boiler fixed in the stoke-hou&e for the purpose
of heating water. The advantages of rain-water were
dwelt upon.

CHELMSFORD CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NovKMiiKR i;i.— This new soi-iety lield its first show
on the above date in the Corn E.vchange of the county
town. Several cups were awarded for mLxed groups,
professional and amateur, and some excellent flowers
were sent in competition by gardeners and amateurs.

Mr. W. Harris, gr. to Sampson Mareiacie, Esq.,
Broonifield, took the 1st prize for a fine group of Chrys-
antliemum plants. Mr. W. Reed, Roman Road, won
the Cup for the best group by amateurs.

The best twenty-fourcut blooms, distinct, of Japanese
Chrysanthemums were those shown by Mr. G.Calvert,
gr. to Ed. Barker, Esq., Lynderswood, Braintree,
amongst them being a very superior bloom of Mrs,
Coombs.

The best twelve Japanese were those shown by Mr.
C. J. Simpson, Chelmsford ; and the best incurveds
those of Mr. G. Calvert, a very fine stand of blooms.

The amateurs showed exceedingly well, and for
twelve Japanese, and for six blooms, distinct, Mr. J.
Falconer was 1st in both competitions.

Fruit was in abundance, and Mr. J, Tunbeidge
carried ofi" the 1st prizes for a collection, and the best
bunches (three) of Black Alicante Grapes.

Hardy fruits, vegetables, and specimens of the
florist's art were largely in evidence, and added con-
siderably to the attractions of the show, which, as a
whole, was considered to be a great success.

DULWICH CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NOVKMIIKR 11'. l.i.— The eighth aiinnal exhibition was
held at the Dulwich Baths. Although there was a
slight falling off in the number of entries as compared
witii last year, the quality had improved ; and con-
sidering that the whole of the members reside within a
radius of three miles of the exhibition -room, it is
unmistakably demonstrated what fine results can be
obtained within the Metropolitan area, in spite of tog
and other drawbacks.

In the open class for twenty-four Japanese blooms in
eighteen varieties. Mr. T. Dunsnall. gr. to C. F. Yeoman,
Esq., of Meopham, was Ist ; and Mr. E. Dove, gr. to
E. J. WVTHES, Esq., of Buckley Hall, was 2nd.

In the g.aTdeners' section, the principal prize-winners
were:— Mr. A. Winter, gr. to E. Mainwarino, Esq.,
College Ro.ad, Dulwich; W. Taylor, gr , Tewkesbury
Lodge; G. IIoulton, P. R. Dunn, E. Kea, and H. G.
McLean. And Mr. H. Foster was the chief amateur, he
being 1st in three for a group measuring ,50 square feet.

Tlie number of entries was ninety-four, and as an
instance of the keen competition, it may be stated that
no fewer than eighteen different exhibitors were
winners of thirty 1st prizes.

Mr. R. Forster. of Nuuhead Cemetery, exhibited a
fine group of Chrysanthemums and other plants.

.\ fine collection of fruits and flowers, grown at
Tewkesbury Lodge by Mr. W. Taylor, excited con-
siderable interest.

The decoration of the platform by Messrs. Peed &
Sons, of Norwood Road, was very tastefully performed.
Foliage plants with Chrysanthemums, fronted with a
fine array of fruit, having a pleasing effect.

The attendance, in spite of doubtfal weather, was
good ; on the second night over 1,000 people visited the
show.

November 30, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

403

VARIORUM.

A Curious Industry. — The British Vicc-
Consul at Leghorn, in his report on his district
for the past year, mentions a curious indnstry
in which Orris-root plays the chief part. This
is the production of beads made from the root,
■with a fine hole through the centre. The
beads are of many sizes, the smallest being
about that of a marble. Not many years ago
about twenty millions of these were exported
each year, but now the export has fallen to
four millions. It appears that there was once
a medical theory that the best means of curing
.scrofula and certain diseases of the blood was
to keep an open wound in the body of the
.sufferer, and these Orris-root beads were
inserted into the wound for this purpose. It
is still possible to buy at Italian medical-
instrument makers the special wire-grated
bandage prepared for the arm in this process.
Orris was probably used in this way because
of its tendency to dilate in any liquid sub-
stance. The practice undoubtedly still pre-
vails, though medical science has long con-
demned it. A factory for making these beads
has recently been established in Paris, and
the greater part of the Leghorn export goes to
Lyons, while part goes to Frankfurt. The use
of till' beads is dying out in Italy, but it is not
uncommon to meet with people who have been
treated in this way. Another article made
from Orris-root is the dentarnido, or finger,
which is designed to take the place of the old-
fashioned infants' coral and assist in teething.
The juice, of which a small amount is absorbed
in sucking, is said to be an excellent digestive.
This is a modern and a growing industry, and
apparently reached Italy from (icrmany. Xow
half a million of these (ingers are sent from
Leghorn to Germany and Austria every year.
Orris-root grain.s, coloured in blue, red, yel-
low, green, and other colours are exported to
the same countries, where they are used to
throw on fires to give an agreeable odour to
saloons and entrance-halls, while in the form
of tiny chips the root is chewed, mostly by
nienscrvants, to remove the smell of tobacco,
garlic, and the like.

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN, NOVEMBER 28.

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

td. s.d. s.d. sd.

Adlantums, doz. 5 0-70 Ferns, small, per

Arbor vltie, var., lOo 4 0-60

per dozen ... 6 0-.36 0 Ficuselastica, ea. 16-76

Aspidistras, doz. 18 0-.T6 o Foliage plants,

— specimen, ea. !> o-io 6 various, each 10-50
Cannas, per doz. 18 0 — Lily of Valley, ea. 19-30
Crotons, per doz. IH o-.TO 0 Lycopodiuiiis, p.

Cyclamen, p. doz. 8 0-10 0 dozen 3 0- « 0

Dracienas, var.. Marguerites, per

per dozen ... 12 O-.TO 0 dozen 8 0-13 0

— viridis, doz. 9 0-18 o Myrtles, per doz. 6 0-90
Ericas, var., doz. 13 0-36 0 Palms, var, each 1 0-15 0
Euonyiniis, var., — specimen, ea. 21 0-<)3 0

per dozen ... 6 0-18 0 Pelargoniums,

Evergreens, var., fcarleL doz. 8 0-12 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 — Ivylcat, per

Ferns, in variety, ' dozen 8 O-IO 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 SpirEeas, per doz. 6 0-12 0

COT Flowers, &c.— Avebaoe Wholesale Prices.

e.d. s.d.

.'Vsparagns ' Fern,"

bunch 10-20

Carnations, per

dozen blooms 10-20

Lily of Valley, p.

doz. bunches 0 0-lS 0
Maidenhair Fern,

doz. bunches 4 0-80

Cattlcyas, p doz. 9 0-12 0 Mignonette, per

Eucharis, p. doz 3 0-40, doz. bunches 40-60

Oardenias, doz. 16-20 Odontoglossums,
Lilium Harrisii, i per dozen ... 2 6-60

dozen blooms 4 0-60 Roses, Tea, wh;te,
Lilium lancifolm. i per dozen ... 10-30

album, p. doz. —Catherine

blooiis ... 3 0-40 Mermet, per

Lilium rubrum, ' doz 2 0- ."i 0

per dozen ... 3 0-50 Smilax, p! buncii 30-60
Lilium longiflrra. Tuberoses, per

per dozen ... 4 0-60; doz. blooms 04-06

Feuit.-

Apples, home-
grown, Wel-
lingtons, per
bushel. .-

— Blenheims.
&c., p. bushel

— Cox's, sieve ...

— Nova Scotian,
various, per
barrel

— Ribstous, per
sieve

— King Pippins,
per bushel ...

— LargeCookers,
per bushel ...

Bananas, bunch

— loose, p. doz.
Chestnuts, per

Cobnuts. Kentish

per .1 0 8.} —

Cranberries, case 11

— quart

Custard - Apples,

per dozen ...

Grapes, Muscats,

home-grown,

per lb.. A. ...

B , per lb.

— Alicante, lb.

Vegetables.

Average Wholesale Prices.

i.d. s. d. s.d. 8.d.

Grapes, Gros Col-
inar, .\ , per

lb 1 tt- 1 11

6 0-10 0 B.. per lb. 0 6-09

— Almeira, 12lta. 4 0-46

.5 0-8 0 per barrel lb 0-17 6

.T 0- s 0 Lemons, Murcia

and Lisbon,
per case ... 7 0-1 1 0
15 0 23 0 Melons, each ... 0 3- 1 t;

Oranges, Murcia
2 6-36 per case ... 46 0 —

— Jaffa, per case 10 0 —
.■' 0-6 6 — Almeira, per

.case S" 0-10 0

.''0-5 6 — Taugierinc,

.=, 0- s 0 per case ... 0 6-13

10-16 Pearf , in crates—

GloutMorceau 6 0-60

4 0-13 0 Easter Beurre 5 0-16 0

5 6-

Magnifique .
— various, per

sieve 3 0-70

0 6 — — stewing, per

crate 7 0-7 ii

6 0-12 0 Persimmons, per

dozen 16-20

Pines, each ... 2 0- 3 u
2 0-26 Sapucaia Nuts. lb. 10 —
0 <;- 0 9 Walnuts. Gre-
0 6-10 noble, p. bag 46 —

-.VvERAOE Wholesale Phicef.

t.d. s.d. >.d. s.d.

Artichokes, Globe, Leeks, 12bunches 10-16

per dozen ... 3 o — Lettuces, Cabbage,

— Jerusalem, p. per dozen ... 1 0 —

sieve 10-16 Mint, new bunch 04 —

n 10-1

Asparagus Sprue
bundle 0 9 —

— Paris Green... -5 6 —

— Giant l.i u-17 0

BarbedeCapucine,

bundle 0 4 —

Beans, home, dwf
house, per lb...

— Madeira, hkt
Beetroots, new,

per bushel ...
Brussels Sprouts,

sieve

Cabbage, tally ...

— dozen

Cardoons. each ...
Carrots, per doz.

bunches

— washed, bags

— unwashed, per

0 9-0 10
6 0-66
5 0-66

1 0- :

Mushrooms, house,

per lb.
Onions, cases

— in bags

— picklers, per
sieve 3 0 —

Parsley, per doz.

bunches ... 1 0- 1 i\

— sieve 0 6-09

Parsnips, p. cwt.

bag 2 6-30

Potatos, per ton., ib 0-90 0
per lb... 0 5 —

0 9-10

5 0 Radishes, p. doz.

bag

8 0-10

11 0-12 0

Cauliflowers, doz.
- tally

Cclerlac, per doz.

Celery, 12bundles

Chicory, per li)....

Cress, per dozen
punnets

Cucumbers, doz.

Endive, new

French, doz. 1 :; -

Garlic, per lb. ... u 3 -

Horse radish, fo-
reign bunch 1 3- 1

RKM.\f{K

at 1». «i(. per d

bunclH
Salad, small, pun-
nets, per doz. 13 —
2 0-26 Salsafy. per doz.

2 6-30 bundles 38 —

Savoys, tally ... 4 0-7 0

1 »:- 2 0 Seakale, per doz.

2 o- 2 6 punts 21 0-24 II

Shallots, per lb.... 0 2-03
Spinach, English,

bushel ... 16-20

Stachys, lb. ... 0 4 —

To

2 0-

a t o s, Eng-
lish, dozen lb. 3 0-36

— Canary, boxes 3 0- 3 6
Turnips, per doz.

bunches ... 16-20

— bag 16-20

Watercress, per

doz. bunches 0 6 —

■ Chows (or Cahofas) arc now selling
;ind Sweet Potatos at i-ln. per cwt.;
Onions are slightly improved in price; Tcncriffe new
Potatos fetch li>v. per cwt. ; home-grown Medlars,
1». 6d. to 28. per half-bushel; for IJuiuces there is no
demand, and some kinds of Melons fetch as little as
3d. cacli. General trade is very quiet.

Potatos.
Various sorts, 4.')». to 6.5». ; Main Crop, 70». to ww ;
Dunbar Upto-Dale, ho.«. to 90s, ; Main Crops, 90«. JoAii
Bath, 33 <Ir 34, WeUinglan Street, Covent Garden.

SEEDS.

London : November 27.— Messrs. John Shaw A Sons,
Seed Merchants, of Great Maze Pond, Borough, London,
report to-day's market thinly attended, with but little
business passing thereon. A good in*iuiry has con-
tinued for Alsyke, at prices adverse to buyers. While
Clover-seed is also very dear. As regards red seed,
the best value (ifTering is still the Canadian grown.
Trefoils are somewhat less depressed. Perennial Rye-
grasses keep strong, at the recent advance. Canary-
seed, with a brisk speculative demand and diminishing
supplies, is again dearer. Hemp-seed is steady. There
is no change this week in either Blue Peas or Haricot
Beans.

PEUITS AND VEGETABLES,

Glasgow, November 27.— The followingare the averages
of the prices recorded since our last report :— Apples.
22«. to .308. per barrel; Grapes, Almeira, H«. to 10». do. ;
do., Metz, is. to 7s. do.; do., home, l8. to Is. 3(i. and 7i(.
to Is. M. per lb. ; Bananas, 7». to 10s. per case ; Lemons,
14». to 168. do. ; Oranges, Jaffa, 7». to 9s. do. ; To-
matos, 6fJ. to M. per lb.; Onions, Valencia, 6s. •;</. to
7s. 6'/. i)cr case ; Mushrooms, Is. to Is. 2d. per lb.

Liverpool; November 21.— Wlwlesale Vegetable Market.
—Potatos, per cwt. : Up-to-Date, 2s, 2d. to 2s. id. ; Main

Crop, ;is, id. to 4s. ; Lynn Grays, Is. luc!. to 2s. 4./.
Bruce, 2s. id. to 2s. 6ri. ; Turnips, sd. to lorf. per 12
bunches ; Swedes, Is. 2d. to Is. id. per cwt. ; Carrots, 6d.
to 8ii. per dozen, and 3s. 6d. to 4s. per cwt. ; Onions,
English, 'os. 6(f. per cwt. ; do., foreign, bs. 3ct. to -'is. iid.
do. ; Parsley, 6rf. to 8rf. per 12 bunches ; Cauliflowers,
Is. to 2s. 6ct. per dozen ; Cabbages, lOd. to Is. 6i(. do. ;
Celery, 8d. to Is. 6i(. do. St. Johns ; Potatos, Is. to Is. 2(i.
Iicr peck; Grapes, English, Is. to 33. per lb.; do.,
foreign, 6ri. do.; Piues, English, hs. each; .Vpples,
:i(^ to 4rf. per lb. ; I'ears, 3(^ do. ; Tomatos. 6ft. do. ;
Mushrooms, 2s. per ib. Birkenhead : Potatos, lOd. to is.
per peck ; Cucumbers, 2<J. to id. each; Grapes, Eug-
lisli. Is. to 2s. ikf. per lb.; do., foreign, 4rf. to Sd. do. ;
Mushrooms, Is. to Is. iw?. per lb. ; Filberts, is. do.

CORN.

Average Prices of British Corn (per imperial qr,),
for tlie week ending Nov. 2.i, and for the corresponding
period of 1900, tot^ether with the difference in the
quotations. These figures ai'e based on the Official
Weekly Return ;—

Description.

1900.

1901.

Difference.

Wheat

«. d.

27 2

». d.
i- 1

«. d.

— 0 1

Barley

25 10

26 10

-1- 1 u

Oats

17 0

18 7

+ I 7

METEOROLOGIC.M. OUSEKVATlONS taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Chiswick,
London, for the period Noveinlicii; to Noveinlicr L':t,
1901. Height above sea-level 24 feet.

1901

a

2

ft

l«

.

~ S3

O

s «

6

1 °

a

n

At9A.U.

a

•a

y

pa

»

P>

a

is

Tempera-
ture oftheI
SoiLalHA..'U.

;a3

Sun. 17

UON. 18

TOES.19

Wed. 20
Tho. 21
FrI. 22

Sat. 23

S.E.
W.S.W.

w.s.w.

W.S.W.

w.s.w.
s.w.

N.E.

24-1 40 '6
;!8-2 51-6
18-953-1
48 •8.^14-1
47'».'J3-7
42 '7 45-1
29 -0 4 1-0

bo ; bo bo

38 o'45'0,60 0

I
,37 '6144 2 49 -8

49-2

49 0

2r8

23-3

40-3 ... |40'2[43'8
60 '0 ... 43 '9 44-0
47'4 0'06 44'»;48-8
43 -8 0-12 48 '4:46 -5

48 -8

13 •«
19 9
36 0
46 6
41 5

29-0

42-4,46-5 48-822 1

Remarks.— K week of dull, cold weather, witli fros'
fog, and a drizzling lain on two days.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The following summary record of the weatlier through-
out the British Islands, for the week ending Nov. i:i,
is furnished from the Meteorological Office :—

"The u'Cfif/icr during this week w.as of an unscttlcii,
rainy character generally, but improved considerably
in most parts of the kingdom towards its close,
although it became foggy over Central England.

" Ihe temperature d\d not dilVcr materially from the
mean over the United Kingdom jis a whole, but was
2' above it in Ireland, N., and .T Ijclow it in Scotland, N.
The highest of the iriaxiiiia were registered during
the middle of the week, and ranged from 68° in Eng-
land, S.W., to M" ill England, N.W., Ireland, N., and
Scotland, N. and W. The lowest of the minima, which
were recorded on the lirst day of the period, varied
from 12' in Scotland, N., to 23 in England, N.E., and to
'i'V ill the Channel Islands.

"The rainfall exceeded the mean in Scotland, Eng-
land, N.E. , and N.W., and also in Ireland, N., but w:is
less in all otiier districts. The excess in Scotland, W.,
England, N.W., and Ireland, N., was very large, .mid
mainly caused 'by sonic heavy falls between the 18th

404

THE GARDEiSfERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 30, 1901.

and 20tli 01- 21st, when more than au inch was measured
ill some localities on two or even tluee successive days
"ThchrlqM sunshine slightly exceeded the mean for
tlipliiiirnf vcnr in most districts. The percentage of
Hi,- |m,- ii.lc duration ranged from 31 in the Channel
£:-l:ni.l ,111-1 :-:ni England. S.W., to 1^ in Scotland, E,
au.l llic Miillaiid Counties, and to 17 in England, N.W."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.
Ar Hie beginning of the week high temperatures
prevailed, and especially at night, but .since then the
j'eather has lieen getting colder, and on the coldest
iiiglit the exposed thermometer showed 15° of frost.
The sudden change in temperature is evidenced by the
thermometer at 1 foot deep in the ground, which now
reads 8° lower than at the beginning of the week. Rain
tell on three days, but the amounts deposited were very
small. In fact, there has been no measurable quantity
of rain-water pass through the bare soil percolation
gauge for several days, which is very unusual at this
time of tlie year. The first four day.5 of the week were
altogether sunless, but on the remaining three the sun
slione on an average for five and a half hours a day.
High westerly winds prevailed at the beginning of tlie
week, but the last four days have been very calm.
The air was. as a rule, rather dry for tlie latter lialf of
November. E. M.. Berkkamsled. November 20, 1901.

i(rrr6jpandenk

Adlvntum.s, Soil for: Maidenhair. Lumpy
peat and loam, and sand or broken saadstoue
oiio-sixtli.
BliMiS, &o. : J. M. The Lilies should be got
in -without delay, a slight mulch of litter
being put over them to prevent the entry of
frost. Iris, Hyacinthuscandicans, and Mont-
bretias may be planted in mild weather.
You are two months too late for the plant-
ing of these things. If the plants are still
in the ground, and there is no reason for dis-
turbing them, the dividing and transplanting
would be better deferred till the end of
Fchruar.y.
Chrysanthemum : A. C. The plant probably
received some check to growth by frost or
otherwise. The flowers in the centre are in
reality more i>erfect than the outer ones.
GoMi'OST ifOR Potting Gardenias : Maidenhair.
Either turfy-peat or loam, unless the peat is
heavy and compact, when loam is to be pre-
ferred. As much silver-sandmust be added
to give the soil the porosity it requires.
In the early stages of the life of a plant, the
soil should be sifted through a l-inch meshed
sieve ; but when the plant gets into a 5-inch
pot, it should be of moderate coarseness,
and decayed manure may then be added to
the soil in the proportion of one-quarter of
the whole.
eoRRECTlON : The signature to a note con-
cerning the fruiting of Citrus trifoliata,
p. 37C of our last issue, was in i fortunately
given as C. B. Leigh Smith, &c., instead of
C. B. Lucie Smith, &c.
Cucumber Leaves Scorched: A. H. The pitch
of tlie roof is such that the sun's rays in the
summer impinge at .tlmost a right angle with
the glass ; and the panes being large, and
laps few in consequence, the leaves arc very
liable to get scorched if the ventilation is
not closely watched, and some thin kind of
shading employed early in the day.
Fuchsia corymbiflora : A Snhicriber. The
plant should, if planted in a pot, bo stood
or laid on damp earth or gravel in a green-
house, so that some little dampness may be
transmitted to the soil in the pot. If in a
border, no water should be afforded before
March, the same holding good if it be grown
in a large tub.
Hanley Show : A Correction. In our report
of the recent flower show at Hauley, our
reporter inadvertently omitted to give the
name of Mr. L. Pointon, nur.seryman, Bid-
tlulph, near Congleton, who was 1st in the
alasses for wreaths and crosses.

INSECTS: DcL'onian. The two small grubs are
the larvfe of a Dipterous fly. They had
probably been feeding upon decayed vege-
table or animal matter. The large white
specimen is the larva of the Ghost Moth
(Hepialis humuli). It feeds ohielly on the
roots of Dock and various nettles, and occa-
sionally also herbaceous plants, and are
then injurious.

Insects on Ferns : S. S. Your Perns are not
being injured by insects, but they are
attacked by a rust -fungus. Cut off all
diseased fronds and burn them. Rest your
plants, and when the younger fronds have
ripened, try spraying with Bordeaux Mix-
ture. The only insects present were the
larvte of the Brown Scale (Lecaniura hemi-
sphfericum), but these were too few in
number to cause injury.

*** Names of Fruits and of Plants, Special
Notice : We are destcous of assisting young
gardeners and our subscribers as far as we
can do so consistently with our editorial
duties, but our readers must kindly remember
tluxt such work is outside our scope, and
ahvays involves some inconvenience, and gene-
rally a large e.vpenditure both of time and
money on our part. Delay is unavoidable.
Not more tlian six specimens should be sent.
Correspondents not answered in this isstie are
requested to be so good as to consult the
following numbers.

Names of Fruits : W. U. 0. 1, Jaminette ; 2,
Millot de Nancy : 3, rotten ; 4, Rousselet de
Meestre ; 5, Beurre d'Aremberg ; G, Ron-
delet. — H. V. W. Reinette du Canada. —
G. M. 1, Merveille d'Hiver ; 2, De Maraise ;
3, Vicar of Winkfleld ; 4, Winter Strawberry.
— W. J. Stokes. 2, Scarlet Nonpareil; 3,
Pearson's Plate; 5, Dr. Nelis ; 7, Golden
Pearmain ; 9, Comte d'Egmont. — J. H. 1,
IJeurre Duval ; 2 and 0, Beurre d'Aremberg ;
3, not known ; 4, Bergamotte Dussart ; 5,
Belle Rouennaise.— iSiibscriber. Scarlet Non-
pareil.— ,J.B. 1, not recognisable ; 2, Belle
Fleurusienne ; 3, Oelices d'Angers ; 4,
Amaude Double ; -j, Graslin ; 0, Deux
Sceurs. The box was damaged, some of the
fruits crushed, and the labels detached;
several are varieties little known in Eng-
land.—U'. B. J. 1, Doyenne Defais ; 2,
Beurre d'Aremberg ; 3 and 4, not known ; 5,
Fondante de NoiU ; 0, Leon Leclerc de Laval,
"^'ou have not complied with the conditions
stipulated; hence the delay. The others
cannot be dealt with.— J. M. 4, Golden
Ducat; 5, Nelson Codlin; 6, Flower of Kent.
— G. U. H. 1, Downton Pippin; 2, Coe's
Pomona; 3, Nonpareil Russet; 4, Kilkenny
Pearmain ; -j, Easter Beurre ; 6, rotten.

Names of Plants: F. C. Arbutus Unedo,
Strawberry tree.— K. D. R. 1, Thuia gi-
gantea (Lobbii of gardens) ; 2, Cupressus
Lawsoniana ; 3, a Cypress (Cupressus) which
we cannot name without seeing the cone.—
W. H. 1'. Strelitzia Regime, a very old and
ornamental flowering plant for stove or warm
conservatory.— .4. M. T. 1, Cyperus laxus ;
2, Asparagus Sprengeri, not a Fern, though
called so in the market ; 3, Codiseum (Oroton),
probably Weismanni ; 4, Strobilanthes Dyeri-
anus ; 5, Fittonia argyroneura ; C, Centaurea
gymnocarpa.— R. U. {Oxalis). Please send
again when iu flower ; we cannot undertake
the risk of naming such a scrap. — E. B.
Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are all Myrtaceous plants,
but not being in bloom, we cannot give the
specific names; 4, Osmanthus ilicifolius.—
C. J. Selaginella viticulosa. — S. McC,
Wicklow. 1, Leucothoe acuminata ; 2, not
recognised from leaf only ; 3, Cornus (Ben-
thamia) fragifera ; 4, Juniperus virginiana
var. elegans ; 5, no flowers, not recognised ;
0, Saxifraga hypnoides.

Planting of Flower-beds: L. B. The pro-
posed planting with shades of colour in
proximity would produce a harmony of
colours.

Red Currants from a Bush growing in the
OPEN border : A. H. It is indeed very late
in the year to find fruits on Currant bushes.

Roman Hyacinths Gumming : A Constant
Reader. See reply p. 384 of our last issue.
The cases are similar.

Roots of Vines left in a Vine Border
planted with Roses : J. H. H. There is a
risk of the fungus, that will probably seize
on the decaying roots of the Vines, spread-
ing to the roots of the Roses. It would be
prudent to grub out the larger roots, and
those most come-at-able.

Communications Received.— Mark Webster— W. E. G.
—J. Booth, Berlin (letter to follow)— C. M.— W. J. C.
— G. E. B. R. Although we know the practice is very
common, yet we cannot but think it very indecent.
The matter does not concern the general public at
all.— Max L., Baden Baden— E. M.— Rev. G. F. E.—
J. v., Oaklands, California— F. D. Laet. Contich—
Morg.ate, Brittany (next week ; thanks for enclosure
for Gardeners' Orphan Fund)— Geo. L.— A. Hillman—
E. Webber— S. Baarda— J. G.— W. E. B.— E. W.— G. C.
Herbarium— B. B— G. L— A. H.— W. R.— W. W.—
R. P. B.-J. O'B.-E M.-E. H. J.-G. C.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mii. John Bate.s, Foreman tor the last six years at
Keir Gardens, Duntilane. N.B., as Gardener to
James Wilson, Esq., Bantaskin, Falkirk.

Mr. Hopkins, for two years Foreman in the Gardens,
Leigliton House, Westbury, Wilts, as Gardener and
Orchid grower to E. Sondeim, Esq., Welford House,
Arkwright Road, Hampstead.

Mr. J. Williams, for nearly seven years Head Gardener
to C. D. Hareod. Esq., at the Manor House, More-
bath, Bampton, Devon, iias gone with him in the
same capacity to Culverwood, Cross - in - Hand,
Sussex.

Mr. J. Philcox, general Foreman of the glass depart-
ment at Tring Park, as Gardener to C. L. S. Smith,
Esq., Denham Mount, Bucks.

Mr. F. J. Daborn, late Head Gardener at Woodlands
Park, Leatherhead, as Head Gardener to A. 11.
Elwes, Esq., Congham House, Norfolk.

Mr. H. Johns, general Foreman in the Gardens, Head-
bury Hall, as Head Gardener to W. CoNOREVE.Esq.,
Burton Hall, Neston, near Chester.

Mr. John Lovatt, as Head Gardener to Colonel Allen,
Wingcrworth Hall, Cliesterfleld.

Mr. William Burke, for the past eiglit-and-a-lialf years
Head Gardener at Wingerworth Hall, Chesterfield,
Derbyshire, as Head Gardener to K. C. Donaldson
Hudson, Esq., Cheswardine, Market Drayton,
Shropshire.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Edward Wisem.vn, Elgin. N.I;. — Forest Trees, Hardy
Shrubs, Game Covert Plants, Conifers, Hardy
Climbers, Fruit Trees and Bushes, Alpines, &Q.

Authhr W. Wade, Riverside Nurseries, Colchester-
Alpine and Herbaceous Plants and Bulbs.

llocci & Robertson, 22. Mary Street, Dublin— Forest.
Fruit, and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Roses, <S:c.

Wood & Ingram, Huntingdon— Foi-est, Ornamental
and Fruit Trees. Also Hardy Climbers, Roses, &c.

HocG & Wood, Coldstream and Duns, N.B., Forest,
Ornamental, and Fruit Trees, Roses, Clematis, &c.

FOREIGN.

Frederick Roemer, Quedlinburg, Germany— Trade

List of Flower Seeds.
CR07.V, AiNi Fils & CiE., Hy6res, France. New Can-

nas, also Palms, ttc.

Works for the Possessors of Gardens.

MRS. LOUDON'S LADIES' COMPANION
to the FLOWER GARDEN. A complete Guide to tll8
Management and Adornment of Gardens of every size. A New
Edition. Fcap. cloth. Price 7s.

HIGH-GLASS KITCHEN GARDENING.
A Handy Manual for the Improved Cultivation of all
Vegetables, liy William Earley, Author of " How to Grow
Mushrooms," "How to Grow Asparagus," &c., &c. Crown
8vo, with Coloured Frontispiece. Price 4s. 6d.

HOW TO GROW ASPARAGUS
A popular explanation of the best Method of Culture.
By WiLLUM Eabley. Price Is. stitched.

HOW TO GROW MUSHROOMS
By William Earley. Price Is. stitched.

London : BRADBURY. AGNEW, ahd CO. (Limited). 0,
Bouverie Street, E.G.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."

IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. — The Publisher has
the satisfaction of announcing that the circulation of the
" Gardemrs' Chronicle " has, since the reduction in the
price of the j)aper, more than

flS- TREBLED. -»»

Advertisers are reminded that the "Chronicle" circulates
among Country Gentlemen, and all Classes of
Gaedenees and Garden-lovers at home, that tt has
a specially large Foreign and Colonlal Circula-
tion, and that it is preserved for reference m all the
principal Libraries.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle." November 30. 1901.

^^J^c^p^p.^^^

New Hybrid, Karly Flowering, Alpine Iris.

1901.]

THE GAEDEyERS' CHRONICLE.

405

THE

No. "i^O.— SATURDAY, DEC. 7, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Asparagu-? Sprenceri .

Astei>. perennial

liegoDia Ideala

MlacklH-iiv. the white

H(.oks. notices of—
FliMa "I Guernsey...
The H...>k of Old-
f:i.-hii>iied Fh)wer8
Tlie Best Hardy Pe-
rennial.-^

Various

'" Carnation," what is ?

ClirysaDthcuium-rust,
the

Colonial notes—
Queensland

Crinuni erassipes

Dahlias, new type of...

Duteli boycott, tlie
prouoscd, ou British
irade

Floral Decorations Co.
(Ltd.)

Gardening in excclsls

Grapes, select varie-
ties of

Grapes, synonyms in .

Hay. .-I laie crop of ...

Iris Icctorum

Labiate, a tuberous-
rooted

Monlbrclias

Alorello Cliorry-tree, a
line

North, a visit to the—

Some Edinburgh

nurseries

Ohituai-y—
Krclage. J. H.

opuntias, out-door ...

Orchiil notes and
glea^ing^

Orchids, imported ...

PaliMs. garden

Peas, late-cropping ...

Pliosphatic and pot-
ash fertilisers

Plants, new or note-
worthy—
.stapelia ineompara-
bilis

Potato disease, the ...

Prun us Pissardi, fruit-
ing of

Publications received

Rosary, the

the

Altrinchaniand Dis-
trict Gardeners ...

Liiinean

National Clirysant he-
mum

National Rose
1 Royal Hortii-ultural
I Scientific Com. ...
I Surveyors' Institu-

( tion

I Solaniuu crispum
Span - roofed glass-
1 house, aspect of a...
Stapclia gigautca
Trees and Sllrnb^—

Berbcris Thnnborgi
Trees, the naturalisa-
tion of foreigh

Violet:-

Week s work, the... 412,

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Ill

Begonia Iticala

MorcUo Cherry-tree, fan-trained, in Stoiielcigl

Abbey Gardens 4i;

Opunti'a Engelnianni out-of-doors in Cambridge

Botani<- Gardens 401

Opuntia monacaiilhaand O. glauca out-of-doors in

Cambridge Jtotanic Gardens 40?

Portrait of the late Mr. J. H. Krelagc 42i

Solanum crispura blooming in the nursery of

Messrs. V. N. Gauntlett & C^.. Rciiruth (Supplement)

WHAT IS "CARNATION"?

WRITERS of late years in treating of
the Carnation have accepted the
theory that as a name it has no connection
with that colour, but has reference solely to
the employment of the flowers as woven
into garlands for feminine wear. Other
writers, as, for instance, Leo Grinden in The
Shakimpi'nre Flora, and Canon Ellacomlje in
PIftnl Lore of Shakespeare, also accept the
tatter as the correct meaning of the word.
1 have, however, for some time entertained
<ioubts as to whether " (\aination " as an
FjiiglUh name has any connection with
'■coronas" or garlands ; ami in a I'apcr read
liefori- the Scottish Horticultural Associa-
tion in 1900, I i)urposely left the cjuestion
open. That some continental authorities,
on account of the flowers of the large
double forms having been commonly used
ill the construction of garlands, applied
to the plant the distinctive designation,
" Coronaria '' admits of no doubt, and
there is evidence to show that flowers in

plenty could be obtained for that purpose
in at least Flanders, Holland, parts of
France, and in Lombardy, But in England
that evidence is wanting, though a single-
flowered variety, colloquially called Sops-in-
Wine, and perhaps also the small double
(love. Gillyflower, as well as Pinks and
Sweet Williams, were soused. As a matter
of fact, if the desire to employ Carnations
existed, the difficulty of obtaining flowers
must have proved an insurmountable
obstacle.

Propagation Ijy means of cuttings was
practically the only method known, and
the plant was thought to be so little hardy
as to require wintering in pots under
shelter ; or else, when planted in the open.
boughs, straw, or other suitable material
were employed as a covering to protect it
from frost and snow. Its general diffusion
was consequently seriously affected, and it
was not indeed till the introduction of the
yellow-flowered section which bore seed
freely in England that Carnations became at
all common.

We unfortunately possess no means of
definitely deciding the date when the large-
flowei-ed kind, to which alone the name
Carnation applies, was introduced, or whence
it came. Flanders has been named, and
also Italy : and certainly the type of flower
which it is possible to locate as the earliest
form of Carnation, had much in common
with that of Lombardy and of Languedoc.
But at the earliest we cannot place the date
of its introduction much previous to the
middle of the sixteenth century. The
very earliest reliable notice of the plant I
have been able to discover occurs in a
descri|)tion of Persia, by .\rthur Edwards,
in \:>m (Halcluul. cd. 1599), in which, de-
scribing the Cotton-i)lant. the writer ob-
serves, "the tree hatlie a slender stalke, like
unto a brier or to a Carnation gillifloure." In
close succession we have Tusser — Fire Hun-
dredth Poiiileno/Hu.thanilrie. ed, 1573 and 1590,
where among •• Herbs, branches, and flowers
for windows and pots'" are " Gilleflowers
red, white, and Carnation, set in the spring
and at the hanest in pottes, boites, or tubs,
or for summer in beds,'" Then in 1578 is
Lyte's translation of Tktdivns. in which we
have " Carnations." " Coronations," and
'■ Cornations." the latter two very obviously
connected with the "Vetonicam corona-
riam," which they follow. Lyte, it may be
said in passing, appears from his writing
never to have seen a Carnation. He describes
neither the plant nor the flower, as we have
it elsewhere described in French, in Latin,
and in English. Of almost exactly the
same date, Spenser has " Coronations and
Sops-in-Wine," and besides these, I know of
no other instance of the word being used.
But of Sjienser this further may be said, that
he more than once in his fanciful way evolves
flower-names that are solely his own; such are
"Bellamoures.''"Statlight,"and "Med.'pwart."
A year or two later, Lily refers to "Tilly-
flower Carnations. Sops- in -Wine, Sweet
.Johns."

Though much later as to time, the most
important material for effecting a fair
decision occurs in Gcrardc's Herbal (1597),
and in Parkinson's Garden of Plea.Hant
FIdirrrs (1029). Neither of these authors had
any doubt about the matter. Gerarde has
been quoted very often, and moreover has
been as often confuted and placed in the

wrong, saying "The great Carnation Gillow-
floure," with its " pleasant Carnation colour
whereof it tooke his name." At present we
shall allow the statement to stand on its
merits. Parkinson is, however, quite as
definite as Gerarde, and is a little more
explicit. "The old Carnation," which is
called also " The old English " and the " great
Harwich Carnation." was a prime favourite,
and is referred to more than once for its
beauty : but for our purpose it is only necessary
to note that it bore " a gallant great double
flower of a deepe Carnation colour, almost
red, spotted with many blush spots and
strakes." It is, of course, impossible to say
that this carnation-coloured "Carnation" is
the same as Gerarde's, or that it was the
original: but it must be remembered that
Parkinson was sixty-two years of age when
his Paradisus was published, that he was a
contemporary of Gerarde. and when he men-
tions this variety as being old, it is reason-
able to suppose it was known not only at
the date of the Herhall. but long previous
to it.

We have, therefore, on the one side the
absolutely definite statement of Gerarde
that the Carnation was called so because it
was of that colour, and that it differed from
the Clove or double (iillyflower in being
larger in all its parts, and in being less
hardy. Parkinson, on his part, bears out
the remarks of Gerarde : and at least ten
years before Lyte used "Coronation," it is
proved to be so well known that a "com-
mercial " traveller employs it to familiarly
illustrate what he has to say about a rare
plant as yet unknown in England. It thus
certainly must have been distributed in
gardens previous (o l.")07, the year Loudon
(Hialorji of Curdeniiui) thought the persecuted
Flemings introduced it when they left
Flaiulers and established themselves in
England. And. as already noticed, no
writer, not even Lyte. once refers to this
particular plant being used in garlands,
which is a remarkable omission — if it was so
employed.

On the other side there is only a poet who
never hesitated to alter a word, and occa-
sionally to coin one, to suit his metre or
his rhymes ; and the translator of a Herbal,
whose knowledge of the plant was, to say
the least, only a pajicr knowledge. It is
surely more coiisouiuit with reason to accept
the explicit statement of a man who, not
unlikely, had l)een acquainted with the
earliest Carnation, borne out as that state-
ment is by other writers both earlier and
later in point of time, than to accept on
such meagre material, iiiisupiiorted by
evidence, a quite un-English designation. li.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

STAPELIA IXCOMl'AltAlilLIS, N. K. Br.

Tins is, so far as 1 am aware, a very rare
plant in cultivation, and of unknown origin,
but is probably a native of South Africa. J
first saw the plant iu 1870, and have had
flowers sent to me on a few subsequent oc-
casions ; but .since 1881, when it was in culti-
vation at Kew, I have not seen it. I there-
fore publish my description of tho plant, made
many years ago, in order to draw attention to
It, if it should still exist in tho collection of
any lover of this group. There is no species
known to me with which it can be compared,

406

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 7, 1901.

tut it may be recognised by its cup-shaped
purple-red or purple corolla, with reflexed
lobes, ciliato, with vibratile, clavate hairs.
A very handsome and distinct flower, unlike
any other.

Stems 3 to C ins. high, 4 to 6 lin. thick,
branching at the base, 4-angled, minutely
puberulous when viewed through a lens ;
angles with stout horizontal teeth, 1 to H lin.
long, tipped with slightly ascending, subulate
rudimentary leaves, 1 to 1} lin. long, which
soon wither. Cymes sessile or sub-sessile
near the base of the young shoots, 3 to 4
flowered ; pedicels J to 1 in. long, glabrous to
the eye, but very minutely pubescent as seen
through a lens ; sepals 3 to 5 lin. long, 1 lin.
broad, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, ciliate
with white hairs ; corolla 3 to 3| inches in
diam. ; the disk part broadly cup-shaped, 1 to 1'
inches in dlam., and about h in. deep, suddenly
contracted at the bottom into a very short
subpentagonal tube, enclosing the corona and
organs of fructification; lobes about 1} in.
long, ovate, acuminate, reflexed or very
spreading, ciliate, with long, clavate, vibra-
tile, dark purple hairs, sometimes with some
white ones intermingled with them ; outside
of tlic corolla glabrous ; inside rugose, pubes-
cent with short, dark purple hairs in the
very short tube, otherwise glabrous, entirely
purple-red or purple, or sometimes marked on
the rugosities with narrow, irregular, trans-
verse yellowish or whitish lines. Outer
coronal-lobes 2 lin. long, j lin. broad, linear,
nearly parallel-sided, subtruncate, emarginate,
bifid or rounded with a slightly projecting
tooth at the apex, dull purple or purple-red,
paler along the margins. Inner coronal-lobes
2-horned ; outer horn free to the base, flat, 1|
lin. long, J lin. broad at the base, whence it
gradually tapers to an acute apex ; entire,
purple-brown, sometimes speckled with paler
at the apex ; inner horn 4 lin. long, subulate,
clavate and acute at the apex, erect, slightly
recurved at the tip, purple -brown, sparsely
speckled with paler at the apex. iV. E. Brown.

GARDEN PALMS.

{Contiimcdfrum p. 371.)

Cham.erops cochhsichinensis, Hort. — This
name has puzzled me very much. Chamserops
is a European and Nort:iern African genus ; of
course, a C. cochinchinensis is a misnomer.
When I first visited the Riviera and for the
first time admired large Palms in the open air
(a mighty Washingtonia filifera, with a trunk
4 m. high, and 70 cm. in diameter ; large
Cocos, Livistona and others), I was struck by
a label, Rhapis cochinchinensis. At a. glance
I saw that it was not a Rhapis, but a Trachy-
carpus. Now I think the history of this plant
may give a hint as to what ChamEcrops cochin-
chinensis is. The seeds of this plant were
received as Chamserops cochinchinensis. The
director of the garden well knew that there
does not exist a Chamiferops in Oochinchina ;
he thought there might be a Rhapis, but as he
had never seen seeds of Rhapis (they are very
rare), he could not know that he was mistaken.
So he altered the name into Rhapis cochin-
chinensis. The man died, but the plant lived,
and the label was renewed every year. There
is, in the same garden, a very fine specimen,
correctly labelled, of Rhapis flabelliformis,
and I cannot understand how the wrong name
Rhapis cochinchinensis became preserved. So
now the identity of Chamserops cochin-
chinrnsis is cleared up, at least generieally,
whether it is excelsa or Fortune's, I cannot say
with certainty, but I suppose it to be the
former.

In the same garden I found a plant under
the name Latania arborea, that was really
Livistona chinensis.

In a catalogue of Riviera Palms, as well as
in a description of the Palms of the Riviera, I
found the name Corypha Gebanga. I hesitated
to believe that this was right, as Corypha
Gebanga is a plant which is accustomed to a
very warm, moist atmosphere. So I was
anxious to see the Corypha Gebanga of the
Riviera. Had I known that such plants as
Wallichiaporphyrocarpaand Livistona Hoogen-
dorpii, of both of which I had seen strong
plants on the Riviera in the open air, passed
through tlie last winter with - 0"5° R. without
any protection, my doubts would have been
less strong concerning the Corypha Gebanga.
But when 1 saw the plant for the first time
(and I have since seen more specimens of it), I
knew that my doubts were correct. It is not
a Corypha at all that is cultivated under this
name on the Riviera, but a true Livistona,
though I could not at first name the species.
It is a very characteristic one, the young-
folded leaf is brownish, a chai-acteristic so
striking that it cannot be overlooked. I
wondered for weeks what species it could be.
When I wont in October to Herrenhausen, to
congratulate my friend Wendland on his
seventy-sixth birthday, I asked him whether
lie could tell me what this puzzling Livistona
might be, and described the plant to him.
"Is it not Livistona oliviformis ? " he asked
me. And, indeed, it can be no other species.

Another Palm, sailing at the Riviera under
a false flag, is that named Copernicia ceiifera.
I have been looking for this Palm for a long
time. Many letters were written, asking for
ripe seeds of it, but up to date without any
success. I have never seen a living plant of
this species, unless at Kew, but I am uncertain
about it there. So when I found it mentioned
in tlie above-mentioned description of the
Palms of the Riviera, and that there was a
very fine specimen of it at Mentone, I was
very anxious to see this plant. Alas, it was a
rare Palm indeed, but it was not a Copernicia
at all, but another Livistona, viz., Livistona
incrmis. I must confess I have never seen a
finer specimen of this species than that of Sir.
Kennedy's at Mentone, and I must congratulate
the owner that he has in his rich collection of
Palms such a superb specimen of this fine
species. Dr. Vdo Dammer, Gross LicJiterfelde,
Berlin.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CYPRIPEDIUMS, &c., PROM MORPETH.

Hybrids, many of them home-raised, are
frequently being sent to us from even remote
parts of the country. An interesting lot is
sent by Edward Hopper, Esq., Riverside,
Morpeth, who has secured the services of Mr.
Alfred Wright, who managed so successfully
the Orchids of the late Sydney Courtaulil,
at Braintree. Among them is a very dark-
coloured form of C. X Eismannianum, showing
extraordinary vigour. The spike bears two
flowers, the lower one having the bract deve-
loped into a leaf. Others are a good C. x
supcrciliare, C. ;; Arthurianum, and a curious
hybrid of probably C. tonsum. Together with
these were flowers of the dark-coloured Lselia

X lona (tenebrosa : Dayana), and a very
brightly coloured selection of varieties of
Cattleya labiata, that called "Riverside
variety" being good in every respect, and
especially in the large, intensely dark pui-
plisli-crimson labellum. The whole of the
flowers have that well finished appearance
which always denotes good cultivation.

Cypripedil'ji Charlesworthi.

This comparatively recent introduction
proves to be one of the prettiest and most
useful of cool-house Cypripediums, and at the
present time it is one of the most effective in
many gardens. It was fortunately imported
in large quantities, and is consequently dis-
tributed very widely, and well represented in
most gardens, even where Orchids are not
considered a special feature. A fine example
of the flower came from Mr. E. Hopper's
garden. The whole flower is large and well
coloured, but the upper sepal is extraordi-
narily developed and brightly coloured. It
measures rather over 3 inches across, and is
of a bright purplish-rose at the base, changing
to rosy - lilac towards the upper portion
where it is mottled with white. The darker
colour at the base extends in branched lines
into the upper part.

Another very handsome variety, not so
large, with the dorsal sepal similarly coloured
but with a darker band up the centre, is sent
by Dr. S. Herbert Perry, of Spalding.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

BERBERIS THUNBERGI.
There are few dwarf shrubs more effective
and brilliant in their autumn colouring than
this Berbcris, and apart from this, the plant
is compact in habit and useful for groujiing by
itself or on the margins of shrubberies where
autumn effect is not specially aimed at. It
grows from 2 feet to 3 feet high, and may be
arranged about i> feet apart in a group, when
in time the plants will get near enough to-
gether to form a mass. For making a fine dis-
play during autumn, irregular groups of from
twenty to fifty plants are desirable, or as many-
more as may be preferred, and the position
should be one fully exposed to the sun, such
as a southern slope in the pleasure-grounds or
in the wild garden. To insure a good start,
it is better to dig-in the sods between the.
plants, if on the lawn, and keep the surface
hoed occasionally for one season. Some Daffo-
dils or other hardy bulbs may be put in for
flowering in the spring, when the Berberis
itself is bare. Being deciduous is some-
times considered a drawback to a shrul>
for planting extensively, yet this must be a
condition for getting autumn colouring from
the ripening foliage, and few will regret
planting a hundred or more of B. ThuubergL
where the grounds are extensive and there
are favourable positions for them. It is a
native of .Japan, and there is not much difli-
culty now in getting plants. J. G.

THE NATURALISATION OF
FOREIGN TREES.

The Black Walnut. — The introduction of
American forest trees (from the north-east)'
which took place some centuries ago, that is„
of Black Walnut, Hickories, Robinia (Acacia),
Tulip-tree, &c., has proved that these trees-
grow just as well with us as in their native
land. Still, it was in vain that clever,,
far-sighted men like Duhamel, Michaux, Dii
Roi, Wangenheim, and many others, pointed
out in classical works the great wisdom, from
an economic point of view, of introducing
these species on a large scale into our forests.

In Great Britain their introduction wfs
still more difficult, as there w.- no Govern-
ment Forest Department as in most continental
countries, owing to tlie absence of State
forests in England. But on the continent
also the opposition of the officials to the in

December 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

407

trodnction of these valuable species into the
forests proved to be stronger thaa the sound
theories of the other party. J^'ot even a fair
trial on a small scale Tvas granted ; so this
struggle lasted for centuries, and all these
valuable species were condemned as being
only fit for planting in parks and pleasure-
grounds, and unsuited to become forest trees.
For many years I inspected fully-grown
specimens all over Germany and England. I
went frequently to England and to Scotland,
and saw the astounding development of the
Douglas Fir and others at Scone Palace,
Murthly Castle, and at a good many other
places. I published a book on the Douglas Fir
about twenty-five years ago, and this little
publication had the good fortune to attract
the attention of our great Chancellor, Prince
Bismarck. He at once took up my ideas, after
having studied the question from the Report 1
had prepared on this occasion. I pointed out
the advisability not only of trying the
American Conifers, introduced after 18'2."i, from
the west, but in the first place of settling
officially the long disputed question as to
■which were the most valuable deciduous trees.
Black Walnut. Tulip-tree, &c., introduced
some hundred years previously. From this
time, after his retirement to the end of
his life, I had the active sympathy of the
I'rince ; for almost twenty years he was a
staunch supporter of my ideas. With his
customary energy, he induced the Minister of
Forests to make trials all over the kingdom
after a certain definite method ; and so some
V;10,000 were spent during a few years in pro-
curing good seeds from America and Japan.

Now after twenty years have elapsed, we
have the result published by Professor Dr.
.Schwappach, who is the head of these trials in
Prussia at the Forest Academy at Kberswalde ;
Ills facts are collected from, and based upon,
more than 100 reports of head foresters, and
prove that nineteen species, under favourable
conditions, succeed in our climate, and are fit
• for forests as they give a valuable wood.
Among these nineteen species we find the
J!lack Walnut, figured in your columns lately.
The trees at Fulham Palace I know very well,
having visited these gardens several times in
my life to enjoy the sight of these splendid
trees. According to the Hoitus Kewensis.
.Iiiglans nigra was introduced in 106:'., and
Bishop Compton planted, as far as I know, the
Black Walnut in KiHK, or 21.'! years ago !

Mr. Bean concludes his remarks thus:
"The Black Walnut has been recommended for
planting for profit as a timber-tree in this
country, but I have not heard that successful
results have been obtained."

In the number dated November 1(1, Mr.
I.each, .\lbury Park Gardens, records such
enormous dimensions of the Black Walnut that
my information about this tree has been en-
riched considerably. He says at the end of
his article: "In conclusion, 1 wonder this
tree has not been used for planting in company
with Planes in streets and thoroughfares."

Now, Mr. Leach must allow me to ask him,
after felling this giant to make room for the
Lebanon Cedar, what did ho do with the
enormous quantity of wood — (i.j feet without a
branch ? This tree having had a total height
of 100 feet, another :!.j feet with strong
branches must have given a nice lot of Black
Walnut wood.

My father planted in 18-2.">, at Flottbeck,
near Hamburgh, all these exotics in a newly-
formed arboretum; fifty years later, I was
obliged to cut them down, to have scientific
experiments made as to the quality of the
wood. Of all these trees, then only about
fifty years old. Plane, Tulip-tree, Douglas Fir,

&c., but especially of Black Walnut, I had the
finest wainscots made. One room was wains-
coted with .luglans oinerea, the Butter-Nut : the
polish was still finer than that of nigra, with
a splendid glossy hue. These fine woods came
from trees only fifty years old, and I must say
that very likely such a piece of wood from an
introduced and naturalised species, represent-
ing such value, has never been felled in
Europe.

I will now give the figures respecting the
different foreign woods imported to Hamburgh,
details extracted from the statistics of the
Chamber of Commerce for the five years, 1893
to 1897. The importation of all the tropical
woods (Mahogany, Cedar, Jacaranda, &c.)
amounted in this period to £822,021, and in
the meantime that of the Black Walnut alone
to £1,124,007 : so, £242,046 more than all the
others together. The value of Black Walnut
wood is put down in these otJicial lists at an
average of about £10 per cubic metre. After
showing the figures of the Albury tree to
foresters, they estimate that it must have
yielded at least 20 cubic metres, so the tree
must have had a value of £200.

Now perhaps Mr. Leach will be so good as
to tell us something more about the wood ; it
is a most interesting matter, and we should
be very pleased to get more news about
this most remarkable tree. John Booth, Corre-
sitonding Memberof R.H. S., Gross-Lic/itcr/e/dc.
near Berlin.

COLONIAL NOTES.

FUIIT-GROWLXG IN QUEENSLAND.
Bamiiins.— The area under Bananas was
greater in the past than in the previous year
by 413 acres, but the yield has been consider-
ably less. The area under this crop in 1900
was 0,215 acres, as against .j,802 acres in 1899,
the district showing the principal increase
being Cairns, with «.")2 acres greater area in
1900 than in the previous year. Singularly,
this district showed a decrease for 1S99 as
compared with 1898, so that some additional
land must have been put under this crop
during 1900, probably new land, just cleared,
which always yields the best returns under
Bananas. The total production in 1000 was
2,321,108 bunches.

I'iiic-fippics.— The area of ground under Pine-
apples was less for 1900 than for 1899, the
area.s being 9:i9 acres, yielding 124,83.". dozen
in 1900, against 994 acres, yielding 401,092
dozen in 1899; so that whilst there was a re-
duction of 35 acres, there was an increase in
the yield of 23,143 dozen. The total produc-
tion ill 1900 was 403,710 dozen. In addition to
yielding in largo quantities a product that
under careful cultivation is one of the most
delicious of all fruits, from the leaf of this
plant, either in its wild or its cultivated state,
a fibre may be obtained surpassing Flax in
strength, fineness, and glossy appearance.
Their relative strengths were found to bo as
20 is to 35. It is also found to possess special
qualities for rope-making, it being a good
damp resistant ; and from the fineness of its
fibre, it is considered by some experts that it
would ofTor special advantages for mixing with
cotton or wool. As the plant grows so freely
in Southern Queensland, it is possible that a
little investigation might lead to its further
utilisation in this direction.

Orancjcs. — A satisfactory increase is returned
under this heading for the past as compared
with the previous year, both in area and yield.
l''or 1900 there were returned 2882 acres,
yielding 2,041,008 dozen, against 2.324 acres,

yielding 1,420,839 dozen, in 1899, being an
increase of 5-58 acres and 620,229 dozen in
yield. The area of productive trees was 204.'>
acres, and of non-productive 837 acres. Total
production in 1900 was 2,041,008 dozen.

Mangos. — A good, steady increase was shown
in the area under this fruit for the past as
compared with the previous year, the area for
1899 being 245 acres, returning 191,074 dozen,
which increased in 1900 to 411 acres, yielding
277,444 dozen. Of this area, 349 acres were
productive, whilst 62 acres were non-produc-
tive, not having yet come into bearing. All
the northern portion of the State on the sea-
board seems to be well adapted to the growth
of this fruit, which can be produced there in
any required quantity ; but the drawback
seems to be the difficulty of finding a suitable
market. It is quite true that much of the
fruit grown and sent to market is from trees
bearing inferior JIangos, and no one would
readily acquire a taste for this fruit if only the
fibrous varieties, with strong, unpleasant
flavour, were presented for their use. But
there are Mangos of most delicious flavour,
and free from fibre, which can be growm as
easily as the worthless kinds ; and it these are
properly gathered and packed, they should be
saleable in any market. The total production
in 1900 was 277,444 dozen.

FUIIT ANll Fl.OWEUS IN QlUKNSLANI).

Half an hour's stroll in the grounds of the
Acclimatisation Society at Brisbane will secure
an inspection, amongst others, of the follow-
ing :— Strawberries, imported from England,
France, the Inited Slates, and New Zealand,
growing alongside Pine-apples which have
come from Florida, the West Indies, and Singa-
pore ; also Bowen Park Seedling plants of both
Pines and Strawberries, the whole in full
fruit. English and Himalayan Blackberries,
just through with their spring and early sum-
mer crop, standing within a stone's cast of
Mangos from Bombay and the Mauritius, and
a Custard-Apple from Brazil, all promising a
satisfactory harvest for the coming mid and
late summer.

Just on the margin of a large patch of tall
Sugar-canes, consisting mostly of Bowen Park,
West Indian, and Demoraran selected seed-
lings, can be seen Kock and Musk Melons,
maturing on the same strip of land that
ripened Tomatos during the recent mild
winter, and which will probably bo called
upon again directly to carry an early winter
crop of Cauliflowers. The filling of one sec-
tion of the grounds is suggestive of an exton-
sive itinerary, owing to flourishing examples
of the following coming under review :—

Rhubarb from Sibi'ria, English Apples and
French Lavender, Spanish Chestnuts and Ita-
lian Olives, a Mulberry from Constantinople,
Sniyrna Figs, Persian and Soudanese Date
Palms, Henna from Egypt, ColTeo and Castor-
oil from Arabia, a hedge of Kei Apples from
Cape Colonv, Jackfruit and Tamarinds, Teak
and theToddv I'alm from India, Cinnamon Irom
Ceylon, and miinvKast Indian representatives,
such as Ginger, Crotoii oil, Pachouli, nux
vomica, and Jtice; Areuga saccharifera Irom
the Philippines, Litchi-Litchi and Tea from
China. Central Asian Buckwheat and Japa-
nese Cum-quats and Persimmons, Calitornian
Redwood, Rondelctia and Moustera from
Mexico, Limes from Tahiti, Taro from the
South Seas, Central Australian Saltbush, I'lax
fromx\ew Xcaland, Mati'^ from Paraguay, and
Green-heart from British Guiana, with niany
plants from intervening portions of Soutli
America, including Coca, Tobacco, Guayas,
and Tapioca; Granadillas, Logwood, Gutta-
percha, and Mahogany from tropical and

408

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 7, 1901.

Central America, Allspice and Alligator Pears
from the "West Indies, and Peccan Nuts from
Texas.

A flower border in the same grounds farther
emphasises the lesson, for in it in their season
can be seen, in splendid flower, Daisies and
Hibiscus, Ranunculus and Frangipani, Snow-
flakes and Ipomea Horsfallife, Joncxuils and
Gardenias, Larkspur and Poinsettias, Pelar-
goniums, Fuchsias, Hydrangeas, Wallflowers,
Sweet Peas, Dahlias, Freesias, Chrysanthe-
mums, Hollyhocks, and English Ivy, along,
with Azaleas, various Orchids, Allamanda,
Gelsemium, and the Rangoon Creeper.

Without entering the shelters and glass-
houses— wherein it is usual to protect plants de-
signed for the tropical North, such as Cocoa and
Vanilla — and passing the packing-shed, through
■which may be seen during the winter time
such plants as Cherries and other stone fruits,
destined for the elevated inland portions of
Southern Queensland, should further evidence
be required to carry conviction, one minute's
longer stroll over a sward composed mainly of
tropical Buffalo-grass and English Clover will
take the visitor to a pond, within which,
flanked on one side by Burmese Bamboos, and
on the other by a Weeping Willow, can be seen
growing from seeds ripened in the open air,
and soon now to be in full bloom together, the
British white Water-Lily, culled originally in
a tiny Welsh streamlet, and the giant Bra-
zilian Victoria Regia, from the mighty
Amazon. The London CorreKponilent of the
'^ North Queensland HcmUl," 3, Temple
Chambers, E.C.

from seed under the names of O. robusta
and O. albicans. The mass of O. Engel-
manni (fig. 1"23), which has an illustration to
itself, is 10 feet long, 5 feet from front to
back, and about 4 feet high. It is absolutely
hardy, and has grown out-of-doors for a
number of years. It is very free in growth,
but flowei-s very sparsely. The larger joints
are about I foot long, by G or 7 inches wide,
and, as will be seen, the plant is distinctly
decumbent. When the plant flowere<I first it
was referred to O. pseudo-tuna, said to be
figured in Hot. Maij., t. IMJll, under the wrong
name of O. monacantha. Certainly there was
a close resemblance to this figure ; but O.
pseudo-tuna belongs to a section with yellow
spines, andLabouret describes it as erect, aiul

OUT-DOOR OPUNTIAS.

The accompanying illustrations are from
photographs taken in the Cambridge Botanic
Garden. Three distinct species are shown,
and in each case there is perhaps no finer ex-
ample of out-door culture in Britain. One of
the illustrations (lig. \ii) includes the true O.
monacantha, and a very fine and distinct
species knowTi for the present as O. glauca.
It has not yet flowered, but in its growth it
surpasses all others, whether in a plant-house
or out-of-doors. The other illustration (see
tig. 1"23) represents a single fine mass of the
kind usually known as O. iOngelmanni.

O. monacantha may here be distinguished
by its narrow joints; the specimen is com-
posed of about three dozen, and some of the
larger measure about 14 inches by 4J inches.
It is always a very distinct plant, easily recog-
nised by its dark green colour and its strong
isolated spines, on account of which, no doubt,
the name was given. This specimen has grown
up and flowered in its present position, and
has sustained the cold of the last five winters
without the slightest injury. It has had the
assistance of glass overhead to keep off wet,
and also that of a mat, hung in front when
■weather has been coldest. The house behintl
it is quite cool, and no warmth is obtained
from it. The flowers are orange-yellow.

O. glauca (fig. 122) is a magnificent plant,
but is the most tender of all grown out-of-
doors. With some injury, and under the con-
ditions related above, it has survived the last
four or five winters to good purpose, making
strong growth every year. The specimen
illustrated is about 5 ft. high, and has about
eighteen joints, some of which are about
IG inches long by 14 wide. ]t is remarkably
glaucous, and so attractive is this white-
ness that some visitors cannot abstain
from tracing lines with the finger. It
has not yet flowered, and the name is
therefore doubtful. It was raised from
seed, and the same plant has been raised

open bed in a sheltered position, and siiice it
is very hardy, I expect it will survive the
winter without protection of any kind.

For an article on out-door Cacti, which have
been a feature at Cambridge for many years,
see the Cactus Journal, November, 1899, p. 14!l.
R, Irwin Lynch.

THE ROSARY.

FOR

THE ROSE GARDEN: PREPARING
THE WINTER.

iCondiplcd from p. aS7.)
It is impossible in our uncertain climate to
rely upon the occurrence of a mild winter. I
remember at one time doing so, and all went

Fig. 122. — OPDNTIA MONACANTHA, AND GLAUCA ON THE RIGHT.

(Height 5 feet; joints it inches wide. Groiving in tlie Cambridge Botanic Garden.)

of bright green colour, while this plant has
white spines, and is strongly glaucous, besides
being decumbent.

The above Opuntias are chie3y of value on
account of their stem growth, and it is the
case with others ; but one I have is very effec-
tive when in flower, and even in fruit. This is
O. bicolor, of which I have a mass nearly, if
not quite, 7 feet long, 3 feet from front to
back, and 2 feet 0 inches high. The flowers
are orange-yellow, aiul the fruits red. It is
perfectly hardy. All of these Opuntias are
covered overhead in winter with glass, but
the hardiest are scarcely in need of it. Thej''
require to be planted iu full sunshine, and
against a south wall, to do their best. O.
arborescens has this vear grown well in an

well until Christmas Eve, ■when a severe
frost caught us all napping, and a large num-
ber of our bushes were killed to the ground
by it ; and there is less reason now than evei?
to omit the precautions that are necessary to
safeguard our plants, for the culture of Rose
standards is now pretty much abandoned,
except in peculiar situations, although I
believe that those who grow Tea Roses for ex-
hibition obtain finer blooms from half-standards
than they do from dwarfs. But by far the
greater number of Rose-growers grow them
as budded plants on the Manetti, seedling
Briai', or Briar cutting ; and if these have
been budded low down as they ought to have
been they will be nuM-e easily protected. The
plants ought now to be all gone over, and th<-.

Decembek 7, 1901J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

409

weakly shoots removed. All very vigorous
shiots ought to be tied to stakes aud slightly
shortened, so as to prevent them from being
blown about by such winds as we have every
winter ; for if a Rose-plant is left wobbling
about in the wind it makes a cavity in which
witer is sare to settle, and it frost comes it
will most surely injure if not kill the plant. It
is a good plan then to draw up some portion
of the earth from the surface of the beds
round the collar of the plant ; it need not
be a large quantity, but sufficient to cover
the p:)int of junction whore the plant is
budded. After this is done, the coating of
well rotted hot-bed manure which is to afford
the nourishment to the plant for the succeed-
ing season may be laid down all over the beds

that Tea Roses did not require much pruning,
but latterly that notion has, I think, been
abandoned, and in my own garden I use the
pruning-knife as much for the one as the
other. Should, however, growers wish to
preserve the wood of their Teas, fronds of
bracken placed amongst them will effectually
do this, and they are not so likely to be
blown about as the other materials to] which
I have alluded.

1 have said nothing about the protection of
Roses on walls and fences ; these may be
protected with mats or frigi-domo, or any
such material, but whatever the protecting
material used, it should be easily removable,
for if fie plants are covered up too long, they
will start into premature growth, and so

IMPORTED ORCHIDS.

Removal of LEAniNG Growths. — Leaving
the question of the desirability i>f removing
the back-bulbs of Orchids, 1 turn to another
subject which has not yet been dealt with,
which I consider is a matter of considerable
importance to cultivators of imported Or-
chids ; and especially the epiphytal, pseudo-
bulbous species, such as Cattleyas and Lielias,
viz., the systematic removal of the leading
growths of imported subjects as soon as there
are three on each leading point, which ai-e
home-made. There is no doubt that con-
siderable numbers of Cattleyas, &c., have
died within a few years of their having been
imported, and tliat, too, in the hands of

Fig. 123.— OI'INTIA ENUEI.MANXI, IN TUB I A M liiUlM.I. llnlANic <,Alibi..N.
(Width n;. feet ; fro n back tn IronI 6 tcot ; height nearly \ feet. Sec p. 408.)

to the depth of 6 or 8 inches. Of course, if
this be very moist it is most likely to catch
the frost ; but that docs not matter much if
the lower part of the stem of the plant is well
suarded. The question as to whether Tea
Ro.ses are more hardy than hybrid pcrpetuals
is often mooted, and as often divergent opinions
Jirc expressed ; on the whole I am inclined to
Ihink they are less hardy. There are some
Teas, such as Marie Van Iloutte and Madame
l.ambard, which arc quite as hardy as any
perpetuals ; but then, again, there are some
Nvhich are unquestionably more delicate, and
various suggestions have been mide as to pro-
tecting them. Dried leave.", straw, &c., have
been suggested as CO /cring materials for the
beds. I have tried both of them, but never
;igain : it might bo all very well it wo liad no
wind, but the first gale scni the material all
over the garden. In those days it was thought

become a more ready prey to frost. I have
been astonished .sometimes to see how Tea
Roses even planted against a wall facing east
have withstood frost ; of course, there are very
severe winters which try anything and every-
thing. My grand plant of Revo d'Or, which for
years had been a perfect picture, was so
crippled in one ot those severe winters ■we
had twenty years ago, 1 thought it was done
for; and I was about to dig it up, but it shot
out again, and now nearly covers the area it did
before. I must add that it had no protection
whatever, and so. like Gloire do Dijon, it stands
a good deil of frost. There is a strong
feeling abroad that we are likely to have a
severe winter; there are probably no real
grounds for this, but still it exists. Let all
Rose-growers be prepared, then, to give their
favourites a double share ot their care and
attention. Wild Hone.

experienced growers. Recently, in going
over the collection of a leading amateur, he
took occasion to remark, especially with
reference to Cattleya Jlossiic, that of the
numbers that he had from time to time
purchased, the greater part had "slipped
through his fingers" somehow.

1 think if we could trace the causes of such
failun's we should find that in nearly every
case the decline had taken idace primarily in
the old imported pseudo-bulbs, and conmnini-
catod to the leading growths, with the result
that all ultimately died together. Such decay
is not peculiar to Orchids alone, for the
growers of herbaceous perennial Carnations
and other hardy plants often experience it.
Tt is a common thing to see masses ot Phlox,
ryrethrums. Delphiniums, &c., which grow
from a centre and continually extend the
active vegetative growths in an increasing

410

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 7, 1901.

radius, and which have been left undisturbed tor
many years, after a time degenerate in the
size and beauty of their flowers, and tlien
die, or nearly so, in a seemingly unaccountable
manner. Examination shows that the great
mass of the old and useless centre has at last
paid the debt of nature, and in departing had
either taken with it or seriously imperilled the
more active portion of the plant. If, when the
deterioration in the growths and quality of
the flowers was first noted, the mass had
been divided into four with a spade, and each
portion planted separately, the outer active
portion of each segment would have become a
fresh centre, and the rejuvenated specimens
commenced a new era.

That something like this takes place with
Orchids is plainly shown by the hold we have
on famous varieties, whose value prompts the
holders to propagate them to the utmost.
Many years ago, when importations were few
and far between, there appeared a plant of
Cattleya Mossiie alba, and at Sion House there
flowered C. M. "Sion House variety." This
latter was the special ambition of all Orchid-
growers, and in a few years all the leading
collections had one or more plants of it, and it
was always obtainable at a moderate rate. It
was a great favourite of the late Mr. B. S.
Williams, and at the old Paradise Nurseries
there was quite a stock of it. In 1875, Rollisson
catalogued both C. M. alba and C. M. "Sion
House " at 3 guineas, and could have supplied
a reasonable number of the true plant, which
at that time there could be no mistake
about their being propagated from the ori-
ginal single specimen, and in all probability
we have descendants of them now in gardens
named C. M. Wageneri and C. M. Reineckiana,
although somethousauds of ordinary C. Mossife,
imported at the same time, and left unpropa-
gated, have died. My experience always has
been that, so far from the dividing of Orchids
being risky, it is the only means of keeping them
alive and healthy. I could give many instances
in proof of this, but I will content myself with
three. Tlie most pointed case is that of a
specimen of the true Masdevallia Lindeni,
which came into my hands many years ago,
and which at that time was, I believe, the only
one in the country. It had eleven leaves, and
the plant was immediately dividfd into seven
or eight pieces. The plants were afterwards di-
vided as frequently as possible, the strongest
being picked out and divided at any time,
regardless of the season of the year. They
always occupied the same corner of staging,
and in the course of a few years, with what
were distributed and the stock remaining,
something over 400 plants could be accounted
lor. This seems almost incredible, but there
could be no mistake about it, for the one plant
of eleven leaves was the only one ever ac-
quired. The increase, where successfully
carried out, works on the same principle as
buying a horse at a price based on a farthing
for the first nail, the product to be doubled
for each other nail in the shoes. The result is
slow at first, but when you get fairly on the
way, the amount is astonishing.

An.ectochili.
These plants I, like others, found to be very
difficult to keep alive for any great length of
time. The plants would grow well for a time,
continually extending their creeping stems ;
then suddenly they went off. I'ltimately, I
made it a rule to take off every point as soon
as a root was made at the base of the leaves.
This was placed in a small Orchid-pan, in
loam fibre and sphagnum-moss, and suspended
like any other Orchid in a moist tank-house.
I do not remember that one of these died so

long as tliis practice was continued, and tlie
old stumps gave a good supply of fresh growths
to treat in the same manner. This method
meets the difficulties of our being unable to give
these frail plants the same conditions that
they get at home, and serves to perpetuate the
plant in the same manner as propagation by
cutting or dividing may perpetuate an annual
without sowing every year.

BOLLEA CiKLESTIS
of Roczl's original importation was formerly in
great demand. I had several good masses, and
was fortunate enough to find a suitable place
for them. The first or second plants to send out
growths appeared to be flourishing, when
suddenly the old imijorted piece died, and the
growths followed it. Upon that occurring, I
took to removing the new growths even before
they were rooted, although the sheaths at the
base showed roots pushing. These wore placed
in small Orchid-pans and suspended, and al-
though some more of the imported pieces died,
the new cuttings throve.

In fact, wherever a plant has sufficient indi-
viduality to admit of its being traced, and
sutlicient value to ensure its being worth the
while to be propagated, the same result is
generally presented. As one of the most
definite examples, we may take the case of
the true Cypripedium insigne Sandera'. Had
the original plant simply been grown on
as a single specimen, it would even now be a
plant of not very surprising size. But ovcrj'-
one has been intent on dividing it, and the
consequence is that thei'e are a large number
of specimens of it all over the country, the
dividing having caused the volume of growth
to be increased a hundredfold at least more,
than would be possible were it kept as a single
plant, to say nothing of the risk of losing it
entirely.

Tiiu Method of Treatment.

My object in making these remarks is to
endeavour to get the opinions of others upon
what I consider the rational manner of treat-
ing imported Orchids, so as to insure safe,
compact, and floriferous specimens. I would
advise cultivators that as soon as imported
Cattleyas, &c.. have made three pseudo-bulbs
at each point of growth, they be nearly
severed from the imported mass, and that at the
ordinary potting-tinie they be quite removed ;
and if single specimens of good size are
desired, that the whole of the sets of three or
so home-made pseudo-bulbs taken from the
same plant bo potted up together, each with
its leading pseudo-bulb pointing towards the
rim of the pot in the usual manner — or if
stock be required, each may be separately
potted. The old mass, if in good material,
might Ije left in the pot it was occupying ;
and if it be kept thorouglily dry till new growtli
is being formed, it will soon form a new
specimen.

With regard to the severance, partial or
ontire, of the leading pseudo-bulbs from
the imported masses, some time before repot-
ting and removal, I think that course is pre-
ferable ; but if in some cases it has been
omitted, the portions can be removed at the
repotting time without any risk. The forming
of neat, safe specimens by the removal and
potting together of home-made growth, I
recommend to be pursued as a rule, and not
as an occasional operation ; but I would like to
state definitely that I do not consider that
following the method recommended would
bringany improvement in plants brought into a
bad condition by being grown in unsuitable
houses, or improperly managed, although
with plants that are well cultivated insanitary
houses the most satisfactory results would, 1

am sure, be attained. Those who have Orchids
in an unsatisfactory state should always con-
sider sanitation before adopting any new
practice. James O'Brien.

PHOSPHATIC AND POTASH
FERTILISERS.

The subject of fertilisers is one of great
interest to gardeners as well as to farmers, and
is likely to become more so as time goes on.

The value of all phosphatic manures depends
chiefly upon the quantity of phosphoric acid
they contain. This important acid element of
plant food is mostly found in combination with
lime, forming a phosphate of lime. The acid
combines with the lime in three proportions,
giving rise to three forms of phosphate, which
contain different amounts of phosphoric acid,
and therefore possess different values. This
fact sometimes produces confusion in the mind
of the gardener from a want of a knowledge of
the laws of chemical combination. We will
endeavour to make this matter plain by the
following explanations in terms as simple as
possible.

The first of these forms is that known as
tricalcic phosphate — ihat is, one part acid to
three parts of lime ; containing, what is called
in analysis, insoluble phosphoric acid, the
commercial value of which is estimated at
about 3((. a pound.

The second is known as bicalcic phosi)hatc,
containing one part of the acid and two parts
of the lime, termed usually in analytical
formulas, reduced phosphoric acid, the esti-
mated value of which is about 5d. a pound.

Tlie third form is known as monocalcii-
phosphate, containing one part of the acid
and one part of lime, termed in analytical
formulas, soluble phosphoric acid, the coiii-
niorcial value of which is estimated at about
tif/. a pound.

Of these form-,, the tricalcic phosphate
is the least soluble in water, its solu-
bility being estimated at only lin lOd.OOO
parts.

The common sources of phosphatic manures
are animal bones, phosphatic rocks, Thomas"
phosphate, guanos, and farmyard-manures,
in all of which the phosphoric acid is pre-
sent, mostly ill an insoluble form; but, as
in the case of farmyard-manure, we believe,
that when these substances are applied to
the soil, finely comminuted, they are gradually
cliaiiged into soluble and available forms by
tlie agency of the plant- roots and of organ ii-
inatters contained therein. In the case of
"fine ground bones," it has been estimated
from experiments that about 50 per cent., or
one-half, of its phosphoric acid may be used by
the crop the first year of application, 25 per
cent. or one-quarter the second year,15 per cent,
the third year, &c. But this depends largely
upon the character of the soil.

It has been thought that while the soluble
form, namely, the monocalcic phosphate, gives
the quickest return and is the most economical
for general use, the insoluble forms make slow
but safe and permanent returns also, and are
cheaper. In other words, the monocalcic or
soluble form (made so by treatment with
sulphuric acid) make quick returns in tkc
crop; while the others, like an investment of
money, may make a partial return the first
year, with similar slow returns, safe, but less-
profitable than the former. This, however, is
an erroneous idea.

Bone Mani res.
The manufacture of phosphatic fertilisers
was, at first, almost entirely from animal
bones. These bone manures are found in the

December 7, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

411

markets in several forms, of which pure ground
bone is the simplest. Fresh raw bones are
estimated to contain an average of about
22 per cent, of phosphoric acid, or about 50 per
cent, of phosphate of lime, and from 3 to -5 per
cent, of nitrogen. Bone-black, which is the
refuse of the bone charcoal, used in sugar
refineries, is also used as a supply of phos-
phate of lime, and contains an average of from
32 to 34 per cent, of phosphoric acid, the
nitrogen having been driven off in the burning.
But bones have other value than for manure:
they are often subjected to a steaming and
reducing process for the purpose of obtaining
tlie fat, gelatine or glue, they contain, by
which they are deprived of the nitrogen.

demand for phosphoric acid. These mineral
phosphates, although i-ieh in phosphoric acid,
liold it in the insoluble form ; and their
extreme hardness makes the process of re-
ducing them by grinding very ditBcult. For
this reason, the mineral rock aft«r being
ground as finely as possible is treated with
sulphuric acid, converting it into what is
known as superphosphate. Although ground
very fine, the sulphuric acid acts very slowly
upon the rock, owing to its hardness ; and
also to the presence of carbonates of lime,
magnesia, aluminum, oxide of iron, and other
impurities — and to mix it thoroughly, so as to
have the acid to act on every particle of tlie
phosphate, reiiuiresthe most careful manipula-

I'lC. 121. — liWiONIA lllKAr.A

r.OWEISS OK A Bl:ll I.I AM ROSK COI.Ot'R.

while tlic phosphoric acid is probably made
rattier more soluble. They are then treated
with sulphuric aci<l in the proportion of
C3 parts to 100 parts of the tricalcic phosphate
contained in the Ijones. These are theoreti-
cally the proper proportions, bvit in i)racticc a
good deal less sulphuric acid is used, on ac-
count of its expense, which accounts for the
fact that only a |)ortion of tlie phosphoric acid
found in the superphosphatt; thus made is
soluble. In this jjrocess th(! sulphuric acid
unites with a portion of the lime of the tri-
calcic phosphate, converting it into a mono-
calcic phosphate, which is synonymous with
superphosphate of lime.

Si PKrtl'IfOSl'IIATE.
Mineral phosphates are now used to a iiiiic-h
greater extent lliau bmies, to supply the

tion. By the clieiuical action of the acid on
the ground rock, not only is the more solu-
ble monocalcic phosphate or superphosphate
formed, but the mass is reduced to an ex-
tremely fine pulverulent condition, highly
suitable to be acted on by the rootlets of the
plant.

In accordance with the views of Baron
Liebig, the use of sulphuric acid was believed
to render the superphosphate more soluble
and more assimilable to the plant, by its
chemical action ; liberating, so to speak, a
certain amount of phosphoric acid in the soil,
for the immediate use of the plant. But more
recent observation and experience teach that
inasmuch as the superphosphate made with
the sulphuric acid reverts in the soil to its
former condition, it is not the chemical
agency of the acid in liberating phosphoric

acid, but its agency in reducing the substance
to an impalpable fineness, to which its more
speedy effects are due.

Many experimenters maintain, therefore,
that phosphatic rock, if pulverised to a sufli-
cient degree of fineness, may be employed as
successfully as a manure as the superphos-
phate, and at much less cost. The soils most
suitable for them, and on which they will
produce the quickest return in the crop, are
those rich in humus. Consequently, rich gar-
den-soils to which large quantities of stable-
manure have been added, are specially suita.ble
for applications of ground phosphatic rock or
of basic slag. And as these kinds of soils are
always liable to become soured or acid, the
withholding of sulphuric acid would be an
advantage. J. J. Willis, Harpenden.
{To becontinned.)

BEGONIA IDEALA.
In fig. 124 we have the pleasure of portray-
ing the most recent addition to the exceed-
ingly useful winter-flowering Begonias raised,
by Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Royal Exotic-
Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea, from B. soco-
trana crossed with tuberous-rooted v.trieties.
In our issue for November 24, 1900, an illustra-
tion was given of the hybrid, Mrs. John Heal,
and descriptions of twelve hybrids of this
section. Ideala, as shown at the meeting of
the R.H.S. on the 2Gth ult., when it wjis re-
commended an Award of Merit, is a dwarf
grower, the plants being about 0 inches high,
and the habit very neat. The flowers are
.semi -double, about 2 inches across, and of
brilliant rose-colour. One of the best charac-
teristics of Begonias of this section is that
they hold their flowers so well. Ideala, for
instance, retains them until quite shrivelled.
That they may be obtained in full bloom
during such weather as wo had in November,
and indeed throughout the winter, is quite
sullicient recommendation for these showy
plants.

PERENNIAL ASTERS.

{Continued, fr<iiii p. 3«().)

Species and Varieties.— The varieties are
so numerous and variable, that it is in many
instances difficult to say to which species
they belong. This is particularly the case
with those of the " hevis " and Novi-Belgii
types. There are many classed -with lasvis
which appear more properly to belong to the
Novi-Bolgii type. In some instances, as in
the Amellus and Novre-Anglijc types, there is
little dilliculty in placing them, for though
there is considerable variation in colours,
they retain the distinct characteristics of
the species. In the following notes I have
selected the best and most distinct of the
various " groups, " after carefully going through
a collection of upwards of 200 sorts.

The A. Amellus Gkoup.
Although we have several distinct varieties
of Amellus, they do not appear to have been
crossed with other species, for all are of the
same habit of growth, and come into flower
about the same time, and vary but little
except in the colour of their flowers. They
arc of a dwarf branching habit, with looso
panicles of large flowers of various shades,
from pale mauve to deep violet-purple ; and
one variety, one of the best, is Distinction,
which is of a distinct rosy tint; Stella is
pale mauve, Bessarabicus deep blue-purple;
Framfleldi, a lighter shade of blue - violet ;
Onward and Riverslea are also good ; and
Bessarabicus may also be mentioned. These
are not so vigorous as the Novie-Bolgii and

412

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 7, 1901,

other types, and require more care ; but in
a good, rich, loamy soil they do well, and
either for the garden or for cut bloom they are
indispensable. It is the Amellus varieties
that are most extensively grown for supplyinj^'
our markets with cut bloom.

The a. cordifolius Group.
This is a very distinct type, having large
Ijasal leaves, and usually slender flower-stems,
with numerous small flowers, produced in
long, pyramidal panicles. Of the varieties,
J)iana is one of the best. Photograph is said
to be identical ; but in the collection from
which these notes arc taken, they are quite
distinct, the latter being of a more erect
habit, and the flowers in closer panicles.
Elegans comes close, but has a more distinct
rosy tint. A. c. major has strong, branching
Slower-stems and larger flowers. The variety
profusus, which received an Award of Jlerit
from the Royal Horticultural Society on
October 15, shows a great advance, and sug-
gests that this species is capable of still
further improvement.

The a. dii'fusus Group.

In these we have some very pretty things,
with long, spreading racemes of rather small
flowers ; horizontalis, with bronzy - brown
foliage and numerous small flowers, the ray-
florets flesh-pink, with a red-tinted disc, is
most distinct; pendulous, taller - grjwing,
with long, drooping racemes of creamy -white
flowers.

Coombe Pishacre comes near to this type,
Ijut has larger flowers ; it is one of the best of
all the Starworts, making a flne bush, with
long, spreading racemes of blush - tinted
flowers, somewhat resembling a large May-
bush. This is one of the finest for pot-culture.

The a. ericoioes Group.

These are all of a slender, branching habit,
^vith small. Heath-like foliage, and numerous
-small whitish flowers. Clio is dwarf, and
■dense in habit, and flowers later than the
type ; densiflorus comes very close, but has
larger flowers, and grows taller ; and clatior
'■differs only from the type in growing taller.
Multiflorus, which is given as a species, comes
■very close to the above; and vimineus, with
Its varieties, may also be included in the same
I'^roup.

A. Tradescanti is a magnified form of tliis
group, having rather larger flowers, and making
a spreading bush from 4 to 5 feet liigh ; one of
the best for late flowering, and makes a fine
pot-plant.

The a. L.Evrs Group.

