LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE .Coll £.g e . _ _ ^ jjlt\ Q S_ . December 27, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE & XDcckb OKustratcb Journal OF HORTICULTURE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS. (ESTABLISHED IN 1S41.) VOL. LIV.— THIRD SERIES JULY TO DECEMBER, 1913. LONDON: 4*. WELLINGTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 1913- The Gardeners' Chronicle.] [December 27. 1913. Ju INDEX OF CONTENTS JULY TO DECEMBER, 1913. (Foe Special Headings see under Books; Certificates; Law Notes; Nursery Notes; Obituary; Plant Portrait's; Plants, New ; Scientific Committee ; Societies : and Illustrations.) Aberdeen, appointments at, 50, 239; damage to gardens at, 79 Abies lasiocarpa, 207 Abutdlons, garden, 239 Acacia, a hybrid, 236 Accident Insurance Institutions, the Munich Conference on Ann- cultural, 272 Aetinidia ohinensis, 207 Adnitt and Naunton, Messrs., tes- timonial to, 11 African Umbrella tree, the, 392 Agricultural education and re- search, 97 Agricultural journal, a new, 343 Agricultural Organisation Society, the, 326 Agricultural possibilities of Zanzi- bar ami Pemba. 340 Agricultural resources of Canada, 220 Agricultural returns. 415 Agricultural science, research scholarships in. 70 Agriculture, tropical, a college of, 443 Alcoholic fermentation. 221 Alcohol, new process of obtaining, 239 Aldenham House. Elstree, trees and shrubs at. 132 Almond and Peach, graft-hybrid between, 188 Alpine garden, the. 117 Alpine plants, distribution of, 46, 89 : new work on, 403 Altluea ficifolia, 140, 235 Amaryllids, a gathering of. 198. 358 America, employment in. 352: Chrysanthemum society of, 157 ; horticulture in, 249; importation of plants to, 291 : Tomato indus- try in, 189 American Apples, 416 : notes. 232 American Pear blight. 319 An.-ectoehilus at Tracy's Nursery, Twickenham. 35 Anderson, Mr. Robert, long service of, 105 Androsace pyrenaica. 78 Anglo-American exposition, 1914. the, 423 Annuals for exhibition, 309 Antirrhinums, 34 : at Wortley Hall, Sheffield, 345 ; sporting in, 158 Ant repellents, 327 Antwerp horticultural exhibition, 121 Apiary, the, 29. 49. 90. 137. 155, 171, 255. 289, 323 Aponogeton distachyon, 461 Apple, a large, 279 ; crop. the. 308 ; in Nova. Scotia, 83: leaf spot in. 405 ; orchards, fertilisers for, 380; Bedford Pippin, 206: Gravenstein, 301 : Lane's Prince Albert. 293 ; Nelson's Glorv, 308, 345, 385, 406; Wolf River, 300, 398 Apples, late dessert. 461 Apple trees. American blight on, 412: sulphate of iron for, 386 Apples, American, 416: three crops of, 364 Argentina, Potato restrictions in, 121 Argyll Park, new garden village it, 378 Armour-plated plants, 173 Artemisia sacrorum viridis, 385. 421, 455 Arthropodium cirrhatnm, 184 Arundo conspicua, 100 Ascott, winter flowers at. 413 Ash, a new American. 407 Asters, border, varieties of, 439 ; and Golden Rod. 340 Attar of Roses, 40 Australasia, notes from, 159. 236. 338. 375, 447: Kentias of. 120 Australian bush in October, flora of the, 447 Austrian flower garden, an. 315 Avery Hill, the L.C.C. winter gar- den at, 88 Awards of horticultural societies. 235 Ayrshire, wart disease in, 403 Azalea indica. 392 Babworth Hall, Retford. 140 Bailey, F. Manson (Comprehensivt Catalogue of Queensland Plants, both Indigenous and Naturalised), 46, 235 Bamboo garden, the. 460 Bananas at Branksome Hall. 427 Bankruptcy statistics, 189 Banksias, 376 Barberries, new Chinese, 335 Basic slag unsuitable for tennis lawn. 343 Batoum botanical gardens. 50 Battersea Park. "Old English" garden at, 141 Beans, runner, 345 Bedding plants, distribution of sur- plus, 275 Beech, attacked by Coccus, 246 : leaf fall in, 423 Beechwoods and Yew-woods on the chalk, 7 Begonia tubers, precocious flower- ing of, 343 Begonias Emita, 307: Florence Nightingale, 104 Belgium, Chicory cultivation in, 35; fruit tree cultivation in. 405: Hops in, 258 Belsize Court. Hampstead. Nepenthes at, 397 Benevolent Institution, Gardeners' Royal, 11, 88, 275 [Annual Din- ner), 5 Birmingham, horticultural activities in, 459 Black Currants, Big Bud in, 364 Blakeney Point, 326 Blight of Celery and its preven- tion, 3 Bog, plants for the. 387 Bolton. Alderman Win, honour for. 50 Books, Notices of :— A Pil grimage of British Farming (.4. D. Hall\. 422: Agricultural Jour- nal of Behar and Orissa. 343 : Botanical Magazine, 33, 121, 257, 363, 459; Clay's Successful Gar- dening [Clay and Son), 107: Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants, both Inde- genous and Naturalised [F . Man- son Bailey), 46, 235: Cvclamen. and how 'to Grow Theni (F. C. F.dwards), 152: Daffodil Year Book, 1913, the, 185; Etudes de Systematique et de Geographie Botaniques (Emile de Wildemanl, 27; Flora of Queensland (F. Manson Bailey), 235; Flore Al- gerienne Naturelle et Acquise (Dr. A. S. Gvbb), 276; Food of some British Wild Birds (Walter E. Collinge), 10; Garden .Manual [Journal of Horticul- ture). 27: Garden Work (William Good), 169: Garden Work for Every Day (H. H. Thomas), 107: Gardens of the Great Mu- ghols (C. M. Villiers-Stuart), 438 : Gruppenweise Artbildung (Hugo de Vries), 379: Hardv Flower Book (E. H. Jenkins), 169 : Horl icultural Record (Reginald Cory), 362; Index Kewensis, 414 : Publications received. 27. 58. 74, 108. 190. 280. 401, 432: Introduction to the Chemistry of Plant Pro- ducts (P. Hans and T. G. Hill). 270: journal of Ecology, 33: Land of the Blue Poppy (F. Kingdon Ward). 379: La Revue de Phytopathologie, 139 ; Le Jav- dinier Solitaire, 224; Les Aspects de la Vegetation en Belgique, 47 : Maurer's Stachelbeerbuch (Louis Mnirrei). 359: Mildews. Rust*, and Smuts (G. Massec), 459: Monographic du genre Prime- vere (S. Mottet), 258; Mono- graph of the Gooseberry (Louis Maurer), 359: Mutations in LEnothera (Hugo de Vries), 379; National Rose Society's Official Catalogue of Roses, 362; Notes d' Horticulture Experi- mentale (.1. Petit), 68; Orchida- i - en von Deutsch Neu-Guinea (Dr. Rudolph Schlechter), 275: Plantes des Montagnes et des Rochers (//. Correvon), 438: Production et Consommation des Engrais Chimiques dans le Monde, 398: Plant Life (Prof. J. B. Farmer), 271 : Propagation and Pruning (/. C. Newshom), 270; Rubber and Rubber Plant- ing IP. II. Fori-), 439: Small Holdings from a Horticultural Standpoint (/. H. Burgess). 398 ; Topography and Vege- tation of Blakeney Point. Nor- folk IT. W. Oliver and F. G. Salisbury), 326: Trees and Shrubs at Leonardslee (Sir Ed- mund Loder). 359 ; Trees of Great Britain and Ireland (H. J. Elwes ami Prof. A. Henry), 88; Twentieth Century Gardening (John Weathers), 133; Vegetable Culture (Trevor Monmouth), 107; Vegetable growing Made Easy (Owen Thomas and George Wythes), 169: Yegetation of the Peak District (C. E. Moss). 398; Unsere Freiland Standeu. etc., 315, 386 : With Camera and Ruck- sac in the Oberland and Yalais {Reginald A. Malby), 359; Young Gardener, The (Countess of Selb'orne), 27: Border pathway, a simple, 235 Botanical excursions of the British Association, 174 Botanic garden for South Africa, the national. 133. 139, 150 Botanv and Horticulture, divorce of, 386 Bowling greens, Glasgow public 235 Box Hill secured for the public, 343 Brandenburg, fruit crops in, 88 Brasso-Cattleya Mrs. Pitt, 337 British Association and the Royal Society of New South Wales, the, 157 ; British Association, botanical excursions of the, 174 ; genetics at the, 275 Brooks, Mr. F. T., appointment of, 444 Bruges district, fruit and Potato crops in the, 105 Brunsvigia Josephime, 392 Brussels Botanic Garden, stream in the. 321 Brvce. Mr. George, appointment of, 444 Budapest, exhibition at. 312 Burgess, G. H. (Small Holdings tram a Horticultural Standpoint)', 398 Bulb garden, the, 25, 198. 268 Bulbophyllum Hamelinii, 169 Burpee. 'Mr. W. Atlee. 249 Burrell, the Hon. Martin, 70 Buttonia natalensis, 206 Cabbages, early, 34 ; large, 160 Cactuses, wilful damage to. 343 Cambridge, forestry at. 423 Camoensia maxima in Jamaica, 214 Campanulas : alpina. 142; Elatines, 213 ; isophvlla alba in the open, 150; Raineri. 213 Canada, motor car unpopular in, 88 : notes from. 44, 115, 340, 400. 415: possibilities for gardeners in. 115; the first Rose Society's show in, 52 ; Trillium grandi- florum in, 45 Canary Islands, exports of produce from, 33 Carnations, perpetual flowering, out of doors, 234 ; novelties in, 427. 454; sporting in, 158; the pro- pagation of, 235 Carter, Mr. Humphrey Gilbert, 403 Caterpillars, a plague of, 7 Catha edulis, the Kat or Khat Plant, 444 Cattleya Hardyana Muesser's variety, 232 : C. Harrisoniana alba Stanley's variety, 300; C. Lawrenceana, 150; C. Mrs. Percy Bigland, 375 : C. Souvenir de Queen Victoria, 397 ; C. Thomasii, 337; C. Venus Good- son's variety, 232; C. W7arsce- wirzii alba Muesser's variety, 106 Ceara plants, tapping, 251 Celery "blight" or "rust" and its prevention, 3 Celery disease, 3, 190 Cemetery superintendents, an association of, 312. 327 Ceratitis capitata, 117 Cercospora violse, 449 Certificated Fruits and Vege- tables : Apples : Cliveden Pro- lific, 262 ; Maidstone Favourite. 163; Peacemaker, 262; S. T. Wright, 262. 295; French Beans, Perpetual, 94; Sunrise, 94; Peas, Decembkr 27. 1913.] INDEX. Alderman, 55 ; Exhibition, 55 ; Favourite, 51, 71 ; Masterpiece, 55,71 ; Premier, 55 ; Quite Con- tent, 55 ; Sir Arthur Bignold, 55, 71 ; VVarriston Wonder, 55, 71 ; Potato Irish King, 163 ; Straw- berries, British Queen, 55, 71 ; Cropper, 55, 71 ; Fillbasket, 55 ; Progress, 55, 71 : Rival, 55, 71 ; Tomatos, Holyrood, 163; Holmes Ideal, 163; Liberty, 163; Light- ning, 163 ; Pearshaped, 163 ; Hurst Marvel, 163; Turnip Snow- ball, 94 Certificated Plants : Achillea Perry's White, 210; Adiantum Siebertiauum, 17 ; A. trapezi- forme var. Queen Mary, 17 ; Aga- panthus Weilligii, 125; Anemone Carmine Queen, 179 ; Feu Brill- ant, 179 ; Angnecum recurvum, 367 ; Antherieum algeriense major, 179 ; Antirrhinums, Wis- ley trial of, 192; Asters : Beaut v of Ronsdorf, 226 ; Feltham Blue, 192; 'Mrs. Frank Penn, 226; Astilbes (Haarlem), 179; Be- gonias : Rosalind, 408 ; Syros, 366 ; Berberis aggregata, 225 ; Brasso-Cattleya Iris, 262; Brasso- La?lio-Oattleya X The Baroness, 162 ; Caladium Mine. Renee Marot, 125 ; Carnations : Book- ham White. 54 ; Champion, 328, 409 ; Cinderella, 294, 409 ; En- chantress Supreme, 410 ; Fair- mount, 225; Firefly, 54; Gor- geous, 328, 410; Lady Fuller, 409; Philadelphia, 449; Pioneer, 409; Queen Alexandra, 261, 409; Rosy Morn, 93; Sal- mon King, 225 ; The Baron, 17 ; Virginia, 17 ; Yellow Stone, ^.261; Cattleya : Adula Glebe variety. 261 ; C. Andreana McBean's variety, 329 ; C. Arm- strongiae var. "Jasper," 346: C. Cybele, 226: C. Empress Frede- rick Avia Clifton. 295: C. Fabia Prince of Wales, 262: C. graniris, 295; C. Hardvana Mis. Waters Butler, 163 ; C. Harri- sonss alba Davidson's variety, 210; C. Iris Walton Grange var.. 346 ; C. Is:dor. 3^6 ; C. labiata Athene. 388; C. 1. La Vierge, 388; C. Maggie Raphael The Dell variety, 408; C. Mossiie Dreadnought. 13; ('. M. Olympia, 13; C. Percivaliana alba "Lady Holford." 449: ('. Phrvgda, 388; O. Purity, 330: C. Rhoda var. Queen Alexandra. 264: ('. Sere- r.a-ta, 13 ; Chrysanthemums : Amy Poulton, 294: Bertha Lachaux, 449; Cardinal. 407: Commo- dore, 407, 429; Dailv Mail, 328: Golden Diana, 264'; Golden Mensa, 328, 332: Heston Pink, 429 ; Improved Northern Star, 162: Isnbel Felton, 332; Mme. Teresa Morel. 328: Mrs. H. G. Jones, 332: Mis. J. Gibson, 332: Mary Morris. 366; Maud Jef- feries. 408: Mrs. R. 0 Pulling. 294, 332; Mrs. Richard Hamilton, 264: Monevmaker. 264: Olive 225; P.'nk Pearl. 328, 332; Rosa- lind, 332: William Vert. 294; Clematis tangutica var. obtusiu- scula, 94 : Orelogvne Mooneana, 264; C. Pandurata variety, 39; Columnea Verstediana, '366; Cypripedhim Actaeus var. leuco- xantha, 346; C. Artlinrianum Walton Grange var.. 330: C. Bourtonense, 449; 0. Cyclops, 367: C. Draco Grittleton, 429: C. F.stella, 329, 388; C Goliath. JOS; C. Hermes. 429; C. insigne. 397 : C. Lathamianum Thomnsonii, 429 : C. Mirum 429; C. Muriel Hollington. 210: 'JjJ C. nitens-Leeanum smaragdinum, 05 449; C. Olympus, 329: C. Oueen —• Alexandra.' 235 : 0. Walton Grange, 429 ; C. San Actaeus, 388 ; C. San Actaeus Our Queen, 429 ; ( '. Schroderi Kentore, 367 ; C. Strelsa, 408 ; C. Traceyanum var. "Virginale," 346; C. Trollius var. Impregnable, 330 ; Dahlias : Aphrodite, 162 ; Carl Bechstadt, 261 ; Dorothy Hawes, 226 ; Dun- geness, 125; Eddystone, 210; General de Souis, 261 ; Herzogin von Braunschweig, 226 ; Ilomere, 226 ; Inchcolin, 210 ; Inchrnar- nock, 192; Lily Reed, 162; Mrs. J. G. Vaughan, 226; Offenbach, 261 ; Prince of Orange, 162 ; Regi- nald Cory, 226; Regulus, 162; Ruby, 226; Rupert, 226; The Quaker, 261, Tuskar, 162; Delphiniums : Mrs. W. J. Sanderson, 54; Princess Juliana, 179: Dendrobium Dearei, McBean's variety, 55 ; D. Leeanum Langley var., 367; Dendromecon rigidum, 94 ; Eri- geron hybridus " Pink Pearl," 17; G- .mi eoceineuin Mrs. Brad- shaw, 179 ; Gladioli : Brook- lands, 95 ; Craiganour, 125 ; Elect ra, 94 : G. Frank Paddleton, Jr., 94; G. Golden King, 95; G. Halley, 95 ; G. Ira Van, 95: Incon- testable, 94 ; King of the Blues, 94 ; Lady Faire. 