In this section there are often included many
varieties which appear to belong to the Nov;e-
lielgii type, and I shall take only those Avith
the slender branching habit, of which Chap-
mani is a good type. In this the stem-leaves
are very small, and the flowers produced in
loose branching panicles ; flowers pale blue or
mauve.

Turbinellus, though given as a distinct
■species, may well be included in this group ;
the type differs from Isevis only in liaving
larger flowers. T. elegans flowers' white, with
ii slight tinge of mauve, is a distinct and most
desirable variety— certainly one of the best
:ind most distinct we have.

The a. Nov.e-Angli.e Group.
In this we liave a very distinct type. All
■of the varieties are of the same habit of
.growth, and have large flowers borne on erect
a-ather stiff branching stems, with small woolly
leaves. Although there is so little variation
in growth, there is a considerable difference

in the time of flowering, and also in the colour
of the flowers. A. N.-A. Mrs. J. P. Raynor is the
brightest and most distinct red we have in all
the Starworts, and comes into flower early.
Rubra is nearly as bright in colour, and comes
into flower quite a month later. Rosea is
another late variety with smaller flowers, and
grows much taller. Of those with purple
flowers, Precocite and prsecox are the best
earlies ; Diadem intermediate and pulchellus,
and \V. Bowman, the best late varieties. All
of the above have large showy flowers, and are
among tlie best for cut blooms, but they should
be cut when the flowers are dry. In a damp
atmosphere they close at dusk, but, if cut dry,
in a warm room they will keep fully expanded,
and last well. A. Hemsley.

(To be cnntiniied.)

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road. Camberwell.
Seasonable Work. — It is advisable at the
present season, where the weather does not
always admit of work outside being carried on,
to give attention to the requirements of the
plants in the glasshouses. Where Orchids
have to be cultivated along with other plants,
there are so many items needing attention
that little labour can be devoted to other
matters, and the Orchids probably will have to
wait. I do not here refer to Orchid-growers
in places where these plants are a specialty,
but to those who nuist grow their Orchids ;it
some disadvantage. It is advisable that these
plants, together with the other pot-plants,
are afforded the necessai-y cleansing from
insects and dirt. Scale insects can be easily
removed at the present .season, while the
plants are at rest. The overhauling of the
different houses of plants at this season means
a considerable gain in point of time in the
spring, when the plants are not so easily
handled, owing to passible damage accruing to
the young growths and flowers. The pots,
staging, and roof, and everything about the
houses, should be made clean, and every
plant so placed that it can obtain the
largest possible amount of sunlight. Ever-
green Orchids are liable to get infested with
red-spider at this season, owing to the con-
stant use of fire-heat ; and this fact is very
marked this year. If these aoarids remain
for any lengthened time, the foliage gets much
disfigured. The only remedy for this is to
sponge the leaves with tepid water freiiuently,
or till no more of them are observed. Such
plants should be kept under observation the
whole of the winter.

Affording Water must be very carefully per-
formed. The needs of the various sections of
Orchids, and the conditions under which they
grow in their native country, are better known
than was the case a score of years ago, and
few mistakes are now made by cultivators. To
afford water to plants at the right moment and
season is one of the secrets of success, and
as I pointed out some months ago in these
columns there is need of great caution where
Pern-roots are used in the place of crocks. It
is during the resting season that this caution
is most needed, owing to the absorbent nature
of this material, which the roots will have
penetrated in all directions. This accounts
for the improved condition of the plants as
compared with those growing over crocks in
shallow pans. In Pern-roots, a plant may
appear to be thoroughly dry on the surface,
when in reality it is the proper condition lower
down in the pot. This shows the need of a
good deal of caution when applying water.
"When leaf-mould is the rooting medium, still
greater care is necessary. My experience of
leaf-mould is not large, but so far as I have
experimented with it, I cannot recommend its
general use. The chief difiBoulties in its use
seem to be that it retains moisture for too long

a time, the lack of sunshine in our winters,
especially in jilaces near big towns, and the
scarcity of the material in view of the annual
repotting. The excessive quantity of water
required when leaf-mould is used will, I think,
tend to develop premature growth in the
plants.

PLANTS UNDEB GLASS.

By D. Roberts, Gardener to HnssEY Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough.

The Stove. — During the winter, warmth is
obtained solely from the heating apparatus,
and that being the case, the temi>erature
shouhl not exceed 60° to 65° at night, and 70°
on sunless or very cold days ; but on sunny
days 5° more will do good. As regards the
affording of water to the plants, it should be
just sufficient in the case of Codiseums, Dra-
caenas, and other foliage plants to maintain
them in health, more than that causing many
of the roots to perish ; and on the contrary, a
very dry state of the soil causes a loss of
leaves. Thin out the superabundant shoots of
climbers which are now out of flower, viz.,
Stephanotis, Clorodendrons, Aristolochias,
Schubertias, Allamandas, Dipladenias, &c.,
and fasten the shoots remaining in such a
manner as not to prevent the sunlight reach-
ing the plants beneath them. Later flowering
climbers, Ipomo'a Horsfalliie, and Thunborgias
fragrans and grandiflora should be afforded
weak manure-water oeeasioually. Arrange as
far as possible either in the store or in an
intermediate-house the early plants of Poin-
settia, Euijhorbia, Eranthemum, Gesneras,
Plumbago rosea, Centrojiogon, Toxicophloea
spectabilis, and Thyrsacaiithus rutilans, so
that they will not be injured by damp or by the
syringe when damping down. Bring into a
higher temperatui-e the later Poinsettias,
which are just showing their bracts, these
being of much value a month lience.

Gardenias. — Afford these plants a place in the
stove or other house of the .same temperature,
as if kept in a cooler house the flower-buds may
drop. Por the last three months the Gar-
denia ))lants here have occupied a span-roof
frame, having a temperature of ."i.j' at night,
but it is no longer advisable to leave them
therein.

Gloxinias. — The tubers should now be shaken
out of the soil and stored in boxes, with dry,
sandy soil amongst them, in a place having a
temperature of .55°. Thus treated, the tubers
occupy less room, and are more conveniently
stored than in pots. Tuberous-rooted Begonias
should be similarly treated, storing them away
in a fruit- room or cellar where the temperature
is not less than 15°.

Caladiums should be stored in a temperature
of 60', and left in the pots in which they grew,
or they may also be shaken out and laid in
sand.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Matne, Gardener to the Hon. Mark Rolle,
Bicton, East Budleigh, Devonshire.

Celery. — The latest Celery should now be
earthed up, choosing a dry, mild day for the job.
In some heavy soils it is necessary to use
some fine coal-ash, sand, or refuse soil from
the potting-shed around the stalks before
earthing up with soil. Ground cleared of
Celery should be levelled down, and prepared
for the spring-soAvn Onions by bastard-trench-
ing, and ridging it, with the ridges running
north and south. The land may not need
manure, but a dressing of fresh soot will do
good, applying it when levelling the ridges in
the early spring. Carrots, Beet, Salsafy, &c.,
all do well on ground thus treated.

Potatos. — Sets for forcing should be selected,
and stood the eye end upwards in trays or
shallow boxes to half their height in some
light kind of .soil or leaf-mould. "When the
eyes start, reduce them to two, and these
the stronger. A Peach-house oi- vinery about
to be closed will be a suitable place for these
sets, and they must be kept near to the glass.
Sharpe's Victor and "\'eitch's Improved Early
Ashleaf are excellent for forcing. The tubers

Decembeb 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

413

for ont-door planting should be examined
every few weeks, and the growths rubbed off
them, until within a few weeks of planting
time. Those for use in the kitchen require
similar treatment, or the quality will soon
be impaired.

Eot-heds. — Continue to make hot-beds of tree-
leaves chiefly, for forcing Potatos, Carrots,
Radishes, &c., and putting into the frames soil
to the depth of 12, 8, and B inches respectively,
using a rather light, sandy kind for Carrots and
Radishes. These last may be sown in shallow
drills drawn at 4 inches apart ; and as slugs
are sure to be brought in with the tree-leaves,
the plants must be dusted with freshly slaked
lime, if damage is being done.

Turnips, Parsnips, and Artichokes. — Part of
the crop of these roots should be lifted, and
stored against a wall, covering them with
sand, coal-ashes, or soil, with litter over all
in frosty weather. If these precautions are
taken, the roots are come-at-able in any
weather.

iVaiiu)-e-?ieaps. ^Advantage should be taken
of hard frost, when digging cannot be done, to
regularly trench the refuse heap, turning it
all down to the ground, and throwing the least
decayed portions into the centre again. Much
of the refuse taken to tliis heap very soon
decays if mixed with half-decayed tree-leaves,
short grass, stable-dung, &c. The Vegetable-
Marrow ridges should be cleared of the bine,
and the dung beneath turned over and mixed
together, and in about six weeks it will be in
a fit state to dig in. If a small quantity of
fresh lime be added to manure as the work
of stirring :t proceeds, decay will be assisted.
I like to keep a smouldering heap going
throughout the autumn, and get all the tree
and bush-prunings, A-paragus-tops, Potato,
Pea, and Bean-haulm, and weeds, when not
too wet, cliarred, the ashes making a capital
manure for most kinds of crops.

THE PLOWEB GARDEN.

By T. H. Slade, Gardener to Lord Poltiiiiore,
Poltlmore Park, Exeter.

Achilleas. — There are several of the Yarrow
family worthy of a place in mixed borders, or
at the margin of the shrubbery, and useful
when naturalised in, the less dressed portion
of a garden. One of the best if space be
limited is the double form of A. ptarmica
(Sneezewort), the terminal flower -heads of
which having a good length of stalk are very
suitable for cutting purposes. The variety
called "The Pearl" has very double flowers,
and is rather the better of the two. A. mille-
folium roscum is, as the name suggests, a rose-
coloured variety, of about 2 feet in height, and
pretty either as a patch by itself, or when
grown in proximity to the double - flowered
white. These three are suitable for planting
in the herbaceous border, while A. Eupatorium
(filipendula), which is of vigorous growth,
reaches a height of 3 feet, and carries clusters
of yellow flowers, which remain in good con-
dition for a length of time, is better fitted for
the shrubbery. The Achilleas will grow in
almost any kind of soil, they are increased by
division, and are of rapid growth.

Arctotis (imndis.— ln this plant we have a
nice addition to herbaceous perennials, growing
about 2 feet in height. It is a showy plant,
the bloom being of whitish-mauve, with a dark
disc, and showing much resemblance to a
Marguerite, but having more reflnement. The
plant should I)e placed in a sunny spot.

Diefyfra.— There are several of these suitable
for planting in warm, sheltered sites, viz., D.
chrysantha, a yellow - flowered variety from
California, which does best in a light sandy
soil ; D. eximia, which is not so particular as
to position and soil ; and the better known D.
spectaljilis (Dicentra), at one time much used
for forcing, and forming a beautiful pol-plant
when in flower. It is equally beautiful when
grown in the open border.

Dictamntis fraxinella is another old plant
which forms a dense tuft or bunch. It should

be planted in a sunny position, in light friable
soil. The white flowered variety is the most
effective, and if planted near the purple-
flowered variety, a good contrast is afforded.
In order to increase the stock of these plants,
dig up the roots carefully in the early spring
and divide them, each with a portion of the
crown attached. They may be also raised from
seed, soT\-n when ripe.

Begonias. — Tubers of bedding varieties
which have been resting in the greenhouse or
in cold frames, without water being afforded,
should be stored in cocoannt-fibre refuse in
boxes, and placed where frost will not reach
them, as for example in a cold frame with
several inches of cocoa-fibre refuse over them.

Da/i!ias.— The roots that were dug up being
now dry, may be put into the root-store for the
winter, or till required to furnish shoots for
cuttings in February. Dahlia-tubers keep
best in a cool dry place free from frost.

Pceonies. — Newly planted or established
plants should have a mulching of manure.

PEUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McInttre, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant, The Glen, Innerleithen. Peeblesshire.

Vines started early in the present month. —
Whether the Vines are in pots or planted out
in borders, the temperature will need, after
the buds break, to be increased to 60° at night
in mild weather, and to 55° in frosty weather,
and to be gradually increased so as to raise
ittotiO°at night when the Vines are in leaf, (15'
by day in severe, and 7U° to 75 in mild weather
■with a moderate amount of ventilation. If
fermenting materials are placed in the vinery
at the start, the evaporating troughs need not
bo filled with manure-water. For this purpose
the draining from the cow-stall or the stable
may be u.sed, and failing these, use guano at
the rate of 1 lb. to 20 gallons of rain-water ;
which is also suitable for applying tepid to
Vinos in pots. Fasten the Vine-rods to the
trellis when the shoots have reached a
length of I inches. In clear weather the
vinery may be damped twice or thrice a
day, avoiding a close, moist air on the
one hand and a dry one on the other. Dis-
budding should not be practised before the
bunches show in the points of the shoots.
Those who wish to cut ripe Grapes in the
month of May should have the Vinos started
forthwith, employing a bed of tree-leaves and
stable-litter placed on a staging of boards on
the floor of the house, and turned two or three
times a week. If there is an outside border,
it should be protected with a covering of fresh
tree-leaves j, and stable-litter '. Provided
this border was covered with bracken or litter
in October, its temperature will be nuieh
higher than that of an exposed border, and in
that case, fermenting materials may be dis-
pensed with. The inside border should bo
afforded tepid water abundantly, so as to
moisten the soil thoroughly ; and for weak Vines
use liquid manure in a diluted state. These
Vines may be started with a night temperature
of 50 in severe weather, 55 in mild weather, 05
by day unless when the weather is very frosty,
when 55' will sudice, taking care not to exceed
those figures before growth has begun. Main-
tain a moist atmosphere by syringing the
Vines and all surfaces occasionally, but do not
afford moisture in excess, or ai-rial roots will
be formed on the rods. Depress the rods of
young Vines so as to insure a regular break.

3/ id-season Vineries. — As soon as the bulk of
the (irapes is cut and the leaves have fallen,
the Vines should be pruned without delay ; any
Grapes lianging on the Vines being removed to
the Grape-room. To keep bunches hanging on
the Vines after the leaves have iallen may not
injure the Vines unless prolonged to a late
period of the winter, yet the great amount of
young wood tlius retained keeps the sap more
or le.ss in circulation, and there is a certain
amount of waste of energy going on which
cannot take place when the Vines are pruned.
Thinned-skinned varieties of Grapes do not

require so much maturing as Gros Colman and
other thick-skinned varieties, and nothing is
gained by leaving them on the Vines. In
pruning, adhere to the system that has proved
satisfactory. If the Vines are in good condi-
tion they will in all probability afford bunches
sufficiently large if pruned to one, or at the
most two buds. But if extra large bunches
are wanted, or the Vines from weakness do
not afford such large ones as is desired, leave
longer shoot.s, being careful to select sound,
round, well-developed buds on firm, rip©
shoots; aim, in fact, at "finish." Large
bunches are never so well finished as those of
medium size. Vines that afford well finished
bunches, if pruned to one bud will give a
larger bunch, and one of equal finish from
the second bud. If the soil of the border
is rich, loose and deep, the chances are-
that the shoots will be gross, long-jointed,
and the leaves thin of texture and of large
size ; if, on the other hand, the roots are in
a firm, good soil, the wood will be stout and
short- jointed, the leaves thick and leathery,
and the biuls round, plump and well-matured.
Let the Vines be cleaned and dressed, and!
the vinery well cleansed and purified ; anil
the house kept cool so as to insure rest in the
Vines.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Hkkrin.
Pyramidal and Rn.s/i Trees. — The pruning of
Pears and Apples should follow that of wall
trees ; ami assuming that the summer pruning
was properly carried out, the chief operation
now will consist of the shortening of leading
shoots wliich have been left at their full
length, or nearly so, at tliat season. These
should be shortened nnich or little, according
to their strength, remembering that if such
shoots are not shortened enough a good;
break of shoots or fruit-spurs may not occur
in sullicient numbers, and the symmetry of
the tree will be spoiled, at the least for a
season. Strong leading shoots, wlien fur-
ther extension is desired, may be left I4 to
2 feet in length, and they should be cut
so that the terminal bud will point in the
direction the resulting shoot should take.
Weak slioots must be cut back to three or four
buds from the base. Lateral shoots should
be sliortened to two buds each. On somer
varieties of the Apple, of which Lady Sudeley
is an example, the fruit-buds come principally
at the points of the shoots, and such varieties
require careful pruning, or the crop will be
greatly reduced in bulk ; trees having this-
habit sliould bo regularly root-pruned if
growth is strong. The side branches of bush
trees should not be allowed to grow up too
thickly, but sullicient space afforded as will
allow the sunlight to reach the inner parts
of the tree wli'on it is in full leaf. Trees
having the branches crowded so as to exclude
tlie light may have some of these removed,
sawing them oil almost close to the stem.

Pears are more commonly grown as pyra-
mids than bushes owing to the natural habit
of the trees favouring this form. The pruning
at this season corresponds to that described
for Apples ; the spurs on tlie branches which
have grown long being shortened to one or
two buds, and a few of the longest removed!
entirely, and a fresh break encouraged to
form in their places. Too much pruning is
harmful, and where growth is over-vigorous
the trees must be root-pruned.

Varions. — Wliero grease-bands on the boles
of fruit-trees were put in place in October, it
may be necessary to put some more grease
on the bands, as it will certainly have dried
somewliat in the interval. The work of"
transplanting, root-pruning, &c., will still
occupy tlio gardener's attention, the dry
state of the ground favouring the work. Do
not neglect to examine from time to time all
fruit in store, removing decaying and specky
fruits. A small amount of air should be ad-
mitted to the fruit-room occasionally when
the outside temperature nearly corresponds
to that of the I'oom.

414

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 7, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Illustrations.— Tfte Editor will thankfully receive and select
photographs or drawings, suitaiU for reproduction, of
gardens, or of revmrlcaile plants, flowers, trees, dc. ; but he
cannot he responsiUe for loss or injury.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London,
Ccmmunications should be written on one side only of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as jmssible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, bnt lept as a guarantee of good faith.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY, DEC. ».— ^ „ „ ,

Bulbs, Shrubs, &c., Stevens Rooms: and PoUexfen
it Co. : Bulbs at Protlieroe & Morris'.

TUESDAY, DEC.:iO.— ,^ ^, ,

Fruit Trees at Protheroe & Morris' ; Bulbs, Shrubs,
&c., at PoUexfen & Co.

WEDNESDAY, DEC. 11.—

Bulbs, Flowering Plants, &c., at Stevens Rooms:
Bulbs, Roses, tic., at Protlieroe & Morris', and at
PoUexfen &Co.'s ; Greenhouse Plants, at Protlieroe
& Morris'; Rose Trees, &c., by Mr. H. \V. Kendell. .

THURSDAY, DEC. 12.—

Bulbs, at Protheroe i Morris' : Bulbs. Palms, Roses,
&c., at PoUexfen & Co. : Slirubs. Fruit Trees, Roses,
by Messrs. Michael Faraday & Rodgers.

FRIDAY, Dec. i:!.—

Orchids, at Protheroe & Morris : Palms, &c., by
Mr. H. \V. Rendell; Bulbs, Flowering Shrubs, &c.,
at PoUexfen A Co.
{For further particulars see Advertisement columns.)

deeds, this is no reason for opposition to
England, but, on the contrary, they should
simply be imputed to the South African war.
This, however, is used as a reason for abuse of
many kinds, and it has even been proposed to
lay hands upon a very sensitive vein of com-
mercial unity -which would simply aggravate
matters.

"It is therefore resolved, —
"That it is very desirable that the boj--
cotting plan against English shipping should
be abandoned ; that fraternal relations with
the English people should be maintained, and
that some ari-angements should be made on
that basis to put an end to the South African
war; that Divine morality should take prece-
dence of mammon, to the end that a gi'eat
progressive step should be made in the direc-
tion of peace, however highly coloured the
[accounts of] horrors of the war may be.
(Signed) S. Baarda, Secretary of the above
Protestant Horticultural Societij, MauritsMdc,
GO, Amsterdam : November 25, 1901."

Average Tempebature for the ensuing week, deduced

from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick

-40-8°.
Actual Temperatuees :—

London.— />ecem6er'4 (6 p.m.) : Max. 4^' : Min. Sb°.

Provinces.— I)fc«w6«r -i (6 p.m.) : Max. •"'('% Off Land's
End; Min. 41°, Hertford.

The Proposed

Dutch'Boycott'

on British

Trade.

We carefully avoid adniitting
into these columns any con-
troversial matter of a political
nature, even when it directly
concerns horticulture. But, as
fill parties and men of widely different
opinions are at one in anxiously awaiting
the cessation of the war, and eagerly looking
to anything that may tend to a permanent
;xnd satisfactory peace, we think it well to
put on record a letter from a Dutch corre-
spondent, and can assure our friends in
Holland, as well as in other countries, that
their animosity towards us is by no means
reciprocated in this country; but that we
wish nothing more than the maintenance of
those '-fraternal relations "which are of such
advantage to all concerned.

The following is the substance of the letter
which has reached us : —

"Highly Honoured Editor,

" The Protestant Horticultural Society.
' Nuiua Pompilius,' established March 10, 1900,
No. 31, at Amsterdam, passed the following
resolution at their meeting of the lOthult. : —

" The meeting resolved : —

" Considering that many misunderstandings
have arisen in connection with the South
African struggle, and that therefore the
greatest circumspection is necessary as
regards the use of expressions against other
nations, and especially with regard to matters
which relate to or may relate to British affairs — ■

" That the mass of people, and not least
those in the Netherlands, are generally very
sensitive in the matter of nationality, and
therefore run a risk of forgetting the interests
of peace.

"That tho.se who interest themselves in the
politics relating to the South African strife
should not lose sight of the above facts, and
might well remember that England acts fairly
and honourably in her business relations with
others, and although the desperate nature of
the struggle may have forced her to desperate

*^,* Our Almanac. — According to our usual
practice we shall shortly issue a Gardeners'
Chronicle Almanac for the year 1902. In order
to make it as useful as imssihle for reference,
we shall he obliged if Secretaries of Horticul-
tural, Botanical, and allied Societies, or anij of
our correspondents, will send ns immediate
intimation of all fi.x-turesforthe coming year,

SOLANUM CRISPUM (Supplementary Illus-
tration).—The subject of our supplementary
figure this week, a plant of Solanum crispum,
growing in the nursery garden of Messrs.
Gauntlett & Co., at Redruth, Cornv/all,
was, when the photograph was taken in
June, covered with its corymbs of bluish-
purple flowers. The corymbs are terminal,
and from 3 to 3| inches in length. The fruit,
as large as Peas, are of a creamy-white. The
species forms a spreading shrub, growing to
about 12 feet high ; and was introduced from
Chile in 1826. It is too tender for growing
entirely out-of-doors excepting in the wainier
parts of the country, like so many other Chilian
plants. The subject of our illustration w;is
planted out-of-doors two and a half years ago,
it being then in a G-inch flower-pot, and is
now 7 feet high and 10 feet in <liameter. Few
shrubs exceed it in beauty when in flower.
The flowering season is the month of June.

The Surveyors' Institution. — The next
Ordinary General Meeting will be held in the
Lecture Hall of the Institution, on Monday,
December 9, when a Paper will be read by
Professor W. SOMERVILLE (Associate), entitled
"Artificial Manures." The Chair will be
taken at eight o'clock. Notice is given that
the Special Certificate Examinations will for
the future be held once in three years. The
next Examination will therefore be held in
1904.

Altrinchaivi and District Gardeners'
Improvement Society.— On Tuesday and 'W'ed-
nesday next, December 10 and 11, two con-
certs will be given in the large Hall of the
Literary Institute, Altrinehara, in aid of the
Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, the
Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund, and the
above Society's Local Emergency and Orphan
Fund. The concerts will be of a high-class
character; the artistes include many of
distinction in their various lines, ami form
one of the best combinations ever seen in
Altrincham. There will be an entire change of
programme each evening. A feature will be
little girls .selling flowers. It is hoped the
efforts of the Committee will be again amply
rewarded, and good results obtained. A

large number of the local clergy and gentry
haviug already taken up a number of
tickets, which, considering the large demands
that have lately been made upon them, is very
satisfactory. Since the commencement of
these concerts in 1892, a sum of more than
£400 has been raised by the Society for the
benefit of the three Funds. It is hoped that
still larger amounts will be realised this year.
The Hon. Sec, Mr. A. Boardman, will be glad
to give any information regarding the con-
certs and the Society's Fund which anyone
interested may ret|uire.

Floral Decorations Company, Limited.
—This Company has been registered by Trass
& Enever, of 2.5, Coleman Street, E.C., with a
capital of £5,000 in £1 shares, of which 1,500
are preference. The objects of the Company
are to carry on the business of importers,
manufacturers, and vendors of artificial
flowers. Palms, grasses. Ferns and decorations,
florists, salesmen, gardeners, horticulturists,
theatrical and concert agents. There will be
no initial public issue. The first directors, to
number not less than two nor more than seven,
are J. P. Sargent, O. C. Sargent, J. Sargent,
and F. F. Trotman. Qualification, £25; re-
muneration for the first year £10 each, and
£30 for the chairman. Afterwards the re-
muneration to be fixed by tlie Company in
general meeting.

A Fine Late Crop of Hay.— Wm. Cutbush
& Son, of Highgate and Barnet, writes as
follows :—" It may be interesting to your
readers to know, that during the past ten days
we have cut and carried a beautiful crop of
hay. It is in very good condition, and is far
superior to the crop we had in the summer.
As this is somewhat unusual for the last week
in November, we thought we would draw your
attention to the fact."

Royal Appointment.— Mr. William Bull,
F.L.S., V.il.H., New Plant Merchant, 536,
King's Road. Chelsea, has been honoured with
the appointment of florist to his Majesty the
King.

A Tuberous-rooted Labiate.— M. D. Bois
publishes in the Bulletin of tlie Botanical So-
ciety of France, tome 48, a note on a tuber
made use of for food by the natives of the
Soudan, and called by them Ousounifing.
Those who are not unduly prejudiced against
Latin names will prefer to call it Plectranthus
Coppini. under which name the regretted Max
CoRxi described the plant when it was origin-
ally introduced. It has been propagated at
the Jardin des Plantes, and is recommended
for culture in climates where the Potato can-
not be grown with success. The tubers are
formed in great abundance, are of an elongated
oval form, about 55 mill, in length. The flowers
are blue. M. Bois enumerates six other species
of Labiatie producing tuberous roots, in addi-
tion to Stachys tuberifera.

The White Blackberry (seep. 393).— With
reference to this " chromatic aberration," sup-
posed to be the result of liybridisation, it is
worth while calling to mind the white or amber-
coloured Raspberry, the occurrence of which,
so far as we know, has never been attributed
to hybridisation. In the Journal of Botany
(1882), p. 340, we find a note from Mr. JAMES
W. White, mentioning a variety of Rubus dis-
color, one of the commonest of our Black-
berries, which yielded amber-coloured fruit.
RAY in his Synopsis, ed. 2 (1G88), mentions a
Rubus (fructn albo) ; Seringe, in De Can-
OOLLE's Prodromiis, II., 501, mentions a variety
of Rubus thyrsoideus with white fruit. The
occurrence of these white varieties seems to

December 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

'415

have no relation to hybridisation, though it is
conceivable that cross-fertilisation may set
up clianges in the nutrition of the plant, apart
from those which are the result of actual
admixture of different elements.

AdditionalGlasshouses in Dover House
Gardens.— Messrs. McKenzie & JIoxci R are
at present erecting a block of plant-houses
^md corridor for J. PlERPOXT iSIORGAN in the
above gardens. The former will be useil
chiefly for the cultivation of decorative plants
and Orchids, and will be connected by the
corridor with the existing glasshouses.

Formal Gardens.— Mr. B. T. Batsioud,
94, High Holborn, announces the publication
in three folio parts of a volume by Mr. H.
INIGO TRifiGS, entitled "Formal Gardens in
England and Scotland, their Planning and
Arrangement, Architectural and Ornamental
Features," &c. The work is to be illustrated
by 120 plates. From what has been said, it
appears that this work will be chiefly of an
architectural character, but from the beauty
of the illustrations, and the interest of the
gardens selected for representation, it will
appeal also to garden lovers in general.

" Louis Wain's Annual." — This publication
is issued by Messrs. Anthony Treherne& Co.,
8, Agar Street, Charing Cross, and we cordially
commend it to all lovers of cats. Lons Wain
here gives us many of his famous cat-pictures,
accompanied by amusing letterpress by various
authors, and edited by Mr. Staniioi'K Sprigi;.
Whatever be our admiration of the clever
drawings in this book, we must regretfully
admit that cats are bad gardeners, even if (as
in this Annual) they arc good card-playera,
musicians, riders, and skaters.

Iris tectorum. — Writing from Japan in
189'.), Mr. Peter Barr refers to Iris tectorum
as seen growing freely on tlie tliatclied roofs
of cottages in the country villages, and at the
end of April and May producing masses of
beautiful hluo flowers rising from a rich green
foliage. Mr. Harr goes on to say:— "The
reason of this flower garden on a thatched
roiif is rather an economic than wsthetic one.
All thatched roofs must have a ridge of some
kind to throw off the water, and as the .lapanese
generally cast about to find something in
f.'aturc to answer their purpose, they found
tliat tlic close-growing character of this Iris
rendered it a good compact water-resisting
protection ; high winds being prevalent in
.lapan, to prevent the plants being torn olT,
they work into the thatcli lengths of split
Bamboo. Sometimes Liliiim Thunbcrgianum
and Hcmerocallis may be seen on these roofs
.issociated with the Iris. As there are many
thatched cottages in the United Kingdom,
( here is no reason why a similar experiment
should not bo made in the warmer localities,
su<li as tlic south and west of Ireland, Corn-
wall, Isle ol Wight, &c. There is a story told
of a woman who went to a Shinto priest to
inquire how sl\e could give a blue tint to her
black hair ; and he told her to get the colour
from a flower which grew neither in heaven
nor on earth ; she tried the Iris flower from
her cottage roof, and thusattained herob.ject."

" Das Pflanzenreich." — The two last
parts of this publication, edited by Professor
liNGLER, and intended as a conspectus of the
vegetable kingdom, are devoted to the KalUe-
siads and the Symplocads. Count Koi.ms-
LaihaCH deals with the former group, and Mr.
A.BRANlJwiththe latter family. Thecharaclers
of the several families, genera, and species
are in Latin, for which we arc very thankful ;
(he comments are in German. The illustra-
tions, devoted to the representation of the

botanical structure of the flowers, appeal to
students of all nationalities, and are very
serviceable. The work is so gigantic in its
scope that the ))resent generation may never
live to see it finished, but each separate part
is complete in itself.

"A Symposium on How to Grow and
Show Tea Roses."— This is a little manual of
twelve pages dealing with the cultivation of
Tea-scented Roses by exhibitors. The more
useful chapters are those which concern Rose-
stocks and own-root Roses, exhibiting, and
selections of twenty - four and twelve best
exhibition varieties. The handbook is the
outcome of a suggestion of Mr. A. Hill Gray,
of Beaulieu, Bath, who gave a donation to the
National Rose Society towards the cost of its
publication. The instructions are written by
the Rev. F. R. Bi'rnside, Mr. O. G. Orpen,
and the Rev. F. P.u;e-Roberts, three well-
known experts in Tea Rose-culture.

Gloria Dahlias.— Mr. J. C. Schmidt, of
Erfurt, sends us a coloured illustration of a
new type of Dahlia that he is sending out.
The ray florets are flat, as in a single Dahlia ;
the florets of the disc are tubular, as usual,
but much elongated, forming a series of
trumpet-shaped florets in the centre of the
flower-head.

Gardening in Excelsis.— A correspondent
writes: "It is nigh on half a century since
the writer had his first view of London roof-
gardening from that coign of vantage the top
of the Monument, whence could be seen many
a City tree hidden from pedestrians below,
and thousands of massed pots on roofs, surely
a delight to them who cared for them at sun-
set. Bat City trees are becoming things of
the past, joined in their departure by the
many floral gems. Now and again we hear of
triumphs in City gardening, the latest placed
on record is one flourishing in Liverpool. In
the heart of that city there is a roof-garden
tended by a lady, the space occupied is exten-
sive, the occupants very numerous, the drain-
age excellent, and in addition to all the flowers
in season, fruit is grown among the chinniey-
pots, where you can get your carbon at flrst
hand. There are in successful cultivation
Gooseberries and Currants, of various colours ;
also, in a greenhouse, exotics are to be found
nodding at the ordinary flowers outside. The
soil was carried to the roof by means of a
lift. The Amateur Gardeners' Association, we
are informed, have had photographs taken of
this garden in cxcelxix. It is astonishing the
quantity of hard usage flowering plants will
put up with before succumbing, within a
stone's throw of the great meat market of the
city, and surrounded by filthy odours from
bacon - driers, 'depositors,' never - ceasing
smoke and sti^am from railway engines, there
live hosts of hardy plants, bright in all their
colouring, and which seem to have the water-
can applied to them at every hour of the day.
Groat blocks of 'dwellings' are being raised
here and there, with more to follow ; surely it
would bo an easy matter to so contrive it that
every window-sill could be made to hold with
safety a flower-box, tlio pots for which could
be renewed month by month by entei-pi'ising
nurserymen from the suburbs (taking away
the worked-out flowers) at a very low charge
—payable on delivery. Dense blocks of brick
pierced with window openings could thus bo
made beautiful, and the lessons delivered by
flowers contribute day by day to the moral and
intellectual well-being of the town travellers.
Another example of roof-gardening is on the
roof of the Southwark Police Court, London :
on this elevated position a court oflicial has

tried to gratify both taste and appetite, Pelar-
goniums and other flowers growing in company
with Vegetable -Marrows, which latter have
the support of a loftier and adjoining building.
Forestry in a mild form is represented by a
couple of Oak saplings, taken from the Byron
Oak at Newstead Abbey. The proximity of
a magistrate has no terror for this Surrey
amateur."

"California Floriculturist."— This is a
new periodical, beginning its publication with
the month of November, and containing illus-
trated articles on : Papa Gontier Rose, Roses
in Southern California, Climbing Rose Souvenir
de Wootton, Surprises in Plant Families,Violets
and Violet Culture, Bulbs for the Garden,
Street Trees, Landscape Gardening, Cannas at
the Pan-American Exhibition, Echinocactus
cylindraceus, &c. The publication is to
""teem with matter applicable to the present
moment, bo a veritable hand-book of the
garden, and in every department to smack of
the soil." The Pacific Coast is the district in
which this F/oriciiif lu-ist is chiefly to circulate,
but doubtless it will soon be known beyond
that area. (Editor, Ernest Braunton ;
Publishers, 311, West First Street, Los
Angeles, California.)

Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits
and Federated Malay States.— Edited by
11. X. RiDLKV. No. 1, vol. vii., October. This
is the first part of a monthly bulletin, in-
corporating the old one (published at irregular
intervals), and with an enlarged scope, in-
tended as a medium for the exchange and
record of planters' experiences in all that per-
tains to their interests. The linos on which it
will be conducted will largely follow those of
similar publications in other countries; such
as the Agricultural Bulletins of Australia and
some of the West Indian Islands, especially
Jamaica, and it will include, among other
things: Leading articles by the editor and
others; articles on forestry, labour supply,
soils, &c., &c. ; extracts ; entomological
notes, insect and fungus pests; reports of
meetings of planters' associations and their
annual reports ; reports on agricultural
shows in the Colony or Federated Malay
States ; notes and queries ; correspoiulcnce ;
market and trade reports ; weather rc^iorts.
The first number bears out this pnmiise as
well as possible, and we can cordially wish
success to this nnd<-rtaking in its now form.

Smithfield Club Show.— The annual show
of the Smithfield Club at the Agricultural llall,
Islington, will be opened to the public on
Tuesday, December 10, and remain open till
Friday" evening, December 1.!. Tho hours
during which it remains open are from i) a.m.
to 9 r.M.

Publications Received. - cmMS Dictionary

,>r aardni^w l'"t 7 -The Jlrilixh South Africa Ccmpa,,,, :
t^^L Report ana AccouMs, '1^" ^'\'^^T\i7l
March SI. 1800. Presented to >l«;.8''*''f},'Jf 'cannon
Scvcntl. ordinary General Meeting at " « C^'""?"
Street Hotel, December 4, im.-i.ssex 1^ "' [Jj^
,lr,u:lion Vommiltec : Winter S''l>oo\ »' „^,';. , '' , ^j
Clielmsford. Session 1901-2. Prospcctns. Syli. n.s.^.nia
Tinic-taljlc; also llio Essex Fi'M ''"■'"'""",' ,7,, .I'lie
laoi Pivrt. 1 : On Permaneul )■'> ' '"''.'',,,,,. /.,.„.

Coiiinnttee l>y T. S. DymoTi.l /■'•' '• r,,i,,hlii-
,;„,■(/„„ n„.l /v. I>:<n 1. M.r -n.i ;' ' ' ' ,,„r«H

Ihr .1.-/-.
No. 1- '
.Japiiii.
M. N:i^M

-1 1'i-i. by

1, K<,iiiiiliiit;

,i;(,c.< ,„; lifriiloles

ii> im|iniiicrio

(Savoir. \,,l.n ,.1, Ml,' ^

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Paradise, .M, and Kui- de la Dai se, ll-.l.i.

416

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 7, 1901.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Best Hardy Perennials. By F. W.
Meyer. (Liverpool : Blake & Mackenzie.)
This is a series of coloured plates which
have alreadyjappeared in a German periodical.
To these Jlr. Meyer has added descriptions,
and many practical hints regarding cultiva-
tion, arrangement, &e. The details, of course,
have been much modified from the German
edition, as the conditions here are, as a rule,
so much more favourable than in Germany.
This is shown by the illustrations themselves,
which, though generally accurate and faithful,
do not represent the flowers in such fine con-
dition as we are accustomed to see them on
the exhibition-table, or even in the flower-
border.

Mr. Meyer's aim is to illustrate and describe
those hardy plants which are most useful for
producing an abundant supply of cut flowers,
and also for furnishing an effective display of
bright colours in the garden. The hints and
suggestions for arranging hardy perennials
with a view to continuous, though diverse,
effect throughout the season are very valuable,
as also are the short cultural notes given
under the heading of the different species.

The arrangement is alphabetical, which leads
to the wide separation of plants which are by
nature closely allied, and the approximation
of plants, such as Achillea and Anemone,
which have little in common. The text is not
restricted to the plants illustrated, but many
others of equal or greater value are mentioned ;
but as unfortunately there is no index, it is
not easy to know where to look for them. The
beautiful Incarvillea may be mentioned, but
we cannot find it. Ctentaurea montana iiuiy be
a native of Asia Minor, but it is very common
in woods and pastures in certain parts of
Germany and Switzerland.

The book will be serviceable to growers of
hardy flowers, and will stimulate them to fresh
efforts ; for their use a series of blank pages
for "memoranda" have been added, and it
will not be much trouble for the reader to
utilise some of them in the construction of an
index, the deficiency of which is a drawback
to the value of the book.

The Book of Old-fashioned Flowers.— This
deals also with "Other plants which
thrive in the open-air of England." By
Harry Roberts, with numerous illustra-
tions reproduced from drawings by Ethel
Roskruge. (.Tohu Lane, The Bodley Head,
London, and New York.)
This book is likely to be popular, as there
seems no end to the demand for books on
gardening, or rather on gardens, that are
nicely written and pleasant to read. The
author himself describes the scope of his work
as " One of a series of handbooks with an aim
purely practical, and has itself an entirely
practical object. This object is to teach those
who are comparatively new to gardening the
general principles which they must observe,
if they wish to grow successfully tlioso flower-
ing plants which are able to live their whole
lives in the open air of this country. By old-
fashioned flowering plants, are meant those
which we may class with the herbaceous,
bulbous, and other hardy plants which one
always expects to find in the old cottage
gardens, old vicarage gardens, and old farm-
house gardens of romance, and sometimes of
reality. One is continuallv discovering fresh
old-fashioned people, and in like manner we
are continually having additions made to our
list of old-fashioned flowers. Many newly

discovered or newly-introduced plants, there-
fore, are treated of in this Ixiok, which is not
intended merely as a book of old flowers."

.So we have a description of floral favourites,
and directions for their cultivation. Inter-
spersed with a due number of literary and
other allusions, making a pleasing whole
neither too sentimental nor too grimly
practical. Some of the information has been
previously published, but as this fact is duly
acknowledged there can be no objection to
that. The illustrations are pleasing, and on
the whole scarcely do justice to the beautiful
blooms that inspired them, so cannot be
accused of being flattered portraits of florists'
productions.

Flora OF Guernsey and THE Lesser Channel
Islands : namely, Alderney, Sark, Herm,
.Jetou, and the adjacent Islets. By Ernest
David Marquand. (London : Dulau & Co.,
37, Soho Square, W.)

There are already floras of Jersey, so that a
volume dealing with the vegetation of the
other Channel Lslands is particularly accept-
able. Mr. Marquand has embodied in these
l)ages notes collected during a seven years'
residence in Guernsey, and acknowledges help
received from various botanists.

liach island is treated as a separate area,
possessing its own particular and distinctive
flora, which is contrasted with that of the
other islands, and with the flora of the French
coast, and of the British Isles ; so that
botanists visiting the Channel Islands can at
once turn to the information relative to any
one district, and have no need to seek for it
among much that is not under consideration
at the moment.

There are some notes on plant-lore, which
do not interfere with, but rather supplement,
the scientific portion of the volume, and which
are well worth preserving. The chapters re-
lating to the physical features of the several
islands are of great interest. That relating to
Alderney should be the means of sending
many in search of health and diversion to its
sliores, which are those least known of any of
the Channel Isles; but, as shown here, by no
means the least attractive. Though so near
to the main laud of Prance, it is the least
iM-cnch of all the Channel Islands, and the
local patois differs from that of the other
islands. Only a practical test, consisting of
reference to this book in the Islands to which
it refers, can fully prove its value; but it is
certainly well and conscientiously put to-
gether, and the various excellent maps should
add much to its utility.

The following extracts will show that the
book not only appeals to professed botanists,
l)ut to naturalists generally : —

■'The so-called Jersey Fern (Gymnogramma lepto-
pliylla), another nou-British species, is exceedlii'dy
rare, and appears to be confined to the one spot where
It was first detected hy Mr. G. T. Derrick in 1877, The
secret of its habitat has been so jealously preserved
that hardly hall-a-dozen persons have ever seen this
delicate and jjraccful little Fern growing in Guernscv ■
so it continues to hold Its ground, though I liave
observed that, being an annual, it is more plentiful iu
sonic seasons than in others. Mr. Derrick has in-
lornied me that on more than one occasion lie has
endeavoured to establish it elsewhere In this island
but without success. '

■One of the most remarkable of all indigenous
plants— and interesting also from the fact that it is
lound nowhere in the United Kingdom except in
tUiernsey — is Isoetes Hystrix, a very curious species,
"■ith a spinous, subterranean bulb, and a tuft of
slender, dark green leaves. It occurs more or less
plentifully in several parts of Lancresse Common but
It is an extremely ditHcnlt little thing to detect, neces-
sitating much patient searching on hands and knees,
and. until one knows it, the digging up of many plants
which jirovo to be something else. Isoetes Hvstrix was
'hscovercd here by Wolsey in I860, and it was "a particu-
larly interesting lind of his-bettcr even than (ipliio-

glossum lusitanioura, because at that date the existence
of a terrestrial Isoetes was hardly suspected, though
several aquatic species were known."

" The exportation of granite has for very many years
contributed in a large measure to the prosperity of the
island (Guernsey), and millions of tons have found
their way to nearly all parts of the kdngdora. The
stone is of excellent quality, and very durable, and it
is shipped ofif either in large rough blocks, as bewa
from the quarry, or dressed into cubes for street-
paving and building-purposes. Large quantities are;
also exported after being broken up into small pieces
suitable for macadamising roads, and it is said nO'
stone in the world is equal to it for that purpose.
Thirty years ago the quantity of granite exported
averaged about 200,000 tons per annum ; iu 1897 it
amounted to over 291,000 tons ; and iu 1898 the quantity
shipped reached the unprecedented total of .300,639 tons.
"But during the last twenty years the fruit-growing
industry has advanced by such leaps and bounds, that
it has to a great extent eclipsed the stone trade. At
tlie present day there are certainly scores, if not
hundreds, of miles of greenhouses in the island, fitted
up with all the very latest appliances and modern im-
provements, employing thousands of skilled workmen,
and producing all through the year the finest fruit,
vegetables, and flowers. Every week-day during the
spring and summer months large shiploads of vege-
table produce leave Guernsey for the English markets,,
as many as 28,000 baskets and crates having been dis-
patched in a single day. The oflicial returns show that
the expoi't of this kind of produce is at present more
than six times as large as it was about a dozen years
ago. The quantity for the year 1899 surpassed all
previous records, and attained the enormous total of
1,639,496 packages ; and during the three months ending
June 30, 1900, the number of packages of Guernsey pro-
duce exported, viz.. fruit, flowers, vegetables, bulb-:,.
,xnd plants, amounting to over half a million, the.
actual flgin-es being -503,478. This kind of market-
gardening has proved extremely lucrative when com-
pared with tlie old-time farming of small holdings,
and, as a natural consequence, greenhouses have
sprung up on every side with magical rapidity. How
long the business will continue remuuerative time wiU
show."

PARIS,

THE PARIS MUSEUM.

The Council of Professors of the Museuoi
(better known in England as the Jardin des-
Plantes), which on the vacancy of a Professor's-
chair meets to propose a candidate for the
approval of the Jlinlster, has lately beeii
debating who shall succeed M. ilaxime Cornu,
Professeur de Culture at the Jardin des Plantes.
Among the more likely candidates were M.
Costantiu, Professor at the Ecole jVormale
Superieure, a distinguished botanist, known
for his studies in fungi ; and M. D. Bois,.
assistant to M. Cornu, Secretary of the Na-
tional Horticultural Society, author of various-
books on horticulture and practical botany, and
Profes.seur de Culture at the Ecole Coloniale.
The Council of Professors has accepted the-
candidature of M. Costantin. The Academic
des Sciences will now be called upon to ex-
press its opinion of the proposition, before th&
Minister of Public Instruction formally names,
the candidate selected.

French Horticulturai, SoeiEiv.
The Committee of the French Nationall
Horticultural Society has arranged that the-
Spring Exhibition shall be held in the con-
servatories at Cour.s-la-Reiiie, where th&
horticultural conferences were held in connec-
tion with the Tniversal Exhibition of 1900.
This is by way of an experiment, which it i&
hoped will be successful, as the Society, which
possesses no hall of its own, will then be
secure from vicissitudes for a year. Last year
and the year before, the .Shows were held ii^
tents in the Tuileries Gardens, and the usual
inconveniences were experienced : the erec-
tion and removal were expensive ; but little
light was obtained, but much dust and wind,
and sometimes rain. Nevertheless, yearly in
May and November, shows were held under-
canvas, until in May, 1901, a storm arose, auc^

Dbcehber 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

417

a perfect iaundation took place, -with grave
results for the exchequer of the Society.
In consequence of this misfortune, all
who had raised objections to tents renewed
their statements that they were useless as
shelters, and costly even when no floods oc-
curred, whereas the large and fine conserva-
tories at the Exhibition or at the Grand
Palais des Champs Elysees could be used free
•of charge. The Committee made application
for the use of the Grand Palais, and held a
Chrysanthemum show there on November G.
This experiment was not wholly successful,
although the show aroused much interest, and
-was largely visited. The principal dome of
*he Grand Palais, under which the plants were

divides the two houses. This would involve a
velarium, which would be expensive. It is
not yet even certain whether the JInnicipal
Administration of Paris will lend the houses
without charging rent. So the Society has
still no settled quarters for its exhibitions,
though well housed as regards its library
and offices.

Fruit Preserved ix Ice.
Various experiments liave lately been made
in France with regard to the preservation
of fruit, vegetables. &'C., in refrigerating
chambers. M. Loiseau, President of the Hor-
ticultural Society of Jloutreuil (Seine), showed
at tlie autumn exhibition of the National Hor-

tlie foliage, bearing in mind the fact that the
shoots of the current season must also be
temporarily laid in likewise as they form.
The tree shows its condition after tlie pruner
and trainer have done with it in the winter.
Taking the wall as being 9 feet in height,
the tree has a width of 27 feet.

CRINUM CEASSIPES.
Amongst the very interesting and con-
spicuous members of the genus Crinum which
one sees all too sekloui in gardens, considering
that they are the most attractive, striking,
and original-looking of plants that one meets,
this species, if species it can rightly be called,

FlC. 12."). —A TKAIXEI) MOUII.I.O ( IIKHUI. IX THE (^VUHEXS at STOXKI.KIIiri Alllli;V.

stagod, is lofty and glazed, so that low-growing
Chrysantliemiim.s, Begonias, Orchids, and Cy-
-clamens. did not appear to advantage. It was
•also imjiossiblo to warm the building, and the
■weather being cold (33' to 3."i F. in the early
morning) the plants sulTercd much, especially
the tender Orchids. Again, tliere was much
fog and bad weather after the second day, so
the visitors became fewer. However, over
.:!2.000 francs were taken, and this paid off
part of the May deficit.

Probal)ly the houses at Cours-la-Reine will
prove more satisfactory. Tliey are less lofty
than those *t the Grand Palais, and they have
a heating apparatus. They are well situated,
ornamental, but fully exposed to the south, so
Hiat the sunshine is sometimes excessive. In
(he summer of 1900, plants on the borders of
the Seine were burnt up; but in May this
will probably not bo so. Many persons think
<hat part of the exhibition should be held in
the open air ; for instance, on the terrace that

ticuUural Society at the Grand Palais, some
Peaches perfectly preserved in refrigerators
designed by M. Douane, of Paris. ThePeaclies
weie fifty-three and (ifty-oight days in (ho
apparatus. The sorts included ordinary Mig-
iionne, Itonnouvrier, Belle Bcauce, Imperiale,
Alexis Lepere, and Galande. A hirge dealer
offered 4 francs a-pieee for the exhibit. The
exporiments will be extended. G. T. (.'riV/iMiii.

A FIXE ]\[ORELLO CHEREY-TREE.
Oi'R illastration of a Morello Cherry-free
growing in tlie liitohen garden at Lord Leigh's
seat, Stonoleigh Abbey, Kenilworth (gr., Mr.
H. T. Martin), isa capital example of fan-train-
ing as applied to the Morello Clicrry (fig. 125).
This variety, and a few others which bear fruit
on the wood of the |ircvious year, and but lit tie
on spurs, as do the sweet Cherries, needs to
liave as many of these shoots laid in annually
as may well bo, without undue crowding of

stands pre-eminent. It is no bi.jou plant for a
small conservatory, as nothing short of a half
paraffin-barrel will servo it for a pot, and
even that must be raised so that one may walk
underneath it, or get round about it in com-
fort without too much wasting of space. Its
bulb reminds one (in shape) of tlio old-fashioned
upright churn, is some 3 feet or more in length,
al)out 8 or 1(1 inches in diameter at its lower
end, and tapers up to 3 or 4 inches where its
leaves begin to throw out. The leaves grow
to a length of aljout (i foot, and are C or
S inches broad, long, channelled, and with a
keel or midrib, gradually tapering to a point,
and the outer ones arch over gracefully as
they arrive at full size.

As they grow in whorls, the appearance is
that of a fountain of huge leaves, spread-
ing out on all sides, and forming a unique and
beautiful oljject, that appeals very strongly to
the imagination as a sort of "Garden of Eden"
plant, readily captivating the attention of

418

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 7, 1901.

Tisitors, who might expect to see it in Dore.'i
Bible, but not in real life, unless as a recent
find from " Darkest Africa," and in company
with one or two of the tiny bushmen.

It is more liberal in the matter of flowering
than the majority of Crinums, for in the course
of the summer it manages to throw out some
four or five of its huge, assegai-like buds from
the spaces between the leaves and the stem,
and which make their way up with a deter-
mination worthy of their shape, for they often
split up the bases of the leaves in the effort
to get out of the narrow and confined space.
As the spathe opens, a large cluster of up-
curving buds speedily arrays itself into order,
and the flowers begin to open in a spiral, com-
mencing at the outside, and soon forming a
huge bouquet of its white, very delicately
scented, Lily-like blooms. These are borne on
short peduncles of an inch or more, which pass
into the seed-vessel, and go on and form the
arched tube of the flower, splitting and open-
ing out into the six segments which constitute
the petals, which are | to J of an inch broad,
the whole flower being 5 or 6 inches in
diameter.

Some six or eight of these are generally
open together, and as there are from twenty
to thirty buds in all, the display is kept up
for a considerable time, and no sooner is one
flower-stem finishing than another is found
pushing up to take the honours. In all, the
plant is blooming for between two and three
months of the year. After flowering I have
let it go to rest, chiefly because it has to be
.satisfied with cool conditions in winter, but I
do not consider it an essential. Crinums
readily keep their leaves if given a little
encouragement. In olden days, as a body,
and with the exception, perhaps, of C. capense
in its two varieties, they wereal ways considered
as occupants for the stove or warm green-
house, but as a fact, when they came to be
tested, they are for the most part quite tem-
perate plants, and indeed nearly hardy, how-
ever much they may like a snug warm indoors,
being like ourselves, perhaps, who strongly
object to have our hardiness tested.

To show their capacity in this direction, I may
mention that a plant of this species stood out-of-
doors in a pot in the open for months in the
winter, and without any slielter, being frozen
through and through. It had been forgotten
apparently, and looked dead, yet in May a lively
tuft of leaves began to assume sway, and it was
unharmed. This may be told of many Crinums,
and might encourage many who have been too
timid to try them to introduce one or two to
the conservatory. Tliey increase with fair
rapidity, and beyond copious waterings in the
summer, requii-e very little attention ; an
occasional syringing to keep down thrips,
which feel pretty secure under their large,
spreading leaves.

A good start may be made for a cold-house
with Crinum capense and C. Powelli or C. P.
album ; if with a little heat, C. Moorei. There
the purchaser should pause, for C. Moorei has
half-a-dozen synomyns, which often figure
gaily underneath one another in a list, so that
he will do well to consult an authority for his
next venture. In any case, C. Moorei is the
best representative plant of the genus, if he
may grow but one, and there is no fear of his
repenting this addition to his plants.
~I have spoken above of Crinum crassipes as
being a doubtful species, chiefly because I
can never get it to give a seed, no matter with
what Crinum it may be crossed, nor can I get
any of its pollen to be effective on any other
Crinum, or with itself, and usually a Crinum
will seed with great readiness. The seed-pod,
after fertilisution, soon swells up to a large

size, and the one or two seeds it contains look
like Horse-Chestnuts. These germinate freely
without heat, sending out their curious pro-
cess, which sends a fat root downwards and
a single leaf upwards, feeding the while for
its first year also on the store of nutriment in
the large seed.

The culture of Crinums is very simple. They
are devourers of soil in a sense tliat no other
plants I know of are, that is, after a year
or two in a pot, they are a knotted mass of
roots, and there is very little soil left, although
you know that you rammed the pot full when
you re-potted it. To make this mass of roots and
the big flowering-bulb, they like something
good in the soil, which should be loamy, and
they want plenty of water in their growing
time to enable the virtue of the soil to be
liquefied for their benefit. They are partial
to shade, dislike strong sunshine, and in
summer time they may stand out-of-doors, if
preferred, where they will flower and make a
striking group, as seen with a background
of trees ; and as for their great flowers,
whether they are on the plant or brought
indoors for decoration and fragrance, they
are amongst the most captivating things of
beauty I know. A. ll'orsicy.

A VISIT TO THE NORTH.— VIII.

{Contiimedfrom p. 3;i2.)
SOME EDINBURGH NURSERIES.

Moving my headquarters for a time from
Glasgow to Edinburgh, it became immediately
apparent that the hotels of the more classical
city were as thronged as those primarily
affected by the exhibition. After some
memorable experience that need not be re-
corded here, I was fortunate enough to " get
in" at "The Clarendon," the i^rojjrietor of
which excellent house, Mr. Hunter, is well
known in the north as an amateur Orchid-
cultivator.

I determined to see as much of Edinburgh
horticulture as possible in the short time
available, and it is with pleasure I acknow-
ledge the courteous and kindly assistance
afforded me by all those horticulturists I had
the opportunity to call upon. It was only
possible to visit four of the trade nurseries,
but all of them are important ones, and of a
typical character. These visits, not un-
expectedly, served to show how largely the
Edinburgh nurseries are devoted to raising
stocks of hardy trees (a good proportion of
which is sold through the trade or privately
in England), and how little the art of indoor
plant cultivation is practised in them. There
may be no need to deplore these circum-
stances. I only state them because they are
facts ; and if Scotland purchases most of her
indoor plants through English nurseries, and
in return helps to furnish England's woods
and pleasure-grounds with trees, it may be
the best arrangement possible. But I cannot
help thinking that if there were good trade
collections of exotic plants in Edinburgli and
also in Glasgow, these would tend more than
anything else to stimulate plant cultivation in
northern gardens.

One nurseryman told me that his glass-
structures were next to useless to liim.
Gardeners had acquired a habit of sending to
England for their tender plants, and they
would continue to send there for them.
An exceedingly well-kept nursery is that of

Mr. David W. Thomson's,
in the Granton Road, past the Botanic Gar-
dens, consisting of about 35 acres of land, all
of which is now devoted to out-of-door culture.
Immediately upon entering I noticed a group

of golden and silver variegated shrubs, as if
for trial or comparison with each other. There
were several pretty varieties of Cornus, in-
cluding C. Spiithii var. aurea, a very effective
shrub, but perhaps not sufficiently hardy for
I'-dinburgh ; golden-leaved Weigelas, golden
and silver-leaved Privets, golden Mountain
Ash, &c., all of which are of a type too seldom
planted in gardens in the district. A batch
of one-year-old Thorns attracted attention by
reason of their robust growth and ample
leaves. The varieties single scarlet, double
pink, and Paul's double scarlet, were amongst
these. White-flowered Broom, ready for sale,
Laburnums, Spiraeas, double-flowered Cherries,
and other flowering trees and shrubs are cul-
tivated, and there is a desire to keep as repre-
sentative a stock of these pearls of the pleasure-
grounds and park as experience with them in
the district shows to be advisable.

Of the less ornamental trees there were
most praiseworthy stocks. The Scots Firs
(Pinus sylvestris), of which 100,000 plants,
were shown me ready for distribution, were
stout, healthy examples, in the cleanest of
ground, and had made the very best use of
their time. They were " two by two," as tlie
nurserymen describe them, which means
that they had remained in the seed-beds two.
years, and had been transplanted an equal
period, being therefore four years old from)
seed. The Scots Fir is very properly an im-
portant feature in almost all Scottish nur-
series, and every nurseryman seeks to get hi&
seeds from the most typical examples of
"Native Highland Pine " as he describes it.

Most Scottish planters would purchase
stock one year younger than those describetb
above, such as "two + one" or one year-
transplanted, especially if required for slopesi
or hills. In England, four-years-old plants
would be thought quite young enough.

There were large quantities of this Fir in
other stages, including one-year-old plants,
wliich of course were still in the seed-beds.
These seed-beds are about 3 3 feet wide, with
alleys or paths between them. The seeds are
sown in drills, and the plants thus obtain more
air and are stronger than they would be if the
same number of seeds were sown broadcast.
Such seed-beds for the raising of forest trees,
are not nearly so common in England. An ex-
cellent lot of Beech was noticed, also ready for
sale, being " two + three ; " Oaks, Spanish and
Horse Chestnuts, Larch, Hazels (chiefly for
England), Spruce, Sycamore, Limes, Austrian
Pine, Hollies, and Yews are all mentioned in,
my notes as being " excellent." Mr. Thomson
pulled a young Yew out of the ground to show
me that it was rooted " like the hairs of one's
head," and it was! The very sandy loam of
the nursery doubtless encourages the trees to
produce many root-fibres. There were 140,00©
plants of oval-leaved Privet shown me in one
breadth.

Victoria Plums and other hardy fruit trees
are cultivated in considerable quantities.

Mr. Thomson is the son of the veteran David
Thomson, late gardener to the Duke of Buc-
clcuch at Drumlanrig, and who is now living
in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh.

Messrs. R. B. Laird & Sons.
The nurseries of Messrs. R. B. Laird & Sous
are at Pinkhill, Murrayfield, on the west side
of the city, and about 3 miles out. Tr.ams rim
nearly to the site, and 'buses quite thereto,
and beyond. Both the proprietors, Mr. David
Laird, who resides in the nurseries, and Mr.
Robert Laird, are well known in horticultural
circles north and south of tlie Tweed. Inclusive
of the ground covered by the glasshouses and

December 7, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

419

other buildings, tlie area of the nurseries is
rather under 50 acres.

At the Pinkhill Nurseries, there are still
many glasshouses, I mean more than one sees
in most of the nurseries in the district. They
contained a very miscellaneous stock of plants,
and a first-rate collection might easily be
developed therefrom. Amongst a considerable
number of Codiwums (Crotons), for instance,
there were some seedlings, presumably raised
on the place, that if presented in the best
condition before the Floral Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society might win recog-
nition. An inspection of the stove and green-
house plants showed the new Coleus thyr-
soideus, a flowering species of much utility
and beauty, illustrated in Gardeners' Chronicle.
January 19, 1901, p. 39. Draciena Sanderiana,
pot Roses, the ubiquitous Begonia Oloire
de Lorraine, and its sport Caledonia, in
better condition than I had then seen this
novelty; CciMogynes ; various species of Lilies,
large Palms, ika. Remarking upon the strength
of the Begonia Caledonia plants, the foreman
informed me that he commenced with a stout
cutting from the base of a plant, and sub-
sequently propagated from leaf and bud only.

The most popular Tomato is Stirling Castle,
which is said to resist the leaf-fungus (Clado-
sporium fulvum) better than most varieties.
In the ground out-of-doors there are coller-
tions of forest and ornamental trees, Koses,
fruit-trees, and other plants.

Of Conifers that have been found to succeed
inthedistrict, a considerable stock of moderate-
sized plants is cultivated, including Abies
Parryana glauca, Ketinosporas, Thuya occi-
dentalis, I'iceas, &c. The most conspicuous
failure among the Conifers in this rather clayey
land overlying sand is .\raucaria imbricata.
Fine stocks of the golden-leaved l^rivet. of the
(ioldcn Klcler, Mahonia aquifolia, and Khodo-
dendrons, especially K. ponticum, were re-
marked. A large number of Ivy-plants is
grown in pots. There were satisfactory seed-
beds of Larch, Kirs, Pinus Pinaster (sown on
May .">), Norway .Spruce, Beech, Elder, i^tc. ;
Hollies were unusually well berried, including
some varieties that have not previously
fruited for years past. The seed olTiees, &c-..
like Mr. Thomson's, are in Frederick Street.

MESsns. T. Metiiven & Sons.

In what is regarded as the home of ICdin-
burgh nurseries — Inverlcith How — and
immediately opposite to one of the entrances
to the Koyal liotanic (lardens are the grounds
of Messrs. T. Methven & Sons, whoso seed
offices are in Princes Street. The business
was established by the late Thomas Methven,
and now belongs to his two sons, John and
Henry. The nursery, in conuuon with some
others, has sufTered greatly from the increased
needs of the city, forfeiting some of its land
to the builder. Consequently only fifteen acres
remain of the old nursery in Leith Walk, and
this area is planted with Rhododendrons and
other hardwooded shrubs, termed "American
plants." Altogether the firm cultivates some
70 acres, most of which is in Inverlcith Row.

The nursery has an imposing entrance, and
immediately the visitor passes through the
gateway, some pretty borders of Conifers are
seen, whi(;h alTord illustrations of a number of
species and varieties, and have a decorative
effect also. Mr. Mackenzie, who has had the
management of the nursery for many years,
told me that the conditions were not such as
all Conifers will thrive in. The soil consists
of a layer of black mould, some 18 inches deep,
and below this is sand to the depth of I!) feet,
or .jO feet. Seijuoias succeed pretty well
whilst very young, but directly the roots gtt

down into the sand, or their tops rise above
shelter, they cease to grow satisfactorily.
However, there are strong-growing stocks of
Abies amabilis, A. nobilis, A. concolor vio-
lacea, Pseudotsuga (Abies) Douglasii, Picea
pungens glauca, P. Eagelmanni glauca, Re-
tinosporas, Japanese and Chinese Junipers (the
Virginian species is less satisfactory), Cu-
pressus Lawsoniana anil the varieties aurea
and variegata. Thuyas, &e. The two very
best Conifers for the district, said Mr. Mac-
kenzie, are Thuya dolabrata and T. japonica
(Standishi).

Erica vagaus alba is used here as an edging
to some flower borders, in place of Box, which
will not grow well. The Heath appeared
capital for the purpose, and it may be cut
with a scythe once each year, as required.
The plants are a lively shade of green colour
during ten months of the year, but in August
and September present a beautiful show of
flowers.

The firm of Methven has long possessed a
reputiition for Larch and Scots Firs, and there
are good stocks of these at the present time,
from this year's seedlings to three years old
plants. Flms, Sycamore, Ash, Willow, and
the common Whitethorn are amongst species
of trees most in request for planting in the
district.

The stock of fruit-trees is large, there being
7 acres of land covered with it.

In the glasshouses there were stove and
greenhouse i>lants. Ferns, a fine collection of
tuberous-rooted Begonias, indoors in pots, and
in the borders in the open air ; pot Roses,
Figs, (iladiolus. vVrc.

The nursery is well managed, and the stock
appeared to be in the best condition. J".
(To be contituied.)

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

ASPECT OF SPAN-ROOFED GLASSHOUSES.—

I hi'lieve, in so far as it concerns fruit-trees
planted out under glass, the majority of culti-
vators favour the north and south for the
longer axis. Indeed, this would appear the
only method by which such a crop of fruit as
drapes, for example, would secure about an
equal amount of light on either slope, the one
side receiving the full sun's rays from the
time of rising, the other slope from noon to
sunset. .\ny otlier aspect for a vinery, seeing
that the Yine-rods are trained near the glass
on either side, would be most unfavourable to
one set of canes. It is much the same with
any other fruit-tree under glass, but more
particularly such as depend largely upon the
proper maturation of the year's shoots. It is
loss important in the case of the oichard-house
of pot-grown trees, because these ripen in the
open air ; and it is of lesser importance to
flowering plants, and such as we term " soft-
wooded." In this light let us take lor example
a set of houses separately devoted to Roses,
Carnations, and (iardenias. The most valu-
able time for the flowers of these plants — that
is, when the highest prices are obtained— is
the winter, and it is then that the sun-rays
arc of the greatest value to the plants ; and
we obtain the greatest amount of light
and sun -heat at that season between
the hours of 10 a.m. and i.aO P.Jf. Hence
the house, whose length runs east and
west, and has its l))'oad side to the south,
obtains the greater amount of solar heat. No
one better than -a grower of winter Roses
under glass knows the value of an iiour or two
of direct suiishiue at such a time. II' an
observant man, lie will trace its influence for
several days whou the crop is in a certain
stage, and in like degree it is life-giving and
stimulating to the plants. At (he present
time, on a clear day, this is distinctly notice-
able, and as I have tiirec houses in one direc-

tion, viz., north and south, and on each side
of these other blocks in an exactly opposite
direction, it is easy for me to note and compare
results. Years ago, however, so far as flowers
(and winter flowers in particular) were con-
cerned, there was no doubt in my mind but
that broad side to the south was the correct
aspect. At this time of year, when the sua
shines at all, there is life-giving glow about
10 A.M. in this house, and in conjunction
with large squares of glass (18 by 20 in., I
believe), the whole internal area is affected.
It is quite a different atmosphere in the other
set, despite the fact that the pitch of the roof
is much steeper, for the sun is upon these for
<iuite a short time comparatively, and its
greatest heat at noon is hardly felt by the occu-
pants. Needless to say, this block is reserved
for a later time, when the greater amount of
sunlight and its duration compensate for the
lack of sunlight as well as sunheat in wiiiter-
The flowers or crops mentioned above are all
more or less influenced by sunlight and sun.
heat, and Roses and Carnations to a remark-
able extent ; and provided the positions gene-
rally of the structures in this district, may
rightly be regarded as the outcome of experi-
ence, it may safely be assumed that "north
and south" is right for fruit, and "east and
west " for the tlowers. And if wo bear in
mind in this question of aspect earliness of
production, in so far as the winter flower-crop
is concerned, there is no comparison between
the two, and the house must run from east to
west. 'I''liere is, therefore, more points to con-
sider than at first sight appear, and it is not
merely the difference between the crops that
grow, for equally important is the season also
at which it is intended to obtain them. Heiiee,
it is not possible to lay down a fixed rule, or
if possible, at least, it is scarcely praetica'ole.
E. U. Jenkins, //ompfoii Hill.

Referring further to Mr. Engloheart's

recent query (p. .■!76), thirty years' practice
has led me to think that in this, as in '
niany otlier matters, perfection lies between
the two extremes, and I should prefer houses
running from north-east to south-west to any
other aspect. .\ house built in this way
cat;;hes the morning sunshine in the winter
mouths squarely on its side, so that the
rafters cause the leist possible obstruction.
The morning sun is all that is worth considera-
tion during the winter, and in summer this
factor is of less importance, as there is then
generally rather too much ol it than other-
wise. The great advantage of a house erected
in this way is that the afternoon sun in the
hotter months falls upon the end, so tliat it is
obstructed by the full depth of the rafters,
enabling syringing and closing (o be done
within reasonable working hours. When built
north and south, as generally advised, the
house is often too hot to close on bright after-
noons, so that the man in charge must either
come hack and attend to it after tea, or else
leave it fully open all night, either of which
courses is at times open to serious objection.
Clias. E. l'earsun,Cliiiwell Surseries, Lo ivdliam.

Kegarding the question asked by Mr,

(i. H. Kngleheart, I beg to say that span-roofed
houses should certainly be built due nortU
and south, so that the occupants of the same,
whether trained up under the roof-glass (as in
the case of Grapes, Peaches, Figs, Melons,
Cucumbers, and 'lomatos), or growing in pots
on side and central stages, as in the case of
foliage and flowering plants, may have the full
benefit of sunshine, morning, noon, and
atternoou. II. \V. W.

ASPARAGUS SPRENGERl.— -imong the many
decorative plants that wo now possess, this
is one whoso value is becoming well known;
moreover it is a plant that thrives and grows
luxuriantly e(|ually well in the stove or the
greenhouse. It is cxoollent as a plant for a
basket, as for a flower-pot. In the window,
entrance-hall, lobby, or corridor, it can be
used with good effect in the summer months,
lor hanging around balconies and verandahs, or
porches and doorways, (irown in a basket, lis

420

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decbmbkr 7, 1901.

Tigour is such that in a short space of time
the basket itself is quite hidden by verdure,
t; rowers for market are raising the plant in
large quantities. Recently I had the privilege
of seeing this plant growing on a large scale
at a nursery at Hillingdon Heath. The glass-
house was 250 feet in length and "i-'i feet wide,
and hanging from the roof, with just growi-ng
room, were numerous large and beautiful
specimens of the plant ; and the stages were
SUed with A. pUimosus nanus and A. tenuissi-
suis, well-grown healthy stuff. Obsevver.

MONTBRETIAS. — These bulbous plants
possess such altogether pretty flowers that
the interesting notes from Mr. Wolley Dod
Biay not unprofitably be supplemented. Here
the plants are not quite hardy, and 1 find it
necessary to lift the whole of the corms and
store them during winter in cold frames. I
have not tried covering them deeply in the
«pen, though I have thought of doing so ; but
it has two drawbacks. The one is, that if not
planted very deeply, severe frost catches
them ; and if planted so deeply as to be
beyond the reach of frost, there is the danger
of losing the growths— shall we say from
suffocation ? Certainly I find that the growths
fnil to reach the surface when by any chance
they are too deeply co\cred. Lifting annually
and replanting in the spring is indubitably
.snre to cure that flowerless condition of the
plants so often oliserved, especially on heavy
soils. In the case of transplanted conns, every
little shoot produces its flowers sooner or later.
I remember when I got MontbretiaPottsii just
after it was raised, I was told not to lift the
plant in order to induce a floriferous condition ;
but as a consequence, while the clump con-
tinued to increase in bulk, it never flowered
till I treated it like the hybrids, since when it
flowers quite freely. The difficulty with regard
to purchased corms not starting is easily over-
come if they are potted when received, but my
experience teaches me that no plant is less
shy than tliese to grow. Corms two and three
years old, and to all appearance destitute of
vitality, if separated from the young corms
and planted, may be depended on to produce
foliage and also young corms. The disease
which is mentioned I have never seen till the
present summer, when it attacked M. rosea.
In its effects the disease is exactly like that
which is so fatal to Gladiolus gandaVcnsis, for
which, hitherto, no cure has been found. Re-
verting to the question of hardiness, like a
great many other plants which are susceptible
to autumn frosts, equally severe frosts in spring
do no harm to the young leaves, consequently
the plants may be returned to the flower
borders or bods quite early in the season.
They do well in any kind of soil, the only
difference being, that plants growing in light
and dry soil fail to grow so vigorously as in
tliat of a better quality. They are wonder-
fully voracious of good fertilisers, such, for
instance, as pigeon's dung, .surface dressings
of which may be applied during the season of
growth. Superphosphate of lime is also an
excellent fertiliser for the plant, and when
during droughts, water is applied, I invariably
put some of the phosphate in the water. As
to varieties, M. crocosraicftora is perhaps not
so tine as Etoile de Feu, but it is, neverthe-
less, so good as to be worth growing. 1 very
much appreciate, too, the neat little M. Pottsii
grandiflora ; it is so distinct and good as to be
quite Indispensable. Another omission is M.
ijosea— certainly one of the finest of border
(jlants. If 1 were confined to two varieties,
this should be one of thera. It is not sto-
loniferons, but I find it safe to lift and store it
with Gladiolus. It is now .so plentiful that
yveryonc ought to grow it plentifully. B.

STAPELIA GIGANTEA.— A plant S(i seldom
seen outside of botanical gardens, yet the
finest and most interesting of the whole genus,
and worthy of a place in any garden. A
photograi)h of a three years old plant, from
cuttings, is sent, to illustrate how floriferous
it is here at Colosborne, in the garden of
H. J. Elwes, Esq. The flowers, measuring
'>.iver 12 inches in diameter, are pale yellow,

with purple veins. Altogether, the plant has
borne seven of these flowers this season, and
does not indicate any sign of weakness. It
is propagated by cuttings ; it is of easy culture
when potted in fllirous loam, sand, and broken
crocks, suspended from the roof of the plant-
stove. TV. W., Colexborne Park. [For a full-
page illustration of this fine species, see
Gardeners' Chronielc, Dec. 22, 1888, p. 729. Eo.]

LATE-CROPPING PEAS.— 1 read with interest
Mr. W'ythes' article on " Late-cropping Peas "
on p. 388. He there speaks highly of Autocrat
for late cropping. I know it to be a good mid-
season or late Pea on fairly heavy soils, but
he omitted to mention Chelsonian, a variety
that I have tested for two seasons, and
which I consider quite as good in every
respect. Sown on June 10, Chelsonian, (Jold-
finder, and Autocrat withstood the drought
better than any other, and continued in bear-
ing longer than the varieties mentioned. It is
a variety with a strong constitution, has large
and well-filled pods, and is of good flavour. The
plant grows here to a height of aI)out 6 feet.
J'or places where long Pea-sticks are plentiful
it is one of the best of recent introductions.
The soil of this garden is heavy. W. J. Snell,
Wimjiole Hall Gardens, Roijston.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM RUST. — It is not a

little surprising that, considering the general
diffusion of this pest, there are so few com-
munications from growers to the columns of
the Gardeners' Chronicle on methods for its
suppression. Very many who once held what
were considered effective recipes for its
destruction, have found that though effective
at one time, they are not confident with regard
to their value. It is curious, too, to find when
inspecting various collections of Chrysanthe-
mums, that some of them are quite exempt
from the fungus, and the growers have to take
no mc'ans against it, and yet they obtain some
of their stock from other growers who have
the disease among their plants. I have met
with instances where a clean stock has been
kept free from attack by not introducini;-
iiew plants fi'om outside sources. On inquiry,
the fact has been elicited that isolation was
not always successful, for while the collec-
tion may have been free for a season or two
it suddenly reappeared, and that, too, in a
severe form. Two collections have come under
my notice this season, where not a loaf was
affected by the rust ; and in both the practice
of exhibiting was unknown, though in each
the plants were !;rown for specimen blooms
for house and conservatory furnishing. Whether
the non-use of chemical, or rich liquid-manure
accounts for the absence of rust on the plants
is at present a debatable point, for others are
not similarly immune when a similar course is
adopted. The opinion of some of your many
readers on the origin and treatment of the
rust cannot be other than interesting and in-
structive in the coming season. One of my
acquaintances, a successful grower of Chrysan-
themums, jiinned his faith in the early part of
the season on the virtues of nicotine-vapour,
ap|)liecl to plants standing in a house, allowing
a greater strength than is usual for the de-
struction of insects. This no doubt ha<l the
effect of staying its progress for a time, but I
believe symptoms appeared, as they so often
do in the autumn months, just prior to or
about the time of housing of the plants.
Another substance which was heralded as a
safe and effectual remedy has not always ful-
filled the hopes of the user, though probably
some failings may be attributable to a lack of
energy and confidence in its application.
Condy's Fluid is strongly advocated by some
as a cure, so also is an emulsion made with
petroleum and soft-soap rendered soluble by
boiling for a short time over a slow fire. Neat
petroleum is applied by some, by the aid of a
pointed stick or small camel-hair pencil, to the
" spots " when, in the spring or early autumn,
ihey are not so numerous; but while this
usually infallible remedy for most plant-pests
appear to destroy the power of the spores at
the time of the application, the rust reappears
later on vs'ith renewed activity, often bursting
up outside, or on the edges of the spot already

destroyed by the oil. Cannot science come to
the rescue, and give growers some good and
cheap antidote? Many gardeners, after
battling with the disease for so long and
without success, have resigned themselves to
the apparently inevitable, and now leave
matters to chance. A bad attack is very dis-
appointing, because the plants lose their foli-
age— and what value is there in flowers with-
out foliage ? Some varieties are more pre-
disposed to be attacked than others, but once
the disease intrudes, there are but few that
are immune. An impression seems to have
gained currency that highly-fed exhibition
jilants are those that foster the disease the
most, which may be the case. W. S.

FRUITING OF PRUNUS PISSAROI. — I think I
saw in the Gardeners' Chronicle some time
ago a discussion about the fruiting of Prunus
Pissardi. Now that the leaves have fallen, I
have found several fruits hanging on young
trees growing here, and although over-ripe,
the flavour is very pleasant and the fruit full
of juice. A. Billmun, Ersham, Hailsliam.

SELECT VARIETIES OF BLACK AND WHITE

GRAPES. — The suggestion of your correspon-
dent " A. D." (see p. ."!98), that a census of the
best six black and four white Grapes in com-
merce be recorded in the Gardeners' Chronicle
is a good one. Here are my favourites. Blacks :
Black Hamburgh, Madresfleld Court, Appley
Towers, Black Alicante, Mrs. Pince's ISlack
Muscat, and Lady Downes ; whites : Canon
Hall Muscat or Muscat of Alexandria, Buck-
land Sweetwater, Lady Hutt, and Mrs. Pearson.
The names of the above-mentioned Grapes are
placed in the order in which they ripen, and
are therefore fit for use. H. W. Ward.

SYNONYMS IN GRAPES.— I observed in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 285, some time since,
an interesting paragraph from your corres-
pondent "A. D. " concerning old and new
Grapes. I am quite of "A. D.'s " opinion
about the Muscat of Alexandria having nume-
rous synonyms ; so also has Muscat Hamburgh,
Black Hamburgh, and many others. I am
much surprised and disappointed with the
Royal Horticultural Society for not having
brackctted the synonymous varieties of
Grapes in cultivation in this country,
and classified black and white Grapes
ere this. What a boon it would be to the
younger generation of gardeners if you, Mr.
Editor, or some one would .send out circulars
to cultivators of the Grape-vine, and endea-
vour to have an election, by points, of those
Grapes of different names which are considered
synonymous, and what points could be ob-
tained for twelve best black and eight white
Grapes in cultivation. I have witnessed a
young gardener staging Bowood Muscat and
Muscat of Alexandria for two distinct varie-
ties, but he got no award, and was dis-
appointed, because he did not know the reason
for such a decision. If the judges had written
the word " synonymous " on the show-card, it
would have saved much criticism. I have aLso
known a gardener competing in a class for
Black Hamburgh Grapes who left his best
bunches on his Vines because they were named
Champion Hamburgh. What a pity that such
blunders should take place ! Let us try our
best to remedy this. A. Kirk, F.R.H.S., Nor-
wood Gardens, Alloa, N.Ii.

VIOLETS. — A correspondent, " B. L.," asks
at p. ;i83, what cause can te assigned or
remedy suggested for the following apparently
arrested flowering of Violets. He says : — "I
live in Staffordshire ; all round are gardens
where Violets in frames flower well (as they
should do) from September to Slay." Adding':
" In my case the Violets (strong, large
clumps) have for two years running been
lifted into the frames at the end of August,
buds have formed, five or six showing on a
plant, and then nothing has happened ; the
buds have not damped otf, but simply remained
in a state of arrested development till the end
of February, when they have flowered pr'o-
fusely." To my mind, as an old and successful
cultivator of the Violet, the above-mentioned

December 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

421

facts seem to indicate tlie cause and suggest
the remedy plainly enough. Strong, large
clumps of Violets, assuming these to result
from young, selected single plants, having
good plump crowns, set out in good ground
towards the end of April in rows, say 15 inches
apart, and at the same distance from plant to
plant in the row, and afterwards attended to
in the way of pinching out superfluous runners,
and stopping those retained to form the plants
or clumps beyond the "crown" of each indi-
vidual embryo plant, instead of being furnished
with five or six flower-buds at the end of
August, should possess ten times that number
of developed and undeveloped flower-buds.
The fact of the live or six flower-bud.s showing
on the plants at the time they were lifted
" remaining in a state of arrested develop-
ment" till the end of February, when the
plants are allegetl to have flowered profusely,
goes to show that the plants were not very
well established at the time, and that
they may have experienced a check in
the process of being transferred from the
open ground to the frames by not having
sufficient soil attached to the roots ; and
perhaps the after-treatment may not have
been judiciously directed with a view to re-
establishing the plants in their new quarters
in as short a time as possible, while the con-
ditions as regards weatlicr were favourable to
this end being attained. Hence the five or six
flower-buds remaining in a state of "arrested
development" during the interval elapsing
between August and the end of February ;
and the fact of the plants flowering profusely
at the end of the last-mentioned month justi-
fies this assumption, and also affords con-
clusive evidence to support the inference that
the energies of the plants were directeil to the
formation and production of a profusion of
flower-buds during September and five follow-
ing months — a period of time when the plants
have been yielding a bountiful supply of fully-
developed flowers. The remedy is : Grow the
plants from the beginning in the manner sug-
gested above, setting strong, single young
plants (selecting those having large, well-
ripened crowns) in good ground, in rows
about 15 ins. apart, and at the same distance
from plant to plant in the row, pressing the
soil about the roots in planting. Stir the soil
between the rows and plants with a Dutcli-
hoo a few times during the summer months,
to accelerate growth in the plants as well
as to keep them free from weeds; and
apply water at the roots and overhead when
considered necessary, in order to promote
and maintain a healthy and floriferous growtli
in the plants — large, well-established plants,
liberally furnished with flowers and flower-
buds in profusion, ready for transferring to
the frames with good balls of earth adhering
to the roots. A space of al)Out ti in<;hes shoultl
be allowed between the plants every way,
allording a clear space of about 2 inches
between the plants and tlie glass. Make the
soil firm about the roots in i)lanting, after-
wards afford wat<n' to settle the soil about
the plants, und keep the frames close for a few
days, syringing overhead in the afternoons of
lifiijlit (hiys until llie plants have thoroughly
< •^t.ll)lish(■<l tlicmselvcs in their new position.
After which abundance of fresh air should be
admitted day and night in the absence of
frost and heavy rain — indeed, in flue weather
the sashes should be drawn off altogether, and
replaced when adverse weather threatens.
Damp is the great enemy to be guarded against
during the winter months. H. W. W.

THE POTATO DISEASE.— It is somewhat dis-
quieting to find in our late or maincro])
Potatos, that there is a good deal of what may
be called latent or resting disease. Myriads
of what are apparently sound tubers are when
peeled fouiul to be diseased, and an argument
in favour of the practice of peeling the tubers
is thus furnished. But the disappointment is
specially groat when it is found to be a
cnnstant feature; and complant made to the
greengrocer only results in getting the reply,
"It is the same everywhere." It is so un-
fortunate that these evidences of disease are not

visible on the surface. Were it so the tubers
could be rejected, but being invisible no one
can tell the good from the bad. Jfo doubt this
recrudescence of the disease, for we have not
suffered much from it for a year or two, is due
to the heavy rains and rather lower tempera-
ture of the late auttunn ; the abundant
moisture carrying the spores of the fungus t'
the tubers. Early crops of Potatos, though
not heavy because of the drought, were yet
very good in quality, and there was no disease
in them. Now that we are apparently, almost
exclusively, dependent on that line lato
variety Up-to-Date for our market supplies,
its constitutional weakness has become evident.
We seem still to be a long way from having an
absolutely disease - resisting variety, .and
possibly whilst some have come very near to
meriting that term, we never may. It would be
interesting to learn, in face of this recurrence
of the disease, if the Bordeaux Mixture remedy
has been much in use — probably nowhere fc
any large scale. A really grave attack of the
disease, such as marked the " 'forties," seems
needful to arouse Potato-growers to the saving
properties of this remedy. .1. D.

Krelage was a constant attendant at inter-
national and other horticultural shows, and
was as much respected for his personal
qualities as he was admired for his knowledge
and his willingness to impart it. We repro-
duce a portrait showing the deceased gentle-
man ten years ago.

©bituan?.

J. H. Kreijxge. — It is with deep regrec
we record the death on the 1st inst. of Mr.
J. H. Krelage, one of the foremost horticul-
turists in Holland. Jacob Heiurich Krelage
was born in Xovember, 1824, at Haarlem. Ho

J. JI, KUELAGE,

was the only son of E. H. Krelage, a native of
Osnabruck, Hanover, who founded the business
at Haarlem in 1811. He soon extended his
operations to Frankfort, of which city by
marriage with Miss Kresenius, he became a
free citizen, and in consequence entitled to
cari;y on business independently of the fail's.
Year after year further extensions were made,
and in 1841 J. II. Krelage undertook the man-
agement of the i'ranklort branch. In 1850 the
son entered into partnership with his father,
the firm being styled, as it still is, K. 11.
Krelage & Son. In 1855 the original founder
died. The subsequent record of the firm is
one long succession of extensions, and records
of successes obtained in various exhibitions in
Holland and elsewhere. In 1850 the Frankfort
business was given uj).

The Darwin Tulips wore among the most
notable of recent introductions of the firm.
They originated in the collection of M. Leng-
lart, of Lille, which was purchased by Mr.
Krelage. Mr. Krelage's knowledge of the
history of bulbous plants was extensive and
varied, and his lil)rary was the envy of col-
lectors and the delight of bibliographers. Mr.

SOCIETIES.

HOYAL HOBTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committeo.

.\0\EM11E11 yi.—rrrsriit: Dr. M. T. lI:U5tcrs (iu tlio
Lliuir), Messrs. Houston, Odcll, Druory, Cluapmaii,
Sutton, Saunders, Bowles and Hud.son ; Drs. Rendlo
and Cooke; Revs. W. Wilks, .and U. Henslow, Hon. Sec.

riasmodiam, rcwM-(iits/o)'.— With rof(n-ence I o lime as x
remedy tor clubbing, Mr. Houston observed that with
supci-phospliatc tlic disease teudoil to increase, as it/
was of an acid nature ; but tlic couvcrse took place
with basic slag, as it was alkaline, and more destruc-
I ive to the slime fungus.

Ci/liripediitm insignc— Mr. ODEI.I. exliiliited a blossom
liaving the two basal sepals distinct, instead of co-
herent, as is normally the case.

Daphne fascialcd.—tilr. Wilks showed an example of
this well-known peculiarity. It has lately been stated
tliat the immediate cause of incitement to fasciation is
tlic presence of an abundance of food in an easily
assimilable condition.

Auelralmn ij/mftiirl),— Mr. SUTTON regretted that Iio
was unable to show samples, as it has again been cut
by the frost. Tliongh flourishing -Jt this season of the
year in Australia, it has not yet become so acclimatised
to frosts in England as to be available as a winter crop*,,

-Irmfrm ptaidinjiiien, Joiiuaous.—'Mv. Bowi.ES exlii-
l)itcd a specimen in which the bracts had elongated
into leaves, as not infrequently occui-s iu Plantains.

Lily Hiilhs Discas'd. —He also brought bulbs and-
foliage of the white Lily badly attacked by Botrytis, an
unusual occurrence at this season of Uie year.

f.iiin -Koi-s.— Dr. CoOKE showed specimens of the
inner bark of Aiiuilaria Agallooha, smoothed for the
purpose of writing upon, from India; also a piece of
the somi-dccaycdand liighly i-esiuous wood. The name
w.'is given (in Greek Xylaloe) to llie wood by Aiitius, a
physician of Mesopotamia in the lii'th century. In
Jjitin it is lignumaloii— i.e., " Wood Aloe," from the
astringent and bitter tsiste, rcsemLling tl:al oi the true
Aloe.

Diamacd Citrnidiom.— Or. Cooke reported as follows
upon the pl.ants sent to the last moctiug liy Mr. Ja»
DouaL.^s:— "They are cliiefly alVeclcd by tlie rather
new disease caused by Macrosporium noljilo, ligured iu
tlic plates for 'Hort. Journ.'; a litlle mixed witli Heto-
rosporium echiunlatum, also figured. Tlic disease
should be biouglit under control by picking otl'diseased
leaves, and spraying witli ammouiacal (^oppor solution.
Liable to spread rapidly from a great power of repro-
duction tliat it possesses in the fertility of the spores."

Azolla Species. -Mr, Odell observed that in reference
to the plant sent by Mr. Burbidgo to the last meeting,
the species whicli is apt to spread to a, detrimental
degree in ponds is .\. pinnata, and not .\. flliculoides.

Friiil Tree Roots Diseased.— TAr. DKAN, of Wainsford
Gardens, Lymington, sent roots of Vines, Peaches, and
Figs. Dr. Cooke observed that they woro growing iu
a soil with'decayed vegetable matter, in which mycelium,
of fungi occurred. This then a,ttMks Hie roots of
living trees, and becomes parasitic, upon tliciii, When
this is I ho case, tlie roots must bo taken up carefully
and thoroughly washed, and replanted in good soil.

.Scoiopciidrium mi:— Mr. Duuehy exhibited a plant
called S. vulgare Drummondia'supcrbum. It is remark-
able for its doubly incised and very fimbriated edges,
and a terminal i-rest to the fronds. It dlll'era from ttre
parental form, S. v. crispum Drummondiio, by a greater
development of this fimbriate character, and an entire
absence of the dimorphous character seen in the
original find, which has smooth-edged fronds, and
somewhat fimliriatcd once intermixed. The variety
shown is also more markedly aposporous, the Urn-
briatioiis terminating in ai-rial protluilli, without
being layered. This form is undoubtedly the most
beautiful type yet developed iu the species, being
finely frilled, prettily crested, and curved sinuously in
the plane of the frond.

422

THE GARD ENER S " CIIR ONI CL E.

[December 7, 1901.

Pifl'isporum coriacctim.—'Dv. Masters showed fruiting
sprays of this New Zealand shrub, bearing groy.two-
lobed berries, full of black shiny seeds. It is a liardy
evergreen.

. Cephalotaxt(s.—He also showed a tutted bough of C.
tlrupacea. It was probably caused by the attack of
some insect.

Mendel's Xmo.— Mr. HuHST sent the following com-
munication upon the application of Mendel's law to
"intermediate" hybrid characters :—" Mendel's law of
llie dissociation of hybrid charactei's according to the
iiimple formula A 4- 2Aa + a was enunciated in 186.'),
but it was not until a short time ago tliat the law was
confirmed and re-established by the e.^perimcnts and
researches of Prof. Hugo de A'ries, Correns, Tschermal.
and Webbor. In addition to the above, we hare been
/avoured with an admirable translation and exposition
of Mendel's work in the Journal of the Society by Mr. \V.
Batcson. F.E.S. Hitlierto Mendel's law seems to have
been applied to ' discontinuous ' hybrids only, and not at
all to the more numerous class known as ' intermediate '
hybrids. Having for some years past made a special study
of Orchid hybrids (which belong for the most part to tlie
' intermediate ' class), I thouglit tliat it might perhaps
••ije of some interest to ascertain whether Mendel's law
lield good in regard to them. A careful analysis of tlie
inheritance of some 3,500 pairs of specifie characters
was therefore made in tlie following genera, viz.,
Cattleya, Lalia, L.Tlio-Cattleya, Cymljidium, Dcndro-,
bium, Odontoglossum, Miltonia., Sobralia, Zygopctalum,
Paphiopedilum (Cypripedium), and Phragmipedilum
(Selenipedium). These experiments show that, with
certain modifications, Mendel's law appears to hold
good for 'intermediate' hybrid cliaracters, as well as
for 'discontinuous' ones, with tlie further advant.igc
iliat the law can be applied to primary hybrids as well
;is to secondary ones, and to cross-breeding generally,
as well as to in-breeding by self-fertilisation. I liope to
publish a detailed account of these observations (witli
your kind permissioni in the Journal of the Society at
an early date. Sliould tliese results be confirmed, the
present scope and value of Mendel's law will he con-
sider.ably extended, and we shall be getting a little
Hearer towards the solution of the problems of
heredity."

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

December 3.— The last meeting of the Floral Com-
niittee for the present season' took place at the Koyal
Aquarium, Westminster, on Tuesday last, when the
following awards were made :—

Chnjsanthemmn " Little Jewel."— A " Spidery" Japanese
flower of miniature size, full lemon colour, deeper than
that of Mrs. Carter. From Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth
Nurseries, Devon {.\ward of Merit).

Chrysanthemum- C. J. Mee.—A ricli yellow Japanese
Slower, of large size. <ind slightly reflexing florets. From
Mr. H. Weeks, Thrumpton Hall Gardens, Derby
(Award of Merit).

Chrysanthemum Blush Canning. — This is a bhisli-
coloured sport from the popular late-flowering variety.
L. Canning. Shown by Messrs. W. & R. Owen, Maiden-
head (First-class Certificate).

December 3, 4, .'>.— The winter exliibition of the
National Chrysanthemum Society was opened on
Tuesday last in the Royal Aquarium. There was as
good a display as usual in December, and incurved
flowers shown on boards were of remarkably good
quality. Mr. HiGOS was again the best exliibitor ot
this type. The Japanese flowers are less fresh than
lihe incurved blooms at this season, but a very com-
mendable exliibit of twelve specimens was made in tlic
slass calling for that number.

In tlie class for twenty-four blooms, there were
blooms of great size, but most of them lacked colour,
or had lost their freshness, and consequently their
attractiveness. It was again disappointing to see tlint
the varieties staged were for the most part those which
we saw in so much better condition at the November
show.

Judges ai'e far too ready to award prizes to the largest
blooms shown, wliether good in colour or not, iuul
whether fresh in appearance or not, conse<iuently
exhibitors try to hurry the largest exliibitiou varieties
into bloom for the October show, and by " taking "
difterent buds, and keeping the plants back as much as
possible, pi-esent them again in December, although
most of them can only lie shown in perfect condition in
Novemter.

The exhibits in two or three classes were especially
uninteresting, namely, those for twenty-four bunches,
and for twelve bunches of flowers. In respect to tlie
first-named class, the schedule says "twenty-four
bunches, any section," and the exhibitors thinking
they must show "size," cut all tlieir large, fading

flowers, and put them into tliese classes, occasionally
more than one variety in a vase. Such classes might
be made useful to illustrate the best late-flowering
decorative varieties, which at present are insufficiently
represented at this show, through the preference given
to " size."

Exhibits of Chrysanthemums, plants, fruits, and
vegetables from the trade were nunierous, and greatly
increased the show.

Blooms Shown on Boards.'

In the class for twenty-four Japanese blooms, in not
fewer than eighteen varieties, there were six collections
staged. The principal varieties in thelst prize exhibit,
from Mr. H. Weeks, Thrumpton Hall Gardens, Derby,
were J. R. Upton, Mrs. Mease. Madame Carnot, Madame
Cadbury, Australie, C. J. Warren, C. J. Mee, a flower
with rather narrow florets, distinct yellow colour;
Miss Maud Douglas, and several seedlings. Mr. W. C,
Modral, gr. to Col. F. Shuttleworth, Old Warden
Park, Biggleswade, won 2nd prize. Tbe most distinct
flower in tliis exhibit was one of the Secretary Fierens,
with its broad, twisting, ratlier sprawling florets,
showing shades of red, bufl', and orange colour; Le
Grand Dragon, M. Chenon de Leclic, and others were
of considerable size, but were not characteristic. Two
specimens of Mrs. Barkley were better developed. 3rd,
Mr. R. Kenyon, gr. to A. F. Hill, Esq., Monkh.ams,
Woodford Green. Amongst exhibits in this class was
one from the Earl of Harrington, Elvaston Castle,
Derby (gi-., Mr. J. H. Goodacre).

The 1st prize exhibit in the class for twelve Japanese
blooms was not only of greater merit than the six
other collections in the same class, but it was of
unusual quality for so late a date. The varieties were
Mrs. Barkley,good in size andextra in colour; Madame
Carnot, Graphic, F. Molyneux, Chatsworth, Miss J.
Cottle, rich yellow colour ; Mrs. Mease, R. H. Langton,
M. Panckouke, Mary Molyneux, Surpasse Admiral,
and President Borel ; 2hd, Mr. R. Kenyon, gr. to A. F.
Hills, Esq., Monkhams, Woodford Green; and 3rd,
Mr. W. C. Modral.

Mr. Aplin won 1st prize for six Japanese blooms.

There were four exhibits of collections of twelve
Japanese blooms from single-handed gardeners, for
special prizes olTercd by C. W. Richardson, Esq., and
the best was shown by Mr. W. Tipler, gr. to Miss Smith
DORRIEN, Hartwell Villa, Aylesbury : Mr. A. Page
being 2nd.

The best collection of twelve Japanese blooms in the
amateur section was one from Mr. A. Freeman, gr. to
R. L. Harmsworth, Esq., M.P., Reveley Lodge, Bushey
Heath ; Mr. W. Tipler being 2ud.

Incurved Varieties
were good. The collection of twelve blooms from Mr.
W. Higgs, gr. to J. B. Hankev. Esq . Fetchani Park,
Leatherhead, were unusually fine in size .and geuenal
development. The best bloom in the exhibit being
one of Bonnie Dundee, was of extra merit. The other
varieties shown were R.alph Hatton, Frank Hammond,
Miss Phyllis Fowler, lalcne, Egyptian, and Mdlle. Lucie
Faure, all of them good in quality for this part of the
season. Mr. W. Neville, gr. to F. W. Flight, Esq.,
Cornstiles, Twyford, Hants, was 2nd; and Mr. J. H.
Goodacre 3rd. .\n extra prize was awarded to Mr. Jno.
Aplin, gr. to W. Meath Baker, Esq., there being
eleven collections in this class.

Mr. C. Cox, gr. to J. Trotter, Esq., Tlie Grange
Brickcndon, Herts, won 1st prize for six Japanese
blooms (amateurs); and Mr. Ebjjest E. Hobsev, GofTs,
Oak, Cheshunt, Ist prize for a similar number of
blooms from amateurs in Division B.

Blooms Shown in Bunches.

The class for "twenty-four bunches of Chrysanthe-
mums, any section," brought a great show of flowers,
but the bunches were irregular and lacked neatness,
even those shown in the 1st prize collection contained
any number of blooms from three to five, and iu
several of the earthenware vases there were more than
one variety. The 1st prize was awarded to Mr. Jno.
Aplin, gi-. to W. Me.ath Baker, Esq., Hasfield Court,
near Gloucester. The brightest and best-coloured
blooms (though not largest) were those of the variety
King of the Yellows. 2ud, Mr. W. Howe, gr. to Amy
Lady Tate. Park Hill, Streatham.

A similar Class for twelve bunches, in not fewer
than six varieties and three blooms as a limit to each
bunch, was won by Mr. W. C. Modral, gr. to Col. F.
Shuttleworth, Old Warden Park, Biggleswade; and
a class for six blooms (Amateurs) by Mr. W. G. Prcd-
den-Clark, York Road, Hitchin. In this exhibit were
unusually fresh blooms of Mdme. R. Cadbury; and
Chatsworth was shown well iu Mr. Modral's collection
of twelve blooms.

There was little worthy of remark in the class for six
bunches of Japanese blooms. Some good blooms of
well-known varieties were shown by Mr. W. Tipler, gr.
to Miss Smith Doreien. Hartwell.

A collection of six bunches of large-flowered single
varieties, from Mr. G- W. Forbes, gr. to Mine. NicOLS,
Regent's House, Surbiton, contained the varieties Kate
Williams, Rudbeckia, \'iolet Baylis, London Beauty,
Black Prince, and Yellow Giant. These made a good
show, and were awarded 1st prize. 2nd and 3rd prizes
were won by Mr. A. Page, gr. to G. W. Kilner, Esq.,

Ravenscroft, Moss Hall Grove, Flnchley ; and Mr. F.
Bush, gr. to W. T. Lister, Esq., Rose Hill, Totteridge.

Mr. G. W. Forbes liad also the best blooms of small-
flowered single varieties, and won 1st prize for six
bunches, including the varieties Little Wonder, Little
Pet, and Autumn Tints. Mr. A. Page was 2nd. and
Mr. W. Tipler 3rd.

"Spidery," or decorative varieties, were also shown
in collections of six bunches each. The 1st prize for
these was won by Mr. Jno. French, gr. to Mrs. Bab-
clay, Ambleside, Wimbledon Park ; and his varieties
were Goldfnen F.nden, Jetsujetu, Cheveux d'Or, White
Jetsujetu, Mrs Filkins, and Cannell's Favourite. Mr,
.\. Page was 2nd ; his blooms of Mrs. Carter and Alice
Carter ivere very pretty.

Small-floweeed Pompons
in si.x bundles were shown best by Mr. D. B. Crane,
4, Woodview Terrace, Archway Road, Highgate. There
were two varieties only. Snowdrop (white) and Primrose
League (yellow). Mr. W. C. Pagrani,gr. to J. Courtenay,
Esq., The Whim, Wcybridge, who was 2nd, had also
Miss Fulford (white, larger than the Primrose League
type). Perfection (very small, bronze colour, with
yellow centre). Miss G. Waterer (white), and Lilac Gem.

Flowers in Decoration.

Miss C. B. Cole, The Vineyard, Feltham, won a 1st
prize for a large vase furnished with Clirysanthenium-
blooms, there being six or seven exhibitors. She had
used small decorative varieties exclusively. The same
exhibitor won 1st prize for the best arranged vase of
Pompon blooms.

The best vase of Chrysanthemums from an amateur,
was one shown by Mr. T. L. Turk, gr. to T. Boney, Esq.,
Southwood House. Highgate. The blooms were
arranged in the form of agreat cone, andallof them were
exhibition varieties of large size, and nice and fresh in
appearance. 2nd, Mr. H . Pestell, gr. to F. S. Wigeam:,
Esq., Elstow, Bedford. There were numerous exhibits
in this class.

Plants in Pots.

In the class for six flowering Begonias there were
two exhibits, and the variety in either case was Gloire
de Lorraine. The best were extraordinary examples
from Lady Pigott, Wexham Park, Slough (gr., Mr. Jno.
Fleming). They were in 7-inch pots, about 25 feet high,
and more than .5 feet in circumference. In addition to
the 1st prize, Mr. Fleming was given a special award of
a small Silver Medal for " superior cultivation." They
were the best wo have seen. Mr. Jno. Fulton, gr. to
F. D. Lambert, Esq., J. P., Moor Hall, Cookham, who
was 2ad, had also commendable specimens.

The 1st prize in two classes for a collection of plants
bearing flowers, berries, or ornamental foliage, was
won by Mr. W. Howe with a miscellaneous collection
arranged upon a table. Some of the most showy
plants were Solauum capsicastruni, .\calypha hispida,
Poinsettias, Bouvardias, Roman Hyacintlis, Cypripe-
dium insigne, Codi;cums, Dracpena Sanderiana, &c
There was no other exhibitor in the open class, or that
for amateurs only.

There were not i.iany Chrysanthemum plants shown.

Non-competitive Exhibits.

Messrs. Wm. Clibran & Son, Altriucham, Cheshire,
exhibited a collection of single-flowered Chrysaiithe-
niuins in bunches, representative of about seventy
varieties, including a number of seedlings raised at
Altrincham. One of these, Mr. Will Jordan, a medium-
sized flower of good form, of crimson-lake colour, with
white band around the disc, the Floral Committee re-
quested to have brought before them on a future occasion
Others, including white and variously coloured flowers,
were promising, particularly one named Sir Henry
Pets, a large-flowered variety, terracotta colour, with
yellow centre (large Silver Medal).

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent, made a
very large exhibit of vegetables, good in quality, and
representative of most kinds in season. Also exhibits
of Chrysanthemum blooms, exceedingly bright zonal
Pelargonium flowers, and plants of Begonia Gloire de
Lorraine, &c. Messrs. Cannell & Sons were awarded
two Gold Medals.

Mr. Norman Davies, Framfleld Nurseries, Sussex,
had a very extensive exhibit of Chrysantheraum
blooms, with ornamental-leaved plants, ifcc, inter-
spersed with them. This display was arranged around
one of the fountains, which it furnished most effec-
tively from base to summit. Tliere were extraordinary
blooms of Madame Carnot, Mrs. Mease, and Madame
R. Cadbury amongst others ; and Robert Morgan, a
bright crimson single, was displayed to advantage
(Large Gold Medal).

Mr. R. C. Pulling, Monkham's Nursery, Woodford
Green, Essex, made a display of Chrysanthemums
upon the floor; the eflfect was very decorative, and
some of the season's novelties were included in the
varieties shown (Large Gold Medal).

Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft Nurseries, Hither Green,
Lewisham, made a characteristic exhibit upon the same
spot that he usually appropriates. The new incurved
variety William Higgs, and many excellent novelties,
were shown in this display, which contained also
groups of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine (Large Gold
Medal).

December 7, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

423

Messrs. W. JcR. Ow-EN", Floral Nurseries, Maidenlicad.
exhibited a group o£ Cliinesc Primulas (Small Silver
Medal).

Mr. E. F. Such, Nurseries. Maidenhead, exhibited
Apples, Begonias, and a few Chrysanthemum blooms
Large Silrer Medal).

An exceptional exhibit of floral devices was made by
Mr. L.H. Calcutt, nurseryman, Stoke Newington. The
feature of this exhibit was a series of wire arches over
a groundwork of mirrors. The arches were 5 or 6 feet
high, and freely decorated with Chrysanthemum
blooms chiefly of golden yellow colour. The furnishing
was done well, and the sprays of Siiiilax and other
greenery were used to the best cftect. In the front were
great stones, apparently Derbyshire-spar (Gold Medali.

Messrs. W. Cutbush .5: Sox, Highgate, London, and
Barnet, Herts, exhibited a group of miscellaneous
flowering and ornamental-leaved plants. Ericas and
Begonias, Liliums, Pernettyas, Astilbe japonica. Ac.
(SUver-gilt Medal).

Messrs. Jxo. Lainc; i Sons, Forest Hill Nurseries.
London, S.E.. showed an attractive exhibit of 1.30 dishes
of Apples, decorated with Orange-trees in pots. Be-
gonias, &c. (Gold Medal).

Messrs. Austin & Co., Kingston, exhibited a collec-
tion of bottled fruits (Gold Medal).

Messrs. C. W. Nieuwebf <t Co., Pinner Road. Hai-roiv-
on-the-Hill, exhibited some straw mats and baml)00
blinds— very useful forms of protection and shading.

NATIONAL ROSE.

The twenty-fifth annual general mcetintr of the
National Rose Society will take place at the Rooms of
the Horticultural Club, Hotel Windsor, Victoria
Street, on Thursday, December 12, at ."i.Su v. ii.,
to receive the report of the committee, to pass the
accounts, to elect the committee and oflicers lor the
ensuing year, and for the transaction of other general
business : 11. Honywood D'Ombrain, Edward Mawley
hon. secretaries.

A meeting of tlie committee will be lield immediately
after the annual yeneial meeting to elect the <icneral
Purposes Ccjinmittee for the ensuing year.

Proposed alteration of by-laws and regulations.—
Proposed that By-law 2 be altered to read as follows ;-
"That this society consist of members paying annual
subscriptionsof either one guinea or half a guinea."

Proposed addition to Regulation 2.— "But where
sullicient prominence is given in the schedule to
classes for decorative and Tea Roses, the committee
may grant permission for a two days' show."

Proposed that Regulation 1.". be altered to read as
follows: "Hybrid Teas arc regarded as Hybrid Per
pctuals in competition, unless specially excluded by
the schedule, and may not be shown in the Tea and
Noisette section."

Proposed new Regulation.— "All boxes must bo on the
stages wlierc (hey arc to be judged, and all the lids
removed fifteen minutes before the time appointed for
judging."

Proposed that Regulation U be altered to read as
follows :—" A 11 blooms exhibited (except where specially
directed in the schedule to be shown in vases or other
receptacles) must be staged in boxes of the regulation
size, viz., 4 inches high in front and 18 inches wide, and
of the following lengths (all outside meaBuremcnIsi :—
For twenty-four blooms, .1 feet « inches long; for
eighteen blooms, 2 feet'j inches long ; for twelve liloonis,
2 feet long : for nine blooms, 1 foot li inches long; for
six blooms, 1 foot long; for eight trebles, 3 feel i! inches
long; fur six trebles, 2 feet V inches long; for four
trebles, 2 feet long.

The twcnly-lifth Annual Dinner of the National Rose
Society will take place at the Hotel Windsor on the
same day, at .'i.TO pm., E. B. LlndscU, Esq., in the
chair. Any Fellow wishing to attend the dinner
should inform the Secretaries of his wish before
December 10.

LINNEAN.

NovEMBEH 21.— Professor S. H. ViNE.s, F.R.S., Presi-
dent, in the chair.

On the occasion of the meeting of this Society, Dr.
A. B. Rendi.e, F.L.S., showed specimens of Rubus
australis [Forstcr], the New Zealand " Laivycr Vine. '
which had been sent by Mr. F. W. Burbidgc from the
Trinity College Botanic Gardens. Dublin. The speci-
mens, which comprised three forms, furnished a
striking example of variability within the range of a
single species. One, the leafy form, bore leaves with
three large leaflets somewhat prickly on the stalks and
midrib, recalling our native Blackberry. In an inter-
mediate form the leaflets were much reduced in size,
while the stalks were longer and much more prickly.
In a third the flat leaf-surface had completely disap-
peared, the leaves now consisting of an elongated
stalk, bearing long, naked midribs, bcsict, like Iho
Icaf-Btalks and tlie stem, with strong, short, recurving
prickles, by means of which the plant climbs over
surrounding vegetation. Mi\ Burbidgc slates that the
three forms are from three distinct plants, reared from
seeds scut from New Zealand; they arc said to be

permanent under ■■ultivation. The scandent type,
with its complete leiUiction of leaf-surface, is obviously
adapted for growth under much drier conditions than
the leafy one. In the xerophyte the assimilating
function is shared to a great extent by the well-deve-
loped green cortex of the elongated stem, which in
the second year becomes separated by the formation
of a deep-seated ccn-k layer, as was pointed out some
years ago by Prof. F. W. Oliver.

As with our own Rubi. there is in the case of Rubus
australis also some difference of opinion as to the
limitation of species. In his -Vfic Zenlaml Flora Sir J.
Hooker sugtrests tlueo varieties, to one of which
(cissoides) all the three specimens now in question
belong. Allan Cunningham, however, raised the
varieties to specific rank ; and Thomas Kirk, in
his recent fiora of Stw Zealand, takes a similar
view. It is interesting to note, however, that in the
original specimen, now in the British Museum, which
Forster collected, and on which he founded his species
in 1786, two at least of these presumed species are
represented, and the same remark applies to a speci-
men collected by Banks and Solander at Totaranui in
1791, and also prc^erved in the National Herbarium.

Tlie President gave some account of his investiga-
tion of the priiteolyiie enzyme of Nepenthes. He
began by pointin:: out that, in the higher animals there
are two distinct proteolytic enzymes : (1) pepsin, secreted
by the stomach; (21 trypsin, secreted by the pancreas.
The action of pepsin upon the more complex proteids
(albumin, fibrin, ic.) is 1(1 convert them by hydrolysis into
simpler proteids known as peptones; whereas the .action
of trypsin is not only to convert these proteids into
peptones, but lurlher, to decompose the peptones into
non-proteid nitrogenous substances, such as leucin,
tyrosin, Ac. .\mong these final products of tryptic
digestion there is a substance termed tryptophan,
which has the property of giving a pink or violet
colour on the addit inn of chlorine-water. Hence this
colour-reaction may be used as a means of determining
the nature of the digestion to which any proteid may
have been submitted.

As a result of previous researches upon the nature of
the digestion effected by the enzyme of Nepenthes, the
President had come to llic conclusion that it was not
peptic, as had been suiiposed, but essentially tryptic.
This conclusion has recently been called in question
by Clautrian lAcad. Roy. de Belgique, 1900), who re-
asserts the peptic character of the enzyme. By means
of the tryptophan-rcaction, which is readily given by
tlie products of a Nepenthes digestion, the President
has been able to establish the correctness of the vicvv
that the enzyme is trypt ic.

The tryptophan-rcaction lias also been found to be
given by a number of extracts of plants which are
known to contain a proteolytic enzyme; for instance.
Pine-apple juice, Papain, Figs, germinating Beau
seeds, &c. It seems probable, therefore, that proteo-
lytic digestion in plants is always tryptic— that there
is. In fact, no peptic enzyme in plants; but there is
this peculiariiy about the trypsin of plants, that it has
to work in an acid medium.

The President suggested that the proteolytic enzyme
of Nepenthes sliould be termed ncpenlhin, as that of
the Papaw is termed imiiain, and that of the Pineapple
hromelln.

A paper by Mr. T. F. Chekseman, F.L.8., on the
"Flora of Rarolonga, ' was read on his behalf by Dr.
O. Stapf, A.L.S., who also showed some of the more
interesting plants collected on the island. Mr. Cheese-
man spent three mnnllis in 181111 on Karotonga, the chief
member of the Cook ^-roup. situated between the
Tongan aud Soeiely Islands, in the South-Eastern
Pacific Ocean. The paper is the first enumeration of
the vegetation of Rarnlonga. comprising a total of 331
vascular plants. The Ferns are most numerously
represented, with sixty -seven species, twenty -five
grasses, nearly as many Lcguminosas followed in due
succession by En|>h(irbiace;c, Solanacca', Compositie,
Rubiaceic, and Malvacca'; the remaining orders have
less than ten representatives each. Eighteen species
are regarded as endemic, and are described as new,
amongst them being the striking Fitchia speciosa,
Checsm. Native names have been recorded when
ascertainable.

ABERDEEN CHRYSANTHEMUM.

NovEMUKli -J-.i,:.!'. -Tl.e -iMh annual exhibition wa-
held in the Music Hall. Aljcrdcen, (ui Friday and
Saturday. The entries showed an increase of l.iO over
those of last year, numbering nearly 700, and they
came from Surrey, Kent, and Devon in the south, to
Caithness and Koss-shirc in the north. While the
whole show was elTcctivc, the groups of Chrysanthe-
mums and foliage plants competing for the Challenge
Trophy, presented by the seed and nursery trade of
Aberdeen, were amongst the most notable exhibits.
The trophy was wortliily won by Mr. Robert Masson,
gr. to Mr. WiLLiA>r BissF.r, Albyn Place, Aberdeen, and
Chainnarn of theSoricly; Mr. .lohn Proctor, gr. to Sir
William Hendehson, of Devanha, was 2nd.

The display of cut blooms in the section competing
for' the Challenge Trophy, presented by the Htm.
Presidents of the Society, for thirty-six blooms of

twelve different varieties, was an excellent one, and
Mr. .lOHS PiRiE. gr., Strachen House, ,\berdeenshire,
won 1st prize. \n exhibitor from tlie far north, Mr,
Alex. Park, gr. to Mr. .\. G. Pirie, Leckmelm House
Ross-shire, was 2ud. Mr. Park won premier honours
for three blooms of yellow Japanese Chrysanthemums,
and a special prize for three vases furnished with
distinct varieties.

In a superb display of incurved blooms, Mr. A.
P.\rrERSOX, gr., Balmcdie House, won chief honours iu
the competition for the best twelve varieties ; and Mr.
James Elder, gr. to Sir David Stewart, Banchory
House, had 1st place in the competition for the best
eighteen Japanese varieties.

The gem of the show was the st)ecimcu of Nellie
Pockelt, shown by Mr. Robert M.iSSON. Mr. Masson's
specimen plant of this variety had forty-two magnificent,
blooms upon it. Mr. W. Wells, of Redhill, who was one
of tlic judges, declared that he had been at shows in
London, Edinburgh, Liverpool, and Birmingham, but
the plant of Nellie Pockelt shown at Aberdeen was the
best he had ever seen.

Amongst the amateurs, the leading prizes were takcc
by Mr. Jenkins, Clifton Road, Aberdeeu ; Mr. Johm
TOUOH, Great Western Road, Aberdeen ; and Mr. J. D.
S.MiTH, Allan Street, .\berdeen.

There were displays of floral designs exhibited by
local nurserymen and florists, including Messrs. Ben
Keib i Co., Messrs. W. Smith .fc Son, and Messrs,
James Cocker it Son.

The arrangements were admirably carried out by the
Sccrelary. Mr. M. II. Sinclair, and his committee.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

Novemheh 21. — At a Kicetin^' held on the above dale,
S. (fR.vrnix, Es(| , Whalley Range igr., Mr. G. Cypher),
made a handsome display of Cypripediuins, including
a finely-marked form of Cypripedium insigne, C. i. var.
Mary Amelia Gratrix, which was awarded a First-class
Certificate. C. i. George Cypher received an Award of
Merit. C. X Bookeri (cilioiarexSpicerianum), a finely-
coloured flower of good torin, also gained an .\ward of
Merit. .V Silver Medal was awarded for the group.

R. TiNSTiiL, lCs(|., Burnley (gr., Mr. Balmforth),
showed a good and distinct form of Cypripedium
iiisi;;nc var. Sandcra-, called " Monkholnie var." (.Firsl-
classCerlifieatc).

.\. J. Lees, Esq., scuta small group oi plants princi-
pally Cypripediums (Vole of Thauksi.

W. E. W.vi'SON, Es(|., sent a group in which were one
or two handsome Cypiipediums (Bronze Medal).

O. O. WHiiii.EV, Esq., Bury (gr., Mr. Rogers), staged a
very excellent group of f'ypripedinins. <'. >: Leeanum
var. virgiuale, and ('. iusiguc var. Marion, received
.\wards of Merit. A Silver-gilt Medal and Cultural
Commendation were awarded for the gioup.

Mr. .\. J. Keei.inci, Biugley. Yorks, received a First-
class Certificate for Cypripedium insigne var. Bright-
ness ; and an .Vward of Merit for C. x Adieus, High
View var.

Mr. .1. Roii.soN, AUrincham, exhibited a good cross,
said to be Cypripedium concolor x Lawrenceanum,
but which differed very much from known varieties of
this hybrid. It was called C. conco-Lawre Robson'4
var. (First-class Certificate).

Messrs. Stani.ek^ Ashton it Co., Sonthgatc, exhibited
a collection of choice plants, among which were Licli"
Cattlcya x "Hettic" (L. tenebrosa x C. gigas. alinc
(lower with a very rich crimson lip (First-class Ccrtili-
eatc). Cattlcya .X Julias, a good hybrid between (
Howringiana x (Ollabiata autumuaJis), the flower
intermediate in character, one of tho best hybrids
yet seen out of C. Howringiana (Award of Meril);
and Liclio-Catlleya x Dccia v. superba (Award of
Meril).

.M. Lu«ien Linden, Brussels, exhibited Cypripedium
Chantini var. Lindenl, previously figured and described
ill those columns (First-class Certificate).

Cattlcya x Lansbergi, from the same exhibitor, is au
iilcrcsliug )>laiit, being a hybrid between C. anrea x
C. labiala airtumualis. /'. IP.

TRADE NOT CE

Mr. KiiWAitii ,7. Parson.s, for the past four
years traveller for Me.s.srs. Kent & Brydon,
IJarlington, has been appointeil manager of
the seed and bulb departments in the nurseries
of Messrs. R. Smith & Co., 'Worcester. Mr.
Parsons was engaged for eight years in these
departments at Worcester previous to repre-
senting Messrs. Kent & Hrydon.

Messrs. Ale.xander Dickson & Sons, in
order to facilitate their trade in the midlands
and south of Ireland, have opened an establish-
ment at til, Dawson Street, Dublin, wheif
tho firm purposes carrying on the seed,
bulb, iiiii'.sory, and florist hitsiness in all ite
ilopartmcnts. . i ■ 'i . >

424

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 7, 1001.

THE WEATHER.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Chiswiek,
London, for the period November I'l to November 30,
1901. Height above sea-level 24 feet.

TEMPERA- a

Temperature

rOKEOFTHE O

1901

a

OF THE AIR.

SoiLat9A.M.

1

, d

O

z
o

At9A.M.

a

2

s

•a

■S 1 ^

S

H
ID

%

£

^

♦3

s

■3

3

n

«

5

1

a
5

<

■»!

■«!

w

M ' oi

bi

oi

m

BU

u

u

•o

■O 1 "O

■a 1 i:

•a

•o

■o

•0

SITN. 24

S.E.

2ri Ti

24-8 Sl-5

22-8: ...

39 -4145 -5

48 -g

18-7

MON.25

N.E.

28-;t

27T>'42-3

25 'l! ...

37 '7 44 -3

48-7

19 0

IUES.26

N.W.

41-4

3«-6 44-3

2S-o' ... l37-2|4i-3

48-5

21-1

Wed. 27

K.E.

40-5 39-i>j4e-l

.39-0 ...

37'4'42-9|48'l

29-7

a-HO. 28

N-.W.

4'! 'o 41 -4

46 '.i

40-0 ...

39-5 4:j-0 47-S

28 11

VRI. 29

N.W.

33-0

3«-l

43-0

31 -d ...

38-!t;4?-2 47T

23 1

SiT. 30

W.

42-6

40-4

47-5

31-3 ...

38 -ti 4.; -0:4; -3 24 b

Tot

j 1

MEANS

36-3

34 7j43-e

311 ...

38 -i^S •7148 •123-6

!

day, which Is a splendid record for November. There
were some windy days, but on the whole this was a
.aim month. The air. besides being, as a rule, calm,
was also singularly dry. Since the winter half of the
drainage year began in October, the rainfall has come
short of the mean for the past two mouths by nearly
f; inches, which is equivalent to a loss of 13J gallons of
rain-water on each square yard of surface in this

district.

THE Autumn.
September and October were both moderately warm
jiiontlis, but November was so cold that the mean tem-
perature of the season comes out exactly average. All
tlic three months were dry— in fact, the total rainfall
was less than half the mean for the quarter. The
record of sunshine was :ihout seasonable. E. M., Bcrl;-
hamsicd, December 3, 1901.

Remarks.— The weather for the past wp'-lc has been
dull, fold, and dry.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

■The following summary record of the weather tlirough-
out the British Islands, for the week ending Nov. 3(i,
is furnished from the Meteorological Office :—

'' The wefl(/(er during this period wrts fj; ,i:ni dry
JMuir our Islands as a whole, but -Iil! t mi lain

were frequent in the extreme iiorlli icsl.

and very slight falls were also e\i>cni I n - in

jnost other districts, especially on uui ri ;-j:;. «.o,f^ts.
Fog prevailed over central England at the beginning of
the week.

^•Tho temperature exceeded the mean in Scotland and
rr. Ireland, N., but was again below it in Irela nd, .S., and
over England ; in the Midland Counties. England, S
a.iid S.W., the deficit was as much as 4°. Tl-.e lugliest of
the maxima were recorded, with few except inns, on
Saturday, when they reached 50* or M ir iim>^i di.s-
tricts,63°in Scotland, N., and 54° in WcmI' -iiH. I Tlio
iiijximaon the 24th were no higher il m -- t nmo
!>J).tions in centra,! England. Thelowc.^i : - 1 minna,
v/l:ich were registered during Hie eailu. diy^ "1 the
week, ranged from 15° in Scotland, E., auj the llidland
bounties, to 29° or 30" in Ireland, and to 3:'' in the
Clirinnel Islands.

^'Thc rainjalt was less than the mean in all districts ;
over the greater part of the Kingdom the ftiU w:is
scarcely appreciable.

'•The bright sunshi7ie BKCeedcA tlienonucii in England,
3.cd also in Scotland, E. In all other p^jrts of the
Kingdom, except in Scotland, N., where the mean wa.N
just equalled, the amount was deficient. The per
centage of the possible duration ranged from 39 in
England. S., and 33 in England. E,, to 1:; in Scot-
I.' ad, N."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HEKT3.

Tiic past week was a mild one, and on no tiight did
tlie thermometer exposed on the lawn show more than
11' of frost. The soil temperatures are rising, but both
at 1 foot and 2 (eet deep the ground 15 still about V
c-oider than is seasonable. No rain worth mentioning
iiiis now fallen for three weeks, and no measurable
qirmtityof rain-water has come through the bare soil
percolation -gauge for nearly a fortnigiit. The sun
shone on an average for only about ai\ hour a day
during the week. The winds were of moderate strength,
and the air rather dry. The last Rose ot the year was
destroyed by frost on the 39th ult., which is twelve
d.iys earlier than the average date of iU destruction in
the previous sixteen years.

November.

Taken as a whole, this was an unusually cold, dry,
ji d sunny November. During the course of it there
o< cnrred no fewer than six chaiiges, either from cold
to warm, or warm to cold weather, the niglit tempera-
tu.e-s being especially variable. On twenty niglits
re idingsibelow the freezing-point were registci^ed by
ttie exposed tliermometcr, and on the coldest of these
I;)' of frost were indicated by it— tlse greatest cold
experienced here in November for eleven year.i. The
Cround also remained unusually cold. The rainfall
proved extremely light indeed— lighter than in any
November since 1879. or for more than twenty years.
For a great part of the month no measurable quantity
of rain-water came through the bare soil percolation-
g";ge. The sun shone on an average fof 2j hours a

ENQUIRY.

The Rev. Canon Ellacombe, Bitton Vicarage,
Bristol, writes : " I should much like to know
if Ebeuus cretica and the single and double
Saxifraga virgiiiica are in cultivation. I have
had them both, but have not seen either for
many years."

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

A Plant Fence : P. K. You must not plant so
near your neighbour's land as to shut out
light to any appreciable extent from existing
building or buildings. This would more
especially apply to trees of considerable
height. Shrubs, if kept to H or 10 feet in
height, are not likely to form an objection-
able fence, unless you allow their branches
to extend over the boundary line.

BOOKS: W. Hoon. The Journal of tlie Roijal
Horticultural Society is published at various
times, and is issued to the Fellows gratis.
To others it is sold at varying prices, accord-
ing to size. You should apjily to the Secre-
tary, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster, for
further particulars. The Botanical Mago.tnie
is published in monthly parts by Lovell,
Reeve & Co., C, Henrietta Street, Covent
Garden, London, W.C. ; price 3s. (id. coloured,
and 'Is. {id. plain. — A. Parrij. Apply to Mr.
J. Douglas, Edenside, Great Bookham,
Surrev, for his Manual on the Carnation. —
H. H.' Mij Gardener, by H.W.Ward, late of
Longford Castle Gardens. (London: Eyre
& Spottiswoode, East Harding Street, E.C.).
— G. H. B. There is no book specially
devoted to the treatment of plants for sale
purposes. You had far better take service
for a year or two in some market plant
nurseries, which would be of more value
than any book you could study. The new
edition of the Gardeners' Dictionary of Gar-
deninq is a useful book, published by Upcott
Gill, 170, Strand, London, W.C.

Harvest-bugs in Grass : J. D. C. These
acarids are not specially troublesome on
Lolium perenne, and we should suppose that
a dressing of blood-manure (dry), or nitrate
of soda afforded early in April, and again
six weeks later, would have the effect of
driving them away.

*** Names of Fruits and of Plants, Special
Notice: We are desirous of assisting young
gardeners and our subscribers as far as we
can do so consistently with our editorial
duties, but our readers must kindly remember
that such work is outside our scope, and
always involves some inconvenience, and gene-
rally a large exiienditure both of time and
money on our part. Delay is unavoidable.
Not more than six sjiecimens should be sent.
Correspondents not answered in this issue are
requested to be so good as to consult tlie
following numbers.

Names of Fruits : F. J, R. We are unable to
say for certain that the answer printed
under initials " F. G. R. " was intended for
you, but it is very probable that it was so
intended. — Logan. Thanks for the samples
of wood, and the particulars respecting the

habit of the trees. No. 1 you have under its
correct name, i.e.. King of the Pippins ; but
it is not the Apple generally grown in
England under that name, which is the
Golden Winter Pearmain. The other Apple,
No. 2, which you have as Autumn Pearmain,
appears to be the Winter Pearmain. Autumn
Pearmain is synonymous with Summer Pear-
main, an earlier Apple than that you sent.
Y'our specimen is not so highly coloured as
the Winter Pearmain usuallj' is in the
southern counties of England, but elimatal
differences would account for this. — J. F.
We should be glad to oblige you if possible,
but both Pears reached us in a state of
pulp. — D. B. The specimens were most
carefully packed, but the Pears were rather
advanced for satisfactory examination. 1,
Beurre Superfln ; 2, De Maraise ; 3, Nouveau
Poiteau ; 4, Scarlet Tiffing; 5, Y'ellow In-
gestre. — Herbarium. 1, Summer Pearmain;
2, Cellini. — G. C. The Pear is Beurre Del-
fosse, and the Apjile is Court Pendu Plat. —
U. Y. E. The Peurs are much over-ripe.

Names of Plant.s : Landes. 1, Scleranthus
annuus ; 2, Corrigiola littoralis ; 3, Illece-
brum verticillatum ; 4, Inula Conyza. —

1. F. W., Lichfield. Csesalpinia pulcherrima.
— J. H., Inverurie. 1, Zygopetalum Mackayi ;

2, Miltonia Clowesii : 3, Fittonia Pearcei ;
4, F. argyroneura ; 5, Tradcscantia zebrina
tricolor ; 6, Oplismcnus Burmanni varie-
gatus.— E. M. V. Cattleya clongata, often
called Cattleya Alexandras. — Desirous. 1 and
2, .Juniperus (next week) ; 3, Abies excelsa
var. Clanbrassiliana ; 4, Cephalotaxus p&-
dunculata var. ; Ti, Euonymus europseus
(Spindle-tree).— R. W. Gnaphalium ; but
material insufficient to determine the species.

Retarding Lily of the Valley, Lilium longi-
florum, &C. : IV'. R. A. There is no special
packing required. The Lily of the Valley
crowns may be \n\t into shallow boxes,
and nearly covered with cocoanut - fibre.
Bulbs of L. lougiflorum may be treated
similarly, covering them with the fibre. Dif-
ferent growers keep the bulbs at varying
degrees of cold, but all of them have the air
of the chamber below freezing point. See
Gard. Chron., November 3, 1900, p. 324.

Showing Other Persons" Productions as
One's Own : Fairplay. It is a most dis-
honest action if the products are shown for
prizes; and most societies put into their
regulations a notice to the effect that so
doing will disqualify the exhibitor.

Violet Foliage Disfigured: H. The leaves
seem to have suffered from a plague of red-
spider, although no living specimens were
found. Y'ou might try the special form of
Nicotine-vapour, sold by the XL-All people,
for the destruction of red-spider. The plants
should have been rendered clean whilst still
out-of-doors.

Violets : H. Woodlicc will devour almost
anything, why not the flowers of Violets ?
You should trap them in pots filled with damp
hay placed where they abound, emptying the
pots into a pail of hot water in the morning
after sunrise.

Walnuts for Exposed Situations : AUee. Le
Noyer Tardive and de la Saint-Jean. These
are both good varieties to plant in exposed
situations, as the growth and flowering are
late, and thus less likely to be injured by
spring frosts. The variety Mayette is also
a late one. See French lists.

Communications Received. — Vilmorin, Audrieux &
Cie.— W. W.— P. W. B.— W. and S.— S. W. F.— H. H. R.
— F. G., Paris— E. M.— W. M.— E. T., Grahamstown—
Mav L., Baden-Baden— W. C. W.—Rusticus, apply to
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea— F. P.— H. W.—
J. Donnell— Smith. Baltimore— B. Level— D. F. C—
W. L.— H. S., Bradford— Adnitt & Naunton— J. J. W.
— W. H. Massie, Edinburgh— J. D.— T. L., Arthog—
H. E.— T. C. W. & Son— J. B.— L. O. S.— H. W.— F. W. R.
— G. T. G., Paris— J. OB.— J. M.— A. M.— G. A. B.—
W. R.— W. W.— C. H.-E. H. J.— E. M.— Dr. B.— H. W. W.
—J. D. G.— E. H.— W. E. B— G. W.— F. T. M.— J. C. C.
— S. A.— J. S.— H. T. M — H. M.— Rev. D. W. M.— J. W.
Miles-J. G.— Bob.

(For Markets, see p. viii.)

December 11. 1901.]

THE GAEDEXERS' CHROJSICLE.

425

THE

No. "le,!.— SATURDAY, DEC. 14, 1901.

CONTENTS.

Lawreuce

Ai'iides

aoum

Alyssum argenteum...
Arctotis giaudis
Aster grandiilorus ...
Asters, perenuial
Avenue, a novel, at

Paddockliurst
Avenue, Hatfield, the.
Begonias, winter -

llowering

Hook noti<-es —

Botanical Magazine.

Dictionnaire Icono-
graphique des Or-

chldees

Books, sale of

Boussingaultia basel-

loides

"Carnation"

Cephalotaxus drupa-

cea, tufted branches

in

Chrysanthemum K.

Hooper Pearson

sporting

Colonial notes

Confusion, manufac-
ture of

Coronation, the
CrOpin, Professor ...
Crinuins for the cpen

;.TOund

Krcniurus

Kerns, choice

I'orcsti-j—

The requirements of

Forestry

Garden Annuals
Uardcn, the, as a

hobby

firape synonyms
Horse-Chestnut trees.
Hyacinths, Roman ....

I.ilac-forcing

Market Gaiucning—

Peach Houses and
Peach tices
Morello Cherry, the...
N'.'isturlium, gi'owth

in a

' "Mtuai'y—

llartig, Prof. Robert

.fames, Benjamin ...

North, a visit to the—
Messrs. Dickson tt

Go's Nursery
Edinburgh Gardens
Orchid Notes and
Gleanings—

Lindenia

Peas, late-cropping 44(i,
Phacelia Parrvi
Plant Portraits
Plants, new or note-
worthy—
Stapelia atrosan-

guinca

Stanhopea Langlas-

scana

" Sleepers " for Indian

railways

Societies-
Chester Paxton
Devon and Exeter

Gardeners

French Chrysanthe-
mum ..".

Ghent Chambre Syn-
dicate
Horticultural Club

Linnean

Putney Chrysanthe-
mum

Reading Gardeners'
Koval Horticultural
Sm'ithfield Club ...
United Horticultural

Benefit

South Africa-
Forestry and fruit

growing

Span - rooted glass-
house, aspect of a ...
Stocktaking ; Novem-
ber

Sugar-cane, sports in .
Trees and shrubs-
Junipers

Tridax Irilobata
Variation and environ-
ment

Vilmorin, M. P. de ...

Violets

Week's work, the ... 432,

Wood - structure, the

study of

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Acridcs Lawrenceanum

.V venue of Pyrns Mains floribunda and P. .M. Ii.ic-
cata at Paddockhurst

Ercinuriib Klwesianus from the garden of M. Marc
Miclieli

Eremuriis robustus in Miss Brand's garden,
Dundee

Peach-tree, a .Sal way

Piitospornni crassiioUum ...

View of the avenue at Hatfleld House, Herts (Sup-
plement).

GARDEN ANNTALS.
'^I'^li I-; M|)[)i'oa(h of a new yoarlia.s now for a
' long period Ix-en signalised hytheap-
])c:ifan(;o of the various useful publications
known as (iarden Annuals. The fact that
t hey apjiear with the regularity of elo<-kwork.
;ind liavc continued to do so for over a
• luaiti'f of a century, is a sufficient proof
that they have their place in the gardener's
liiirary, just as Whitttkir'x Aluiiindek is indis-
pensable to all those who are at all con-
cerned with the larger affairs of life. As
in the case of Whilfilcrr. it is possible that
<;;irden Aiumals differ from year to year in
;i greater degree than is at once apparent.

We have recently lieen turning over the
leaves of one of the earliest of these Garden
Annuals, Tlw Floriila' rind Aniali'urs Anniuil,
11,1(1 dfirdtnirrs' Dlrcvtoni for 1810, edited by
(ieoi'ge (ilenny. and publislied at the office
<if the darili'iuTs Gazette, .'MS, Strand, and
there are many points of considerable in-
terest about this volume, which has now
Ipccomc scarce. It appeared at a time
when everything in connection with the
garden was costly — except, perhaps, labour;

and the price at which it v.as published.
1:?.?. for the ordinary edition, constituted it a
luxury for employers rather than for working
gardeners. Mr. Glenny. the editor, was a
man of consideial)le industry, but his method
of arrangement was not of the best. Much
of the material in this Annual appeared
elsewhere, and probably only two or three of
the coloured plates were prepared expressly
for this work. One of Mr. Glenny's most
brilliant ideas was to press into his service
en bloc the Post Office Directoru. with which
he has filled twelve pages. The penny post-
age, one of the greatest incentives to English
commerce ever introduced, had only just
come into eflEect. and was even then strictly
limited to Id. per half-ounce within the
limits of the United Kingdom. The postage
of a letter to France was still lOd., and to
India via Marseilles 3.s. Shd. Such things as
letters to Australia and New Zealand do not
appear to have been contemplated as pos-
sible by the Tost Office, for these places are
not even mentioned in the list.

From our point of view, quite the most
interesting of the many "lists" in this
Annual is that of '■ the nurserymen, seeds-
men, and florists of Great Britain and Ire-
land." This list is '• greatly corrected since
it appeared in the (lunleners Gnsette," al-
though admittedly "still very imperfect."
Ninety-five per cent, of the names in the
London list have passed into the limbo of
.the forgotten. A few still remain, as. for
instance, .lames Carter, at L';J8, High Hol-
born ; Low <t Co., of Clapton ; and Jacob
Wrench & Son. of King William .street, Lon-
don Bridge. I'rotheroe it Morris, of Ley-
tonstone, were the founders of the widely-
known firm of horticultural auctioneers, of
Cheapside. Among provincial nurserymen
and seedsmen, we notice M. Waterer, at
l\nap Hill, Bagshot ; F. & .1. Dickson, at
( hester ; Veitcli it .Sons and Lucombe A:
I'ince, at Exeter ; J. Pearson, at Notting-
ham: Mr. Fox, at Penzance: Messrs. Sutton
it Sons, at Heading ; Thomas Kivers, Jun..
at Sawbridgeworth ; at Plymouth, Pontey
(now Mr. K.Wilson Serpell) ; and so forth.
Although Mr. (ilenny's aim in compiling
this list was purely utilitarian, it has now,
sixty odd years after its compilation, a
very valuable interest to those who have a
liking for the ancient byepaths of gardening.

In a book of this kind, separated as it is
froni to-day by the most remarkable half
a century progress in the history of the
world, the advertisements are far more
interesting than the text. Mr. (ilenny
appears to have been supported by the trade,
but out of his patrons only three appear
to have survived the vicissitudes of time —
Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., T. Rivers, Jun.,
and J. Weeks it Co., the hothouse builders;
many of the others are probably even now
well remembered, for they nnist have been
in business long after the Annual appeared,
as, for instance, Messrs. Forrest it Black,
successors to W. Malcolm it Co.. at Kensing-
ton, at that time one of the most extensive
houses in the trade. The senior partner,
Richard Forrest, had a large practice as a
landscape gardener, his works including
extensive alterations at Syon House, at
Eaton Hall, and many other private places ;
whilst his pulilic designs included the (ireat
Western Cemetery of London, Zoologi<al
(iarilens at Bristol. Cheltenham, and Man-
chester, and so forth.

The advertisements include one of John
Salter, "horticulteur," of the Avenue de
Picardy, Versailles, France, who made a
specialty of Chrysantliemums ; and one of
M. de Cachet, at Angers, whose cliiet
line was Camellias, which varied from '2 to
60 francs per plant. One curious feature
about these advertisements, which are
bound together and numbered consecutively
at the end of the volume, is that they
are frequently illustrated with charming
coloured plates, drawn liy J. Wakeling and
engraved by E. S. Weddell. The cost of
these plates was apparently defrayed by the
advertiser opposite whose list they appeared.
With one exception they are all of Dahlias.
The advertisement of John Pamplin it Son.
of the Paradise Nursery, Hornsey Road,
Islington, contains plates of two new
Dahlias ; and tlie same number is attached
to the advertisement of Messrs. Hugh ].,ow
it Co. The one exception is the " Duke of
Wellington" Tulip, which "broke from a
seedling breeder by J. (ioldham. Esq., 183S ; "
this plate had, however, been previously
used in the Horticultural Journal, where
indeed nearly all the coloured plates which
appear in the body of the .Vnnual had
already been iwblished.

The prevailing "sentiment," if one may so
describe it, of this Annual, is distinctly
that pertaining to " florist's flowers,'' whiclt
at that period formed a very largo i>art in
garden matters. They appealed to the hoi
jiolloi. and were for many years poimlar, to
the exclusion of so many other beautiful
ilenizcns of our gardens. The exact defini-
tion of a perfect Pansy or a perfect Dahlia
was considered as of far greater importance
than the discovery of a new Orchiti ! Mais.
Hou.^ avon.s chamje tout cela. Tt'. Jiohcrt.t.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

STAPKLIA ATK().SAN(iUINE.\, N. K. Brown.

Tilt'; very distinct and somewliat roinarkable
plant here described was discovered by C;ipt.
E. .1. Liigard in the Northern Kalahari Desert
in January, 189U, and was received at Kew in
the following month. The plant itself, when
not in flower, has steins exceedingly like those
of llmu-niopsis decipions, N. E. Hr., and
might easily bo mistaken for that plant, but
the llowers are utterly dilTerent, being ((uite
unlike those of any other of the tribe Stapoliefe
known to me, and are of a particularly rich
and iiiten.se blackish -crimson (not purple-
brown as is so usual in this gi-ouj)), which
contrasts very effectively with the light colour
ol tho corona. The plaut is very apt to rot
suddeidy if too much water bo given to it in
tho winter season ; indeed, it should have very
little water then.

Plant tufted, branching at the base, about
3 inches high, or, according to Capt. Lugard,
growing to 6 inches high ; stems 2 (o 3 inches
long, erect or ascending, decumbent at the
base, ."i to (i lin. thick, four-angled, greyish-
green, marbled with brownish-jjurple, glab-
rous; angles obtusi', tootlied ; teeth \\ to
3 lin. long, stout, conical, tipped with a
subulate, acute, quickly withering rudimen-
tary leaf, having two minute teeth at its base.
Cymes .sessile at about tho middle of (lie younger
stems, progressively two to three (or more ?)
flowered. Bracts li to 2 lin. long, subulate,
glabrous. Pedicels 2J to 3 lin. long, stout,
glabrous. Sepals 1 to i'. lin. long, 1 lin. broad,
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. Corolla

426

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 14, 1901.

about 1] inch in diam., quite glabrous and not
ciliate, greyish-green, mottled with purplish
outside, and of a rich deep blackish-crimson,
without spots or markings within ; tube 3| lin.
long, and about 7 lin. in diam., measured oiit-
side, campanulate ; lobes J in. long, J in.
broad, ovate, very acute, tipped with a short
mucro, very spreading, slightly revolute
along the margins, excavated at the mouth of
the tube opposite the lobes of the outer corona,
very slightly rugulose, and very minutely
papillate on the inner face, so as to give it a
velvety surface to the eye. Outer coronal-
lobes arising ^ lin. above the base of the
staniinal-cohunn, horizontally spreading, about
1 lin. long and broad, deltoid-ovate, shortly
bifid at the apex, longitudinally folded, forming
a concave channel in which nectar is secreted ;
dull orange yellow, reddish in the channel.
Inner coronal-lobes 5 lin. long, linear-terete,
obtuse, incumbent at their base on the backs
of the anthers, then divergent, ochreous at
the base, passing into pale sienna above,
whitish at the tips. N. E. Broim.

Stanhopea Langlasseana, Cogniau.v,
Nov. Spec*

Among the living plants sent from Columbia
some years ago by the late M. Langlass^ to
M. Marc Micheli, at Geneva, there was a
Stanhopea that flowered last July for the first
time in the houses of the Chateau du Crest.
j\I. Micheli, finding that the flowers were
different from those of all other species known
to him, sent me an inflorescence, but (as is
well known) Stanhopea blossoms being ex-
tremely fragile, they were absolutely un-
recognisable on arrival. The same plant
flowered again about the middle of last No-
vember, and this time, selecting half-opened
flowers, M. Micheli forwarded an inflorescence
to me, which arrived in perfect condition.

The blooms have a very distinct appear-
ance ; the comparatively small lip is ei'eet,
rigid, and closely pressed against the column,
which is also erect ; the petals also are
ascending, and pressed against the column,
while the sepals are extended horizontally.
The shape of the lip is also remarkable ; the
hypochile is short, rather broader than long,
very shining, in form a flattened sphere with-
out appendages or any projections ; the ejii-
ohile is almost sqiiare, the top much inrolled,
and it bears on the back, by the inrolled part, a
large projection in the form of a blunted tooth.

The pseudo-bulbs are from 4 to 5 cm. long
by 2 cm. in thickness. Leaves deep green,
30 to 40 cm. long by 12 to 14 cm. wide, ending

^stanhopea Langlasseana^ Cogn. — Pseudo-bulbis piirvis,
I'otuudatis, levitercostatis; foliis majusculis, coriaceis,
late oblongis, acutis, 7-nerviis, basi in petiolum longe
augustatis ; pedunculo communi robusto, breviusculo,
pendulo, bifloro, vaginis majusculis membranaceis
ventricosis late ovatis obtusiusculis imbricatis
vestito ; bracteis ovato-ellipticis, acutis, valde con-
cavis, ovavio sublongioribus ; floribus majusculis,
loagiuscule pedicellatis ; sepalis patentissimis, tenui-
ter membranaceia subpellueidis, basi carnosulis,
nitidis, acutis, dorsali elliptico-oblongo, lateralibus
paulo brevioribus, ovato-oblongis, basi inter se
breviter connatis ; petalis erectis, cum columna arete
conniventibus, carnosulis, oblique ovato-ellipticis,
acutis, valde concavis, sepalo dorsali satis brevioribus ;
labello erecto, ambitu recto, crasse carnoso. rigido,
nitido, sepalis lateralibus multo breviore ; hypochilio
brevi, subsphsrico, leviter depresso-compresso, inap-
pendiculato, ecostato, Iffivissimo, profunde concavo,
ore obpandurilormi ; mesocliilio crassissimo, concavo,
apice intus lingula lata crassiuscula rectanirulari apice
subtrnncata et obscure trilobata aucto.cornubus erectis,
ligulatis, obtusiusculis, undulatis, superne condupli-
catis ; epicliilio cornubus satis longiore, crasso, sub-
quadrangulari, supi-a valde convexo, subtus leviter
concavo, apice valde incurvo subtruncato retuso, dorso
sub apice crasse tuberculato; columna labello lequi-
longa, vix incurva, interne lineari crassa, superne sub-
abrupte dilatata et late bialata, alls apice acute minu-
tecjue bidentatis. Crcscit in Columbia secus Hum. Rio
Mira prope Altaquez, altit. ITOO m. Coll. Langlassc ;
mixit el. Marc Micheli.

at the base in a petiole 3 to 7 cm. long. Sepals
and petals yellowish-white, slightly tinged
with rose, with some small spots of piu-plish-
bro\\'n near the base. The length of the
dorsal sepal is 70 mm., that of the lateral
sepals 6') mm., and that of the petals is 55 mm.
Length of Up 4 cm. ; a waxy-white colour,
except the epichile, which is citron-yellow.
Column 4 cm. long, white, lightly tinged with
rosy-yellow.

At the request of M. Micheli, I name this
species in memory of the courageous and
unfortunate collector Langlass^, who found it
in September, 1899, on a mountain to the >S.E.

spreading segments ; thickly bestrewn with small lilar
spots; lip smaller than the segments; 3-lobed, yellow
with purple spots.

Saecochilus ungdiculatu.s, t. 7.56.— The flowers of
this beautiful species are borne in pendulous racemes.
Each flower is about 2S inches across, with narrow,
lanceolate, white segments, and a 3-lobed lip smaller
than the segments ; the lateral lobes striped with
violet, the anterior lobe yellow, with red stripes. It is
a native of the Malayan Islands.

of Altaquezo, in the valley of the Rio Mira, at
about 1,700 m. altitude. M. Micheli received
only one large plant, which he divided into
four. The plant is very floriferous, the clump
which flowered bore eight leaves and five
inflorescences. A. Cotjniaux.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

"LINDENIA."

The November number of this periodical
contains illustrations of some very remarkaljle
plants, as may be judged by the following
brief notes: —

Cypripediumiiloneeianumx, t. 753.— A hybrid raised
at Moort.ebeek between C. Victoria-Maria and C. Lee-
anum. It is a very handsome form ; the standard
resembles that of C. Lceanum, the undulate petals
suggest those of C. Chamberlainianura ; the lip is
elongated, shining, and purplish-red in colour.

L.TiLio-C.iTTLEYA X A1.ESCHIANA, t. 764.— A hybrid
between Ljelia purpurata. and Cattleya Schilleriana.
Segments spreading, rosy lilac ; lip .'Molied, undulate ;
anterior lobe purple, with a narrow, white edge.

Lycaste Deppei, var. punctassima, t. 75-j, Rchb f., in
i-iard. Cli'on., ISsil, vol. ii., p. 717.— Kemarkable for its

E R E M U E U S.
M. MOTTET contributed to the Horticultural
Congress of Paris, May, 1901, a valuable
monograph of this genus, in which he gathers
up the information supplied by his^iirede-
cessors, and adds the result of his own obser-
vations. The length of the stamens, the posi-
tion of the pedicels, the colour of the flowers,
being characters easily recognisable in the
living plant, are those to which M. Mottet
attaches the greatest importance. M. Mottet
groups the species as follows : — ■

Section I.— Ammolieion.

Outer perianth-segments with 3— .5 nerves, stamens
one to three times longer than the segments ; pedi-
cels erect.
Section II.— Henningia.

Perianth-segments all 1-uerved ; stamens as long
as or sometimes longer than the segments ; pedicels
spreading or ascending.

Ammoi.irion.
Capsule appressed to the axis, valves wrinkled.
Flowers yellow ... JS. spectatyilU.
,, white ... tauric^is.
,. purple ... turkestanicus.
Capsule erect ; valves smooth.
Pedicels not jointed.

Flowers white ... E. inderiemis.
,, yellow ... bachtiarictis.
Pedicels jointed.

Flowers white ...Cappadodcitsstenophtjlltts
,, yellow ... altaicits.

Henningia.
Stamens shorter tlian the segments.
Pedicels ascending.

Flowers white ... anisopterus.
,, yellow ... luteus.
,, rose ... Alberti, Aitchisoni.
Pedicels spreading.

Flowers white ... Bxicharicxis^ pereicus.
yellow ... Saworowi,
Stamens as long as the segments.
Pedicels ascending.

Flowers white ... parviflorus.

" "%\!ow^^«''«' «•'"•«--

,, rose ... AiicheHanu^,
Pedicels si)rcadin^.

Flowers white ... kimalaicus.

Gnffimi-

Stocksii.

angitstifolim.
,. rose . . . robtcsttis {Gg. 12T),

Mwesti (fig. 128).

Olgie.

Korolkowi.
., yellow ... Kaiijmanni.

Capusii,

Bungei,

aurantiams.
Stamens longer than tlie divisions.

The species are then fully described, and
their appropriate cultivation detailed. M.
Mottet recommends that the plants be covered
with a mulch in winter. The paper, which
may serve as a model for similar productions,
is printed in the Journal de la Societe
Ndtionale d' Horticulture de Prance, 1901,
p. 804.

THE GARDEN AS A HOBBY.
In the issue for .luly 18 last, Mr. F. T. Mott
concludes his paper on " A Midland Garden "
by saying, " Old men who retire from business,
and have nothing to do but eat and sleep and
read the papers, die off rapidly. They should
take to gardening, and do part of the actual
work themselves." I do not think there are
many notion.s more erroneous than this. One
might just as well expect an old man, after
retiring from business, or any of the services.

December 14, 1901.]

THE CARD EXER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

427

to take to astronomy, or to mathematics, or to
learning Chinese, or the Cuneiform language,
if he had no training in any of them before.
Unless the old man, as a child and youtli, has
taken an interest in flowers, plants, and gar-
dening, he will, as a rule, find gardening,
when he retires from business, one of the
most wearisome of occupations. If he is
wealthy, he will probably have a garden and a
gardener, and he may take his friends round
to inspect the successes of his gardening. As
to doing anything himself with intelligence,
beyond perhaps plucking a Rose now and

on his brain — convolutions which will interest
him throughout life, and will become a de-
lightful stand-by when he becomes old, and
retires from business. But under such cir-
cumstances he will probably have become a
professional or an amateur gardener long
before he becomes old. If he should have
inherited some of his mother's love of plants in
addition to his early training, he will find in
after life that he has reached an earthly
paradise — for the fascinations of hybridisation
alone, and the creation of new forms, are
endless.

Flu. 128.— KREMIRUS EUVESIANUS, I'KOM THE CAIlDIvN OK M. MARC MICilEI.I,
NEAR GENEVA. (sKE P. 12fi.)

then and pricking his fingers, it is not to bo
expected. Gardening is undoubtedly one of
the most charming outdoor occupations for
old age ; but (ho enthusiasm for the ai-t nuist
have been founded in childhood and youth.

The best way for a gardener to begin is to
have a mother fond of gardening, with a
patience and perseverance to intelligently
tend her plant pots. Then the child holding
her skirt will go about with her while she
sows, pots, weeds, and affords water. Ho
will then naturally watch what she does, will
ask many questions, and learn much, not only
about seeds that grow and bring forth flowers,
but also a groat deal about slugs, snails,
earwigs, woodlice, green-fly, and other insect
pests. All these things will be quite fas-
cinating to the child, and will leave a record

1 have seen numbers of bald-headed and
grey-headed men passing weary hours, day
after day, in a London club. A friend once
said of thorn, "All those creatures seem to be
waiting for death 1 " Truly, a most enjoyable
occupation 1 1 think parents incur a groat
responsibility in not teaching their children,
or getting thorn taught, the lovo of plants,
and the ways of managing them, in their
younger days, as a stand-by for thoir old age,
when they join the great corps of " men out of
employment." Usually there is nothing a
child enjoys more than having a little garden
of its own; although oven in childhood the
lovo of a little garden is not universal.

A lady friend tells me that she once had
charge of several children of the same family,
and that she tried hard to make them take to

gardening, and allotted each of them a separate
bit of ground to make their own little gardens ;
and taught them, or tried to teach them, what
to plant, and what to do. Some would not
take to it at all ; others took to it at first,
but eventually looked upon it as dull amuse-
ment, and gave it up ; while a minority who
had it in them, stuck to it and enjoyed it, and
let us hope returned to it after retiring from
business.

Even Mr. Mott himself, in the conclusion of
his paper (Gardeners' ClironicJe, August 10,
loot, p. 105), says, "Gardening is an art full
of complex details, and cannot be satisfactorily
taught by books alone. Experience and prac-
tice are necessary to every gardener. Even
old experts are continually confronted with
cases in which experience fails, and the right
course must be guessed at." Which would
seem to mean that the gardener, like the poet,
nascitur non fit.

In the Spectator of August 3, 1901, p. 156,
there is a review of Miss Gertrude .Tekyll's
" Wall and Water Gardens." The reviewer
concludes thus: " No one can read it without
realising that Eden is not wholly a thing of
the past, and that God's call to tend a garden
is the happiest, as well as the oldest, lot which
can fall to man."

But the foundation of that "call" must be
laid during childhood and youth, if at all, for
gardening is an art, and liko all arts, cannot
be taken up the moment one retires from busi-
ness. That man and that woman will be lucky
if they have had the lovo of plants, and the
principles of gardening stored in their brain
while they were young, for the end of their
lives may become not only happy, but also
interesting.

Dno old gentleman, a neighbour of mine,
retired from business, came to see mo one day.
I showed him a fine plant of Datura Knighti, in
flower. Ho astonished mo with the following
remark : " Has that anything to with the
' Date '-tree ? " ! lie was by no means en-
deavouring to make a pun, but ho put the
question in all seriousness. It was plain he
had not been taught gardening in his youth ;
and probably he has never opened a book on
cither gardening or botany in his life. Gar-
dening to such a person would bo a very
wearisome process.

In the WiiuUor for September, Sir Thomas
Mpton is reported to have said : "Gardening,
I agree with Lord Tennyson, in thinking the
most perfect of recreations ; it gives you just
enough to think about to be a complete dis-
traction, yet not enough to worry you ; and it
is work-play done under delightful conditions.
Tho hour in the garden at the beginning of
the day, or at its close, is worthy many
sacrifices in the winning."

Sir Thomas Lipton has evidently not had
much to do with garden pests, otherwise he
would have had worries enough ; all those are
dealt with by his gardeners. One hour
morning or evening may be enough to look at
one's Orchids ; but then Sir Thomas has not
yet retired from business. K. lionavia, M.D.

PERENNIAL ASTERS.

(Continued from]). 412.)

The a. Novi-Belou GROUr.— This is the
most extensive and variable group we
have, and though some of tho varieties
are so widely distinct, they are connected
by intermediate forms, so that it becomes
dillicult to divide them up; and another
dilliculty is that the same varieties occur
under several different names, but I will
refer to a few of the best and most dis-
tinct under what I believe to bo the most

428

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December t4, 1901.

correct names. Taking the white varieties,
I'erle Lyonnaise forms a dwarf, compact bush
with pure white, medium-sized flowers ; Isme
and Madouna are botli dwarf and good of
taller sorts ; Beatrice, Purity, White Spray,
and Candida, are most desirable ; Calliope,
mauve pinli, large flowers ; Robert Parker,
pale blue ; and K. Parker nanus, a dwarfer
variety, are good. 0£ deeper shades, Autumn
Glory and Arcturus are the best ; W. Marshall,
soft mauve-blue, large flowers ; Maid, azure-
l)lue ; and St. Patrick, an early variety of the
same shade, are among the best. Of those
with rose or red-tinted flowers. Village Maid,
T. S. Ware, and the dwarf, compact longilolius
formosus(or Ijevigatus), are the most distinct;
but we have not yet a good rod in this
class. Of those with a deeper shade of
purple, formosissimus, Uoribundus, and su-
perbus are the best. The above are only a
few of this section ; there are many others
worthy of note.

Paniculatis Croup.
In these we have rather a distinct type ;
the stems and branches are covered with
small leaves, and as the name implies, the
flowers are produced in large, branching
panicles. Blaudus is one of the best varieties,
forming a dense bush covered with rather
small white flowers, which change to blush
with age. W. J. Grant is a most distinct
variety : the numerous starry flowers liave a
rosy disc and blush ray-florets, produced on
slender branching racemes. Taxus and Dot
are other good varieties of this section ; and
Mrs. G. W. Karle, which is usually included
with the Novi-Belgii group, is closely allied
to the above. The flowers are larger, pure
white, with a bright yellow disc. Lanceolatus
is another that may be included in this group ;
it is one of tlie latest flowering of those with
starry white flowers.

PuNicEus Group.

These are among the earliest to flower. The
type is very dwarf, with soft foliage and
fleshy stems ; the large pale laveuder flowers
arc produced iu dense terminal corymbs.
Punieeus lucidulus grows taller ; the large
silvery-uiauve flowers are produced on nearly
liorizoutal spreading branches. Pulcherrimus,
this grows more pyramidal, with tall, branch-
ing flower-stems ; the flowers are a soft silvery-
grey, and rather closely set on the long,
lateral branches.

Yeyaicolor. — In this the flowers open wliitc,
and change to quite a rosy-purple tint. Versi-
color Themis grows about 4 feet, and flowers
early. The dwarf variety "Nanus" differs
only in being quite a miniature form of the
above.

Distinct Species.

There are several quite distinct species of
which we do not appear to have any garden
varieties at present. Of these the most
worthy of note are : —

Co)-ym!)Os».s. — Large, broad, basal leaves,
and short spreading corymbs of small starry-
white flowers.

MacvoplnjUux, — Loose branching flower-
stems, and medium-sizid, pale mauve flowers ;
the basal leaves are large and spreading.

Tcinercis.— Soft woolly leaves, serrated, with
terminal branching corymbs of medium-sized,
pale mauve flowers.

-Init'Hiystinii.s. — Rather tall growing, with
long loose racemes of small amethyst-blue
flowers. This also occurs under the name
oblongifolius.

Dinnosii.s. — Very dwarf, with a dense mass
of small blush-mauve flowers.

Thomsoni. — Somewhat resembling Amellus,
but has distinct woolly leaves, and large pale
mauve-blue flowers.

UmbeUatus. — A very distinct species, with
tall branching umbels of greenish-white flowers.

DoiKjlasii. — In this the bright purple flowers
are destitute of ray-florets ; the ovate leaves
are serrated, continue up the flower-stems,
and are quite distinct from the ordinary Asters.

Vcnionia novi'borurensU is the most correct
name for this.

Linosijris. — Dense terminal corymbs of bright
yellow flowers, which are also destitute of
ray-florets, and often found under Chrysocoma
linosyris.

Grandiflorns.- — Very distinct, with small
stem-leaves, and large blue-purple flowers.
This is one of the latest to flower. A. Hemsleii.

necessary to use peat. During the summer
they will grow freely in an unheated pit, but
to keep them growing through the winter the
temperature should not fall below 50° Pah.
A. Hemsleii.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

CHOICE FERNS.

Ptehis trejiula. — It is quite unnecessary
to say much of the ordinary type, for it is
one of the best known ami most useful of
all Ferns ; but there are several very
distinct varieties of it which are not well
known, and even in the plants grown under
the ordinary typical name there is cou-
sidcrable variation, some having broad, nearly
triangular fronds, witli broad pinnules, and
others with long, rather narrow fronds and
narrow pinnules ; beside other intermediate
forms. Of the distinct varieties worthy of
notice are : — •

P. tremiila flaccida, a plant with rather long,
erect fronds, having a bright surface ; the
piiniai narrower than in the ordinary type,
and the ultimate segments twisted and much
elongated, and the fronds occasionally termi-
nating in a slight, branching crest. AVhen
grown on freely this variety makes a graceful
plant.

P. tremula grandiceps, one of the earliest of
the crested forms, is not often seen now. In
this the fronds terminate in a heavy, branching
crest, and the side pinnpe in a light branching
one.

P. tremula elegam has a more spreading
habit, and the fronds terminate in a wide,
branching tuft of multifid growths. It is only
when these varieties are grown freely from
spores that their characters are seen to ad-
vantage, and unfortunately it is rarely that
they are raised in this manner.

P. tremula Smithiana is another distinct
variety which is of erect growth, the fronds
much branched, and forming several frondlets
from the base, each terminating in a branch-
ing crest. When this variety was first put
into commerce it was thought that it would
make a valuable market Pern, but it has
proved too brittle, and the terminal crests
continue to grow and are very tender. It
makes a splendid specimen, and is worthy of a
place in any collection.

P. tremula variegata. — This first originated
among a batch of seedlings of Pteris Victoria;,
and it is remarkable that the same variety
occurred in several widely-divided localities
in England, and the variety was also raised on
the Continent and in America, but though it
appears to produce fertile fronds, I have never
known of a batch of seedlings being raised.
Of all the plants I have known having come
among P. Victorise, Smithiana is the only one
which can be depended upon to reproduce
itself from spores with any degree of cer-
tainty, though I have occasionally known
elegans come fairly true from spores.

All the varieties of P. tremula should be
potted ill a good loamy compost, to which may
bo added some manure, liut it is quite uu-

J rXl PERI'S PROCl'MBEXS.

Ix extensive rock-gardens this Conifer will
be found of value for covering slopes or knolls,
or for phicing behind large stones to grow
and hang over thein. It has a spreading
habit, covers a yard or more of surface,
and grows only a few inches in height. When
established and draping an elevated rock with
its numerous branches, the tips of which
point upwards, this Juniper is very efl'ective.
An open, sunny position and rather light soil
seems to best suit its requirements. Also
known under the names of J. prostrata and
J. ropens.

JuMPERUs Sabina, Knap Hill Variety.

The Savin .lunipers are amongst the most
useful of dwarf Conifers, and always attract
attention by reasonof their spreading, irregular
habit of growth. The variety above mentioned
is a stronger-growing plant than the type, and
forms a handsome specimen in less time. It
is well adapted for planting on bold rockwork,
either for a background, or on different levels,
where large boulders are used, and there is
plenty of room, both for the roots and
branches. Sloping banks are also suitable
positions, or groups may be arranged with
good effect in front of or between trees of
Cedrus Deodara, Pines, Abies, &c.

When the plants are received from the
nursery, they may be planted at about 4 feet
apart for two years, then bo lifted and planted
at wider distances, or put into positions where
they will remain. If grouped, a space of quite
15 feet should be allowed, and plants of the
Knap Hill Savin will then touch each other in
a few years, if the soil and situation are suit-
able. The height rarely exceeds 5 feet, con-
sequently views and taller trees are not
hidden. The habit is spreading and pictu-
resque, the branches being naturally arranged
so that each plant is somewhat hollowed in the
centre. J. G.

SOUTH AFRICA.

FORESTRY.

As an old correspondent, I take leave to
bring to the notice of your readers two sub-
jects of the first importance to this country
which I have long worked at, written about,
studied, and pondered over — I mean forestry
and fruit-culture. Of both, the prospects in
this country will be of the brightest, when
once the war is over.

I wish to invite help from your readers, who
are world-wide, in bringing these two subjects
before the public. Alone, a man can do little ;
but in conjunction with like natures, a great
deal may be accomplished. An American
authority on Strawberry-growing says : " In
the first place, I should give them water ; in
the second place, more water ; and in the
third place, I should give still a little more
water." So in regard to the promotion of
forestry and fruit-culture in this country, we
must firstly, secondly, thirdly, hammer facts
into the public, before the great British public
will rouse itself.

Twenty years ago, I used to wi-ite to the
Xatal papers, advocating extensive tree-

December 1 1, 1901.]

TEE GARD ENER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

429

plantiDg; and since those far-ofE days a dis-
tinct advance has been made. The great
point in growing timber on the high veld —
which for our present object we may defino as
the country lying a hundred miles from Johan-
nesburg as a centre — is to recognise that wood
may be grown as a paying crop on land which
is worthless for farm crops. Our rainfall is
adequate.

FRriT- CROWING.

Much might be also said on the subject of
fruit-growing, in which for many years we
have taken a lively interest. How much
longer shall we submit to pay sixpence each
for Tasmanian Apples, and consume Cali-
fornian Prunes, Melbourne jams, and American
Peaches and Pears 'i In a small model orchard

A NOVEL AVENUE.

Thk devices found in gardens to avoid
monotony, form new combinations of plants,
trees, shrubs, and green sward, eombiaed
with statuary, terraces of stone or brick, &c.,
or without these adjuncts, are manifold.
Shady avenues, formed with umbrageous trees,
with the common Yew, Cedar, Douglas Fir,
with Sequoia gigantea and S. sompervirens,
Thuia and Cupressus, are not uncommon, and
provided the species of trees with which the
avenue is formed, makes equal and regular
growth, the effects are usually pleasing, whe-
ther on level or ascending ground.

The subject of our illustration (fig. 129),
found in Sir W'heatman Pearson's garden at
Paddockhurst, Sussex, differs entirely from

Forestry " and university lectures are neces-
sary in order to fit men as foresters for British
woodlands. Advocates of a better system of
forestry in this country have been preaching
when they might have been working. We
want at the present time one or more —

" FORESTRV Organs."
Give me a Focester.s' Vhronicle, or a Gar-
deners' and Foresters' Clironicle, like the
Gardenerx' Clironicle, teaching right practice;
place it in the hands of owners of woods and
foresters, cultivate an interest in the busi-
ness, and I would undertake to lift forestry
to a higher plane of . successful practice
almost at once without any other aid. What
the horticultural papers and writers have

Fig. liy.— avenuk oi- pyrls mai.is fi.oriuinda and p. m. baccaia at padhockiilirst, neai: tiirkk briixjes.

established in this Park just before the war,
on unirrigated land, remember, I have capital
Clrapes, Plums, Peaches, Apples, Apricots,
Figs, and Nectarines promising a fine crop.

There is nothing special in our soil here ;
there are millions of acres just as good in the
country. On tlic close of the war, when this
inuch-cnduriiig country will begin to work
again,. there will be thousands of poor Dutch
who will be absolutely destitute. Could not a
State Forestry Department take some of these
in hand, and teach them how to draw the
potential wealth from the soil^which has been
so dearly paid for — in the shajjc of timber or
fruit? More wonderful than all the gold of
the Rand is the wealth in the soil still lying un-
touched by human hand. H. ir.yl(/Iai", Cnralor,
Joiibert Park, Johannesburrj.

any of these, consisting as it does of two
species of Crab, of erect habit of growth,
which, to make them conform to the shape of
an arch, must be forcibly bent when young,
and pruned severely, after the manner of a
cordon fruit-tree. The species planted are
Pyrus ,\lalus floribunda and P. M. baccata,
beautiful in bloom, and not unpleasing when
loaded with fruits in the autumn. The arches
are 12 ft. in width and 9 ft. in height.