162 ; Lady North- cote, 162 ; Liebesfeuer, 94, 95 ; Liveliness, 94 : Mrs. Bromet, 162 ; Orby, 95 ; Pink Perfection, 94 ; Prince of Wales, 94; Gloxinia Veitch's Strain. 94 ; Helianthus animus, 94; Helenium Bronze Queen, 210; Hemerocallis Aureole, 179; Irises (Haarlem Society), 179; Iris Ksenipferi " Morning Mists." 17 ; I. Vartanii White Pearl, 328: La-lio-Cattleya Armada, 226; L.-C. autodoin, 408; L.-C. Colmanas, 330; L.-C. Etterick, 162; L.-C. Excelsis, 330: L.-C. Feronia Charlesworth's variety, 367; L.-C. Geo. Wood- liams, 193: L.-C. Marquis de Wavrin Orchidhurst variety. 163 ; L.-C. Mrs. Temple, 408;' L.-C. Olenus Blenheim variety, 329; L.-C. Thovne. 429; L.-C. 'Ursula, 125; L.-C. Wellesleyi var. Flam- beau, 125 ; Lysionotus Warley- ensis. 125 : Magnolia Delavavi, 17; Miltonia Ashlandensis, 388; M. Charlesworthii var. Mrs. Ralli, _ 92; M. Harwoodii Fowler's variety. 13: M. Sanderae, 13; Miltonioda Harwoodii Shrub- bery var., 367 j Montbretia Queen Adelaide. 162: Nepenthes atropur- purea, 17: N. Lewis Bradbury, 17; Nerines : Giantess, 261; Glory of Sarmia, 261: Salmon Oueen. 261: Nympha as : Colos- sea, 04-. Escarboucle, 94: Odon- tioda Bradshawae var. Aurora, 388; 0. Brewii. 13: 0. Cooksoni.-e venustum, 55: 0. x Lit una I lood- Miu's variety. 408; 0. Queen Mary luminosa, 429 : 0. Sevmourae I hvhidhurst variety, 193: O. Thwaitesii Purple Emperor. 55 ; 0. Vertnmis, 39; 0. Vuvlsteke • Ashlands " variety, 39; 6. Wil- sonii The President. 13: Odonto- glossum amabile var. "Bella Donna," 346: 0. a. "Ruby Gem," 429: O. ardentissimum Violette and Plotinum, 346 ; 0. Cleopatra. 449; 0. Craw- shayanum superbum, 261 : 0. erispum xantlvtes Westonbirt var.. 329: 0. c. Tetrarch. 264: 0. c. Virginale Ashlands var., 210; O. eximium var. rubrum. 388 : 0. e. xanthotes Ashland.s var.. 264; 0. grande superbum. 330: 0. Helius. 388; 0. x Ne Plus Ultra, 3^6; 0. percultum var. Brunette, 388; 0. Queen Alexandra var. Theodora. 92: 0. Satur™e viola- ceum, 409: 0. Vivien, 235; 0. Woodroffeie, 210; 0. xantliotes Ashlands variety, 264; Odon- toma brugensis Eileen, 162; Langowoyi, 449 ; Oncidium bicallosum, 346; 0. vari- cosum VVestonbirt variety, 295 ; Paphinia Cristate, 55; Pau- lownia imperialis lanata, 261 ; Pentstemon Mrs. L. Cutbush, 210 ; Polygonum sericeum, 179 ; Polypodium Mayi var. cristatum, 17 ; Primula malacoides plena, 408; P. vincieflora, 225; Ranun- culus (Haarlem), 179 ; Roses : Annie Crawford, 94; Brilliant, 37; Colleen, 56; Conway Jones, 37 ; Countess Clanwilliam, 56 ; Edgar M. Burnett, 209; Edward Boliane, 209 ; Florence Forrester, 56 ; G. A. Hammond, 56 ; Gorgeous, 56; Irene Osgood, 56; Mrs. Ambrose Ricardo, 37; Mrs. Andrew Carnegie, 162; Mrs. Archie Gray, 56 ; Mrs. F. W. Vanderbilt, 56 ; Mrs. George Norwood, 37; Mrs. Godfrey Brown, 17; Mrs. Hugh Dickson, 37; Mrs. James Lynas, 37; Mrs. J. W. Parker, 37; Moonlight, 209, 225 ; Muriel Dickson, 17, 37, 209; Ophelia, 17; Queen Mary, 35 ; Red Letter Day, 37, 209 ; Ulster Gem, 37'; Ulster Standard, 17 ; William Cooper, 37 ; Salvia uliginosa, 192 ; Scabi- ">i caucasica nutgnifica, 162; Sophro-Cattleya Blackii, 264 ; Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Laconda, 295; S.-L.-C. 'Nii.be, 329; Spiraea arborea var. grandis, 94 ; S. filipendula grandiflora, 210; Sunflower "Red," 94; Sweet Peas : Lobbies True Lavender, 94; King White, 94; Symphoii carpus mollis, 261 ; Thladiantlia dubia, 54 ; Tithonia speciosa, 261 ; Tricyrtis stolonifera, 261 ; Tulips (Haarlem Society), 179; Violas: Agnes Kay, 18: Alexandra, 18; Admiral of the Blues, 18 ; Bethea, 18; Blue Duchess, 18: Violet Kaiser Wilhelm, 408: Mrs. C. Milligan, 210; Purity, 18; Red- braes Bronze, 18 : Redbraes White, 18; Redbraes Yellow, 18; Royal Scot, 18 : Sulphurea, 18 : Virgin White. 18 Chatsworth, floral pictures at, 224 Cherry fruit rly. the, 271 Chestnut-bark disease, 238 Chicory, the cultivation of Witloof, in Belgium, 6, 35 China, plant collecting in. by Mr. Purdom, 229 Christmas trees, demand for, 423 Chrysanthemum society, an Ameri- can, 157 Chrysanthemums, border, 356 ; Bronze McXieec. 406: caus- ing hay fever. 412. 426, 448; choice Single, 378: Conference on outdoor. 449, 463,; failure with, 426, 461 ; for exhibitions. 372 ; housing, 270; in the L.C.C. Parks, 258 : new Japanese. 358 ; propagation of, bv cuttings, 378; show of. at Ghent, 276; Tre- venna, 372. Church Army gardens on city building sites, 69 •' clay" Challenge Cup, the, 326 Clematis indivisa lobate, 199 i i mate, effect of temperature and rainfall on. 453 Cloche, the Chase continuous, 402 Clover on lawns, to eradicate, 96 Coal, the origin of, 352 Cocos Island. Costa Rica, vegeta- tion of, 290 Cold storage for retarding plants and preserving flowers, 306 Collimre. Walter E. [The Food of firjtjx7i Wild Bird*), 10 Colonial products. 104 Colorado Beetle (Doryphora decem- lineata), 233 [The Gardener.' Chronicle. Ill Colour, the preservation of, in plant preparations, 291, 327 l ongea tomentosa, 399 Congo, flora of the, 186 Conservatories on steamships, 174 ( !bnvolvulus Dryadum, 327 Cooksbridge, Orchids at, 215 Coombe Wood Nursery, sale of trees and shrubs at the, 277 Coombs, Mr. Godfrey E., 444 Cc-operative organisations, Govern- ment subsidies to, 160 Correvon, H. [Les Plantes des Mon- tagnes et des Rockers), 438 Corsican Pine, Larch-canker on, 275 Costa Rica. Vegetation of Cocos Island, 290 i ..it age gardens, prizes for, 124 Covent Garden Estate, sale of the, 443 Covent Garden Market at Christ- mas, 446 Crinum Powellii. and its white variety, 198, 308, 346; hardiness of, 317 Crocus Fleischeri, 45 Crystal Palace Fund, the, 10, 33.50 Cucumber and Tomato canker, 167 Cutbush, Mr. H., Junr., 105 Cyaniddng vineries, 462 i lycas leaves, preserved, 378 Cyclamen latifolium "St. George," 443 Cyclamen, the cultivation of, 444 Cymbidium Florinda, 284 Cypher, Mr. B. Frank, 308 Cypripedium x Tracery, 251; C. Bourtonense, 454; C. spectabile, 415 Cytisus supranubius, 121, 161 Daffodil grub, the, 268 Daffodil show, the L.H.S., 11 Daffodils, new rules concerning awards to, 367 Dahlia, a new cactus-flowered, 403 Dahlias, 326 : collerette at Messrs. Dobbie and Co.'s nurserv, 217: the Duffryn trial of, 221, 384, 418, 449; wasps attacking, 266 Dairy Education Association, 326 Danish comment on small holdings, a, 172 Dawkins, Mr. Alfred, 326 Delphinium Monarch of All, 303 Dendrobiums : Crumenatum, 183; D. lamellatum, 115 De Serres, Olivier, 149 Designs for summer bedding, 133 Dickson and Robinson's vegetable show. 211 Diplodina castanese, 239 Diploma in Horticulture, national, 156, 157, 424 Disa uniflora. the pollination of, 198 Disease resistance in plants, 256, 309 Ditton Park, Buckinghamshire, 176 Doryphora cleccmlineata (the Colo- rado beetlel. 233 Drought, effect of. on tree growth, 299: in England, 172; in Scot- land. 124; how to fight, 6 Duchesne, Antoine Nicholas, 61 Duchesne, M. Emile, honour for, 239 Duffryn, Dahlia trials at, 221, 384, 418 Dumfries, horticultural lectures in, 378 Dunkeld, plague of caterpillars at, 7 East Lothian, Potato inspection in, 239 Easton Lodge, Essex, 228 iy The Gardeners' Chronicle.] INDEX. [December 27, 1913. Baton Hall, Chester, 68, 256 Edinburgh municipal garden allot- ments, 400 Edinburgh, a winter garden for, 466; Kose day in, 378; Royal Botanic Garden Guild at, 363 Edraianthus dalmaticus and E. Pumilio, 17, 34 Edwards, F. C. (The Cyclamen and How to Grow T/inii), 152 Electricity and Horticulture, 442 Elm, unusual growth of, 5 Elodea canadensis, 180 Elwes, II. J., and Professor A. Henry {Trees of Great Britain and inland), 88 Enkianthus campanulatus, 132 Epitaphs, some gardening, 434 Erythrsea Massonii, 319 Eucalyptus, 142 ; essential oils of Tasmanian species, 276 Eucryphia pinnatifolia and E. cor- difolia, 207 Eucryphia pinnatifolia, a double- flowered seedling, 284 Euphorbia Eustacei, 355 Events of tbe Year, 458 Exhibitions, annuals for, 309 123, 133, 152, 175, 191, 200; spring frosts and the, 33 Fruiterers' Company cltair, sale of the, 443 Fruit-garden, the market, 26, 113, 165, 247, 337, 357, 416 Fruit-growing, resumption of land for, 363 Fruit pickers, housing accommoda- tion for, 79 Fruit Show, Kent Commercial, 174 ; R.H.S. Autumn, 280, 293 Fruit trees, lifting, 279 ; in the City of London, 173 ; methods of train- ing, 405 ; new method of manur- ing, 257 ; on walls, 405 ; phos- phates for, 221 ; sale of at the Langley Nurseries, 308 ; the pol- lination of, and its bearing on planting, 393, 420, 444 Fruits, artificial ripening of, 50, 88, 122, 159, 160; history of cul- tivated, 61, 149 ; a new method of preserving, 88; noteworthy Ameri- can, 443 ; Turkish preserved, 105 ; under glass, the cultivation of, 9, 29, 49, 67, 91, 102, 119, 137, 155, 170, 187, 202, 219, 236, 255, 273, 288, 305, 322, 341, 361, 381, 400, 421, 441, 457 Fulwell Park, King Manoel at, 383 Furcrsea Redinghausii, 166, 190, 224 Farm and garden, relation of wild birds to the, 281 Farm crops, annual value of the seeds of, 221 Farmer, Prof. J. B. {Plant Life), 271 Farming, British, a pilgrimage of, 422 Fern, Parker's, 180, 190 Fernery, the, 286 Fertilisers and fish, 189 ; Fertilisers for Apple orchards, 380 ; the world's consumption of, 221 Flora of the Australian bush in October, 447 Floral pictures at Chatsworth, 224 Florists' flowers, 202, 269, 358, 378, 418, 454 Flower garden, the management of the, 8, 28, 48, 67, 90, 102, 118, 136, 154, 170, 187, 202, 218, 237, 254, 272, 288, 305, 322, 340, 360, 381, 400, 420, 441, 457 Flower shows, prize money at, 235 ; village, 98 Flowers, autumn, in the south-west. 394 ; photographing, 40 ; in cold storage, 306 ; in season, 11, 33, 88, 257, 326, 459 Forbes, Mr. James, retirement of, 400 Foreign correspondence, 6, 46, 134, 236, 358, 378, 398, 455 Forestry, at Cambridge, 423 ; British, and the Paris forest con- gress, 373, 394, 414 ; notes on, 4, 45, 107, 199 Fowler, Mr. J. Gurney, 276 Foxglove, a hybrid, 70, 88 France, autumn shows in, 139 ; the destruction of insect pests in, 51 " French " garden, notes on the, 49, 103, 119, 136, 171, 219, 237, 255, 273, 289, 305, 323, 341, 361, 401 French gardening, three centuries of, 238 France, novel method of appointing a public gardener in, 139 Fruit, Australian, 51 ; in South- western Scotland, 259; register, 300: R.H.S. rules for packing of soft, 362 Fruit-buds not flowering, 34 Fruit conference in Ireland, 238 Fruit crops in Brandenburg, Saxony, and Silesia, 88; in Hol- land, 69 ; in the Bruges Consular district, 105 : on the Continent, 11 Fruit crops, the hardy, remarks on tin- condition of the, 80, 86, 101, Gaillardias, dwarf, 140 Garden allotments, Edinburgh municipal, 400 Garden design, 454 Garden designs at the Ideal Exhi- bition, 343 Gardener, definition of a, 309 ; novel method of appointing a French municipal, 139 Gardeners and low wages, 448 Gas, tar and mealy bug, 279, 293, 309, 385, 406, 427 Genetic puzzle, a, 384 Genetics at the British Association, 275 Germanv, notes from, 272 ; Potatos in, 174, 275, 308 Ghent, Chrysanthemum show, 276, 306 ; International Horticultural congress, 157 ; International Exhi- bition, 126, 275, 310 Gibson, Mr. James, 33 Gilbert and Lawes centenary fund, 204. 307, 403, 422 Gingko biloba, poisoning by, 404 Glacier moraine, a, 267, 286, 309 Gladioli, a new race of hybrid, 174 Glasgow, public parks, 124 ; bowl- ing greens, in, 235 Golf caddies, horticultural training for, 344 Good, William {Garden Work), 169 Gordon, Mr. George, the retirement of, 275 Government subsidies to co-opera- tive organisations, 160 Graft-hybrid between Peach and Almond, 188 Grammangis Ellisii, 44 Grape culture, the use of paper bags in, 51 Grape vines, mildew on, 402 Grapes, early cultivation of, for market, 108: the late Mr. J. Meredith, 279 Grass seed, sterilisation of, 454 Greenhow, Mr., appointment of, 239 Gubb, Dr. A. S. {La Flore Algi- rienne Naturelle ct Acquise), 276 Gunton Park, Norfolk, 291 H Haas, P., and T. G. Hill {An In- troduction to the Chemistry of Plant Products), 270 Habenaria iantha, 300 Hall, proposed horticultural, for Scotland, 307 Hall, the Rev. J. Bernard, 139 Hampton Court gardens, 122 Hardy and Alpine plants, a new work on, 403 Hardy flower border, the, 356 Hardy fruit garden, operations in the, 8, 29, 49, 67, 90, 103, 118, 136, 154, 187, 203, 219, 237, 254, 273, 289, 305 323, 341, 360, 381, 421, 440, 457 Hardy plants, a dictionary of, 386 Heal, Mr. John, 221 Helianthus annuus (red flowered), 94 Hellebores, forcing, 364, 387 Henry, Prof. A. and H. J. Elwes (Trees of Great Britain and Ireland), 88 Hewell Grange, 138 Hill pasture, improvement of, 257, 319 Hill, T. G., and P. Haas {An In- troduction to the Chemistry of Plant Products), 270 Himalayan journeys of Sir J. Hooker, lecture on, 410 Hodgsonia heteroclita, 236 Holland, Potato crops in, 159; fruit and vegetable crops in, 69 ; new plants in, 46 Honey, the season's yield of, 252 ; selling, 66 " Hooker " lecture fund, the, 384 Hop mildew, 51 Hops, the yield of, 189, 206 ; in Bel- gium, 258 ; in New York State and California, 206 : in Russia, 206 Horticultural produce, imports of, 159 Horticulture, national diploma in, 156, 157, 424; R.H.S. school of, 53 Housing, rural, 104 Hoxton Market Mission, 443 Huntercombe Manor, Buckingham- shire, 353, 402 Hybrid, a curious, 384 Hyeres, winter notes from, 433 Iceland Poppy at Saleinaz, 308 Insecticide, Zinc arsenite as an, 257 Insect pests, 235 ; in France, the destruction of, 51 ; poisoned bait for, 29 Insects and pests, scheduled by the Board of Agriculture, 117, 167, 184, 233, 271, 319, 417 Insurance, national, 6 International Botanical Congress, 275 International Horticultural Com- mission, 120 International Horticultural Con- gress, Ghent, 157 International Horticultural exhi- bition, Royal, 1912, balance-sheet, 139 Ireland, fruit conference in, 239 Iris foliosa, in July, 43 : I. sofarana, 377 Irises, late flowering, 108; notes on, 253 ; some new, 25 ; Spanish, 253 ; the forcing of Spanish, 356, 385. 406 Iron, the absorption of, bv plants, 299, 364 Italy, notes from Southern, 217 ; Lemon culture in, 445 Jardinier solitaire, Le, 224 Jasmine, the cultivation of, for perfumery, 291 Java, notes from, 134 Jenkins, E. H. (The Hardy Flower Book), 169 John Innes Institution, visit of R.H.S. Scientific Committee to the, 69 Journeymen gardeners and low wages, 426, 462 Justice, quick, 225 Jute-growing in Mexico, 291 K Kainit as a fungicide, 51 Kapok, 321 Kat or Khat plant, Catha edulis, 444 Kearsney Court, Kent, 11 Kendal, Congress lectures at, 139 Kent commeTcdal fruit show, 174 Kentias, Australian, 120 Kew Gardens, flagstaff at, 422; gift of Orchids to, 88 ; official guide at, 383 ; notes from. 131 Killaraey Fern, the, 286 Killarney House destroyed bv fire, 173 • King Manoel at Fulwell Park, 383 Kitchen garden, the management of the, 9, 28, 48, 67, 91, 102^ 119, 136, 155, 171,' 187, 203, 218, 237, 254, 273, 289, 304. 322, 341, 361, 381, 401, 421, 441. 457 Kniphofia multiflora, 356 : K. Saun- dersii, 356 Ladies' classes at the N.R.S. show, the, 70 La?lio-Cattleva Centaur, 337 ; L.-C. Dur'anta, 337; L.-C. Flo- rentia, 397; L.-C. Moyra. 300; L.-C. Nella Westonbirt variety, 416; L.-C. scampstonensis, 25l ; L.-C. Urania, 156. Lancashire, Potato disease in, 70 Land, the cultivation of vacant, it* London, 105 Langley nurseries, sale of fruit .trees at the, 308 Lanthoine. M. Georges, honour for, 239 Larch-canker on Corsican Pine, 275 Larch Saw Fly, pests of the, 105 ; the large, 105, 184 Lavender water, 96 Lawes and Gilbert Centenarv Fund, the, 204, 307, 403, 422 Law Notes. — Compensation claim, an abortive, 313 ; Damage by cows, 225 ; Gardener sum- moned for alleged theft of wood, 315 ; Manure, wrong delivery of, 390 ; Market Gardeners' Compen- sation Act, 352 ; Railway and Canal Commission, 39 ; Sale of gardening books, 411 ; Statute of Limitations, operation of the, 390 ; Tenancy dispute, 351 Lawn tennis courts, 320 Lawrence medal, award of the, 424 Lead poisoning. 404 Lealholm, the rock garden at, 358 Leamington Spa public gardens, 250' Lectures at Kendal Congress, 139 Lemon, a hardv, 404 : culture in Italy, 445 Lemon-oil substitutes, 343 Leslie, Mr. P., appointment of, 239' Lilium auratum under glass, 269 ; L. ca;iididum, fasoiation in, 89; L. Henryi, 398, 448 ; L. Martagon album. 63: L. sulphureum, 53 Lilies, oriental, 426 : the last of the, 285; the sporting' of, 280 Lily season, the, 327, 364 Lime, caustic, and soil sterilisation, 403 Lindsay, Mr. Robert, legacies by the late, 257 December 27, 1913.] INDEX. [The Gardeners' Chronicle. Linum salsoloides, 42 Living, the standard of, 160, 190 Lock, R. H. [Rubber and Rubber Planting), 439 London and Wise, 181, 207 L.C.C. parks, Chrysanthemum shows in the, 258 ; distribution of surplus bedding plants by the, 275 ; winter garden at Avery Hill, 88 London's City gardens. 189 Lyeaste Tunstillii, 415 Lvahnis Arkwrightii, 71 M McKerchar, Mr. John, 205 Mahogany tree in India, the, 436 Malby, Reginald A. ( With Camera ana Ruck-sac in the Oberlartd and Valais), 359 Malines, horticultural and agricul- tural exhibition, 174 Manures, artificial, 51; chemical production and use of, 398 Manuring fruit trees, a new method of. 257 Manuring, the philosophy of, 382, 463 Maritime Alps, Saxifragas in the, Market fruit garden, operations in the, 26, 113, 165, 247, 337, 357, 416 Market Gardeners' Compensation Act. 352 M issee, G. [Mildews, Rusts, and Smuts), 459 Matthews, Mr. J. W.. appointment of, 291 Maurer, Louis [Maurer's Stachel- beerbuch), 359 Ma.xillaria fractifloxa. 106 Mealy-bug destroyed bv gas tar 279, 293. 309. 385. 406. 427; on vines, 462 Meconopsis cambrica (Welsh Poppy), 52 Medal, the Symons Gold, 291 Medical science and plant patho- logy, 220 Mediterranean Fruit Fly, the, 117 140 Melon, a profitable. 384 Meredith's Grapes, the late Mr. J., 279 Merite agricole, 157 Mesoleius tenthredinis. pest of Larch Saw-fly, 105 Mexico. Jute-growing in. 291 Michaelmas Daisv Beauty of Col- wall. 280. 309 ' Michaelmas Daisies. 327: trained to single stems. 338. 364 ; select varieties of, 439 Mildew, vine, 402 Milsuni. Mr. John Noel, 403 Monmouth. Trevor [Vegetable cul- ture), 107 Monreifch, notes from, 62 Monro, Ltd.. Messrs. Geo., new premises. 87 Montbretia, Queen Adelaide, 174 Moraine, a glacier, 267, 286, 309 Muss. C. E. [Vegetation of the Peak District), 398 Motor-car unpopular in Canada. 88 Mottet. S. [Monographic du genre Primevere), 258 Mount, Mi-. George, 384 Mountains, notes from the, 213 Munich conference on agricultural accident insurance institutions, 272 Municipal gardeners, status of, 443 Musa Cavendishii at Branksome Hall, 427 Mutisia Clematis. 382 Mycosphaerella citrullina, 167 Myosotidium nobile. 47 Mvrtus Luma. 287 N Narcissus disease, 424 National diploma in horticulture, 156. 157, 424 Nature reserves in Belgium, 51 Naunton and Adnitt, Messrs., tes- timonial to, 11 Nematus Erichsonii, 184 Nepenthes at Belsize Court, Hamp- stead, 397 Nephrolepis exaltata, variation in, 425 Newsham, J. C. [Propagation and Pruning), 270 New South Wales Royal Society and the British Association, 157 New York and California, Hops in, 206 Nigerian chiefs at Messrs. Sutton and Sons' nursery, 11 Newell, Mr. W., appointment of, 444 North of England Horticultural Society, future of the, 70, 107, 123. 160 Nouns, collective, 443 Nova Scotia Apple crop, the, 88 November flowers, 365 Nursery, centenary of a German, 51 Nursery employes, increase of wages for, 384; outing, 105; re- lief fund for. 158: strike of, 403; wages and hours of, 406 Nursery Notes: — Barr and Sons. Taplow, 287: Charlesworth and Co., Haywards Heath, 168; Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh, 217; Hassall and Co., Southgate. 374; McBean, Messrs. J. and A., Cooksbridge, 215; Sander ami Son, Bruges, 43; Ware, Thomas S.. Ltd.. Feltham, 302 Nursery stock, the dry season and its effects on, 234 Nvmpha?a Conqueror, 50: N. Masa- niello, 205 Oak and Walnut hybrid, 441 Oak, leaf fall in, 423 Obituary : Alderman, H. J., 298; Brodrib, John, 392; Brookes, F. W., 76; Brvdone, Adam, 333: Bull. William, 196: Burr. John. 309; Challis, Mrs. T.. 189; Chil- man, Henry, 75 • Clark, George David, 450; Cooper, F., 112; Evans, Richard, 180; Gardi- ner, Harrv, 443; Hall, An- fchony, 351 ; Hogg, R A. Milligan, 148: Holmes. W., 112; Holtze. Nicholas. 60; Howard. William, 227: Kent. Adolphus Henry. 211; Kinnell. John, 298; Lee, Hugh. 180: Lille, Leonard. 96; Lindsay. John, 411; Lindsay, Robert, 265; Lvon, Septimus, 333: M'Cormick. John, 180: Mack, Robert, 180; Moss, John Snow, 211 ; Papworth. John. 282 : Pearson, John, 450 : Rey- nolds, C. Leslie. 180 ; Roehrs, Julius. 76 : Rothberg, Gus- tave, 227; Sargent. John, 333; Sheldon, J. R., 180; Smart, Dr. Frank, 333; Stenhouse, Adam, 79; Stoll, Rudolf, 164; Sutton, Martin John, 450; Syden- ham, Robert, 75 ; Wallace, Dr. Russel. 342. Odontadenia speciosa. 106 Odontioda Joan. 251 : O. St. Fus- cien Broadlands variety, 169 Odontoglossum Cleopatra, 456 Oenothera crosses. 384, 406 Oil of lemon substitutes, 343 Oliver. F. W., and E. G. Salisbury [Topograph!/ and Vegetation of Blakeney Point, Norfolk), 326 Oncidium Limminghei, 106 Orchid Dene. Twyford, 317 Orchidist, honour for, 50 Orchid houses, the management of the, 8, 28, 48, 67, 90, 102, 118, 136, 154, 170, 186, 202, 218, 236, 254, 272, 288, 304, 322, 340, 360, 380, 400, 420, 440, 456 Orchid hybrids, 44, 235, 358, 375 Orchid notes and gleanings, 43, 106, 115, 168, 183, 198, 215, 232, 251, 284, 300, 317, 337, 358, 374, 397 Orchids, at Messrs. J. and A. McBean's nursery, 215 ; at Messrs. Charlesworth and Co. 's nursery, 168 ; at Messrs. Stuart Low and Co-'s nursery, 257 ; at the Ghent exhibition. 311; gift of, to Kew Gardens, 88 ; sale of the Veitch- ian collection of, 221; records of new hybrid, 206 Orphan Fund, Gardeners' Royal, 404 Osborne, Mr. Philip Valentine, ap- pointment of, 156 Otto of Rose from France, 174 Pachria macrocarpa, 324 Pa;onia Delavayi, 52 Paintings, exhibits of, at the R.H.S. meetings, 156 Panama-Pacific International ex- hibition, 173; horticulture at the, 423 Parrnentier, centenary of the death of, 459 Paper bags, the use of, in Grape- culture, 51 Parks and gardens, public, 103, 170 Paris Forest Congress and British forestry, the 373, 394, 414 Parliamentary Committee's report on seed-testing stations, 104 Pastures, weeds in, 189; the im- provement of hill, 257, 319 Paulownia, a new, 378 Peach, graft-hybrid between the Almond and, 188; correlation in colour of calyx and flesh of the, 53; Exquisite. 177: trees under glass, management of. 372 Peaeh house, the construction of a. 148 Peaches, large, 177, 190 Pear Dwrondeau, 300 1'ear Blight. American, 319 Pear tree fruiting on the main stem, 224, 279 Pears, oriental, and their hybrids, 274 ; self-fertile, 313 Pea sticks, 123 Pe i disease in, 21. 89, 107 Peat, plant food from, 290; lecture on, 295 Pemba and Zanzibar, agricultural possibilities of. 340 Perfumery, the cultivation of Jas- mine for. 291 Pests scheduled by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. 117. 167. 184. 233, 271, 319, 417 Petit. A. [Notes d' Horticulture Ex- perimentale), 68 Phoenix Roebelinii. 51 Phormium tenax as a commercial crop, 124 Phosphates for fruits, 221 Photographing flowers, 40 Phytolacca (Pokeweed) as a vege- table. 232 Pine, Cluster, timber of the, 46 Plant growth, the effect of mild weather on. 309 Plant pathology, medijoal science and. 220 Plant P o r t r a its:— Agathis vitiensis, 257 ; Agave warelliana, 33 ; Alocasia Mioholitziana, 363 ; Amelanchier oligocarpa, 33 ; Catasetum microglossum, 257 ; Centaurea erassifolia, 121 ; Cirrho- petalum Mastersianum, 459; Coriaria terminalis, 363 ; Crota- laria agatiflora, 121 ; Cunonia capensis, 121 ; Cytisus supranu- bius, 121 ; Derris oligo- sperma , 459 ; Genista hispanica, 459 ; Grevillea bipinna- tifida, 121; Hypericum aureum, o3 ; Iris mellita, 257 ; Morenia corallina, 459 ; Nantilocalyx palli- dus, 257; Osbeckia stellata, 33; Podachaenium eminens, 121 ; Rho- dodendron Augustinii, 33; R. haematocheilum, 257 ; R. nigro- punctatum, 459 ; R, setosum, 363; Rosa foliolosa, 257; Schizophragma hydrangeoides, 257; Sedum pilosum, 121; Seme- cio Kirkii, 363; Solenostemon Godefroyse, 121 ; Stanhopea con- voluta, 121 ; S. grandiflora, 257 ; Streptocarpus cyaneus, 257 ; S. orientalis, 363 ; Utricularia longi- folia, 257 ; Vinca difformis, 121 Plant, the, and its environment, 239, 279 Plants, absorption of iron by, 299; armour-plated, 173; cold storage for retarding and preserving, 306; exportation of, 232 ; new Holland, 46 Plants, New or Noteworthy: — Campanula Tenori var. Somer- ville, 94 ; Cotoneaster horizon- talis var. perpusilla, 226 ; Gen- tiana Veitchiorum, 94 ; Gloriosa Carsonii, 226 ; G. Rothschildiana citrina, 78 ; Gymnosporia popu- lifolia (Silkbark), 248; Lilium sutchuenense, 78, 114 ; Liquid- amber formosana monticola, 226; Podandria macrandra, 182; Pri- mula Bowlesii, 231; P. vincae- flora, 198; Rosa sertata, 166; Saccolabium glomeratum, 317 ; Sunflower, a wine-red, 115; Wahlenbergins of Australia and New Zealand, the, 316, 336, 354 Plants, the manner of naming, 89, 107 ; under glass, management of, 9. 28, 48. 67, 91, 103, 119, 136. 154. 170, 187, 203, 218, 236, 255, 272, 288, 304. 323, 341, 360, 380. 400, 420, 440, 457 Plectranthus ciliatus, 455 Plums, cropping qualities of, 224 ; second crop of, 55, 207, 224. 235, Pokeweed as a vegetable, the, 232 Pollination of fruit trees and its bearing on planting, the, 393, 420 Pomologists, lives of the great, 61, 149 Poppies, Iceland, at Saleinaz, 308; Welsh, 52 Potato show, in Edinburgh, 258 Potato, The Chapman, 236 Potatos, a competition for, 384 ; and disease, 44 ; strike of diggers of, 291: die-ease of, in Lancashire, 70 ; export of, 159 ; heavy yield of. 449; imports of, 139; in Germany, 174. 275, 308; in Holland and Hamburg, 159 ; in the Bruges Consular district. 