FORESTRY.

THE REQUIREMENTS OF FORESTRV.

From what has been written lately we seom
to 1)0 coining round to a realisation of the
fact that something besides a " Chair of

done for gardening can be done for forestry.
British gardening is as far, or farther, ad-
vanced than is German forestry in its own
line with all its .schools and colleges which
British gardeners have had to do without.
The latter might perhaps have been still
further advanced had they had schools in
which to learn their business methodically,
but I am taking things as they stand.

There are books on forestry, but up till
lately British writers have taught wrong
practices, and their books are too dear, but
through no fault of the writers. I know some
of the best authors of gardening and forestry
books have been handicapped by publishers.
My advice to those who want to write a book
is, put a price on it that will pay, or put it into
the fire. Be that as it may, my experience

430

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 14, 1901.

among foresters on many estates all over the
kingdom is, that they have few books, and no
periodicals such as gardeners have in abund-
ance. 1 have often been asked by owners of
■woods how it was that so many weekly papers
were devoted to horticulture and agriculture,
not to mention heaps of articles in newspapers,
and jiot a scrap, comijaratively, given to
forestry. Calendars on every sei^arate branch
of gardening are published, and although a
calendar on forestry would be thankfully
received on many estates, there are none. To
do it justice, the Gardeners' Chronicle has
given more space to forestry than any other
paper, but more is wanted. The Oardeners'
Chronicle is very often supplied to gardeners
by their employers, and it would be supplied
to woodmen as well if it contained more about
their business. I have been told so, at any
rate, and often, by proprietors ; and some
foresters are supplied with the Gardenem'
Chronicle now as being at least the best of its
kind for them. A forestry calendar, about
once a month or a fortnight, would, at the
present-time transition state of forestry, be
the best kind of instruction that could be sup-
plied to owners of woods and their foresters ;
and if such a calendar was up-to-date, and
made generally interesting as well as season-
able, the paper that published it would be
read by owners of estates a good deal more
than some horticultural papers are road now.

Wherever one goes to inspect woods, it is a
question of work, and how and when to do it.
A large portion of the present writer's time is
spent in writing out what are practically
calendars of operations for woods on private
estates. "What, however, is wanted for British
woods is instruction based on the best and
most modern ideas, and as far as possible
adapted to the present condition of woods on
private estates. It is of no use writing over
the heads of either owners or their agents or
foresters, and suggesting State schemes of
forestry for diminutive areas.

Restoration of existing woods to the full-
crop condition with the most valuable species
is wanted almost everywhere. On the Conti-
nent, it is either all Beech, all Spruce, or all
Scotch Fir, according to the region ; but the
English timber market demands a much greater
variety. One Avonders to see professedly
gardening and woodland papers, pretending
to be practical, and striving to be aesthetic,
missing week by week a huge slice of the real
work that a large section of their readers
want to know most about. One has but to
sign one's name to an article on forestry, or
woods, and work in them, to bring more cor-
respondence from ovpners than can sometimes
be dealt with conveniently.

I may be wrong, but I have a firm con-
viction that there is a practically unexplored
sphere of influence and good work at the
l>reseut time open to any good rural paper
that chooses to lay itself out for it in tlie
direction of forestry. There are thousands of
owners of estates who also own woods, and
millions of money are involved, not to mention
the interest taken in woods and trees for their
own sake, whether planted for use or for
ornament.

With regard to forestry education on what
may be called "school" lines, what are
wanted in this country, to qualify men at
little expense for such posts they can find
worth having, are not so much colleges, as
stations on fairly well wooded estates or
localities where qualified practical foresters
could teach pupils theoretically and practi-
cally. There are well known estates at the
present moment where the owners would bt^
willing to lodge young foresters in comfort-

able bothies, like gardeners, to give them fair
wages, and a forestry education under the
forester, if capable foresters could be found
for such posts — the men to work in the woods
as gardeners work in private gardens. But
foresters up-to-date and who can teach are
difficult to find. They cannot be got from the
agricultural colleges, as nearly the whole of
the pupils there are gentlemen's sons, or
youths who aspire to become land agents, and
who, besides, have not been taught modern
forestry.

In making enquiries lately for a forester, the
only place wliere they could be met with
seemed to be the forestry pupil classes at the
Edinburgh Botanic Garden, where men will-
ing to take Head Forester's places, at such
wages as are going and who are practical men
as well, may probably be found by and by,
but even these classes are more theoretical
than practical.

In other respects there are plenty of facili-
ties for teaching foresters in every fairly well
wooded district in England, and any one
choosing to organise a class, who is able and
willing to teach, might have access to all the
woods within his reach for the asking. In
almost all woods the right and wrong sorts
and shapes and sizes of trees are to be seen,
and the conditions that produce good and bad
timber and remunerative crops could be seen
and explained almost anywhere, and theory
illustrated by practical examples.

And now a word about schemes for com-
bining—

Timber and Game Preserves.
In the interesting lecture, from which you
quoted in the Gardeners' Chronicle of March 9,
it is suggested that "existing woods" on
estates be left out of financial consideration
altogether to " serve excliLsively as game
preserves " — additional woods to be every-
where created " and managed on economical
principles for the production of timber." That
is a proposal that means throwing timber crops
far into the future, and presents insuperable
difficulties. Woods are desired on every
estate, and to give the woods up to game, as
proposed, would frequently mean giving up
timber crops altogether, for the simple reason
that on many estates of moderate extent as
much land is already devoted to woods as can
be spared for the purpose, or because tlie land
left is too good for planting. Only recently
this subject came up on an estate wtere the
woods are under 1,000 acres, and the rest of
the estate is worth more than lOs. per acre
rent for other purposes. The woods, which
are thin and irregular like most English woods,
though containing much flue timber, were
recently valued, the owner said, at i;30 an
acre, or altogether at about .i;21,000, a low
valuation compared to what it might be for
properly stocked woods ; but taking the woods
at that figure, as an example, could a pro-
prietor be expected to give them up ex-
clusively to game, and start planting fresh
areas ? Here would be capital locked up and
dead, worth over A; 1,000 per annum in income
at 5 per cent, simple interest, and which would
mean doubling, or more than doubling, the
game account annually, an account that is
never met.

The majority of estates are in this plight,
and those who suggest such things, strangely
misjudge the temper of British landowners, if
they til ink they would adopt forestry plans of
that kind. Even the Germans combine their
forestry with game and sport, and why should
not we do the same in this country ? But there
is another fatal objection. Who, that is
familiar with game preservation in this country,

could be persuaded of the practicability of
keeping either the game or the gamekeepers
to the existing woods with the " additional
woods " on the other side of the hedge may
be y How are the pheasants, woodcocks,
black game, &c., to be kept out of the " addi-
tional woods on surplus lands ? ' ' and who
believes that the keepers and sportsmen
would not follow them when they went there,
as they would be sure to do ? The projJosal is
simply impracticable. Many gentlemen are
realising the importance of their woods nowa-
days, and are quite willing to fence against
rabbits, and re-arrange existing woods, so as
to combine forestry with a reasonable amount
of sport ; and on these lines the forester must
set to work if much good is to bo done in a
country where all the woods are private pro-
perty, and hardly two estates are alike.

At the present time on estates where game
is extensively preserved, much timber is both
grown and sold, adverse as the conditions
are. This servos to show what might be
accomplished with care and method if woods
were properly laid out. Plenty of instances
could be given of income from woods on
sporting estates. In my own case I disposed
of in the open market from two estates ot
moderate extent close upon £40,000 worth of
timber in less than fourteen years, and I
know my neighbours were going on at about
the same rate in proportion to their woods ;
and all the time these estates provided ample
sport for the gun. Almost the whole difficulty,
from the sportsman's point of view, is the
"putting up" of the birds, and seeing them
when they rise in thick woods. This is the
objection to dense woods, and it may be easily
got over if owners would lay their woods out
with open spaces and rides, and keep their
timber trees in closer rank where they do
(jrotc. I was assured the other day by the
owner of a large estate, and a thorough sports-
man, that the above plan is quite practicable
and excellent, as game is "driven" now-a-
days, and he is having his woods laid out in
the way indicated. The most grievous mis-
take of all on sporting estates, however, is
the extent to which almost worthless species
like the common Spruce has been planted for
covert, to the exclusion of valuable trees like
the Larch, Ash, Oak, Sycamore, &c., pull-
ing down the value enormously. Not a tenth
of the evergreen covert is wanted in mixed
woods that obstinate keepers imagine, and at
whose suggestion, in times past, such covert
has been planted, and through whose careless-
ness and neglect the good trees have been
destroyed by rabbits. J. Simpson.

BOOK NOTICE.

" dictionnaire iconographique des
Orchidees."
The November issue of plates and descrip-
tions of Orchids includes the commencement
of four genera, viz., Bulbophyllum, Bletia,
Polystachya, and Schomburgkia ; and in the
Chroni(iiie Orcliideenne M. Alfred Cogniaux
gives particulai's of recently-named new hy-
brids, an article on leaf-soil for Orchids, and
other information.

Bklia kijarAnthina, R. Br.— A very old inhabitant of
gardens, with purple and white flowers. It is a
terrestrial Orchid, and it thrives outdoors on rockeries
in sheltered situations, with a slight protection of dry
leaves in ivinter.

BalbopkylUim Lobbii ear. Nattcsix, Cogn. — Flowers
yellow, striped and spotted with purple, and some-
what resembling B. Dearei (Reich, f.). It flowered with
Madame la Marquise de Nattes, Riberac, Dordogne.

Cattleya violacea^ Kolfe.— The plant is well known in
gardens as Cattleya superba, but renamed on the basis

December 14, 1901.]

THE GARDESERS' CHRONICLE.

431

of the original description as Cymbidium viola<:eum,
Kunth, in Hamb. ft Bonp., I8I0. Flowers purplish-rose,
with crimson-purple front to the lip.

Ch'jfiis lairvis, Ldl.— A fine species with j'ellow sepals
and petals, inarfeed with red, and whitish labellum
with dark red spots ; long an inmate of our gardens.

ChyHS Limminghei, Lind. et Reich, f. — Although it
has been in cultivation for about forty years, this
species is still rare. It is one of the prettiest of the
genus. Flowers white, tinged and marked with rose,
and with yellow at the base of the lip. Like the other
species named, also from Mexico, it does best in a
basket suspended, and should have a dry, but not too
cold resting season.

Ct/pripedinm x Kuhele, Reg. Young.— An interesting
cross, raised by Reginald Young, Esq., Liverpool, be-
tween C. X cenantlmm superbura and C. x Young-
ianum. This makes the fiftieth hybrid Cypripediuni
illustrated in this work.

GrammatophyUnin £•??(>//, Ldl.— Also known in gardens
as Grammangis EUisii. A strong-growing hothouse

Vanda x Miss Joachim, Ridley.— The now well known
hybrid between V. teres and V. Hookeriana. The illus-
tration was taken from a specimen supplied by 6ir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., from the same plant which
produced the fine inflorescence from which our Supple-
mentary Illustration, August 13, isfit, was prepared.

PITTOSPORUM CEASSIFOLIUM.

This, the " Karo " of New Zealand, was first
made known by Banks and Solander, and
figured in Kirk's Forest Flora of New Zealand,
t. 14. It is an evergreen tree, with blackish
rind and leathery entire leaves. The chocolate-
coloured flowers are clustered at the tips of the
branches, and are succeeded by oblong, obtuse,
four to five-valved capsules, each about | inch
lon<?, containing numerous black seeds. Our

development of differences on various lines to
the living world as we know it, is part and
parcel of the same problem. These innu-
merable modifications, however, permit of a
certain amount of speculation and theory
which the greater problem has so far pre-
cluded, the line between the crystal and the
lowest organic form of life being an appa-
rently absolute hard and fast one, tlie forma-
tive arrangement of particles or atoms in the
former never presenting a trace of the assi-
milative phenomena and reproductive power
which characterises the latter. The one we
may explain by the peculiarities of molecular
attraction and repulsion incidental to ele-
mental substances or their combinations ; the
other defies all explanation whatever.

FlO. 130.— riTTOSPORUM CllASSIFOLlUM.

species, from Madagascar. Sepals yellow, heavily
marked witli brown. Petals and Up wliitc, with purple
lines.

I.xlio-C(tUleya x Canhamiana var. n(6a.— Originally
raised by Messrs. Jas. Veitch A Sons, of Clielsea, with
whom it flowered in 18H5, and was named after tlieir
excellent Orcliid foreman, Mr. Chas. Canham. It is
still one of the showiest hybrids.

Llicatic MichcUunn, Cogn.— A new species, with yellow
flowers closely resembling those of L. aromatica.
Named in honour of M. Marc Micheli, of Geneva.

Polifstachya piihrgcens, Keichb. f.— .V pretty cool-house
and almost perpetual flowering si>ecics widely distri-
buted thi'ougliout the Cape Colony and Natal. It is
ligin-ed in Tliex. CapemU, II. p. .il, t. K?, as Polystachya
I.indleyana.

Srhowltnrtikia T/iom«on<a;ia,Rchb.f.— Flowers yellowish
with purplish-crimson front to the lip. The figure
was taken from the plant for which Sir Trevor Law-
rence, Bart., received an Award of Merit at the Royal
Horticultural Society, July 2, litoi.

Trichojiilia torliHs.—\ fine old species, introduced
from Me.xico to England in 183;>. Sepals and petals
narrow, twisted, gi'cenisli, with brown markings up
the middles ; lip while, with yellow and red markings
in the centre.

specimen (fig. 1 3(1) was kindly furnished us from
Trinity College Botanic Ciardcn, Dublin, by
Mr. Burbidge, who tells us the shrub is hardy
in that locality. Mr. Kirk, in his /<'ore.st Flora
oj New Zealand, says that the tree is of great
value for shelter, especially in places near the
sea, as it resists the fiercest gales, and may be
seen growing in places where it is exposed to
the influence of the spray. "With such a
character from so competent an observer, it is
most dosirabU- that it should be grown for
trial on our southern and south-western coasts,
as also in the West of Scotland, Ireland, and
the Channel Islands.

VAPJATION .\ND ENVIRONMENT.
The cause of variation in plants is as
profound a mystery as the origin of life
itself, and involving, as it docs, a certain
remodelling of the life forms which has un-
doubtedly led up by gradual accretion and

Recent speculation regarding variation is
inclined to impute it to the influence of envi-
ronment, and to regard it as a responsive or
sympathetic yielding thereto by which the
plants aro adapted to changes. As against
this, we have the theory that plants and all
other forms of organic life, vary indefinitely
— i.e., in all directions, whether advanta-
geously, or better fitted to the environment,
or disadvantagcously, or worse fitted, the
environmental factors eventually resulting in
the selection of the fittest, and the elimina-
tion of the remainder. The former theory
seems the most reasonable, regarding Nature
from the economical standpoint ; and it is to a
certain extent supported by the fact that
plants certainly do adapt themselves to
changed conditions during their own lifetime,
becoming, lor instance, stunted and thicker in
exposed and dry positions, or more leafy and
slender in sheltered, moist ones — and it can
hardly be doubted that the reproductive

432

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 14, 1901.

system would in course of time be affected by
this enforced cliange of form and texture, so
that the progeny -would assume a fixed cha-
racter, and even form a distinct species.
This, however, is hardly variation proper, of
which we have innumerable instances in which
no such gradual change under enforced con-
ditions is induced, but in its stead a sudden
change, often transforming the general struc-
ture, and yet accompanied with an equally
sudden and complete responsive change in the
reproductive organs, so that the type is then
and there fixed on lines which it is difficult to
characterise as other than specific.

We have here, consequently, two entirely
distinct modifying factors, and there is little
doubt that we are largely indebted to both for
our genera and species, and not merely to the
first cited and slower modelling process in-
duced as described. Although it may be diffi-
cult, or even impossible, to draw a hard and
fast line between minute variations which
merely give an individuality, frequently hardly
appreciable, and the extreme ones which con-
stitutes sports, these latter certainly do not
seem to lend themselves to the idea that they
are responses to environmental pressure. On
the contrary, as found in Nature, they usually
occur as more or less isolated specimens,
growing under precisely the same conditions
as the myriads of normal ones with which they
are associated. They vary, too, in all sorts
of ways, which it is impossible to regard as
fitting them better for existence than their
often robuster companions. Some, indeed,
would obviously have perished in their place
of origin, owing to their being handicapped
by dwarfness, or other disqualification for the
struggle. The variation, too, often consists
of peculiar differences in the shape of foliage,
which, however curious they may be, it is
impossible to regard as adaptive. In short,
they vary in all directions, or indiscriminately,
and must consequently, in many cases, be
wiped out in the struggle for existence. The
writer, for instance, has found extra foliose
and depauperate Ferns which have originated
as sports within a foot of each other, and
under precisely similar conditions of soil,
moistui'e, and exposure, while hundreds of the
purely normal types were associated under
same conditions.

To revert to the opposite arguments cited,
it may also be pointed out that in the long run
an indiscriminate variation is better fitted to
secure existence under sudden changes than a
less seemingly wasteful one, which tends
simply to adapt the plants to slow changes. If
this alone existed a sudden change might
jiimply extirpate them entirely, and any seeds
left behind would also perish. With in-
discriminate variation, however, we have a
provision against indiscriminate change of
environment, which when occurring finds a
few individuals adapted to it, and these having
a clear field will re-establish the race on their
own lines. In the human race, it is the nation
that has the most diverse individuality
which is best fitted to spread ; it has its
individuals fitted for every contingency, how-
ever unforeseen, and hence can always hold
its own. The nation, on the other hand,
which has become moulded exclusively on
native lines, and to home environments, is at
the mercy of every cataclysm.

So with plants it must not be overloolied
that the particular habitat of an individual
plant and the particular environment it in-
volves, is not as a rule the prison, so to
.speak, of its progeny. A^iture has provided
it with a myriad contrivances to scatter this
progeny abroad. Hence when so scattered,
the offspring find themselves, may be, in quite

different surroundings, adverse probably to
the bulk of them; but given great diversity
not merely of structure but also of constitu-
tion, undoubtedly a greater number would be
established, than if they were all particularly
fitted for the parental habitat only in the
theory of locally adaptive variation. Slow
adaptation, in short, is one factor ; indis-
criminate variation, including the wide ones,
another. In the iieopling of the world with
organic life, and however much of the origin of
the latter types may puzzle us, it is not
advisable to insist upon their being subject to
laws which in moot cases they repudiate by
their constitution, and the conditions under
which they originated. C. T. Druerij, F.L.S.,
V.M.U.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McInttre, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant, TheGleu, lunerleithen, Peeblesshire.
F'kjs. — Pot trees which were i)lunged in
bottom -heat as advised during last month,
and have been syringed occasionally with
tepid water, will now be swelling their point-
buds, and may be afforded a little more atmo-
spheric moisture and a somewhat higher tem-
perature on bright days. The rise, neverthe-
less, must be very slight, and that only in the
day time. Syringe the trees at noon, when the
small amount of ventilation is closed for two
or three hours, not so much to raise the
temperature as to secure a moist, genial atmo-
sphere. The trees will make good progress
especially if, as advised in a previous Calendar,
the pots are upon fixed pedestals, and the
fermenting material is fx-equcntly turned and
replenished. About this time the first top
dressing of rich compost may be afforded the
roots, and very weak tepid liquid-manure once
or twice a week will do good service if used
for washing it in. The pots being filled with
roots, as all early-forcing Figs should be, it is
more than probable the space for repeated top
dressings and supplies of water will bo very
limited, but good feeding being so very im-
portant, this difficulty can be got over by
placing bands of zinc about 3 inches deep just
within the rims of the pots. The roots must
never lack for tepid water, and to prevent
possible injury from this cause, allow the root-
fibres to find their way into the sods of turf
placed on the tops of the pedestals. Many
people pride themselves on keeping the roots
of pot fruit-trees confined to the pots, but
Fig-trees being gross feeders, and so liable
to cast their finest and most forward fruits,
the departure in this case may save the crop.
The temperature may range from .jO' to oo' by
night and ')a' to 05 hy day for the iiresout,
varying a little according to the state of the
weather.

Late Houses in which the trees are allowed
to grow naturally must be kept very dry and
as cool as possible by the most liberal ventila-
tion, unless the weather be exceptionally cold.
If the pruning be not already done, it may be
performed at any time, and the trees, as a
matter of course, may be washed on wet days,
but not when the nights are likely to be
frosty. When this has been done, the roof
and trellis may be washed, or as we do here,
give the woodwork a coat of paint, and lime-
wash the walls, leaving the trees to rest for
the present, as it is not a good plan to hurry
the operation of tying-up to the roof trellis,
where severe frost is more likely to effect
mischief. So liable are cold-house trees to
injury, that it is a good plan to keep them
near the dry floor, and cover with Pern or
straw till after the turn of winter.

Gucumher^. — Winter plants must not be
allowed to carry very many fruits, unless they
are extra strong. Remove two-thirds at least,
also the male blossoms and tendrils with any
superfluous shoots and leaves. Do not stop
the growing points too severely for a few

weeks, and afford a moderate supply of water ;
twice a week will suffice in most cases, but
plants in pots or boxes will require water
oftener, and liquid-manure occasionally. A
night temperature of 05' to 70°, falling to 60°
in severe weather, and 70' to 75° by day,
advancing to Hi) or more with sun, will be
suitable. The soil will require moderate
additions <at the roots from time to time,
taking care that the soil has been pre-
viously warmed. Press it firmly, but not
hard. The bottom-heat should be kept at
about SO". The atmosphere should not be very
moist, and damping may be done only on bright
mornings or early in the afternoon. Remove
the old foliage and exhausted growths from
the autumn fruits, but do not stop severely
the growing points. Avoid overcrowding, and
especially over-cropping. Fertilise the flowers
during dull weather.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mayne, Gardener to the Hon. Mark Rolle,
Bictou. East Budleigh, Devonshire.

AsjMvacjus. — • Where much Asparagus is
wanted in the winter and spring, and home-
grown roots arc employed, preparations for
next year's plantation should now be taken in
hand, especially if the soil is retentive, trench-
ing it 2 feet deep, and affording it a heavy
dressing of partially decayed manure at the
bottom and between the two main spits. Most
kitchen gardens on heavy land are drained;
still, if rough garden-rubbish of all kinds be
put into the bottom of the trenches, the crops
will feel the benefit. If the beds can be placed
in the garden in a sunny open part so much
the better.

Peas. — Those who raise the early Pea plants
in pots should sow the seed at this date, and
of a moderate degree of thickness, and thin out
the seedlings to a distance of 3 inches apart
when fit. The pots should be filled with loamy
soil and a sprinkling of lime rubbish, having
well drained the pots and ijlaced some soil
sittings over the crocks, and made the soil
fairly firm. Keep the plants quite near the
glass, allow them plenty of air in mild weather
only, and use fire-heat during hard frosts, as
Peas must not be hurried in the least in the
early stages, which is the one great difficulty
in forwarding Peas under glass.

Mushroomr-ltonse. — The beds that were made
in the month of September being nearly ex-
hausted, may be assisted to produce a few
more Mushrooms by affording water at 90° of
warmth, having a teaspoonful of salt per
4 gallons of water. Make up more beds, and
cover the same with litter well beaten down
so as to keep the heat in the materials. Let a
temperature of 58' to 00° be kept up, and
where hot-water heating is used, a light dew-
ing over of the beds overhead with a syringe
may be necessary every few days, nothing being
more harmful than a parching heat. Sometimes
Mushroom-houses and cellars are not in need of
artificial heat, that from the fermenting stable-
manure being enough, and in such houses the
most fleshy, heavy Mushrooms are obtained.
Some amount of ventilation is wanted in most
Mushroom-houses for the exit of the fumes
generated by the stable-litter, if not for the
benefit of the Mushrooms. Instead of having
in heated Mushroom-houses clean swept floors
of tile or stone, the floor should be covered
with litter, sawdust, soil, or something that
will retain moisture.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Hardij Climbing Plants. — The long shoots of
climbers should be secured by ties or shreds
and nails, and many of the plants which bloom
during the early summer may be pruned at
this date, if not likely to be forced into pre-
mature growth by the pruning. The pruner
must possess a knowledge of the time of the
plants' flowering, and of the mode of flower
production — whether on old wood, on spurs,
or on young shoots, and prune little or much

December 14, 1901.]

THE GARDEyEKti' CHRONICLE.

433

accordingly. The straggling shoots of Ivies
should be cut closely iu, and all shoots kept
away from the eaves of buildings and gutters.
The close trimming of Ivies generally should
not be carried out till March. .Jasmiuum
nudiflorum is now opening its flowers here,
and its pruning must be left until flowering is
over. The deliciously- fragrant blossoms of
Chimouanthus fragrans, a capital subject for
planting on the lawn close to the walks, or on
a part of a wall near a doorway, will soon be
opening. The flowers may be cut with a short
bit of the shoot attached, and placed in
saucers of water in rooms. A patch of Tussi-
lago fragrans (Winter Heliotrope) sliould find
a place in the border of herbaceous perennials,
or at the margin of a shrubbery, where the sun
can reach it for at the least half the day, or
it will not flower satisfactorily ; and once
planted it requires little attention beyond
keeping the soil clear of weeds. The plant
flowers freely in mild weather.

(7(>.v eitropfEKS, the Furze Gorse or Whin, is
a common shrub sometimes planted in groups
in the pleasure-grounds for the sake of its
early flowering ; also U. e. nanus, a dwarf-
growing variety flowering in the summer.
The plant is suitable as an edging for
large, informal beds, as a finish to a
shrubbery, and for planting banks. The
plant is generally grown ia pots by the trade,
and should be planted carefully, with not much
root-disturbance. The seed cau be got true,
and where much ground is to be covered,
sowing may take the place of planting. As
rabbits and hares will eat the young plants in
hard weather, it is well to fence in the planted
area whilst the plants are small, as a defence
against these animals.

Beddinij I'lants. — Carefully afford water
to Pelargoniums in the greenhouse and green-
house-pits, and generally do everything pos-
sible to avoid damping off during this month
and the next. At the end of that time the
potting of store plants may lake place, and the
plants be kept gently growing. Colons, Ire-
iine, Alternantheras, Alcsembryanthcmums,
Ageratums, &c., should be kept at this season
ou shelves, or somewhere near the glass in a
house or pit with a temperature of 55' at
night, and (iO° by day, affording them air in
mild weather, and just enough warmth and
moisture as will keep growth gently on the
move, and the plants as sturdy as possible, so
that when the time arrives for propagating, there
may bo a good stock of shoots available lorcut-
tings. The hardier plants being harboured in
cold framesand extemporised sheltersshould be
kept clear of decaying leaves or anything
likely to favour damping off. Cuttings of
shrubby Calceolarias, Violas, or I'ansics, when
rooted, should bo afforded air gradually at the
first, and afterwards freely. Water, when
necessary, should be applied in the forenoon,
and in frosty weather not at all, or the plants
may decay. If slugs give troulile, ajiplv fresh
soot and lime.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, G.ar(icner to R. I. Measlkks, Esq.,
Cambridge I^odge, FiodJen Koad, Cainbeiwcll.

Cifloyiine crixtala.- The different varieties
are now advancing their flower-scapes, and
should be afforded moisture in moderation at
the root till the flower- buds appear ; but satis-
factory results cannot be expected where the
situation happens to be unfavourable. I have
been requestcil on several occasions in the last
few years to visit gardens in order to advise
on these plants, and to reply to many ques-
tions through the press concerning the failir.g
of C. eristata to flower satisfactorily in the
vicinity of London, la almost every case the
plants had made satisfactory growth, and the
flower-scapes had grown to the length of :! or
4 inches; in one case the flower-buds were
just discernible, then, without exception,
these have become black and decayed in a few
days. Where these cases occur, the gardener
is usually given to understand that he is unac-
quainted with the requirements of the j)lant.
Let me assure those who are of this opinion that
the cause depends ou circumstances over which

gardeners can have no control. Plants of C.
eristata are to be found iu almost every col-
lection of Orchids, and any failure to flower
the plant satisfactorily is a matter for regret.
They have usually to be cultivated in a stove
or other warm glass-house, where the usual
damping-down is carried out, and as fogs
occur in frosty weather, when, of course,
much fire-heat is employed, and much water
has to be used to counteract the dryness
caused by the artificial heat. It is under such
conditions that the flower-scapes become in-
jured, although it may be some days before the
damage is apparent. I have had experience iu
this matter, and consider the best means to bo
adopted is to remove the plants to a cooler house
after growth is finished. This will retard the
development of the flower-spikes till the days
begin to lengthen, and the house being less
warm is not desiccated by fire-heat, and is not
so moist. Under this kind of treatment
scarcely any damage occurs, and when the
flower-scapes have developed to a stage re-
quiring more warmth, the plants are removed
to an intermediate -house. Coelogyne alba
flowers later, and is less difficult to manage.
It is a remarkable fact that Cielogynes growing
in gardens situated on the hills adjacent to
Camberwell have not suffered from fog until
the last two or three years.

The Cool House— The plants of Oncidium
ornithorhyuehum that have just passed out of
flower should now be rested for a .short season,
moisture being afforded merely to keep the
pseudo-bulbs plump, l^pidendrum vitellinum,
plants of which have been in flower for some
weeks, should not be allowed to retain their
flower-spikes after this date if all the blossoms
have expanded. The plants may then be
afforded a complete rest, but little water being
applied to them until new growth appears.

PLANTS TTNDEB GLASS.

Bulbs, contiii lied. ^ The condition of the
bulbs of Polyanthus Narcissus Gloriosa being
now suitable for forcing, place them in a forc-
ing pit having a temperature of 50°, a higher
degree of warmth being detrimental to Poly-
anthus Narcissus at this date. Due Van
Thol's, Pottebakker, and Chrisolora Tulips
may also be brought into the forcing-house
and atTorded somewhat different treatment to
the foregoing and to bulbs in general. They
may be forced in a temperature of 55° to (iO°
in a forcing-hiurso or beneath the stages of
pits and houses having the necessary degree
of warmth. The soil in the pots should bo
covered with moss, which should be syringed
twice daily, a |)ractice which favours growth
in the bulbs. When the growth is well above
the soil, gradually inure the plants to the
light in a house slightly cooler, where the
flowers should expand. Tulips are sometimes
forced in boxes of soil for the sake of the
flowers for special purposes, and the bulbs
lifted from the soil and arranged.

The Greenhoiixe. — The unsettled state
of the weather makes it very difficult to
meet the requirements of the plants grown in
this house ; for during cold spells some
fire - heat will be called for, and during
mild weather air must be freely afforded.
t)n sunny days following moist sunless ones,
the ventilators should be opened widely, antl
fire-heat made use of for a few hours before
and after noon, for the purpose of dispelling
damp. Not much good follows the use of
artilicial heat in damp weather, and opening
the ventilators, the air admitted being itself
damp. Any plants of Epacris and Erica in
flower should be i)lacedin prominent positions,
and plants in bloom of Azalea mollis, A.
indica, Deutsche Perle, and other varieties,
may be brought into this house for a few days
before being taken to the conservatory.
Primula stellata will now bo making a good
display, succeeding that of the zonal Pelar-
goniums. This variety of Primula is a useful
plant for affording cut flowers, and for general
decorative uses. The other plants now avail-

able are Roman Hyacinths, Paper-white Nar-
cissus, Cyclamens, Begonia tiloire de Lorraine
and its white variety. Mignonette, Camellias
whose growth was forwarded in the spring, &c.
If plants of Lapageria rosea and rosea alba are
out of flower, the weak and superfluous shoots
may be removed ; this should be performed
without delay, Lapagerias being early in
growth, and late pruning means late blooming.
When the pruning is finished, thoroughly
cleanse the plants of thrips and scale with
petroleum emulsion, and regulate the shoots,
affording them space for vigorous development.

THE HAKDY PBUIT GARDEN.

By C, Hehuin.
rnnuncj. — The Morello Cherry being usually
treated as a wall-fruit tree, and frequently
put on cold or retarding aspects, advantage
should bo taken of mild weather, when the
men can work in some degree of comfort, to
prune and train the trees. The Morello fruit-
ing on wood of the previous year, as many of
these shoots should be retained as space can
be found for, removing many of the old shoots
that will not bear fruit again. The young
shoots that were fastened temporarily to the
wall iu the late summer and autumn should be
regulated according to the -space available,
and made secure with nails and shreds, or if
wire be used on the walls, then with raffia.
Young shoots should not be nearer together
than :! inches. Fig. 125 in last week's Gar-
deners' C'/iroiiic/e affords a capital object-lesson
in training, although trees which may not
have been formed truly from the youngest
stage, will scarcely bo of such perfec-
tion of form as that represented. With
careful pruning from year to year, even
ill - sha|)cn trees may be greatly altered
for the better. After training is finished,
let the trees be syringed with petro-
leum cnuilsion, made by dissolving 4 oz.
soft - soap iu 3 gallons of rain - water,
ailding a wineglassful of petroleum, the whole
being well stirred whilst being used. A few
weeks later, spray the trees with weak soda
ami potash mixture, using 12 gallons of water
to 1 lb. of each.

Deancrt Clicrries require somewhat similar
treatment to Morellos, but as tho fruit comes
chiefly on spurs, so many young shoots are
not required, and these should be cut back to
two or three buds at the base ; and these
snags will, iu a year or two, produce fruit-
buds. Heiiig strong growers, the trees re-
quire more space between each other, and
between tho shoots, 4 to C inches being a
suitable distance. As an injury to tho riud or
bark of a sweet Cherry-tree leads to gunuuing,
care should be taken that no nail or st ud or
even a wire presses against it, and that shreds
and ties are not made very tight.

The I'tum. — The pruning of Plum-trees on
garden walls may well follow I hat of the Pear
and Cherry; and provided tlir suiiiiiier-pi'uning
afforded was properly carried out, the amount
of i)runing required at this season will consist
chi(,'lly in removing old barren shoots and
laying-iu young and fruitful ones, and short-
ening the fruit-spurs. Old trees having long
or very numerous fruit-spurs should have
somi! of those reduced in length and number
each year. In most instances of cutting back
wholly or partially, buds now dormant will
break at tho base. The spurs of Plums may
stand out ;{ to 4 inches from the face of the
wall, not more, otherwise much of the shelter
a wall provides is in a measure lost. Tho
leading shoots of young Plum-trees should be
left 2 to 3 ft. in length, according to strength,
weakly ones shorter; lateral shoots may be
reduced to one or two buds. Syringe the trees
with the caustic soda and potash solution.

Chrysanthemum R. Hooper Pearson. —
Messrs. H. Caxnell & Sons, Swanley, have
sent us specimens of a sport from this variety,
with bronze-coloured flowers, instead of tho
rich yellow colour characteristic of the type.

434

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 14, 1901»

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Illustrations.— TTi-c EcUtur will thankfully receive and select
photographs or dra w i n gs, stiitahle for rejjroduction, of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees, &c. ; hut he
cannot he responsible for loss or injury.

t_etters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for nnming, shonhi be addressed to the EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. London,
C&mmitnications should he written on one side only of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not he
printed, hut kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

i Royal Horticultural Society,
TUESDAY, Dec. 17- Committees meet at West-
( minster.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.
MONDAY, Dec. Hi.—

Bulbs, at Stevens' Kooms.
TUESDAY, Dec. 17.—

Duti'h Bulbs, at Protheroe A Morris' Rooms.
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 18.—

Dutch Bulbs, Azaleas. Rliododendrons, Palms in

variety, Roses, Border Plants, .Japanese Lilies, by

Protheroe & Morris.— Lilium speciosum, &c., at

Stevens' Rooms.
THURSDAY, Dec. 19.—

Dutch Bulbs, by Protheroe & Morris.
FRIDAY, Dec. -m.—

Orchids in variety, bv Protheroe i Morris.— Orchid

sale by J. Cowan, at 13!i, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle.

—Palms, &c,., by H. W. Rendell.

(For further particulars sec Advertisemenl columns.)

Atebaqe Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-40'.
ACTCAL Temperatures :—

London.— Decoiibcr n (ij p.m.) : Max. 44° ; Min. 3ii°.

Decemfter 12.— Cold rain.
Peovinces.— /)ecem6er 11 (6 p.m.): Max. 46° Scillv
Min. 34', N.E. Scotland. ^ '

Tiie Study of EvEi!Y(.)XE who lias had oc-
Wood- casion to study, or even only

structure. to attempt to identify, the
woods of foreign countries as obtained from
the timber merchant, must have been struck
by the paucity and conflicting nature of the
information that is generally available as to
the name of the specimen and the source
whence obtained. Of course, in a broad
sense, the structure of wood is well known
to botanists; the difficulty arises when an
attempt is made to identify any particular
.-specimen that may present itself. As usual,
(lopular names, even when they exist, are
worse than worthless; they are actually
misleading.

A few days since, we had occasion to
make enquiries as to the wood employed
for sleepers on the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way. The reply we received from an
official in the Company's service was that
the sleepers made use of were constructed
of " yellow Pine " or of '• Mahogany. "
Turning to Professor Sargent's invaluable
Tenth Census Report (1884), we find four
species of Pinus, each called Yellow Pine,
l>ut probably neither of them utilised for
sleepers on the large scale, if at all, un-
less it be P. ponderosa. The Douglas Fir
(Pseudotsuga Douglasii) is, it appears,
known as the Yellow Fir— and it is very
likely used for railroad purposes — but it is
not, except in a very broad sense, a Pine.

Mahogany, in the ordinary acceptation of
the term, is not likely to be "used in Canada
for sleepers, and a similar remark applies
to the two species of Cercocarpus, called
Mountain Mahoganj-.

In like manner, if enquiry be made as to
the source of "Rosewood," "Ebony," and
many other woods in common use, it will be
found that the difficulties of determination

ai-e accentuated by the circumstance that
the terms are applied to woods derived from
several trees. The same thing happens
notoriously in the case of the Australian
Eucalypti. It is needless to specify other
instances of a fact that is too painfully
obvious. A few modern English works may
be specially mentioned as furnishing en-
cyclopa?dic details relating to the structure
of timljer. Among them are the Census
Heport of Prof. Sargent previously referred to,
and of which the Silva is an extension ; Mr.
Gamble's excellent Manned of Indian Timbers
(1881) ; and Sir Ferdinand von Mueller's
Eucahjptographia.

We allude to this subject in reference to
an interesting lecture on the identification
of wood before the Society of Arts by ]Mr.
Herbert Stone, which is reported in full in
the Journal of the Society for December (i.

The Chair was most appropriately occu-
pied by Sir Dietrich Brandis, whose ac-
quaintance with this subject is unrivalled.

Mr. Stone passed in review the general
structure of the wood as it may be seen liy
the naked eye, or by the use of a pocket-
lens. The presence or absence of pores
indicating the cut end of vessels, and their
position ; the nature and appearance of the
medullary rays, and other prominent cha-
racteristics, were referred to.

Mr. Stone reflected on collectors and
descriptive botanists for the comparatively
little attention they pay to points of
economic importance ; and Mr. T. G. Hill.
in the course of the discussion, said that
" botanists often forgot in working out ques-
tions of purely academic importance the
value of the points to those who were inte-
rested more from the economic point of
view." We think the works already men-
tioned, not to speak of the publications of
BE.4NDIS, Nordlingee, Hartig, Maye, may
be cited on the other side. The works
of Roxburgh, Wight, Falconer, Royle,
Hooker, and of late years the publications
of Dr. Aitcheson, and the Kew Bulletin, also
go to disprove the general application of the
statement.

Moreover, it must be remembered that
the collectors and descriptive botanists are
comparable to the miners who discover and
bring the ore to the surface. It is for others
to utilise it when so obtained. The prin-
ciple of the division of labour is properly
applied here. A fine collection of timbers,
got together by collectors, exists at Kew
ready to hand for examination, but, so far
as we know, relatively little use has been
made of it by those whom it most concerns.

But we may let Dr. Henry* defend the
collecting botanists in his own words: —

"Dr. Augustine Henry thought the charges
brought against botanists by the reader of the
paper were not altogether fair. When he
began to collect plants in China, although he
had no instructions to take specimens of trees,
he made a collection in the first year of speci-
mens of woods, which he sent home to Kew,
but he never heard a single word about the
collection subsequently, from any specialist
in the study of woods. There were many col-
lectors in almost every part of the world who
would be willing to do such work if they were
requested to do so. Most of the ignorance on
the subject was due to the fact that there
was no proper intercommunication between
scientific men at home and travellers abroad,
who were willing to work but did not
know how to set about the matter. He had

collected botanical specimens in various parts
of the fore.sts of China, first of all in tlie cen-
tral provinces of Hupeh and Szechwan, then in
Formosa .and the Island of Hainan, and during
the last four or five years in the province of
Yunnan. There were immense forests in the
very high ranges of the central provinces,
ranges really branching off from the Hima-
layas. Through that vast unexplored region
there were immense forests everywhere. At
the top from 7,000 feet upwards there were
great belts of coniferous forests, where trees
were to be found as straight as an arrow,
200 feet in height, with a diameter of 4 or
5 feet. Below 7,000 feet various mixed forests
were to be found. Even in small woods of
about two acres in extent more species of
trees were to be found than occurred in all
Europe. In such a wood probably 100 trees
of different species might be found, whereas,
in Europe, there were only seventy species
of trees altogether. There were at least 100
distinct species of Rhododendrons known in
China already, and the figure, he was sure,
would be increased tliree - fold. Sixty or
seventy species of Oaks were now known in
China, although it would probably be disco-
vered in the future that there were at least
150 or 200 varieties. A^t present, it was per-
fectly impossible to deal with forests in China
in a practical way, owing to the absence of
roads and railways, and the want of security
for capitalists. In some places the woods were
fast disappearing. About 100 years ago mis-
sionaries introduced the Potato into China,
and the natives, finding that it grew very well
at high altitudes, were destroying the forests
in order to get a miserable crop of Potatos.
He had recently received a letter from a friend
to the effect that the Potato disease was rife,
with the result that whole villages of Chinese
were deserting the mountains, and there was
some chance of the forests being preserved.
He hoped tlie disease would go on and prosper.

"Mr. T. F. Bourdillon said the forests in
Travaneore were very extensive, including
.500 or COO different species of timber, many of
them peculiar to the country. Unfortunately
a similar state of things existed there as in
China ; the hillmen cutting down the forests
in order to plant grain and tobacco. The
Government was stopping them to a certain
extent, and endeavouring to encourage the
forests to grow again. He thought the work
being carried on by Mr. Stone, if pushed
further, would be of very great assistance
indeed in identifying timber.

"Dr. W. Schlich, C.I.E., thought the syste-
matic botanist would have to learn something
from the men who, with a lens and a micro-
scope, examined the structures of wood, and
that a great deal of the present classification
might have to be very considerably altered in
accordance with further experience as to the
similarity of the structure of the timber of
different trees. Last February he read a paper
before the Society, in which he demonstrated
that the imports of timber into Great Britain
and Ireland alone amounted to the net value
of £25,000,000 per annum, and suggested that
if that money, instead of being paid to people
outside, could be paid to home timber-growers,
it would be an advantage to the country. He
also pointed out that the certainty of future
supplies, more particidarly of particular kinds
of timber, was doubtful, and that new sources
of supply must be opened up. When those
new sources were used it would be essential to
know exactly what kind of timber came to this
and other countries ; and he believed Mr.
Stone's classification would be of the utmost im-
portance in supplying such information. There
was no doubt the Chairman had originated

December 14, 1901.]

-HE GAEDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

435

"the study of the anatomical sti-uctuveof timber
in India, and tlie beautiful description of the
SOO pieces of timber in a -well-lniown volume
was dictated by him to his two assistants.
Mr. Gamble now had ready for the Press a
new edition of his work, giving a description
of 1,500 different kinds of timber. He was
told that there were 4,700 woody plants in
India, and there must be many more all over
the world ; and as a description of only 1,500
of these had appeared, Mr. Stoxe had a
magnificent field of work before him. If he
succeeded in getting from the Colonial
Governments specimens of different kinds of
timber, and prepared authenticated collections
of them which could be placed in a central
place, such as the Imperial Institute, the
difficulties of the timber-dealer would he to a
large extent removed.

"Mr. Stone in reply said: With regard to
botanists, it was too much to expect travellers
to burden themselves with specimens, but if
they could supply the vernacular names and
mention the colour and a few details, it would
be most precious information. The report of
the Challenger expedition, which was paid for
•with Government money, simply contained a
list of plants with a few English names ; but
ao vernacular names, or useful information
of any kind, was given."

LiNNEAN Society. — On the occasion of the
evening meeting to be held Thursday, Dec. 19,
1901, at 8 P.M., the following papers will be
read: — 1. "On the Brain of Recent and Fossil
Lemurs," by Dr. G.Elliot Smith. 2. "On the
Ostracoda collected round the Funafuti Atoll,"
by Mr. F. Chapman, A.L.S., &c. Exhibitions:
1. A gigantic Argulus from .lapau, and a spe-
cimen dredged at the Cape, by Prof. G. B.
Howes, F.R.S., Sec.L.So. 2. A new Polyzoon
from Tanganyika, by Mr. J. E. S. Moore. 3.
An example of White's Thrush (Turdus varius),
shot near Clavering, Essex, by Mr. MILLER
Christy, F.L.S., &c.

" Botanical Magazine." — The plants
figured in the December number are as
follows : —

Ci/rtopodiiim pabnifrons, Reichenbaeh and
Warming, tab. 7807, Kew. — A remarkable

*** Our Almanac. — According to our usual
practice we shall shortly issue a Gardeners'
Chronicle Almanac for the year 1902. In order
to make it as useful as possible for reference,
we shall be obliged if Secretaries of Horticul-
tural, Botanical, and allied Societies, or any of
our correspondents, will send us immediate
intimation of all fixtures for the coming year.

The Coronation.— It is authoritatively
announced that this ceremony is to take place
on Thursday, June 2(1. Kosc-growers please
note.

The Avenue, Hatfield.— Our Supplemen-
tary H'jstralion for the present issue shows
•the fine double Lime-tree avenue at Hatfield, at
the southern end, where it debouches upon the
gravelled space fronting the carriage entrance.
This avenue is not very old, although the trees
of which it consists are of full size, and meet at
the top, and the shade is very dense when they
are in full leafage.

We also afford our readers an illustration
<fig. 131) of one of the finest specimens of
Aeridfrs Lawrenceanum ever seen under cul-
tivation in this country. It will bo acknow-
ledged by those who understand Orchid cul-
ture, and that of .\i-rides in particular, as being
a very fine example of cultural skill on the
part of Jlr. G. Norman, the head gardener to
the Marquis of Salisiurv at Hatfield House.
The plant is more than :', feet in height, and
recently carried five very largo spikes of
4)loom ; some of the spikes were branched,
and the largest m(;asured upwards of :i feet in
length.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The last
oieeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
this year will be held on Tuesday, Dec. 17,
in the Drill Hall, Buckingham (late, West-
minster. An election of new Fellows will
take place at .3 o'clock.

At a General Meeting of the Society

held on Tuesday, November 20, thirty-seven
new Fellows wore elected, amongst them
being Sir James Blyth, Bart., Lady Fit/-
Herbert, Capt. C. N. Lyall, Edmind Deacon,
M.F.H.,and EuoENE E. Hennesey, B.A.,B.Sc.,
making a total of 888 elected since the be-
ginning of the present year.

Fid. rn.-Ai-iKlDES LAWRENCEANUM, AS (iHOWN
AT HATFIELD.

Orchid with tufted, erect stems 2 feet high,
bearing sheathing, distichous, linear, lanceo-
late leaves, 0 to 7 inches long ; the sheaths
are about I an inch long, lemon-yellow
with a purplish margin. The fiowers are
numerous, borne on tall, much - branched
panicles springing from the base of the
stcftis ; each flower is about 1 inch broad, the
segments oblong, subcqiial, yellow spotted
with red; lip threc-lobcd, smaller than the
segments. It is a native of Central Brazil.

E«c«iypf».s G'lnini, var. montana, Hook., tab.
7808. — A native of Tasmania and Victoria.
The only species that has withstood the
climate of the East of England. At Kew a
tree opposite the Palm-house was long grown
as E. polyanthemos. It was cut to the ground
in severe winters, but sprang up again in
spring.

Impatiens psittactna, Hook, f., tab. 7S09.
— An annual species from Burma ; remarkable
for its large, pendulous flowers of a pinkish
colour, the large spur white, striped and
blotched with carmine. Kew.

Spira'a Millefolium, Torrey, tab. 7810.—
This plant has the foliage of a Tansy, or of an
Achillea, but the white flowers arranged in a
dense, terminal panicle, are those of a Spirsea.
See Gord. Cliron., 1897, vol. ii., p. '237, fig. 72;
California. Kew.

Meiiaclininm leucochilum, Rolfe, tab. 7811. —
A curious West African species, with linear,
oblong, acute leaves, and long, flattened,
flower stalks, from each edge of which are
given off the small, yellowish flowers. Kew.

Professor Crepin. — An excellent portrait
of the late Director of the Botanic Gardens,
Brussels, is given in the current number of the
Revue de V Horticulture Beige, together with a
ympathetic and appreciative account of his
career, although by inadvertence no mention
is made of Crkpin's labours in the search for,
and in the description of fossil plants. His
Guide dii Uotniiiste is a work which maybe
classed with Alphonsb de Candolle's Phyio-
graphie. No higher praise can bo given.

M. Philippe de Vilmorin.— On November G
a dinner was given to M. Philippe db Vil-
morin by the seedsmen of Philadelphia and
New York, and the Directors of the Wholesale
Seedsmen's League, at the Bellevue Hotel,
Philadelphia. The menu was very choice, and
the menu-card was specially designed, bearing
the French and American flags in colours,
surmounted by an eagle. Pages wore pro-
vided for the autographs of those (larticipating
in this notable alTair.

Professor Robert Hartig.— The death of
this eminent botanist took place on October 10.
Hartk; was Professor in the University and
l\irest School of Munich. His researches into
the natural and the diseased structure of
wood, especially as affected by fungi, gained
him a very high place, alike in botanical and
in forestry circles. His Text-Book on the Dis-
eases of Trees, translated by Dr. Someiivili.k,
and edited by Prof. Marshall Ward, is a most
valuable and lucid compendium, of which wo
published an account in December, 18!)4.

United Horticultural Benefit and Pro-
vident Society.— The monthly Committee
meeting of this Society was held on Monday
evening, 9th inst., at the Caledonian Hotel,
I\Ir. C. H. Curtis in the Chair. The minutes
of the last meeting were road and confirmed.
Two now members were elected, making a
total of 83 for the year. Two members only
are now on tho Sick Fund, but five others have
received sick pay since tho last meeting, the
amount paid out during tho month being £16 Is.
The treasurer reported that he had inv<^sted
v;400 in L.C.C. Stock, leaving him a balance in
hand of "CI 2.S. 10(i.

French Chrysanthemum Society. — Mr.
Barman Payne read a paper (referred to
on page 375) before the Chrysanthemum
Congress of Bordeaux, relating to the his-
tory of the Chrysanthemum and its intro-
duction into Europe. A largo Silver -gilt
Medal was awarded by the Society to Mr.
Payne, who also received promotion at tho
hands of the French Government, who con-
ferred on him tho distinction of Oflicer of the
" Merite Agricole." Of seedlings considered
notable, M. BoiilE DE BiJOLiiS had seventeen ;
while M. CilANTRlER of Bayonnoand M. Calvat
ol Grenoble and the Marquis de Kins also
showed to advantage. The next meeting will
be held at Angers.

436

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 14, 1901.

Horticultural Club.— The usual monthly
dinner and conversazione will take place on
Tuesday, -December 17, at (i r.M. The subject
for discussion will bo "Birds in their Relation
to Horticulture," to be opened by Mr. Charles
E. Pearson.

Edinburgh'Seed Trade Assistants.— The
assistant seedsmen of this city held their
annual dinner on Friday last in Ferousox &
Forrester's Restaurant'! About 140 attended,
and there -were a number of guests. Mr.
Alexander Chalmers presided. Mr. Bieber-
STEd't proposed " The Seed Trade Assistants,"
and invited the kindly co-operation of the
employers on behalf of the assistants as a
body, believing that this would greatly benefit
all concerned. Responding, Mr. T. Alison
suggested the formation of an association of
the assistants in the seed trade, with the view
of improving their [position, if from no otlier
than an educational point of view. They were
a fairly prosperous body of young men, and
had not found it necessary to resort to any
extreme measures in their business relations
with their employers, but there could be no
doubt that tliey would be none the worse for
being thoroughly organised.

Books. — At an important six days' sale of
books and manuscripts, conducted by Messrs.
Sotiieby, Wllkinson & HoDcE, at their rooms
in Wellington Street, Strand, last week, the
following amongst many other botanical works
■were disposed of ■.—Ortns SanitatU, Dc hevbis
et Plantis, &c., 1511, £15; John Parkinson's
Theatriim Botanicum, 1C40, £4 17s. del. ; another
copy of the same, £2 (ix. ; The Gardens of Enq-
land, by E. A. Brooke, 1S.-)7, £5 ; Alpine Plants,
by D. "WoosTER, 1874, £1 is. ; John Evelyn's
Silva: A Dixcourse of Forest Trees, 1812,
£2 2s. ; The Flower Oarden Disiylaifd in above
400 Curious Representations of the most Beau-
tiful Flowers, 1732, £2; Descriptive Account
of the Mansion and Gardens of White
Knights, by Hofland, privately printed for
the Duke of Marlborotoh, no date, £2 2s. •
Exotic Botanij, by Dr. John Hill, 1759, 1.3s! ;
John Gerarde's Herball or Oenerall Historie
of Plantes, 1st edition, 1507, £8 17s. M. ■ the
same, 1663 edition, £8 2s. 6(;. ; A Booke of the
Arte and Maner hoiv to Plant and Grafte all
sortes of Trees, how to set Stones and some
Pepins, &c., by Leonard Mascal, 1575, £12 ;
The First and Seconde Partes of the Herbal by
Dr. 'Wm. Tuiiner, 1508, £10.

Tufted Branching in Cephalotaxus
DRUPACEA.— We are indebted to the courtesy
of Viscount Po^N'ERSCOl-iiT for the opportunity
of examining a curious specimen of branching
in the female plant of C. drupacea. Hanging
from one of the branches was a globose tuft as
large as a man's head, of relatively short
branches, bearing numerous "fruits." This
tuft recalled the "Witches' brooms " so often
seen in the Birch, or the "hexenbesen" of
the Germans, which 'occur in the Spruce and
other Conifers. In some cases these growths
are the result of irritation, and consequent
overgrowth caused by the puncture of mites,
as in the Birch. In other cases similar results
are brought about by the action of fungi
(^cidium). In Viscount Powerscodrt's speci-
men there was no indication now of either
fungus or insect; but, for all that, one or
other may have been present at an earlier
stage.

Stock-taking: November. —The Trade
and Navigation Returns tor November show a
falling off both in imports and exports. The
imports were £4(i, 810,553, against £49,733,730
for the same period last year— a decrease of
£2,923,177— but considerably less than that

recorded for last month. Exports continue to
show a downward tendency, the record for
the past month being £22,842,436, against
£24,624,649, a reduction of £1,782,21:1. In
most sections of the import record is there
shown a falling off, and this gives added
interest to our usual extract from the " sum-
mary " table: —

Imports.

1900.

1901.

Difference.

£

£

£

Total value

49,733,T.30

46,810,5.53

—2,923,177

(A.) Articles of food
and drink— duty

free

l:J,.S26,024

1.3,735,136

— !i0,SS.s

(B.) Articles of food
it drink— dutiable

8,407,129

4,(il3,e.S7

-7!i:!,4J2

Raw materials for
textile manufac-

tures

10,170,831

9,649,.379

—521,4.52

Raw materials for
sundryindustries
and manufactures

.5,171,778

4,173,624

— il98,1.54

(A.) Miscellaneous

1,7.-!1,.301

1,615,4.33

—115.81-8

(B.) Parcel Post ...

115,399

105,248

—10,151

To the many who are curious in the matter of
Christmas cheer the information contained in
our table relating to fruits, roots, and vege-
tables will be very welcome. The failure in
the Canadian and United States Apple crops
will have prepared all for the heavy " minus "
quantity, and for the very greatly enhanced
market value ; the home grower will be able
to find his own consolation here and there.
But let the figures speak for themselves : —

Imports.

1900.

1901.

Difference.

Fruits, raw :—

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Apples

574,443

324,.567

— 249,.-i76

Apricots and Peaches

38

+;i,s

Bananas... bunches

84,704

224,835

-H4u,i;!i

Grapes

130,405

106,348

—24,057

Lemons

75,403

.58,349

—17,054

Nuts— .Vlmonds

26,098

23,009

— 3,0.S9

Others, used as food

181,104

205,801

-1-24,697

Oranges

333,475

552,CX)9

+21S,.594

Pears

34,711

25,178

—9,6.3:3

Plums

45

334

-f289

Uncnumerated,raw...

11, .526

13,806

4-2,2711

Fruits, dried—

CuiTants, for home

consumption

78,.531

220,282

+219,505

Raisins

123,003

160,861

-!-:«. 748

Vegetables, raw :—

Onions bush.

716,368

637,954

—7.8,414

Potatos cwt.

1,606,816

203,205

—1,403,611

Tomatos „

36,906

20,924

—1.5,982

\'egetables, raw, un-

enumerated ...value

£65,636

dB19,650

—£45,986

The " unenumerated " section includes Pome-
granates, some very fine specimens of which
we have seen, the price being a penny apiece.
As to the imports for the eleven months of the
year just expired, we find them valued at
£475,506,540, against £477,275,047 for the same
period last year, or a reduction of £1,769,107.
A few lines will cover all we have to note
respecting our —

Exports.
As we have said, the report for the month
shows a decrease amounting to £1,782,213 — an
added million to the minus side of the account.
During the past eleven months the value of
our exports was some £256,185,112, against
£207,839,334, a decrease of £11,654,222. Specu-
lation as to the causes operating here would
be both useless and out of place.

"Flora of THE Malay Peninsula.'— sir
Georce KlNC has reprinted from the .loiirual
of the Asiatic Society of Bciifjal, No. 1, 1001,

another instalment (the twelfth) of his work

on the Malayan flora. It is entirely devoted

to the description and arrangement of the
Myrtacetie.

Open Spaces.— The Metropolitan Garden
Association appear to have a considerable
amount of work on hand just at the present
time and in ])rospect. The work may not be
of an extensive nature, but all of it will be of
benefit to the various localities in which the
open spaces are situated, which may briefly be
stated as follows : — Laying out as a garden the
churchyard of St. Philips', Avondale Square^
S.E. ; in Claphaui to lay out that of St. Pauls ;
they are getting on 5vith the laying out of All
Saints churchyard. Poplar ; as also with the
acquisition of open spaces in Wandsworth,
Deptford, Barking, and other parishes.

Another Royal Appointment.— We are
informed that Messrs. Willia:w Hall JNIassik
and James Welsh, personally trading under the
title of DiCKSONS & C0MP4NV, a name known to-
horticulturists for the past 1.50 years, have
been appointed nurserymen and seedsmen at
Edinburgh to H.M. the King.

Silver Wedding. -- Many of our readers
will be interested to know that Mr. YOUNC,
the head gardener at the Zoological (iardens.
Regent's Park, and Mrs. YouNG celebrated
their silver wedding on Saturdaj', December 7,
last. Numerous congratulations were re-
ceived from friends in Scotland and elsewhere,
including one from Mr. David Thojison, under
whom Mr. Young imbibed his earliest instruc-
tions in gardening. He has held his present
appointment since 1880.

Nurseryman as Magistrate.— On the
recommendation of the Earl of Meath, His.
Majesty's Lieutenant for the County, the
Lord Chancellor has been pleased to appoint
Mr. Daniel L. Ramsay, of The Nurseries,
Ball's Bridge, to the Commission of the Peace
for the County Dublin.

Sports in the Sugar-Cane.— The Chrys-
anthemum is not the only plantthat "sports,"
though to hear the growers of the autumn
t^ueen, one would imagine she had a monopoly
of bud variation and " dichroism." This i.-^
far from being the case. The current number
of the West Indian Bnllctin contains coloured
representation of bud variation in the Sugar-
cane. Apart from their scientific interest as.
items in the history of variation, there is a
chance, and not a very remote one either, that
some of them may prove practically valuable
as affording a cane richer in sugar, or of a more
hardy constitution. Indeed, this has already
been proved to be the ca.se, and planters who
should, metaphorically, leave no .stone un-
turned, should certainly not reject such a
" sport " when they .see it, but test its valuer
or its worthlcssness.

The Growth of a " Nasturtium."— This-
forms the .subject of a thoughtful paper written
and illustrated by Mr. Edgar Scamell, and
published in the December numberof Pearson's
Magazine. The author traces the growth of
his plant from the seed to the adult stage ; and
the reproductions of its appearance at dif-
ferent ages are very good, beiug instructive
as well as suggestive. The suggestion afforded
is that more growers, leisured amateurs espe-
cially, should thus study the life-history of
plants, and keep careful record of their daily
growth and habits. From a collection of
reliable information in this direction, im-
irortant facts would be brought to light. It
we must criticise, wo must remark that it is a
pity that Mr. Scamell speaks of his plant as
being a Nasturtium, though he admits that

December U, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

437

the Nasturtium is really a Water -cress.
The word Tropreolum is now scarei^'ly less
well known, and every opportunity should
•be taken of making it still more familiar.
The fifteen (coloured) pictures, selected
from eighty photographs by which the daily
progress of the plant is recorded, are charm-
ingly realistic, and the whole article is
not the least interesting contribution to an
excellent double number of the well-known
tnagazine.

Meeting of the Ghent Chambre Syn-
DICALE. — At a meeting on December 2 of the
Chambre Syndicale des Horticulteurs Beiges
■et Soeiete Royale d'Agriculture et de Bo-
tanique of Ghent, the following awards were
made : — Certificates of Merit for Cattleya
Princess Clementine (hyb. 1897), from M. F.

yellow and red-brown in colour; and the
flavour agreeable. The tree is vigorous and
productive (fig. 1:12). Tlie variety originated
with Colonel Salway at Egham Park in 1814.

A VISIT TO THE NORTH.— IX.

{Continued from p. 41vt.)
MESSRS. DICKSON and CO.,
of 1, Waterloo Place, have their nursery at
Nether Liberton, three miles out of the city in
the direction of Dalkeith. The rather slow-
going cable-trams, that extend over a very
large area in and around the City of Edinburgh,
will take you within five minutes walk of the
place. Upon one of these 1 proceeded rather
late in the afternoon of September 2 last,
accompanied by Mr. Massie, senior partner of
the firm, upon his " wheel."

-A SAIAVAV I'KACil-TltKK.

i>i: l!ii:v}!E, Chef do Culture of the Uoyal
Chateau at Laeken (;)fir acctamuliun) ; for
U.elia pr.-estans ■ Cattleya aurea, from the
same exhibitor (('/ V ununimiti') ; for I'teris
Childsii, from M. L. DE S.MET DuviviEl! ; and
for Odontoglossuin graude var. aureuin I'au-
welsii, from M. Til. Pauwki-S (a Vunaiiimilc).
A Certificate for Flowering was allotted to
M. Vkijdonck for Oucidium Wentworthianum.

A FINE TREE OF THE SAT,WAY
ITOACII.

We arc indebted to Jlr. F. Perkins, of
Leamington, for the opportunity of figuring
an abundantly fruitful specimen of this variety.
In very warm seasons the Salway Peach pro-
duces excellent fruit on south and west walls
in the Southern parts of England, ripen-
ing taking place in the early part of October,
whereas in other positions and aspects the
fruit is of poor quality. As the late Mr.
Rivers grew it in cold pits facing south, close
up to the lights, the fruit was of nice quality
almost every year, and also in his fruit-houses
as a pot tree. The fruit is large, globular;
flesh a lively yellow ; skin tough, golden-

.I.M'ANKSi: I.AKCII A yUUK CMOWMt.

Directly we entered the nursery, Mr. Massie
pointed out to me the breadths of .Japanese
Larch (l^arix leptolepis) in contrast to the
conunon Larch ; at present most of the sale is
for the Japanese species. The plants grow very
much quicker, and commence to shoot rather
later in the spring, liargc numbers of the
native species tliree years old were about
2 feet liigh (just in condition for removal),
whilst the Japanese species also three years
old (2 : 1), were 3 feet high, although the
roots had tjeeu loosened a little by the use of
a spade during summer.

This experience is not in conformity with
that recorded in the Maunal uj Conifers
(Veitch's), where the Japanese species is
described as slower growing than 1^. eiiropica.
It may be addeil, however, that in these
nurseries, L. leptolepis does grow rather
more slowly during the first year, but the
gain afterwards iiiueli more than balances this.
The Japanese species completes its growth
and ripens olT about three weeks earlier than
the common si)ecics, and the shoots become
of a goldea tint, giving a plantation of them
an attractive appearance. Mr. Massie wonders

how long the popularity of the quicker-growing
species will continue ?

Messrs. Dickson have a very large stock of
native Pines of various ages, and those in the
long seed-beds were in excellent growing
condition. In these bods, and in others
planted with dift'erent species, not a weed
could be seen. Of native Pines three years
old it was computed there were half a
million plants. They had been transplanted
six months previously, and as Mr. Massie
said, "were just as the Scotsman likes them
for hill planting," as they possessed good,
fibrous roots, and have been gro'mi vipon a
slope facing north. Another batch of Scots
Firs (2 — 2) have outstayed their welcome in
the nursery, and will certainly be distributed
this season. Beech is generally sold at four
years old, and Thorns at the same age. Of
Conifers, I noticed considerable stocks of the
sjjecies and varieties commonly cultivated in
the North.

Flowering and other shrubs were very
well represented, particularly Spirseas, Lilacs,
hardy Rhododendrons, and Azaleas ; Choisya
ternata, Mahonia aquifolia, Weigelas, Vero-
nicas, Prunus Pissardi, &c.

A good area of ground is covered with fruit-
trees, trained and untrained. Twenty thousand
Apple-trees were budded in August last, and

1 remarked some very promising batches of
maiden Plums and Cherries, and largo breadths
of Ciooseberry and Currant bushes. Mention
should also be made of the Roses grown here,
there being a very fine stosk ready for sale.

The glass-houses include eleven with span-
roofs ; they contained stove and greenhouse
l)lants, Ferns, pot Figs, pot Vinos, seeding
Tomatos, &c. I must not omit reference to a
good show there existed of the new early-
lloworing Chrysanthemum Craigmiller, distri-
uuted by the firm last year. It is a capital
l)order variety, and produces flowers about

2 inches across, of deep yellow colour.

In a coUectien of Violas, the best novelty
was named William Welch, with good flowers
of rich orange colour, and extra free-growing
constitution. It will be distributed during
the present season.

Dahlias and many other border flowering
plants are cultivated ; but 1 have said sulli-
cient to indicate the representative character
of this well-maintained nursery, which, in-
cluding nursery stock and green crops, is an
area of about lUO acres.

A Morning with ICDiMiuucii's Dead

CiAKDKNEIi.

1 found Mr. J. W. McHattie, Uead Gardener
to the City of Edinburgh, in his ollice in the
City Chambers. This building is in the older
and more interesting portion of the city, and
as many readers are doubtless aware, is pecu-
liarly separated from the newer town by the
Castle and its falling grounds, Princes Street
Gardens, &c.

Mr. McHattie, 'Afho is another of the former
Calendar writers for the Gardeners' Chronicle,
welcomed me warmly, and showed mo several
of the gardens under his charge, at the same
time giving me information upon the whole of
the parks and gardens belonging to the city.
Speaking roughly, there is an area of upwards
of 600 acres, but it is made up of nearly thirty
places. Some of the largest of those arc the
East and West Meadows, in old Edinburgh,
(i3 acres ; Blackford Hill, 95 acres, a recreation
ground chiefly ; Inverleith Park, CI acres, in
which are the glasshouses for cultivating
plants for the gardens ; the Braid Hills,
l.")G [acres, affording some good golf courses ;
New Park, Portobello, 55| acres ; Bruntsflcld
Links, 35 acres ; The Calton Hill, 23 acres ;

438

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 14, 1901.

and the Princes Street Gardens, 37 acres.
There are [several golf courses, and smaller
areas devoted to the good out^door game of
Tjowling, so popular veith Scotsmen. Edin-
burgh's needs are not like those of Glasgow.
The former city is less congested, has fewer
industrial citizens, and hence there are no
People's Palaces or Winter Gardens. In
Edinburgh the parks are maintained chiefly
for recreation, and they contain nothing to
compare with the collections of plants in the
Camp Hill Gardens, Glasgow, or indeed with
those [in most of the parks there. Exception
must, of course, be made of the Princes Street
Gardens, which are so glorious a feature of
the city. These are pleasure-grounds, and
are brightened by numerous beds of showy
flowers. But they were capable of improve-
ment, and since my visit there some necessary
alterations have been made in them by Mr.
McHattie for the purpose of providing better
colour effects, and for securing a rearrange-
ment of some of the flower-beds, which were
not in the best positions available. The new
city gardener rightly feels that in the case of
ribbon-borders, his hands would be less free
to provide different floral effects each season.
This can bo done more satisfactorily with beds
of medium size that may be planted in many
different methods, and filled with alternating
species of plants.

The western portion of the gardens re-
quired a greater amount ^of colour imparted
to them. I have already mentioned the Inver-
leith Park. The entrance to this is close to
one of the entrances to the Royal Botanic
Gardens, whence an avenue through the
Inverleith Park is an'attractive feature.

The Waverley Garden is really an instance
of roof-gardening, but it has not all the disad-
vantages such sites usually possess, because
the roof of the old Waverley Market is level
with the street. In other respects it is much
the same, there is little space for soil, and
drainage needs to be provided similarly to
that of other roof-gardens. Mr. McHattie
will make an effort to secure a better effect by
experimenting with different species of plants
to put in the artificial beds and large vases,
■&0. Those that have hitherto been used have
not been so effective as could be wished, and
at the same time they have not withstood the
trying conditions of the site perfectly.

Before taking my leave of Mr. McHattie,
he very kindly conducted me over the City
Chambers, into the Museums and "Burn's
Room," where a locxuacious guide treated us
to some well-worn stories ; to the fine old
Castle, in front of which a regiment of High-
landers were performing their morning
drill ; to the grand, undecorated interior of
the historic building St. Giles' Cathedral ;
and to the " Heart of Midlothian" worked in
big pebbles in one of the city streets, sup-
posedly the exact centre of the classic county ;
besides which he showed me many interesting
relics in the history of the bold, Scottish
race. P.

iTo be continued.)

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Cheysanthemum Mme. Geoeges Mazuyek (Nonin).
— A large-fiowered Japanese variety, with creamy-white
linear-pointed fiorets. Tlie habit is dwarf. It flowers
at the end of October.— JJei'iic rfe I'HorticnUitre Beige,
December.

Odontoglossum WiLCKEANUJr. Rehb. f., in Gurd.
Chron., 1880, 298.— «artc» Flora. December, tab. 1493.

Rosa laevigata var. Anemone.— A lovely large
flowered single Rose, with rose-pink fioweva.—Eevu-
Jloriieole, Dec. 1.

Rosa maceantha.— A supposed hybrid between R.
gallica and R. cauiua, with large white flowers.— i^tT(/f'
Sorlicole, Dec. 1.

Tacca Chantkieei, sp. nov., Malaya, Ed. -\ndrc.—
Mevue Horticule, Dec. 1.

MARKElT 6AIRDENIN6.

PEACH HOUSES.
Those who intend to cultivate Peaches and
Nectarines under glass for commercial pur-
poses, should place the work of building in
the hands of a trustworthy firm having a good
reputation for the erection of glasshouses for
market purposes. The recommendation of a
builder of this sort as to the most suitable kind
of house or range of houses for any given pur-
pose, may be accepted with the certainty that
it will give satisfaction. The side and end
walls should rest on solid foundations, as
should likewise two tanks running across the
houses, this work being proceeded with
whilst the framework, light, &c., arc being
made. For the information of readers of the
Oardeners' Chronicle who, though lacking
practical experience, may wish to do the work
themselves, I will briefly describe the sort of
house or houses which will possess durability,
cheapness and suitability.

Houses from 10 to 24 feet wide, having
rafters from 10 to l.j feet long, and any length
from 50 to 300 feet, will answer the purpose
of Peach-growing admirably, the length of
such houses being governed by circumstances.
Where several ranges of houses can bo con-
structed at the same time for the production
of fruit, &c., requiring the same atmospheric
temperature, a great saving in the matter
of materials and labour is effected by
erecting the several structures on valley
gutters supported by 9-inch brick piers built
at about 8 feet apart, these piers being on the
same level as the two outside, side, and end
walls, the latter being about 2 feet high from
the floor-line. Ventilating - boxes should be
built in the side walls at intervals of 7 or 8 ft.
The latter should in thickness be the width of
a brick, viz., 4i inches, with 9-inch piers
built thereon at intervals of 8 feet, 4J. inches
of the individual piers showing on the outside
in order to support the 43-ineh wall against
lateral pressure ; the piers I)eing, therefore,
flush with the brickwork in.side. Squares of
glass 18 inches wide and 22 inches long, and
21 oz. to the square foot, should be used in
covering in the houses ; this being embedded
in best whitelead putty and secured on the
top with brass sprigs, four to each pane,
allowing a lap of ]-inch in glazing. A trellis
consisting of No. 14 galvanised wire fixed at
about 1 foot from the gla.ss, and allowing a
space of C inches between the wire. Having
contributed articles on the construction of a
glasshouse for market purposes in the Oar-
deners' Chronicle for February 2, and on the
construction of trellises in gla.sshouses so late
as March 30 in the present year, I need not
touch further on these matters now, but refer
those whom it may concern to the numbers of
this journal mentioned above, and to say that
from four to six 4-inch hot-water pipes should
be fixed in each house according to its width.

Planting the Trees.
Assuming the houses to be erected on land
of ordinary fertility, all that is necessary
is to excavate the holes in semi - circular
form 3 to 4 feet in the lower diameter, and
about 18 to 24 inches deep, the bottom being
broken up, returning some of the soil, and
incorporating short manure therewith before
the planting is proceeded with. Spread out
the roots over the soil in the bottom of the
hole, the bottom being slightly convex in out-
line, and cover them with good soil to the
depth of 6 inches ; mulch with half-rotted dung,
making allowance for the loose soil, and for

the trees subsiding about 3 inches. The trees
should stand at 15 feet apart, the intervening
spaces being utilised for growing Tomatos,
until the trees cover the whole of the trellis.
Trees grown on the extension method will do
this in two or three years from the time of
planting.

In referring to the construction of Peach-
houses, I omitted to say that span-roofed
houses should run north and south ; lean-to's
facing, as a matter of course, due south or
south-west, as the case may be.

Varieties.
The right varieties to plant are Early Alex-
ander, Waterloo, Amsden .lune, and Hale's.
Early Peaches, for early ripening with gentle
forcing. These fruits command high prices ia
the market. To succeed these, plant Dagmar,
Early Grosse Mignonne, Crimson Galande,
and Dymond. Of Nectarines, Cardinal, Early
Rivers, and Pine-apple, may be relied upoa
for making good returns. The trees should
not be tied in position before the end of
January, neither should they be pruned. I
will contribute a short article on the subject
in due time. H. W. Ward.

WINTER - FLOWERING BEGONIAS.

The magnificent Begonias now in full bloom
at Messrs. J. Veitch & Son's Nurseries,
Foltham, are not from retarded tubers, like
the Liliums, Lilies of the Valley, Spirteas,
Azaleas, and other plants remarkable for their
beautiful flowers at the Aquarium Show of
Chrysanthemums, which were produced by
plants which had been subjected to the process-
of retarding by means of low temperature.
They are simply the result of skilful culti-
vation, and anyone having good greenhouse-
accommodation may enjoy their lovely flowers
at this time of the year, and for a couple of
months longer if the right species and varieties-
be selected, and proper attention is given to
them. In the first instance it may be interest-
ing to state that all of them are hybrids of
first or second degree from B. socotrana, a
lovely species introduced into our gardens by
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons some twenty years- -
ago, and one which possesses the great ad-
vantage of flowering naturally in midwinter.
I'nfortunately this most distinct plant is of a
somewhat capricious behaviour, and on that
account has not met with the general cultiva-
tion which it deserves, and is seldom seen in
first-class condition. The same drawback,
however, does not apply to the several varieties
resulting from the crossings which have been>
made with some varieties of the popular
tuberous-rooted species. In Begonias, as In
the generality of hybrids produced bycrossing^
distinct species, and notably Orchids and
Nepenthes, the offsprings are endowed with
much greater vigour than their respective
parents. This one reason undoubtedly ac-
counts in part for the robust appearance of
the plants grown at Feltham, and a skilful
culture, such as the one directed by a grower-
of Mr. John Heal's experience, accounts for
the rest. Be this as it may, it Ls an indis-
putable fact that the splendid winter-flower-
ing Begonias make at the present time a mag-
nificent show which, if we take into account
the innumerable quantity of flower-buds in
various stages of development still on the
plants, is most likely to last a couple of months
longer and bring us well into the new year.
There are close upon a dozen varieties of these
useful plants already in commerce, and if there
are no white, yellow, or blue forms, on the
other hand one may see and admire among

December 14, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

439

them all the various tints and shades from
pale pink to dark crimson, red and bright
scarlet. Although three or four of these have
quite single flowers, the majority produce
double or semi-double flowers, and this is a
certain advantage, inasmuch as in nearly all
classes of plants a double or semi-double flower
possesses the faculty of remaining longer on
the plant than a single one. It may be of
some interest to recall here the fact that the
first of these hybrids, "John Heal" by name,
was the result of a cross between B. socrotana
and a crimson-coloured variety of the tuberous
section, called Viscountess Donerailc, and also
that as a seed-bearing parent B. socotrana has
only produced John Heal, Winter Gem, with
flowers of a deep crimson colour, with socotrana
foliage, and Gloire de Lorraine, which at Fel-
tham was the result of a cross between that
interesting species and B. Moonlight ; whereas,
the original B. Gloire de Lorraine of Lemoine
was given as the result of a cross between
socotrana and, I believe, B. Dregeana.

But if the offsprings of B. socotrana as the
female parent are few in number, those re-
resulting from crosses in which that species
was used as pollen parent are numerous, and
also varied in colours. There are Myra, Mrs.
Heal, and Winter Cheer, all three very bright
rich red, large flowers, those of Mrs. Heal
measuring fully 3 inches ip diameter. The
rsetd-bearing plant in this case was an orange-
scarlet variety of the tuberous section. A
semi-double flowering variety of the tuberous
section, with rose-coloured flowers, acted as
the female parent which produced Ensign, a
double bright pink variety, so frce-floworing
that seventy to eighty flowers and buds have
been counted on plants 18 inches high, and
grown in ;]2-i)ots. Winter Perfection, a variety
of somewhat dwarf habit, with double, pink-
flowers, disposed on well-branched racemes,
and with line, dark, shining foliage ; and the
remarkably pretty Ideala (see fig. 121 in our
last issue), a particularly dwarf variety, with
double flowers of a deep, rich rosy-pink
colour, and disposed on racemes showing well
above the foliage. In Venus we have a very
fine semi-double variety, with bright red
flowers, issued from a crimson-flowered tu-
berous form crossed with B. socotrana. But
one of the most distinct of all that section
is undoubtedly Julius, the result of a cross
between a white-flowering variety of the
tuberous section and ii. socotrana. It is
thoroughly distinct from all others, and its
flowers, which are produced in great abund-
ance, greatly resemble flowers of the justly
popular double-flowered pink Oleander, in
colour and shape, as well as in size of its very
attractive flowers.

The only hybrid of the second degree known
with certitude to this day is the variety
Adonis, which is the result of a cross effected
lietween an orange scarlet form of the
tuberous .section, and John Heal, already an
hybrid from B. socotrana.

As to the duration of the flowering season
of the plants belonging to this interesting
section, the reader may draw his or her own
conclusions from the fact that the plants
above described and now in full perfect ion at
Messrs. J. Vcitch & Son's Xurscries, Fcltham,
have been exhibited two or three times this
season at the Drill Hall, in which locality flower-
ing plants do not improve. That any one may
easily grow these plants is made sufliciently
clear by the fact tliat tliey do not require a
high stove toiii|)eratnro at any time, and that
many of the plants now in flower were raised
fiom cuttings struck in August last, and these
of course, are only single shoots in 60-pots,
but they eacli bear a spike of their lovely
flowers, and measure only 8 inches to 9 inches

high, whereas the one-year and two-year-old
plants which are grown in pots 5 to 7 inches
across are bushy specimens 18 to 22 inches
high, and produce flowers in great abundance.
It may be stated here that it is of the utmost
importance to insure thorough success, that
the plants should be kept perfectly clean
and free from injurious insects, and espe-
cially of those of a little yellow thrips
which shows a great partiality towards their
succulent foliage, but which may easily be
kejjt off by careful attention and occasional
fumigations, which should be of a light
character and somewhat frequent during the
period of growth of the plants, that is, from
May to November. J. Sclineider.

PLANT NOTES.

PHACELIA PARRYI.
The genus Phacelia includes some effec-
tive decorative plants, and P. Parryi is one
of them. The flower is of an intensely deep
violet hue ; the corolla is about 1 inch in
width ; and they are numerously produced in
cymes from early summer till early autumn.
The leaves are slightly hairy on both surfaces,
and viscid. The i)lant rarely exceeds 1 foot
in height ; it is a native of California, and
should be grown in warm sunny positions, and
a well drained soil. There is a white variety,
but it is not so effective as the type.

TRIDAX TRll.OIiATA.

Those readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle
who may bo in search of useful subjects as cut
flowers, will find in this Mexican annual a
plant worth of attention. The flowers arc of
medium size, say not more than \\ inch
diameter, the colour rich orange, with a slight
reddish colouring at the base of tlie florets,
almost forming a circle. The jjlant attains
2J feet high, and flowers from July to October.
Another kind, T. bicolor var. rosea, is also
worthy of remark. E. J.

BULB GARDEN.

('UlNLMS FOK THE OPEiN GHOUND.

I WAS pleased to read the article on
Crinums, Oardcnersi' Chronicle, December 7,
p. 118. [Erroneously attributed to Mr. Wors-
ley. El). J. There is no doubt that some of
the species now given stove treatment would
thrive better in the warm greenhouse, while
others could be grown in unheated houses.
With regard to Crinum longifolium, C. ;<
I'owolli, and C. Moorei, however, there is
no doubt that they are as hardy for the open
garden if properly planted, as most of the
other bulbs regarded as permanent garden
plants. In the matter of Crinum Powelli,
raised by Mr. C. B. Powell, now of the Old Hall,
Southborough, Tuiibridgo Wells, and then of
Bury St. Kdmunds, it was raised as a hardy
plant, the young plants being planted in the
open garden, and not the slightest protection
was ever given them during the time tlicy
were developing. In a few years the stock
was a large one, and the bulbs were of immense
size. At length the surplus stock was distri-
buted, and I know of several gardens where
they have been outdoors ever since that time.
Here, with me, at Harrow, in three different
asi)ects, and in the stiff, heavy clay, it is one
of the hardiest of bnll)s. I nev<^r lost one,
and the plants flower well and regularly.

Crinum Slooreicalls tomymiiul many curious
experiences with regai'd to this much be-named
lulb. My first experience of it was finding a

row of a very fine Crinum blooming splen-
didly, close to a wall in the excellent garden
of the late Sigismund Rucker, at West
Hill, Wandsworth. Examination seemed to
show that it was the same species as I had
under glass, named Crinum ornatum africanum,
but with flowers far superior to any I had seen
under glass. Mr. Rucker was kind enough to
say he would give me three or four " provided
we can get them up." Thereupon the late
Mr. Pilcher, his gardener, sent a man for a
spade and a pickaxe (implements one would
hardly expect to be required to take up stove-
plants which had been growing outdoors for
years),' and the task of getting up the bulbs
commenced. The bases of the bulbs were
from ;; to 4 feet below the surface, and the
roots had run under the foundation of the
wall. The bulbs were in clumps, and so
firmly wedged together that none could be
got up without breaking off all, or a large
portion of the root-crown. Later comparison
proved its identity with C. ornatum africanum,
Hort., which in its turn appeared as a new
species — C. Makoyanura, and again as C.
Mackenni. It is also known as C. Colensoi,
C. natalenso, C. Schmidti, and C. Macowani ;
although how the plant in gaidens compares
with the type of the last-n'ined specimen, I
I cannot say. Crinum Mooni is the accepted
name, and a fine full-page illustration of a
specimen, under this name, having for a back-
ground a wall covered with Cattleya citrina
jji flower was given in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
October 22, 1SS7, p. 499. The view was taken
in the gardens of Sir Chas. W. Strickland,
Bart., Hildenley, Malton, Yorks, an enthusiast
in bulbous plants.

Planted deep, even the tips of the leaf-
forming portion of the bulb beneath tlie soil,
and for preference close to the foot of a wall,
or in some other situation where they will
not be disturbed for many years, these
Crinums, and proliably many others, are quite
hardy for the open garden ; :ind that fact con-
siderably enhances their value, for there are far
more people having gardens than tliere are who
have greenhouses. In the gardens of Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., at Burfor<l, a large
number of C. x Powelli and C. Moorei have
l)ecM growing in the open garden for years.