105 ; inspection of, in East Lothian, 239 ; investigations in diseases of, 324 ; restrictions on the importa- tion of into Argentina, 121 ; the storing of seed, 274 : wart disease of, 399 Poterium obtusatum, 108 Pots, wire, 257 Primula malaeoides and skin irri- tation, 432, 452, 461 Primula pinnatifida, 117 ; P. Rusbyi, 190; P. Tewfikiana, 159 Primula, the genus, 139 Primulas, poisoning bv, 279, 293, 432, 452, 461 Private gardens, the admission of the public to, 205, 235 Prize-money at flower shows, 235 Prunella vulgaris on lawns, 428 Prunus Pissardii Spathiana, 326 Purdom. Mr. W., plant-collecting in China, 229 Puya chilensis, 2 Q Queensland, the flora., of, 46 ; Water-Hvacinth in, 308 Vi The Gardeners' Chronicle,] INDEX. [December 27, 1913. Radiographic experiments, 427 Railway and Canal Commission, 65 KaiTwav rates for garden produce, 65, 77, 124 Rain, unwelcome, 141 Rainfall ami temperature, lecture on, 453 Rainfall, periodicity of, 444, 461 Randia maculata, 79 Raspberries, autumn-fruiting, 326 Red Spider, the life history of, 174 Rhaaoletis cerasi (the Cherrj Fruit- lly), 271 Rhododendron Clorinda, 10; R. yunnancnsc. 396 Rock garden at Lealholm, 358 Rodgersias, garden, 130 Roof, the thatched, 403, 463 R-oot secretion. 323 Rosa rugosa, 1 Rosary, the, 26, 78, 216, 253, 270, 501, 339, 355, 377, 395, 437 Rose, a new hybrid-Tea, 275 ; Attar of, 40. '174; what is a Hybrid Tea? 279 Rose garden, an experimental, 189; September in the, 197 Rose show in Canada, 52 Roses : and long names, 280 ; at M. Pernet-Ducher's nursery, 26 ; Cissie Easlea, 26; cultural hints on, 78, 253, 339 ; development of the red hybrid Tea. 41, 64, 99; Edward Mawlev, 123 ; fragrance in, 205; Gold 'Medal, 129, 160, 176, 206; in the Virgin Islands, 403; Irish, 216; lifting, 279; Minister Daranvi, 175; Princess Mary, 206; N.R.S. catalogue of. 362, 386; naturally-grown, 52: new, 301, 355. 377/393; on a south wall, 246 ; review of red, 41, 64, 99; rugosa, 1; the best Rambler, 270 ; three crops of, 364 Royal Horticultural Society : — Ap- pointment of assistant superin- tendent, 11: awards of the, 207; Bulb ihow, 172; Daffodil show. 11 ; fruit show, 190 : School of Horticulture. 53 ; Scientific Committee, visit of, to John Innes Horticultural Institution, 69 Rubber, new uses for. 276 Rural depopulation. 404 Russia. Hoos in, 206 Rust or Blight of Celery, and its prevention. 3 S Saffron' industry in Spain, 252 St. Peter's Square, Hammersmith. 396 Saleinaz, Iceland Poppies at, 308 Salvia nemorosa. 404 Sambucus racemoea, 216, 358 Saxifraga Aizoon. 303: S. ambigua, 183: S. oochlearLs, 134: S. lin- gulata, 134; S. Stabiana, 303 Saxifragas; in the .Maritime Alps 213; Mossy, 200; R.H.S. confer- ence on, 425. 448 Scholarships, horticultural, 156: in agricultural research, 70 School of Horticulture, the R.H.S. 53 Scientific Committee: Adaglos- fium x Juno, 207; African fruits, 280: Agapantfous Weilligii, 142; Alovsia eitriodora, fasciation in. 177; Alder, diseased, 71; Aphis on Picea, 142; Apples, glassiness m 142i 2f ,: £ppIes> sPlitt!°g. lia ; Anstolochia sempervirens fruiting, 241; Asters, failure with, 207; Bees, leaf-cutting, 428; Begonias, evolution of the winter-flowering. 427- Bulb, growth on, 428; Cam- panula, disease of, 177; Carna- tion-Chrysanthemum graft, 346; Catasetum maerocarpum, 387 ■ Chrysanthemum-Carnation graft , 387; Chrysanthemums, quilled, 346; Cineraria, double-flowered, 142 ; Crocus pulchellus, a f as- nated, 241: Crown Gall, 142; Cycas revoluta. 280; Cypri- I "ilium insigne with three lips, 387; Decaisnea Fargesii, fruiting of, 346; Gladioli, a double-flowered, 177; Gloxinias, abnormal, 241 ; Grasshoppers, Japanese, 207 ; Iresine, sporting in. 346 ; Kefersteinia laminata, 207 ; Lime tree, mites on, 240 ; Linaria hybrid, 280; Lipanis lace- rata, 71 ; Lithiasis in Pear,' 71 ; Lobelia hybrids, 310 ; Lycoris stra- minea, 387 ; Matricaria suaveo- lens, 177; Mites on lime tree, 240; Moth, a Plum-boring, 109; Narcissus bulbs, disease in, 240 ; Orchid house, curious seeds in an, 346; Pear, lithiasis in, 71; Pear, a multiple, 346 ; Pears, pro- liferous, 310 ; Pelargonium citrio- dorum, 280 ; Pelargonium hvbrids, 109, 310, 387, 427; Pelargonium, sportdngs in, 387 ; Pelargoniums, scented -leaved, 346 ; Phaseolus Caracalla, 310; Picea, Aphis on, 142 ; Plants, uncommon, 280 ; Potatos, diseased, 427; Plum- boring moth, the, 109 ; Poplar, diseased, 71 ; Primula vincseflora, 241 ; Robinia Pseudacacia mono- phylla, 71 ; Rose, proliferation in, 71 ; Rubus discolor, a double- flowered, 142; Sawfly, a late brood of, 177; Saxifraga floru- lenta, 142 ; Sempervivum arbo- reum, 241 ; Solanum crispum, 241 ; Sweet Williams, diseased, 242 ; Tricyrtis stolonif ora, 280 ; Wallflower, progeny of a green, 71; Wild flowers, albino, 207; Xanthorrhcea australis, 142 Schlechter, Dr. Rudolph (Die Orchidaceen von Deutsch Neu- Guinea), 275 Scotland, effects of the drought in, 124 ; fruit and flowers in south- western. 259; notes from, 79, 124 235, 252, 378. 4C0, 456 ; prices of timber in, 199; proposed horticul- tural hall for, 307 Season, a late. 404; the abnormal, 363, m, A26: 448 Seed-testing, Government, 188 206, 224, 234, 258, 292; report of the R.H.S. Parliamentary Committee, on, 104 Seedlings raised after the hot summer of 1912, 216 Seed, grass, sterilisation ot, ton Seeds, the annual value of farm- crop, 221 : treatment of hard, 343 Seidel and Co., centenary of Messrs. T. J., 51 Selborne, Countess of (The Younq Gardt n, r), 27 Selborne Society's nesting boxes 448 Septoria lycopersici (Tomato Leaf- spot), 417 Septoria Petroselinii var. Apii and its prevention, 3 Shows, equality at the. 53 Shrubby plants, summer-bloomine. 131 b' Silver-leaf disease, 104. 293, 346 357. 385. 404. 406, 426. 462 Small Holdings, a Danish comment on. 172 Soil sterilisation, caustic lime and, 403 South Africa, progress in, since the Union, 384 S' i" 1' grain, ihe nature of the, 403 Static* profusa, 448 Stephanotis floribunda fruiting, 327 Sterilisation of soil for Tomatos, 326 Sweet Pea society, a proposed new. 423 -ii Sweet Peas : in November. 363 : trained on wire netting, 420; win- ter-flowering, 375 Societies: — Aberdeen and Northern Counties Sweet Pea, 164; Aberdeen Royal Hort,, 178; Annandaie Union Flower Show, 147 ; Banburv Winter Flower and Fruit, 388; Bath Gardeners'. 59, 390, 465 ; Birmingham and Mid- land and District Gardeners', 430; Birmingham Chrys., 347, 383 ; Birmingham and Mid- land Gardeners', 465 : Birmingha.ni Gardeners', 281, 411; Birming- ham Horticultural. 73; Bishop's Waltham Hort.. Ill: Blackburn Chrys., 388; Bolton Chrys.. 389; Bristol and District Gardeners', 179, 390. 430, 465; British Gardeners' Association, 195, 367, 396, 430 ; (Edinburgh branch), 59, 411, 464; (Watford branch). 411; British Mycologieal. 280; British Pteridological, 147; Broughty Ferry Hort,, 59, 411; Caledonian Hort., 235; Calgary Hort., 45: Cemetery Superintendents. 312, 327: Chelmsford and District Gardeners', 390, 465: Cheltenham Root, Fruit and Chrys-, 369; Chester Agric. 177 : Chester Pax- ton, 370, 390, 430; Citv of London Rose, 18 ; Cleveland Hort., 59 : Colchester and District Gard.,, 59; Coventry Chrys.. 349, 464; Croydon and District Hort., 20. 330; Darlington Hort. 410; Debating, 59, "179. 211, 390, 410, 430, 465; Derby Chrys., 349; Derbyshire Gar- deners', 390, 465; Dumfries and Galloway Gardeners', 59, 390; 411, 430; Dumfries Agric, 147; Dumfries and District Hort., 178, 235; Dumfries Sweet Pea and Rose, 112; Dundee Chrys., 389, 464; Dundee Hort.. 59, 178 330, 411, 430; Ealing Hort.. 56; Eccles and Pendleton Chrys., 348; Edinburgh Botanical, 388; Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden Guild, 308; Eghani and District Gardeners'. 430: Elstree and Boreham Wood Hort.. 56, 465; Eltham Hort., 56; Exeter Chrys., 350; Finchley Chrys., 389; Formby Hort,, 58; Ghent Hort.. 126, 310; Glasgow and West of Scotland Hort., 195; Haarlem General Bulb Growers, 179 ; Hampstead Garden Suburb Co- partnership Festival, 50: Hay- wards Heath Hint., Ill; Here- ford Fruit and Chrys.. 311 ; High- gate Chrys.. 346;' Horticultural Club. 26, 256, 295, 387, 428; (Summer Outing), 94; Horticul- tural Trades Association, 163. 177 ; Kent Commercial Fruit Show. 312; Kilmarnock and Dis- trict Gardeners', 411; Lancaster Agric, 194; Leamington and County Hort., 95, 109"; Lancas- ter Hort., 388: Linnean, 39, 410. 430 : Little Thurrock and District Hort., 177; Liverpool Hort.. 57, 368: Manchester Chrys., 349; Manchester and North' of Eng- land Orchid, 37, 147, 216, 264 330, 346, 388, 428; Midland Car- nation and Picotee, 110 : Midland Daffodil, 140; Morley and Dis- trict Paxton, 411; National Car- nation and Picotee (Southern Sec- tion). 72; National Chrys., 242 264, 331, 365, 410. 429. 449 459 463 ; Nat. Dahlia, 410 ; Nat. Gladi! olus. 95. 104. 172; Nat. Rose. 35, 55. 207. 442; Nat. Sweet Pea, 71, 147, 205, 275, 280, 297 ; Newcastle- on-Tyne Chrys., 389; Newport, Monmouth, and District Chrys., 369; Newtownards Hort.. 195; Northern Counties, 242; North of England Hort., 33, 239. 280: Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tvne Botanical and Hort., 194; Orsett and District Agric. Hort., 211; Penzance Hort., 58; Perpetual Flowering Carnation, 275, 409; Perthshire Sweet Pea, 147; Portsmouth Chrys., 349; Prescot Hort., 177; Putney, Wandsworth and Dis- trict -Chrys., 347; Rayleigh and District Hort. and Chrys., 370; Reading and District Gardeners', 370, 410 ; Reigate Rose and Sweet Pea, 20; Richmond Hort., 19; Rochford and District Hort. and Chrys., 349; Rothesay Hort., 178; Royal Agric, '18, 291; Royal Botanical and Hort. of .Manchester, 57 ; Royal Caledo- nian Hort., 209 ; Royal English Arboricultural ( Northumberland and Durham Branch), 110: Royal Hort., 53, 71, 92, 109, 124, 142. 161, 177, 191, 207, 259, 280, 294, 310, 328, 346, 365, 387, 407, 425, 427, 449 (Autumn Fruit Show), 240; (Hol- land House Show), 12, 35 ; Royal Lancashire Agric, 109; St. Al- bans Chrys., 390; Scottish Hort. 59, 147, 135, 282, 346, 367, 428; Shropshire Hort., 120, 143 ; Smith- field Club, 429 ; Societe des Chry- santhemistes Francois, 351 : Societe Franc.aise d'Horticul- ture de Londres, 326; Southamp- ton and District Gardeners', 59, 411 ; Southampton Royal Hort. , 19, 74, 329 ; Stirling and District Hort. , 59 ; Swanage Hort, 209 ; Taunton Deane Hort., 163; Tor- quay District Gardeners'. 330; Union of Horticultural Mutual Improvement Societies, 242; United Horticultural Benefit and Provident, 58, 210, 227, 330, 369, 464 ; Wargrave and District Gar- deners', 411, 430 ; Wargrave Chrys., 350: Watford Hort.. 59, 369, 430, 465; Wolverhampton Floral Fete, 37 ; West of England Chrys., 350; Winchester Chrys., 370 \ Woodbridge Hort, 58 ; Wool- ton Chrys., 390 Soil sterilisation, partial, 120 Soil temperature, 68 Solanum jasminoides, 89, 448 South Africa, notes from, 150 : the national Botanic garden of, 138, 139, 150 South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, 69 Spanish Saffron industry, the, 252 Spiranthes australis, 183 Spruce Aphis, the, 4 Stanmore Hall, Middlesex, 277 Steamships, conservatories on, 174 Strawberry " President." 53. 70 Strawberries : in 1913, 97 ; the pro- pagation of, 107 Sterilisation of grass seed, 454 Strelitzia Reginse, 86 Sulphate of iron for Apple trees, 386 Summer drought and its effects on nursery stock, 234 Sunflower, the red -flowered, 108 Sweet Pea, a seven flowered spray of, 259, 345 ; diseases of the, 21 Sweet Peas, cultural notes on, 202 ; in pots, 308; large-flowered, 280; perfume in, 205; sowing, 270; streak disease of, 459; trained on wire, 461; trials of, 51; winter- flowering, 427 Swietenia Mahagoni fruiting at Udaipur, India, 436 Sydenham, the late Mr. Robert, 221 ; memorial to, 444 Symons Cold Medal, the, 291 Tarouca, Ernst Graf. Sylva (Vn- sere Freiland Standen), 315 Tasmania. Eucalypti of, and their essential oils, 276 December 27, 1913.] INDEX. The Gardeners' Chronicle.] vii Temperatus and rainfall, lecture on, 453 Tennis courts, formation of, 320, 351 ; basic slag unsuitable for, 343 Thatched roof, the. 403 Thomas, H. H. (Garden Work for Every Day), 107 Thomas. Owen, and George Wythes (Vegetable Growing Made Easy), 169 Tigwel], Mr. Henry D., appoint- ment of, 303 Timber : of the Cluster Pine, 46 ; of Westminster Hall, 63, 69 : pre- serving by charring, 45 : prices of English, 107: prices of Scottish. 199; production in Britain. 462 Tobacco-growing in England. 173, 211, 403 Tobacco pipes in gardens, old. 448 Tomato canker. Cucumbers and, 167 Tomato industry in America, the, 189 Tomatos, Leaf spot of, 417 : sterili- sation of soil for, 326 Townsendia Wilcoxiana, 403 Trade, the nursery, a century ago, 283, 308, 344, 363, 385, 406' Trade notes, 96, 196 Tree growth, the effect of summer drought upon, 299, 327 Trees, acquired characters in. 383 Trees and Shrubs, 132, 216 : at Al- denham, 132 Trichomanes radicans, 286 Tricvrtis stolorufera and Paulow- nia, 278 Trinidad and Tobago Agricultural Society, 326 Toulon flower, fruit and vegetable trade, 139 Trigonidium oblusum, 115 Trillium grandiflorum in Canadian wilds, 45 Truffaut, M. Albert, honour for, 33 Turkish preserved fruits, 105 Union Horticole Professionelle In- ternationale, 189 United States, gardening employ- ment in, 246; new tariff for nursery stock in. 363 Vegetable, a new. and its origin, 324, 345: crops in Holland, 69; Virginian Poke as a, 159 Vegetables, notes on, 236 Vegetation of Cocos Island. C'nsta Rica. 290 Veiteli Memorial Trust, award of medals by. 363 Veitrh. the house of, 205 Victoria, exhibition at, 338 Village flower show, the. 98 Villiers-Stuart, C. M. (Garden* < I the. Great Mughals), 438 Vines, mildew on, 112: mealy bug on, 462 Viola arracilis. 291 Viola trials at Wislev. 11. 18 Violet disease, 449 Virgin Islands, Roses in the, 433 Virginian Poke as a vegetable, 159 Vries, Hugo de (Gruppenweise Art- bildung), 379 W Wallace, Dr. A. Russel, the late. 423 Walnut crossed with Oak, 441 Walsingham, Mr. F. G., appoint- ment of, 444 Ward, F. Kingdon (The Land of the Bine Poppy), 379 Wart disease of potato, 399 ; in North Avrshire, 403 Wasps, 160, 224, 280; attacking Dahlias, 266 Watercress, the cultivation of. 257 Water Hyacinth, the, in Queens- land, 308 Watering plants, 30 Weather, forecasting the, 106 : at harvest time, 33; the effect of mild, on plant growth, 309 ; glasses. 315 Weathers, John (Twentieth Cen- tury Gardening), 133 Weeds in pastures, 189 Westminster Hall, the timber of. 63,69 Wheat, rust of, 239 Whitton. Mr. James. 235 Wioken Fen. 404 Wild birds, relation of, to the farm and garden, 281 Wildeman, Emile de (Etude* . 1 SSA —SATURDAY, JULY S, 1913. CONTENTS. Book, notice of— Food of Some British Wild Birds, The. . 10 Caterpillars, a plague of 7 Celery " blight " or " rust " 3 Crystal Palace, the ... 10 Drought, how to tight... 6 Elm, unusual growth of an f> Flowers iu season ... 11 Foreign correspond- ence— Cultivation of Witloof Chicory in Belyiuni 6 Forestry- Spruce aphis, the ... 4 Fruit Crops on the Con- tinent, The 11 Fruits, the artificial ripening of 10 Insurance Act, the Na- tional 6 Kearsney Court, Dover 11 Nigerian chiefs at a nursery H Pm a chilensis 2 Rhododendron Clorinda 10 Ko*es, the Rugosa ... 1 R.H.S. Daffodil show, 1914 11 Societies — City of London Rose Croydon Horticultural Gardeners' Hoyal Be- nevolent Institution 5, Reigate Rose and Sweet Pea Richmond Horticul- tural Royal Agricultural ... Royal Horticultural 11, 12, Southampton Royal Horticultural Testimonial to Messrs. Adnitt and Naunton, The Violas at Wisley 11, Week's work, the — Flower garden, the... Fruits under glass ... Hardy fruit garden. the Kitchen garden, the ... Orchid houses, the ... Plants under glass ... Yew-woods and Beech - woods on the ch ilk ... Yorkshire Galas, re- miniscences of the ... ILLUSTRATIONS. Celery, sprayed and unsprayed pi iiits of Elm trunk, abnormal growth of Puva chilensis, floweiiug in Cambridge Botunic Gar- den, 2 ; inflorescence of, 3 ; showing the large bracts of, before the trus- expanded Rhododendron Clorinda (Coloured Supplementary Illustration). Spruce defoliated by the Spruce Aphis Sweet Pens exhibited by Messrs. Sutton and Sons at Holland House Show U THE RUGOSA ROSES. THE period from the middle of May till the end of June, before the ordi- nary Roses open in any quantity, is the time when we most appreciate the Eugosa Roses. They all flower again, it is true, but when we have the H.P.s, H.T.s, and Tea Roses they are apt to be neglected and passed over. They are nearly all delightfully sweet- scented ; some of them are among the most fragrant Roses we possess ; they are very hardy, and thrive even with indifferent treatment, and they flower a second time, a few of them being almost constantly in flower throughout the season, while the autumn berries of the fruiting section are very bright and cheerful. No doubt they have somewhat serious limitations. One that has perhaps re- stricted their popularity more than any other is that they are not of much use as cut flowers in the house or at the shows. Nearly all the Roses of the group soon flag and fade in water, and their sphere of usefulness is, therefore, in the garden. Then the form of the flower in the double Rugosas is generally poor. Even Conrad F. Meyer, which is, perhaps, the best of the group in the matter of form, produces a large number of badly-shaped flowers. In colour, again, they leave something to be desired. The whites are generally good, and many of the pinks are soft and pleasing, but the red shades, for the most part, have a certain tint of violet or blue in them which soon gives to the flowers a dingy appearance. They have been long known and grown in gardens. It was as far back as 1784 that Thuniberg obtained the carmine Rosa rugosa and the white form, rugosa alba, from Japan. Not, however, till the closing years of the nineteenth century was much attempted in improving them. Since that time a number of hybrids have begun to appear, notably as the result of the work of M. Jules Gravereaux, Dr. Miiller, Bruant, Lambert, Cochet, and in this country Paul and Son, and we now have upwards of 160 varieties of this race of Roses. These were for the most part obtained by hybridising the Rugosa with the Tea Rose. When these hybrids first began to appear it seemed to some of us that the Rugosa Roses, if developed so as to retain the new qualities, and if the defects of the race could be elimin- ated, promised great things lor the Rose gardens of this country, where hardihood is so particularly desirable a quality. But without in any way abandoning our hope for what the future may have in store for us, it may be at once admitted that this desirable consummation has not yet been realised. To begin with, it was found that the first effect of the admixture of an alien strain at once caused the resulting hybrid to lose the characteristic autumn fruit. There is, for instance, a very pretty little hybrid between R. rugosa and R. foliolosa which is constantly in flower, and in many respects is highly attractive, but the seed pods wither as soon as the flowers fade, and no fruit is produced. Although in some cases something has been added to the length of flowering period, yet not only have the bright-coloured fruits gone, but the power to last in water as cut flowers has not yet been acquired. And even where an improvement has been effected in the formation of double flowers, with some approach to form such as Conrad F. Meyer, Nova Zembla and Mine. Georges Bruant, we are fully conscious that this should properly be regarded as an instalment only, these Roses producing a rather undue proportion of poorly- formed flowers. Although the Rugosas do not as yet in any way rival the garden Roses, yet they are extremely useful in filling in the gap , before the bulk of the Roses come into flower. For this reason their appropriate position is not in the Rose garden itself, but rather in its outskirts. The number of Roses that make satis- factory hedges is extremely limited. A few of the species will do this ; for in- stance, several of the Scotch Roses and some of the older hybrids such as Rosa alba ; but their period of flowering is very short, and a good dense hedge may be made of the Wichuraiana hybrids, if they are supplied with a hurdle to fasten them to ; but among the garden roses proper, if we except the Bourbon Zephirine Drouhin and, perhaps Griiss an Teplitz, the Roses that will make a good hedge are negligible. With the Rugosas it is otherwise, nearly all of them make excellent hedges, and this is one of the best ways of growing them. They require no support ; all that is necessary is to tie the growths diagon- ally, either to a few stakes or to one another, while some do not even require this attention. Thus treated they quickly make a very pleasing fence from 4 to 7 feet high, as may be desired. If not grown as hedges, then they should be allowed to expand into big isolated bushes. I have tried some of them as pillars, but only a few are adapted for this treatment, and when I mention that the best for this pur- pose are those with something of the Dijon Tea habit, like Conrad F. Meyer, Mme. Lucienne Willeminot, Nova Zembla, Daniel Leseuer and Mme. Alvarez del Campo, it will be realised that plenty of room must be allowed them when they are grown in this manner. In the ensuing review I have grouped the colours of the flowers. Those that make orange or red autumnal fruits usually grow 4 to 6 feet high. The hybrids vary considerably in the vigour of their growth. We have (i.) big growers like Conrad F. Meyer, (ii.) bushes from 4 to 7 feet high, such as America, and (iii.) low growers 2 to 4 feet high, such as Schnee- zwerg, Mercedes, and the hybrid with foliolosa I referred to above. Among the whites there are two excellent varieties bearing red berries in autumn. For the most part the berry-bearing Rugosas are single, or nearly so ; but one of these is an exception. The old Rugosa alba (Thuniberg, 1784) is quite one of the most pleasing. The flowers are a very good white, and have a good outline ; the plant makes a bush about 4 to 5 feet high. Blanc double de Cgubert (Cochet, 1892) is one of the best of the family. The flowers are double and a good white, and though not so perfect in outline as the single alba, are much more freely and con- stantly produced. In fact, my bushes of this variety are never without flowers from the time they begin, about the third week in May, to the October frosts. Repens alba (Paul and Son, 1903) is a huge grower, with long sinuous stems which, if it be in a position where it can develop rapidly, makes an enormous bush. It is said to have been olbtained by cross- ing R. rugosa with R. wichuraiana. Mme. Georges Bruant (Bruant, 1887), a hybrid between R. rugosa and the Tea Rose Sombreuil, is one of the best-shaped of the Rugosas. The flowers are a good white and freely produced, but, like the last, it is not a berry bearer. Souv. de Philemon Cochet (Cochet, 1899), a seedling from Blanc Double de Coubert. The colour is a good white and the flowers are double, but flat centred. Schneezwerg (Lambert, 1911) is a charming little plant with white flowers, which seems promising for the rockery. Fimbriata (Morlet, 1891), the result of a cross between Mme. Alfred Carriere and R. rugosa, is an extremely pretty little flower : white-tinged blush, with fringed petals], reminding one of the pinks. Though hardy enough, it is not so strong a grower as some. Mme. Henri Gravereaux (Gravereaux, 1905), from Marie Zahn x Conrad F. Meyer, is creamy white, with a blush pink centre. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 5, 1913. Nova Zembla (Mees, 1906), said to be a white sport from Conrad F. Meyer, is often very pleasing and better shaped than its parent. In wet weather the flowers are apt to become dirty ; but it is useful and distinct. When grown as a free bush it is about 8 feet high. Daniel Leseuer (Dr. Miiller, 1909), sadd to have the parentage of Pierre Notting x Safrano x rugosa, is the only approach to yellow in tihe group. It is a big grower, of the habit rather of the Dijon Teas, with brittle stems. The flowers are large and double and often attractive, of a nankeen yellow, with a faint salmon flush. Mme. Ancelot (Gravereaux, 1906) is said to have the attractive origin Reine des lies Bour- bons x Mareohal Niel X Perle des Jordins X Germanica. It is healthy and a huge grower, but not too free in flowering, and its flowers are flesh pink. Thusnelda (Miiller, 1889), from Rugosa alba X Gloire de Dijon. This is one of the most pleasing and most constantly in flower, early and late. Among the first and the last in flower, the colour is a pale salmon pink. Mme. Alvarez del Campo (Gravereaux, 1904) is of a rosy flesh colour. I have tried several of the Rugosas as pillar plants, but this is one of the few I have retained for this purpose. Mercedes (Guillot, 1900) is a very pale pink, or, ratJher, a pink on a white ground. It is quite one of the prettiest of the semi-double varieties, but not nearly so robust as the type, my plant, which I have had for some years, being about 18 inches high and rather spreading. Of the pinks and rose-pinks of the typical Rugosa shape, single or semi-double, there are a considerable number. The best of them, to my taste, is Delicata (Cooling, 1898), a soft rose- pink which is very pleasing in the early summer garden. Another good one is Ro^e Apples (Paul and Son, 1896), a silvery rose-pink. And slightly darker are Chedane Guinoisseau (Guinoisseau, 1895), and Souvenir de Chriftophe Cochet (Cochet 1894), and darker still Calocarpa (Bruant, 1895), from Rugosa x Common China, one of the best for fruiting. There are several pinks and rose-pinks wnong the double varieties. The greater number of these are of the old-fashioned, flat-centred type of flower. I may mention Bienvetu (Gravereaux, 1906), salmon pink ; Mme. Ballu (Gravereaux, 1905) ; Mme. Laborie (Gravereaux, 1905) ; Mme. Renee Gravereaux (Gravereaux, 1906) ; and Madeline Filot (Gravereaux, 1907). These are all plants growing 4 to 6 feet high, and less of in- terest in themselves than as steps in the direction we may hope to go in this race. Of the taller growers we have Conrad F. Meyer (Miiller, 1899), which will make a huge bush 12 feet high if allowed, or may be trained in a 4-feet hedge. This is the best-shaped double Rugosa we have down to the present. It was obtained by crossing a seedling from Gloire de Dijon x Due de Rohan with the Rugosa