1 am sure that many other African bulbs
would be perfectly hardy and satisfactory
garden plants, but the habit of growing at
the wrong season for our climate renders
them more dillieult to acclimatise than some
other plants.

Crinum crassie-es.

The type specimen of this grand Crinum,
mentioned at p. 418, and which afterwards
flowered with Sir Chas. W. Strickland,
and was then named by Mr. Baker, appeared
with me, but I could never determine whether
it was imported or was the I'csult of some
cross made by me and not recorded. It
seemed to mo to have some of the characters
of C. amabile, or its ally, C. angustum. James
O'liricn.

COLONIAL NOTES.

CASSIA GLANDULOSA.

Tun flowers of this beautiful dwarf Cassia
arc pale yellow, contrasted to a pleasing
degree with the red colouring of three of its
stamens. Very similar in appearance to the
labellum of some species of Oncidium is the
lower petal. Animals are fond of browsing on
the plant, the woody portions of which are
brittle. Around the coast region of this
Island it is a constant companion to the wild
vegetation. The pinnate leaves are delicately
ctnUructcd, each leaflet ending in a hair-like

440

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[DlX EMBER H. 190T.

point, and the iiarallcl veins are extremely
fine in texture.

BOURRHRIA SUCCULATA .

A small tree, inhabiting the seaboard lo-
calities in Grenada, producing white, fragrant
flowers, which, in turn, are replaced by
yellow, showy fruit, and may thus fall under
the head of " berried plants." The honey-bee
is attracted to the blossoms. Like most Boragi-
naceous plants, the leaves are rough to the
touch, especially the upper surface.

DURAXTA PLI'.MIERI.

We have two forms of tiiis beautiful slirubby
tree, white and lilac, under cultivation in
Grenada. Now the lilac-coloured one is fruit-
ing in abundance, and its yellow fruit form a
strilcing appearance among shrubs during
August and September. The purplisli corolla
has upon each of its two upper petals a dis-
tinctive upright line. In number tlie fruit
run from seven to ten, and slightly more for
the particular plant under observation. As a
"berried" plant, and flowering shrub, it is
worth a place in a plant collection of tropical
gardens. It lakes hard cutting-in after the
fruiting time is jver. The leaves are compara-
tively small.

CORDIA CYLINBiilSTACUVA (BLACK SACE).

This Cordia is a common shrub on tlic low-
lands of Grenada. Its flowers are white, and
grow in spikes. Owing to the very rough
leaves, small branches ard picked and formed
into a small brush-like arrangement, and are
thus used by grooms when bathing horses.
Sunday being an especially favourable day,
scores of horses are taken to the seashore of
this parish (St. George's), and undergo a
thorough scouring in the water by means of
the sprigs of the Black Sage plant. In this-
wise we look upon it as an invaluable shrub.
For cobwebbing purposes it is also suitably
adapted. W. E. Brocuiwaij, Grenada.

FRUiT REGISTER.

THE MORELLO CHEKRV.

It is time that some gardeners at least
broke away from the time-worn dictum that
the Morello Cherry should be planted on walls
having the coldest aspect. It maybe advis-
able to lengthen out the Cherry season by
thus planting them where the sun never
reaches them, and the fruit is intensely acid,
and with diBleulty made sweet enough to eat
in tarts, &c. ; but why put the entire stock of
Morello Cherry-trees on such an unfavourable
aspect? Are gardeners lilfe sheep, bound to
jump through exactly the same gap in the
hedge in follow-my-lcader fashion? When
surveying garden practice it would seem that
this is the case, and yet within certain limits
practices may be greatly varied. Every aspect
should be made use of for this useful Cherry,
with the result that fruit would be obtainable
early as well as late, and with a great gain in
point of flavour.

In large gardens I would advise the planting
of half-standard Morello Cherry-trees {'.i feet
stems) on the borders lining the walks, and in
lines across tlie vegetable quarters. These
trees bear late, the fruits are well-flavoured,
and it is an easy matter to protect them from
the birds by netting. The variety Belle Mag-
nifique, a light red-coloured Cherry, with the
characteristics of a Morello, is most prolific
grown in this fashion. The trees form pen-
dulous, round-shaped heads, ornamental at any
season. M.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

VIOLETS. — Your correspondent, "B. 1,.," in
his inquiry as to the cause of the arrested
flowering of his plants does not say anything
about the soil in which he grows them, but
possibly it is in the soil that the fault lies,
more particularly as he says previous gar-
deners have also been unable to flower the
Violet in frames. That soils in gardens only a
mile or two apart vary considerably in their
constituents I have had ample evidence since
living in Devonshire. Although " B. L.'s"
plants have been growing in the same garden,
and I assume a similar soil placed in the frames
for them, 1 would suggest that in future he
makes a compost for his Violets of soil obtained
from a distance, if only to the extent of half
the quantity needed. For several seasons after
coming to Poltimore I'ark, I was puzzled at
the behaviour of many kinds (if plants that
were grown in the summer in the open ground,
when lifted and transplanted, in their refusing
to grow away vigorously afterwards. I attri-
buted this to some particular substance in the
soil, which the plants at first, after removal,
were unable to assimilate, and thus caused
arrest of growth for'a time. My experience does
not apply only to Violets, but to other plants
of greater duration, some of which would re-
main for three years without making much
growth, but eventually they have grown away
stronger than before. T. H. Slade.

MANUFACTURE OF CONFUSION.— Reverting
to this topic, I consider the remarks of Dr.
Bonavia, p. 343, on "Dahlias Brema and
Loreley," are scarcely accurate, for in my
opinion both varieties are distinct enough
to warrant the application of separate
names. Both are continental varieties,
and of both varieties I understand that
one of the parents was Mr. Ware's D.
dolicata, which is a weak grower, and has
very short flower-stalks, otherwise a beautiful
flower. Brema. although not always a perfect
Cactus Dahlia, is much more vigorous, bloom-
ing early and late, and has the beautiful
colouring rarely seen in D. delicata. Apart
from growth, I consider the variety Brema one
of the brightest coloured. The variety Loreley
is simply an improvement en the older D.
delicata, with more vigour and better and
longer stalks, which carry the flowers well
above the foliage. The other Dahlia, Miss
Grace Coolc, is unknown to me. 1 cannot
believe that many varieties are kept by nur-
serymen merely to swell their catalogues, but
solely for the reason that when once known
they are continually being asked for. In the
firm with which I am connected, a great many
varieties of Dahlias, Iris, Narcissus, &c, are
being discarded, and only the best and most
distinct retained. G. Reuthe.

THE ASPECT OF A SPAN - ROOFED GLASS-
HOUSE. — My experience of glasshouses that
run east and west is that these are quite satis-
factory for plant culture. We have here
several such houses. One of these houses is
utilised for growing Souvenir de la Malmaison
Carnations, and it measures 40 feet by 20 feet,
and another is being built having the same
aspect. The ventilators of these houses are
placed on both sides of house at the top and
bottom, and neither red-spider nor other insect
pests give trouble. The plants which stand
on the north side of the house flower at the
same time as those on the south side. I
entirely agree with Mv. Divers' opinion, that
the north to south aspect for fruit culture is
preferable, ^^'illiam Wallace.

"SLEEPERS" FOR INDIAN RAILWAYS. — The

principal woods employed in India are Xylia
dolabriformis. Tectona grandis. Teak ; Shorea
robuta, Sal ; Cedrus Deodara. Deodar. Scotch
Pine creosoted is imported from the Baltic ;
other woods are made use of, but in smaller
quantities. W. Si-hlidi.

YOUR GARDEN MAY KILL YOU.— May I contri-
Ijute my mite in verification of the statement
contained under the above heading in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 396, by showing how

true it was in my case, notwithstanding the
depreciation by many of the so-called facts when
brought to light. In the early autumn of last
year, while in the usual course of my work, I
was staking and tying plants, using Bamboo
canes, and with the point of one of these I
had the misfortune to prick my right hand
under the fleshy part of the thumb. The
point that caused the wound had previously
been in the " soil about 2 inches deep." The
wound, a mere scratch although somewhat
deep, bled profusely, and practically closed
the same night. Prom the soil on the point of
the stake I contracted tetanus germs, and
loclvjaw set in within forty-eight hours. I
underwent one of the most painful and extra-
ordinary illnesses any ordinary human being
could possibly go through. The limbs, instead
of being bent or folded, were twisted like a
screw. The body seemed as if in a net,
with the meshes steadily tightening, particu-
larly about the throat and chest, as if the life
was being twisted and pressed out of the body.
Thanks to skilful treatment and the scientific
use of Pasteur's " Serum Antitetanique ' ' by in-
jection on different parts of the body, 1 am
now well and strong as anyone would wish to
be connected with gardening. I have a great
deal to be thankful for, particularly that my
life has been spared, with my limbs intact,
that I may be able to follow my calling I hope
for many years to come. James Macliar.

BOUSSINGAULTIA BASELLOIDES. — Several
short notes on tliis rampant climber have
appeared lately in these pages, but fortunately
they have in no case been particularly appre-
ciative. 1 say fortunately, because I think
any encouragement to grow this plant is to be
deprecated. My experience of it loads me to
consider it a worthless subject for culture,
either under glass or in the open. It is, as
some correspondents have remarked, perfectly
hardy, shooting up strongly from the base in
the late spring, after being cut down by the
first hard frost, and making growths 15 feet
or more in length during the summer. It
often refuses to flower in the open, especially
if growing against a tree-trunk, where it lacks
the heat thrown off from a southern wall, but its
flowers are so inconspicuous as to be almost
a negligable quantity, and can in no way
compare for effect with the blossoms of
many hardy climbers that increase in beauty
from year to year. Many of the Clematis
family, such as C. montana, C. flammula, C.
graveolons, and C. balearica in the south-
west, are infinitely preferable for garlanding
with beauty the trunks of old and decrepit
trees ; and in the same favoured district
the climbing Hydr.angea presents a striking
picture when swathing the columnar stem of
a giant Oak to the height of 30 feet with
flower and foliage, while jjlants that can only
be used in the English climate as annuals,
like Cobsea scandens, afford a far more pleasing
summer picture ; and for nobility of foliage
the Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia Sipho) is
inlinitely its superior. If this disparaging
estimate of Boussingaultia baselloides as an
open air plant is warranted, the case against
it is still stronger as a subject for culture
under glass, where it merely takes up room
that might more worthily be filled by numerous
handsome flowering climbers that need but
glass shelter to attain the fullest perfection
of beauty. S. W. F.

LATE-CROPPING PEAS. — I have always been
interested in culinary Peas. Mr. Wythes, at
p. 3SS, mentions several varieties, with which
most gardeners are acquainted ; also Mr.
W. J. Snell, p. 4-20. The latter does not men-
tion Carter's ilichaelmas Pea. I should like
to say that this Pea is niucli liked by my
employer, and I was enabled to pick regularly
from it till the frost came in November, whilst
all other varieties had long ceased to bear.
The haulm is sturdy, and about 31 feet in
height, and pods commence to form when it is
about 1 foot high. The plant is less liable to
suffer from mildew than some other varieties.
I agree with all that has been written con-
cerning the merits of Autocrat, Chelsonian,

December II, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

441

Xe Plus Ultra, and British Queen. I have had
good gatherings of pods of Chelsea Gem in the
month of October, but it does not crop to the
same extent as the larger-podded varieties.
TV^. A. Cook, Compton Basset.

— • — One of our finest late Peas, -which has
the pods long, green, slightly scimitar-shaped,
and filled ■well with Peas of good colour and fine
flavour, is The Gladstone. It grows in height
according to quality of ground from 3' to
4 feet, and is a heavy cropper. Those who
vyant late Peas for exhibition, will find it
superior to even Autocrat. Sharpe's Queen
too is a fine late green Pe.i, pods long and
handsome, and for quality dithcult to beat ;
that is of the same height as the preceding.
What with these. Autocrat, Late Queen, and
Michaelmas, we have no lack of fine late Peas,
of medium height, that will do well in any
garden if the position be not a hot one, and
the soil is trenched deeply, manured low down,
and be well mulched and watered. Gentle
sprayings with weak Bordeaux Mixture are
■wonderfully helpful to Peas in resisting attacks
of mildew. One other essential to success is
that the seeds be thinly sown. Too thick
sowing proves later to be the ruin of many
promising rows. A. D.

THE WEATHER AND THE RAINFALL. — While in

the northern and midland counties heavy
rains have fallen, in the west and south the
weather has been unusually dry. It is rare
that we have in this part of Devonshire such
severe frosts as have occurred during the past
six weeks, namely 5 to 21 of frost, but with-
out injury to vegetation. The rainfall at
Poltimore up to December G was less than that
of last year by lOJ inches, and the weather
continues dry. The earth is .so dry and hard
that the lifting and transplanting of trees and
shrubs are being generally delayed in con-
sequence. T. II. Htadc.

ARCTOTis GRANDis.— Is Mr. T. H. Silade,
p. 41:!, quite accurate in describing this plant
as " a nice .addition to herbaceous perennials?"
Even should it give promise of a true perennial
in tho open garden at Kxetei', it will be
■welcome news, while the majority will, I
believe, secure tho best results by regarding
tho plant as being more suitably treated as a
biennial. Un<ler glass the plant may be
perennial ; but for the flower garden, seeds
will be found the simpler way of raising a
stock of the plant. Those, however, who
possess old plants thai have flowered well in
the open this year may be enabled to raise
plants from cuttings inserted and treated in
the .same manner as Gazanias. Cuttings will
not be procurable in great numbers, and de-
pendence must be hid on seeds, which if sown
early will be more convenient. It is a plant
suited to the hottest spot in the trarden.
E.JcnUns.

ROMAN HYACINTHS.— I do not kuow if it
is general this year that Koinan Hyacinths
are finer than usual, a fact that may bo
due to the season, when growth was being made
exceptionally favourable. The growth of these
bulbs is very regular, and tho flower -shafts
seem to emerge from the bulbs all at once, and
they are fine both in size of spike and of the
individual flowers. W. A. Cook.

LILAC-FORCING.— The flower-spikes of the
Lilac are much admired in the winter for home
decoration, and gardeners who may have
plants in thi' shrubberies or the home nursery
well set with flower-buds may pot or tub them
in stillish soil, and force them into flower.
They need no special preparation, and may
even be placed on beds of soil in the Mush-
room-house, or any other warm place. The
plant starts w,'ll in darkness, and is not long
in Stirling into growth anywhere if afforded
a warmth of (iO\ Plants forced in darkness
have wjiito flowers; exposed to light. Lilac-
flowers last in good condition for a very long
time, if suitably hardened off when taken from
tho forcing-house. Most of the varieties may
be forced, but not to the same degree of per-
fection, and tho common Persian Lilac is the

earliest. When Lilac-bushes have been forced,
and they are to be kept for planting-out in the
garden, they should undergo a long period of
hardening off before being exposed in the
spring to the weather, otherwise the young
shoots get much injured by frost, &c. 0'. .1.
Cook.

GRAPE SYNONYMS.— Whilst Mr. Kirko is
correct in saying that there is no Royal Horti-
cultural or other authoritative list of Grape
synonyms, it may be worth reminding him that
it would be difficult to formulate a more
authoritative list or guide than is Mr. A. F.
Barron's Vihcs and Vine Culture, of which
every young or old Grape-grower should obtain
a copy, because in that book, in the most im-
partial and concise way, is described each
known Grape and its synonyms. If it be said
that such a book is not authoritative, so might
it be said of any list issued by the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, as that body has no power to
impose its decisions on to other societies.
Still, there is generally very cheerful willing-
ness to accept such decisions as morally bind-
ing. But even did the Council of the Royal
Horticultural Society undertake what .Mr.
Kirke suggests, it is probable that such list
would be largely a reproduction of the sy-
nonyms which Mr. Barron has so ably arranged
in his book, because such information was
gathered during the many years that the
author controlled Chiswick Gardens, and was
the responsible Superintendent of the Society.
Thus his classiflcalionsare practically those of
the Society. It is interesting to note in the
book that so popular a Grape as Alicante has
six synonyms. Black Morocco six, Muscat of
Alexandria ten. Muscat Hamburgh four. Black
Hamburgh fourteen, and many others have two
or more. I tear the proposal to send out cir-
culars asking for a synonym election would
result in confusion, especially that to very
few men, however capal)le Grape-growers, has
it been possible to obtain the wide knowledge
which Mr. Barron had. An election of a
specified number of the best and most service-
able of black and whiteGrapes would, as 1 pre-
viously suggested, be useful, and to which, so
far, Mr. Ward alone has responded. Surely
there are myriads of Grape-growing readers of
the Gardeners' Chronicle who have opinions on
the subject. A. D.

CARNATION (p. 405). — In "B.'s" good
account of tho name, he has omitted Turner's
account in I.'kIS, " Betonica altilis sive coro-
naria, . . . est herba quam vernacula lingua
Vocarnns a Gelofer, aut a Glowgelofer ant an
Incarnacyou." l''i'oin this I conclude that the
lir.st name was from "corona," but. that the
colour suggested the prettier name of " Carna-
tion," which was suHiciently near the old
name, and soon became popular. //. .V. K.

MAGNIFICENT " AND PICTURESQUE HORSE-
CHESTNUT TREES.— It may be worth iccoi-ding
that at Xocton Hall, the seat of .(oliii Hodg-
son, Esq., near Lincoln, there stood two of tho
largest Horse - Chestnut trees in Britain.
Recently the larger of the two, whoso branches,
if not quite, nearly touched the cast-en(i
window of the jiarish church, was cut down,
and the diameter of the bole was found to
measured feet i inches, and to be nearlysound.
The height of this tree was about 70 feet, and
the space occupied by the spread of the
branches measured about 100 yards in circum-
ference, about the space covered by tho
tree still standing. Tho huge branches were
supported by props, which gave tlunn some-
what the appearance of a Banyan-tree. The.
one cut down had about, I believe, I'M) props.
The tree loft standing has one limb whicli
extends !)0 foot from the bole — a tree in itself.
,/. Sncil, Fiirnleij Hall (lardens, Otleij.

ASTER GRANDIFLORUS. — In a short note
(p. ;)l:!) this Aster is spoken of as a " tall-
growing form." From personal experience,
gathered both in my own and neighbouring
gardens, I should say that such a description
is totally inapplicable to this handsome
Michaelmas Daisy. Indeed, in comparison

with such varieties as A. Novi-Belgii Robert
Parker, which often exceeds 6 feet in height,
it may almost be reckoned a dwarf form, since
it rarely attains a greater height than from
2 to 3 feet. As regards the size of its
individual flowers, its specific name is well-
merited, as tiiese often exceed 2 inches in
diameter, while the deep violet -purple of
the rays is not approached by any other
species. Its chief fault, at least for northern
gardens, lies in the lateness of its blooming;
for the first flowers rarely open before mid-
October, and the zenith of its beauty is not
reached until A^ovember is some days old. In
warm situations in tho south-west, however,
this late-flowering habit should prove no detri-
ment to its culture, as frosts are rare until after
its beauty has waned. Where danger from frost
is apprehended, it mny be carefully lifted and
potted after the flower-buds are formed, when
it will expand its blossoms under glass ; while
flower-stems that are cut after the first bloom
has opened, and placed in water with the
stem well slit up, perfect the successional
flowers, and form a charming indoor decora-
tion. S. W. F.

ALYSSUM ARGENTEUM. — xVt this SeaSOn,

when ornammital foliage on the rock-heaps
attracts notice, Alyssura argenteum seems to
deserve its name. 1 have several plants,
about 2 feet across, of which the dense twigs,
not rising more than (i inches from the surface,
almost rival tho whiteness of tho silver variety
of Thymus citriodorus. A. argenteum is a
native of So\ith-oastern Europe, quite hardy,
and perennial, flowering with largo panicles
of tiny golden flowers from the midflle of .luly
onwards, and afterwards scattering its winged
-seeds, which come up in such prolusion that ]
have sometimes tried to exterminate the whole
stock ; however, some always hide themselves
and survive, and if a few of them are grow-
ing in favourable spots, and tho ascending
branches are cut off to encourage humble
growth, the effect of tho plants in winter is
better than when thoy are in flower. C. W.
Dod, Ed<ie Hall. Mai pas, Dec. 8.

SOCIETIES.

BEADING AND DISTRICT GAR-
DENERS' MUTUAL IMPROVE-
MENT ASSOCIATION.

DKLKMiiivic J. The second meeting of a series
arranged to he liold at llic Jleadinj,' College in con-
nection with the above Association took place on tho
above date, when Mr. lodui i>i:n gave a loeturo on
" Tomalos." There was a good al londancc ot menibors,
presided over by Mr. Neve. Iliiviug referred to tho
varieties Unit had been introduced since the largo red
Italian was commonly grown, and Snilon's Winler
licauty was oirered, the lecturer passid on lo ilcjl wiiii
cultivation in regard to sowing the si'cd miI, |.i.i lin^,

fertilising, the removal of leaves, opoi ; uii kjHoti,

growing for market, fungus diseases, ami in cri ik ,is.
Many questions were asked, and an inlcresling dis-
cussion ensued.

BINPIELD AND DISTRICT HORTI-
CULTURAL MUTUAL IMPROVE-
MENT.

Dki KMHEH .3.— The nsu.il fortnightly meeting was
held on the above date at Miss Shaen's Rooms ; Mr.
IlowELi. in the cluiir.

Mr, HorLKvrcad an interostingandinstructivc paper
on '• Decorative Table Plants." A discussion ensued,
in wliicli several members took part.

Mr. I'AINE exliibilcd a group of Orcliids, including
Cypripediuuis, Oncidiiims, and Zygopetalums, and
contributed some useful information concerning the
cidtivation of those plants.

Mr. Bknn showed somo capital plants of Chrysan-
llienuims Souvcnii' de Petite Amic, and BcgoniaGloire
(Ic Lorraine, which were the subject ot remark.

CROYDON & DISTRICT HORTICUL-
TURAL MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT.

DKcEJliiEft .-l.-Tlic usual foil iiiglil ly iiiecfiiig was
held at the " Sunlluwi.'r ' Tcniperaiico Hotel on the
above date. Mr. W. J. Simi'.son presided over a capital
meeting. The preliminary business having been dis-

442

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 14, 1901.

posed of, a paper was read by Mr. A. W. Wade, of Col-
cliester, on "Lilies." The paper dealt with the geo-
graphical distribution and habits of the dillerent
species of Lilies, their classification and ctiaracter-
istics, not forgetting their beautiful forms and colotirs.
The cultivation of the Lily received full attention. Mr.
Wade noted the commercial value of Lilies, as is
shown by the vast importations of the bulbs from
J.ipan, Bermuda, and elsewhere.

The interest in the lecture was enhanced by a large
collection of paintings of Lilies, exliibited by Messrs.
W. Haeris and J. Geeijoey.

The next meeting will be held on December 17, when
a paper entitled, "Loudon, his Life ,^nd Works ; Gar-
dening Old and New," will bo given by Mr. Harbison
DICK, of the ./."('■"«( of HorlienUnre. J. fln-fior'J- Umi. Kee.

BECKENHAM HORTICULTURAL.

DECEMBER .5,-Mr. H. G. cox, Hon. Sec, Reading and
District Gardeners' Mutual Improvement Association,
gave a pictorial lecture on "The Primula."

The lecturer commenced by illustrating the first
Chinese Primula flowered in this country by a Mr.
Palmer, of Bromley, Kent. Compared with the Primulas
of to-day, it was a very poor specimen, carrying one
small truss of flowers, resembling the " Star " Primula :
from its introduction, the audience were led up year
by year to the present time. Types of Primula Sieboldi ,
P. lloribunda, and P. obconica were referred to, and
splendid specimens illustrated. W. M.

CHESTER PAXTON.

Decejibee 7.— The annual General Meeting of this
Society was held in the Grosvcnor Museum on the
above date, Mr. N. F. Barnes, E.aton Hall Gardens, in
the Chair. Mr. G. P. Miln, the Hon. Sec., submitted
his accounts for the past year, which showed that a
small profit balance had been carried forward, increas-
ing the funds of the Society, at present In Parr'.s Bank,
to over £315. This would doubtless have been more
had it not been for the very inclement weather that
was experienced during both days of the Fruit and
Chrysanthemum Exhiliition at the Town Hall. Mr.
Barnes's term of ottice having expired, a hearty vote of
thanks was accorded to him for his valuable services
in the past; and in replying, he proposed as his sue
cesser Mr. John Weaver, Christleton Hall, one of the
oldest and most active members in the Society. The
election of Mr. Weaver was unanimous, and in accept-
ing office, he said he would endeavour to follow in the
footsteps o£ his predecessors.

THE SMITHPIELD CLUB.

The annu.al Christmas show of f.at cattle, sheep, pigs,
etc., at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, was held
during the present week, and experts in these matters
declared that it was sufficiently good to make sure of
an excellent supply of English meat for consumption
during the coming season.

Thevisitor to these annual shows, however, may see
more than the beasts themselves, for the enterprise of
the seedsmen leads them to make huge displays of
agricultural roots and grains in the gallery in the
interest of the farmer and cattle-breeder. It is natural,
perhaps, that big cattle should have been fed on huge
roots, and certainly the seedsmen make every effort to
excel each other in the size of the roots they show.
The roots are obtained from growers who happen to
have the largest, lAit the seedsmen who display them
are able to declare they have been grown from seeds
which they have supplied, and generally have been
cultivated purposely for them.

One of the most imposing displays on the recent
occasion was, as usual, that of Messrs. Sutton &. Sons,
Reading. The centrepiece was a heap of roots, reaching
liom floor to ceiling, of the Mangold, Sutton's Prize-
winner, an exceedingly heavy root of the " Globe "
type. Other Mangolds represented largely were Golden
Globe, Crimson Tankard, Intermediate, and Oxheart.
Foremost among the Swedes was M.agnum Bonum, a
purple top round variety, said to be more than usually
hardy, and a favourite in Scotland. On the estate of
the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, at Gordon Castle,
the variety has this year produced a crop of 43 tons,
17 cwt. 16 lb. to the acre. Crimson King and Champion
were other Swedes represented. Among the Turnips
the variety Centenary, introduced by Messrs. Sutton
last year was most attractive. The roots are very dis-
tinct, and for a Turnip, exceedingly pretty, having a
russeted skin, suggestive of that of a Melon. It is a
good cropper, having produced a yield of 42 tons 4 cwt.
2 qrs. per acre. Other varieties included Favourite,
Perfection, Early Sheepfold, Imperial Green Globe,
Purple Top Mammoth, and Pomeranian. A collection
of about a dozen varieties of Potatos was shown, all of
which are Reading varieties, and they were represented
by fine clean tubers.

Messrs. JAS. Carter A Co., High Holborn, invariably
make a great show of roots. The Windsor Mangold is
s.aid to have a record this year of 160 tons to the acre !

and other varieties shown included Mammoth Long
Red, Goldflnder. Golden Tankard, Warden Yellow
Globe, and The Carter, a new one. Kangaroo and
Holborn Elephant Swedes were to the front ; also Im-
perial Green Kohl Kabi, Turnips, &c. There were fine
exhibits of Potatos, Onions, and Carrots : also of seed-
corn. &c. Messrs. Carter declare that they are making
experiments in the selection of roots by chemical
analysis— 1, The specific gravity of the entire root ; 2,
Tne specific gravity of the juice of the flesh ; 3, The
percentage of water; 4, The quantity of saccharine
matter and other digestible solids; 5, The quantity of
indigestible dry matter— the object being to increase
the nutritious, digestible portions, and decrease
the amount of water and dry matter.

Messrs. Webb & Sons, Stourbridge, made a display of
Swedes, Mangolds, and Turnips. Their Mammoth
Long Red, Yellow-fleshed Tankard, and Smithfield
Globe Mangolds were given especial prominence, also
New Bufi'alo and Imperial Swedes, and New Invincible
Turnip. The various grains, also Peas, Beans, &c.,
were represented by fine samples of seeds, and there
were tubers of many of the more popular varieties of
Potato. The handsome Challenge Cups offered by the
firm at the fat stock shows at Edinburgh and Bir-
mingham, gave a smart appearance to a very orna-
mental " stand."

Messrs. Fidler & Sons, Reading, had a great many
varieties of Potatos displayed, and gave special pro-
minence to the varieties Up-to-Date, Ever-good, and
Charles Fidler. Each of these comes very large, and
alTords a heavy yield to the gi-ower. Fidler's Colossal
is another of very large size. The collection included
a representative lot of varieties, from the first Ashleaf
to the latest sorts. Peas and Beans from the same firm
looked very good.

Mr. John J. King, Coggeshall, and Reading, made
good shows of Mangels, showing Essex Prize Winner,
Champion Orange, Mammoth, and Intermediate. In
lesser quantities were shown White Globe Turnip, John
Bull Swede, Imperial GreenGlobe Turnip, audDeaance
Kohl Rabi. There were also some samples of Grain
and Potato-tubers.

Messrs. Haeeison & Sons, Leicester, showed a great
variety in Peas, also some good Early Market and
Intermediate Carrots. The roots of Early Market were
about 8 inches long and very thick. Potatos, Onions.
Beet, Leeks, and Parsnips, were also shown, in addition
to a collection of Mangolds, Swedes, and Turnips.

Messrs. Gaeton, Warrington, showed their new
pedigree strains of Wheat, Oats, and Barley, including
the Waverley Oat, especially recommended as as im-
provement upon most other varieties. The show of
roots was small, and represented Green Top Yellow
Turnips, Model Swede, and Yellow Mangold.

Mr. Alexander Blatchkord, Coventry, showed
Cheltenham Green Leaf Beet, a variety said not to
bleed if broken before or during cooking; Marlile
Green Top Turnip, English Wonder Pea, also Carrots,
and other samples of pioduce especially designed for
market growers.

Mr. E. W. King, Coggeshall, had Prizewinner,
Golden Tankard and other Mangolds, Turnips, Swedes,
etc., also Peas, and varieties of grains.

Messrs. W. & J. Brown, of Stamford, Peterborough,
and Grantham, showed a collection of good varieties
of Apples and Pears, and samples of trees of the same
for present planting.

Mr. A. FiNDLAY, Markinch, N.B., had a lot of Potatos
raised by himself, the most recent being one called
Northern Star.

Messrs. W. Horne & Sons, Cliffe, Rochester, had a
few choice Apples, including Allington Pippin, Cox's
Orange Pippin, Charles Ross, &c. : also young trees of
same.

The Cider manufacturers were in strong force.
Messrs. Gaymer & Son, the well-known Norfolk
makers at Attleboro', had samples of their high-class
bottle brand. Tlie Pomona Cider Company, Hereford,
had numerous samples, and recommend their Cider
Pomone for winter use, described as a mulled Cider,
having an admixture of Jamaica ginger.

Messrs. Henry Godwin & Son, Jubilee Cider Stores,
Holmer, Hereford, in addition to Cider, showed a flrst-
■lass Perry.

and of the community in general. Vegetables-Potatos
Carrots, Parsnips, &c.— could also be preserved in a
similar way ; and he thought that in countries where
transport was difficult, as at the present time in South
Africa, armies might be fed on such vegetables and
fruits, greatly to the benefit of the health of the troops,
and .at a comparatively small cost, when freight was
taken into account.

In speaking of fruit-growing, he warned those who
grew fruit for market against planting too many mid-
season varieties, reminding them that no matter how
good it was, its sale was handicapped by being con-
fronted with the enormous quantity of Apples which
in the West of England found their way into the
markets between September .and December. He advo-
cated the planting of early Apples, to come in about
August or early in September, and also those which
came in from Christmas to Easter. His experiments
were entirely successful, and created much interest
among the members.

The friendly competition between the members tor
the best dish of cooking and dessert Apples was won
by Mr. Sidney Baker, gr. to Sir Dudley Duckworth
KiNii, Bart., Weare House, with Peasgood's Nonsuch
and Cox's Orange Pippin, both varieties being very fine
indeed. A.H. ^__

THE PUTNEY, WANDSWORTH, AND
DISTRICT CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Decemker 7.— The Annual Dinner was held on the
above date at the Railway Hotel, Putney, Mr. D. Jack-
son presided, and there were present some sixty per-
sons, including Messrs. Mahood, R. P. Glendenning,
John Heal, A. Rawlings (Treasurer), J. F. McLeod,
C Want W. H. Young, and the officers and members of
tlie Society. There is a balance of £-'1 in favour of the
Society and it is reported that at the next exhibition
the Mayor of Wandsworth (W. J. Lancaster, Esq.) will
offer a Silver Cup for competition among exhibitors in
the borough.

©bituar^.

Mr. Benjaiviin Jaivies, whose death is
anuounced, had been in tlie employ ot Messrs.
Richard Smith & Co., of Worcester, for forty-
five years, and w.is lately manager ot the seed
department. He was highly respected by
those with whom he came in contact. He was
buried on Monday last in the presence of a
large number of relatives and friends, including
representatives of the firm.

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN, DECEMBER 12.

(We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports They are furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who revise the list, and who are
responsible for the quotations. It must be remem-
bered that these quotations do not represent the
prices on any particular day, but only the general
averages for the week preceding the date o our
report The prices depend upon the quality o£
the samples, the supply in the market, and the
demand, and they may fluctuate, not only from day
to day. but often several times in one day. ED. I
Fruit.— Aveeaoe Wholesale Prices.

8.d. s.d
Apples, home-
grown, Wel-
lingtons, per

bufhel 6 0-10 0

Blenheims,

, bushel .10-8 0

s.d. s.d.
Grapes, Gros Col-
mar, A., p. lb. 16-20

B., per lb. 0 4-0.-^

Almeira, per

12lb 4 0 —

per barrel 14 0-17 6

DEVON AND EXETER GARDENERS'.

The fortnightly meeting was spent in witnessing a
series of experiments on the artificial evaporation of
fruit for preserving purposes, the lecturer and
demonstrator being Mr. Charles Berry, Lecturer on
Horticulture to the Devon County Council.

Mr. Beery prefaced his lecture by referring to the
annual waste of Apples which took place in all parts
ot the country, taut especially in Devonshire and
Somerset, where orchards were numerous, and fruit
largely grown for cider-making. Instead of having to
make cider of the wind-fallen Apples as the only
means of turning them to good account, he urged
that by the process of evaporation as then exhi-
bited, thev could be preserved for use throughout
the year." In nearly all continental countries,
and especially in America, fruit was dealt with
in large quantities, to the advantage of the grower.

or,v'5 sieve 4 0-80 Lemons, Murcla
~ Sova'scot^tn and Malaga,

various per per case ... 14 0-1^ 0

barrel 15 0-24 0 I Melons, each ... 0 3-13

Ribstons, per

sieve 2 6-40

King Pippins,
per bushel ... .t 0- i 0
LargeCookers,
per bushel ... -5 0-5 6
Bananas, bunch 7 0-10 0

— loose, p. doz. 10-16
Chestnuts, per „ ,. „

bag 6 0-lD 0

Cobnuts, Kentish,

per lb. ... 0 8-0 8J

Cranberries, case 110 —

— quart 0 6 —

Custard - Apples,

per dozen ... (j 0- i' 0

Grapes, Muscats,

home - grown

per lb., A. ..

B., per lb

— Alicante, lb.

Oranges, Denla,

per case ... 9 o-ll 0

— Jaffa, per case 9 0-96

— Jamaica, per
case

— Tangierine,
per case

Pears, in cases —
Glout Mor-
ceau & Easter
Beurr6 ... 10 C-12 0

— various, per
sieve

— stewing, per
crate

i) 0 Persimmons, per

dozen

Pines, each
:■, 0 Sapucaia Nuts, lb. 1 3
1 « Walnuts, p er
1 3 bag U 0

7 6-90
10-70

3 0-40

li- 4 0

December 14, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

44:-?

Flasts in Pots.— Average Wholesaie Phices.

s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d.

Adiantnms, doz. 5 0-70 Ferns, small, per

Arbor-vit:e, var., '• 100 4 0-60

per dozen ... 6 0-36 0 Ficus elastica, ea. 16-76
Aspidistras, doz. 18 0-36 0 Foliage plants,

— specimen, ea. 5 0-10 6 various, each 10-50
Cannas, per doz. 18 0 — Lil-y oi Valley, ea. 19-30
Crotons, per doz. 18 0-30 0 Lycopodiums, p.

Cyclamen, p. doz. 8 0-10 0 dozen 3 0-40

Dracaenas, var., Marguerites, per

per dozen ... 12 0-.30 0 dozen 8 0-12 0

— viridis, doz. 9 0-18 0 Myrtles, per doz. 6 0-90
Ericas, var., doz. 12 0-36 0 Palms, var., each 1 0-15 0
Euonymus, var., — specimen, ea. 21 0-63 0

per dozen ... 6 0-18 0 Pelargoniums,
Evergreens, var., i scarlet, doz. 8 0-13 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 Ivyleaf, per

Ferns, in variety, ! dozen 8 0-10 0

per dozen ... 4 0-18 0 Spirseas, per doz. 6 0-13 0
CUT Flowehs, &c. — Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

A sparagu s ' Fern , '

bunch 10-20

Carnations, per

dozen blooms 10-20

Lily of Valley, p.

doz. bunches 9 0-lS 0
Maidenhair Fern,

doz. bunches 4 0-80

Cattleyas, p. doz. 9 0-12 0 Mignonette, per
Eucharis, p. doz. 3 0-40 doz. bunches 40-60

Gardenias, doz. 16-20 Odontoglossums,

Lilium Harrisii,

per dozen ... 2 6-60

dozen blooms 4 0-60 Roses, Tea. white,
Lilium lancifolm. per dozen ... 10-30

album, p. doz. — Catherine

blooms ... 3 0-40 Mermet, per

Lilium rubrum, doz 2 0- .s n

per dozen ... 3 0-50 Smilax, p. bunch 3 0- 5 u
Lilium longiflrm. Tuberoses, per

per dozen ... 4 0-60 doz. blooms 0 4- 0 »i

Vegetables.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d.

Mint, new bunch 0 5 —
.; 0- .'i 6 Mushrooms, house.

Artichokes, Globe,
per dozen ...

— Jerusalem, p.
sieve

Asparagus Sprue,
bundle

— Paris Green...

— Giant

Barbe de Capucine

bundle

Beans, dwf., house,
per lb

— Madeira, bkt.
Beetroots, new,

per bushel ...
Brussels Sprouts,

sieve

Cabbage, tally ...

— dozen

Cardoons, each ...
Carrots, per doz.

bunches

— washed, bags 3 6-30

— unwashed, per
bag 3 0 —

Cauliflowers, doz. 16-26 Seakale, per doz.

— tally 5 0-10 0 . punts

Celeriac, per doz. 16-20 Shallots, per lb...,
Celery,12bundles 9 0-12 0 Spinach, English

per lb. ... 0 8-09

10-16 Onions, cases ... 66 —

— in bags ... 5 0- 5 S
0 8-09 — picklers, per
.50-1 sieve 20-30

17 0-18 0 I Parsley, per doz.

bunches ... 10-16

— sieve 0 6-09

Parsnips, p. cwt.

bag 2 6-30

Potatos, per ton.. 45 0-9.'> n

— new, per lb.... 0 1-0 i\

— newTeneriffe.
14 u

1 3- 1

3 0-60
0 9-10
16 —

2 0-26

bunches

Rhubarb. Yorks,
per dozen ...

Salad, small, pun-
nets, per doz.

Salsafy, per doz.
bundles

Savoys, tally

0 9-10

1 ()- J 0
1 3 —

0 .3.1-0 4

0 3 —

bushel

Stachys, lb. ... 0 :t —

Tomatos. Eng-
lish, dozen lb. 3 0 —

— Canary, boxes 2 6-30
Turnip-Tops, bus.

— bag

Turnips, per doz.

bunches

1 6 —

Chicory, per lb..
Cress, per dozen

punnets
Cucumbers, doz.
Endive. new

French, doz.
Garlic, per lb. ...
Horseradish, fo-
reign, bunch 10-16
Leeks, lalmnches 10-16:
Lettuces. Cabbage,

per dozen ... 1 0- 1 4 '
KK.MAUKS.— Mislcto in crates, about 1 cwt., fetch Ion. lo
148. ; Turnip-tops in bags, la. lid., and bushel, is. ;
Scotch Kale, per bushel. Is. ; Tangicrine Oranges, in
cases of 200, 4«. ; 420, 7«. ; and in smaller boxes of
various sizes. There arc some good Euglish Apples in
the market, such as nienhcinis. Cox's, Kings, Wellint;-
tons, Ac. ; the prices vary according to i|ualily, Ac
Melons, M. to 1«. 3d. ; Chow-chows, doiicn. Is. lid.

PHUITS AND VEGETABLES.

Glasgow, i^crr/zi^fr 11. — Tlie following are the averages
of the prices recorded since our last report :— Apples,
22«. to 30«. per barrel ; Grapes, honic, 1,«. to l.s. M. per lb. ;
Bananas, Is. to Ms. per biincli ; Lemons, Us. to Ms. per
case; Oranges, Jaffa, 78. to 88. do.; do., Valcncias, 88.
to 98. do. ; do., ordinary, 98. to Il8. do. ; do., large 714's,
98. to 118. do.; Tomatos, ad. to 8d. per lb.; Onions,
Valencia, "s. 6rf. to 88. 6d. per case ; Mushrooms, 18. ikl.
per lb.

Liverpool: IMceinlier U.— fVholesaU Vegetableitarket.
— Potatos, per cwt. : Up-to-Datc, 28. 2d. to 28. 6d. ; Main
Crop, 28. Kd. to 4«. ; Lynn Grays, 2s. to 28. id. ; Bruce,
28. 2d. to 28. 6d. ; Turnips, 6d. to l8. per 12 bunches ;
and 18. 2d. to U. id. per cwt. ; Carrots, M. to ttd. per
dozen, and 38. M. to 38. vd. per cwt. ; Onions,
English, 68. 6i(. per cwt. ; do., foreign, .-.8. .3d. to f>s. Hd.
do.: Parsley, 6d. to 8d. per U' bunclies: Cauliflowers,
1 '. 6d. to .38. per doz, : Cabbages. i\'l. to liid. do. ; Celery,
8d. to Is. 6d. do. St. Johns : Potatos, is. to is. 2d. iJcr
peck; Grapes, English, 1*. to 2«. lid. per lb.: Pines,
48. to 5«. each ; Apples, 2d. to 4d. per lb. ; Pears, 'M

do. ; Tomatos, 6d. do. ; Cucumbers, 6d. to Srf. each ;
Mushrooms, Is. 2(/. per Jb. Birkenhead: Potatos. Is. lo
1«. 2d. per peck ; Cucumbers, 3d. to 6d. each; Grapes,
English, Is. M. to Ss. 6d. per lb. : do., foreign, 4d. to
8d. do. ; Mushrooms, Is. to Is. 6d. per lb. ; Filberts,
is. do.

CORN.

Average Prices of British Corn (per imperial qr.),
for the week ending l>cc. ;, and for the corresponding
period of 1900, tO';ether with the difference in the
quotations. These figures are based on the Official
Weekly Rettirn :—

Description.

1900.

1901. Difference.

Wheat
Barley
Oats...

26 10

27

1

+ 0

25 11

26

7

-^ 0

17 4

19

0

+ 1

METEOKOI.D'.U'.M. (1 i;?EKV.\TI0N"3 taken in the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Chiswick,
London, for the period December 1 to December 7,
1901. Height above sea-level 24 feet.

Tempera-

Temperature

ture OFTHE

O

O

OF THE AIB.

SOILatSA.M.

1901

D

^

.

1

o

At9A.>l.

».'

1

I

a,

a

^

3^

a M

o

1

»

2

<

■a

■o

•o

e«

1 Is

"5 i|

n

1

Ill
n 1 8)

s

o

S

s s

fill

S

1

^ a

m

B

■o I « « «

•a

son. 1

w.

41'5|39'5-I8138'9

40'7 43'3

47 '2

30 0

MON. 3

s.w.

46 1 ;43'7[s2'3 40'8

43 -0 43 '8

47-2

31 0

Tubs. 3

S.W.

45'I 42'247'8 41-5

42 -4 44 '2

47 1

32 -3

WED. 4

S.W.

3«'2j35 010i:j2-0

41 -2 44 '5 47-1

33-6

THU. 5

S.E.

3')M|32'044'9 27-00'02

39 -6 44 0 47 1

31-8

FBI. 6

S.w.

33 -3 32 -9 51 '3 29 01 ...

39 -9 43 '7

47 1

20 '4

SAT. 7

S.W.

5:i'9.-il-5

55-4

33 -8 0-06

41 '5 43-5

47 0

.30 '3

1

Tot

1

MEANS

41-4 39 '5 49 0

1

34 '7 0' 08

41 0 43 '8

47-1

27 '5

iJemarts.- .\nothcr week characterised by cold, dull,
dry weather.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The following summary record of thcweatlier through-
out the British Islands, f jr the week ending Dec. 7,
Is furnished from the Meteorological Office :—

"The irra/Acr during this period was very rainy in
the northern and western parts of Ireland and Scotland,
and small amounts of rain were not infrequent in the
western districts of England. In the south and east,
however, the weather was generally dry, the small
quantities of rain experienced mostly falling as the
week drew towards its close.

" The temperature was above the mean in all districts ;
in England, E. and S., and in the Channel Islands, the
excess was no more tlian 2 , but in many other parts of
the Kingdom it was I, and in Scotland, W., England,
N.W., and Ireland, N.,it was as much as .V. The highest
of the maxima occurred on Saturday in most districts,
but on Friday at many north western and northern
stations. In Ireland, N.. the thermometer rose to W,
and in all the English districts 10 58°; but in Scotland,
Ireland, S., and the Channel Islands, it did not rise
above .M" or .W. During the middle of the week the
daily maxima were much lower llian these values, and
at many inland and eastern stations they did not
exceed 4.^". The lowest of the minima were registered
on Jhe 4th or 5lh. and ranged from 21° in the Midland
Counties, and i.'i" in Scotland, E., and England, S.W.,
lo '.K' in Ireland, N., and to •V.f in the Channel Islands.

"The rai'n/nH greatly exceeded the mean in Scotland,
S. and W., and slightly in England. N.W., and Ireland,
N., while in Ireland. .S., and England. S.W., it just
equalled tlio mean value. In all other disliicts there
was a deflcil.

" The bright sunshine was rather in excess of the mean
n Scotland, E.. and equal to it in England, E. ; else
where tlie records showed a deficiency. The percentage
of the possible amount of duration ranged from 21 in
England, .S. and E., and 20 in the Channel Islands, to
6 in Ireland, N., and 4 in Scotland, N."

THE WEATHER IN WEST HERTS.
Anotheh week of variable temperature. Cold at the
beginning, warm in the middle, and cold again at its
close. On two days the highest shade temperature
exceeded .'>4°, and by way of contrast, on two nights the
exposed thermometer showed respectively 13° and 11
of frost. The soil is at the present time at about a
seasonable temperature, both at 1 and 2 feet deep.
Kain fell on four days, but to the total depth of only
half an inch, and yet these were tlie wettest four days
experienced here for nearly a month. This moderate
qnantit was, liowevcr, sufficient to start the perco-
lation of rain-water through the percolation gauge on
which short grass is growing. Previous to this not a
drop of water had come through that gauge since
the middle oi May, or for seven months. On four days
during the week no sunshine at all was recorded, and
on another day the record only amounted to si.x
minutes. The winds were mostly westerly, and at
times strong, and on the 9th rose to the force of a
moderate gale. The atmosphere was on the whole dry
for December. E. .1/., llcrkhamstcd. Dec. 10, I90I.

Dimorphism of the Fruit of Pears.—
A review of a brochure on this sub.ject, pub-
lished by JI. EnouARD de .Tanczf.wski, is
contributed by M. Ern. M.alinvaud to a
recent niunberof the BiilU'tin de hi Hocicte Bo-
taniquc de France, and deals with the subject
as follows : " M. Janczewski's notes are inte-
restinp; alike to botanists and to horticul-
turists. The diflieulties often found in deter-
mining the naiuc of any iiarticiilar variety of
an Ai)ple, and still more of a Pear, may
result from inconstancy in the characteristics
of the fruit, which lattor are liable to vary
considerably according' to climate and cultural
conditions. Thus in a milder climate a Pear
and its peduncle are shorter, and the russet
spots broader and more numerous tlian is the
case in the same variety grown in colder,
damper climates, whore the fruits are, on the
other hand, more deeply red on the sunny
side. Vegetable physiology explains these
variations. Other diversities are duo to the
method of cultiva'.-ion ; for instance, certain
Pears when grown on espaliers are not of the
same form as when grown on pyramidal trees.
That which has attracted less attention is the
fact that fruits on the same tree, in spite of
the idi-ntical external conditions under which
thoy have developed, are never precisel.y
alike. It must be remembered that the corymb
of a Pear usually includes from seven to ten
flowers all alike, the floral peduncles arc iii-
sorteil on a thicker axis, which later swells
out considerably. All the flowers are lateral
to this axis except one, v/hich remains ter-
minal. All the flowers can bo fecundaltd,
but the nutritive niiitters supplied by the
shool sullioe to nourish a certain volume of
fruit only, and the small Pears are the only
ones which arc perfected in well-laden sjirays ;
larger fruits occur in great number.-^, but
generally fall early, and the fruit-spur usually
bears but one fruit, that which was first
developed and monopolised all the nourish-
ment. iN'ow, of all the flowers, that which
first opens on tlie cluster, and is the lower-
most one, has the most chance of becoming a
fruit ; and the terminal flower,, which in this
case has least advantage, produces a latei,
;ind almost always a smaller fruit. Hincc,
dimorphism, more or less noticeable acccirditig
to the variety, between the lateral niul the
terminal fruits. Consequently, the lipL-iiing
of a terminal fruit is necessarily later thiiii
that of the lateral fruits, which ciui be picked
mu h eailier."

Mi

THE G A R D ENER S ' CIIR ONI CL E.

[December 1 1 , 1901.

ENQUIRIES.

What wood is used in the construction of
sleepers — 1, in the Indian railways ; 2, in the
Canadian Pacific; 3, in the American Pacific ;
4, in the Lib3'an Railway (Atbara Railway) ;
T), in the West Australian and South Australian
Railways? Prof. C. liennes.

MARKET-dARDENS OF PARIS. — Where Can ]
obtain a full report ot tlie Lecture on the
Market- Gardens of Paris delivered lately by
M. Grandeau ? Ewerbij.

ft, -^^

Ajiaryllis Flowers : Rebec. The form is
more or less that of a funnel, slightly re-
flexed at the margin. The colours vary from
crimson to light rose, with white ground,
and sometimes a patch of green in the
Ijottoni of the tulje. Leaves strap-like, IJ
to 2 inches wide, li to 2 feet long, and
channelled.

Azalea mollis: Experientia docet. .More
likely to succeed i)i smoky northern towns
if ahorded light turfy loam or peat, supple-
menting these, if very poor, with well de-
cayed stable-duni;- or leaf-mould, seeing that
ioi- six months they are leafless. The same
rule as regards cleanliness holds good for
Azaleas as for Rhododendrons.

Bkgonia Oloire de Lorraine: A. Y. This
Begonia is giving rise to a number of sports,
ditfering from each other in shade of colour,
and to a less degree in habit of growth also.
The lighter pink variety you send is most
like that of Mrs. Leojiold de Rothschild,
which was first observed in the Guanersbury
House collection. It has larger flowers
than those of the type, is paler in colour,
and is, according to Mr. Hudson, mox-e per-
sistent. The Turnford Hall variety has
much less colour than either of those you
send, and Caledonia is nearly white.

Black Aphis on Chrvsanthbmum Plants :
./. G. What you suggest is the right course.
If there are no flowers on them, syringe
with or dip the plants in a vessel containing
1 pint of tobacco-water to 3 gallons of water.
Do not syringe with clean water after-
wards.

Books : A. G. The Orchid-fjroiver's Manual,
by B. S. Williams ; Clioice Stove and Oreen-
hoiitie Plants, by the same author; the first
illustrated -with woodcuts, the second not
ilUistratod; both are to be obtained of Mr.
Williams, Victoria ;ind Paradise Nurseries,
Upper Holloway, London, N. — H. C. S. Tlie
Kitchen and Market Garden, published by
Macraillan & Co., St. Martin's Street,
Leicester Square, Loudon, W.C. This work
was published in 1877. A slightly more
modern handbook is Farming for Pleasure
■and Profit. Eicjhtli Section : Market Garden
Hnsbandry for Farmers and General Cnlti-
valors, by Wm. H. Ablett (Chapman & Hall,
11, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C).
— W. G. Vecietubles for Exiiibition and Home
('onsiimj)tion. Write to the author, Mr. W.
Bennett, The Gardens, Aldenham Park,
Elstree, for the particulars required.

Callas : B. W. T. Send roots (tubers) for our
inspection, otherwise we cannot advise you
as to treatment.

Carnation Maccot : A. F. The larva of a fly,
Hylemia nigrescens. Hand-picking is the
only remedy. The plants should be gone
over daily. See the Carnation Manual
(Cassell & Co.), p. 185.

Caulii'lower or Broccoli: A.M. Impossible
io say from appearances only, as there are
now so many crosses between the two. If
you do not know, wo do not know who should.
Of the two. it is more like Cauliflower; but
we do not know whether it is hardy or not.

Graphs Dishased: J. B. The decaying spots
oil Graprs S(Mit ai-e evidently the woik of a
riiiiuus (I ll.r.i-,|ioriHm). On the white varie-
ties (he ,s|iiiis liave a distinct brown margin,
an inner slightly discoloured area, .and older
s|)ots show a reddish centre. Since the
disease appears every year as stated, treat-
ment should begin early, because the attaci;
)irobably begins on the foliage. Resting
Nines may be washed over with a solution
dl' sulphate of iron. When in foliage, Bor-
deaux ;\Iixture, used several times in a
season, is said to give good results. Hicii
stable-manure is reputed to render the Vinos
liable. The disease will spread in stored
bunches, hence care should be taken to
select those with sound Grapes only. Sec
Gardeners' Clironicle, February 2, 1895, for
further particulars of this malady. W. G. .S'.,
Leeds.

Heaviest Bunch of Black Hamburch Grapes :
F. S. Mr. Hunter showed at Belfast, on
August 20, 1874, a bunch weighing 21 lb.
12 oz.

Heliotroi'Es Losing their Leaves : C. C. C. C.
The temperature you are affording them is
too high by night, and by day by 10'. You
cannot apply so much heat as this in the
depth of winter without bad eftects fol-
lowing. The cure is : less heat, and more
air when it can safely be afforded, and just
enough water at the root as will cause a
slight growth in the plants.

Incurved Varieties of Chp.vsanthemums :
Axhford. The following varieties are of the
very best exhibition type: — C. H. Curtis,
tiUieen of England, Lady Isabel, Nellie
Southam, Frank Hammond, Mrs. H. J. .lones,
Mr. E. Bennett, Triomphe d'Eve, INIrs. W.
Howe, Pearl Palace, Empress of India, .Tohn
Lambert, Thos. Lockie, Creole, Egyptian,
King of the Yellows, Madame Duraudal,
Hanwell Glory, Ma Perfection. Globe d'Or,
Topaze Orientale, lalene. Duchess of Fife,
Chrysanthemum Bruaut, Robt. Petfield,
Yvonne Desblanc, and Louisa Giles.

Lawn Sweepinc-Machine : W. S. See p. 77,
vol. xxvi., 1899, for figure ; makers, Messrs.
Vaiighan Brothers, Birmingham. We know
of no gardener using such machine. For
the oleetrioally-moved lawn-mower, adver-
tise in our or engineering journals.

Names ob Fruits : W. N. The Pear is too
much over-ripe. — D. T. 1, Lady Honniker ;
2, Rabiue ; 3, Nelson Codlin ; 4, Waltham
Abbey Seedling ; -l, Northern Greening. —
H. F. 1, was quite ratten when received ;
2, Millot de Naucy ; 3, Beurre Dumont.

Names oi' Plants : J. W. E. 1, Clivia nobilis ;
2, Selaginella Kraussiana, which is the
proper name of the plant known in gardens
as S. denticulata and Lycopodium denticula-
tum. — L.O. S. 1, Dracaena ferrea ; 2, Sem-
pervivum tortuosum variegatum ; 3, Aca-
lypha, probably: leaf dried up; 4, Carex
variegata ; 5 and 0, utterly unrecognisable —
why put us to so much trouble and loss of
time over such miserable specimens? — E. T.
Lielia Arnoldiana ; a light form of L. autum-
nalis was once sent out as L. Arnoldiana,
and at present there are some of the same
plant from a more recent importation in
flower in gardens. They appear to be iden-
tical with La^lia Marriottiana, which was
advanced as a natural hybrid of L. pur-
puracea, we believe. — H. \V., Redrittli.
Myoporum parviHorum. — Desirous. 1, Juni-
perus virginiana var. elegans ; 2, Juniperus
virgiuiana tripartita. — Bob. 1, Ruscus acu-
leatus. Butcher's Broom; 2, R. racemosus.
— W. T. Acanthus species, see next week's
issue.

NiRSKPtY Work in South Africa: G. II'.
Davidson. If you will furnish us with your
name and address, we will put you into com-
munication with a head gardener who spent
two years there, and is willing to impart his
experiences.

Onions Diseased : .J. C. W. The bulbs sent are
attacked by a fungus whose spores cause
the grey mould, while the black seed-like

bodies embedded in the scales are resting
masses of the same fungus. It is probably
the same which destroys Hyacinth and Tulip
bulbs. The disease must have started in
the growing plants, and these should be
treated with potassium sulphide (J oz. in
each gallon of water), or Bordeaux Mixture.
Bulbs like those sent shoidd be destoyed ;
they are a source of infection. In plots
where the disease has been present. Onions
should not be grown again for three or four
years, and during this time a dressing of
quicklime will help to clean the soil. See
Gardeners' Clironiclc, vol. xvi., 1894, p. 160.
W. G. S., Leeds.

Orchids : Oncid. 1, The proper name of the
])lant known in gardens as Oncidium Saint-
legerianum is Oncidium spilopterum ; it
grows best in an intermediate-house, and
kept dry when not growing. 2, Lielia pal-
lida ; we do not know the species. 3, Lselia
majalis grows and flowers best when sus-
pended in a cool, airy greenhouse or vinery,
where it gets plenty of sunlight ; keep it
dry until growth commences, then apjjly
water freely : the temperature for it at
jnesent is correct, if the plant is kept dry.
4, Sphagnum-moss. To keep this in a fresh
state, it is best to store it in a shady situa-
tion under a wall or hedge outdoors ; but
it should be examined before using, to
remove slugs or snails.

Orchids in Leaf-.moild: J. W. and Crispum.
Please send name and full address, not
necessarily for publication, but as a pledge
of your bona fides.

Pinks Diseased: F. W. R. Rhopalosiphum
(aphis) dianthi, Schrauk, is the name of the
aphis on the roots of the Pink. The sickly
condition of the plants is partly due to their
attacks; but the plants appear also to be
physically weak, and the method of culti-
vation may be at fault. Carbon bisulphide
applied with a suitable syringe to the soil
surrounding the roots would kill the aphides,
but your better course would be to make a
fresh border, and start with a clean stock.

Potash and Caustic Soda Wash ior Fruit
TREES: R. J. P. The effect of lime when
mixed in rather larger quantities than is
usual with the copper sulphate, in the
making of the Bordeaux Mixture, is to
lessen the corrosive action of the sulphate
on the foliage of plants. If you fear the
effects of caustic soda and potash on your
trees at this season, when used at the
recognised strength, it is an easy matter to
dilute the mixture somewhat with water.
One formula gives 11 lb. potash and ^ lb. of
soda, to 3 gallons of water.

Rhododendron caucasicum and R. Cunning-
ham's Blush in Northern Smoky Towns:
Experientia docet. The flrst-nametl species
with flowers white in the interior of the
throat, and spotted green, and the entire
flower reddish on the exterior, and thegrowth
of the plant dwarf, is not, so far as we are
aware, hardier or more capable of resisting
the impurities of smoky towns and districts
than R. ponticum, or the hybrids from
this. R. caucasicum will resist a greater
degree of cold than R. ponticum in so far as
regards the flower-buds ; but in no part of
these islands is the frost so groat as to kill
the plants. The main thing in smoky towns
is to frequently cleanse the foliage with
water applied with the garden-engine or a
hose. The Rhododendron Cnnninghami ot
gardens = R. ponticum ? x R. arborcumcf ,
is not blush as suggested, but white. It is
quite hardy. There are many hybrids more
boautifnl than these which might be grown
in smoky places.

Violets: B. L. Not clearly expressed, but he
meant strong runners having some roots.

Communications Rkceived.— A, C. Verviers.— Dr. T>.,
HerUii.— C. M., Ryde.— J. R. J., Lympstonc— V. N. G.,
KedruUi.— C. D.-E. K., Huarlem.— N. E. B.— J. F. H.
—.1. B — T R . Castlewellan (many tlianks)— A. R. P.,
Nice— W. E. G— J. D. S.. Baltimore, U.S.A.— J. McK —
W. N.— J. C. B.— G. O. R., Royston— W. H. D.—
MfCullocli— H. Elliott— J. Felise-H. W. W.— D. A.M.
-E. J— 6. L.— W. C. WorsdeU— H. L. H.— E. C— R.D.
-H. "«'.— C. D.— D. K. W.-J. R. J,

Decembke 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

445

THE

No. 78-2.— SATURDAY, DEC. 21, 1901. H

CONTENTS.

460

American notes

jUaleai mollis and
Rhododendrons for
nortlicrn smoky
towns

licans, Veitch's climb-
ing Ki'cnch

lielvidcrc House, Mul-
lingar

Ulcu, M. Alfred

Books, notices of—
The Annals of the
Koyal Botanic Gar-
den, Calcutta
The Book of the
Vine

Books, sale of old gar-
denine

"Carnation," what is .

Cephalotaxus

Cliristmas ivare in the
streets

Cocoa-nut butter

Covcnt Garden Market
in the Christmas
season

Dean Hole

Do^'S. muzzHnj; of

Eucalypts, hardy ... 458

Floral decoration ... 457

Florists' floweis—
Chrysanthemums ... lis

Foreign correspondence—
Canna Mrs. Kate
Gray 4lti

Gardeners' Royal Be-
nevolent Institution 454

Gourds and Cucurbits,
ornanicntal .l,s;

455, 457

Grape. Ryton Muscat .
Horse-Chcstnnt, fine

specimens of the ...
Ivy and Christmas ...
Kew, the surgeon at...
Larch, the Japanese...

Mandrake, the

Mangos

Market, the great

Monibretias

Obituary—

Heneage, DC. Major

Richards, James ...

Waite, Alexander ...
Orcliid notes and

gleanings

Orcliids in leaf-mould
Presentation to Mr.

W. Melville

Reminiscences
Rhubarb, the Sutton

Christmas

Rust on Chrysanthe-
mums

Societies—

Linnean

National Chrysan-
themum

Royal Horticultural

Suncyors' Institu

lion

South Afiica—
Johannesburg

the Cape

Tar c. paint

Vegetarian millinery
Week's work, the 45
Winter consolations. .

nd

ILLUSTRATIONS.

An aid to .setting up flowers 4i);t

Cocoa-nuts, gatlienng, in Zanzibar 419, l.W

Eucalyptus cordata, seedling raised at Abbots-
bury 4,n4i

Mandrake, figures of the I5!i

Ornamental Gourds in the Cambridge Botanic

Garden (Supplement)
"' Vegetarian millinery " in [ruits and seeds... 44«, 147

VEGETARIAN MILLINEEY.

AKECENT article in one of the London
(liiily papers on " Vegetarian Millinery,
referred to a contemplated bazaar that was
arranged to be held by the " London Vege-
tarian Society," the great aim of which was
to lead a crusade in favour of vegetarian
hats, bonnets and toques, and to convince
sceptics of the possibility of having becom-
ing millinery without sacrificing animal
life to attain it. The writer of the article
ill question goes on to say : " But just as the
<i'avings of the unreformod appetite are
met by such dishes as 'haricot chops' and
■ hmtil steaks,' so it. would seem upon en-
<iuiries that leguminous sables and ermines
will be available for the fur toques of the
fair and fashionable devotee of the cult,
which, with the present prohibitive price
(if the natural article should bring even the
uiib liever to the stalls." Further than this,
it is suggested that new ground may lie
l)roken, and even that the Cauliflower and
J'arsnip may receive new and attractive
illustrations of decorative uses.

We must confess to a want of intimate
knowledge of what developments in the
applications of vegetable substances are in
the minds of the members of the excellent
society referred to, or of the writer of the
paragraph quoted; but on the subject of
the capabilities of the vegetable kingdom in
supplying materials for articles of dress,
whether useful or ornamental, we are atone,
both with the society and witli the writer
liimself; and a few thouglits of what has
been done and what may yet be done in
this direction, may be of some interest to
those of our readers, most, if not all of
whom condemn the wanton destruction of
animal, and indeed of plant life, as fully as
those who may have enrolled themselves
in any society for the distinct purpose of
encouraging such protection.

Hats asd Bonnets.

Though the text that has inspired this
paper is " Vegetarian Millinery," we may
perhaps be excused for liriefly referring in
the first instance to a few sul)stanccs of
comparatively recent introduction which
have not yet established positions as regular
articles of trade. The fact is, that the
vagaries of fashion are so great that there
is no continuous demand for any one par-
ticular substance unless it has the capa-
bilities of being so changed as scarcely to
be recognised under its altered conditions.
The chief exceptions to this rule with
regard to materials tor hat-making, are
the universally - used straw, which with
the great increase of gentlemens straw
hats, has of late years been very much
in demand, as also, chiefly for ladies hats,
the light split wood of the Willow, generally
known as ('hi|>. In addition to these may
be mentioned Cuba Bast, the inner bark of
the West Indian Hibiscus elatus, and Sisal
Hemp, the fibre from the leaves of Agave
rigida var. sisalana. These two last are
excellent materials for hat-making, and are
capable of being altered in character,
appearance, and colour, to suit all fancies
and tastes.

It may interest the members of the
London Vegetarian Association to know that
these materials are always available, and
that if they wish foi- greater variety there
is RafTia, so well known as a garden tying
material, which makes excellent hats, and
■when split into very fine threads, is made, in
Madagascar, into a fabric for elotliing pur-
poses. This material, as our readers will
know, is the cuticle of the leaf of a I'alm,
Raphia pedunculata, better known perhaps
as R. raffia, though a similar substance
has more recently been obtained from the
west coast of Af ricii from R. vinifera, besides
which other palms as Mauritia flexuosa and
Astrocaryum vulgaie yield a very strong and
almost identical material used for making
hammocks. All these and more are always
ready for conversion into "Vegetarian Mil-
linery," and in the matter of trimming we
have an equal number and variety, such, for
instance, as the cuticle of the Sugar-cane,
which, when dry, assumes either a light
silvery-yellow or a deep, glossy, golden tint,
and is much used for decorative purposes in
the Pacific Islands, as is also that of Tacca
pinnatifida.

Not many years ago the inner bark of
the Baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) "was
bleached and dyed and converted into what
seemed to be an excellent hat material

either for the hat itself or for decorative
purposes, and even the woolly leaves of
Celmisia coriacea were so prepared as to
make them an attractive article of trade.

But if all these things have value iu them
from a commercial point of view, why should
there not be a continous demand for them,
or for some of the older and better known
materials ":' as, for instance, the well known
lace bark (Lagetta lintearia), of which it is
said that Charles II. received from the
Governor of Jamaica a cravat, frill, and a
pair of ru files, made of this bark. Useful
and ornamental articles are frequently
made from it at the present day, as the
exhibits from the West Indian Colonies at
any of the international exhibitions so
frequently prove.

Skeiis.

That there is no lack of materials suitable
for purely decorative purposes, to be found
in the vegetable kingdom, is abundantly
proved by the existence of the numerous
ornamental seeds, many of which are valued
for their attractive colours, while the forms
of others have much to recommend them.
Under the first head may be included the
bright scarlets of the Erythrinas, and of
Adenanthera pavonina, the black and reds
of the Ormosias, and Abrus precatorius, the
slate colour of the so-called Nicker -imts
(Ciesalpinia bonducella), all of which have
from time to time been used for jiersonal
adornments, in the form of necklaces, brace-
lets, earrings, &c. A short time since the
seeds of Adenanthera found their way into
the hands of a West -end London jeweller,
apparently for the purpose of being mounted
in gold — the bright, glistening red in a
setting of the precious metal would equal
any coral in appearance, though perhaps not
in value. In connection with the application
of seeds and fruits for jewellery jiurposes,
we may further mention the rough, corru-
gated brown fruits of the Indian Eheocarpus
Ganitrus (fig. 1.'!.'5, '), ai\d the paler but some-
what similar fruits of the Australian species
of Fiisanus. These are fre(]uently strung,
and used iu the making of necklaces and
rosaries; as are also, the intense black,
smooth, and globular seeds of Sapindus sa-
ponaria, which, it is said, were formerly
brought into England tipped or cdgetl with
gold or silver, and used as waistcoat buttons.
These, as well as the fruits of Eheoearims
and Fusanus, are not unfamiliar amongst us
at the present time, mounted and used as
ornamental hair-pins.

Another form of ornamentation much used
by the Indian tribes is the hard, bony grain
known as Job's Tears (Coix lachryma), nu-
merous varieties of which, varying in form
and colour, arc used for ornamenting articles
of clothing (fig. 13;?,"^ ; the most remarkal)l(%
however, is the long, cylindrical, or ttibulur
forms, distinguished by the varietal name
of stenocarpa (fig. 133,^). These forms vary
considerably in size, and when threaded
and formed into ornamental surface designs,
or used as a fringe, are very striking. Re-
ferring to these seeds. Dr. Watt, writing
after the Colonial Exhibition of 188t>, says :
— "The Karens cover their dresses with the
narrow cylindrical form in embroider-like
designs, and the Angami Nagas construct
elegant earrings, in which a rosette of these
seeds surrounds a greenish beetle -wing.
The various grains popularly known as Job's
Tears, seem to stand a good chance of

443

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 21, 1901.

<-oniing into use in Europe in the constru.--
lion of artificial flowers, lacos, bugle trim-
mings, and other sulIi ])urposes for which
glass beads are now used, and possibly also
in Catholic countries for the manufac-
ture of rosary beads. If found capable of
being dyed a deep black, there might be an
extensive demand for them, since they would
be much more durable than glass. During
the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, several
merchants, especially from France, enquired
after seeds suitable for the aljove purposes.
The writer was not able at the time to fur-
nish these gentlemen with samples of the
cylindrical seed, but he gave them samples
of the ordinary Pear-shaped form. They
seemed to think there might be some pro-
spect of even that form coming into use.
On being shown the Karen ornamented
dresses, they professed a firm conviction
that the cylindrical grain would find a

ready sale Subsequently numerous

samples of .Job's Tears from every dis-
trict in Burma were obtained, and it
has transpired that of the spherical form
there ai-e several small hard grains
which seem quite as likely to find a
market in Europe, as the cylindrical at the
exhibition ; only the coarser, loose-shelled,
edible form was shown, but there would
seem every prospect that the wild forms
specially collected by the hill tribes of
Burma for decorative purposes, are those
which should be offered as most suitable for
the Eiu'opean market. Along with these
tiie cylindrical form would afford the manu-
facturer of laces, &c., a choice of two forms
which might be elegantly combined."

The prospect of a future trade in Europe
with these ornamental Indian grains has, so
far as we are aware, never been realised ;
and like many other products, including
those seeds we have already referred to,
remain undeveloped sources of profit.

Artifk'iai, FiiriT, &.c.
On the subject of artificial flowers and
fruits, everyone knows what a great im-
provement has been made in these articles
of female adornment in the past few years.
Whether in the matter of flowers or foliage,
Nature is now so admirably copied that it
is often very difficult to distinguish between
them ; but yet there are fields for fresh
developments, and entirely " new depar-
tures." Thus, the so-called " Fairy Roses '
of a fe^ years ago, <'omposed of the pappus
of the seeds of an unknown Asclepiadaceous
plant dexterously wired together, and dyed
in the most delicate tints of colour, were
capable of a much further development ;
indeed, it is surprising that they did not
" take on," as the saying is. Surely some
clever member of the Vegetarian Associa-
tion could easily manipulate artificial
feathers from the great variety of pappus
to be found not only in the Asclepiadca'.
Init also in some other Natural Orders.
While speaking of these pappus - crested
seeds, we may also refer to them as
sources of materials in the production of
felted fabrics, or even for vegetable furs, the
" sables and ermines " before referred to. In
Calotropis gigantea the small seeds w ith their
silky crests are tightly packed in the large
capsular fruit (fig. 1.34, d). These silky hairs
(fig. l.'U, e) are usually known as mudar floss,
silk cotton, or vegetable silk, and are used in
India for stuffing cushions or pillows, as

well as for making into a coarse yet soft
fabric. On account of its soft and satiny
character, it was at one time recommended
as a material for weaving into undor-gar-
ments ; but on account of its short staple, it
was found not only to be difficult to spin,
but also to lack durability. Many times since
then, this and other similar vegetable flosses
have had some attention given to them.
The latest report upon this particular species
was that, in combination with wool or
cotton in the preparation of the yarn, a large
and important industry was likeh" tn Ijc
established.

Bombax malabaricum, though Ijelonging tn
an entirely different natural order, namely
one of the divisions of the Malvace;e, bears a
dehiscent capsular fruit (fig. 134, a), filled
with a silky floss, which surround the seeds
in the same way as the common cotton. It
is extremely soft and silky to the touch, and
like the floss from the Calotropis, has little or
no strength, and though it is sometimes
woven by hand in India, and also used

Flci. 1X3.— •• VKfiF.rARIAX MILI.lSKin.

I Seea of EUcot-arijus Ganitnis.

- Fimi- viii-ietics or .lob's Tears (Coix lachryma .lobil.
■' Four varieties ol' Coix lachryina Jobi var. stoiio-
cavpa. .\U of nat. size. (See p. 44.5.)

for stuffing pillows, it is considered of in-
ferior quality to other silk cottons; a term
which is not only applied to the floss of this
species, but also to that of the allied tree,
Eriodendron anfraetuosum, and also to
Cochlosperumm gossypium, belonging to
the natural order Bixineie (fig. 134, b, r).

The subject discussed in this article might
be expended to much greater length, but
sufficient has, we think, been said to show
how wide are its ramifications and what an
important field of operations are open not
only to the mcTiibers of the Vegetarian
Society liut to others, before the world is
exhausted of new vegetable products. Julni
II. Jackson, Chireinont, Lipnpstom', Peroii.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CALANTHE x VEITCHI AND C. VESTITA.
Notwithstanding the many hybrid Calaiitlies
that have been raised, the carmine - rose
coloured Calaiithe Veitchi still forms the
bulk of the varieties found in bloom in the
winter, probably in consequence of its being
incroa.sed greatly by reason of its value as a
winter bloomer for the temperate-house. In
Mrs. lirightwen's gardens at "The Grove,"

Stanmore, one side of a house is completely
filled with plants of Calanthes, their gracefiiS
spikes of bright coloured flowers making n.
great display. The gardener, Mr. J. W. Odell,
has arranged a number of specimens of Calantlie
vestita rubro-oculata and C. v. luteo-oculata
together with light foliage plants, and by
keeping the house tolerably dry the display
has been maintained for some considerable
time.

ZVCOPETALLM M.M'KAII.

A photograph of plants in fine condition of
this favourite inmate of our warm houses is
kindly sent by Mr. John Butler, Xormanton
Gardens, Stamford, and which well represents
the beauties of the flower. It was first intro-
duced in 1820 from Brazil, and is regarded as
one of the finest autumn and winter-flowering
Orchids, adapting itself readily to various
methods of culture, and sometimes appearing
in great beauty in warm greenhouses, con-
servatories, or fruit-houses, though more fre-
quently in the ordinary plant stove-house.
The specimens photographed are large ones,
each bearing many flower-spikes. The white
lip is veined with blue, and the .sepals and
petals are greenish, barred with purple-bi-own.

Some authorities place Zygopetalum crini-
tum as a variety of Z. Mackaii, but the upright
leaves and more erect flower-spikes of Z.
orinitum, render it easy to distinguish. In
the odour of the flowers there is a marked
difi'erence, Z. Mackaii having the sweet odouv
of some Hyacinths, while Z. crinitum has the
scent of Aniseed. Both species have strong
fleshy roots, which take readily to a compost
which consists of loam-fibre one-half, and tlu^
remainder of peat and sphagnum-moss. During
active growth, some gardeners afford the
plants occasionally weak liquid-manure made
with cow - dung, and others mix a small
quantity of sun-dried cow-manure with the
potting compost ; and the same is done for
Peristerias, Phaius, Calanthes, and other
strong-growing terrestrial Orchids.

CiDRHOPETALUM Al'PENDlCUL.ATL'Xf .

A good specimen of this remarkable and
pretty Cirrhopetalum is in flower in the col-
lection of H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford
Hill (gr., Mr. Thurgood). It is very distinct
from other species in cultivation, each scape
bearing but one large flower, the concave-
upper sepal and narrower petals of which are
whitish, with purple lines, and bearing at the
tips purple feather -like appendages. The.
large and thick tongue-like labellum is mauve-
purple, and the lower sepals, which join and
gradually taper into long, slender points, are
H inches in length, white, spotted and striped
with purple. The species, which is rare, is a
native of Sikkim, and probably other Indian
highlands. It was first flowered by Sir Trevoi-
Lawrence, Bart., whose plant was illustrated
in the GarJeners' Chronicle, Dec. 10, 1898>
p. 415. It is figured in King and Pantliu".s
Ofcliids of the Sikkim Himalaya as C. orna-
tissimum, a well-known species, bearing an,
umbel of several flowers.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

— ♦ —

CANNA MRS. KATE GRAY.
Your Californian correspondent is mistakeit
when he says (p. OCO), that " Canna Mrs. Kate
Gray was obtained by fertilising Italia with
the pollen of Madame Crozy." Italia, and all
the other Orchid-flowering Ci'U -, are infer-
tile, because they are true hybrids amongst^
different sections of ('annas. The raiser of
this class of Cannas- — more beautiful in the
south than the French Cannas — is the well-

Decembeb 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

447

noted horticulturist, M. Ch. Sprenger, Naples,
who has written the most interesting story of
bis creations in the Kerne Eoriicole, 1001,
p. 440. Mrs. Kate Gray is Madame Crozy
Italia as pollen-parent. V,'. Midler, Naples.

WINTER CONSOLATIONS.
" Sweet," says Shakespeare, " are the uses
of adversity ; " for if there is much to de-
press, there is also much to console the patient
and long-suffering cultivator at this season of
the year. Some of his trees, for example,
may be destroyed (as several of my own have

the part of their youthful successors can re-
place ; but even in such circumstances, some
considerable mental compensation is discover-
able in watching with the eyes of Faith and
Patience the gradual evolution of these.
There is a deep and enduring jileasure in such
experience which only the lover of Nature can
know.

During the season of winter the planting of
bulbs is also a very fascinating occupation.
As a general rule, I make a point of materially
adding to ray already extensive collection of
Snowdrops every year. It is almost impossible,
especially in a region such as this, to have too

Pig. 134.— " vegetarian millinery": fruits of the silk-cotton trees.

A, Boiiibox nialabaricuiii. i>, Coclilohponiiuui gossypuiiii. c, A sceil iif s:iino.

D, Calotiopis gigiuitca. K, Seed of Siiiiie. (Sec p. 115.)

(Frtym drmvings by Mie» Jackton. About \ nntural Hze.)

boon quite recently) by unexpected ami out-
•■ageous blasts. But if there have been too
many of these in his garden, owing to his
t>oss<-ssion of a too rigidly conservative nature,
then he has at least this abiding consola-
tion : that by the removal of those venerable
victims, more sunlight and air, both abso-
Jutely essential to vigorous plant life, are
thereby admitted, as if providentially, into
liis precious enclosures ; and the fruit-
trees which remain, hitherto too crowded to
admit of great achievements, have space for
the a(10f|uate conservation of tlieir vitality —
i!hi- exprcfesion of their powers. In many in-
-stances, doubtless, trees are uprooted which
only flic slow and steady growth of years on

many of those lovely flowers, which are our
chief consolers when atmospheric conditions
are most crucially severe. Though the
daughters of Adversity, they are the parents
of Hope. I'ale and pensive in their outward
aspect, they give us bright glimpses of future
fruition. Even more radiant is the first vision
of the Crocus, and its fair successor, the
incomparable Daffodil, pure offspring of the
earliest sunlight of the year. It was (Jocthe,
the great (ierman poet and naturalist who
created the memorably beautiful expression,
"Stars of Earth," when thinking of such
exquisites vernal tlower.s. He it was also who
made the interesting discovery that those
floral beauties which minister .so greatly to

our happiness, and whose very memory i.s
consoling and refreshing when their bright
presence has departed, have been generated
by the marriage of two harmonising leaves.
Such a conception could only have occurred
to a born naturalist — a deeply brooding, in-
stinctively botanical mind. It is only such
teachers as Goethe and Linnjeus who can
reveal to us the divine significance of flowers.
Though it is chiefly in spring and summer
that we behold their revelations, it is during
the winter season that we think of them most
lovingly, as "dreams too bright to last."
I''air as they have been to the outward eye,
they are still fairer to the memory. This is
the secret of our careful preparation for their
future requirements ; and we know from expe-
rience that such treasures will not reveal their
possible capabilities, if ignorantly entrusted
to the keeping of uncongenial soil. If, there-
fore, at this season we blindly persevere with
our garden activities in unconscious deliance
of such impressive truths, it will be small con-
solation ere long to discover that whatever
form of vegetative life has been planted in
situations out of correspondence with its
proper environment, is thereby predestined
by its hapless possessor to degeneration and
premature decay. David R. Williamson.

IVY AND CHRISTMAS.

There seems to exist in some (|uarters a
feeling of repugnance Jigainst employing Ivy
in Christmas decorations whether in church
or home. It is a pity this feeling should
continue to exist, for apart from the beauty
of the Ivy, and its great value in all kinds
of decoration at this season, it is an unde-
niable fact that along with Holly it formed
in mediieval England the vegetation that was
used in all kinds of decoration — whether of
church, street, or house. Personally, I have
made much use of it in decorating both
churches and dwellings during a long series
of years. Nothing surpassing long Ivy trails
for various parts of the church ; and for stair-
cases and pictures in the home they can be
most effectively employed. In passing I tmiy
.say that I have also used the common Hush
and the Hroom for church decoration, both at
one period having done duty at the festival
of this season, but perhaps in a more lowly
position than I have accorded them.

The certainty of Ivy having been invariably
u.sed along with Holly is vouched for intheold
churchwarden's accounts that have survived
the ravages of time. Those of Sir Andrew
Hubbard's, Eastchoap, continue for a long
series of years to record the purchase of
" Holme, and Ive ayenst Cristmas," the sum
paid varying from .'!((. to (W., Ad. being gene-
rally the amount disbursed. The payments
do not occur during the short reign of
Edward VI., when none of the holidays appear
to have been provided for, but with the acces-
sion of Mary the churchwardens again pro-
vided for Christmas. These payments con-
tinued uninterruptedly during the whole of
this reign, and also during the first twelve
years of t,Jucen Elizabeth, when the last entry-
appears in the year 1570, and is as follows : —
" Paid for liolle yvcio, bromcs and ))owessc,
—2 yeres, iijs. ijd."

Not improbably the " bromes " would bo
utilised on the floor of the building, but in
any case the entry is interesting as marking an
addition not hitherto noted. A reference to
the injunction of this reign finds nowhere the
use of these evergreens mentioned, but it is
certain they were disallowed, though it is just
possible a less strict watch would be ke|)t on
out-of-the-way parishes, and Christmas de-

448

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 21, 1901.

coratin,ij might have thus continued unin-
terruptedly till its open resumption in
James I.'s reign.

There were several songs in praise of Ivy,
sometimes in conjunction with Holly, and those
who are able to consult Ashton's Christmaa-
tide, will find not a little to interest them in
this aspect of the matter. In one carol —
" Christmas-tide
• Comes in like a bride,

With Holly and Ivy-clad."
And there is a kind of chant on the plant :—
" Ivy is soft and ineek of speec-li.
Against all bale she is bliss,

Well he that may her reach.

Ivy is green with colours bright,
Of all trees best she is.

And that I prove will now be right.

Ivy beareth berries black,
God grant us all his bliss,

For there shall be nothing lack."
The decoration of the houses of farmers,
and of tho better cla.sses generally, formed
part of tho dutie.s of the maid-servants ; but
not to gather either Holly or Ivy, one of the
men-servants being required to cut and carry
home what was asked for. A very ludicrous
punishment was meted out where pos.sible to
the lazy lubber who failed to find Cissie or
Joan the supply requested. Not only was he
debarred from the privileges conferred by the
Misleto, but if tho defrauded maiden could
filch his nether garments while the delinquent
slept, she was permitted and expected to nail
them to the outer gate of the yard or some
other conspicuous place. One can imagine
what this meant, apart from the ridicule that
followed, to the possessor of the abstracted
garment, when we remember that the ward-
robe of tho working classes in those days was
limited to the bare necessities of every-day
use. I And a very curious purpose to which
the Ivy was put at convivial meetings, such
as those of Christmas: "If one hath got a
surfeit by drinking of wine, his speediest
cure is to drink a draught of the same wine
wherein a handful of Ivy-leaves being first
bruised have been boiled." So great indeetl
was the reputed antipathy between wine and
Ivy, that an old writer assures his readers if
they drink out of a cup formed of the wood of
Ivy, the liquor will have no bad effect on
them.