Ger- manica. Slightly paler, but also a big grower, is Mine. Lucien Willeminot (Gravereaux, 1904), said to have come from Conrad F. Meyer x Safrano. Though not quite so full as Conrad F. Meyer, it is more free in flowering with me, but otherwise is of similar habit of growth to that of Conrad F. Meyer. Among the double reds, two deserve special mention, if only for their perfume. They are among the most fragrant of Roses. Rose a Perfum de l'Hay (Gravereaux, 1904) is the result of crossing a seedling from R. damascena X General Jacqueminot with the Rugosa Germanica. The flowers are large and of a good carmine red when young. This Rose was selected by M. Jules Gravereaux as the most highly scented of all Roses from which to make a Rose perfume. The flowers are sometimes quite a fair shape, but are often apt to come with a confused centre, and are decidedly heavy. The other double red I would name is Mrs. Anthony Waterer, said to be a cross between General Jacqueminot and an hybrid Rugosa. The bush is very spreading, but onlv some 3 feet high, and the flowers are a good dark crimson, slightly larger than those of the common China and semi-double. They are so fragrant that when in full flower the bush quite scents the air round it. Most of the other double reds are of little interest save so far as they may be stepping- stones to something better. Perhaps Le Cid (Vigneron, 1908) is the best of them. It came from Conrad F. Meyer x Belle Poiterine. But there are three single reds I must mention : — America (Paul and Son, 1899) is a dark crim- son lake, and I have been told it was sent over to the firm who brought it out in 1892 by Prof. Sargent, of Harvard University Botanic Some of the hybrids of R. rugosa with other species are quite interesting ; but I must deal with them later. I have, however, perhaps said enough to show that the Rugosas and their hybrids are worthy of a place of their own inthe garden, and may yet repay the Tosarian who will be ait the pains of careful hybridisation and selection. White Rose. PUYA CHILENSIS. The flowering of Puya chilensis out-of-doors in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, is the event Fig. 1. — puya chllensis flowering out-of-doors in Cambridge botanic garden. Gardens. It is the first in flower of all the Rugosas, and has large fruits covered with long spines. Carmen (Lambert, 1906) is a good crimson with the least trace of mauve, but very con- stantly in flower and bright and attractive. However, it makes no fruits. Atropurpurea (Paul and Son, 1899) is perhaps the mast attractive of all the singles except the white. The buds are deep blackish-crimson, opening to maroon-crimson flowers, and the foliage a pleasing lightish green. Rubra, or Thunberg's type, and Regeliana, which is very like it, are of a rather ugly, pur- plish, or violet red. Souvenir de Pierre Leperdrieux, a deep vinous, purple red, how- ever, is worth notice for its fine perfume. of its kind for the year in that garden. Almost eighteen years ago a small plant, kindly pre- sented by Mr. T. A. Dorrien-Simith, was re- oeived from the fine moss at Scilly. For three years it was grown in the Succulent House, and it was then planted out in the bay formed by the Corridor (at the back), the Succulent House and the Orchid House. Here it was about twelve years in forming the fine head that was figured in the Oardtncrs' Chronicle, 1910, November 26, p. 390, which measured 6 feet through. In February of this year the flower spike began to rise, and the first information of it was that it hod pushed through a pane of glass of the "light" that had been set overhead to keep off wet. From that time it gradually rose and before the opening of the first flower on July 5, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. May 24 had attained a height of 9 feet 7^ inches. The inflorescence itself was 2 feet 5^ inches in height from base to apex and the stalk from its origin among the leaves about 3£ feet long. The scape grew in .height at the rate of about half an inch per day until the branches of the inflorescence began to grow, and when they had 'nearly ceased growth the flowers began to open. The flowering period lasted just about a month and the flowers were of slightly greenish yellow colour, as nearly as possible the Pyrethrum yellow of the Repertoire de GouleurS, published by the Societe Francais des Chrysanthemistes, distri- buted by the Royal Horticultural Society. The ac- companying illustrations, one of the entire plant and flower, another of the inflorescence, and a third of the young rising scape showing the very fine bracts, show well what the general appear- ance was. In the rising of the scape there was a CELERY "BLIGHT" OR "RUST" {SEPTOUIA PETROSELINIyak. J PIT) [AND ITS PREVENTION. (Concluded jrom Vol. LIII., page bl6.) very interesting feature which seemed almost abnormal at the time. It appeared after the time of the small illustration of the early rising stage. The large bracts of one side extended over the top, covering and forming a sort of cowl over the growing point; but as the inflorescence grew to be quite symmetrica], this must have been quite normal. It seemed evidently to form a protection for the top, but apparently no pro- tection against rain can be necessary in its native country. Since the illustration of 1910, side growths have extended so that the width of the mass is now about 8 feet 1£ inches. Ait the base of the sca.pe a shoot is growing so that the symmetry of the mass may not much be spoilt by the loss of the original and central crown. The growing and flowering of this plant is a good example of what can be done in a warm and sheltered corner outside plant-houses. B. Irwin Lynch, Botanic Garden, Cambridge. Experiments with Remedies. An experiment was devised to test the value of spraying in stopping the further spread of the disease. About the middle of May the seedling plants were transferred to trenches in the open ground in the usual way ; no discrimina- tion was made, the diseased plants being planted along with the healthy ones in the row. The trenches were 84ft. long and 2ft. wide, with two rows of plants, 1ft. apart, in the trench. Thus at the time the spraying experiment started a considerable proportion of the plants already bore the disease, so that it was as severe a test of the value of Bpraying as could be wished for. To make the test as drastic as possible, Solid White was chosen for treatment as being the worst affected. One complete row of Solid White was sprayed, while two-thirds of the adjoining row, consisting of exactly similar plants of the same variety from the same bed, were left unsprayed as a " control." The mix- ture used for spraying was home-made Bordeaux n ixture, prepared as follows : — Copper sulphate (" bluestone ") 2 lbs. Quicklime (in lumps) 2 lbs. Water 25 gallons. The 2 lbs. of bluestone are dissolved in 2 gallons of water (this can be done at once with hot water, or in a few hours with cold water if the bluestone is suspended in a piece of sack- ing). A wooden receptacle (nail or tub) must be used. The 2 lbs. of quicklime (freshly burnt — i.e., in lumps) are placed in a tin or wooden pail and slaked by adding water. A few pints of water are first sprinkled over the lumps of quick- lime, which causes them to crack, give off steam, and finally to crumble down. A little more water is added as soon as the slaking lime tends to get dry. In this way, after a few minutes, a thick, creamy paste is obtained. (The operation of slaking lime is hastened if hot water is used, and if the pail is covered with a sack.) Water is added to the slaked lime, thereby making " milk of lime." until there are 2 gallons in the pail. Stir and strain through a coarse strainer into a tub holding 21 gallons of water. Stir well ; the tub will now contain 23 gallons of "milk of lime." Pour in the 2 gallons of bluestone solution, when a chemical action takes place at once, and Bor- deaux mixture is formed. By this method 25 gallons of Bordeaux mixture of the best quality are obtained. The mixture when made should be used as soon as possible, as it deteriorates on keeping, and should never be kept longer than 48 hours. To obtain the best results only freshly-mixed Bordeaux mixture should be used. It should be applied with a nozzle throwing a very fine, " misty " spray, when it will be found that it is remarkably adherent, and remains on foliage for a month or longer. The Bor- deaux mixture should be strained through a fine copper gauze strainer (as provided with most knapsack sprayers. In our experiments the Vermorel " Eclair " knapsack sprayer was used, with the finest nozzle. The spraying rod was fitted with two adjustable nozzles (as supplied for Potato-spray- ing). In spraying Celery the best method is as follows : With the nozzle directed upward, spray the under-side of the leaves on each side of the row ; then, with the nozzle directed downwards, spray the upper surface of the leaves. Care should be taken to see that the spray gets well into the crown of the plant. When the spray is dry a bluish deposit is seen over the sprayed parts. If the spraying is well done all the fresh frowth of the plant is protected by this eposit. The first spraying of the row of Solid White was given on June 25, by which time the plants had made a fair growth. On the older leaves of the plants a fair amount of the disease was pre- sent ; the aim of spraying was to cover the fresh growth with the fungicide in order to protect it from infection. One of the effects of this spraying was to kill off rapidly the lower leaves which had been spotted with the disease. In the adjoining unsprayed " control " row simi- larly affected leaves died off more gradu- ally under the continued progress of the disease. On July 17 the dead leaves from both the sprayed and unsprayed rows were removed and burnt. On July 18 the sprayed row was given a second spraying. At this time the plants in the sprayed row showed, on the whole, a more vigorous growth in comparison with the un- sprayed plants, and their leaves were of a decidedly darker and healthier green. On August 9 the row of Solid White was given its third and final spraying. At this date the plants in the sprayed row were conspicuously Fig. 3. — puya chilensis ; showing the large bracts before the flowers expanded. taller and more vigorous, with much darker green leaves, the difference between the sprayed and unsprayed rows being greater than on July 18. On September 14 the difference between the sprayed and unsprayed rows was so great as to strike the eye at a distance. The sprayed plants were carefully examined, and it was found that through the fresh growth having been unsprayed, the disease was ap- parent in a few spots on the upper leaves, though none of the diseased leaves was in any way withered or seriously affected. This slight in- festation of the fresh growth of the sprayed row after the last spraying was inevitable under the circumstances, with the adjoining and neigh- bouring rows of badly infested Celery. By October 11, when the season's growth had finished, it was seen that the plants in the sprayed row were nearly double the size of the unsprayed plants. (See Fig. 4.) The tall, fine plants of the sprayed row seemed none the worse for the slight traces of disease on a few of the leaves, none of which was withered ; while plants in the unsprayed rows were poor and stunted, and had many withered leaves on them. All the plants in the unsprayed, short row, and the same number of plants from the sprayed row, were dug up, and after the removal of THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE: [July 5, 1913. the roots, were washed and weighed. The re- sults were as follows : — Weight of sprayed plants 672 lbs. Weight of unsprayed plants 281 lbs. Increase in weight of plants due to three sprayings with Bordeaux ■ mixture 391 lbs. The plants in the sprayed row were worth from Is. 3d. to Is. 6d. per dozen, and were quite up to, if not exceeding, the average for the variety. The plants in the unsprayed row would not have paid for sending to market. Through the ravages of the disease only a very small centre in each could be used, so that the plants were not of sufficient value to be worth the labour of lifting and washing. At the most, the value of the unsprayed plants was 3d. per dozen. The actual nett profit due to the spraying ■can be estimated as follows : There were 274 plants in the sprayed row. These were worth 'from Is. 3d. to Is. 6d. per dozen — average, <^O.ren Fig. 4. — "solid white" celery; the plant to the left lifted from the sprayed row, to the right from the unsprayed row. Is. 4jd. ; while the plants in the unsprayed row were, at the most, worth 3d. per dozen, so that "the increased value due to spraying was Is. l^d. per dozen plants. We have now to deduct the expenses of the treatment. In spraying the 274 plants three times 50 gallons in all of Bordeaux mixture were used. The cost of this can be put at Is. 6d. For the labour of mixing, spraying, wear of machine, etc., the sum of 3s. 6d. may be allowed, making the total cost of the treatment 5s. Thus we Tiave :— Increased Value of Plants due to Spraying. 