It would appear, too, that Ivy was not for-
gotten by the fair sex when dressing for the
gaieties that came with t'hristmas. Ivy and
Holly were worn on tlie head, and we read
also of waist-belts of twisted Ivy being worn.
There are many other curious and long-
forgotten usages of which Ivy formed a part,
but these, which relate solely to Christmas,
may be not uninteresting to many who have
been unaware of the great part it played in
the Christmas rejoicings, sacred and social, of
olden times. B.

AMERICAN NOTES.

FLOWER CULTURE IN THE U. S.
New Hampshire.— The twelfth census of the
United States having been completed, the
results are gradually seeing tho light in
Bulletin-form — the figures relating to agricul-
ture and horticulture being now in process of
publication. Respecting the floriculture of
New Hampshire, we learn that the total area
devoted to the cultivation of flowers and
plants in 1899 was 38 acres, and the products
sold were valued at 108,101 dels. There are
eighty -three establishments, and the pro-
prietors of sixty make commercial floriculture
their principal business ; and the other re-
ceipts were 127,207 dels. Florists report

■ greenhouses with a glass surface of 452,963
square feet, covering 339,722 square feet of
land. In addition nearly 100 farmers had an
area under glass of 214,258 square feet, used
for potting up plants and vegetables — making
the total glass-covered area in that State
553,980 square feet. The average glass was
5,662 square feet for florist market-gardeners,
and growers having 2,200 square feet each.

Rhode Island.
In the year 1899 some 177 acres of land
were devoted to the cultivation of flowers and
ornamental plants, and the products sold
therefrom were valued at 314,800 dols. The
number of establislnnents engaged in the
trade was 139 ; making the average area
1*3 acre, and the average return 2,2C4-79 dols.
In 188 of these establishments commercial
floriculture was the principal business, and
the capital invested was 782,115 dols. The
receipts from flowers and plants were 288,059
dols., and from other products 7,515 dols.
The greenhouses used had a gla.ss-surface of
962,204 .square feet, covering 721,653 square feet
of ground. In addition, ninety-three market-
gardeners and farmers used glass in growing
flowers, plants, and vegetables, the area under
glass being 075,447 square ft., making with that
reported by the florists 1,397,100 square ft. E.C.

Death of an Edinburgh Seedsman in
New York.

Alexander Waite, who but very recently
left England for the United States, died
under very distressing circumstances on No-
vember 28. The deceased, who was the son
of Alexander Waite, formerly gardener at
Manderston, Duns, Scotland, was for the last
eleven years connected with Peter Lawson &
Co., Edinburgh, and liad only been a few
weeks with Peter Henderson & Co., of New
York. A brother of the deceased, at whose
residence the death occurred, is W. H. Waite,
(Iraystone Gardens, Yonkers, New York. He
was formerly a well known and respected gar-
dener in England.

November 28 in the United States is a great
national holiday dedicated annually by Pre-
sidential proclamation as a day of "thanks-
giving" for the peace, welfare, and material
prosperity of the country. It is a day of
family re-union ; and when business ceased on
the evening of the 27th, Alexander proceeded
to the home of his brother, whose guest he
was to be over the holiday. The weather
turned suddenly cold that night, and the
room whicli the visitor occupied was heated
by means of a gas-stove connection with the
supply- pipe being with some india - ruI)bor
tubing. On retiring for the night, .Alexander
turned off the gas at the stove instead of at
the connection with the main pipe, and the
gas escapin g into the room either through a
faulty union or by percolating the rubber tube,
he was asphyxiated while he slept. The
tragic discovery was made on tho morning of
Thanksgiving Day by his brother, who went
to arouse him. Mr. W. H. Waite is highly
respected by the craft here, and the sad
occurrenceawakensheartfelt sympathy for him.

A Chrysanthemum Review.
The Chrysanthemum season just closed has
been remarkable chiefly for the immensity of
the blooms shown ; of novelty there has been
but very little. We have had two exhibits in
New York ; the one of which I wrote on p. 352
was hardly a representative effort, as the
time was too early in the season ; but it did
in some way prepare us for the bigness we
were to see at the American Institute show in
the full season of the Chrysanthemum. Never
did the city see such giant blooms, and tho

champion exhibitor for size was Mr. A. Her-

riugton, who shows himself to be a great
grower of the flower. His largest bloom was
Madame Carnjt, measuring 25 inches in cir-
cumference, and of very solid build, too, even
for that solid variety. A tape taken over the
bloom as it stood in the vase gave 23 inches.
Of course, if it had been shown on a board,
these figures would have been higher. It is
interesting to note how few blooms of any
pink or red colours are staged — so few, indeed,
that tho display of blooms as a whole, gave
the impression of a yellow glow ; Major Bonaf-
fon. Golden Wedding, the yellow sport of
iladame Carnot, and Colonel Appleton domi-
nated. Then in whites nearly all exhibitors
contributed Timothy Eaton, a great coarse
bloom of the Japanese type, not of the purest
colour, but large ^ immense, therefore much
desired by the many. It is an easy grower
too, by all accounts. This variety is a Cana-
dian, shown here last year for the flr.st time,
but now everywhere. The European Chrysan-
themum grower visiting one of our shows
would miss the true incurved type. As I
recall things, Major Bonaffon was the only one
seen at the New York show. As a matter of fact,
the old true incurved or Chinese is a lost thing,
and wlien the schedule of a show calls for six
incurved, it is a sure thing that Japanese in-
curved will be sho^^^l ; and indeed that is
the understood interpretation. On reading
through the reports of the English shows, I
can follow the variety lists of the Japanese
classes very well ; but when it comes to the
incurved, unless the varieties are those that
were in collections .seven years ago, I am lost.
It is interesting to see that the march of the
Chrysanthemum in England and over here is.
much alike on the whole ; but I fancy we run
to extremes more rapidly and more decidedly.
Perhaps some of those new dark colours to
which your pages bear evidence will emigrate
to us, and help to relieve the present yellow-
white monotony. We need men like Wells,
Godfrey, &c.

The Plant-breeding Conference.
Arrangements for the International Confe-
rence are now progressing. Up to this time
the work has been tentative, but the support
from all quarters justifies the decision to call
the Conference, and at the latest meeting of
the Horticultural Society of New York, a
special committee was given the matter in
hand to carry out. The promised co-operation
of the English horticulturists, and their pos-
sible presence, is giving a decided stimulus,
and they can rest assured of a more than
cordial welcome. Leonard Barron.

BELVIDERE HOUSE, MULLINGAR.
This is beautifully situated on the east side
of Lake Belvidere — which is also known as
Lake Ennel, about 4 miles south of the ancient
town of MuUingar, and is the seat of C.
Brinsley Marlay, Esq. The estate at one time
formed part of the domain of the Earl of
Rochfort and Belvidere, from whom it has
descended to the present owner ; the house is
substantially built of limestone, and although
not a large one it is very comfortably arranged,
and contains many interesting things. The
course of events in Ireland during recent
years has unfortunately not been in favour of
building new houses, or enlarging old ones.
The park is extensive, and contains some fine
old trees, especially Beech, some of which are
believed to have been in existence before the
estate was reclaimed from the forest. The
soil here rests on the limestone formation,
which partly accounts for the Beech doing so

December 21, 1901.]

THE GAED ENER S ' CBB OX I CL E.

449

well, and for the nice undulating character of
the whole place, so different to the peat-bog
on the other side of the lake. One soon
perceives that the owner is fond of Conifers,
splendid specimens of which come into view
at every turn, including many very choice
varieties, some of which are quite in a small
state at present. Three specimens of Tsuga
Mertensiana (Abies Albertiana) in a group
have a very fine effect, one of them is 6 feet in
circumference at 3 feet above the ground, and
is estimated to be CO feet high ; Cupressus Go-
veniana is about 40 feet high, and very good ;
Abies Nordmanniana is represented by several
specimens, one near the drive is very good, and
unusually compact in growth ; Picca Morinda,
Finns excelsa, Pinus insignis, Thujopsis dola-
brata, Cupressus Lambertiana, C. Nootkatensis,
are all represented by many fine specimens ;

construction of a series of terraces, which are
sustained by walls of limestone. Here I noted
a good plant of Pyrus elaagnifolia, which was
carrying several of its curious fruits : it is a
distinct plant resembling Sea Buckthorn at
a distance, but whiter, and of a somewhat
drooping habit. At one end of the terrace a
nice looking rockery forms an appropriate
termination, and this is well furnished with a
suitable selection of plants, and traversed by
a winding walk which leads to another planta-
tion of Conifers. From the terrace looking
south a large ruin may be seen among some
trees, and one is surprised to hear it was
built in its present form by an Italian artist
at a cost of i;10,0(Ml ; and the idea appears to
have been carried out by a former owner, in
order to shut out the view of a neighbouring
mansion.

dark purple spikes. Most of these were
growing on a border facing the west, with
the shelter of a wall behind them.

Orchids are grown in two convenient houses,
and the plants looked healthy and strong. I
noted Oncidium Laneeanum, Saccolabium
Blumei, Lselia superbiens, Dendroblum formo-
sum, and Cypripedium Rothschildianum in
flower; some plants of Dianella were full of
their rich purple berries. Bignonia venusta
had made a good healthy growth on the roof of
one of the cooler houses, where it was trained
thinly. Of this climber, Mr. Hayliss says he
gets abundance of flowers, the winter tempera-
ture it gets ranging from 40^ to 50°. This was
a very different position from the one it
occupied in Florida, where it was growing on
the sandy ground like a weed, and full of its
bright coloured flowers. Long trailing branches
of it were used for church decoration at
Christmas, the bright colour of its flowers
being set off by an admixture of Spanish Moss,
Tillandsia usneoides. But I am wandering tar
from Ireland, and there is one more item to be
noticed, viz., a hanging basket in one of the
greenhouses filled with Davallia Tyermani, in
which a confiding wron had built a nest some
few weeks previously, and laid several eggs,
but some unforeseen occurrence frustrated
the course of events, and no family rewarded
her labours.

Desfontainea spinosa was growing in the
open air and flowering, as was Eugenia Ugni ;
and a golden variegated Eleagnus looked very
pretty. The Killarney Fern thrives here in a
most luxuriant manner in a close brick-pit.
W. H. Divers.

these and many others are growing in a dell
near the lake, known as the Snow Hole ; at one
time it seems to have been chiefly occupied
Ijy bushes and rubbish, until its .suitability for
Conifers was found out by accident. All the
weakly growers, which were not doing well
elsewhere, were then removed to this dell,
and the result has been most gratifying.
They get now abundance of moisture at root
and top, a limestone soil, and shelter from
excessive wind. Mr. Mai-lay has wisely used
many of the glaucous - leaved varieties in
various parts of the plantation. I especially
noticed some I'icea nigra glauca, which wore
very telling. Some trees of the scarlet-leaved
Maple were beautifully coloured, much brighter
than Ampolopsis Veitchi, and were visil)k'
from a long distance. I noticed also a fine
herd of pedigree Kerry cows, some of which I
was informed have taken the highest honours
at the R. A. S. E. shows.

From the front of the house a fine view
across the lake and the adjacent country is
obtained, and the ground slopes sharply to
the water's edge, which has favoured the

IN /AN/ll)AR.

The kitchen garden contained some fine
herbaceous plants, thriving to such perfection
that some were scarcely recognisable ; the
climate evidently suits this class of plants to
perfection, and Mr. Hayliss, the gardener, has
got together a nice collection in which he
takes a great interest. The new Hemerocallis
aurantiaca major was flowering well, and
seemed a great acquisition; Geiitiana ascle-
piadea was 3 feet high ; Crinum Powelli was
flowering well, a fine mass ; Cypripedium
spectabile, 2i feet across and the same in
height, had gone out of flower, but it had
evidently been a grand sight ; a plant of
C. pubescens, by its side, was doing well ;
Adiantum pedatum was represented by a flue
plant, which had survived in its present
position through seven winters ; Chelono
obliqua was flowering well ; a plant of Cam-
panula lactiflora was 10 feet high ; Lobelia
syphilitica was very fine, with its rich purple
flowers ; Clematis Davidiana was doing well ;
and Rodgcrsia podophylla had got a somewhat
shady position, which always suits it best ;
Veronica longifolia subscssilis was full of its

COCOA-NUT BUTTER.
Amonost the many new vegetable products,
good, bad and indifferent, that are frequently
being introduced for trading puri)OMos, Cocoa-
nut butter has recently attracted .some atten-
tion. In May last it was referred to in the
Journal of the Societij of Arts as follows :
" The manufacture of Cocoa-nut butter is an
industry of some importance in the city of
Mannheim. The Mannheim factory is said to
be the only one of any importance in fiormany ;
it has an output of about 10 tons of butter a
day. The product is sold under the name of
' Palmin,' a registered trade name, or Cocoa-nut
butter. It is manufactured from the kernels
of Cocoa-nuts, and is used as a substitute for
butter and lard in cooking. As sold it is gene-
rally white in colour, almost tasteless, melts
at about 80 Fahr., and is of the consistency
of mutton or boof-tallow. When desired by
retail customers who are bakers, confectioners,
iScc, the product is coloured to resemble
ordinary butter. When furnished to dealers
it is unlawful to colour it. The proprietors of
the factory at Mannheim claim that an analysis
of their pioduct shows it to contain more than
!I0 per cent, of vegetable fat, with but a slight
trace of water ; while ordinary butter con-
tains about 85 per cent, of fat, and nearly
15 per cent, of water. It is stated that the
substance does not become rancid easily, that
it will keep for three or four months in a cool
room, and that it is much more wholesome
and easily digested than the ordinary
fats used for baking and cooking. For
these reasons the product has met with
considerable favour in German hospitals and
other institutions, and for use in army
camps. Cocoa-nut butter is generally put up
in square i)ackages, wrapped in parchment-
paper, a small proportion being sold in tin
cans, which are hermetically sealed for ship-
ment in hot weather. It is sold at one price
throughout Germany, namely, about Sd. per

450

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 21, 1901.

pound, ov about half the price of ordinary
butter. The kernel of the Cocoa-nut is im-
ported in thoroughly dried strips, forming the
Copra of commerce. It is subjected to various
refining ])rocesses, by wliich all the free acids
and other substances are separated, leaving
only tlie vegetable fat. In the latter stages
of the manufacture the product resembles
ordinary butter recently churned. It is placed
in machines similar to the separators used in
creameries, in -which the water and other
foreign substances are separated by centri-
fugal force. In the manufacture of Cocoa-nut
butter a by-product, consisting of free acids
and other sul>stances, is obtained, and sold to
soap manufacturers."

Later on, namely, in June of the present
year, the British Consul at Marseilles, report-
ing on the trade of his consular district for
1900, says a new fatty substance for consump-
tion in the United Kingdom, to take the place
of butter, is being put on the British market.
It is called vegetaline, and is nothing else than
the oil extracted from Copra, refined, with all
smell and taste neutralised by a patented pro-
cess. It becomes sweet, like lard, and is intended
to compete with margarine, and on the break-
fast-table as a substitute for butter. A local
factory has been at work for the past five
years, and an effort was to be made to get hold
of the British market through a Liverpool firm.

A new light, however, has been put on this
statement that the so-called Cocoa-nut butter
is a product alone of Germany, by a letter
communicated to the Journal of the Society
of Arts in the early part of August, from
an English firm having their works at Silver-
town, in which it is stated that the product
was originally invented and manufactured
in this country, .and this, indeed, at Silver-
town, and so large has the trade now become,
that a second factory by the same firm has been
established at Liverpool. It is pointed out
that in this particular industry our continental
rivals have failed to secure the load, and that
the output of the two Knglish factories is be-
lieved to be greater than that of all other
makers put together.

Cocoa-nut butter in English trade is known
as "Xucoline," while Cocoa-nut suet is
called "Vejsu." The first appears in store
lists, and is quoted at a price lower than
cooking butter, for which it is said to be
preferable. It is remarkable that this
product is reported to have become much
in demand amongst vegetarians, Jews, Ma-
hommedans, who prefer vegetable to animal
fats, either on account of their guaranteed
purity, economy, or by reason of their
religious faith.

There is one thing certain, that if the fresh
oil is always used and not expressed from very
stale Copra, a wholesomeoilis thus guaranteed,
and moreover, considering the enormous quan-
tities of Cocoa-nuts that are always arriving,
both for the sake of the oil as well as for the
fibrous husk or coir, there is no fear of a failure
in the supply of material. The two photographs
showing the collection of Cocoa-nuts in Zanzi-
bar (figs. 1:!5, 13li) will, to some extent, bear
this out. They were received from Mr. Lyne,
of Zanzibar. JoJin R. Jackson.

SOUTH AFRICA.

JOHANNESBURG.
Gerbera Jamesoni has flowered splendidly
this season in the park. An old clump which
has been undisturl)ed for three years had fifty
intense crimson flowers open at the same
time ; they remain in good condition for
nearly a fortnight, and last several days when

cut and placed in water. I consider this
plant the finest herbaceous Composite we
have in the country". Although a native of
the Komati Valley and near Barberton, at an
elevation of 2,000 feet, and growing in com-
pany with the fine tropical crimson-flowered
liauliinia (ialpini, yet the Gerbera is perfectly
liardy here at an elevation of fi.OOO feet. It is
not particular as regards soil, but likes all
the heat and moisture obtainable during the
summer. In winter when it is leafless and at
rest, the roots must be quite dry, otherwise it
will speedily perish.

Thanks to the very heavy rain, this past
(October) month, 5"4;! inches, Paulownia im-
porialis and Catalpa speciosa have bloomed
very well indeed. To most people here, whose
knowledge of street trees is limited to Acacias,
Eucalypti, and English Oaks, it comes as a
surprise to many persons to be told that these
two fine trees are much used in the streets of
Paris and other European towns. We hope in
the near future to see greater variety in our
street planting. Planes in particular ought
to be |)lanted, as a few specimens in our
streets have done remarkably well.

Owing to the mildness of the past winter —
21' Fahr. on the night of July 19 — many plants
which in sevei-e winters are badly cut, now
look in a fresh and green condition. Gre-
villea robusta did not lose its leaves ; the
young shoots of Araucaria brasiliensis are
quite fresh ; Eucalyptus robusta lost a few
leaves only ; but £. citriodora was cut to the
ground, as it always is. Bougainvilleas on
sheltered walls came through all right, but in
cold situations they suffered badly.

After eight years' experience as a planter
here. I can speak with confidence on the
condition of some coniferous trees. Pinus
insignis and P. Pinaster grow with amazing
rapidity. I doubt if anywhere in the world
the first-named tree grows so fast as it does
here ; and in such perfect health, too— green
from top to bottom, and the young shoots never
frost-nipped. I should like to know the value
of its timber. Cupressus macrocarpa is the
best hedge-plant we have here — 6 to l.") feet
high ; just as good as an English Yew-hedge.
Single specimens are very handsome, and com-
mon. C. Lawsoniana, though less rapid in
growth, yet promises very well. In slieltered
spots, Cryptomeria japonica is develoi>ing very
well, as is Sequoia (Wellingtonia) gigantea.
Cedrus Deodara has a great future in this
country, I verily believe ; our deej), moist sandy
loam suits it to perfection. Pinus canariensis,
P. halepensis, P. strobus, and Juuiperus l>cr-
mudiana also do well.

It is much to be desired that Pseudotsuga
Douglasii should be given a fair trial, extending
as tliis tree does from Vancouver to Northern
Mexico, and found to thrive in Europe from
Perth toTouis, we liave good reason to believe
it would also feel at home on the high veld.
Vast quantities of true "Oregon" have lieen
imported for mining purposes, together A\ith
"Karri," Eucalyptus diversicolor. This last
will no doubt do well in warmer parts ol the
country where frost is unknown, as in the
Rustenberg district. E. W. Adiam, Joubert
Park, Johannrshurg.

Horticulture at the Cape.
The Cape Peninsula is verily a gigantic
flower - garden, not to be matched by any
similar tract of land in any other part of the
wide world. It has been estimated that the
Cape Peninsula alone has more species of
plants on its hills and flats than any single
country in Europe ; while taking South Africa
as a whole, an opinion may safely be hazarded,
that its sjiecies of bulbous plants exceed in

number those of all "the countries of the worl<l
combined. Of all countries of the world this i*
best entitled to be called "The Flowery Land."'

In gardening a knowledge of botany is m<it
needed, neither is it necessary to enter into
the abstruse research of how plants feed, or
to learn such big, jaw - cracking words as
I'hauerogamia or Cryptogamia ; but to liavo a
beautiful garden one should possess a know-
ledge of his soil, and of what it is capable of
being made to do; as also whether flower-bo<ls
or borders should be higher or lower than th*
garden -paths, with a knowledge of manures
and their uses, also when and how to apply
them, with a very intimate appreciation of the
uses of the watering-can and the hose. Th»
difference between a good and a bad gardener
consists in the judicious application of water,
the keeping of the surface-soil free and opeii>
and tlio knowledge how many plants can be
grown on a given space, so that they may be
equally fed and have sufficient room to expand
as individuals. These are all practical matters,
easily learned through the eye, and not sodh
forgotten. Once the rudimentary knowledge
has been mastered, then the more leisured may
be led to a study of botany and vegetable
physiology, &c.

The Cape Peninsula has a winter and spring
as balmy as the most perfect summer in
Britain, and it is during these months that,
gardens should be at their very best, an<l
this accomplished at a triflng cost, consider-
ing the return in pleasurable exercise and ;i.
healthy pastime.

Before closing this letter, it will not be out-
of place to make a useful definition or two : —
An amateur gardener cultivates flowers foi-
his own enjoyment. A gardener represents,
skilled labour of an exceptionally high order ;
for three to five years he is an apprentice,
then for two or three years a journeyman,
three years a foreman, and at twenty-five to
thirty years of age he is supposed to have had
sullicient experience to take a head gardencr'.s
situation, supposing he has made a good
use of his time in study. He frequently
has some acquaintance with botany, but
seldom attains to the position of being »
botanist. A garden-labourer is a man who
does the rough work about the garden, sucii
as digging, weeding, and assisting generally;
he seldom attains to the position of gardener,
but may become a handy man about a house —
clean boots, fetches coal and wood, looks after
a horse and carriage, &c., and fills up his tinu'
in the garden. A botanist is a scientific man
who has had a University education — he is
very seldom a good amateur gardener ; his
time is mostly occupied with plant mummies,
and is a most useful man to the gardener and
nurseryman in giving names to plants, and t<^
the State in settling all questions of plant
life. " Cape Horticulturist."

M A N G 0 S.

As Mr. Jenman, Government Botanist, nn.;!
Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, British
Guiana, rightly says in his Annual Report for
the year 1890, p. 47 : — "What a diversity of
flavour there is in the very large number of
varieties of this fruit ! How delicious the
good kinds, how worthless the inferior ones !
Few persons, I take it, who have never been
to tropical countries, \»here the Mango
flourishes, know the fruit beyond the name."

In this island, the tree grows spontaneously
now; when it was first introduced, it would
]irol)ably be hard to say. Our poorer people
partly live on the fruit when in season, and at
that time many shopkeepers feel a differeuce
in the number of their customers. " Caliviny ''

December 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

451

is the commonest kind ; it grows into a large
timl)er-tree, and a single tree bears in some
instances hundreds of fruits. Interior grades
have a lot of tow-like material mixed among
the flesh, and this, in itself, is an objectionable
character, but, added to this, there is a
strong taste of turpentine. Such remark
applies to many others. Those which Euro-
pe.Mis prefer — and which rank in flavour with
the Peach and Nectarine — have no strings, or
if they have, they count for little. The turpen-
tine flavour, although perhaps slight, pervades
to a degree many of the high quality fruits.

In Grenada, there are several good Mangos
distributed over the island. The better kinds
are known as "grafted Mangos." We work

a meagre one, as only the best are allowed
room, and those seem generally shy setters.
Of the recognised dessert kinds, few set many
fruits each season, and this year has been no
exception. " Grenada-Ceylon No. 1 " is of the
first rank, not only in appearance, but also in
flavour. The fruiting ti-ee which we have
came from the Demerara Botanic Gardens in
1891, and from accounts it is a doubtful ques-
tion whether it originated as a seedling or
an inarched plant. This variety has fruited
freely for the past three years ; its first fruits
were Iwrne in 1898. We can in no waj- meet
the demand for inarched plants or for fruit.

In the -liiHiKiI Report on this station for
1S9S, paragraph 12, p. 4, it is recorded:

iiMBiM. A I'Ai.M-i i;i:i-:

ZAN/.IBAU. (SEE V.

1(1 ciri- IiOWN COCOA-MTs,
119.)

up sets by means of inarching. In Martinique,
1 understand, cultivation is oftentimes carried
on in tubs with success, and a plant but a
lew feet high ripens large crops. It would
be extremely interesting, if someone who may
have adopted the system satisfactorily, would
give details. The Mango-tree in this colony
is a martyr to " black blight," and in the
distance looks like large objects covered with
soot. Several grafted (inarched) plants which
were obtained from the Trinidad Botanic
Gardens in Xovember, 189i>, of good kinds for
planting in the grounds of Government House,
St. George's, have become well established,
some of whicli have been fruiting sparingly
lor the past two or three years ; one of thcin
■At the present moment, a tree 1:1 feet high
and 7 foot through, had tvventy - four half-
developed fruits upon it.

The crop of the botanic station is invariably

" Mango Ceylon No. 1 flowered March 2;{, and
ripened its first fruit Juno 28. . . . Fruit of
the Ceylon No. 1 that were sent to New York
arrived in good condition, and were stated
to be the finest Mangos ever i)laced on the
market there."

The best of all is the one known by (lie name
of "Peters" — but "tastes differ." Whether
it has other names 1 cannot say. In flavour
and appetising odour it reminds one of the
I'eacli and Nectarine, and is of medium size.

Some of my friends who know the tropics
take great interest in going to Bristol on pur-
pose to buy Mangos from the Jamaica con-
signments whicli now lind their way to that
English iiort. Mad the Mango tree no other
benefiting character, it would still stand out
a boon to mankind as a sliade-tree during dry
and hot weathei-,as it does not shed its leaves.
W. E. ]iro:i,lii;iy, (lixntida, W.I., Jiihj 15, 1901.

THE GREAT MARKET.
CovENT Garden Market in the twentieth
century presents a totally different aspect from
what it did in the early part of the nineteenth,
when it consisted chiefly of what were conv
monly called " shanties." One of these
shanties was on removal placed in the farn--
yard of Mr. Hawke, of Deptford, of cham-
pagne-Rhubarb fame, and used by him as a
granary, and was in that position when seen
by the writer when on a visit to the late Mr.
J. O. Wyman, who occupied the premises after
Hawke, about forty years ago, and who
also used it as a granary. The market
buildings are still being added to, so far as
regards the conservatory at the east end, the
additions being intended for market oflices.
They are being constructed of stone, by Mr.
Bush, an eminent builder, and harmonise
generally with the architecture of the rest of
the building. The other extensions, which
are considerable, are situated on the south
and east sides, and have already been de-
scribed in this journal. The trade of the
Market grows continually, and as an illugtra-
tion of the magnitude of the transactions, it
may be mentioned that one leading salesman
disposed of upwards of fifty tons of home-
grown hot-house Grapes in the week pre-
ceding last Christmas, as many as twelve tons
being sold in one day.

There are found, as usual at this season,
great stocks of the Holly, Misleto, Spruce Firs
for Christmas-trees, and various plants and
flowers for decorative purposes.

The flower market is always a pleasing sight
when seen in the early morning, and to n
stranger visiting London for the first time to
see this market in the early morning in
the summer months is a sight not readily
forgotten.

The Potato market has been abundantly sup-
plied. The quantities coming into the market
have been estimated by some at a million tons,
consequently prices rule low this year. Somi-
of the black (Ken) land tubers are of excellent
flavour. New Kidneys from Algiers and Tene-
riflo are now coming.

The supply of fruit, English and foreign, is
abund.int, and home-grown Grapes are at all
times to the front, none surpassing them.
The supply of Pine-apples is chiefly from St.
Michael, from which place large quantities are
imported, the variety being chiefly Providence.
Of Pears there are English, l''rench, and Oali-
fornian to be purchased, the leading varieties
being at this season GloutMorceaii and ICaster
Beurie for dessert, and Catillac for stewing.
Among Apples, homo-grown fruit is iiiicqnalle<l
for flavour, and Cox's Orange I'ipiiiii. Kil)stons.
iv'ing's. Court Pendu Plat, Hlciilicim, Wc'lling-
tons, and a variety of others, including Calf-
fornian and Nova Seotian. The Apple supply
is practically continuous the year round.

In addition to English Grapes there are Bel-
gian, Lisbon, and the old well-known Almeria,
which come in barrels packed with cork-dust.
Of Nuts, there are our well-known Kentish
Cobs and Filberts, French and Italian Chest-
nuts (the latter the finer), Walnuts, Brazil,
Almonds, Barcelona, Sapucaia, &o. Lychees
arrive all the year round. Oranges from
Jalla, Jamaica, Denia, Murcia, Lisbon, Tene-
rilVe, Tangiers, S:v. ; Lemons from Malaga and
Naples ; Persimmons, Pomc'granates, Custard-
Apples, Cranberries, Dates, Figs, i^e. ; Bananas
from TeiierilTo and Jamaica, the trade in wlii(;h
fruits has grown to an enormous extent; English
and foreign Tomatos, the chief supply of which
i-ome at this season from the Canaries, whence
they come in large quantities and in spleiidiili
condition In boxes known as "deeps."

452

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 21, 1901.

Vegetables are' plentiful, and consist of
Kidney Beans, home-grown, and also from
Madeira; Seakale, Broccoli, Cauliflowers,
Brussels Sprouts, Asparagus, Spinach, Cu-
cumbers, Celeriac, Cardoons, Chicory, Globe
and Jerusalem Artichokes, Mushrooms. Roots
are good, viz., Carrots, Turnips, Parsnips,
Beetroot ; Celery, washed and unwashed ;
Colewort and other Cabbages, Savoys, Scotch
Kale, Turnip-tops, &c. ; among salads there
are the ordinary salad. Rape, Cress, Mustard,
Endive, Batavian, Barbe de Capueine, &c.

The baskets and bags in general use in
<3ovent Garden and other Markets of London
are the following: the "pad'' or "pot," of
an oval shape with a lid and two handles,
having a capacity for 1 cwt. of Potatos, for
which it is extensively used when Potatos are
joung. The next with a lid and two handles,
the " bitshel flat," is in general use for
Cucumbers and hot-house Grapes, and by
many in the eastern counties for Apples,
Pears, Plums, Greengages, Damsons, &c. ;
next comes the "round sieve," a reputed bushel
equal to holding ^ cwt. of Potatos, and it is
also used for carrying Apples, Pears, and such
vegetables as Spinach, Broccoli Sprouts,
Jerusalem Artichokes, and others. The
basket which is probably in use more
than any other is the reputed half-bushel,
generally called a "sieve," in use all the year
round for new Kidney Potatos, Gooseberries,
Cherries, Currants, Plums, Damsons, Apples,
Pears, Cobnuts, &c. ; and such vegetables as
Brussels Sprouts, Jerusalem Artichokes, New-
Zealand Spinacli, &c. Next is the "peck,"
usually a rimmed basket iu general use for
marketing Strawberries and Toraatos, which
holds 1'2 lb. of Tomatos, which is the usual
quantity packed in them. There are likewise
a few crates which vary in size from 3 to 4
bushel capacity, in use for the carriage of
Broccoli, Cauliflower, &c. The sack is made
to hold \\ cwt. of Potatos, or 1| cwt. of
Carrots ; then the " bag " which is used more
extensively, will hold 1 cwt. of Carrots,
Turnips, Parsnips, or Onions, and each year it
is shown that these bags are becoming more
popular as vehicles for these vegetables than
the bunch, besides being a great saving in
labour. The " bag " is also in general use for
Brussels Sprouts, tops. Turnip-tops, Colewort,
and other greens ; and it has the advantage of
being light in weight, and not expensive to
purchase, and it is now always in use for Peas
when these are coming in large quantities. T.P.

an Orchid which requires something that
■we cannot supply under cultivation, and it
declines in vigour after some years. 1 have
had charge of plants which grew satisfactorily
for four or five years, and tlien made weaker
growth year by year until they became value-
less. If a plant of this species has borne a
seed-vessel in the period previously to dete-
rioration setting in, the chance of recovery is
considerably diminished, and the i>lant rarely
regains its normal condition afterwards. The
plant never succeeds if a large quantity of
compost be used about it, and is most satis-
factory when placed on a teak raft and
suspended in the moister part of a warm-house
or plant-stove. Whilst growing the plant
should be dipped frequently and syringed, like
the ordinary inmates of the house ; but during
rest, only as much water should be applied as
will keep the foliage plump.

Hybrid CijmbUliums.- — C. x Winnianum is not,
perhaps, one of the most striking of Cymbi-
diums, but flowering as it does in the winter, it
is a plant worthy of cultivation. A small plant
soon grows into a large specimen. It succeeds
in the cool intermediate-house throughout the
year. The plant should be potted as soon as
new roots appear, and the compost used may
consist of turfy peat two parts and sphagnum-
moss one part, together with a small quantity
of loam and sharp sand. C. ;< Lowio-eburneum
and its reverse cross C. :, eburneo-Lowianum
are not so distinct as was at one time thought
to be the case, and the quality of the flowers
depends greatly on the methods of cultivation
pursued. The plant shoxild have a reasonable
lengthy rest period. The flowers appear fairly
early iu the winter, and growth, which is
rapid, takes place during the summer, and is
ended by the last week in August. It is at
that season that attention is needed, or a
second growth may take place. The plant
should remain dormant till the month of De-
cember, and during that period not much
moisture should be given, and the ventihxtion
must be ample. The flowers appear in that
month, and it should then be placed in full
sunlight in the cool intermediate-house.

The Week's Work.

THE OKCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman, Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Fioddeu Road, Camberwell.

Dendrobiitms. — Many of the early-flowering
species have advanced flower-buds, and if it
be desirable to have plants in bloom in suc-
cession, the plants that are in the most for-
ward state should be placed in warmer
quarters. If the stock of plants is inspected
once a fortnight, and the more forward ones
selected, flowers may be obtained during many
weeks. Tbe plants should not be placed at once
in a high temperature, but gradually brought
into bloom, so that by the time they reach the
warmest house the flower-buds may be dis-
cernible. If placed in a very moist warm-
house direct, growth will be produced instead
of flowers, which will be unsatisfactory and
disappointing.

Cattleya Aclandicr. — Importations of this
miniature and interesting species are wel-
comed by cultivators of Orchids interested in
hybridisation, or who wish to replenish or add
fco their collection. C. Aclandiae seems to be

THE HARDY PBTJIT GARDEN.

By C. Herrin.
PfuniMj I'eacU and Apricot-trees. — These
trees require almost similar pruning to the
Plum, with the exception that it is not de-
sirable to prune the Peach so as to induce
fruit-spurs to form, although a few on a tree
are desirable. With this object in view, the
shoots for which there is not sufficient space
for laying them in, may be shortened to three
buds. Assuming that the shoots which bore
fruits were removed after the crop was
gathered, tbe work will now consist of the
removal of shoots too thickly placed, either
entirely or partially for the formation of spurs.
Apricots may carry more fruit-spurs than
Peaches, otherwise the pruning should be on
the same lines. Before the trees are tied or
nailed they should be thoroughly cleansed of
scale if any be present, brushing the branches
with Gishurst Compound - soap or petroleum
emulsion, using warm water and a soft brush,
and drawing the brush in the direction of the
buds. Wliere the trees are free from scale, a
spraying with tlie soda and potash solution
not stronger than advised for Cherries will
suffice.

Bush fruits. — The pruning of the Goose-
berry and Currant may now be carried out,
and in pruning the former, the close spurring-
in system is not so generally carried out as
formerly ; but some of the larger branches are
entirely removed, and more young wood
allowed to remain for the production of a
heavier crop of berries. The branches re-
moved should be severed at the base, and the
thinning should be such as will allow of the
fruits being readily gathered. Gooseberries
vary much in habit of growth, some naturally
being erect, while others are of a more or less
pendulous habit, and the pruning given the
bushes should be that best suited to that habit.

Pendulous varieties should have the lower-
most shoots, which, if left would touch the
ground in the summer, removed entirely or
considerably shortened. Red and White Cur-
rants may be pruned rather harder than
Gooseberries, spurring in the lateral shoots
to two or three buds, and allowing the leaders
to extend at various lengths according to
their position ami the sizes of the bushes,
large ones being restricted. In old bushes
strong shoots should be allowed to grow up
from the bottom, and a corresponding number
of the older ones removed annually. Black
Currants should be pruned differently, the
young shoots not being shortened, excepting
the very weak ones, and the aged and the least
fruitful branches thioned in numbers, cutting
them away at the ground level, and doing this
with moderation. Strong shoots arising from
the roots should be slightly topped to induce
the formation of laterals. Free growth should
be developed by surface manuring ; bushes of
strong growth not being so subject to attacks
of the Currant-bud mite, Phytoptus ribis, as
are tliose of weakly growth. After the com-
pletion of pruning. Gooseberry and Currant-
bushes should be dressed with some mixture
to prevent birds from taking the buds. One
of the best for this purpose is the mixture of
quassia, used at the rate of half a pint of the
extract to 3 gallons of rain-water, with a little
fresh lime and soot added, which, when well
mixed and strained can be syringed over the
trees or applied with a garden-engine. The
dressing should be repeated occasionally
during the winter and spring, especially after
much rain.

The Protection of FUj-trees. — The embryo
fruits of the Fig being destroyed if exposed
to severe frost, the branches should be un-
fastened and brought down, and made secure
near the ground with Russian mats, straw, or
thatched hurdles. Where the latter are used,
the covering may remain oB as long as mild
weather lasts, and in case of sharp frost it
may be quickly placed over the branches.
When the trees are being unfastened, the
required pruning should be attended to, which
consists in removing old branches, and re-
serving young shoots of a short-jointed, firm
nature to bear fruit.

FRUITS UNDER GliASS.

By Malcolm McIntyre, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tennant. The Glen, Innerleitlien, Peeblesshire.
Peac.'ies and Nectarines. — The time is at hand
when Peach -houses should be cleansed,
painted, and put in good order. No other
fruit-trees under glass are so liable to be in- '
fested by insects as the Peach and Nectarine ;
mealy-bug, red-spider, scale, thrips, and green
and black-fly live on them. A weak solution
of petroleum is the best preventative of
attacks from black-fly, and it is equally as
oflective against the other in.sect pests ; and
great points in its favour are the ease with
which it may be applied, and the saving of
labour, while for cheapness it is within the
reach of everyone. The proper time to apply
the remedy is after the ijruning of the trees is
finished, and again when the trees are fastened
to the trellises. The water should be heated
to at least 112°, even 5° higher will do no
harm, and to every 3 gallons of water three
wineglassfnls of common petroleum should be
added. Soft-soap is sometimes added, but I
do not think this is of any real value in render-
ing the petroleum more mixable with water,
or as an insecticide. The water must be hot
for it to have any effect. Keep two syringes
going — the one constantly and with some force
discharging its contents back into the vessel,
the other wetting every part of the tree. If
only one syringe is available, every other
syringeful must be returned into the vessel,
in order to keep the oil from floating on the
surface. Used as advised, this is one of the
be.st and most harmless insecticides, and when
applied to the trees, the mealy-bug, scale, and
other insects disappear in a very short time.
Should there be any black aphides lurking
around the roots of the trees, what runs off is

Decembbr 21, 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

453

certain to destroy them. The roots are not in-
jured in the slightest degree by tlie hot^water
and petroleum. It is such a simple and safe
remedy that it may well be annually applied
to the trees, even if they are seemingly quite
clean, on the principle that prevention is
better than cure. The woodwork and glass
ought to be thoroughly cleaned, giving the
former, if time admit, a coat of paint, and the
back walls one of lime-wash ; the trees can
then be tied to the trellises.

Young Pot - Vines.— Those intended to be
grown into fruiting-canes may be cut back
close to the soil, above the second or third
eye, dressing the wound with Thomson's
styptic ; afterwards be placed in a vinery
that will be started early next month. Vine-
eyes may be inserted in small pots or in small
squares of turf, and be kept cool for two or
three weeks before placing them on bottom-
heat.

Chernj-house. — The trees having been pro-
perly attended to as regards pruning and
dressing them, the house may be closed forth-
with, and not affording a treatment that will
excite growth prematurely, but aiming atavery
slow progression, a temperature of 40' at
night, 4'i' in mild weather, and '><)' in tho
day being afforded by artificial moans,
and a few degrees higher when the outside
conditions are favourable ; but anything cal-
culated to bring the trees on quickly must be
avoided. Ventilate at 50', just a little at the
top of the house, to ensure a change of atmo-
sphere, ventilating freely at a')\ allowing an
advance to & or 70 by sun-heat, and closing at
55'. By syringing tho trees occasionally a
moderate degree of moisture will be obtained,
but in all cases allow the trees to Itecome dry
before night. Th(! borders must be maintained
in a moist state, for as soon as tho trees begin
to grow, fresh roots speedily form, and
moisture is then very essential.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Matne, Gardener to the Hon. Mark Kolle,
Biclon. East Budleigh. Devonshire.

Spimtrh.—ln gathering this crop the largest
leaves should bo the only ones taken, and
these not too closely now that growth is slow ;
the soil should be frequently stirred with the
Dutch-hoe when in a fairly dry condition.
Succession crops may bo .allorded a moderate
dressing of wood-ashes and a light hoeing.

Peas n>i(i Beaii.t.— When the plants have
pushed through the soil, sprinkle them with a
mixture of lime and fresh soot, and when a
few inches high mould them with the draw hoo
up to tho lower leaves, and as the plants grow
afford a little more soil, also stick in ever-
green twigs on tho windiest side, but not so
many as to block out the light. Peas with-
stand a considerable degree of frost, but the
northerly wind cuts them greatly. Traps
should bo set a few feet apart if mice inter-
fere with the plants.

Lettuce and Emih-e. — Ply the flat hoe be-
tween plants in tho open groiuid when the
latter is dry, and afford air freely to those
under glass, but keep the plants dry, and
apply protection when there is much frost.
Endive succeeds under like treatment, though
the plants are much hardier than Lettuces.
Remove decaying leaves from both, damp
soon spreading among the plants at this time
of year, though wo have been favoured with
exceptionally fine weather during the past six
weeks.

Water-cresit.— \n some families Water-cress
is in daily re((uest, and where no proper beds
or natural watercourses exist, plants should
bo lifted with roots attached from ponds or
watercourses, and planted on the border of a
late vinery or orchard- house, from which
frost can be kept out, applying water and air
freely*

Rotitine Work. — Pea and Bean sticks should
be cut and brought in, trimming and pointing
the same when the weather is too rough for
other kinds of work. When trimmed lay them

flat on the ground, or tie up in convenient
bundles. Remove the remains of crops, such as
the stumps of Broccoli, Savoys, and Cabbages ;
and wheel on manure, dig and ridge the land.
See that the linings of hotbeds and the frames
containing Asparagus, &c., are kept intact
and well topped up, covering the lights at
night with mats and litter. Collect fallen
leaves in the ]ileasure-grounds for the making
of hotbeds and filling unheated pits. In incle-
ment weather examine the stores of Potatos
and Onions. Diseased Potatos should be de-
stroyed by burning, not thrown on the rubbish
to set up infection anew.

PLANTS TJNDEB GI.ASS.

By D. Roberts, Gardener to Husset Packe, Esq.,
Prestwold Uall, Loughborough.

The Conservatovij. — The most of the large-
flowering Japanese and incurved Chrysanthe-
mums being now over, the plants should
make room for any late-flowering varieties.
The variety W. H. Lincoln is still one of the
best late-flowering yellow, and the following
are also of merit, viz.. Canning, C. H. White,
GoIdenStar, andFrankWilcox. Salvia splendens
grandiflora, with its bright racemes of scarlets
tinted flowers, tonus a charming contrast to the
yellow Chrysanthemums. As the Salvias go
out of bloom the shoots should be cut back,
in order to obtain young shoots for propa-
gation, and be placed in a pit having 5.V
of warmth, without an excessive use of arti-
ficial heat. Kuphorbias (Poinsettias), Kran-
themums, Kucharis, Zygopetaluuis, and Calau-
thes, may be introduced, and provided care bo
exercised in affording water and in arranging
the plants at the warmer end of the structure,
they will remain gay for a considerable length
of time. The Palms, Camellias, and other jjorma-
ncnt occupants of the house should bo cleansed
as the work of re-arrangement proceeds.

AiLvi/iiiry Hoii.-c.f. — (icnistas, Acacias, Epi-
phyllums, and Libonias may bo afforded a few
degrees more heat, so as to have tho plants in
flower when the Chry.santheniums have gone
out of flower. Continue to propagate Chrysan-
themums as fast as cuttings can bo obtained.
Any old stools which aro devoid of young
shoots fit for propagating purposes should be
shaken out of the soil and potted in smaller
pots in a compost consistin.g largely of road-
grit, and placed ina house having r)0°of warmth,
when shoots will .soon form.

The Forcing-house. — Continue to bring in
regular relays of Daffodils, Dutch bulbs,
Lily of the Valley, Lilac, Doutzia, Azalea
indica and A. mollis. Eupatoriums and Callas
may also be introduced, and bo afforded fre-
quently weak liquid-manure. Let tho plants
in this house be syringed twice a day, and the
temperature maintained at 55' to 00'. The
forwardest of the imported Lilium Ilarrisii, it
such be purchase<l, will now be sufficiently
well rooted to put into thisj hou.se, and they
should bo kept conslantiy under observation,
aphis readily attacking them. Tho best in-
secticide to use against this pest is tho
.\ L All, which is good likewise to use as a
preventive of attacks.

Clerodemlroti falhtx. — Cut back the old plants
to about six eyes as they pass out of, flower,
and place them in the stove. When the now
shoots form, and are of a length of :i inches,
take them off with a neck, and insert them
singly in small pots, and strike in bottom-heat
of 80'. By this means larger plants are ob-
tained than seedlings will make in one year.
When rooted, shift into slightly larger pots,
and place them on a shelf close to the glass,
in a house having a temperature of 05°.

Begonia Gloire de [jorraine. — As these pass
out of flower, let them bo kept on the " dry
side ; " cut the lops over slightly, and put the
plants in a house having 50' to 55' of warmth,
syringing them nccasionally. When cuttings
can bo obtained from the base, insert the.se
as well as leaves having a bud at the base in
quite small pots in a bottom-heat of 80° to 85°.

Guard assiduously against damp by wiping tho
glass in the morning and affording air at night.
Late-propagated plants may be grown on for
another year so as to obtain larger plants.
Begonia Caledonia may be increased and
cultivated similarly.

Canuas. — After these plants have ceased to
flower, lay the pots on their sides beneath the
greenhouse stage ; or shake out the roots, and
store in boxes of dry soil or coal-ashes in a.
cellar or dry room having a temperature not
lower than 45° to 50°.

THE FLOWEB GARDEN.

Rhododendrons. — In soils in which American-
plants succeed, established bushes which are
getting over-large or unshapely may be freely
pruned without injury. To do much prun-
ing at this season would cause a loss of many
of the flower -buds, but as the labour
at command will not always allow of the work
being carried out in tho summer, this loss-
may be unavoidable. The cone is perhaps-
tho most effective shape for solitary speci-
mens, and there need be no hesitation in
cutting the plants to that shape, though the
pruning may have to be severe to effect this ;
but a season or two will generally put matters
right. It may not again be out of place to
state that a special preparation of the soil for
these plants is not always necessary, although,
when plants have been growing in peat and
they are transplanted to a loamy soil, little-
growth will be made for two years afterwards ;.
but once established, growth is rapid. I
think, however, that in peaty soil tho growth
is shorter and firmer, and more flower-buds
set than in a loamy one. Among recent in-
troductions Helen Sehiffner is hard to beat
as a whibc-llowered variety ; Princess of Wiirt-
omburg is of a distinct compact growth, not
so showy as some of the larger-flowered
varieties, but perhaps one of the most distinct
of the spotted flowers ; Pink Pearl is promising;
whilo for a glowing colour, Martin Hope
Sutton is very fine.

Azaleas, mollis and pontica, it'C. — There is
one ,advantage which these plants have over
ilhododondrons, in that they give bright leaf
colouring in the autumn. The brightest in leaf
colour is tho old Ghent Azalea with yellow
flowers. While these plants aro admirable
when planted in beds and at the margins of
shrubberies, they afford tho finest effects wher»
planted on tho slopes of small streams or on
the sides of ravines, the effect being very
good when viewed from above, whether in late
spring when in flower, or in tho autumn when
tho leaves are changing colour. These plants,
need no specially-prepared ground, a sandy
loam suiting them as well as does peat.

lierried plants. — Among these, Pcrnottya
mucronata should have a place, the coloured
berries of tho varieties of this plant having a
pretty appearance in the winter. The plant.
is often recommended for planting on sunny
banks and in peaty .soil, but it does not appear
altogether necessary, as it will grow in any
.soil which is fairly heavy if some leaf soil bo
incorporated with the staple ; and it also
thrives in fairly moist land. tJratajgus pyra-
cantha and the variety Lolandi are fine-berried
)>lants, very pretty when grown as pyramids,
or bushes in the open, and also as wall plants or
lor forming arches. In severe weather some
frugivorous birds take the berries. Tho plants
is not particular as to soil. Borboris as berry-
bearing plants aro useful and decorative, viz.,
15. vulgaris, B. aristata and B. Thunbergi ;
these, while not grown solely for their berries,
give variet,y in the autumn, and thrive in
any fairly good soil. Of Cotonoasters, C. Si-
monsii, C. buxifolia, and C. rotundifolia are
desirable sorts ; and C. microphylla is suitable
for planting on slopes and banks. Skimmias
should be planted, the male and female forms
in proximity to each other. Tho plants make
nico subjects for small beds, and they likewise
aro not very particular as regards soil.

454

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 21, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Illustrations.— T/te Editor will thankfully receive and select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of
gardens, or 0/ remarkable plants, Jloivers, trees, £c. ; hut he
cannot he responsible for loss or injury,

Cotters for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to the E D I TOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. London,
Communications sJiould he written on one side onlv of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. If desired, the sigiiature will not he
printed, hut kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige "by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to he of
interest to our i-eadcrs, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the notice of horticulturists.

Special Notice to Correspondents.— T^e Editor does not
undertake to pay Jor any contributions, or to return the
unused communications or illustrations, unless by special
arrangement.
Newspapers. — Correspondents sending neicspapers should he
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

SALE FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY, Dec. 2.3 —

Bulbs, Border Plants, itc, by Protheroe li Morri
(For further particulars see Advertisement columns.)

Average Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observations of Forty-three Years at Chiswick
-384".
AcTOAL Temperatures :—

LofiDOfi. —December 18 (6 P.M.) : Max. 43°; Min. X>'.

December 10.— Frosty ; slij;lit fog.
Photinces. —JJecemfter l,s (6 p.m.): Max. 4.5% Scilly ;
Min. 33°, N.E. Scotland.

.., , During the present week the

l-'oveutGarden ,-,,., j. j • , , , ^.

Market in the Christmas trade in Covent Gar-
christmas den is in full swing. The full
season. flygi, qJ (He fruit trade may
be said to commence on the 16th, the plant
trade two days later, the cut-flower trade on
Saturday, December 21, and it continues to
the 23rd and 24th. How much of material
passes in and out of the market in that time
<-an perhaps be only conjectured— it must
he of enormous bulk.

Home-grown fruit is represented very
finely ; White Muscat, Gros Colmar, and
Alicante Grapes are offered at prices which
fall greatly short of what ruled a quarter of a
century ago, when the supply was scarcely
equal to the demand, and Grapes had a
much higher value.

Of English Apples there are very fine
Blenheim Pippins, also Fearn's, King, and
Ribston Pippins, and some of Nonsuch.
There are some English Pears, but the
Ijulk is of French growth. Bananas from
the Canary Islands are in plenty ; and
splendid Pineapples from St. Michaels.
Oranges are in great numl)ers, and there
are Nuts of many kinds.

Chief among plants are the late-flowering
Chrysanthemums, such as Princess Victoria.
Xiveum, Western King, and what the market
. growers regard as the finest late white of
all, Mdlle. Therese Pankoucke, which is
naturally so late that the blossoms last over
until February; with the well-known L.
Canning. All these are white-flowered. The
l)opular yellow variety PhoE'bus is about
over, but W. H. Lincoln is yielding a good
-•supply ; some blooms of the former may yet
be seen at Christmas. The favourite pink-
flowered Chrysanthemum is Madame Felix
Perrin, known also as Framfield Pink ; it is
one of the best market varieties, and its
flowers are good up to the middle of January.

Orange and bronzy tints are found in Lord
Brooke, and in Tuxedo, considered by some
to be a dark orange sport from Lord Brooke,
and when bloomed from terminal l)uds, can
lie had in .Tanuary. Mr. ("ooper is a dark
red variety, of value as supplying a waini
tint late in the season.

Other flowering plants are Cyclamens.
Azaleas, represented by the double white
Deutsche Perle, and one or two others ;
Astilbe japoniea, Lilium longiflorum, and
L. speciosum, all three retarded ; Chinese
Primroses; Marguerites, the white only;
Erica hyemalis, and its white variety
gracilis, though it is nearly over; and
Caffra, which has the merit of being sweet
scented.

Of foliage plants there are Palms, most
prominent being the Kentias and Livistonia
chinensis (Latania borbonica) ; such Ferns as
Pteris cretica cristata major, P. Wimsetti. P.
tremula, Polypodium aureum, Nephrolepis
exaltata,Adiantums,used as much as it is pos-
sible to do so at this season of the j'ear; As-
pleniums, principally bulbiferum : and Cyrto-
mium falcatum, known in the market as the
Holly Fern. The Aspidistra is largely used,
and some of the narrow-leaved Crotons for
their bright colours ; the principal variety
of the broad-leaved section found in the
market at this season of the year is Queen
Victoria. The Poinsettia, with its. rich
carmine bracts, and the ruddy-ljerried Sola-
nums, may be included in this category.

The leading cut flowers comprise Chrys-
anthemums, cut from the varieties we have
named ; Richardias, Lilium longiflorum
album, and L. speciosum; Camellias, mostly
white, as it is said to be almost impossililc
to get coloured Camellias into the market ;
Eucharis, scarlet double Pelargoniums,
mostly Raspail ; with Hermione, white,
also double; Lily of the Valley. Poinsettias,
Roman Hyacinths, Roses, the white Niphe-
tos principally ; some Narcissus obvallaris
from Somerset, grown in boxes, and which
must be started very early to have them in
flower at this time of the year; and some
N. maximus also. All the foregoing may be
said to represent home production.

From the Continent, and mostly from the
south of France, come Polyanthus Narcissus,
paper-white, and Soleil d'Or. white Lilac, a
very pretty double pink Anemone; blooms
of a yellow Marguerite, named Reve d'Or.
and others about three varieties. Of Violets
there are double and single, the latter, pro-
bably the Russian, packed perfectly dry in
low chip hampers, forty-eight bunches in a
hamper, and when they come to hand arc
perfectly fresh, they have retained their per-
fume, anil will stand for three or four days;
English-gathereil Violets do not stand so
well as these.

Then there are double Parma Violets,
mainly blue, and but few white, with Acaci.i
mimosa just coming in. Safrano Roses are
coming ov'er from France, their brilliant
coppery tints being seen in the windows of
the shops of thedecorative florists ; bloomson
short stems come over in pads, about two
hundred and fifty blooms in each, and the
same variety is also seen in selected l.ilooms
on long stems, about twenty-four being care-
fully packed in a liasket.

Holly comes up from Kent and ISussex,
mainly from the former county, gatheix'd
from its abounding woods. It is geneially
well berried this vear. The ruddy glow of

its fruit is much appreciated, seeing that
very little of the yellow-berried varieties
come into the market.

The supply of home-grown Misleto is a
declining quantity, though formerly, it is
said, a great deal came to the centre from
the Apple orchards of Herefordshire. We are
informed that scarcely a hundredweight of
English Misleto comes into Covent Garden ;
the supply coming from the West of France.

The gardener is thus strongly in evidence
at the Christmas season ; fruit and flowers
are indispensable to our Christmas fes-
tivitities. He is the representative of a
huge industry, the extent of which we can
onlv imagine.

*** Our Almanac. — According to our usual
practice we shall shortly issue a Gardeners'
Chronicle Almanac for the year 1902. In order
to make it as useful as jjossible for reference,
we sliall be obliged if Secretaries of Horticul-
tural, Botanical, and allied Societies, or any of
our correspondents, ivill send us immediate
intimation of all fixtures for the coming year.

Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institu-
tion.— The Prince of W.\les has consented to
l)ecome the President of the Gardenei-s' Royal
Benevolent Institution, in succession to his
Majesty the Kin(;, who is now Patron of the
charitj-.

Public Spaces in Fulham. — A part of
SouthfieldsNuri3ery, lately occupied by Messrs.
Jas. Vkitch & Sons, has been purchased for a
park for the parish of Fulham. Various other
open spaces in this parish have been rescued
from the omnivorous builder, and will secure
some amount of fresh air.

The Botanical Society of Belgium.—
M. Crki'IN having resigned his post as Secre-
tary, has been elected Honorary President,
"President d'Honneur," and M. DURAND re-
places M. Crei'in as Secretary. These two
appointments were made by " acclamation."

"The Annals of the Royal Botanic
Garden, Calcutta." — The ninth volume of
this important publication is devoted to "A
Second Century of New and Rare Indian
Plants," by Sir George King, Mr. Dithie,
and Major Prain ; illustrated by ninety-
three 4to lithographic plates. The frontispiece,
a "photogravure" illustration of Albizzia
Richardiana, is particularly successful. The
plants illustrated are mainly, but not exclu-
sively, of purely botanical interest. Among
them are some which will make the plant-
lover's mouth water, and it is to be hoped
that if they have not already been brought
under cultivation they soon will be. Three
or four species of Meconopsis are particularly
striking, such as M. graudis of Prain ; it has
tufted, coarsely-toothed, radical, remotely-
toothed leaves, and deep blue flowers, 12 cent,
in diameter. It is a native of Sikkim on the
Nepal frontier, where it is grown for the sake
of the oil expressed from the seeds. M.
bella, Prain, is a dwarf species with leaves
like those of a Corydalis ; flowers 4 cent,
across, with blue petals. M. superba is a
magnificent species with sessile, densely-
hairy, lanceolate leaves, and white flowers
10 cent, across ; it is a native of the Eastern
Himalaya, growing at an elevation of about
10,000 feet. I'nder Heritiera, it is pointed
out that H. macrophylla and H. acuminata
are worthy of specific rank, the latter being-
synonymous with Beddome's II. papilio; while
H. littoralis, a species commonly met with ou
the Indian shores, has not been found on the
coast of Bengal, as stated erroneously by

Decembbk 21, 1901.]

THE GARD EXER S ' CHR ONI CL E.

455

:\jASrERS in Hooker's Flora of British Imlia.
Various Androsaces and Primulas look as if
they would be desirable plants for introduc-
tion : whilst Pancratium longiflorum is noted
by the authors as being well worthy of more
attention horticulturally than it has hitherto
received. The work reflects great credit on
its authors, and on the establishment under
-their charge.

Charity Concerts. — At a concert held
•on the 10th inst., under the auspices of the
Altrincham and District Gardeners' Mutual
improvement Society, an announcement of
•which we published a fortnight ago, Mr.
David Morison announced that since 1H92, the
society had raised by means of these annual
Kioncerts a sum of £-100. Of this £105 had
been paid to the Royal Gardeners' Orphan
Fund, £140 to the Gardeners' Royal Benevo-
Uent Institution, and £70 to the local society's
•emergency and orphan fund. The recent
-concerts held on two successive evenings
have been as successful as former ones.

"Trade Topics" is the title of an advcr-
•tising journal intended as a means of inter-
-commuiiication between printers, publishers,
diewsagents, and stationers, and will appear
weekly, at the price of one jienny. Its con-
tents may be said to consist of posters ; and
dn the first issue before us, that for Xovem-
fcer 1, 1001, we have the title, the contents
bill, or a summary of a great number of maga-
:/.ines for adults, boys, and girls ; illustrated
newspapers and journals ; stationers' adver-
tisements, itc. Tradi- Topics seems to fill a
-certain void in journalism, and such being the
■case, we wish it good-speed. It is published
.at Boswell House, Jiolt Court, Fleet Street,
London, E.C

Christmas Ware in the Streets. — A
round of the open-air markets at this .season
■of the year is always of interest, more espe-
■cially to such as are concerned with the
Christmas well-being of the poor, as are our
readers. Our last liuir during the week now
■closed, proved that the supplies ol fruits and
vegetables are plentiful, good, and fairly
cheap, and included Apples of many sorts, at
H>rices langing from 'lil. to id. per. lb. ; English
<lra)ies, l.s. to Is. (ii/. do. ; foreign, hi. to H'/.
The favourite Banana sold at (id. to Is. per
■dozen ; Oranges, two, three, and four a penny ;
Dates, 2J. per lb.; Chestnuts, good, 1(/. and
2(i. do. ; Lychees, eight a penny; Pine-apples,
at fair prices; .Medlars, 'M. per lb.; Pears,
2(1. per lb., and 2<(. each ; Lemons, two and
<hree a penny ; Figs, \d. per lb. ; Almonds
Knuts), 2((. and ;!(/. per pint; Walnuts, ,'!d. per
(lb. ; Tomatos, :\d. to M. per lb. Tlie Pome-
granates seemed to have been sold clean out.
'The business being done was a very good one,
*he higher qualitii'S being the favourites
with the discriininating having money to
spend.

"The Book of the Vine."*— This is one of
a series of handbooks of much practical value
•to beginners in horticulture, being written l)y
a gardener who has passed his time in many
dine g;irdens in his native country, Scotland,
•iind in Englaiul, where he has been resident
il'or many years. In view of Mr. Barron's
book on The Vine and Vine Culture, it will
■doubtless be the opinion of many that the last
word has been said on the cultivation of the
<lrape-Vine as practiced under glass in this
<-oiintry by experts. For amateujs, however,
a less exhaustive treatise is re(iuired, and

' By H. W. Ward, formerly of Longford Castle Gai-
deas. One of a scries of handbooks on " Practical
Oardening: ■■ I'diled by llany Roberts, and publislied
hy .Tolin Lane, Tlic Dudley Head. London and New York.

this is furnished in the present volume. The
first chapter consists of a brief history of
the Grape- Vine from the earliest ages of which
there is any record ; and in this connection the
names of localities in England are given in
which the Grape-Vine was cultivated in the
open air with somedegree of success, although
we may reasonably have our doubts regarding
its quality, •'bouquet," strength, and general
drinkableness in those rude times as contrasted
with the ref|uirements of the twentieth cen-
tury. Mention is properly made of orna-
mental species of Vitis, and then follows a
mass of useful matter dealing with the con-
struction of vineries — a subject on which Mr.
Ward may be heard with all respect. A useful
list of varieties for planting in vineries ex-
pected to furnish ripe Grapes in the months of
.\pril and May, .Tune and July, October and
November, and those that may be kt-pt through
the winter till March, to which, we imagine,
none will take exception, although most of us
have favourite varieties. Varieties are briefly
described, pests and diseases dealt with, and
remedies given, so that the amateur will find
his wants well provided for by a competent
authority of great and varied experience.

Presentation. — When it became known
that -Mr. W. Mki.vii.i.k, who for the last forty
years has bet-n associated with (ilenlee Park,
Galloway, as gardener and manager, was leav-
ing the district, a movement' was set afoot to
procare a testimonial, and so liberal was the
response that on Wednesday evening, Dec. 1,
a dejiutation waited on Mr. MEL\'H,f.l^; and pre-
sented him with a handsome marble and bronze
clock, a pair of silver candlesticks, and a
imrse of sovereigns; and to Mrs. MlXVlLl.K a
beautiful tea and coffee service. Provost
Cowan, New Galloway, made the presentation,
and expressed the hope that Mr. and Mrs.
-Mki.VILLK would long be spared to k>ok on and
use these mementos of their friends in the
Glenkcns, and enjoy the leisure they had so
well earned after their long, useful, and
honourable life spent in Glenlee glen. Mr.
MKl.vit.r.K feelingly replied. During his long
r(!sidence at Glenlee, Mr. W. .MKf.vil.l.K carried
out a great deal of ornamental and forest
planting on the estate. For many years his
services were much in request as a judge at
flower sliowB in tln' south-west of Scotland.

Testimonial to Mr. Richard Dean,
V.M.H. — It has been suggested that a suitable
date for the presental ion of the testimonial
would be February 1, liJ02, which is Mr.
Dkax's seventy-second birthday. We under-
stand a proposal will be made at a meeting of
the subscribers, which is to be held early in
the new year, that Mr. Dkan be entertained
and the presentation madeon that date. Mean-
time the subscription list is being kept open,
and Mr. Sherwood will be glad to hear from
any sympathiser at l-'i2, Houndsditch, London.

Old Gardening Books,— At a sale of rare
books and maiiuaciipts, at the rooms of Messrs.
SornKio, Wilkinson, & Hodgk, Wellington
Street, on Docombor 12, the works disposed of
included The Theorij and PractUrof Gardrninij,
by J. .lAMKS, of Greenwich, with plates and
woodcuts, 1712, £2 (i.s. ; Qerarde's Herball,
NoKTOX's edition, l.'i97, £8 lox. ; British Herbal,
by J. Hill, lloU, £1 17s.; " Puradisi in Sole
J'aradisus Terrestris : or, a choice Garden of
all sorts of Rarest Flowers, with their Nature,
time of Flowering, &c.," by John Parkinson,
lO.")!!, £8 I. "is. : •' Tlieatrum liotanicum, the
Theatre of Plants: or, an llorball of large ex-
tent," by John I'mikinson, £2 1 Is. ; " Liliesof
Japan," beautiful plates in collotype, by K.
OcAWA, Yokohama (no date), ;).s. ; "A Curious

Herbal, containing 500 Cuts of the most useful
Plants which are now used in the Practice of
Physick,'' by Elizth. BLjVCKWELL, 1730, 19s.;
" Fragments on the Theory and Practice of
Landscape Gardening," by H. and J, A. Rep-
ton, numerous beautifully coloured and other
engravings, most of which have movable slips
showing improvements, 1810, £7 2s. 6d. ;
"Observations on the Theory and Practice of
Landscape tiardening, with Remarks on
Grecian and (iothic Architecture," coloured
illustrations, by H. Reprin, 1803, £,"> ; "The
Compleat English Gardener: or, a Sure Guide
to Young Planters and Gardeners," by L.
Meages, 1683; and "Experimental Husband-
man and (iardener," by G, A. Agricola, 1726,

lO.s.

Dogs. — The Board of Agriculture desire to
draw attention to the fact that their Muzzling
Orders hitherto in force in certain districts in
South Wales, and their Orders imposing cer-
tain restrictions on the landing in Great;
Britain of dogs from Ireland, have now been
withdraN\'n. There are now no districts in
Great Britain to which muzzling orders made
bj' the Board are applicable, and the free move-
ment of dogs between Great Britain and Ire-
land is permissible. There appears to be good,
reason to believe that rabies has now ceased
to exist in any part of the United Kingdom.
The disease continues, however, to bo very
prevalent on the Continent of Europe and in
most other parts of the world, and in order to
prevent its re-introduction into the Fnitetl
Kingdom, and the possible re-imi)osition of
muzzling orders, the Board have felt it to bo
their duty to adopt further special precautions
as regards the detention and isolation of
imported dogs. They have therefore issued a,
new Order entitled the Importation of Dogs
Order of 1901, which requires, in cITect, that
every <log from abroad landed in Great Britain
after the flfteentli of Match next, shall be
detained and isolated at the expense of its
owner upon premises in the occupation, or
under the control, of a veterinary surgeon,
for a period of six calendar months from the
date of landing. The Licence of the Board
authorising the landing of the tlog will con-
tain provisions proscribing and regulating the
manner in which the dog is to be thus detained
anil isolated. Without such a Licence no dog
from abroad can be legally landed in Great
IJiitaiii, Prior to the date named, the landing
of dogs will be authorised on conditions sub-
stantially the same as those now in force, and
owners of dogs already landed from abroad
are reminded that the cumditions of all
Jjicences issued under the Importation of Dog»
Order of 1897 continue to liav<! elVe<^t, and
that the isolation of dogs hiniUul under such
liceni-es is still necessary. Dogs which have
been landed in Great Britain from Ireland and
are still being detained under the conditions
I)rescribed by a landing licence, will be free
from all restrictions as from the 21st inst., in
virtiu^ of an order issued on the 12th inst. by
the Board. The new Order also regulates the
detention of dogs on board vessels lying in
ports in Great Britain. Special regulations
will be issued regarding the transit of dogs
brought from abroad through (ireat iiritain
for immediate exportation, and for the deten-
tion and isolation of foreign i>erforming dogs.
T. H. Elliott, Secretarij, Board of Agriculture,
1, Whitchcill Ph(cr. Londou, S.W., I>rri;nhcr 12,
lllOI.

Dean Hole. — The November number of the
/!oo/c Lorer contains a chatty account of an
interview with the Dean of RocillisTBIl, ac-
companied by a photograph of the "'Very
Reverend " emerging from a medi.eval arch.

456

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 21, 1901.

Cephalotaxus.— It appears that we did
not tell all the truth about that tangled mass
of berry-bearing shoots on the Cephalotaxus
at Powersconrt. What remains to be told adds
materially to the interest. The shrub in
question produces usually only male ilowers,
but every shoot in the tuft bore berries with-
out any male flowers. Something, we know
not what, caused an irritation, and conse-
quently an increased flow of nutritive matter,
as a result of which was the formation of an
abnormal number of shoots, and the produc-
tion of female flowers instead of males. The
female flowers demand a larger amount of
nutriment than the males, as may be witnessed
in Vegetable - Jlarrows, where the flowers
formed in the early stages of growth are males,
and the female flowers are not formed till the
plant gets established, and feels the benefit of
an increased supply of light and heat.

"The Gardeners' Magazine."— The Christ-
mas number gives several illustrations of
sunilials, which always exert a fascinating
influence on the spectator ; a pleasant article
on "Auvergne;" an acceptable note on "Plant
Collectors," with portraits, which we gladly
welcome; and various other subjects, including
an almanack with a brave Pieony by the side.

"Amateur Gardening" also indulges its
readers with a Christmas number, richly illus-
trated, and with a supply of freaks and marvels
in the vegetable world, the records of which
are generally considered as good reading at
Christmas time.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent fNSTr-
TUTION. — We are glad to be able to announce
that the recent successful concert given by
the "Hurst & Son" Musical Society, under
the able conductorship of Mr. Edward Sher-
wood, in aid of the funds of this Institution
realised a .sum of £18 18s., a cheque for which
has been forwarded to the Charity.

The Surveyors' Institution. — At the
ordinary general meeting held on Jlonday,
Becember 9, 1901, a paper wsls read by Dr. W.
SOMERVILLE (Associate), entitled " Artificial
Manures." A discussion followed, and was
concluded, and a vote of thanks was unani-
mously passed to Dr. Somervillb for hi.s.
paper.

The next ordinary general meeting will

be held in the Lecture Hall of the Institution
on Monday, .Tanuary 13, 1902, when a paper
will be read by ilr. John H. Hanson (Fellow)„
entitled "Rivers' Pollution: Purification of
Trade Waters, from a Mill (Jccupier's Point of
View."

Currants for Christmas. — The other
day, whilst in a fairly representative London
"store," our attention was drawn to several
samples of Currants, at once reminding us
that Christmas was nigh at hand, and of tho
little panic last year over the Peronospora
ravages, and tho short supply of Greek Cur-
rants. Inquiry elicited the fact that there
were three qualities on sale — one priced at
2J<;. i)er lb., the next at V,>.d., and the last and
certainly best at 4(1. ; for the same quality
they might be ranked as fair, very fair, and
very good. Of Nos. 2 and 3 we atej and were
well satisfied. We are reminded also of the
fact that, notwithstanding a threat, the hat
was not sent round for those growers who
suffered through the Peronospora; also to-
day by some figures given on the authority
of H.B.M. Consul-General in Greece, which
tell us that the value of the Currants exported
in 1899 was £1,520,000 ; last year the value of
the much reduced crop exported was £2,112,000
—a gain to the exporter of £592,000.

Hardy Eucalypts.— To Mr. Rashleigh, of
Menabilly, Cornwall, we are indebted for
specimens of Eucalypti which have proved to
be hardy in his garden : —

Eucalyptus cordata, Labillardiere, Mueller
Eucalyptographia ; tab. 78.

and does not alter the character of its foliage
as it gets older.

In 1899 we received flowering specimens
from Castlewellan, Co. Down, sent by the Earl
of Annesley. See also Gardeners' Chronicle^
1888, p. 803, fig. 111.

Fig. la;

-SEEIlLlNci EI CALYI'TIS CORDATA, RAISED AT ABBOTSBURY, 189-i.
PRESENT HEIGHT 18 I'EET.

A Tasmanian species with sessile, cordate-
oblong, glaucous, blueish leaves, about 3 in-
ches long, 2 inches wide and stalked tufts
of white flowers about } inches in diam.
Fruits urn-shaped, truncate, about J inch long.

The largest tree at Menabilly is about
50 feet in height, and is very distinct in
retaining its glaucous tint to the very top,

At fig. 137 we show a seedling plant of this-
species, raised in the Earl of Ilchester's garden
at Abbotsbury, Dorset. The seed was sown in
1894, and the plant is now 18 feet in height.

Eucalyptus Gunni, Hooker, Mueller Euca-
lyptographia ; tab. 38.

A tree with slender branches and alternate
stalked leaves ; petioles slender, J to \ inch

PECEMBrai 21, 1901.]

TJIU G A II D EXER S ' CHE ONI CL E.

45.7

long, blades about 3 inches long, 1 inch wide,
oblique at the base, lanceolate, entire, glabrous.
Flowers in stalked axillary groups of three
peduncles about J inch, pedicels very short,
flowers i inch, yellowish ; fruits green, } inch.
This species is a native of Tasmania as well
as of Victoria and X. South Wales. To this
species belongs the tree which has survived so
many winter.s at Kew, still sending out each
spring new shoots to replace those killed by
the previous winter's frost. See also Botanical
Magazine, 1901; t. 7808. Gardeners' CItronicle.
1883, p. 437, fig. 65. At Menabilly the tree
attains a height ol 40 to 50 feet.

E. COCCIFERA. Considered to be synonymous
with E. amygdalina. In the specimen before
as the leaves are about 1 inches long on very
short stalks; the blades linear, lanceolate,
tapering to both ends. The fruits are in axil-
lary groups of three, the peduncle about J in.
long. The fruits are top-shaped, flat at the
top, about \ in. long. The trees at Menabilly
^several) are from 50 to 70 feet in height, but
not as fine specimens as the tree at I'owder-
liam Castle, Devon, figured in Gardeners'
Chronicle, July 20, 1879.

The late Mr. Ewbaxk was of opinion that
E. resinil'era is the strongest and hardiest of
all the species, much more .so than E. ficlfolia.
At Menabilly Mr. Kasiilei(;ii has planted
about an acre with thirty-seven varieties of
Eucalyptus, but his experience docs not agree
with that of Mr. Ewbaxk.

Royal Horticultural Society. — At a
general meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society held on Tuesday, December 17, forty-
two new Fellows were elected, amongst them
being the Dowager Lady Wii.liams-Wvnn", Lady
BiNNlNfi, Lady Haukison, Lieut.-Colonel O. H.
Oakeh, and Captain CitrrcHLKV, making a total
•of 930 elected since the beginning of the
firesent year.

Examination in HnRTiciT/runi;.— The Royal
Horticultural Society's annual examination in
the principles and practice of horticulture will
1)6 held oji Wednesday, April 23, 1902. In-
tending candidates can obtain a copy of the
syllabus on application to the Secretary, Royal
Horticultural Society, 117, Viitoria .Street,
Westminster. A stamped and .addressed
envelope should be enclosed.

The Surgeon at Kew.— Most past Kewites
bave a distinct remembrance of the badges
they wore upon the arm when on half-day duty
upon Sundays, to impart to them an oflieial
dignity. These badges might bo put to another
«se just now, for owing to the continuance of
the small-pox epidemic in London the au-
thorities have deemed it wise to "protect"
the young men employed in the Koyal Gardens.
The first company wore vaccinated on Tuesday
last. We wish all at ICew a Happy Christmas.

Dean Hole's Birthday.— An interesting
ceremony took place in the Deanery, Rochester,
on Saturday afternoon, when Dean Hole, who
Jias just celebrated hisciglity-secoiid birthday,
was presented with the freedom of the Wor-
shipful Company of Tin-plate Workers, of
which ho is the honorary <haplain, and an
«ngro.ssod certificate. The presentation was
made by a deputation of the Company in
accordance with a resolution of the court, and
the necessary formalities of taking the oath
and signing the register were duly carried out
by Dean Hole.

M. Alfred Bleu.— The Ilpime Horticole
announces the death of this distinguished
horticulturist. He began life as a druggist,
1)11 1 soon turned his attention to hybridisa-

tion, especially in the genus Caladium. The
cross -fertilisation of Orchids followed, and
his connection with horticulture was more
intimate when he became General Secretary of
the ?vational Horticultural Society of France.
Failing health prevented him of late years
from taking an active part, unless on special
occasions, but he contributed to the Proceed-
ings of the Hybridisation Conference. M. BLEU
was in his sixty-seventh year.

Publications Received.— r'le Woodlands Orchids,

by Fred. Boyle <Ma'jmillaLi A: Co.).— Insect Life, by J. Tl.
Fabre (Macmilhiai — Miin<igrai>h <)/ (Ac Coccid^e of the
Britifh Isles, by Robert Newstead, vol. i. (liay Society).

OENAMEXTAL GOURDS AND
crCURBITS.
[See Supplementary Illustration.]
The accompanying view in the Botanic
Garden, Cambridge, was prepared from a
photograph taken one day last summer. It
represents a bed planted with members of the
natural order Cucurbitaceie, and was situated
in "the herbaceous ground." Cultivated in
a group like this, these plants, when in fruit,
are highly effective, and probably there is no
better plan for making the most of a display
than that depicted. The fruits are attractive
to visitors, and they bring many visitors from
the adjoining walks to make a closer inspec-
tion. They can be compared only to an
arrangement of Chinese lanterns, when seen
against the rising or declining sun, after the
leaves have more or less faded, and permit
every one to be seen. We can further at that
time recall a rattier practical allusion, made,
1 think, some years ago, in ilessrs. liarr's
eatalofrue, to the effect that anyone having
a superfluity of ;,'old might got it modelled into
the various handsome forms assumed by these
};reat fruits. Kay, we wish that we had
enouj;h for the purpose 1 This bed includes
every year some twenty-eight distinct forms,
which beloiiK either to Cucurbita I'epo and
C. maxima, and besides, to sev<fal distinct
species. Wo have the Turk's Cap or Turban
Gourd, the Valencia Squash, the Ohio Squash,
the small Chinese Turban Gourd, the Canada
Crook -neck Gourd, the Orange Gourd, the
yellow-striped fancy Flat Gourd, the i'ear-
shaped Gourd, wartcd kinds of various shapes,
and others whiili are not easily referred to
names. Many kinds are illustrated in Vil-
morin's Vcgetahle Garden, but hero we do not
take so much trouble in preserving named
kinds as in selecting the best fruits. No
doubt many cross together, and sometimes
the seeds .saved by names are disappointing
in the fruit they produce. It would take too
much time to fertilise carefully for the purpose
of obtaining true; seed : and, for the same
reason, nothing is done, except in ono ca.se, to
produce fruit by artificial crossing. Among
the species wo may mention Thiadiantha dubia
(the cxcei)tion above referred to), which every
year is a fine feature on one of the walls, as
well as usually in this bed. It is a deciduous
hardy perennial, and one sex only was culti-
vated in this country, I believe, until I took
the trouble to obtain the other. The fruits
arc brilliant red in colour, and hang a long
time. Others are Cucurbita ficifolia, which
has an immense grcoii fruit mottled with white,
and comes perfectly true from seed without
assistance; Ciicumis myriocarpus (C. grossu-
larioides), the (iooseberry Gourd, a charm-
ing plant with hosts of Goo.seborry - like
fruits ; Cyclantlicra explodons, which bursts
open in two longitudinal divisions, exposing
the seeds on one side; Ecballiuin elatcrium,
the sijuirting Cucumber, always interesting to
those who were not perhaps curious before ;

the prickly Cucumis dipsaces, and Bryonia
dioica and B. alba.

Bottle-gourds (Lagenaria) have been tried,
and they do succeed to some extent when the
summer is hot, but these are much finer in the
tropical aquarium, where also there is a good
display of select Cucurbitacese during June
and July. It must now be said that the
original of this illustration was not a perfect
success. An attempt was made to include the
entire group, and consequently the smaller
kinds can probably not be distinguished.

The cultivation pursued may be of some
interest ; it depends largely upon good feeding
and plenty of water. Upon this bed all the
rubbish of neighbouring beds is burned after
the Cucurbits are over ; and though some of
the ashes are removed, there remains never-
theless a good supiily of potash, which, how-
ever, I do not find as indicated in large
quantities in the plants, by the authorities.

Nitrogen is required in good measure, and
this is supplied by liberalallowauees of stable-
manure, chiefly in the form of a mulch. In the
future, I intend to try superphosphate, be-
cause, as shown by analysis of similar plants,
it may be valuable. The plants are raised on
a hot-bed, the sowing .so calculated that strong
plants are ready for planting-out as soon as
danger of frost is over. Tliey must receive no
cheek at .any time. From the time of planting-
out, watering is carefully attended to, and
during hot weather lil)oral supplies of water
are given.

It will be seen that the bine is trained on
polos some 10 feet or more out of the ground ;
cross poles are then added as may be neces-
sary. A fine plant not cultivated on this bed
is Cuciunis perennis ; it has large, silvery,
rough leaves, and is grown on one side of
the Palm-house in one of the spaces between
it and another houso. llore it is quite hardy,
though tender in the open. In conclusion,
the idea may bo ventured that those Gourds
might be grown very effectively if planted in
holes so arranged as to form a pergola. R.
Irwin Lynch.

FLORAL DECORATION.

Few social arts have made more rapid
strides towards high class, nor more diversi-
fied pleasurable homo enjoyment, than flower-
decoration. Wo have wreaths, " elegancies,"
and posies for all times and seasons, from
grave to gay. Rejoicings, feastings, bridal
bouquets, and, alas! burying. It is an inborn
art is the grouping, blending, and arranging
of flowers for harmony of colour or tangled
beauty ; there is a feeling and poetry in it
that cannot be taught.

How changed all is from that of half a cen-
tury ago, when people brought a flat "nose-
gay " from the country, mostly tied on a stick
or wooden support in formal fashion, or a bunch
of odorous blossom from the eottago-garden,
in the centre of which a crimson Pajony held
sway among the garden Primroses, Polyanthus,
and Bluebells, sometimes adorned with Fennel
or, later. Asparagus, for a little "greenery."

Then came the time of table decoration, and
well I remember on many an occasion acting
as one of the judges of these at tho Crystal
Palace ; and when tho Emperor of Russia
visited tho wondrous building. Miss Hassard
and my.self decorated tho Royal box and ante-
room. Then came the odd idea of actually
cutting holes in the dining-tables to let
througli a pot with a growing Palm, or some
minor shrub in flower. Judging with the late
Mr. Thomson (who invented the plan) at the
Crystal I'alace, I refused a prize to such
"table decoration" (?). The controversy
grew warm, and finally was referred to the

458

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 21, 1901.

manager, Mr. Isaac Wilkinson, who sided with
me ; whereupon Jlr. Thomson declined further
office. That was the last " cut-table " floral
arrangement shown at the Crystal Palace for
honours.

About this time, also, Mrs. Seal, of Seven-
oaks, Kent, adopted a new, light, and less
crowded arrangement, mellowing down into
tasteful elegance what was previously merely
a small forest of shrubs and flowers, and of
such height and denseness that many of the
dining guests were totally unconscious of how
many besides themselves were present. To
remedy this, the decorations themselves were
not unfrequently in a way among " the
removes."