23 dozen plants, at Is. l|d. per dozen £1 5 10^ Less cost of spraying 0 5 0 Nett profit due to spraying ...£1 0 10i With such a variety as Solid White, when the plants are infested at an early stage with the disease, spraying means (after deducting ex- penses) an added value of lid. per dozen plants. All the other varieties of Celery planted out in the experimental vegetable garden at Wye College contracted the disease, the severity of infestation of the various varieties being in the following order : Solid White, worst of all ; Clark's Early Market, nearly as bad ; then Superb Pink, Giant Bed and Standard Bearer; and Celeriac least of all. Conclusions.— (1) Although the Celery " blight " disease is generally first noticed in July or later, it is usually present on the plant much earlier, and inflicts serious damage all through the growing period of the plant. (2) Three spray- ings with home-made Bordeaux mixture in June, July and August will protect Celery plants dur- ing the growing period from attacks of the Celery "blight." (3) In view of the evidence to hand, outbreaks of the disease very early in the season, even in the seed-bed, may be expected to occur. It would probably be a good plan, when the disease is noticed on the seedling plants, to dip them in Bordeaux mixture at the time of trans- planting them to the trench. It may be mentioned that the Celery is liable to be attacked by other fungous pests— e.g., Cercospora and Phoma. Further, Mr. H. Wor- mald has found on Celery at Wye a bac- terial disease. I should be glad during the coming season to receive from gardeners, for examination, specimens of Celery suffering from any disease. I wish to acknowledge the help of my assistant, Mr. H. Wormald. A.R.C.S., B.Sc, in carrying out the experiments and in supplying the photographs. E. S. Salmon, Mycologist to the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. FORESTRY. THE SPRUCE APHIS. In the issue of this journal, Vol. LIIL, p. 279, attention was drawn to the occurrence of Aphis abietina on Spruce trees, many of which " had been killed outright in various parts of the country." On my arrival last April in Ireland I found the pest doing considerable damage a/t the Avondale and Dundrum Forestry Stations, especially to the Sitka Spruce, which is now being largely planted in parts of the new areas that have been acquired for afforestation by the De- partment of Agriculture. So far as I know this insect has never been reported in any publication to have done serious damage to forest trees until the present year. The mild winter is supposed to be responsible for the epidemic, as the insect has been noticed at work ever since last autumn. I have made considerable enquiries, and find that the aphis is widely distributed throughout Ireland, and has been observed in both the north and south of England, but does not seem to have attracted any attention in Wales. The aphis has not been noticed on any genus except Picea, and is very diverse in its occur- rence and in the extent of the damage done to the different species of Spruce. Some species are not, or very rarely, visited by the aphis ; others are visited but suffer little from the attack ; while trees of other species become en- tirely defoliated and subsequently die. The varying damage on the various species is well illustrated in the Conifer collection at Kew. On the side next the lake, planted mainly _with America/n species, P. sitchensis, P. Engelmannii, and P. pungens here suffered severely, many of the trees (including some 30 feet or more high) being entirely stripped of their leaves. Some trees of P. nigra and P. alba escape, whilst others sustain severe damage. On the other side of the path, where European and Asiatic species are planted, the damage is much less, the only trees seriously injured being certain varieties of P. excelsa, like var. Clanbrasiliana and var. gigantea. The damage is not confined to young trees, though these are generally worse attacked than mature specimens. In a large nursery in the south of England nearly the whole of the stock of P. sitchensis, P. pungens, and P. alba has been seriously damaged or killed. I hear also that a good many young plants of the common Spruce have died in one of the northern nurseries. The report drawn up for me by Mr. B'.ack at Avondale illustrates the usual conditions that prevail as regards the incidence and severity of the attack. There, P. pungens, four years planted, and P. sitchensis, six years planted, are much hurt, the leaves having turned brown and subsequently fallen off nearly completely. P. ex- celsa, P. nigra, P. rubra, P. alba, and P. Morinda are infested with the aphis, but the trees are not defoliated to the same extent as in the Sitka Spruce. The insects are numerous on P. Engel- mannii and on P. orientalis, but no defoliation has ensued in these two species. In the case of three species, viz., P. polita, P. hondoensis, and P. Omorica, aphis has not been observed. The same results practically hold good for the same species in Kew Gardens. At Kew, however, while one tree of P. Omorica near the Forestry Fig. 5. — sitka spruce defoliated by the spruce aphis. Museum has not been visited by aphis, the five fine trees of this species, 30 to 35 feet high, in the collection on the side next the nursery, were infested at an early period this year, but showed no signs of damage when I inspected them on June 13. It is remarkable how selective the aphis is. At Avondale, within a few yards of a flourishing specimen of P. Omorica, about 8 feet high, which is free from any trace of the insect, a slightly smaller tree (see fig. 5) of P. sitchensis is en- tirely bare of leaves and in a dying state. At Rostrevor, Sir John Ross-of-Bladensburg showed me a Sitka Spruce almost entirely defoliated, while there was no sign of attack on his speci- mens of P. Omorica, P. Schrenkiana, P. polita, and P. Engelmannii. In his plantations, above the aboretum, the common Spruce was slightly affected. In certain parts of England the aphis appears to be doing little harm. In the Cambridge Botanic Garden no trace of it was observed on any of the Spruces in May. At Culford, near Bury St. Edmunds, all the species in the nursery, as well as large trees of the common Spruce in the plan- tations, were untouched ; but some large trees of P. sitchensis, twenty-five years old, were July 5, 1913. ] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. attacked, according to a letter I received from Mr. Hankins, dated May 17. For trees in a nursery or isolated specimens spraying with paraffin emulsion is recommended. Soft soap and quassia extract may also be tried. A Henry. UNUSUAL GROWTH OF ELM. We are indebted to Mr. T. E. Stephens, Clay- bury, Woodford Bridge, Essex, for the photo- graph reproduced in fig. 6, showing an extra- ordinary growth of Elm. Mr. Stephens writes as follows : — " I enclose a photograph of a part of an old Elm tree I recently had felled. The tree had at some time been pollarded, and the section shown was cut near to the crown, which was found to be hollow. The cortex has formed on the two ' wings ' inside the tree ; the departure from the natural formation is apparently due to a stone which had at some time become embedded in the cortex and cambium. I had the stone whitened over to enable its position to be more easily discerned in the photograph." GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT INSTITUTION. FESTIVAL DINNER, JUNE 25, 1913. As announced in these pages last week, the seventy-fourth annual dinner of the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution took place on the 25th ult., in the Whitehall Rooms of the Hotel Metropole. The Chairman, Mr. Leopold de Rothschild, was supported on the right hand by Mrs. Baxendale, Colonel the Right Hon. Mark Lockwood, M.P., Sir F. Flannery, Bairt., the Hon. W. T. Mackenzie, High Commissioner for the Dominion of New Zealand, Sir Stuart M. Samuel, Bart., M.P., Sir E. Stern, D.L., Mrs. J. W. Campbell, and Mr. N. N. Sherwood. On his left were Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., and Lady Col- man, Sir Walter Smythe, Bart., Mr. Leopold Salomons, J. P., and Mrs. Salomons, Sir Harry and Lady Veitch, Sir G. Pragnell and Lady Pragnell, and the Master of the Worshipful Com- pany of Gardeners. There were upwards of two hundred guests present ; the heads of the side tables were Mr. T. N. Cox, Mr. W. 0. Hiehle, Mr. Jas. Hudson, Mr. W. Y. Baker, Mr. Geo. Monro, Mr. Joseph Rochford, and Mr. J. W. H. Barr. The toast of the evening, "Continued Pro- sperity to the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Insti- tution," was proposed by the Chairman. He re- minded those present that the Institution was founded in the year 1838. The Duke of Cam- bridge was its first President, and Queen Victoria its Patron. At the present time the King was the Patron, and Queen Mary and Queen Alex- andra were Patronesses. He had been reminded by Mr. Ingram, the Secretary, that it was just twenty-five years ago that he had presided at the Festival Dinner of the Institution. Much progress had been made since that time : there were then only 134 pensioners on the books — to- day there were 258 gardeners and gardeners' widows, whose maintenance amounted in the aggregate to a sum of £4,500 (four thousand five hundred pounds) per annum. Only a small por- tion of the income of the Institution was obtained from annual subscriptions. The Committee had to look for the greater part of it to other sources, including, of course, such occasions as the Annual Festival Dinners. He was desirous of assisting the cause of those who were unfortunately compelled to seek the benefits of the Institution. In plead- ing for them, he was pleading for those whose work had so greatly contributed to the pleasure of those present, for those whose toil was so com- pletely in the service of beauty and things beau- tiful. Most of those present were better acquainted with the circumstances than he him- self, and the objects of the Institution had 1 i eloquently described again and again. For in- stance, on his left hand he was pleased to see his friend, Sir Jeremiah Colman, who presided at the Festival Dinner last year, and whose appeal was so successful in raising funds for the use of the Institution. Mr. Rothschild spoke of the development which had taken place in horticul- ture within his own experience ; of the wonderful hold which the love of flowers had taken on the people of these islands ; how the flowere themselves had become more numerous, both in the larger markets and in the flower shops, and even upon the street barrows. He could remember a time when there were only two shops of this kind in Covent Garden — one at one end, and one at the other. Nowadays choice flowers were to be seen everywhere, and very few people indeed were without appreciation of them. In the olden days the chief plants at the few exhibitions which were held consisted of trained Azaleas and other plants suitable for forming into specimens ; but these trained plants had now 'become out-of-date. Although many of the plants which used to be popular have now passed almost out of cultiva- tion, at the same time we had more flowers, and more 'beautiful ones, now, than was the case formerly. Notwithstanding all the progress that was being made, he had noticed an article in the Times of a recent date, in which the R.H.S. was criticised, the writer stating that their Exhibitions were composed too much of well-known plants, whereas they should consist of new ones, more or less unfamiliar to the general public. All he could say was that these exhibitions delighted Fig. 6. — abnormal growth of elm trunk. and attracted him whenever it was his privilege to be alble to attend them. Mr. Rothschild coupled with his toast the name of Sir Harry J. Veitch, Chairman and Treasurer of the Institu- tion. Sir Harry J. Veitch, in reply, thanked the Chairman for 'being present that evening, and said that the supporters of the Institution coula not but remember that it was the second time that he had helped them in this manner. Nor could they help recalling that for sixty years the members of the Rothschild family had* supported the Institution with most liberal subscriptions from year to year. Six members of that family had presided at festival dinners. Sir Harry also said that the executive were very grateful for the assistance that had been rendered them in their effort to relieve the distress of poor and aged gardeners and their widows. Notwithstand- ing the sacrifices made, however, and all the work that had been done, they were bound to recognise that their efforts fell far short of what is desired. For instance, at the last election there were forty- one unsuccessful candidates, in spite of the fact that all these candidates had been selected by the committee as suitable applicants for relief. Their oldest pensioner at present was ninety-nine years of age. She had succeeded her husband, who had contributed in subscriptions twenty-five guineas to the Institution. Altogether the Institution had contributed to the support of this pensioner and her husband, the sum of £428 to date. The two youngest pensioners were forty-six and forty- seven years old respectively. 