Now what an adjunct to social luxury has
floral beauty become ! What a craving there
is for flowers— cut flowers ! What a business
it now is, that of growing flowers, beautiful
and perfect, for " cutting! " It saddens one
to see acres of blossom waving, dipping, and
rising to the spring or .summer breeze, and the
spring or summer sunlight glinting, and flash-
ing their colours, and to know that they, these
floral gems, like their higher -born kindred
of "under glass," live but for — cutting. As
much as they from the humble wayside, such as
the Primrose, the sheltered Violet, and the
Bluebell, the world-loved Rose, even the costly
Orchid, are now often grown simply and only
" for cutting." The very catalogues from our
floral nurseries tell of natural beauties — rare,
line, pure, soft in colour, or bright, pink, blue,
or some tender tint, sweetly scented, but
beyond all, they are— "good for cutting." To
me, it is painful reading. It is a small w.ay of
looking at Nature's charms, but commercially,
now "it is great." Made up into posies,
wired, grouped, dished and vased in " taking "
harmony or contrast of colour with the true
floral artist's broad touch, they should arrest
the eye and entrance the senses, but— " do
they? " How many that dine with such dccn-
I'ations about them give heed, thought, or
observation to aught of these, or select even
ix single blossom as a tiling of singular form,
or exquisite shape, scent, and colouring,
or any bud or leaf. To " the company " they
are what they have come to be, simply
decorations ; and one reads next day of the
gorgeous way in which the rooms were clad
with pot and shrub, and the table was quite a
siglit with flowers of rare and dazzling beauty.
" Full iiKiny a (lower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on tlie desert air. "

But here it is not so — the waste is not of the
desert, but occurs in the midst of wealth and
plenty. The chatter of voices, the clatter of
plates, knives and forks ; a sweet floral oasis,
.surrounded by admirers (?), and yet scarcely
admired. Perhaps one will say to the next,
" What a lovely Rose, is it not? " Then the
reply is, "Oh ! delicious. But as I was saying,
you know, she wore such a lovely, &c."

There should be more consideration accorded
to room or table decoration than is generally
given. One is the colour or papering of the
walls, and as they would be in the background.
Certain flowers are the best lor some and
the worst for others, and yet apart perhaps
in treatment, form, and colour, they are
simply lovely. The walls of my own dining-
room are clothed with Japanese paper, full
and rich in design. In this, Roses seem
out of place, and do not decorate; while
Asters, Chrysanthemums, and Pa?onies, leave
little to be desired. Hut perhaps for the
most quaint, brilliant, gay, yet still not too
obstrusive, is the Nasturtium (Tropieohiin).
Foliage and flower both are so pure in tone,
and each so fitted for the other, that for such
purpose few, if any, other flowers excel them.

Then again it may be said that the Japanese
art and the Chrysanthemum are one ; their
highest art is the skilful adaptation of nature
more or less for what is needed, and is so
grouped or arranged, or not arranged, that
the eye not only sees, but with the senses
either imagines or longs for more. Not many
of our show Roses are decorative, in the sense
that a Briar is ; and in most rooms to me, though
in this I may be wrong, the Rose seems
scarcely to hold its own, though the breath of
Roses is sweet. If the floral centre of the
dining-table is too gorgeous, and crowded
with heaped up flowers of amazing brilliancy,
then the guests suffer by comparison, and
cheeks of softest hue, and skins of purest
tints, grow pale and deaden ; the freshness is
lost and overwhelmed by the richer, stronger
tints by contrast. The true floral decorator
knows this, and avoids the strife for mastery.
The room, the furniture, the table, and all its
art, should be like a vase which is not perfect
until it is filled with other beauty in form
above it. So the room and the table are not
complete nor in one harmonious whole until
the guests are seated, and until then it is like
(or should be) a picture without a foreground.
You must add the company to perfect the
effect. Even this could be better managed did
one but know what "dining robes" would be
worn ; but with or without this knowledge the
table itself must not be over-dressed, as un-
fortunately it too often is, for though art and
invention have worked together, the forms
and colouring is too strong for the lesser gay
surroundings.

There is also another, and by no moans minor,
consideration that is far too often overlooked,
which is, the use of scented, peculiar, and
strong-scented flowers, for many of these will
not unfrequently seriously affect, not only the
enjoyment, but the health of some of the
guests. The Stephanotis, the Hyacinth, the
Magnolia, and even the beauteous Lilac, have
a loaded perfume that is too heavy and strong
with some for long endurance, and they of
delicate, nervous tem|)erament too often suffer
from unintentional neglect of, and care in, the
selection, though beautiful, of any of the
above as material for composition of such floral
decoration as this for the table, when the
guests are seated in close proximity, and thus,
as it were, breathe " the breath of flowers."

These are but a few hints, thoughts, and
ideas, which of course might be enlarged to
an indefinite degree, if we considered what
colours and forms make the best "combina-
tions," what flowers and foliage should be
used, and how they should be grouped ; but
in these days there are so many who not
only know how, but can, and do, with deli-
cate touch and handling, render something
beautiful for the eye to dwell on, that it would
be presumptuous on my part to tender any
opinion beyond the commonplace ones already
respectfully offered for guidance in a small
way to the uninitiated and inexperienced.
Harrison Weir, Appledore, Kent.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

As soon as the blooms are past, preparation
should be made for raising plants for the fol-
lowing year. Good cuttings are important, as
without them the best foundation I'oi' success
is lacking. A good cutting must not bo too
succulent ; it should be stout, about :! inches
long ; and the worst cutting is that one which
has bloom-buds in the axils of the leaves, and
cuttings of this sort continually foi'm flower-

buds at a season when vigorous growth is
needed to establish the plants.

The plants having done flowering, those va-
rieties which produce plenty of shoots should
be cut down to within a few inches of the
soil ; and shy - growing, new, or scarce
varieties not lower than 2 feet above the soil.
Although cuttings from plants of this height
are not the best, being apt to flower prema-
turely, and should on that account be avoided,
they must be taken when a variety is scarce
or better cuttings unobtainable. Place the
stools in greenhouse temperature, and near to
the glass. If shoots of any variety are plen-
tiful, and if they would suffer by being left
on the stool till the time has arrived
for taking them, remove the weaker so
as to afford space to the remainder. Not
much water should be applied at the root,
the plant having a tendency at this season to
part with the chlorophyll in the leaves, and
pale coloured cuttings are less robust, and
make roots less readily than those of a nornijil
tint.

The right time to strike cuttings of any
variety has an important influence oti the
plants. That which is required in the Chrys-
anthemum is a period of steady growth under
cool(Onditions,and the shoots will thus get well
matured, and afford the best blooms, other con-
ditions being equal. Those cuttings which are
struck in February and March on bottom-heat
and pushed on sharply in order to make up for
time lost in December and January, never make
such good plants, or such excellent blooms, the
time being too brief for their proper develop-
ment. The shoots of plants struck late never
ripen perfectly, a disadvantage from which
northern growers suffer. December is the
best month in which to put in the cuttings.
If intended for forming bushes, or furnishing
small decorative blooms, the cuttings may
be taken at any time from the beginning to
the end of the month of January.

The Selection of Varieties.

Now that many new varieties are intro-
duced yearly, persons who may be desirous of
growing only the best for home decoraticn
find it very necessary to weed out less fine
varieties, and buy the new ones that are im-
provements upon existing varieties. Expe-
rienced cultivators will not require any advice
in this matter, although beginners are sure to
need it. I give below a list of what I term a
representative selection in the various sec-
tions, commencing with the Japanese.

Wliite Flowered.- — Madame Carnot, Mrs. J.
Lewis, Florence Molyneux, Miss Elsie Foulton,
Madame Heneage, Madame R. Cadbury,
Nellie Pockett, Mrs. H. Weeks.

Yellow. — Mrs. Mease, G. J. Warren, Mrs.
Greenfield, Bessie Godfrey, Mrs. T. W. Pockett,
Ethel Fitzroy, Mrs. Thirkell, LeGrand Dragon,
J. R. Upton, ilons. Louis Remy, Scottish
Chief, Kimberley, Edith Tabor.

Bronze or Dronze-^liadcd. — Donald McLeod,
Queen Alexandra, Mrs. G. J. Thornycroft,
Charles Davis, General BuUer, Matthew Smith,
Lady Ridgway, Sensation, Lord Ludlow, Lord
Salisbury, M, Chenon de Leche, Mrs. J. W.
Barks, Sir Herbert Kitchener.

Crimson. — Edwin Molyneux, Henry Weeks,
Godfrey's Masterpiece, Pride, and Triumph-;
Violet Lady Beaumont, and Henry Baines.

Other varieties possessing merit, which
ought to be included, and which require special
colour description, are the following : — W. H.
Church, rich rosy-amaranth, or wine-red ;
Mrs. D. Darby, purple - claret ; Miss E.
Douglas, rosy-mauve ; Mrs. G. Mileham, Geo.
Carpenter, rosy-amaranth : Henry Stowe, blush

Decebibeb 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

459

pink, with deeper lines; Lily Mountford,
creamy-white, flushed rose ; Mrs. Coombes,
rosy-mauve; Mrs. Barklcy, rosy-|iink; Cal-
vat's '99, blush-white; Charles l.ongley, rosy-
puri)Ie ; Lady Hanham, golden-cerise ; Madame
G. Bruant, bright rose ; Mous. Chcnon de
I.ech<''. rosy-buff, shaded yellow ; Pride of
Madford, crimson - cerise : T. Carrington,
carmine - rose ; Australic, rosy - amaranth.
E. MoJijnrux.

THE FERNERY.

MICROLKPIA HIRTA CRISTATA.
This beautiful Fern makes a large specimen,
but it is not always that space can be given to
pot and grow it on to its fullest size, but it is
equally pretty in a small state. When properly
treated it makes a very graceful plant in a
5 or 0-inch pot. It naturally makes a number
of crowns, and the fronds get too dense ; but
if divided up to single crowns they form more
symmetrical plants, and the individual fronds
develop to a larger size. Potted firmly in a
compost consisting chiefly of good loam, and
grown where they are well exposed to the
light, they make fronds of bettor substance,
and of a bright, fresh green. There are few
Kerns that are so much improved by good cul-
ture. When grown under heavy shading, and
treated too liberally, they make large, coarse
fronds, which are very soft, and of little use
for decorations. Although a stove l'"ern. it
will do fairly well in an intermediate tempe-
rature ; and after the plants have attained to
a useful size, they may be gradually hardened
off, and may be used for the conservatory or
house-dec-oration. A. Ilcin^leij.

THK M.\NI>li.\KE.-
" Wi: can only refer to the figures of one
plant, the celebrated Atropa mandragora, or
Mandrake, of which so many fables have been
told. A comparison of the rei)rcsentations
of this plant at different periods, shows the
gradual development and embellishment of
the legend. The legend of fcho mandragora, a
formidable plant which caused the death of
whoevci' pulled it up, so thai a dog was
employed in this fatal task, as told by
Josephus and others, is well known. We find
here, however, from a MS. of the ninth
century, a fuller account than wo have met
with elsewhere, which it may be of interest to
translate : —

" 'Mandragora is a plant which the poets
call anthropouiercas isici, since it has .-i root
shaped like a man. It is given in wine to
those who wish to undergo a surgical operation
safely, as w.hen stupified by it they feel no
pain. When you come to it you will recognise
it, because it shines at night like a lamp.
When you sec its head you must cut round it
with a knife, lest it should escape. Kor such
is its virtue, that on the approach of an
impure man it quickly (lees befoi'e him.
Thcri'fore you dig round it with a knife,
which must not touch the plant, and carefully
remove the earth with an ivory spade. And
when you see the hand and foot of the herb,
tie round it a new cord, and fasten the cord to
the neck of a dog which has been kept fasting,
and a little way off place a piece of bread so
that the dog (trying to seize the bread) may
pull up the herb. But if you do not wish to
kill the dog, since the herb has such a divine
power that it kills in an instant whoever pulls
it up, proceed as follows. Mak(^ a snare of a
long rod, and tie the cord which is fastened to

^

spectator, stopping his ears, lest (according
to another pare of the story) he should hoar
the shriek uttered by the herb when pulled
up, which it was death to hear. In some, pre-
sumably the older figures, the herb is merely
a forked tap-root with arms, the extremities
ending in fibres, and surmounted by a tuft of
leaves. In later figures the tuft is replaced
by a well-formed human head, and the fibres
by distinct fingers and toes."

Flli. I.U.-TIIK MASUHAKK (MAI.K VAUIKM

the herb to the top of the rod, and bend it
down, so that when the rod springs up l)y its
own force it will pull up the herb mandragora.'
" This merciful substitute for the dog we
have not found mentioned elsewhere. All
the pictures of the Mandrak<; accordingly
show the dog and the cord ; sometimes a

" FiDiii a. review In JVntnre, Nov. 14, IHOl, of " Magis-
tri Salninitiiniiiondum editi : Catalogo ragionato elclla
Exposizionc di Storia dclla Mcdk'ina iiiicria in Toiiiui
iicl, 1*98." By Picro Giacosa.

Fig. i;w.— iiiK mandkake (iemai.e vakieth

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

REMINISCENCES. — I have had my attention
drawn to an enquiry by "Ancient" in the
Gttrdeiifrs' Chronicle for October 12, so that I
have stated a few names around my native place
which may interest your correspondent : —
About 120 to 130 years ago, the predecessors of
Messrs. Backhouse «& Son founded a nursery at
Darlington on 7 acres of land belonging to Mr.
Backhouse, banker, Darlington. Two men were
all one autumn putting in cuttings. They then
left and went to S'ork. My father, John
Spence, then rented these 7 acres from Mr.
Backhouse, the banker. Something like sixty
years ago, Jlr. .loseph Pease, the first t4)uaker
AI.P., the present Sir .loseph Pease, and others
bought it from Mr. Backhouse, the banker, to
add to his already beautiful park. Now it is
being sold for building villa residences.

Messrs. Cormack, Son, >V- Oliver, nursery-
men and seedsmen, Xew Cross, and Jacob
Wrench, seedsman, London, used to travel
from London to Edinburgh in a gig. At that
time the travellers only called on one man in
each town, .lacob Wrench's traveller would
say, if you want our seeds you must get them
from .lohn Spence, and it was an open hou.se
at the King's Head for the night. Mr. Robert
Tibbald, of Ayscombe and Bishop Auckland,
was the only nurseryman of any note at this
Lime. ! was in Messrs. Cormack, Son, &
Oliver's nursery in 1842, and helped to deco-
rate the Royal iNav.al School, New Cross, when
Prince Albert and the Duke of Wellington
opened it ; also when Louis Philippe left France
for a place of safety. 1 .joined the Queen's
Bays in Ireland, but after twelve months my
people found nie out, by writing to the Horse
(luards, and bought me out. In 18-15 I wont
to America, and got into the war in Mexico
from IH'l.j to 1817. My eldest brother started
from Liverpool in 1817 for New Orleans to look
for me, and was drowned in the Slississippi
river before reaching New Orleans. I did not
know of this until 1 returned home in Novem-
ber, 1847. 1 went back to America, and was
amongst the slaves as an overseer, or slave-
driver, yet 1 never saw one whipped or badly
used. 1 have, however, seen white men whipped,
and branded on the hips with hot irons. Uncle
Tom's Cabin is half of it fanciful, the other
half of it rubbish. I came home in 18ti0 to take
up this business. 1 was married in Washing-
ton in I8ij0, and have sold plants to the White
House several times. I eolltcted a fine lot of
Cactus in Mexico, and sent them in barrels to
an auctioneer in New Orleans to be .sold, but
it proved a bad speculation, for I got no
returns. I was delighted to go out scouting,
with a good Mexican mustang that could jump
from rock to rock like a goat, and a few good
fellows, without too much whisky in the
canteens by our sides. Then 1 would come across
those beautiful Cacti. In the case of some
of the largo Turks' Heads, the spines were so
strong that (hoy made our hor.ses fairly cry
out when they stopped on the top of oiio as
large as the round of a farm-barrel. Kighty-
seven of us went out from New Orleans, and
twenty-seven old hands returned in 1817. We
were a motley lot. Three were killed by their
own comrades, eleven were killed scouting,
the rest died frnin yellow fever. B. Spence.

THE JAPANESE LARCH.— It is altogether a
mistake to ili'scribo this as a slower grower
than Larix eiiropu'a. As one-year seedlings
they are hardly so large as those of Larix
ouropa.'a, but after that time they beat it
altogether. If planted under the same con-

'460

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembbr 21, 1901.

aition they make about one-tlurd more growth.
I am ijosting you a specimen of a three-year-
old plant to show you the growth it made last
year. A customer in the West of Scotland to
whom we supplied plants of Leptolepis, in-
formed us that the second year after being
planted they had put on growths of almost
3 feet each. It is a much handsomer tree than
the European variety, especially in autumn,
when it takes on a beautiful golden colour.
There is not much difference as regards the
time of starting into growth in spring, but it
ripens at least a fortnight or three weeks
earlier in autumn. I have been watching this
variety closely for a good many years past,
and have never seen any trace of disease in it.
W. M. Massie.

TAR VERSUS PAINT.— Have> any readers of
the Gardenei-si' Chronicle given gas-tar a trial
as a substitute for paint for the outside wood-
work of vineries or plaut^housos V Some perhaps
would object to the colour if to nothing else
as being offensive to the eye; This might be
so in private gardens, but in nurseries and
market gardens it would not, I think, be so
regarded. I have recently inspected the
■market nursery of Mr. B. Tew at Whetstone,
where all the houses are coated with gas-tar,
and Mr. Tew, who is, so far as I know of, the
first to adopt this method; is well satisfied
with it. In the first place the cost is small
compared with ordinary paint, and so far as
the trials have gone, the tar appears to be
more lasting. Added to this, Mr. Tew re-
marked that in some large and rather high
houses there were always squares of glass dis-
lodged with every rough wind when ordinary
paint was used, but that not one had been
disturbed by that cause since gas-tar had been
used. No top putty is employed, but the
squares are simply tacked in— a system of
glazing that was first adopted by Mr. Tew in
this nursery. The tar is, of course, only used
for the outsides of the houses. C. H.

THE SUTTON CHRISTMAS RHUBARB.— When

it was stated last year that Messrs. Sutton &
Sons, Reading, had a stock of a Rhubarb
which naturally started into growth in Oc-
tober, quite reversing the usual order of
things amongst Rhubarbs, naturally some
scepticism was aroused. The firm, however,
sent a root to Chiswick for trial, and Mr.
Wright informed the Fruit Committee in rela-
tion to it on the 12 th that he had hoped it
would have been in condition for that body
to see then. The root seemed to have its usual
period of rest during the summer, when all
other varieties were in full growth, and broke
into growth early in October. When the
unusually sharp frosts of November came, the
stems were from 15 to 18 inches in height. It
•was found necessary to allow of full exposure
to the weather to see how far the stems were
hardy or otherwise. Possibly, in a sheltered
position, mild frosts would "have done little
harm, but the November frosts were severe,
and the stems were cut down. That, of
course was, with a knowledge of the tender
character of all Rhubarbs, to be expected.
But that does not at all militate against the
usefulness or value of this winter Rhubarb,
inasmuch as it would be but needful to invert
over the plants early in November headless
flour-barrels, with some litter stacked rOWnd
them to exclude sharp frosts, to have Rhubarl)
stems of quite the ordinary type otherwise
through the winter. Where big stocks of
roots were worked up it would be so easy fust
as growth commenced to block a quantity iilto
a cool Peaoh-house or vinery, from which frost
was excluded, and there, without any forcing,
an abundance of stems could be secured.
This remarkable Rhubarb should have a useful
future. A. D.

MONTBRETIAS.— To the closing remarks of
Mr. C. Wolley Dod on this subject at p. 380
that "the best situations and soils in each
garden must be found by experience," I wonld
also add flowering, non-flowering, and hardi-
"f;^"' because experience has taught me that
all these are as variable as localities. Here,

at Hampton Hill, an amateur has some fine
clumps of M. erocosmiflora that were planted
several years ago, and that reach 'dh feet high
and flower abundantly. Nearly two years
since I suggested to the owner that the
clumps would be improved by being lifted and
separated, but was met by the remark : "Why,
they grow allright and flower well ; and on the
principal of letting well alone, I should leave
them alone unless you suggest that they are
likely to suffer in the near future." As to the
strength of the growths and to the flowering,
there was ample evidence. But I do know that
in many gardens it is the safer practice to lift
the roots together with the leaves just as they
stand, doing this as early as possible, about
the middle of the month of October, the
corms being put 0 inches deep ; most varieties
will be found quite hardy in an average
winter. To ensure their safety the lifting
should take place as early as it would be the
case were the corriis intended for trade pur-
poses. The great drawback referred to by
Mr. Dod that when "first bought the corms
will not start into growth," is douljtless the
outcome of very late lifting and harvesting,
and the new shoots already having started are
cither purposely removed or accidentally
broken off. To ensure a good growth from
newly-lifted or newly-bought cornjs, the lifting
should be done prior to the growth having
started from the corms, and this will be early
or late in proportion to the absence or pre-
sence of rain following a long, dry spell of
summer. Even if the corms are replanted in the
border forthwith, the lifting will cause a
check sufficient to retard these young breaks
for the time being, for the large death-rate
where this occurs is due directly to the almost
evergreen nature of the plant. Like Gladiolus
Colvillei, the new growth, pushes through the
soil quite early; these getting frozen with
the decay thus occasioned, frequently descend
to the corm, and the frost, if of long continu-
ance or very severe, finishes the work of
destruction. The thing to do then obviously
is to check the desire of the corm to emit
these growths by checking or cutting off the
supplies from the roots for the time being.
Even though the plants be not again com-
mitted to the border at once, there is this
gained: that in any subsequent removal the
new shoots would be shorter. Mr. Dod says,
" it is essential to keep them moist," and I
agree with this in the event of some 2 or 3
inches of new growth having emerged from
the corm. It is by no means essential if no
such growth has been made. In April of this
year I planted many dried corms which had
been dried off after the manner of Gladiolus
Gandavensis hybrids, and kept dry for months,
yet all these have flowered profusely and
made capital growth. These included such
as Drap d'Or, Bouquet Parfait and the fine new
Germania that produces a tone of flame colour
that is very striking. As three small late-
plauted and very dry corms produced five or
six handsome branched spikes 2! feet high,
I think I am entitled to lay some stress on the
important factors in harvesting such plants.
When planting these largely, and often when
the setting season is passed, I never had
any experience of " non-starting and non-
flowering," and such corms must have been
many months in a dry state. I have, however,
in numerous instances, recommended the
planting of these dry corms for flowering, and
they have not disappointed. It is, however,
another matter it the plants are late lifted in
the evergreen state. Anyone receiving plants
iu the green condition should most decidedly
pot them, as Mr. Dod directs, for to dry off
such plants is merely to court certain failure,
ii. H. Jenkins, Hampton Hill.

FINE SPECIMENS OF THE HORSE-CHESTNUT.
— 1 note in the Gardeners' Chronicle of the
14th inst. a description of some magnificent
Horse Chestnu(>trees in Lincolnshire. When
I was living at Walworth Castle, about 5 miles
from Darlington, a few years ago, I frequently
admired two Horse Chestnut-trees there which
must resemble those mentioned in your paper.
The huge branches were supported by props.

but many of them had touched the ground,
rooted again, and sent out other enormous
branches, and some of these have become
separated altogether from the parent stems.
The circumference of each of these trees was
aljout 18 feet, and the heads covered a very
great area. I believe they were described
many years ago in Surtees' Histonj of Durham,
and tradition says they were planted by
.lames I. W. R. I. H.

VEITCH'S CLIMBING FRENCH BEANS FOR

FORCING. — This may not be exactly a new vege-
table or a new practice to some readers, but I
think a very good acquisition in places where
Beans are forced throughout the winter
months. I planted at the end of September
some two dozen plants of this valuable Bean
out of 3-inch pots in a Melon-house, to follow
a crop of Melons, without anything being
added to the soil, but simply forking it over.
The bine was trained up the wires for a dis-
tance of 4 feet. 1 commenced picking pods in
the middle of the month of November, on a
average every third day. The pods measured
6 to 8 inches in length, and to-day, Dec. 14,
I picked upwards of IJ lb. of splendid tender
pods. An advantage gained by this method is
that the plants take up very little space, and
the foliage is near the glass, which enables
them to set well. They are kept very clean
by the use of the syringe, and podding is
aided by a little manure-water. The house
resembles a house of immature Cucumbers,
and the pods are much larger than those of
ordinary French Beans at this season. Fredk.
iS'niit/i, Gliffaes Gardens, Crickhowell.

AZALEA MOLLIS AND RHODODENDRONS FOR

NORTHERN SMOKY TOWNS.— Seeing your replies
to your correspondent, "Experientia docet,"
] thought it might be of some assistance to
him if I gave him my experience in this
district, as from his nom-de-pliinie he evidently
thinks that experience is the best teacher.
Three years ago I planted a number of Rhodo-
dendrons, and as the soil was only about
9 inclies in depth, and underneath there was a
bed of solid clay, I took out the clay to a
depth of about 3 feet, placed in the bottom of
the bed a quantity of rough stones, and filled
in with peat and a small quantity of sand.
The varieties planted were named hybrids,
amd so far they have grown and flowered
remarkably well, withstanding the drought
of last summer without apparently any ill
effects. 1 also planted a number of Azalea
mollis and A. pontica, also some Rhododen-
dron ponticum ; and as regards the prepara-
tions for these, I merely took away some of
the clay and replaced it with good loam and
some material to secure porosity, and had the
beds well trenched, the fresh material in-
corporated with the staple. At the time of
planting, I put some leaf-soil with each plant.
Spirsea arguta is a shrub that should be
planted in every garden, thriving, as it will,
almost anywhere ; and in April, when it is
covered with myriads of small white flowers,
it is a beautiful object. 1 think that the
chief cause of failure in smoky places lies
not so much in the locality as in not having
the land well drained and worked, and by not
making it more porous where it is stiff and
retentive. Besides the plants above men-
tioned, some of the more hardy Conifers do
very well, viz., Cupressus Lawsoniana, C.
erecta Fraseri, C. Nootkatensis, and many of
the Thuyas. All of the above are planted
within a mile of many factory chimneys, and
are thriving. F. W. C, Preston.

RUST ON CHRYSANTHEMUMS. — Refcri-ing to

the note by "W. S. " on this topic, perhaps
some observations on a trial that came under
my notice this season of plants growing side
by side, fifty of which had no manure what-
ever, and escaped without a trace of the pest
on any one of them. The others, which were
highly manured chiefly with artificial manure,
were almost denuded of foliage by the time
that the blooms expanded. It would appear
from this test that the use of chemical manure
is accountable for the presence of the disease

December 21, 1901.]

THE GARDEXERS' CHRONICLE.

461

in many collections. Will some large grower
of the plants give a more extended trial, and
report thereon in these pages ? H. CaUoch,
Denton, Grantham.

RYTON MUSCAT GRAPE. — Some time ago,
when at Dalkeith, I remarked a vinery planted
with this variety. They were planted by the
late Mr. M. Dunn. The variety does not seem
to be much known, and I give the following
description of it, taken from Messrs. Rivers &
Son's catalogue :— " Berries large, oval, equal
in size. It was raised many years ago at
Ryton, near Kewoastle-on-Tyne." Judging
from what I saw of it at Dalkeith, it may
become a rival to the old Muscat of Alex-
andria. Mr. W'hj-lock thinks highly of it.
William Cartnicluiel, 14, Pitt St., Edinburgh.

ORCHIDS IN LEAF -MOULD. — Surely your
correspondent (in this week's Calendar of
Work) must be guilty of a little discrepancy.
He first alludes to the very great caution
required in applying water to plants potted in
this compost, owing to the retention of
moisture for too long a period. Then he states
in conclusion, that an excessive amount of
water is necessary to plants so potted, other-
wise the prejudicial result (premature growth)
would be avoided. Xow to the anxlons
amateur is not this rather perplexing? he will
be in a quandary deciding between the neces-
sary excessive moisture, and the requisite
"great caution" in the application of same.
Owing to the absorbent nature of this com-
post, had he not better desist from affording
water during our dull season, letting a very
little spraying suffice for the necessary hu-
midity ? My object in remarking on this
subject is not to pose as a scientist, or to give
advice, but rather to evoke discussion on what
is admittedly an important question, should
this comparatively new rooting medium for
Orchids become general. The continental
growers have used this compost for some
years with good results. True, the lack of
sunshine in our winters (as your respected
correspondent remarks) is somewhat of a
deterrent to its general use ; but cannot we
in a measure overcome that dilliculty ? In the
past so much has been accomplished in Orchid
culture, seemingly overwhelming obstacles
removed by devoted and untiring attention to
details, often by no means under congenial
conditions, that surely this problem need not
make us despair. If not so successful as our
continental friends, owing to our climate, wo
can in a measure make amends for the dull
season by affording increased light and air
during the summer, which will enable us to
build up a .sturdier growth which could with-
stand the conditions of a dull and waterless
season. Are wc not often too zealous in the
use of the sun-blinds ? In Franco this com-
post-question is regarded as bt^ing of sullicient
importance lor the French Horticultural So-
ciety to appoint this year a Commission to
enquire into tho possibilities and adaptation
of leaf-mould for general use in the cultivation
of Orchids. Rather a startling announcement
was ma<Ie by Messrs. Duval, of Versailles,
whose establishment was visited, who re-
marked that water was never applied to their
Orchids in the usual manner, syringing and
damping between the pots being found to be
sufDcient, and never at any time was much
moisture required. M. Dclanghe, of Brussels,
also considers the application of water such
an important matter, that he always carries it
out himself. I'.efore adopting leaf - mould
generally, a few varying conditions should bo
considered, in which we differ from the conti-
nental conditions. First and most important
is the temperature obtained, assuming only and
not from personal experience, tli<', plants will
require less artificial heat, in itself a matter
that has a great influence on the moisture in
the compost and about tho plant; secondly,
plants that are surfaced with sphagnum-moss,
moisture is here necessary in order to keep
the inoss alive. Messrs. Duval consider
sphagnum-moss a superfluity, plants growing
well and rooting freely without it. Plant-
stages capable of holding water are of two-

fold value, seeing that they give off humidity,
and keep the direct pipe-heat away from the
plants above them. Thirdly, have we the
same sort of leaf-mould in this country that
the continental growers use, and have we
a natural blend of peat, leaf-mould, loam,
sand, or must we import leaf-mould ? In that
case I fear the cost will deter its general use ;
yet cheapness is held to be a great advantage
that it has as compared with peat. We may
yet -find the necessary material in some of our
own peat districts, as good as the Belgian.
Anent annual repotting, with judicious care
this will not be so necessary, as we hear of
pots being used large enough to suffice for
two or three years. Ci-ispiirn.

WHAT IS CARNATION ? — Referring to the
article on p. 405 of last week's issue, I think
the short answer to this enquiry shoivld be :
Spice, or Clove. Carnation undoubtedly comes
from Caryophyllon, Latin for "spice." If we
refer to ioudon's Enojclopwdia of Gardening,
published 18:11, on p. 1041 we find enumerated
the najBcs by which the Carnation was known
in several foreign countries, viz., Karnoffel,
Dutch ; Garnofano ortcnse. Italian ; and En-
carnacion, Spanish. All these names have a
strong family likeness, have been derived from
the same source, and have the same meaning
— spice or clove. Loudon, in the same work
mentioned above, says the gardoii Carna ion
is supposed to have been introduced from
Germany or Italy, and also that Gerarde, in
1.j97, received it from Poland ; and no doubt,
from whatever country it may have been re-
ceived, it was accompanied by the name by
which it was known in that country. The
word being a forcigu one, it was altered to
suit our pronunciation ; and if tho original
signification of tho word was at first known, it
soon became lost, and to supply that loss wq
adopted another form of word having the samo
meaning. Clove ; so that when we speak of
Clove Carnation, tho original meaning is Clove
Clove. There is another word formerly much
more used than now, in relation to Stocks and
Carnatipas, which has exactly tho samo
meaning ; that isGilli, or Gilly, as Gilliflower,
or Giliistoek; it comes from the French
word for Clove, Girofle. This has also
been derived from Caryophyllon, probably
through the Dutch, or modern Italian
form. So Gilly-stock is literally Clove-stock.
To suppose that Carnation was derived from
tho so-called colour of that name, wcmid,
I think, be placing the cart before tho horse.
There are a great many colours, I believe,
which bear names taken from plants, animals,
and things, such as violet, lilac, rose, pink^
flesh, chamois, straw-colour, and tho very
modern strawberry and crushed-strawboi-ry ;
but I am not acquainted with any instances
where plants have been named after a colour,
(hough there may be some. This is but a very
short note on a big and interesting subject,
and I shall bo pleased to refer to it again.
//. R/!iot(.

the Society during, a portion of the troublous
times at South Kensington. Mr. Richards,
although having no special horticultural know-
ledge, was an excellent official, and generally
popular, and his transference to the Albert
Hall was looked on with regret.

SOCitTIES.

©bituan?.

Major Heneage, V.C, whose death took
place suddenly on the !lth inst., planted a very
rich collection of choice trees and shrubs at
his residence. Compton Bassett, Calne, Wilts;
and exhibited a lively interest in arboricul-
ture. His gardener, Mr. W. A. Cook, is known
to many readers of the Gardeners' Clironiclc.
The deceased gentleman was seventy- one
years of age.

James Richards. — On December 14, at
."!, Kim Villas, Kaling Green, W., died, .lames
Iticbards, for twenty-seven years Honorary
Secretary of the International I'lxhibition Co-
operative Wine Society, and late of tho Royal
Albert Hall, and Royal Horticultural Society,
itc, aged (i(i years. Interment, South Kaling,
Saturday, noon. Many of the older Fellows of
tho Royal Horticultural Society will remember
Mr. Richards as the Assistant-Secretary of

BOYAL HpRTICULTUKAL.

C.HlS\yiCK.
NovEMBEK 12.— A mectiug of the Fruit and Vegetable .
Committee was held, hijre on this date. Present : Mr.
Balderson, iu tlie Chair; and Messrs. J. WUlard, G.
Wytlies, !G. Keif, W, Bates, G. Reynolds, and A. Dean.
The special object of the, meeting was to test the
cooking qualities of various late Potatos. When at. a
preceding meeting in the autumn the uamerous stocks
of late varieties \yereliftQd,. and selected fine croppers
cooked, it was louhd, th»t many of them were not
mature, hence Uic liplding. of a cooking test so late in
the year. Tliere were (en varieties presented to the Com-
mittee, all admirably bpite'd in their coats ; and so good
were live of Ihcin, that' three marks were unanimously
awarded to each. Samples of these it was agreed
should be presented lo'thc full Committee at the Drill
Hall on the iTtli, to enai>Ic Awards of Merit to be given
to them, the meeting at 'chiswick again failing to
constitute a quorum. The following were the honoured
varieties : Fyldc Wonder (Troiighton), handsome, white,
round, and a heavy cropper ; Ellington's Prolific, wliitc,
round, pink-eye, a huge cropper ; Debbie's Improved
Kidiicy (a!namc the'.ConU'iiitce desired to be changed),
a handsomcwhite Kidney, abundant cropper; linriiiaU
licauty, round, white, a very great cropper; and Carl-
tonlan (Tiiylor), while, round, with slightly yellow flesh,
also a heavy cropper. All these showed mcally ihsh
of special excellence. "The Committee cordially agreed
thiit itjwasjdesirable th,T,t the Council should otitaln
an aero or two of open ground on some morn rcteni ive
soil, for the purposes of enabling more complete trials
of Peas and Potatos to be conducted than the limiled
area of Chiswick Garden affords. Some Celeries were
tn have been examined; btit because it was not possililo
to get them platitod putnhtil other crops wore oir, they
were too lato and Impcrfefct, to constitute a proper
trial. ''','"

I Dkcembeh 17.— The l.ist meeting of the Committees
of this Society for tUe present calendarial year (the
Society's year continues •until February) was held on
Tuesday last in tho Drjll Hall, iiuckinghani Gale,
Westminster. As In usual at such a meeting, there was
rather a meagre display of exhibits, as not only was
the previous nigUt veryc/old, but it was succeeded in
London by a thivk tog, which lifted about noon.
Orcliids were naturallynot numerous, but tho admir-
able ilisplay of paintings by.Mlss Roiikhts did mucli to
coniponsato the Ucllcionoy ii» living apecjinens.

Tho only awards rocoimiionded by tho Ouchid.Com-.
MirrEE to novelties were to a Lycaste and a Cypri-
podinm ; also a Conim'dndation to some Bamboo
blinds, shown by Messrs: Wteuwehi' & 00.

Tho members of the Fr,onAr, CojrMirrEE turned out;
well, there being a large- number present. This body
recommended three Aivaids of Merit, ouo to a new
Itcgonia.and the renia'inihg two to Chrysanthemums.
Messrs. <'ANNEi,r. showed bright Pelargonium flowers,
Messrs. Jxmks Vhitch an excellent group o£ wintor-
llowering Begonias, and Messrs. W. Wells & Co. a
group of ClirysanUiemums, <tc.

TuK. FHurr and Veoetable CoMMiTrEE, of wllicll
only eleven members wCro present, rcconuncnded
Awards of Merit to a ntftv Pear, a new Apple, and to
live varieties of Potatos. ■

At a meeting in the afternoon there was no lecture
given, but upw<ards of forty new Fellows were elected,
making a total of about MO elected since the com-
mencement of the year.

floral Committee.

PresciU: W. MarslLill, Esq., Chairman ; and Messrs.
Chas. T. Drucry, II. H. May, Geo. Nicholson, Maines
Walker, R. Dean, G. Keuthc, Jas. Hudson, Hcrlicrt J.
Cutl)U8h, C. B. Fielder, Cliarles Dixon, Charles Jett'ries,
C. J. Salter, Chas. E. Pearson, Chas. E. Shea, W. P.
Thomson, E. II. Jenkins, W. J. James, .Harry Turner,
.1. W. Barr, J. F. McLeod,.and R. C. Notcult.

Messrs. W. Wells & Co., Earlswood Nurseries, Rod-
hill, .Surrey, made'_'an interesting exhibit of Chrysan-

462

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 21, 1901.

tliemums in a group coiitainiug plants in pots, and cut
flowers. All the varieties shown were decorative ones,
such as Princess Victoria, while ; Letrier, white
Japanese, good large flower of excellent type ; Mrs. C.
li(nvn, cream-coloured ; Christmas Crimson, a new late
flowering variety, not unlike medium-sized blooms of
Ed. Molyneux ; and a pink sport from Princess Victoria.
Among single-flowered varieties shown were Clibran's
Ti'rra-Cotta, J. T. Angus, purple; Nora D.Tvis, bronzy-
red ; Sir Redvers Buller, a good, large-flowered, late
variety, Ac. (Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. Swan, Ivybridge, S. Devon, e.xJiibited blooms of
a Chrysanthemum named Mrs. Browufield Craig, a pink
.lapanese, the florets of which arc deeply forked (Stag's,
born fashion) at tlie tips, giving the blooms a curious
.appearance.

Messrs. JamesVeitch A Sons, Ltd., Royal Exotic Nur-
sery,King's Rd. .Chelsea, madeanother very fine display
ot winter-blooming Begonias of the section obtained by
crossing B. socotrana wifli tuberous-rooted varieties,
and which were described fully on p. 438 of our issue
for last week. The varieties shown on Tuesday were
Winter Cheer, Ensign, and Julius; and the display
J'urnislied a side of one of the long tables that run
nlong the length of the hall (Silver-gilt Flora Medal).

Messrs. H. Cannet.l ct Sons, Swanley, Kent, made a
display of cut flowers of zonal Pelargoniums, having
exceedingly bright colours, and possessing large size
;ind good form. Some of the best vai'icties were Winston
Cliurchill, splendid rose colour with white centre .
I'rcsident McKinley, a mixture of purple and scarlet ;
<ieneral French, scarlet; Lord Roberts, purple ; Lady
Sarah Wilson, white, speckled with scarlet ; Duke of
Norfolk (new), purple, very large ; Lady Roscoe, flesh-
pink, very delicate, a most distinct variety; Lady
■Jjaurier, pink ; Capt. Holford, scarlet and purple; Lord
llopetoun, scarlet ; General Buller, deep crimson ;
Cerise, &c. (Silver-gilt Banksian Medal).

A. G. Sandeman, Esq., Presdales Gardens, Ware (gr.,
Mr. G. Fulford), showed plants of a good scarlet-
llowered zonal Pelargonium named Mrs. Albert
Sandeman.

W. Sewadd, Esq., Hanwell (gr., Mr. C. Slirimpton),
showed a group of well-grown Cyclamens, in pots.
There were forty or fifty specimens, in good flower
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Mr. J. Williams, Oxford Road, Ealing, showed an
epcrgne (of the rural type, silver-plated) prettily fur-
nished with small yellow Chi-ysanthemum-blooms and
pink-coloured Carnations, witli suitable gi'eenery. The
cpergneand arrangement were light, and the colours
very pleasing.

J. COLMAN, Esq., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr., Mr.
W. P. Bound), exhibited a group of Poinsettias, with
large, highly coloured bracts, which however soon
showed signs of check from the cold atmosphere of the
building (Silver Banksian Medal)-.

I'rom Lord Ancasters garden, Normanton Hall,
Slamford (gr., Mr. J. Butler), came sprays of
Chiraonanthus fragrans grandiflora, and some good
specimens of several choice varieties of Violets.

Messrs. Garaway & Co., of Bristol, showed a large
single Violet, named '■ King o£ the \'iolets."

Awards of Meuit.

llegnnia Agatha.— This is a hybrid Begonia obtained
from a cross between B. socotrana and B. " Moonlight,"
tlic latter variety being itself a hybrid from B. Dregei
and B. Pearcci. The parents were shown .along with
lilants of the new variety, which in appearance is at
once strikingly suggestive of the Mrs. Leopold de
Rothschild form of B. Gloire de Lorraine. It is only
t le flowers, however, that are similar, the leaves being
more nearly like those of B. socotrana, but not peltate,
a idthehabitottheplantismorecompact. The novelty
is quite as floriferous as Gloire de Lorraine, but the
flowers are produced in a dense profusion, one upon
the other as it were. It i5 very showy, but may prove
In be loss graceful than the popular, easily-cultivated
variety named above. Shown by Messrs. Jas. Veitch &
Sons, Ltd.

Chnjsaidhemum Oolden Princess ricforj'o. — This is a
golden coloured sport £i-om the well-known late-
flowering variety, aud will make a glorious, brightly
coloured novelty for the Christmas season. Shown by
Messrs. W. Wells & Co.

Chrijsanthenmm. May McBcan. — This is an incurved
Japanese variety, and the tips of the florets resembling
a three-pronged fork ; it has a very distinct appearance.
For decorative purposes this novelty may prove
welcome. From Mr. F. J. McBean, Green Cross,
Plumpton.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Harry J. \ eitch. Esq., in the Chair; and
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (Hon. Sec), J. Colman, J. G.
Fowler, de B. Crawshay, R. Brooman-White, J. Douglas,
H. J. Cliapman, H. A. Tracy, H. T. Pitt, A. Hislop, E.
Hill, J. W. Odell, G. F. Moore, W. H. Young, W. H.
White, J. W. Potter. F. A. Rehdcr, H. Little. H. M.
Pollett, and T. W. Bond.

The sudden fall in the temperature caused some in-
tending exhibitors to keep their plants at home.
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons had entered for a group of
about forty distinct hybrid L:clias, L.'clio-Cattleyas, &c.,
among which were five new ones, flowering for the first
time ; but with 12° Falir. of frost, it was deemed better
not to bring them out of the houses.

Captain Holford, Westonbirt, Tetbury (gr., Mr. A.
Chapman), was awarded a Silver Flora Medal for a
group of excellently well grown Cypripediums, the
most remarkable of which were the fine C, x Milo,
" Westonbirt variety," a model flower, of fine coloui- ;
C. X Mrs. Tautz, with fine broad white dorsal sepal,
profusely spotted witli purple ; G. X nitens " M. dc
Curt(5," C. insigne citrinum, a fine yellow variety; ('. i.
" Uarefield Hall variety," still the largest and best of
its class; C. i. Sanderte, C. i. Dorothy, C. i. Dormani,
C. i. aureum, C. i. montanum aureum, C. i. Horsniani'
and other forms of C. insigne. Among the hybrids
were Cypripedium X Euryades, C. x Tityus, C. x l.ce-
annm, " Westonbirt variety," a fine and distinct flower ;
C. X L. Burfordiense, C. x L. gigantcum, &c. With
tliem were a grand spike of Vanda crerulea, Liclio-Cat-
llcya X Bletchleyensis, and Cattleya Walkeriana.

SirTREvoE Lawrence, Bart., Burford (gr., Mr. W. II.
White), showed a cut spike of Vanda Sanderiana
ro8.ill)a, with the upper sepal and petals nearly white,
with slight pun)lc spotting on the inner halves of tlie
segments; lower sepals greenish with purple vcining
at the base. Also Odontoglossumxcrispo-Harryanum,
and Cypripedium x Euryades " Burford variety," very
finely coloured.

The Hon. Walter Rothschild, Tring Park, showed
his unique specimen of Mormodes badium luleum,
which had previously received an Award, The type
plant in the Tring Park collection is of a dark claret-
purple ; the variety shown had clear yellow flowers
with a singular fish-tail form of labellum. The same
exhibitor sent Liclio-Cattleya x intermedio-flava.

H. S. Leon, Esq., Bletchley P.ark (gr.,Mr. A. Hislop),
showed the singular-looking Cattleya x Arthuriana
(Dormaniana x luteola), and Cattleya x preciosa var.
Hislopi, with rosy-lilac flowers, veined witli purple on
the lip.

F. Welleslev, Esq., 'W'estfield, near Woking (gr., Mr.
Gilbert), showed Cypripedium x Minnie (? y. Leoanum
X nitens). Tlie dorsal sepal was white, with a small
green base, and a number of purple spots in the middle
area. Petals and lip yellowish with brown markings.

De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr., Mr.
Stables), showed a spike of Liclia anceps Amesiana
Theodora, a further extension of the fine L. a. Amesi-
ana Crawshayana, the front lobe of the lip in the
present variety being broader. Sepals white, tinged
with rose ; petals white, shaded with rose on the outer
halves, and tipped with purple ; crest dark yellow ;
front lobe of the lip deep ruby-purple.

F. BiBBY, Esq., Hardwlck Grange, near Shrewsbury,
sent Lrclia anceps " Lady Stanley Clarke," a fine flower
of the grandiflora class.

Mrs. Haywood, Woodhatch Lodge. Reigate (gr., Mr.
C. J. Salter), sent Cypripedium X Lawrebel var. punc-
tatissima, in which the petals were spotted with
dark purple.

Mr. J. McBean, Cooksbridge, showed Cypripedium
insigne "McBean's variety," a very large flower, with
unusually long upper sepal, the apical part of which
was white, the basal half yellowish-green, with large
light brown spots.

M. Linden, Brussels, showed plants of the
yellow Cypripedium x insigne Chantini Lindeni, and
Oncidium varicosum Moortebeekense, the large bright
yellotv lip of which had a distinct reddish-brown
blotch at the base— a very showy variety.

FitED. Hardy, Esq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey
(gr., Mr. Stafford), sent cut flowers of Sophro-Cattleya
X Geo. Hardy, Cypripedium insigne aureum, C. i.
giganteum, C.xLeeanum giganteum, and C. xLeeanum
reticulatura.

Dr. E. B. Cranstone, Ludlow (gr., Mr. J. Godfrey),
sent Lfclio-Cattleya x Cranstonijc (C. Harrisoniana x
L. tenebrosa). Both plant and flower bore a striking
resemblance to Cattleya maxima, although there is no
doubt the p.arentage given is correct. Sepals and

petals white, tinged and veined with pale rose. Lip
wliite, with dark rose veining.

II. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr.. Mr.
Thurgood), showed a cut example of Lycaste x Balli:i-
superba, with a very finely-coloured flower.

Messrs. Heath & Son, Cheltenham, showed Cypri-
pedium X Latliamiauum giganteum, C. x Leeauum
viridc, and other Cypripediums; also two white
Dendrobium Pliahcuopsis, with rose-coloured front to
the labellums.

A very efTective aud interesting display of the pic-
tures of certificated plants made by Miss Roberts, the
Society's Artist, was arranged down tlie middle of the
Hall, the varieties exhibited being arranged in groups
according to ttieir parentage, and the utility of the
pictures could thus be readily understood. The Cypri-
pediums were represented by about sixty drawings ;
the Cattleyas and their hybrids by about one hundred ;
the Lfelias and Liclio-Cattleyas, over one hundred ;
Odontoglossums, about seventy; and other genera in
less quantity, only part of the collection being staged
on this occasion. The necessity for having drawings
of some of the best of the plants that are certificated
liefore all of the certificated plants are drawn is
evident, and it is intended to supply the deficiency as
opportunity offers.

Messrs. C. W. Nieuwerf & Co., Pinner Road, Harrow-
on-the-Hill, showed their Bamboo blinds specially re-
commended for sluading Orchid .and other plant-
liouses, and the Committee passed a vote of Com-
mendation. The blinds, which are extremely light and
strong, are made in Java, the long strips of Bamboo,
of which they consist, being woven together with a
strong cord of " Kemoetie," the whole being light and
easy to roll up. either with or without a roller. The
a,dvant,agc is that the necessary shade is given witli-
out liglit or ventilation being interfered with.

Awards.

Award of Merit.

Lycasle x Tanslilti, from Robert Tunstill, Esq.,
Monkholme, Burnley (gr., Mr. Balmforth).— .\ very
pretty supposed natural hybrid Imported with
Lycaste Skinneri, and having flowers as large as tliat
species, but witli the sepals longer and more pointed;
in colour it resembles L. x Balliae, but the narrower
labellum witli downy margin readily distinguishes it.
Sepals rose-coloured, petals white, with small rose-pink
spots in the middle ; lip ruby-red with white markings.

Cuprijiediiim y. Troilus (Sallieri Hyeanum x insigne
Sandenc), from J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands,
South Woodford (gr., Mr. J. Davis). A very distinct
hybrid, with a strong likeness to the fine C. insigne
Sanderie, especially in the dorsal sepal, which has the
upper part pure white, as in C. insigne Sandera;. The
petals and lip were yellowish with slight brown tinge.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: Geo. Bunyard, Esq., chairman; and Messrs.
Jos. Cheat, J. W. Bates, S. Mortimer, Alex. Dean, Geo.
Keif, J. Jaques, F. Q. Lane, Geo. Wythes, W. Pouiiart,
and II. Markham.

Messrs. John PEED & Sons, Roupell Park Nurseries,
Norwood Road, London, S.E., made an exhibit of a
collection of Apples and Pears in considerable variety.

R. P. Cooper, Esq., Berkliamsted, exhibited some
fourteen bunches of Grapes, including specimgns of
Black Alicante, good in size of buncli and colour of '
berries, the latter being of moderate size; and finely-
finished bunches of the new white variety. Lady Hutt
(Silver Banksian Medal).

Messrs. Froome & Son, High Road, East Finchley,
exhibited fruits of a moderate-sized yellow-coloured
Apple, with little red upon one side, and sparse spot"
ting, named Finchley Pippin ; and W. H. H.\yward.
Esq , Watlingford, Howden, Clieshire, showed fruits of
Apple Watlingford Pippin, about the ordinary size of
Blenheim Orange Pippin, slightly shrivelled; and
another seedling ,\pple, bright-looking hard fruit, was
shown by Mr. Harrison, Frieland Lodge Gardens,
Woodstock.

Awards of Merit.

Appte The llonblun.— This is the product of a cross
between Peasgood's Nonsuch and Cox's Orange Pippin.
The fruits are about the same size as those of the
latter variety. They are highly coloured, especially on
one side, the colour occasionally having the appear-
ance of splashes. The eye is open, and set in a
moderate-sized basin ; stalk less than half an inch
long, proceeding from an even, funnel-shaped cavity;
flavour excellent, of the character ot Cox's Orange
Pippin. Shown by Captain Carstairs, Welford Park.^
Newbury (gr., Mr. C. Ross).

Decbmber 21, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

4(33

Pear General Wauchope.—A seedling variety from Ne
PlusMcuris X Duehesse d'Angoulumc. II is of mode-
rate size, regular in form, excepting a thickening of
the flesh near to the stalk. Tlie stalk is about ).V inch
long, and the eye is set in a deep depression. Skin yel-
lowish-green, with minute spotting. Flesh soft and
juicy, free from giittiness ; flavour rich, partaking of
that 01 the first named parent. Apparently a good
addition to late - ripening Pears. From Captain
Cab:staibs.

Po(a<o».— .Vwards of Merit were recommended to the
following varieties of Potatos, tubers of which were
shown from the Society's Gardens at Cliiswick, whence
they had been sent for trial -.—CarUimia, from Mr. A.
Taylor, Brougham, Penrith; Diibbie's Improved Kidneii,
from Messrs. DoBBiE i Co., Rothesay; t'l/ldr' Wonder.
from Mr. W. Troui:hton', l.i4. Church Street, Preston ;
Ellingfong ProU,!i<: from Mr. W. Ei.li.vi:ton. Milden-
liall, Sufl'olk: and A'cr's B., from Mr. W. Keu. Dum-
fries, X.B.

LINNEAN.

Decembek .5.- Dr. W. G. RiDEwooD, F,L.S., e.\hibited
nine specimen:; of abnormal sacra in the edible frog
(Kana esculenta), and one in the common frog (Rana
temporaria).

Dr. J. H. Salter read a paper on " Protoplasmic
Connections in the Lichens. " The investigations de-
tailed were undertaken at the suggestion of Prof.
Arthur Meyer, of Marburg, the Lichens chosen for
special study being Peltigera canina, Evernia Pru-
nastri, Usnea barbata, Cladonia furcata, C. rangiferina,
and C. squamosa. One per cent, of osmic acid was
used for fixing, dilute sulphuric acid for causing
swelling, and chloral hydrate for clearing; " Bairisches
Blau," which is identical witli llofTniann's blue in ils
action, was employed for staining. Observations were
made by a Zeiss 1 IS homogeneous oil-immersion objec-
tive, giving a magnification of 160O diameters, and tie
drawings were made by the aid of the camera lucida.
Sections througli the body of the Lichen, showing tic
cortex, gonidial layer, hypha", and rlii/.oids were dis-
played on the screen, and the various forms of connei-
tion of hyphic inter n<\ or with the algal cells were
pointed out. The author stated, in conclusion, that the
observations tended to show that a complete ant-
tomical union exists between the several tissues of tin:
Lichen thallus, due to the innumerable connections
which may be traced between the ultimate histological)
units, the segments of the hypha?. Many physiologic;il
problems are simplified, and a new coui-eption is ol-
tained, by our ability to recognise tlie essential unily
of the living matter throughout the organism.

Mr. F. Chapman, A.L.S., read a paper on the '• Fora-
minifera collected round tlie Funafuti Atoll, from
shallow and moderately deep water; with notes on
new species from the sands of the Reef slope. "

BRISTOL & DISTRICT GARDENERS'
MUTUAL IMf>ROVEM;ENT.

Dece.mdek 12 —The fortnightly uiccling of lliis Asso-
ciation was held at St. Joliu's Rooms, on Ihc above
date, Mr. Hancock presiding over a moderate attend-
ance. Tlieessay for the evening was on "Slovo Plants, '
by Mr. J. T. Curtis, gr.to Alderman \V. Howell Davis, J. P.
It was in every I'espect a practical one, and one
which reflects great credit on the essayist and on the
Association. Mr. Curtis divided his subject inio three
parts: stove climbers, flowering, and foliage plants,
dealing witii details in a clear and masterly way. He
gave an excellent selection of all lliree varieties of
stove plants, their mode of culture and treatment,
their usefulness for decorative imrposes, and tlie
insects which infest them, and the best means of preven-
tion and eradication. .\t tlic outset he remarked he
was giving his own practii-al experience, which showed
he was a successful cultivator.

Where the gardener has no proper stove-house, Mr.
Curtis gave directions as to the arrangement of the
difTercnt varieties, so as not to overcrowd, and yet to be
able to grow them with success. The comiiost for each
plant was carefully described, tlie lecturer imparling
his knowledge to his audience in a dear way, from
which they were able to obtain many valuable hints.
The cultivation of Codi;cums, Oardenias, Pancratiums,
and Eucharis was described, and clear and concise
details for their successful cultivation given.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Decemiiku ]•;. \ meeting iif Ihc executive uinilli-c

look place at Carr's Restaurant, SIraiiil, on the above-
dale, Mr. Tlios. Bevan in thccliair. A repoil was made
.18 to the amount of the prize-money and med.ils at the
December exhibition, which was generally lauded as
one of the higliest quality the Society lias ycMield at
this .season of the year. The chairman made a report
as to the Annual Dinner, stating that the number pre-

sent was largely in excess of that of any previous
dinner, ,all classes of horticulturits. with representa-
tives of various municipalities, having conic together
to do honour to the new President, Sir .\. K. KoUilt,
M,P. .\ hearty vote of thanks was passed to all who
had furnished flowers and fruit for the tables; and to
Messrs. H. J. Jones and W. Cutbush it Son for decorating
the hall.

The special prizes hitherto given by Mr, H, Deverill.
Banbury, at the October show, and by Mr, R, Syden-
ham at the November stow, were again oflered and
accepted with thanks.

The annual general meeting of the Sociely was fixed
for Monday, February:); and a hope was expressed
that the President would occupy the chair. An in-
terim financial slatement of a satisfactory cliaracler
was read, and there is every promise the Society will
be able to wind up the «eason with a balance in hand.

riii. 140.— AN Ain TO sErrisG i-p err ilowers

FLORAL All).

In fig. 110 wc .show a simple little con-
trivance iiiailo of wire, and painted green,
which has frequently been exhibited at the
Koyal Horticultural .Society's meetings at the
Drill Hall, duriiif; the present year. It is the
invention of Mr. C. .1. Wakefield, 58, Hiiidon
Street, London, .S.W., and fulfils satisfactorily
an oft admitted want in arranging cut flowers
.gracefully in saucers, bowls, baskets, and
vaso9. Three sizes are kept in stock by the
maker and patentee, but it can be made of any
desirable size.

HOLLAND.

.VN.KCTOCllll.l.
If Mr. -lames O'Brien wishes to see a fine
<'ollection of Ansectochili {vide Gardenerx'
Chronicle, December 7, p. 110), let him come
to the Botanic Garden of L'treeht, where they
have been grown for the last ten years witli
great success. Nothing else is used as potting
materials than peat and sphagnnni-moss, with
a little sand. The principal point is : give
them a place on the north side of a small
house, and they will grow like weeds. J. K.
Biidde, Curator, I'trecht.

ENQUIRIES.

Theory and Practive of Gardening, by John
.lames. London : 1709. yew Principles of
dardeniiHj, by Batty Langley. Twickenham :
1728. Will some reader of the Gurdcnei-s'
t'/()'oii(cie kindly inform F. W. M. if these
books have any value from a horticultural
point of view? They are, he tells us, of large
size, and in good condition. [Only of value as
historical curiosities. Ed.]

Wherk can I obtain specimens of the wood
of .\ylia dolabriformis? C.

MARKETS.

OOVENT GARDEN, DECEMBER 10,

iWe cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They arc furnished to us regularly every
Thursday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who revise the list, and who are
responsible for the quotations. It must be remem-
bered tliat these quotations do not represent the
prices on any particuhir day, but only the general
averages for the week iircceding the date of our
report. The prices depend upon the quality of
the samples, the mipply in the market, and the
demand, and they may fluctuate, not only from day
today, but often several times in one day. Ed.1
Cot Flowers, Ac— Avehaoe Wholesale Prices.
».(i. 3.d. s.d. s.d.

Lily of Valley, p.

1 6- 2 « doz, bunches 9 0-18 0

Maidenhair Fern,

doz, bunches 4 0-80
Mignonetle, per

doz, bunches 4 0-60
Odontoglossums,

per dozen ,.. 2 6-60
Roses, Tea, white,

per dozen ... 10-30
— Catherine
Merniet, per

doz 2 0- ."> 0

Smilax, p. bunch .3 0-5 0
Tuberoses, per

doz. blooms 0 4- 0 6

.Vsparagns'Fern,'

bunch...
Carnations, per

dozen blooms 10-20
Cattleyas, p doz. V 0-12 0
Eucharis, p. doz, I i>- i; 0
gardenias, doz. 16-20
Lilium Harrisii,

dozen blooms .*> 0- H 0
Llliumlancifolm.

album, p. doz.

blOOMS

Liliuni rubrum,

per dozen ...
Liliuin longiflrm.

per dozen ...

.10-4 0
3 0-50

. 0- N 0
Vegetables.— A VKRAOK Wholesale Pbicbs.

Artichokes, Globe,
per dozen ...

- Jerusalem, p.
sieve

Asparagus Sprue,
bundle

- Paris Green...

- Giant 1

Karbe de Capiicinc,

bundle

Beans, dwf., bouse,
■lb.

«,d. s.d.

1 II

1 :»- 1 I

1 IS- 2 I

10-26

— Madeira, bkt. 2 6- .1 0
Beetroots, new

per bushel ,.,
Brussels Sprouts

sieve

Cabbage, tally ...

— dozen

Cardoons, each .,.
Carrots, per doz,

bunches

— washed, bags 2 6- .1 0

— unwashed, per

bag 2 II —

Cauliflowers, doz. i o- 1 ji

— tally .'> n- H 0

Celeriac, per doz, 1 +- 2 0
Celery,12bundles 9 0-12 0
Chicory, per lb,.,, 0 .'I —
Cress, per dozen

punnets ... 1 .1 —

Cucumbers, doz. 4 t>-10 0

Endive. new

French, doz, 1 .1- 1 6

Garlic, per lb. ,.. 0 :i ~-

Horseradish, fo-
reign, hunch 10-16

Leeks, 12 bunches 16 —

LDtt-uces, Cabbage,

per dozen ,., 1 0- 1 ,1

d.rt. t.d
Mint, new bunch 0 ti ~
Mushrooms, house,

per lb. ... 0 9- 1 1
Onions, cases ...

— in bags

— plcklers, per
sieve

Parsley, per doz.
bunches

— sieve 0 9-10

Parsnips, p. cwt.

bag 3 6-3:!

Potatos, per ton.. 46 O-S.'i 0

— new, per lb,... 0 3 —

— uewTenerifTe
per cwt.

Radishes, p. doz.

bunches ... 0 9 —

Rhubarb, Yorks,

per dozen .., 16-20

Salad, small, pun-
nets, per doz.

Salsafy, per doz.
bundles 2,0 —

Savoys, tally .., 6 0-7 U

Seakale, per doz.
punts 12 O-l.'i 0

Shallots, per lb.... 02 —

Spinach, English,

bushel ... 2 0 —

Stachys, lb. ... 0 4 —
inatos, Eng- • ■

lish, dozen lb. 16-2 li
Canary, boxes ' 1 '3- 2,16

0- 7 6
S- 6 0

2 0-30
16-20

14 0-lS 0

13 —

Turnip-Tops, bus.

— bag

Turnips, per doz.
bunches

10 —

2 0

464

THE GARD ENER S ' CHR QNICL E.

[December 21, 1901,

FBniT.— Average Wholesale Peices.

s.d.s.d.\ s.d. 8

Appies, home- I Cirajies, Gros Col-

grown, Wei- I mar

3 0-40

... 5 0-

lingtoas, per

bushel 6 0-10 0

— Blenheims,

&c., p. bushel 6 0-80
—'Cox's, sieve... B 0- 8 0

— Nova Sootian,
I various, per

r "barrel 15 0-25 0'

'; i-,Ribstons, per

! sieve

•-— King Pippins,
per bushel ...

— LargeCookers,
per bushel ... .10-6 0

Bananas, bunch .5 0-9 0

— loose, p. doz. 10-16
Chestnuts, per

bag 7 0-15 0

Cobnuts. Kentish,

per lb. ... 0 8J —

Ci'anberries, case 10 (i —

— quart ... ... 0 6 —

Custard - Apples,

per dozen ... 10 0-12 0
Grapes, Muscats,
home-grown,
per lb., A. ... .3 0-4 0

B., per lb. 10-16

Alicante, lb

— — B., per lb. 0 6-09

— Almeira, per

lalb. 4 6-80

' ,per barrel 14 0-15 6

'Lemoils, Murcia
xund Malaga,
.per case ... 16 0-18 0
MeWns.each ' ... 0 3-13
Oranges, .Denia,

, pel- case ... 9 0-11 0

— Jaffa, per case 9 6-10 0
ii^.'-Jaiuaica, ;per .

case 12 6 —

'— Tad g i e M n e,

: per case ■ ... .0 9-1 3
Pears, in cases —
■ Glout M6r-
. . cenu it Easter

Beurrc ... 14 o —

— various,
. ; giev.e .V.

— stewing, per
crate 7 6 —

Pevsiuimons, per

dozen ... ... 2 0 —

Pines, each ... 3 0-60
Sapucaia Nuts, lb. 13 —
\V*alnuts, per

• cwl. 3li 0-3H 0

3 0-40

Plants in Pots.— Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. I
Adiantums, doz. 8 0-70
Arbor-vitte, var.,

per dozen ... 6 0-36 0
Aspidistras, doz. 18 0-3i 0
— specimen, ea. 5 0-10 6
Cannas, per doz. 18 0 —
Crotons, per doz. 18 0-30 0
Cyclamen, p. doz. 8 0-10 0
Dracaenas, var.,

per dozen ... 12 0-.30 0

s.d. s.d.
Ferns, small, per

.. 100 4 0-60

Ficuselastica, ea. 16-76
Foliage plants,

various, each 10-50
Lily oJ Valley, ea. 19-30
Lycopbdiums, 'p.

dozen 3 0-40

Marguerites, per

dozen 8 0-12 0

viridis, doz. 9 0-18 0 ' Myrtles, per doz. 6 0-90

Ericas, var., doz. 12 0-36 0
Euonymus, var.,

per dozen ...
Evergreens, var.,

per dozen ...
Ferns, in vaiuety,

per dozen ...

6 0-18 0
4 0-18 0
4 0-18 0

Palms, var., each 1 0-15 0

— specimen, ea. 21 0-63 0
Pelargoniums,

scarlet, doz. 8 0-12 0

— Ivyleaf, per

dozen 8 0^10 0

Spirjeas, per doz. 6 0-12 o

Remarks.— The quantity of wclUl>en-icd Holly is not
large, and the price asked for' it is high. Misleto
fetches from 7s. to 10s. pel- crate'. Citrons in cases of
fifteen fetch 5s. to 6s. Belgian, .(irapqs, 4(L to lOrf.
per lb.; and home-picked Lyclice^ from. India have
been offered for sale. Persimmonij are nearly over tor
t tie Season. ■ ■

ijyrmipOTuknU^M

Advkrtising for a Situation : J<\ S. None is
more suitable for your purpose than the
Gardeners' Chronicle.

Ant.9 in Greenhouses: Ants. We -would ad-
vise the purcliase of the Ballikinrain Ant-
destroyer, of A. Cross & Sons, Ltd., 19, Hope
Street, Glasgow. i •

Artificial and other Manures for CSrass
Land: Orass-plot. I|f the land is in poor
condition, a dressing of rotten stable or
farmyard manure, wood-ashes (2 lb. to a
square yard), and loam, may be applied.
This may be spread in February before the
grass begins to grow ; and when the la-wn is
raked clean of all debris in early April,
seeds of fine lawn grasses may be sown, if
the turf is in a patchy condition or coarse
grasses abound in it. Sulphate of ammonia
may be applied as an early dressing, as it
takes some time t<;> get nitrified; or nitrate
of soda may take its place after growth of
grass has begun, it being sooner available as
a plant food. Artificial manures of the kind
mentioned may be ajkplied at the rate of
3J cwt. per acre. I'he other dressings,
mixed, need not be heavier than is suflicient
to just render the grass invisible for a short
time. All coarse weeds and grasses, Daisies,
Plantain, Yarrow, &c., should be spudded
out before anything else is done. If the
turf is mossy, mix twocartloads of lime with
eight of loam, turning it once or twice, and
apply in place of, or in addition to, the
dung, using less of the latter, or none at all.
Without knowing the condition of the lawn,
and the kind of soil, wo can only advise
generally.

Asparagus : .7. F. Dress the beds with rotten
d«ng or seaweed at this season, and in very
early spring i-ake off this into the alleys,
and apijly agricultural salt at the rate of
2 to 3 ounces per square yard, and a similar
dressing of nitrate of soda. This dressing
may be once repeated iu May or June.

Begonia Gloire i)E Lorraine : Roxburgh. The
parents of this variety employed by Mr.
Lemoine, of Kancy, were B. socotrana and
B. Dregei. Veitch has raised tlie same
variety from B. socotrana and B. Moonlight.
[See last week's Gardeners' Chronicle for an
interesting article on Winter - flowering
Begonias, liy Mr. G. Schneider.]

BpOliS : W. Shar]>e. Vines and Vine Culture,
3rd edition, by A. F. Barron, may be obtained
from the author, 13, Sutton Road, Chiswick,
W. ; or at the ofBce of the Journal of Horti-
culture, 12, Mitre Court Chambers, Fleet
Street, E.G. — Decorator. We know of no
such book as that you desire to purchase.
You may meet with Annie Hassard's Table
Decorations at the bookstalls. — W. Fowlei-.
A Symposium, and How to Grow and Show
Tea Roses. You should apply to Mr. Ed.
Mawley, Rosebank, Berkhamsted. — H.
Harfill. Fruit Fartyiincj for Profit, by G.
Bunyard, Old jN'urseries, JIaidstone, pub-
lished by F. Bunyard, Week Street, Maid-
stone; 27(6 Art of Grafliiitj and Buddina, by
Baltet, to be had, if still in print, in English
of W. Robinson, 37, Southampton' Street,
Strand, W.C.

CtELOGYNE oristata : J. F. When growth is
perceived in the roots and pseudo-bulbs,
divide up and repot, keeping moderately
warm and moist, but not directly affording
much if any water.

CoRRECTIox : In referring to the Rose and Car-
nation awards at the New York Florists'
Club Show in a recent issue, read : "The
bronze medal went to a new scarlet^flowered
Carnation. The Rose -n'as exhibited by Mr.
John May, Summit, N.J., but it originated
near Boston."

Dressing for Grape "Vines : T. Challis. Wash
them with petroleum emulsion twice before
the buds burst, and thoroughly dean, paint,
and lime-wash the vinery, and take away
the upper crust of soil, replacing it with
new soil, bone-meal, superphosphate of
lime, or fresh lime. No need to paint the
Vines with any compound if the cleansing be
well done. Use a brush, and take care to
clear out the hiding places. For a method
of making a petroleum tree-wash that will
not harm A'ines, &c., see p. 452 in present
issue under " Fruits under Glass."

LILIUMS: J. H. S. The reply was given in our
issue for November 16, in "Answers to
Correspondents," under initials " I. H. S."

Manuring a Vine-border: Dover. Yes;
during the winter and early spring, and un-
less the soil is of a light nature, it should
be lightly forked or raked off. A summer
mulch is beneficial to Vines in light soils ;
farmyard manure partially decayed answers
very well. On heavy land summer mulohes
are better avoided, and the border lightly
dug and left rough. Two or three applica-
tions of dung water or diluted contents of the
cesspool doing more good. Some of Thom-
son's Vine-manure may be distributed and
washed in with clean water, or left for the
rain to carry to the roots. The Vine is an
omnivorous consumer of liquid manures, but
solid manure often applied ruins the soil in
a few years.

Names op Fruits: Carrick. 1, Rymer; 2,
Mank's Codlin ; 3, Scarlet Leadington ; 4,
Seek-no-Parther ; 5, Golden Reinette ; G,
the fruits were both in bad condition for
determination, but we believe the variety is
Nelson Codlin. Thanks for the particulars
given, and the careful packing. — A. R. 1,
Margil ; 2, Hollow-crowned Pippin ; 3, Wal-
thain Abbey Seedling; 4, rotten; 5, Winter
Nelis ; 6, Golden Winter Pe;irmain. The
labels were not affixed to the fruits, and
some had become misplaced. — G. 0. R.

Russet : Horsham Russet ; red : Reinette
VanMons; lemon: Tarvey Codlin. — Royston.

1, Northern Greening; 2, Golden Ducat; 3,
Flower of Kent; 4, Hanwcll Souring; 5,
Melrose ; (i, Mank's Codlin.— E. C. T., East
Yorks. Your fruits were carefully packed
and labelled; it is a pleasant task to deal
with such samples. 1, Dutch Mignonne ; 2,
Golden Noble ; 3, Dumelow's Seedling ; 4,
Nelson Codlin ; .5, Alfriston ; C, Hanwell
Souring ; 7, Round Winter Nonsuch. — R. A
good example of Cox's Orange Pippin.— B.,
Sheffield. The Pears sent were not in suit-
able condition for the determination of their
names ; they were also under the average
size. The following are the only numbers
received : — 3, Beui-re Sterckmanns ; 4, Broom-
park ; 5, Alexandre Bivort ; C, Beurre
Allard ; 7, Beurre d'Aremberg ; 10, quite
rotten.

Names of Plants : IV. T. Acanthus mollis, L.
— Rosa, Manchester. 1, Arrhenatherum
avenaceum ; 2, Phalaris arundinacea ; 3,
Pauioum capillare ; 4, Aristida vestita.
A. B. R. — Oncid. 1, Scolopendrium vulgare;

2, Quercus Ilex ; 3, Vinca major variegata ;
4 and 5, forms of Thuya occidentalis. — R. E.,
Bristol. Cirrhopetalum Cumingii. — J. E.
Glechoma hederacea variegata (Variegated
Ground Ivy). — J. JV., Wanvick. Dendrobium
bigibbum. — Foreman. 1, Lrelia aiitumnalis ;
2, Lselia albida. — 77. P. Brassia glumacea.
F. M. La?lia autumnalis, of the form which
approaches L:elia Gouldiana, which was
figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Feb. 8,
18'.)0, p. lU!).

New Zealand and Ai.stralia: J. C. B. Both
colonies abound in opportunities for indus-
trious men with a good knowledge of gar-
dening ; not somuchas gardeners in private
places, as these are not, as yet, very nume-
rous, but as supplying the needs of people
living in towns, and cultivating fruits, in-
cluding Grapes for wine-making and drying,
Piue-apples, flbre-yielding and dye plants.
New Zealand affords a fine climate for hardy
fruits, the cultivation of timber-trees, and
for farming and stock-rearing. Some capital
is needed, and the new - comer should not
rush into business as soon as he lands, but
.should take service with an old colonist for
a year or two, till the peculiarities of the
climate and of practice are understood, and
an insight has been obtained into the methods
of conducting business.

Sulphide of Potassium : Young Gardener. At
the rate of J-oz. of the sulphide to 1 gallon of
water, no harm will be done to the plants.

Temperature : Ignoramus. The temperature
you mention, a maximum of 55 , is not sufli-
cient to develop the Gardenia-buds at this
dull season of the year. The bud sent shows
plainly that it had been formed under more
favourable circumstances, and then probably
a sudden fall of the temperature during some
of the cold nights has caused them to decay.

Pr(j

CoMMUNK'ATiONs RECEIVED.— Inquirer— Mrs,
lessor Crie, Rennes— A. H. S.— J. C— Dr. Schumau
Berlin— H. G.— H. G. B.— E. M. W.— J. S.— A. L. J.
was, as you suggested, consigned to the W. P. B.
B., Sheffield— E. C. T., Fairlawn-T. H. B.— Vaugha
Bros.— W. S.— W. P.— G. H. J. D.— A. P.— T. H. S.
D. R.-J. D.— R. D.-E. J.— G. L.-G. W.— W. R.-J. C.
C. B.— C. T. D— J. D. G.— J. H.— Anxious Gardener
B. W. S.-W. F. G.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."
IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. — TAe Publisher has
the satisfaction of announcing that the circulation of the
"Gardeners' Chronicle" has, since the reduction in the
■price of the paper, more than

m- TREBLED. -®>

Advertisers are reminded that the "Chronicle" circulates
among Country Gentlemen, and all Classes of
GARDENERS AND GARD EN-LOVERS at hmne, that it has
a specially large Foreign and Colonial Circula-
tion, and that it is preserved for reference in all the
principal lAhraries.

(Remainder of Markets and Wea ther,see p. viii).

Dgckbibbb 28, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

4G5

THE

No. 7 S3.— SATURDAY, DEC. 28, 1901.
CONTENTS.

luci-
tra-

Jiooks, notices of —
La Botanique en
Provence au XV'Ie.

Sifeele

TliC Procession o£
tlie Months ... 472

C'apc Gooseberries ... 474
i-tnias Roses ... 474
Clirysantheiiium-rust 474
Cliriiatis sinilacifolia 466
Colonial notes—
Citliarc.Nylum

duiii

Flower-gardens,

elling

nit. frozen

Hellcborus niger

Melons. Cantsdoup ...

Obituary—

";f^i-i,'inan. Ernest ...

'iU>ert, Sir Ileni-y...

iir General Wau-

liope

Pears. late, from De-
vonshire

ea-. late

Ijiiis, new or DOte-

wortliy
l.iboi'cdrus macro-

lepis

Monoohoria vagina-

I Plum trees, cordon ...

Potatos, the disease

I and the manuring of

472 I Roses from America.

•■ Mrs. Oliver Ames,"

472 for our Christmas

474 I table

474 ! Ruellia macrantha ...

Scientific Committee

of the R.H.S

I Societies —
,-, Beckcnham Horti-

"■^ I cultuial

,_„ Richmond llorticul-

ifo tural

■Jlf Watei-ford Horticul-

;1S ""-"1

.->o1anum capsicastrum
476 Supplement, our

473 Tar rersiit paint
Thomas' Day, St.

474 Week's Work, the—
Flower Garden, the.

472 Fruits under Gla-ss..

473 1 Hardy Fruit Garden
; Kitchen Garden ...
I Orchid Houses, the.

Plants under Glass .
467 Wilson, Sir Jacob, re-
tires

lis var. Korsakowi 468 Year, the waning

ILLUSTRATIONS.

A Garden in Winter on the Riviera (Supplement).

Clematis sniilacifolia

Datc-Palms at Bordighcra tied up for bleaching ..

Pear General Wancbopc

Kucllia macrantha

CANTALOUP MELONS.

MD.ST of us know by sight if not by
taste the (lattisli, plohiiliir, deeply
t'uriowed Melon.s of tlie fruiterers' shops,
anil those who frequent the eontinont,
more especially France, Austria, Italy,
Spain and PortU},'aI, will lie well aci|uainte(l
with Cantaloup Melons, which, (iuiiiif; the
season, invaviahly make their apjicaiancc at
the principal meal of the day.

No traveller has discovered the Melon as a
wild plant, anil wo have good reason for the
sii[)|)Osition that it had its origin in that
home of so many delicious fruits — Persia,
Mesopotamia, TJokhara, or the lands border-
ing thereon. The Alelon has lieen a favou-
rite, cultivated from vciy rcnioto antiquity,
and is the Pcpon of Dioscorides, the Melo-
pepon of Oalen, and the Mclo of Pliny.

The Cantaloup variety derives its name
from Cantaliippi, a seat belonging to the
Pope, near Rome, where the variety, brought
by some missionaries from Armenia, was
first cultivated.

The fruit passed to Florence, thence to
France and Spain and this country, where
acioi-ding to some authorities, it has been
cultivated since 1570, but the exact date is
unknown. The variety is extensively grown
nil the Continent, in frames set on hot-bods,
in those countries which have cool summers^
uiid in the open air in Italy, soutliern
France, Spain and Turkey.

Melons come much more largely into the
ilietary of the inhabitants of those coun-
tries, its luscious flesh and perfumed sweet-
ness being more satisfying than water, and
wifcr than wine.

In our cool climate the consumption of
Melons, taking the country as a whole, is
very small : although in the towns Water-
Melons are largely consumed, and the pulp
of Water - Melons enters into the manu-
facture of certain kinds of jam. But the
Cantaloup remains In Great Britain a fruit
for the well-to-do. although when very
plentiful it is found on the costers' barrows,
being retailed at a penny Der slice.

The plant can be cultivated with loss
bottom-heat than our thin-skinned varieties
of Cucumis Melo, and is a rather more
robust plant. Like summer Cucumbers, it
may easily be grown in common garden-
frames, set on hotbeds of tree-leaves and
stable-litter of a thickness of 2i to 3 feet.
It ought to be as common as the Vegetable-
Marrow from the end of June till the end of
September; and the market - grower who
would embark its cultivation on a large
scale would doubtless not have reason to
repent of his venture, the demand increasing
with the supply. Melons have been of late
years both scarce in our markets, and many
that we have tasted have rarely been of
high flavour. Even in the home of the
Melon, the fruit is very apt to deteriorate, and
super-excellence is only obtainable by rigid
selection, as in many other subjects. De-
terioration in flavour must have set in here,
for lack of skill on the part of the gardener,
or the exigencies of the season, are not
reasons which can be entertained.

In view of this fact, why should not our
gardeners grow the Cantaloup Melon ':■ or do
they attach large size with poor flavour ':'
W'c know that the small Melons of English
growth were as poor in flavour as the large
ones in the last three or four years. Its
greater hardiness is undeniable, its culture
easy, and the period during which it will
keep after being removed from the plant
greatly exceeds that of our Slelons. We
cannot supiiose that our neighbours across
the Channel, who are no mean judges in
matters conneited with eating and drinking,
and who have given us our Ijcst Pears, and
not a few delicious varieties of Grapes, as
instance the numerous Erontignans and
Chasselas, would continue to grow and con-
sume Cantaloup Melons if there was not
something more than mere size to distinguish
them.

The Melon-plant requires a period of from
foiu- to five months to bring its fruit to
maturity, the midseason being the shorter
period. In order to have fruits ripe in the
second or third week in May, seeds must be
sown in the middle of January, preferably
in pots or deep pans on hotbeds having a
day temperature of 70", and .W to 60 by
night. The seeds should be sown in loamy
soil to the number of six in a 4-inch pot, the
soil beneath them being made firm, but that
which covers them to the depth of about
f inch being merely placed in the pot with-
out hand jircssure. This method of sowing
enables the young plant to come through
the soil without difliculty, whilst the firmer
soil into which the radicle has penetrated
attaches itself as a compact little mass
when the plants are lifted singly and potted ;
or, as in the ciiao of great numbers being
wanted, pricked out on a bed of soil over
bottom-heat. The bottom-heat of the seed-
bed should not exceed 80"=, or that of the
nurse-bed, if it bo quite cased with soil, 7.") .
In these resiiccts the raising of Cantaloup

Melons does not differ from other varieties.
With properly constructed hot-water pits of
low pitch, the raising of the plants is
attended with few difficulties, and the heat
is more easily afforded and controlled ;
still, the old-fashioned hot-bed supplies
ammonia, from which Melons derive much
benefit, and in wliich grow strong and
stocky ; and this is mostly absent from hot-
water heated pits.

Being intended for cultivation in frames
there is no necessity to allow the plant to
make a tall stem before stopping it, and
this is usually done between the second
true leaf and tlie third ; and as soon as the
third leaf has developed a little, not waiting
for the next to show before nipjaing out the
growing point. This operation results in
the production of two shoots, and these,
when stopped close home, give two each — in
all four shoots, which are enough. When
the seeds are sown, the making of beds in
which the plants are to 1)6 planted for fruit-
ing must engage the attention of the gar-
dener. These hotbeds may consist entirely
of stable-litter well mixed and fermented,
and purged of the ranker fumes of fermen-
tation by being turned and thrown together
into a heap or heaps twice or thrice. Pre-
ferably, a hotbed of this kind is more
economically made in an excavation 2 to
3 feet deep than on the surface of the
ground, as by packing unfermented litter
round it at the first when the heat of the
)>ed is greatest, and warm stable-litter later
when the warmth is declining, the loss
of heat in the bed is largely prevented.
Kows of frames on hot-beds made close
together may be placed in such excavations,
being constructed suceessionally as they are
needed. \\'hcre an excavation cannot be
made, thick turf walls, or banks of earth,
may form the enclosure, and for the purpose
of getting conveniently to the frames, planks
are laid lictwecn the lines of frames. We
favour the formation of a hillock of soil,
chiefly turfy loam, or loam three-quarters,
and rotten stable-dung one-quarter, under
each light, the apex being brought to within
(5 inches of the glass ; and it is good practice
to place slates or boards under the soil, so
that the roots may not readily enter the
dung — at the least, not in the early stages
of the ])lant's growth. The plants being set
out on the hillocks to the number of two for
a frame of 0 feet in width, and one for a
smaller frame, the after-treatment does not
differ gi'oatly from that of other kinds of
Melon-growing as practised in this country,
bottom and top-heat being kept up from
first to last — rather increasing it, in fact,
towards the ripening stage than letting it
decline. Before the plants quite cover the
area within tlic frame, the amount of soil
must be increased, but the mass sliould thin
out at the sides somewhat, so as to afford a
certain decline of the surface from the apex
where the plants stand.

The Cantaloup Melon 'need not be treated
as quite so tender a plant as our thin-
skinned varieties; but in the months of
.Inly and August the frames may be raised
on bricks, &c., and the bine allowed to
ramble outside, the greater mass of foliage
thus attained leading to groat vigour in the
plant, and size in the fruits. Our gardeners
strive to obtain the same results with
closely-stopped and trimmed plants grown
in hot-watei' pits and Melon-houses bymeans

4t)6

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 28, 1901.

of manure-water and rich top-dressings and
much heat and moisture, and tlie conse-
quence is a loss of ilavour in many cases.

When the bine is allowed to ramble out-
side, enough air is admitted under the sides
of the frame for the well-being of the plants,
and only on the hottest days is there any
need to ventilate by means of the lights.
Melons should never be shaded, and they
never need it, unless there has been coddling
in the first stages.

In Paris gardens the crop of Cantaloups
which ripens in the month of May is said to
be " forced " ; the crop ripening in June and
early in July is "of the season," or the
general crop. The late crops last from July
to early in October.

There are, therefore, three chief sowings
in northern France, which furnish fruits so
long as Melons in those latitudes are re-
quired, or are of fair flavour.

The methods pursued in raising the
second and later successions of plants do not
differ from those described for January, but
the weather getting warmer then, they come
along with less trouble to the cultivator.

The second crop of plants is sown in
February, and consist usually of the Canta-
loup Prescott, a fond hlanc, a much esteemed
variety. The seeds for the general crop are
sown in time for planting out in May.

We append the names of a few favourite
varieties, together with the descriptions, as
found in MM. Vilmorin's The Vcgetahlr
Garden : —

Algerian Cantaloup, one of the hardiest of
the summer Melons, which surpasses all of
them, perhaps, in uniform goodness of
quality. Flesh thick, juicy, perfumed, and
always very sweet. Fruit slightly elongated,
sometimes spherical; with roundish warts,
which, as well as the bottoms of the furrows,
are of a very dark green colour, the rest of
the skin being silvery. The dark green
parts change eventually to an orange colour,
but this does not develop till the fruit is
over-ripe, so that it should be gathered
before the change takes place. Length of
fruit 6 to 8 ins., cross diameter 5 to 8 ins.

Green-fleshed Cantaloup, a medium-sized,
branching, rather slender-stemmed plant.
Length of fruit .5 to 6 ins., smaller diameter
rather less than this ; weight 2 lb. 10 oz. to

3 lb. 5 oz. Skin pale green at the bottoms of
the furrows, slightly warted on the convexity
of the ribs, which lare marbled with white
and with darkfgreen. Flesh pale green, very
thick, melting, juicy, sweet, and delicately
perfumed — one of the finest varieties.

Prescott Early Frame, a medium-sized
plant/; fruit spherical, slightly flattened at
the top and bottom, slightly warted, marl)led
with dark green on a pale green ground ;
and bottom of the furrows olive-green in
colour. Flesh orange coloured, thick, juicy,
and melting; diameters 5 to 6 inches, and

4 to 5 inches. A plant should only carry
one fruit for the early crop ; two for the
general crop. The variety is remarkably
early, and the quality is always excellent.

The large Paris White Prescott is a rather
vigorous growing plant ; fruit large, and
much flattened at the top and bottom, ribs
broad, and protuberance of all shapes, and
irregularly variegated with dark and pale
green. The flesh is of an orange tint, very
thick, fine flavoured, juicy, and melting.
The skin also is thick, diameter 9 to 11 inches,
depth 5 to 6 inches, and weight ranges from

5 lb. The plant may carry one or two fruits.

xir<

Fig. 141.— clematis smilacifolia.

CLEMATIS SMILACIFOLIA.

For the opportunity of showing this species
(fig. 141) we are indebted to Mr. R. I. Lynch,
the zealous curator of the Botanic Garden,
Cambridge. According to Sir Joseph Hooker's
Flora of British India, it is a native of the

Sikkim Himalayas, ascending to 5,000 feet
and has also a wide distribution in ihe
Khasya Hills, Concan, Burma 'i, .'ava, Borneo,
and the Philippines. It is a climber wi(h
large, simple, leathery, glabrous, dark green,
cordate ovate leaves, with seven nerves
spreading from the base, convergent at the

Decembkr 28, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

467

;ipex. Flowers 1 to \\ inch in diameter;
sepals coriaceous, oblmg, brownish, at length
revolute, purplish in the interior. For further
details see Hook, h'lor. Uritisli India (IST.j),
p. 3 ; Bot. Mag., t. 42o0.

PLANT NOTES.

RUELLIA MA.CRANTHA.
Plants of this pretty species (fig. 142) arc now
in Ijloom generally, and in the garden of T. F.
HIackwell, Esci., The Cedars, Harrow Weald, the

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS.

LIBOCEDIU'S ilACROLEl'IS.*
This Conifer was originally discovered in
the Chinese province of Yunnan, by the late
Dr. J. Anderson, and was described by Mr. S.
Kurz in the Journal of Botanij under the name
of Calocedrus. It was afterwards reported by
Mr. Bourne, from Formosa, where it is stated
to furnish valuable timber. It is very nearly
related to L. decurrens, of California, and to
L. chilensis and L. Doniana. The mention of
these names illustrates the very remarkable

mioceue deposits of Switzerland and of south-
eastern Europe, in the amber of the Prussian
provinces of the Baltic, as well as in the
tertiary strata of Spitzbergen, and in our own
country in the Isle of Sheppey (see Renault,
Coio's de Botanique Fossile (1885), p. 138, tab. 15,
fig. 4; also in Zeiller, Elements de Paleo-
botanique (1900), p. 275.

The genus is very closely allied, too closely
perhaps, to Thuya. "The distinguishing
characteristics are to be found in the erect
cones, the smaller number of scales, of which
the central pair only is fertile, and in the
frequent coalescence of the two uppermost

Fig. 142.— itUKM.iA machantiia : flowkus uosv I'L'iii'i.u,

I'laiit is now making a line display, t >gether
witli Plumbago rosea, Uesneras of the Na;gelia
section, varying from white to yellow, orange
and .scarlet, the showy rose-coloured Centro-
pogon Lucyanus, Calanthe Veitchi, Poinset-
tias, Begonias, iX:c. The Ruellia is rai.sed
from cuttings annually, and by the advent of
winter these make compact flowering plants
of a suitable size to work into floral arrange-
ments of almost any kind. The range of plant-
houses has a very bright display of flowers,
together with a few Cattloyas, Odontoglos-
sums, &c. Here, as in other gardens. Begonia
(Jloire do Lorraine takes the lead as a producer
of an almost perpetual crop of pretty flowers.

distribution of the plants of this genus, which
occur in south-west China, in Formosa, the
mountains of New Guinea, in Chile, New Cale-
donia, and in New Zealand. The presence of
the plants in these widely separate areas
betokens that the type is a very ancient one,
but leaves the <iuestion as to how they could
have spread from one locality to another un-
settled. In geological periods before existing
circumstances, the plants grew even in a much
wider area, for fo.ssil remains have been de-
tected in the middle cretaceous strata, in the

'"' IMocedruK macrolepi". Bcntham, in Bcntli. and
Hook. Gen. /»IaH/.. iii. (IWO), p. 42(i ; Calocedrus iiiacro-
lepis. Kurz, in Tiiiucn. Journ. of Botany (1S73), p. 193.

scales into a vortical plate. The seeds,
moreover, are solitary and obliquely winged "
(Masters in Journ. Linn, Hoc, vol. xxx., 1892,
p. 20).

We are indebted for the opportunity of
examining a seedling plant of the Chinese
species to the kindness of Messrs. .lames
Veitch & Sons, by whom it has been intro-
duced into cultivation. It is doubtful whether
it will prove quite hardy in this country,
unless perhaps in the south-west of Ireland.

The species is a tree with flattened
branches, coriaceous leaves, glaucous especi-
ally on the outer or under surface, decussate,
the lateral ones conduplicate, oblong with a

468

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Seobiviber 2S, 1901.

long awn, the median leaves flattened, oblong,
obovate, shortly mueronate, 7 to 8 mill, long,
3 to 4 mill, bi'oad. The cones are solitary,
about 2 to 2'5 cent, long, elliptic, obtuse ; the
two lowermost scales minute recurved, the
middle pair erect, elongate, fertile ; the two
uppermost small, sterile, connate into a
vertical septum. Seed, one to each fertile
scale, oblong, much shorter than the obliquely
falcate wing, which is only a little shorter
than the cone scale.

The mode of growtli in the species of Libo-
cedrus, and other allied genera, is worthy of
attention. The shoots are flattened, and bear
four rows of leaves arranged in decussating
pairs. The branches are given off exclusively
from the axils of the lateral, never from the
axils of the inediau leaves. The side leaves
are " decurrent," that is to say, they are
uplifted with the growing branch, whilst the
median flat leaves are not decurrent, but
remain comparatively stationary.

There is thus an alternation of growth, the
lateral part of the internodos of the extension
or leader shoots growing rapidly, the central
portions much less quickly, as may be seen by
sections across successive internodes, and
indeed by mere superficial inspection. At the
end of each internode are the four free tips of
the leaves, two in the middle, one above and
one beneath, and one on each side of the shoot.
Taking as our starting-point the tips of any
two median leaves placed fore and aft, as
regards the branch which bears them, it will
be seen that they are about on a level with
the tills of two side leaves or a little below
them, and that they are removed by some con-
siderable interspace from the tips of the pair
of side leaves immediately above them. These
side leaves are, as has been just stated,
markedly "decurrent" or adnate to the
branch at their base, and carried upwards
with the shoot in its growth. Though rela-
tively so far removed from the median pair of
leaves next below them, they are really mor-
phologically nearest to them. This arrange-
ment may be made clearer by the following
diagram, where I I represent the lateral, and
m m the median leaves ; the leaf-tips marked
I It do not belong to the adjacent m'l, but to
the pair below, ml : —

(2 iii3 (2

II m2 a
\ /

\ /
I m\ I

This arrangement is not peculiar to Libo-
cedrus, but is particularly well seen in
Libocedrus chilonsis, wherein the median
leaves are very much smaller than the lateral
ones. It is much more ajiparent on the
rapidly growing "extension shoots " than on
those where growth in length is relatively
much less. In L. tetragona, where the leaves
are uniform and the shoots four-sided, the
peculiarity is not observ/ible. It is the herba-
ceous investment of the younger branches
that gives them their flattened character and
oval section. In the older branches and in
the trunk, the stem is cylindrical and the
section circular.

The species of Libocedrus admit of being
arranged in three groups, as follows : —
Shoots 4-cornered ;

leaves uniform,

spreading ... L. tetragona, Chile.

Shoots flattened ;

median loaves flat,

appressed, lateral

leaves condupli-

cate.

Leaves on adult
shoots nearly

equal in size ... L. Bidwilli, Jf. Zealand ;
L. decurrens, California ;
L. macrolepis, Yunnan.
Leaves on adult
shoots unequal iu
size ... ... L. Doniana, X. Zealand ;

L. chileusis, Chile ;
L. papuana, j!^. Guinea ;
L. austro-caledonicus, N.
Caledonia.

M. T. M.

MONOCHORIA VAGINALIS VAR. KORS.UCllWI.

Reyel Garten Flora (I8C2), 374.
To l\Ir. Henkel, of Darmstadt, we are in-
debted for specimens of this pretty tropical
aquatic. The leaf stalks are dilated at the
base into a ventricose sheath, the upper part
terete and expanding into a cordate, broadly
ovate, acute blade. The flowers are in stalked
racemes, perianth six-parted, blue; anthers,
five, yellow, one blue, straight, basiflxed
opening from above downwards by along pore-
like slit; ovary three-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell. It was originally de-
scribed by Presl, and is confirmed by Solms
Laubaoh in the Ignites to the Prodromux, iv.,
524; by Hooker in Flora of British India,
vi. (1894), 303; Nicholson's Dictioiirtr;;, ii., 378,
and numerous other authors. The leaf-stalk is
traversed witli numerous air-canals, and the
central cavity is divided by several horizontal
cellular septa — all arrangements for .securing
lightness and strength. The varied colour of
the anthers is very remarkable. The pollen is
yellow in all the anthers ; the filaments are
blue, and one or more have spur-like processes
near the base.

The Week's Work.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By D. Roberts, Gardener to Hcssey Packe, Esq.,
Prestvvold Hall, Loughborough.

The Rose-house. — If the pruning and train-
ing of the more permanent plants are now
completed, the house may be closed forth-
with, beginning with a temperature of 45° at
night and 50 by day. In cold weather it is
preferable to lower the degree of warmth 5"
than to endeavour by artificial heat to obtain
the higher figure. Roses being plants that
are readily brought into growth by the appli-
cation of warmth, it is not good practice to
hasten growth too much, in view of bad
weather occurring during the next two
months, when it might be impracticable to
maintain a suitable degree of warmth or to
afford the required amount of ventilation.

Roues in Pots should be pruned forthwith,
brought under cover, and forced in batches
according to the demand. The plants in the
Roso-house should, for the time being, have
only a light occasional dewing over on very
fine mornings.

Tree Carnations. — Cuttings should be taken
as fast as the shoots attain to the right size,
and bo struck in the manner indicated by me
in earlier Calendars.

Hippeastrnms. — Those which have been the
longest at rest are showing signs of activity,
the flowering-spike being visible on many of
the bulbs, so that no time must be lost in
overhauling them. For immediate potting,
select the more forward bulbs, and place the
less active in a cooler house. Last season 1
placed the latest bulbs in the fruit-room, wliere
the temperature was about 45% and they kept
in perfect condition till the middle of the
month of February, flowering at Easter-tide,
and later.

Campanula isophijlla and C. i. alha may now
be propagated from cuttings inserted to the
number of four round the edgeof small (iO- pots,
plunging them in a bottom-heat of &'>" to 70°.
When rooted, pot on, or place in baskets with-

out disturbing the roots. They make lovely
objects with which to furnish the fronts of the
greenhouse stages.

Fuchsias. — The old plants which are at rest
may now be pruned, and placed in a tempera-
ture of 50°, keeping them daily syringed, with
a view to obtaining early break shoots for
propagating purposes ; young, vigorous plants
being more satisfactory than aged, decrepit
ones. Pot up those raised in the autumn,
affording them a temperature of 55° and a
place in a pit or on a shelf close to the glass in a
warm house.

General remarks. — Cut down aged plants of
Abutilons, iu order to obtain shoots fit for
cuttings, likewise Eranthemums, Plumbagos,
and Habrothamnus, and place the stools in a
moist house having a temperature of 55° to (iO°.
Let the leggy stems of Drac;i?nas, Crowns and
Ficus be mossed round as a means of securing
young plants with well-coloured foliage.
Give an eye to all frames and pits containing
Calceolarias, Cinerarias, Violets and other
plants with soft foliage, removing decaying
leaves and ventilating on every favourable
occasion. Plants infected with aphis should
be isolated for fumigation, or dipped in weak
tobacoo-water or in a mixture of carbolic sof D-
soap 2 oz., and warm water one gallon.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By C. Herrin.

Fruit Tree Borders. — When the operations of
pruning, cleansing, and training of wall-trees
are finished, clear the borders of rubbish,
burning this forthwith. Fruit-tree borders
should not be cropped, but a width of at least
4 feet, measured from the baseof the wall, shoukl
be left for the tree-roots, excepting that a
line of Violets or Parsley may be grown clo.s6
to the wall ; but when this is practised, the
plants should not approach the stem of the
fruit-trees close by. The alley of 4 feet in
width may be " pointed " over with a digging-
fork to the depth of an inch or two, having
first scattered over it a small quantity of fresli
lime and wood-ashes. The borders in which
Plum-trees are planted are usually filled with
roots, many of them near the surface, and such
borders should merely have the surface pricked
over, or be top-dressed with a small quantity
of fresh soil and charred garden-refuse. The
land beyond the l-feet alloys should, if cropped
with vegetables, ho dug only one spit in depth.
When the ground is not frozen, weakly trees
and those that have cropped heavily may bo
afforded manure-water once or twice during
the next month.

Toi>dressiny Trees in Orchards. — After the
pruning and dressing the trees are finished,
collect the prunings and other rubbish and
burn it. If the orchard is intercropped with
fruit, bush or other fruits are to be preferred
to those kept iinder grass, and the trees are
more productive than those if the mode of
cultivation is right and suitable. The ground
when the rubbish is cleared off should be
dressed with a mixture of wood-ashes, old
mortar or plaster, leaf-soil, and rotten manure,
in greiter or smaller quantities, according to
the state of the trees and the condition and
texture of the soil, and slightly digging the
land with forks, and rooting out root-suokers
and deep-rooting weeds. Refuse-soil of any
kind is of much assistance to orchard-trees if
spread over the roots. Orchards consisting
ot vigorous young trees will not require this
kind of assistance. Trees in grass orchards
should be afforded liquid - manure, and a
dressing of rotten dung early in January.

Bush-Jruits and Raspberrii-(iuarters. — Wheu
the Raspberry-canes are fastened to their
trellises or stakes. See., the land should be
cleaned and manured. The points of the canes
may be left intact for a month or two longer,
as with severe frosts, if cut back now, they
sometimes get injured. . The Raspberry being
mainly a surface-rooting plant, the ground
immediately round about the stools should be
cleared of weeds and rubbish, and a scraping
of the surface soil, the whole being brought
to the middle area between the rows and dug
in, a little of the freshly turncd-up soil being^

Deobmber 28. 1901.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

469

scattered round about the stools. For a space
of IS inches in width on either side of the rows,
let a dressing of rotten manure bo spread.

Currants, especially the blact, may lie simi-
larly treated. Digging among Gooseberry-
bushes should not be practised within the
rooting area ; but rulibish should be removed,
and a top-dressing- of refuse soil and wood-
ashes scattered over the surface.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By H. J. Chapman. Gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq.,
Cambridge Lodge, Floddeu Road. Camberwell.

Cattleija-lioiise. — (.'. Pereivaliana, which is
not one of the largest-flowered species, is one
of the most useful, seeing that its flowers are
produced in the winter. In town districts
there is a dilHcully experienced in getting the
flowers to expand to advantage. In such
cases the plant, as soon as the flower-buds
are visible in the sheath, should be placed in
a very light position near the glass.

C. Ti-iamci. — The flowers of the early-
flowering varieties are now advancing, and
more moisture at the roots should be afforded,
and the plants placed in the warmest part of
the Cattleya- liouso. If plants of Lycaste
Skinneri arc grown in this house, some of
them will be in flower ; and owing to the dry
conditions of the Cattlcya-house, it will be
necessary to alTnrd them a liberal quantity of
moisture at the root, it being a mistake to
allow them to get dry at the roots at any
season. The good effects of sunlight are felt
likewise by Lycastes when coming into bloom,
the flowers opening satisfactorily, and the
colours being improved thereby.

P/m/fi'iiop.si.s. — About London, the early-
flowering plants suffered great loss of buds
during the recent fogs, P. amabilis and P.
grandiflora aurea, more especially at Cam-
berwell, the early buds being all destroyed ;
but as these species nearly always produce
flowers a second time if the flower-scapes are
not removed, the loss is not serious. IJefore
allowing plants to carry flowers twice, regard
must bo had for the strength of the plants,
and if the plants are weak, it should not be
allowed. Few cultivators of Phahenopsis will
dispute the fact that many of the failures to
grow two species satisfactorily arc attribut-
able to the freedom with which they flower,
and the length of time the flowers last. I
would advise gardeners to remove the flower-
spikes unless the plants are in a fairly
vigorous state. The advantages obtaineil by
removing the flower will be appai-ent the next
season in increased vigour. P. Schilleriana,
P. • leucorrhoda, and other hybrids have
lost their flower-scapes as well as the buds,
but being later flowerors than the two species
above mentioned, they escaped the early fogs,
and give promise of a good display if favour-
able weather ensue. P. Stuartiana and P.
intermedia being later still, do not exhibit any
effects of the fog. The plants that have had
their scapes removed will require but little
moisture, merelya slight wettingof the surface
of the compost and the roots about the baskets
will sullice. At such time as the flower-scapes
are developing, afford full sunlight and a
greater quantity of moisture ; the glass being
kept bright and clear.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Mayne, Gardener to llie Hon. Mark Kolle,
Bictou. East liudlcigli, Devonshire.

Kidney IScanx. — If a sowing be made at this
date, by the time the plants come into flower
the days will get longer, and the light will ]>c
increased, and thus the setting of the flowers
will be less uncertain. The soil with which
the seed-pots are flllcd may consist of ex-
hausted Mushroom-bed manure, putting this
over the crocks, and the rest a light turfy-
loam, the whole being pressed down firmly.
Place lieans in each pot, which should bo Vrl's,
and cover with an inch layer of soil. Stand
the pots in a house or pit having (Hi of warmth
at nigbt, and i':~i' to 70° by day. Afford no
water till the plants are well above the soil,
when the lightest place in a hou.se or forcing-
pit should be given them. As a means to

prevent elevation of the stems, water should
be sparingly applied until growth has advanced
considerably, but ply the syringe among them
once or twice daily, according to the state of
the weather. Put twiggy supports to theplants
when they are 4 inches high, keep dry over-
head whilst in flower, and as soon as the pots
are set apply weak manure-water bi-weekly.
iVfford air with caution for two hours when the
warmth in the house stands at 70°.

Potutus. — The sets that were started a month
ago should bo planted in 10-inch pots before
tiie roots get matted together. Personally I
prefer boxes 2 feet long. 8 inches wide, and
10 inches deep ; but in whatever contrivance
grown, good drainage should be given, and a
similar soil to that employed in the Beau-pots
should be made use of, excepting that it need
not be of quite so light a nature. Place this
in heat a day before the sets are planted. If
pots of the size indicated are used, one set in
each will be enough, and live sets can be
planted in each box. An early Peach-house or
vinery that his just been closed is a suitable
place for the I'otatos at the present date, and
as growth advances remove them to a cooler
structure, and place close to the glass, afford-
ing air freely in mild weather. Earth up
when 0 inches high, and place a few sticks
and a strand of raflia as support round the
tops; afford not much water at the root before
growth is well advanced.

Asparagiia. — Established beds maybe afforded
a heavy dressing of rotten-manure from the
stables and cow-sheds, or seaweed in lieu of or
in conjunction with these.

Seed Cataloijues arenowarrivingin numbers,
reminding us of next season's labours. Itefore
making out the order-list, ascertain what
seeds have germinating power among those
left over from last season, sowing a score of
each in pots, and jilace in gentle heat. Those
that have germinating power will appear in a
week, and if the percentage of plants is good,
the stock may be sown, but in every case more
thickly than new seeds. Seeds of Lettuce,
Cauliflower, Hroccoli, Carrot, Turnip, and
Parsley keep good for two years, though it is
unwise to trust entirely to old seed of any
kind.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Malcolm McIntyre, Gardener to Sir Chas.
Tknnast. TlieGlcn. lunerloithcu. I'ecblossliiro.
I'orcinfj I'ines. — Ilipe fruit being de.sired in
May or early in June, the first batch of t.iucens
should be set going at once, and some judgment
must be exercised in the selection of the
plants. The plants with narrow leaves close
together in the centres are those most likely
to show fruit early, others with more spreading
leaves are likely to make further growth be-
fore showing fruit. It is hardly necessary to
add that fruiting plants ought to bo thoroughly
well rooted, and any that have been over- potted,
or which from some cause have not made
suflicienL roots to carry them on satisfactorily,
should be turned out of their pots, and have
the balls reduced without injuring the roots
they have got, and repotting in smaller pots,
making use of good turfy loam with the line
soil sifted out of it, and a sprinkling of bone-
meal. Remove two or three of the lower
leaves, and pot rather deeply and lirmly.
Fresh roots will issue from the stem, and fibres
from the old roots, in time to greatly assist in
swelling off the fruit. A rather deep hot-bed
ought to be prepared in advance, largely or
wholly consisting of Oak or Chestnut-leaves.
If tanner's bark be used over hot^water-pipes,
the depth of the bed need not be more than
18 inches. A bottom heat that ranges from
85' to 90' is desirable. The hot-bed should be
so raised that the leaves of the plants are not
further than (i to 0 inches distant from the
glass. If tan or a mixture of tree-leaves and
stable-manure be used, it will bo advisable to
only half-plunge the pots at the first, the pots
being sunk deeper, and the material made
more firm about them when all risk from over-
heating is passed. The pinery should have a
warmth of (1.",° by night;, increasing to 75° in
the day-time before admitting air. A very

strong top heat is not needed. While the
plants were resting they should have become
rather dry at the roots, and care should be
taken to moisten the whole of the soil, and to
do this with certainty the surface should be
lightly stirred before water is applied, the
application being repeated the next day. A
rather humid air should be maintained, but not
so much as to cause much drip from the roof.
Plants ripening off their fruit, water should bo
afforded sparingly.

Succesxion-liouscs and thi Sucker-pit. — Plants
that are of full size which are to fruit in succes-
sion to those now started, should still be at rest,
and only as much water should be afforded them
as will prevent excessive dryness at the root
occurring. A temperature ranging from 55'
to 65 should be the maximum for these.
Cayennes and other late Pines of full size
should be similarly treated for some time
longer. Late-potted Pines should be grown
on steadily, and not subjected to any ex-
tremes either at top or bottom, otherwise
premature fruiting may occur. The pots
should be plunged in a bed having a heat of
80 , and a top heat of C5° to 70°. Keep the soil
only moderately moist. Well - established
young plants in small pots may be afforded 5'
less heat all round. Strong suckers may be
detached from plants on which fruits arc
ripening and potted, but if the suckers are not
crowded, leave them on the plants till they
have become much stronger.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Sperimen Plants in Tubs and Pots. — Portugal
Laurels, Pittosporums, Clethra arborea, Sweet
Hays, Myrtles, &c., natives of warmer climates
than our own, require protection from frosts,
especially the roots. They should bo stored in
a sheltered position, with material at hand for
covering the tubs when necessary, and care
being taken that the roots are not exposeil to
frost after heavy rains. Some subjects, namely.
Citron, Orange and Lemon trees, haU-hardy
Palms, and Myrtles, should be wintered in
glasshouses or well-lighted sheds, from whicli
frost is kept out, giving them plenty of venti-
lation in mild weather, and not too much
water.

General rciiiarfc.s-.- — The recent rains which
have fallen in the western parts of the country
have facilitated the planting of largo trees
and shrubs, which required the soil to be quite
moist before the work could bo carried out.
As severe weather may set in at any date, all
planting should bo done expeditiously while
the land is in a workable condition. In dis-
tricts where rain fell early in the autumn, ;ind
this and other sorts of planting is (Inislied,
attention should be given to sitch trees as
retiuire stakes or other supports, li'or stan-
dard trees or fairly large shrubs there is no
bettor moans of support than is afforded by
guyiiig-wires, for stayed in this manner it is
almost impossible for the plants to be moved
much by the wind. To enable newly-planted
trees or shrubs to grow away in the spring, it
is necessary that they should be firmly fixed
in the ground. If it be necessary to mulch,
the material employed should bo of a light
character, such as bracken or strawy manure,
which exclude frost, whilst allowing moisture
to pass away freely. Do not carry out any
planting unless the ground is in a workable
state, but wait until the conditions are more
favourable. Hollies and large Conifers may
be left until spring ; many of the Conifers, if
small, and all deciduous plants, should bo
planted now.

Spcci»K?(i.s.— Hollies, Thuias, Yews, Retino-
sporas, Portugal Laurels, Osmanthus, &c.,
which are grown as standards or pyramids,
may be trimmed-in to the desired shape when-
ever the men can work outside, using a knife
I'ather than the srcateur or shears, as there
should be no mutilation of the leaves in prun-
ing. Srcatciirs can sometimes bo used for
the purpose, but it depends on the size of the
leaves whether this instrument can be used
effectively or not.

470

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decbmbbr 28, 1901.

EDITORIAL NOTICES.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER.

Cettera for Publication, as well as specimens and plants
for naming, should be addressed to th^ EDITOR,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London,

Com/m/imications should he written on one side only of
THE PAPER, sent as early in the week as possible, and duly
signed by the writer. Jf desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee o/good faith.

Illustrations. — The Editor will thankfully receive and select
photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction^ of
gardens, or of remarkable plants, flowers, trees^ &c.; but he
ctmnot be responsible for loss or injury.

Local News.—Correspondejits will greatly oblige by sending to
the Editor early intelligence of local events likely to be of
interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable
to bring under the iiotice of horticulturists.

Newspapers. — Correspotulents sending newspapers should he
careful to mark the paragraphs they wish the Editor to see.

SALES FOR THE WEEK.

WEDNESDAY, Jan. 1-

Bulbs, Border Plants, itc, by ProUieroe & Morris.

Bulbs, Shrubs, and Trees, at Steveus' Rooms.
FRIDAY, Jan. 3.—

Orchids in variety, by Protlicroe & Morris.

IFor further particulars sec Advertisement columm.)

AVEBAGE Temperature for the ensuing week, deduced
from Observatious of Forty-tliree Years at Chiswick
-36 8°.
Actual Temperatdres :—

London.— i)fce7;i6er 2:i (ti p.m.) : Max. 43°; Min. I'si".

December 24. — Fine; milder.
Provinces.— December a.3 (6 p.m.): Max. i>\°, \V Trc-
l.ind : Min. 2.M', N.E. Scotland.

„, „. . In scannini^- tlio mimliors of
The Waning 4\ „ ri i >/ti ■ , r ..

Year. ''^® (ianleners Vhromcle for the

waning year, we are at once
reminded tliat this is our "Diamond"
Jubilee year. On the occasion of our fif-
tieth anniversary, ten years ago, we reviewed
the state of horticulture in 1841 and subso-
(|uent years. In the early numbers of the
present volume wo took a wider range, and
summarised the history of horticulture and
of garden botany during the past century.
We do not know where to look for a fuller
account of the evolution of garden plants,
and as the articles have already excited
interest in foreign countries as well as in
our own, we venture to think there is no
impropriety in calling attention to them
again ; for, though necessarily incomplete,
they must prove of great service to the
historian and student of evolution.

The occurrence of our Diamond .Tubilee
also suggests some comments on the state
of affairs sixty years ago. Then, and for
long afterwards, the space devoted to horti-
culture in this journal was only a third of
what it is now. The Aifrirullural Gazette,
then or shortly after incorporated with the
(hardeners' Chronicle, has been completely
differentiated. The newspaper which a few
of the older readers still iciuember with
regret at its discontinuance, was rendered
unnecessary by the establishment of the
penny daily papers. Illustrations, which
then were very few and far between, are now
supplied in every number. The price,
originally sixpence, has lieen reduced one-
half. Competition then was practically
non-existent; now, we have eight or nine
weekly competitors, not including the very
numerous lay papers which regularly devote
some of their space to gardening mattei-s.

Then, with the exception of the staff and
a few experts, contributors wrote purely
from the love of the suliject or the interest
they took in it. Now, vs'riting for the Press
has become almost entirely a matter of
business. Then, there was an unwritten
law of etiquette which i-estrained wi'iters in

one journal from sending their contributions
to another. Now, we see the same writers
in almost all the journals, and no one of
them can claim exclusive sources of infor-
mation. The result is a certain degree of
monotony and uniformity, which we may
be sure editors would avoid if they could.

In spite of all these changes, the Gar-
deners' Chronicle has more than held its o\\ n,
and its circulation is more than three times
greater than it was before active competition
set in, and it is steadily increasing, probaldy
in consequence of the vigorous emulation to
which it is subjected. For this satisfactory
state of affairs we are mainly indebted to
our contributors, to whom we tender our
hearty thanks, and those of our readers.

Passing to matters of general moment,
the next event to be specially noted con-
cerned the nation at large. On Jan. '2'2, UK)1,
expired our great and good Queen. Prac-
tically the Victorian era ceased with tlie
close of the nineteenth century ; but we all
hope that the progress and development
that characterised the last century may 1 le
continued in the present era.

The close of the month of January also
witnessed the commencement of the dis-
cussions as to the appropriate method of
celebrating the approaching centenary of
the Royal Horticultural Society. The pro-
posal to purchase a large area of agricultural
land in a not particularly favourable lo-
cality with the view of forming a garden to
replace that at Chiswick, was ultimately
rejected by a large majority in a crowded
meeting ; and Mr. Arthur Sutton's amend-
ment was adopted with practical unanimity.
In the meantime, the lease at Chiswick
has still several years to run ; so that how-
ever desirable at some future time, there is
no immediate necessity for the acquirement
of a new garden, but rather is there a call
for the improvement and development of
Chiswick.

The need for a suitable Exhibition Hall
has been felt with increasing urgency at
each fortnightly meeting. We have availed
ourselves of the opportunity of illustrating
what has been done in tbe United States in
providing a suitable hall at Boston ; whilst
the excellent accommodation provided at
Ghent is known to many of our readers.

No formal step was taken at the meeting
on April '28 in the matter of securing or
building a Hall, but it was abundantly
obvious that the feeling of the Fellows was
very decidedly in favour of such action.
Three of the Fellows present at once
promised a subscription of .filOOO each to
that end, and Baron Schroder has since
expressed his intention to contribute .t.jfWO
for that purpose.

Incidentally, we may mention that a com-
mittee presided over by Baron Schrodeu
has, since this meeting, been engaged in
endeavouring to secure a suitable site, and
that negotiations are still in progress, but
are not in a sufficiently forward state for the
details to be made public. There is little
doubt that could a suitable locality be found
the financial difficulties would turn out less
formidable than they appear at first siglit.
In the meantime, under the energetic
management of the Secretary, the Rev. W.
WiLKS, in consequence of the guinea sub-
scription and of the general diffusion of a love
for Howers, the Society is prospering lieyond
all precedent, so much so, that more than

900 new Fellows have been elected during
the present year, a ciicumstance without
parallel, we imagine, in the record of any
other Society, and a wonderful contrast,
indeed, with the state of afEairs at South
Kensington.

The horticultural exhibitions have been
as numerous and as successful as usual.
The Temple Show was (juite up to the
average, if a trifle monotonous, to those who
see the show year after year. A similar
remark may be made in regard to the Fruit
Show held at the Crystal Palace under the-
auspices of the Society.

The action of the National Rose Society
in holding, by permission of the Benchers,
its metropolitan exhibition in the time-
honoured Temple Gardens, was not only a
novelty, but a distinct step in advance, and
we are glad to learn that the financial
results were satisfactory.

Looked at from the point of view of pro-
gress and permanent utility, the Lily Con-
ference at Chiswick, though less numerously
attended, was, of its kind, far more impor-
tant and useful than the other large shows.
A glance at the recently-published report
of that meeting will suffice to justify this,
opinion. The reputation of the Society in
the future will depend mainly on the i-ecord
of work done at the several Conferences,
and on the excellence of the Journal under
its present editor, whilst the ordinary shows
have necessarily only a temporary valueaiid
will soon be forgotten.

The journey of the Duke and Duchess of
Cornwall and York, now Prince and Prin-
cess of Wales — so important from a na-
tional point of view, induced us to devote
considerable space and numerous illustra-
tions to our Colonial Botanic Gardens. This
was the more appropriate as, in almost every
case, the gardens were visitetl by the Royal
party. It is difficult to exaggerate the
benefits which these gardens, in connection
with the great homo establishment at Kew,
confer on agriculture, horticulture, and
economic botany generally, not to speak of
their value for instructional purposes, and
of the local benefits they confer on the resi-
dents in their immediate neighbourhood.

During the year a Treasury Committee,
presided over "by Sir Michael Foster, de-
voted much attention to the subject of the
c-ollcctions at Kew and at the Natural His-
tory Museum. Many influential witnesses
were examined, and, as might have been
expected, considerable differences of opinion
were elicited. Nevertheless, the Committee
ultimately decided, with two dissentients, to
recommend the transference, with some ex-
ceptions, of the British Museum botanical
collections to Kew. Whether any action
will be taken in consequence of this resolu-
tion we do not know, but, judging from
former en<|uiriesof a similar kind, we shouhl
imagine things will go on pretty much as
before. It is a pity that the historical and
other details relating to Kew given on this
occasion by Sir William Thiselton-Dyer
should not be rescued from the obscurity of
a bluc-liook and made generally available to
the public.

The Colorado Beetle, which some years
since provoked a scare which happily proved
to be baseless, this year did really succeed
in establishing itself near Tilbury, and was
proceeding to increase and multiply according

Dbcbmbkk 2S, 1901.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

471

to its Tvont, till it was effectually stopped
by the prompt and energetic action of the
Board of Agriculture, since which time we
have heard no more of this well-looking but
evil-doing pest. For all that, continued
vigilance must be practised in the coming
spring.

A review of the new plants of the year
will, according to our usual custom, lie given
in the succeeding issues.

a most expert cultivator, will be felt as a
severe personal one by all who had the
pleasure of his acquaintance. In D. T. Fisii
we have lost not only a staunch adhe-
rent of many years' standing, but one who
was enthusiastically devoted to his art, and
strove assiduously and incessantly to pro-
mote it by word and by pen. E. H. Kre-
LAGE was well known as a leader in
Dutch horticulture, his extensive knowledge,

found time to collect and co-ordinate the ex-
tremely numerous observations that he made
and published. Applied entomology is the
loser by the death of its most industrious ami
lucid exponent in the person of Miss Eleanor
Ormeeod. Acting as the intermediary be-
tween the scientific entomologist and the
practical cultivator, she rendered very con-
spicuous service l>oth to agriculture and to
horticulture. By the death of Thomas

143. — DATE-PAI.MS AT BOKDKiHERA : THE LEAVES TO THE RIGHT TFED UP FOR nl.KACHINI
IN CHURCH DKCORATION. (SEE P. 472.)

BHINfi I'OR USE

The Obituary list is long and serious as
regards horticulture, as <a glance at our
Index will show. Here wc can only men-
tion a few names, which will suffice to illus-
trate the extent of our loss. By the death
of Maxime Cokni', the director of the horti-
cultural section of the Janlin des Plantes,
Paris, France loses a devoteil officer, who.
after rendering groat service by his investiga-
tions with reference to the Phylloxera, in later
years ti'ied to do for Franco what has been so
successfully done for the British colonies by
Kcw. Cyi'iiEK,of Cheltenham, waswell known
as an excellent cultivator, and a prominent
<!xhibitor. The loss of the Kcv. W. EwiiASK,

his agreeable manners and tact, caused
him to obtain great influence with the Dutch
Government, and secured for him the respect
of his colleagues and friends of other na-
tionalities. KuELAGE was one of the rapidly
diminishing band who took part in the ever
memorable congress and exhibition of 186(i.
.TosEi'H Meredith was known some quarter
of a century since as a skilful and eminently
successful Grape - grower, but was little
known to the present generation. The
remarkable career of Thomas Meehan has
lii'cn too recently commented on to render
it necessary to advert to it at length
again. Wc can only lament that he nevei'

KocHi-ORD, horticulture has lost one of its
most progressive and energetic votaries.
His vast establishments, his retarding
chambers, and other specialties, have been
fully described in our colunms ; and we
allude to his retarding chamber again as
constituting one of the most remarkable
practical applications of lat(5 years, and one
that has alr-c;iily rcvolutionisetl certain
branches of the florist's trade. Nor must
wo fail to allude to the good work that
Horn FORD did in promoting the welfare
and comfort of his numerous workmen.
Prom this point of view, Rochi'ord pre-
sented a resemblan('e to a man of widely

472

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 28, 1901.

iliffcrent mode of thought — we mean the
venerable Martin Sutton. Different as the
two men were, they were both zealous in
promoting the best interests of their em-
ployees, and the memory of both will be
lianded down, not only as successful men of
business, liut also as of -those that loved
their fellow men. Mr. Sutton's career was
summarised in our columns, and his success
shoukl form an incitement to many another
to go and do lilcewise. Mr. A. H. Smee
inherited many of the characteristics of his
father, the late Alfred Smee, and carried on
at The Grange, Carsharlton, many of the
same kind of studies and experiments that
c(mferred reputation on his father. He, too,
worked hard in the promotion of schemes
likely to benefit his neighbours. As we
write, intelligence reaches us of the death
of Sir Heney Gilbert, the collaborator for
half a century with Sir John Lawes. We
must allude to his remarkable work in a
succeeding issue.

We might cite more names of those who
have achieved honour and success in their
art, but these will suffice to show in how
many different ways horticulture has been
advanced in the past, and how varied must
lie the means taken to secui'e its progress in
the future.

Advance in one department of science is
almost sure to beget corresponding progress
in others. Thus the marvellous progress in
wireless telegraphy, which marks the open-
ing of a new century, would have been justly
considered miraculous in former times.
Though not directly connected with horti-
culture, it is sure ultimately to react upon
it. and it may be taken as. a hopeful sign
that the. development of science which was
so characteristic of the nineteenth century
will be enhanced in the twentieth.

*** Our Almanac. — According to our usual
practice we shall next week issue aGacdenecs'
Chronicle Almanac for tbe year 1902. In order
to make it as iise/itl as possible for reference,
we shall be obliged if Secretaries of Borticul-
tiiral, Botanical, and allied Societies, or anij of
our correspondents, ivill send us immediate
entimatoon of all fixtures for the coming year.

Supplement. — Our illustrations will serve
to give an Idea of the mildness of the winter
cliaiate at Bordighera on the Italian Riviera,
a few miles on the ( ienoa side of Mentone. In
this favoured spot Date- Palms are grown, and
their leaves are blanched by being tied up, so
as to exclude the light (see fig. 113). At Easter
and other Church festivals, the blanched
leaves are used in ecclesiastical ceremonies,
the loaves being sent all over Europe. Bordi-
ghera is one of the loveliest .spots on the
Riviera, and its climate is particularly mild,
owing to its sheltered position. The Dates
flourish, but do not ripen their fruit.

. Travelling Flower - Gardens. — These
must certainly be a luxury in " a dry, parched
land," hut fancy them at the seat of war in
South Africa ! A correspondent in an evening
contemporary writes thatwhen Lord Kitchener
issued his order against mobile columns carry-
ing pianos, harmoniums, and cooking-ranges
while on trek, he made no mention of travelling
flower-gardens ; yet these last accessories
form part of the impedimenta of one general.
A private soldier in the division says that he
had seen in the morning on which his letter
was written, amongst other things, six large
boxes containing the general's travelling
flower-garden. The writer is an ardent flower-

gardener when at home, but suggests tluit
boxes of biscuits would be preferable to
flowers. The names of the flowers are not
given, but the general may be more ardent
than hungry ! and perhaps the! satisfaction
derived from the sight of home favourites may
help to build up the stout heart required at
the trout.

A Large Chrysanthemum Grower. —
Among the largest growers of Chrysanthemums
in Lincolnshire is the firm of Messrs. Randall
& Sox, of Skegness. They flower 40,000 plants
under glass, which for fulness of bloom and
beauty of development would be hard to
beat. The firm send a large quantity of the
flowers to Edinburgh, Glasgow, Newcastle, and
Manchester, and q ui te a large staff of assistants
is em23loyed in the flowering season. The firm
is a large grower of bulbs, including Hyacinths,
Tulips, and Narcissus, and is akso engaged in
the cvdtivation of Toraatos, Cucumbers, and
Grapes.

"The Procession of the Months." —
This novel and artistic publicatioa is issued
by Messrs. R. H. Bath, of Wisbech. It takes
the form of a Calendar, in which mention is
made of the flowers of the month, liut this is
not all. To each month is allotted an appro-
priate design, expressively and significantly
dravni by Walter Crane, and which serves to
illustrate the verses written by Beatrice
Crane when quite a child. " From her verses
it will be seen that each season with its ever-
changing beauties was fully realised by the
child's quick artistic imagination." We com-
mend this novel production to the notice of
our readers.

New Work on British Vegetable Galls.
— An important work of great interest to all
naturalists, botanists, and entomologists will
be published immediately by Messrs. Hutchin-
son & Co., Brilish Vegetable Galls: An Intro-
duction to llieir Stiidtj, Collection, Mounting,
Classification, itc, by Edward T. Connold,
with 140 full-page illustrations, all of which
have been photographed direct from living
specimens, collected specially for this work.
The first edition will he strictly limited, and
intending purchasers should at once order
the book, as the publishers reserve the right
to raise the price after the first edition is
exhausted.

Frozen Fruit.' — Experiments are being
widely made in France on the preservation of
fruit, vegetables, and other agricultural pro-
ducts in a refrigerating apparatus. M . LolSEAU,
President of the Societe d'Hortioulture of
Montreuil (Seine), showed, at the autumn
exhibition of the Societe Rationale d'Horti-
culture at the Grand Palais, Paris, some
Peaches splendidly preserved in a refri-
gerating apparatus, constructed according
to the plans of M. Douane, an engineer of
Paris. These Peaches had been kept, with
some fifty-three others, fifty-eight days in the
refrigerator. They were the varieties ilig-
nonne ordinaire, Bon Ouvrier, Belle Beauce,
Imperiale, Alexis Lepere, and Galande. The
experiments will be continued.

Mr. S. Arnott. — Our worthy correspon-
dent, Mr. S. Arnott, was unanimously re-
elected chairman of the parish council of
Kirkbean on the occasion of their meeting for
the first time since their election.

Presentation. — At a cake and wine ban-
quet in the Royal Hotel, Dundee, on Monday
evening (December 16), a large company met
to do honour to Mr. GEOiicE Taylor, head
gardener at Broxmouth, one of the most ener-
getic members of the Dunbar Horticultural
Society. Mr. St. Clair Cunninuhajf, Presi-

dent of the Society, occupied the chair. After
the loyal toasts, the Chairman proposed the
health of Mr. Taylor. Referring to the local
society, Mr. Cunningham contended that the
healthy and flourishing condition which it now
manifested was in a great measure due to the
fostering care it had received at the hands of
Mr. Taylor. Since his settlement in Brox-
mouth six years ago, he had evinced the
greatest interest in its welfare, and without
his aid their annual shows would have been
seriously handicapped. To show their appre-
ciation of these services, he therefox-e asked
Mr. Taylor to accept of a handsome marble
timepiece and ornaments. Mr. Tayloi". cordially
thanked the meeting.

Sir Jacob Wilson Retires. — Dr. William
SOMERVILLE, M.A., late Professor of .Agricul-
ture at the University of Cambridge, has been
appointed to be an assistant secretary to the
Board of Agriculture, on the occasion of the
retirement of Sir Jacob Wilson, as from the
1 st prox. , from the public service. Dr. Somer-
viLLE has been Professor of Agriculture at
Cambridge for two years. Previous to his
appointment at Cambridge he was attached to
Edinburgh University and Durham College of
Science. He is the author of numerous papers
on sylvicultnral and agricultural subjects.

"Of Gardens."— Mr. John Lane is pub-
lishing, as a contribution to gardening litera-
ture, an edition of Francis Bacon's essay
Of Gardens. It will have an introduction by
Mrs. llELiiN Mil. man.

Botany in Provence. — M. Ludovic Legre
has published a further instalment of his
La ButanUiiie en Provence au XVIc. Steele, in
which the chief interest centres round CllARLES
DEL'Esi use, better known to English readers
as Clusius. He lived from 1520 to 1609, and
all his life was a great collector of plants,
searching for them himself, and receiving from
many correspondents. He was not, like nearly
all the botanists of that age, a physician, and
so he studied plants from the botanical more
than the medical points of view. The memoir
is more concerned with the plants collected
by Clusius than with his life; but he was
evidently a notable man, and the account of
him is well worth reading. One special
feature in his character was his extreme care
to bo scrupulously exact in his names of
plants : he considered it almost criminal to
describe a plant under a wrong name. M.
LEOiiii's estimate of him will not be considered
too high by those who know his works,
among " les peres de la Botanique, la figure de
Charles de l'Escluse apparait au premier
rang."

The Fulham Nursery of Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons, Ltd. — In reference to the
paragraph in our last issue, stating that a
part of Southfields Nursery, lately occupied
by themselves, had been appropriated as a
imblic park, Jlessrs. Yeitch write to in-
form us that they are still cultivating the
whole of that nursery, and do not give up any
part of it till JIarcli, liiUo, when the greater
part of their fruit-tree cultures will be trans-
ferred to Feltham, where they have been
establishing a new nursery for the last four
years. We regret that the information sent
us by a Fulham correspondent was inaccurate.

Late Pears from Devonshire.— During
the present week we have received samples of
three late-ripening Pears. The first of these
is Chaumontel, a very old, well known variety.
The fruit is of large size, obtuse jiyriform in
shape, richly coloured upon one side ; flesh
rather dark in tint, not free from grit ; flavour
moderately good. Le Lectier is also a large

December 28, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

473

fruit, greenish in colour, of rich flavour and
melting flesh, and was awarded an Award of
Merit by the Royal Horticultural Society on
Kovember 13, 1894. The third variety is much
the best of the three sent, and is named Presi-
dent Barabe. The fruits are of medium to
large size, obovate in shape, and having a
russety-yellow rind ; in shape more like an
Apple than a Pear, and the eye is almost upon
the broad, flat surface of the fruit. Flavourvciy
delicious, flesh juicy and unusually sweet, ex-
ceedingly melting, almost totallyfree from grit.
This variety -was awarded an Award of Merit
by the Koyal Horticultural Society on Dec. 11,
1897, when Lord Sui field's gardener (Mr. W.
Allan) obtained 1st prize with some fruits
stown in competition for Messrs. Veitch's
prizes, offered for best-flavoured Pears. At
the next meeting, on .lanuai-y 1, 1898, the
variety was further honoured by a First-class
Certificate. It is described as a close grower
and good bearer, and the variety is evidently
one that may be confidently recommended to
the notice of gardeners who feel the need for
an increased number of good late-ripening
Pears. 'J'he fruits sent l)y our correspondent
are ripe now, but in some of the catalogues we
read that they will keep good until March.

Sir Henry Gilbert.— As these pages are
passing througli the press, we hear of the
death, on the 2:>d inst., of this celebrated
agricultural chemist. We must reserve until
next week a notice of the work of this inde-
fatigable worker, who rendered the names of
L.VWES and GiLHERTas household words amongst
all cultivators of the land.

Roses from America for our Christmas
Table.— On Monday, th<! I'.Jrd insft., our table
■was gaily decorated by nearly a dozen
beautiful Itoscs, which had been cut in
America eight or ten daj's previously. So
carefully were these packed that the foliage
upon the stems, which were some nine or ten
inches long, was not only perfectly fresh, but
the blooms were fresh also — fresher, indeed,
and better in colour, than many we have seen
on exhibition stages. Not one petal from any
blossom had fallen, though some of the outer
ones wci'o browned. We may add that the
system of packing provided that the stems
were refreshed by continual immersion in
•water contained in glass bottles. We are
indebted for these Itoses to Messrs. V. San-
der & Co., St. Albans, whose representative,
Mr. Dimmick, brought them over the Atlantic.
The variety is a new one, and a sport from
Mrs. .1. Pierpont Morgan, itself an American
sport from that lovely Tea Kose, Madame
Cusin. The c )lour of the more recent sport
is delicate pink with faint line of deeper
colour at edge of petals, becoming paler
until, at the base of the petals, the colour is
nearly pure white. In other characteristics
the sport loseinbles the variety Mrs. J. Pier-
pont iMorgaii, and as this variety is now in a
good numlier of English gardens its merits
are known. The novelty has been named after
Mr. Oakks Ames- mother, "Mrs. Oliver
Ames," and it will bo put into commerce next
year by Mr. .1. N. May, nurseryman, Summit,
New .Jersey, U.S.A.

CORDON PLUM-T1!EES.
DoiBTLEBS many readers of this .lourual
will be pleased to know that the Plum can
be successfully grown as a cordon. Many
gardeners have attempted it with the best
dessert varieties, and have failed. One failure
may perhaps have been o%^gjvcl.by indifferent
cultivation, on the other han^j^is only fair to

add they may have been treated too well ; and
this, I think, is probable, as cordon-trees of
any kind need more attention, for once the
roots get gross the trees cease to produce
fruit^bearing wood. I may be wrong, but I
think the Plum is not a good subject to
grow as a cordon ; and some of our lead-
ing nurserymen who grow fruit largely
will not differ from me. 1 am aware that the
soil at Syon is not an ideal one for the Plum,
and this was the actual reason that induced me
to plant cordon Plums in greater quantity than
I should have done, thinking that we could
make the soil Suitable for trees grown on a
restricted system ; but no matter how the
cordons were treated, we got very few fruits,
and I came to the conclusion that to do Pluus
justice it is best to give more freedom — that is,
to get a good crop one must get new wood
yearly, and not rely only upon spur growths
obtained by stopping summer shoots.

1 have seen it stated that Plums closely
stopped, that is, both summer and winter
pruned, bear grandly. Ours were the reverse,
and we tried for some years, and then we
adopted a different plan. First we nailed in a
few side shoots, and seeing how well these
cropped we allowed further extension, and
took out every other tree and got still
better crops, so that later on we had to give
the trees more room, and they are now most
profitable ; and another year, instead of prun-
ing back, more room will have to be given to
the trees that were originally 20 inches apart,
and are now s feet, and, as I have stated
above, will soon need more space.

Some of the dessert Plums make a very
strong growth, and doubtless the transplanting
has been the means of their fruiting so freely ;
and though wo still stop gross wood should
any show at the top of the trees, the stopping
is beneficial, as it promotes spur growths
lower down the trees. When grown as
cordons there is no doubt that, unless the
trees are lifted rreijuently, that is, every three
years, they fail. Even then, many varieties
we grow in this form were not a success, so
that in private gardens I advise the planting of
cordon I'lums in very small numbers only
where fairly good, viz.. Rivers' Early Prolific,
which is cl.isscd as a kitchen fruit, but owing
to its earllness is not at all bad for dessert, if
allowed to thoroughly ripen. Another very
free bearer is the Stent, a small fruit, and a
very free bearer. I need not name more va-
rieties, as we found so few cropped well grown
in the way described. I have observed the
same thing in Apples and Pears especially.

Apple-trees grown as cordons have been
very poor, whereas in the same soil and
position, when given more freedom, there
have been good results. There can be no
doubt whatever, but that trees grown for
profit need spaci- to develop, and I think stone
fruits such as I'lums need it most. I'ears do
well regularly fed, and lifted at certain in-
tervals, and not pruned. In cold late districts
I have seen Apples do well treated thus, but
recently in the north 1 saw some beautiful
fruits of Cox's Orange and Ribston grown
cordon shai)o, but the trees were not pruned
as described ; doubtless soils may lie answer-
able for failures in some instances. G. Wijthes.

CULTURAL MEMORANDA.

SOI.ANFM CAPSICASTRUJl.
This invaluable plant for winter decora-
tions is raised from seed by some gardeners,
and by others cuttings are employed. For my
part I prefer the latter, although I have raised

good plants from seeds. Cuttings are to bo
recommended chiefly on account of the cer-
tainty of perpetuating a particularly good
strain of the plant. They may be inserted
after the plants have been pruned back iu
early spring, yoiuig shoots again fit for making
cuttings being then obtainable. Take the
shoot off with a heel, and roots will form
quickly. The cutting-pots should be plunged
in a hotbed of about 7y° or 80° warmth. When
rooted, pot the plants singly and place them
in a house or pit having a genial temperature,
and leave them therein till established, then
remove to a cold frame.

It is my practice to plant this species of
Solanmn in the reserve garden as soon as the
weather makes it prudent so to do ; the
plants making freer growth than in pots, and
insects give less trouble. The points of the
shoots should be pinched out twice or thrice
iu order to ensure a bushiness of habit. The
seed should be sown thinly and covered lightly,
and as soon as the first rough leaves are ob-
served, prick the seedlings into other jjaus,
or singly into thumbs. The after management
of the plants is the same as that pursued with
cutting-raised i>lants. Old plants should not
bo kept, as their growth is feeble, and insects
are sure then to infest them. U. T. Martin.

COLONIAL NOTES.

CITHAREXYI.UM LUCIDUM.

(The "FiDDLiiwoon," ou "Cutlet Tree.'')
The flowers of this ('itharexylum are white
and fragrant. When fruicing during August
and September the bright red strings of fruit
constitute a feature of the landscape armind
the seaboard of Grenada; when fully ripe
they turn black. The wood is hard and is
used for working up into posts, the frame-
work of rush-bottomed chairs, and other pur-
poses. For chair-making the White Cedar
(Tccoma leucoxylon) is also called intorc(|iiisi-
tion ; tlie rush in both instances being ICIeo-
charis interstincta. Caterpillars divest the
Fiddlewood of its foliage, and at this time tlie
tree looks ragged and shabby. Among our
wild birds the one known locally as Pied
Carreau, or Mocking-bird (Mimus gilvus),
shows a partiality in feasting upon the fruit.
T'his bird is a pert, vigorous songster, about
the size of a thrush, and by eating cater-
pillars, &c., is a valuable insectivorous bird.
'The average number of fruit on a raceme
taken from a tree at Ballast Ground, St.
George's, to-day, total tliree dozen. Quito
young trees flower, many no higher than three-
feet. IV. K, Broadway, (Irenada.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

LATE PEAS. — I notice that your corre-
spondent, "A. 1).," on p. 411, speaks of Late
Queen and Michaelmas Peas as being very
suitable varieties for late crops. May I ask
him if ho has grown the two varieties, or seen
them growing side by side"/ and if so, has ho
remarked a great similaiity between them ? I
have grown Late Queen three or four seasons,
and am very well pleased with it. Last season
1 was induced to give the variety Michaelmas
a trial, and sowed them side by side on the
same day. The two rows were treated simi-
larly, and I was unable to distinguish the one
from the other, and am under the impression
that Lati- <i)ueen and Michaelmas are on'o
variety only. 1 should feci greatly obliged if
" A. D." and other growers would state their
experience on the above subject. T. Lockie,
Huntingdonxhire .

THE DISEASE AND THE MANURING OF

POTATOS.-^lt is often stated that farmyard
manun; a[)plio<l in largo quantities at planting
time increases the rislc of disease attacking the

474

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December '2S, 1901.

prop, and I decided to use very little of it.
Last autumn I caused to be spread over the
plot of ground that was to be planted in the
spring a few barrow-loads of soil taken from
the rubbish-heap, some wood-ashes formed
from green and other branches, and basic slag,
and dug the ground one full spit deep. The
sets had been stood on their ends in boxes,
«yes uppermost, and made strong shoots, and
i cut each set into two, with a shoot or shoots
on each half, and planted them ou April 12,
VM)l, in drills (i inches deep, and a slight
covering of stable-manure was afforded, to-
gether with wood-ashes and basic slag. The
TOWS were 2| feet, and the sets 14 inches apart,
and the soil was drawn over them so as to
form a ridge. The i)lants showed above the
.soil on May 12, and after the tops had grown
about 1 foot they were earthed-up. C)n Oc-
tober 20 the roots were dug up, and weighed
12 cwt., the tubers being fine, and quite free
from disease. The plot of ground measured
242 square yards, and the crop was thus at
Mie rate of 12 tons per acre. The variety
■ras Up-to-Date. E. L. Hirst, Anleij, Settle.

HELLEBORUS NIGER (CHRISTMAS ROSES).—
In good condition this plant is one of the most
ralued of hardy flowers, for it well grown the
flowers will appear in due course in spite of
frost and snow. Unfortunately, however, the
Christmas Rose is not to be found in good con-
dition everywhere, for while this and that soil
is suggested as the best, it is curious to see
how poorly the plants do in what appears to
be "a good loamy soil of a rather holding
nature," which is the one that finds the greater
favour, and usually, if it bo fairly well drained,
it meets the requirements of the plants in re-
spect to soil. But soil is not the all-in-all, for
of greater import are position and elevation.
The rare occurrences of fine clumps of the
Christmas Rose in low valleys and near
river banks, is a lesson of some moment.
In low-lying land a disease attacks the foliage,
causing much loss and enfeeblement, and the
remedy is not easy to find. Those who grow
the plant for its flowers know something of
the value of the leaves remaining intact for
as long a time as possible, and indeed without
persistent foliage the plant is not happy, nor
likely to afford many flowers. The plant is a
decidedly shade-loving one. This matter may
be tested in this way : Plant a row of the
plants 1 foot distant from a Holly or Privel-
hedge, with another at 3 feet away, and still
another at a further 3 feet, or a total of (> feet
from the hedge. The hedge may be of this
height, and for a time cast its shade to the
extent given, but this is not enough. In a
year from the planting, the value of shade,
and of permanent and evergreen shade, as
distinct from that of a brick wall, will be
proved beyond doubt for that particular
Jocality. But you may go to another locality
r.O or 1(10 feet higher, and the whole thing is
contradicted in a moment ; and thus the rule-
of-thiimb practice is ruled out of court. Take
two instances quite near to London, that
from which I now write, which is some
2r> feet above sea-level, and the summit
of Sydenham Hill, a few yards from
the north tower of the Crystal Palace, the
latter at considerable elevation and some
T miles nearer to Charing Cross than Hampton.
In the gardens near the Palace these Christmas
Roses were a feature, huge tufts 2', feetacross,
and such masses of flowers and "foliage that
one can scarcely regard the plants as the same.
Indeed the mass of foliage was so great that
the flowers were unable to find room, and
special precaution had to be taken when it is
remembered that about a bushel of flowers has
l>een taken from a single yet by no means
exceptional specimen. In some parts of
Clieshire, IGloucestershire, and around Bath,
these Hellebores not merely live, they thrive,
•Tud it is a pleasure and not infrequently a
revelation to see them. But in all these places,
where a rather high position combines with
Kood holding soil, the Christmas Rose may be
grown with success. It is, however, where
She light soils obtain, and those more decidedly

drained by a sand or gravel subsoil, that
special treatment as of shade and deep soil is
infinitely more needful ; or again, in the
chalky districts, and where only a few inches
forms the average top soil. In such cases
special beds must be made, and these if
assisted with shade, intermittent or other-
wise, will be found of benefit to the plants.
Deep beds of sweet loam, as opposed to the
undue use of crude manures, is the thing to
aim at. Sunken blocks of sandstone, ever a
source of grateful cooling in times of heat,
should not be overlooked ; or again, in the
lighter soil and in sandy districts, a heavy
addition of clay. Each of these will afford
support, and that of a lasting character ; and
if any group of hardy plants merit special soil
and special care, it is these Hellebores. And
I speak now for the benefit of those who would
care to pl.ant them at the most seasonable
moment of the year. E. H. Jenkins, Hampton
Hill.

CAPE GOOSEBERRIES.— "When Working in the
garden at Hatherop Castle Gardens, Glou-
cestershire, from 1.S85 to 1891 under the then
head gardener, Mr. Geo. Birch, I had charge
of the houses containing Cape Gooseberries.
Their cultivation presents no difliculty, and on
referring to my diary for 1889, I find that cut-
tings were taken in the first week of October.
The cuttings whea rooted were potted,
and received repeated shifts, until they
came into 11- inch pots, which were stood
on the borders of a Peach-house, against the
glass partitions and had full sunshine. The
plants grew vigorously and fruited freely, the
roots coming through the holes at the bottom
of the pots and penetrated the border ; liquid
manure was occasionally afforded. The shoots
wore tied out thinly. The fruit was served at
dessert and much appreciated. One year Mr.
Birch exhibited a dish of the fruits in a collec-
tion of six kinds, and secured the 1st prize.
The fruits make a delicious preserve that some
might prefer to the raw fruit, for the reason
that the fruits are mostly ripe when there is
an abundance of other and choicer fruits.
.1. .7e(feci'c.-t, Moor Halt Gardens, Essex.

GINKGO BiLOBA.— It may interest some of
your readers to know that there is a tree of
Ginkgo biloba (Salisburia adiantifolia) in
Messrs. Wm. Cutbush & Son's home nursery
at Highgate some 60 feet high, perfectly
conical in form. Measuring :! feet up the
stem, ') feet in girth ; the bark of this tree
resembles that of Quercus suber. It would be
interesting to know if there are finer trees
than this in the country. W. Wiles, Highgate.

TAR versus PAINT. — In allusion to this sub-
ject, I may state that it is four years since I
recommended in the Hardeners' Chronicle the
ti^e of tar inside and outside of plant-houses—
not, indeed, gas tar, but Stockholm tar mixed
with petroleum. This was of about the con-
sistency of ordinary paint, and I apply two
coats. The mixture soon dries, and does no
harm to any of the most tender plants. I have
used it on Cucumber, Melon pits and vineries,
for plant stages and garden doors and gates,
and all wood- work is preserved for twice as
long as any kind of paint, and is much cheaper.
In glazing I used no top putty, but used small
tacks instead to fasten the panes, and then
the rabbet was coated with the mixture. Wm.
Smijthe, Hove.

CHRYSANTHEMUM RUST. — This has many
times been commented on in the pre^s,
but I think now the disease is rapidly dying
out. It seems to me it is one of those peculiar
plant diseases due to atmospheric influences.
We had it here very badly for two or three
years, and although no special means were
taken, I think at the present time that we
are free from it. I expect, if the coming
summer should be a wet one, we shall hear cf
growers being troubled again with the pest.
I do not agree with your correspondent, Mr.
Culluoh, that artificial manures have any
tendency to encourage rust, for we used
plenty here during the past summer. It would
be a bad artificial manure to cause disease in
plants such as rust. A. J. Long, Wijfold Court

PEAR GENERAL WAUCHOPE.

The new Pear shown in fig. 144, frum a sketch
by Mr. Worthington Smith, was described in
our last issue, p. 4C3. Captain Carstairs' gar-
dener, Mr. C. Ross, has raised some very valu-
able Apples, but apparently he has not devoted
his attention exclusively to them, for the Pear
under notice was raised by him from a cross
eftected between the varieties Ne Plus Meuris
and Duchesse d'Angouleme. The Fiuit Com-
mittee of the R. H. S. recommended the
novelty an Award of Merit on the 17th inst.,
when fruits were shown at the Drill Hall. The
skin is yellowish-green colour, with minute
spotting, and the flesh soft, juicy and melting.
In flavour the fruit partakes of that of Ne
Plus Jleuris, and there is every reason to
think that the variety will constitute a valu-
able addition to late ripening Pears.

SOCIETIES.

EOYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

December 17. -Present ; G. S. Saunders, Esq., in the
Chair: Rev. W. Wilks, Geo. Gordon, 0. T. Druery, J. W.
Odell, J. Douglas, E. A. Bowles, H. J. Chapman, .and
Dr. Masters.

U'ond attacked by Bees— AUudiing to a specimen shown
at the last meeting, Mr. Saunders said :- " There was
some wood shown at the last Scientific Committee
meeting, which was unquestionably attacked by the
caterpillar of the Goat-moth, Cossus ligniperda; but
there was also a piece of soft wood, probably Willow,
whicli I find on examination was not attacked by any
caterpillar, but by one of the wood- boring bees,
probably Crabi'o cephalotes, or C. chrysostoiiius. Each
nest was partially filled with the remains of blue-
bottle-flies ou which the grubs had ltd. The insects
had not utilised the borings of any other insect.
The wood no doubt was decayed before the bees at.
tacked it, so that they were in no way tlie cause of the
death of the wood."

lianana disease. — Referring to a specimen previously
shown at the Committee, the following remarks by
Dr. Axel Prever were read ;— " For about three years
a peculiar disease has been spreading amongst Bananas
cultivated near Alexandria. The first symptoms of the
disease are to be observed in a sudden check of growtli,
and soon afterwards the leaf-points aud tlie youngest
central leaf become black and die. Tlie latter gets
rotten, numerous ants aud other small animals inhabit
the upper part of the stem, and the putrefaction pro-
ceeds downwards. The stem does not die innnediately,
but it is natiu-aliy unfit to bear fruit. \'ery character-
istic is the appearance of a great many small, crippled
leaves instead of a few, well-shaped, large ones, as is
seen in the sound plant.

"A strougly-iufected stem dug out of the earth %vith
roots was cut iu a longitudinal direction. In the upper
part, the youngest leaves were all black and rotten, the
outer layers were white and seemed to be sound, only
the fourtli aud fifth layers were dark brown and satu-
rated witli a putrid liquid. The lower part of the
stem and the root-stalk showed no sign of disease. But
on the roots tliemselves, especiallj' on the root-tips,
one could observe small knobs, generally accompanied
by an excretion of a resinous substance. Sections of
these knobs were first examined under the microscope,
aud tlieir contents were found to be relatively large
egg-sacks of a kind of pest belonging to tlic Nematodes.
Tlie eggs were in difTerent stages of development, even
some full-grown Nematodes, possessed with great
mobility, had penetrated into the cellular texture of
the root. Ou further investigation, and by comparing
infected with uninfected plants, the Nem>atodes may be
stated to be the cause of the Banana disease; therefore
the latter is due to an infecliou of the roots.

"The Nematodes tliemselves are in shape long, thin,
and cylindrical, with a round mouth-end and a fine
sharp point at the other end. which is strengthened
by a thickening of the epidermis. The whole length
is 0'57 milliiuetres, tlie maximum diameter iiiili mm.
The pest belong to the geuus Tylenchus, but its specific
identification has not yet been ascertained. The
Nematode resembles very much the Tylenchus acuto-
caudatus, Zu., which is the cause of a well-known
dangerous coffee disease in Java.

Deckhbbb 28, 1901.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

475

" As to the biology of tlie.Banana Tylenchus, it is an
interesting fact that the pest not only lives in the
I'oots, but ascends with the watery liquid streaming
upward, and is to be met with in great numbers in the
upper parts of the stem. I could not, however, find
any egg-sacks in these parts.

'• The most important question with regard to the
Banana-disease is, of course, how to suppress it. In
this case the task is rather difficult, because the
Nematodes live free in the giound, and seem to have
spread over a great area near Alexandria. Experi-
ments are going on by manuring the Bananas with
nitrates, and by isolating the plantations by deep
canals ; but no results have as yet been obtained. In
.lava the planters cut out the Coffee-trees infected by
Tylenchus, and avoid planting Coffee again on the

of opinion that once tlie fungus has appeared or be-
come established, any attempt at re-planting fresh
stock will be useless, unless all former plants are
destroyed and a certain length of time allowed to
elapse, in order to ' starve out ' any germs which might
be located in places other than the soil itself, and
whose presence would cause a return of the trouble.
If the vitality of the spores under different conditions
could be determined, the result might prove of assist-
ance to any grower, who, as in my case, may have had
a total loss of crop, but is desirous of commencing
again, if this could be done with safety. Would you
kindly have my name mentioned in the Jmcnuil in con-
nection with this matter of Violet disease, as I thereby
may be brought into communication with others who
have had a similar experience."

Fid. Ml.— I'KAR UENEU.M. W AUClKll'l-; : iiAISEI) IN THE GAUDEN.S, -WKI.rORT) PARK.
(SEK p. 47-1.)

same ground for several years. In Egypt this disease
should be carefully watched, as the Tylenchus miKhl
perhaps attack other plants ; for instance, the newly-
cultivated Sugar-Bect."

r!ate( dfs«a«c.— Referring to former communications
on this subject, Mr. IIinTov, of Donaghadce, writes.—

"I wish to bring another point to your notice, i.e.,
the question of infection beingcarricd through the air,
and not being dependent upon contact alone. That
this is the case, will, I think, be shown by the tact that
fresh and healthy plants which I jirocured from Surrey
early in September, and which were planted in fresh
ground at least Kiu yards distant from any affected
plants, showed signs of the 'spot' very shortly after-
wards, and in about two months were completely
destroyed. Every care was taken to isolate these
plants during unpacking and other stages. It would
be of iTriportance to know the experience of other
growers who have had annoyance from this disease,
and whctlier in any case the culture of Violets has
been successfully renewed, and if so, what lengtli of
tiiiie was allowed to pass before recommencing. I am

DUmard Peachsluiots.—iir. f;oRDON showed some
Peach-shoots in which detached patches on the outer
bark were dead. Mr. Gordon suggested that the
appearances were the result of the attack of the Shot-
hole fungus, Cercospora. The specimens were referred
to Mr. Massce for examination and report.

Seedless Grapes. — Mr. GORDON also showed specimens
of Grapes devoid of seed. This was attributed to im-
perfect fertilisation. Some varieties, it was remarked,
are much more liable to imperfect ferlilis.ation than
others, and a difference is observable according as the
Grapes are grafted on a particular stock, or as to
whether they were on their own roots.

Xantlmxijlnm alatum.— Mr. Odell showed specimens
of this tree, remarking that :— " The specimen shown
is from a large shrub growing at ' The Grove,' Stan-
more, Middlesex, where it annually develops its fruits
and seed. It is a native of N. India, Nepaul, Khasia,
and China, the fruits and seed being used by the
Chinese both as a drug and a condiment, and known as
'Hwa-tseaon.' A full account is given by tlic late Mr.
I>. llanbiiry in Science J'apcrs (Nolea on Clutieee Materia

-l/cdicft). Mr. Hanbury'also read a paper before the
Linnean Society in I8tj3 on a case of presumed parthe-
nogenesis in Xanthoxylum alatum {Science Papers,
p. 31.S). The flowers of the specimen brought are
apetalous and appear to be polygamous, but althougli
seed is produced in abundance, not one has yet
germinated. In cold and frosty weather the leaves
have a curious habit of infolding the margins
until the blades are like small cylinders; this
position continues until the return of mild weather,
when they very slowly resume their normal ilat
position. Prof. Kerncr,in the Natural History of Pin at f,
says that from nine to eighteen buds are formed in tlie
leaf axil of Xanthoxylum, of which the middle one is
the biggest, and grows out during the following year
into a short or long shoot. The other small buds arc
kept in reserve in the cortex at the base of the shoot.
Tliis:may perhaps account for the fact that although
the wood is hard and brittle, yet the tree will answer
easily to the knife, and can be kept in good shape by
pruning."

Cliililiing in Catibniics.— Mr. DouciLAS stated that the
application of gas-lime in spring just before planting
did no good at all. A second application in June
killed the plant, liut did no harm to the Club-root
fungus.

Hiitbs.—Dv. M.tSTKHS showed from Mr. I'. Turner
three bulbs of Narcissus one above another on a stem,
tlie lowest bulb being the oldest. It was suggested
that they might have been kept out of the ground
a long time before planting.

Khododendrnn fasciated. — A specimen from Mr. A.
Watkrer was shown in which a branch was fasciated,
and the "crest" at the top of the branch was succulent
and fleshy.

WATERFORD HORTICULTURAL.

liKiK^iiiiEU i:;. -The annual i;cucval meeting of thit
Society was held at the Mayor's Ollice, i:ily Hall, on tli*
above date, to receive report and statement of accounts,
and also to elect committee and ofllccrs for the ensuing
year. Mr. Alexander Nelson, J. P., D.L., City High
Sheriff, president, was in the chair.

Thk ANNtjAt. Report.

The committee having to again lay before the sub-
scribers their annual report, are sorry to say thiit the
increased interest in the Society that they had hoped
for has hardly come up to their expectation. They are,
however, pleased to report an increase in the list of
members.

The commit tee looked forward to seeing a consider-
able improvenient in the Ihiancial state of the Society
which would have warranted their again holding a
summer show. The Hon. Treasurer's etalement of
accounts shows a credit balance of £7 ~s. sd., including
£1 Is. l(i. carried forward from last year. It will there-
fore bo easily seen that the Society is not in a position
to undertake such a liability at present.

The Chrysanlhenuuu show hold on November s was
very successful, the quality of the exhibits being
generally excellent; but the number of entries in the
classes for ctit blooms was not so largo as usual,
owing to the absence of exhibits from a distance, con.
sequent on llic Socicly's show following so closely on
those held in Imhiiii, wlii.li did ikjI ;Klniit of suflieient
time for inlcndiii;; cxiiil.ilois In .Dnuiclc.

In the vej;et;il)le seel ions the exhibits wore very nu-
merous, and of excellent quality; but those in the
sections for fruit were few, the absence of exhibits from
a distance being again felt.

The display of field crops, as in previous years,
played a pro]]iineut part, the number of entries being
very large, and exhibits of flue quality. Extract .froit
" Waterford Staitdard,' Deceiiitter Is, Ittol.

RICHMOND HORTICULTURAL.

Decemukr 18.— The annual general meeting of this
society was held on the above date, Mr.Skewes-Cox.M.F^
in the chair. The report read showed that whilst the
society had, during the past two years, entertained the
Koyal Horticultural and the National Rose Societies,
and in such ways producing remarkably tine shows,
the pecuniary results had not been commensurate, and
somewhat heavy loss^had been sustained. With a view
to the reduction of 'the heavy debts thus created, a
dinner at the Star and Garter Hotel had been arranged.
at which Leopold de Kotliscliild, Esq., most kindly
presided, and the result was the sum of somejElSO wa.i
obtained, which had reduced the debt owing to the
bank by that amount, still leaving about JEIUii to be
cleared oil", (.reat credit was given in the cliairman'st
report to Mrs. King, wife of the esteemed hon. sec,
— King, Esq., for her efforts through two shows by
sales of flowers to assist the Gardeners' Orphan Fund.
The result was the handsome sum o! £:isis. id. Next
year this kind lady proposes in a similar way to assist

476

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 28, 1901.

(he Royal Gardeners' Benevolent Institution. The
report was cordially adopted ; it is the twenty-seventli
annual one,

The society has from its formation invariably held
i(s shows on the last Wednesday in June : It is, how-
ever, realised that no show could be held on that date
next year because of tlie Coronation ceremonies, and
after much deliberation it has lieen agreed to hold the
next show on July 2, although it will probably clash
with the Temple Show of the National Rose Society,
lint, it is feared, will find the trade and private gardens
very much denuded of plants and cut flowers, and
possibly a public satiated with sightrseeing for a time.
The committee, on the other hand, liope to secure a
specially fine Rose-show, especially in the competition
for Mr. Leopold de Rothschild's handsome Cup which
he kindly offers; and of a good fruit competition for
the handsome cup Mrs. Waechter also kindly offers for
collections. The outgoing members of commitee and
officers were duly elected, and customary votes of
thanks accorded.

TRADE NOTICE.

BECKENHAM HORTICULTURAL.

At a recent meeting of tliis Society, a lecture, entitled
" The Work of a Root," illustrated by lantern-slides,
was given by R. J. Tabor, F.L.S.. Resident Tutor at the
Horticultural College, Swanley. Some knowledge of
tlie root and its functions are necessary to all plant-
growers. The subject, Mr. Tabor said, would require
at least six lectures to do it full justice. Nevertheless,
the most important work of a root, from a practical
point of view, was clearly explained. The uses of
perpendicular, horizontal, and ramifying root-hairs for
anchorage, absorption, and the conveyance of watery
sap, were illustrated. A cross-section of a Buttercup-
root, from a micro-photograph, showed clearly the
large central elongated cells for conveying the watery
Iluid to the leaves, surrounded by the ordinary cells,
containing the sap more highly elaborated, as returned
from the leaves. The root-cap. or shield, to protect
tlie delicate cells multiplying immediately behind, is
one of the marvellous provisions of Nature. The
necessity of air in the soil, and the devices of plants to
i-upiily their roots with it, seem almost to suggest
reasoning powers— at any rate, adaptation to environ-
ment is very evident. Some remarkable examples of
host plants, for epiphytes and fuiigoids, were shown.
Legnminose plants, and their power of lixing free
nitrogen from the air on their roots ; also roots for
absorbing atmospheric moisture, and for attachment
and grasping, including many other roots for various
imrposes, were illustrated.

The next lecture will be given by Mr. H. Caunell, on
" Caunas," January 3, 1902.

©bituar^.

M. Ernest Bergman. — The National Horti-
cultural Society of France lias sustained a
severe loss in tlie deatli of I\I. Ernest Bergman,
only a few days after JI. Bleu. M. Bergman
was well known in this country, where he
resided for a few years, and passed some time
in the nurseries of Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Son.s
iu order to ijrepare himself to assist his father
ill the management of Baron Rothschild's
gardens at Ferrieres. For a time also he
acted as Paris correspondent to this Journal.
After the death of his father, M. Ernest Berg-
man retired from Ferritires, and occupied him-
self in organising the annual congresses of the
National Horticultural Society of France. He
was very active in his services to the Society,
of which he was latterly assistant general
secretary, and was greatly liked by his friends
and associates. M. Viger, the President of
the Society, pronounced a discoiu'se on the
occasion of his funeral.

ENQUIRY.

We understand that Mr. Robert Blackstock
has resigned his position as manager of the
Orchard Co., " Scotby," Ltd., and is no longer
in the service of the Company. Mr. John
Kitley has been appointed manager, and has
entered upon his duties.

VARIORUM.

St. Thomas' Day. — St. Thomas, whose
festival occurred on December "21, is the
patron of masons and architects, from the
tradition that a large sum of money was given
him to erect a palatial building, but he spent
the money on the poor, thus building a palace
in heaven. Hence has arisen the time-
honoured practice to go "mumping" on this
day by the poor. The custom was formerly
widespread, and still lingers ; the day is
known variously as Doling Day, Gooding Day,
and Mumping Day. It some places doles are
distributed by the clergy, in others the old
women and children petition directly, and
receive money, bread, or garments. Among
the various rhymes existing, the following is
the favourite : —

" Wassail, wassail, through the town.

If you've got any Apples throw thom down.
Up with the stocking, and down with the

shoe.
If you've got no Apples, money will do.
The jug is white, and the ale is brown,
This is the best house in the town."

WiLb some of our readers acquainted with
S. Africa kindly oblige Mr. Jas. Crabbe by
giviui; a list of seeds of vegetables and for
farm that are suitable for growing iu S. Africa
(eastern provinces). He desires to know
whether Scarlet Runner Beans Potatos, Cauli-
flowers, Peas, Cabbages, Radishes, Lettuces,
Carrots, Parsnips, Kohl-rabi, Swedes, French
Beans, Gourds, Cucumbers, Melons, Maize,
&L'., succeed.

WmWm

.J<r

cultivation. The Richardias are gross feed-
ing plants, or we should have thought that
an excess of stimulating manures had been
afforded. The plants arc very easily
affected by drought, however, and if they
are standing near to a hot water-pipe it
would be well to remove them to a ])osition
in which the roots will be unlikely to become
quite dry.

Glasshousbs Erected on Nursery Land : One
in Doubt. If not resting on brick foundations
and attached thereto with bolts, they form
no part of the freehold, and are removable
by the tenant.

Hyacinth Bulbs Failing : J. H. The bulb
sent appears to be affected with a bacterium
— probably Bacillus hyacinthus septicus.
There is no knowai cure, and it would be
best to burn all suspected bulbs. The bac-
teria are capable of affecting the common
Onion.

Insects : Dohbie & Co. Gordius aquaticus.

Lawn-sweeping Machine : W. S. The address
was that given when we figured tlie machine
in the Oavdeners' Chronicle. We would
advise you to advertise your wants in this
Journal.

Market Gardeners' and Nurseuymens' In-
surance Co. : W. P. The offices are in King
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Names of Plants : W. F. O. Basella alba.

Absorption of Moisture by the Leaves of
Plants: C. B. Under certain conditions,
moisture as vapour is absorbed by the
leaves through the under -surface. That
this is so, is shown by the turgidity and
freshness of the leaves of plants growing in
glass-houses, which, after a hot, drying day,
have been "damped down " in the evening ;
but the plants have received no water at the
root. The upper surface of the leaves is
generally so constructed that no liquid can
be absorbed by it.

Black Grapes : A. P. The Vines have prob-
ably been weakened by the heavy cropping
this year and previously, and the malady
called by gardeners " shanking " has set in.
You can do little to cure it now. The border
should be examined, for the roots may be in
bad order, as also the soil, rendering it ad-
visable to lift the roots and make a new or
partially new border. It is too late to do
this witliout loss of crop at this date, but it
could safely be undertaken next September.
Roots deep in a border and none near the
surface, and a close, impervious soil, are
often the causes of shanking in Grapes.
Should the roots and soil be found in good
condition, the Vines should be encouraged
by surface dressings of artificial manure.

Black Varnish on Iron Hot- water Pipes : .1. H.
It could be burned off, but that would entail
the removal of the plants ; failing that, you
miglit try the effect of a very strong wash-
ing-soda water, wrapping rags saturated
witli this round the pipes, and leaving them
on the latter for a few hours.

Callas : B. W. T. In the material you have
sent there is nothing to indicate the cause
of the fibrous roots dying away. The injury
appears to be due to some detail of faulty

Communications Received.— F. Spence.— D. Cautwell
—J. W.— T. B. K.— E. C— F. Sander & Co.— Harrison
Weir— A. K. B.— G. A., with many thanks— Canon E.—
C. T. D.— A. W. G.— R. I. L.— J. C, Cornell University,
U.S.A.— F. A. P.— J. W. B.— W. R.— Karl Schumann,
Berlin— L. C, Rennes— J. S.— A. Unger, Japan— L.
Bradley, Sydney— W. R. Guilfoyle, Melbourne— E. A.—
J. O'B.- F. T.— D. T.— R. D.— H. J. C— A. H.— J. D.—
J. C;.— W. G.— G. W.— T. II. S.— Dobbie ct Co.- G. G.—
J. A. L.— R. P. B.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

SEEDS.

Dickson, BnowN &Tait, 43 and 4.5, Corporation Street,
Manchester.

E. Webb ct Son, Wordsley, Stourbridge, Staffordshire.

Fisher, Son & Sibrav, Ltd., Royal Nurseries, Hands-
worth, near Sheffield.

Henry Eckford, Weni, Shropshire.

William Laing, Sutton, Surrey.

W. W. Johnson & Son, Ltd., Boston, Lincolnshire—
Wliolesale List of Vegetable and Flower Seeds.

DicKSONs, Chester— Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Seed
Potatos, Ac.

Pape & Berg MANN, Quedlinburg— Novelties in 1SI02.

Dickson & Robinson, Old Mitigate, Manchester.

COOPER, Taber ct Co., Ltd., 90 and 92, Southwark
Street, London, S.E.

F. Roemer, Quedlinburg (Germany) — Flower Seeds,
Wholesale.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

Garlies Mitchell, Stranraer, N.B.

Continued Increase in the Circulation of the
"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE."
IMPORTANT TO ADVERTISERS. — The Publisher has
the satisfaction 0/ announcing that the circulation of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle" has, since the reduction in the
price of the paper, more than

m- TREBLED. -&■

Advertisers are reminded that the " Chronicle" circulates
among Countkt Gentlemen, and all Classes of
Gardeners and Garden-lovers at home, that it has
a specially large Foreign and Colonial CiHcnLA-
tion, and that it is preserved for reference in all the
principal Lihraries.

(For Markets and Weather, see p. viii.^

Supplement to the " Gardeners' Chronicle, December 28 1901.

A Garden in Winter on the Riviera.