'They were totally incapacitated, but neither had subscribed any- thing to the funds. They were, however, elected, as was right and proper; for this being a. benevolent Institution, while giving a certain pre- ference to those who have subscribed, reserved its full right to elect on occasion those who were previously unknown to it. As evidence that pro- gress had been made, he would mention that since Mr. Rothschild presided, twenty-five years- ago, at the Festival Dinner, two subsidiary funds- had been founded. The Victorian Era Fund was for the assistance of candidates while awaiting election; and the Good Samaritan Fund, having for its object the relief of those who had not subscribed to the funds, also assisted those who, under this category, were awaiting their enrol- ment under the main fund. Sir Harry referred to- certain special donations which had been received, by the Institution during the past year, including the amount contributed by the Directors of the Royal International Horticultural Exhibition of 1912. He also thanked those proprietors of gar- dens who were in the habit of throwing open their gardens on certain occasions for the benefit of the Institution, and stated that by these and many other means those who were interested in the relief of distress were doing their utmost to inr crease the power of the Institution for usefulness. He reminded those present that the expenses of organisation were very few, and that the salaries and expenses of all descriptions were more than covered by investments. For this reason he could assure those who were about to contribute that their donations would go straight to the relief of the necessitous, without any deductions for man- agement purposes. The Institution had already distributed a sum exceeding £145,000. The next toast. "Horticulture in all its- Branches." was proposed by the Hon. W. T. Mac- kenzie, High Commissioner for the Dominion of' New Zealand, and responded to by Colonel the Right Hon. Mark Lockwood, M.P. Mr. N. N Sherwood, V.M.H. (Trustee), then proposed' the- toast of "Our Chairman." He said that it was the 44th Festival Dinner he had attended, and that he could testify to the exceedingly liberal support which had alwavs been received by this premier gardening charity from the Rothschild family in general. The list of donations included the following : — Mr. Leopold de Rothschild Messrs. N M. Rothschild and Son .. Duke of Bedford Messrs. James Veitch and Sons ... Sir Harry J. Veitch Lady Veitch N. N. Sherwood, Esq., V.M.H. William Sherwood, Esq Edward Sherwood, Esq Mrs. J. W. Campbell .' Messrs. Sutton and Sons Mr. Arthur Sutton Sir Jeremiah Oolman, Bart Lady Colman Mr. and Mrs. Leopold Salomons Sir Frank Crisp, Bart Anthony Waterer, Esq James Sweet, Esq., V.M.H Edward White, Esq. Mrs. Edward White Messrs. George Bunyard and Go., Ltd. Messrs. Barr and Sons Mr. James Hudson, V.M.H Mr. H. G. Alexander Mr. R. W. Wallace Messrs. W. Wood and Son Francis Robinson, Esq Mr. R. J. Cuthbert T. A. Rivers, Esq. James G-'Brien, Esq., V.M.H A. McKellar, Esq., V.M.H. J. Roberts, Esq Joseph Rochford, Esq A. Watkins, Esq Messrs. George Monro, Ltd George Monro, Esq., Junr John Rochford, Esq. John Heal, Esq., V.M.H George Harrow, Esq H. J. Clayton, Esq P. C. Veitch. Esq.. J.P Bailey Wadds, Esq. J. Mallender, Esq. C. Bignell, Esq H. Porteous. Esq Covemt Garden Tables : — Mr. George Monro, V.M.H Mr. W. 0. Hiehle The following donors each gave £10 10s. : — W. Atkinson, Esq., J.P. ; N. F. Barnes, Esq. ; Charles. Davis, Esq. ; J. C. Geiselbreoht, Esq. ; E. Hazelton, £ s. d. 105 0 0 105 0 0 250 0 0 105 0 0 26 0 0 26 5 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 n 35 0 0 100 0 0 20 0 0 52 10 0 5 5 0 SI 10 n 38 13 9 35 0 0' 30 0 0 21 0 0 5 5 0 21 5 0- 15 15 0- 155 0 0 75 0 0 62 0 0 50 0 0 21 0 (1 26 0 (T 15 15 0 15 15 0 15 0 0 12 12 0 26 5 o 15 15 0 26 5 0 26 5 0 15 15 0 9 14 0 8 15 0 8 13 0 7 10 0 11 10 0 5 5 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 192 0 0 70 0 0 TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 5, 1913. Esq.; Master of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners; J. McKerchar, Esq. ; Robert Sydenham, Esq. ; Davjd W. Thomson, E6q. ; S. T. Wright, Esq. The following donors each gave £5 5s. : — Messrs. Anderson and Sons ; Walter Cobb, Esq. ; W. L. Cony. Ksq. ; T. N. Cox. Esq. ; Donald McDonald, F.B.S. ; Arthur Dye, Esq. ; J. Jennings, Esq. ; R. B. Leech, Esq. ; ,1. P. McLeod, Esq. ; Mrs. Geo. Monro ; Messrs. Pulham and Sons ; Ernest Stevens, Esq. ; Arthur Stevens, Esq. ; J. P. Rochford. Esq. ; A. Watkins, Esq. ; Mrs. A. Wat- kins; and Gardeners' Chronicle. HOW TO FIGHT DROUGHT- During a hot, dry period -when the sun is at its highest altitude and drying winds are prevalent there are many plants which suffer from the con- sequent drought, and any means by which this risk of damage may be reduced, especially' at a time when labour is in the greatest demand, are welcome. Naturally, the first impulse of the conscientious gardener is to supply the water which is lacking, but in many cases it would be better to take other means. When water is given to the ground great care shun Id always be used to supply it in a form as nearly resembling the falling of rain as possible ; by this means it is broken up into numerous small particles which have sufficient time to become warmed before reaching the roots. Moreover, when water is given in this way it has time to percolate gradually into the soil without causing a hard crust to form on the surface, and even when the greatest care is exercised it is advisable to move the surface 6oil as soon as it is sufficiently dry, so that the perco- lation tubes caused by the water passing into the ground are broken at the surface. This effectually stops evaporation, and consequently less water is needed to keep the soil in a moist condition. On heavy soils it is seldom necessary to give any water to growing plants for the simple reason that the subsoil contains enough surplus water to carry them over any period of drought suoh as we experience in the United Kingdom : that is, providing the proper measures are taken to conserve the water in the sub-soil. In many hot, dry countries this conservation of water is carried on under the name of " dry farming " to an extent which is astonishing, and gives better results than irrigation, and this with the use of much less labour. The invention of many new tools for carrying out this form of culture has no doubt helped to spread this practice, but it might be adopted to a far greater extent than it is at present. The first movement of the soil should be made with a toothed " cultivator," which makes the work far easier and more speedy of accom- plishment than with a " Dutch " hoe. Care should be given, not so much to the cutting of weeds, as to the thorough break- ing up of the surface ; then a hoe over, and the ground will continue in a soft, friable state, easily and speedily worked, and it will act as a blanket, conserving the moisture in the soil and yet allow the air to penetrate with bene- ficial results. If soil is treated in the way outlined above, the root action will be perfect if everything else is right, and all the water that will be required is a light spraying after the sun is off the plants. As much, or even more, benefit can be derived from the considered use of a spraying machine than from root watering ; there never \va6 a time in the history of horticulture when the engineer- ing part of spraying was so perfect, and so easily manipulated, and yet in many of our large estab- lishments a spraying machine is seldom used for the simple spraying of water on outside subjects. We go on spraying plants which are in greenhouses, never realising the great benefit which would follow from the same operation outside, added to which is the economy both in water — which is a great consideration when it has to be earned a distance— and labour. The time when plants make the most growth is "after the turn of the day." At this time the nights become longer, and plants are subject to heavy dews, and hence are able to obtain all the water they require. Now if this happy state can be realised earlier in the year by artificial spraying, the crop will give in many cases a double yield, and fully repay the little extra work. It is wonderful to watch how quickly a plant re- covers from the utter exhaustion of a sunny day, when it receives a gentle fine spray under the foliage. It has the same effect that a bath has on a tired man, and it should be practised, especially on heavy land, to the exclusion, or nearly so, of root watering. Mulching of garden crops with short manure is another means by which water can be conserved in the soil, but possibly there are more reasons against this practice than appear on the surface, especially for plants growing in the open ground. It is often assumed that plants gain a consider- able amount of nourishment from the manure used, but this can only be true where there is plenty of time for the plant food to become avail- able, and even then rain or artificial watering is needed to bring the food in contact with the roots. The filthy practice of using manure for the bedding of strawberries requires no comment. Shading is a means of helping plants to give the best results, which deserves more attention in these days of cheap material suitable for the pur- pose. The writer had the pleasure a short time ago of perusing a pamphlet containing a description of an invention by one of his pre decessors. This invention, for which a gold medal was awarded by the Caledonian (or Scot- tish) Horticultural Society, some eighty years ago. was, roughly, a shallow box fastened round trees on walls, which had an arrangement cf tif- fany curtains which could be drawn in front of the trees at will, for several purposes, among which was the retarding of the ripening process of Peaches. The price of tiffany was given as 5d. per yard. It can be purchased now for less than half that price, and when it is fastened to roughly made frames there are a variety of uses to which it can be put ; shading is one of these. There are many tender subjects which will benefit by their use, and for Sweet Peas, which burn with trie sun, they are indispensable. T. W. FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE. CULTIVATION OF WITLOOF CHICORY IN BELGIUM. As I live in the centre of the Belgian chicory district, I was much interested in Professor Chevalier's article on the subject of Chicory growing (see Vol. LIIL, p. 405). But I fear that the average gardener, having but little land at his disposal, would be somewhat discouraged by this description of the method of growing this useful vegetable. Here it is forced by a much simpler and le6s expensive method, and as this method is followed by most of the growers in Evere, Haaren, Saventhem and Louvain, it may be of interest to your readers. The greater part of the cultivators here are "smallholders," work- ing a very few acres each. I cannot find- that such trenching as M. Chevalier describes is practised at all; the ground is well manured, ploughed in the late autumn, and left in a rough condition all the winter. The ploughing i6 usually done by a couple of cow6, so it is easy to believe that the ground is not worked vary deeply. The land is exceptionally good for root crops, consisting of light loam to a depth of 3 or 4 feet, I see that M. Chevalier says if the leaves "are removed from the 6talks the roots will suffer; but here it is necessary to do this in the summer in order to provide food for the cows, as there is hardly any grass land. The cows are stabled all the year round, and are used on the land for ploughing, carting, etc. The leaves are therefore stripped for food as soon as full grown, apparently without injuring the forcing qualities of the roots at all. Witloof is, indeed a most useful plant. The cows feed on the leaves in the summer, the heads are then forced for market, after which the roots are chopped up and used for winter fodder ! When the roots are lifted in October, after the leaves are all cut off, they are laid in the ground in thick clumps. The trench which i6 dug for their reception is about 3 feet wide and 10 or 20 feet long. The crown6 are placed just level with the surface of the ground, and as each clump is laid in it is covered with ordinary garden soil to a depth of about 1 foot. The bed6 are then left without any other covering until the crowns are required for forcing. This system has the advantage of allowing the beds to settle with the weatheT, which makes the heads firm and close. When the beds are required for forc- ing a pit about 2 feet square and 2 feet deep is dug at either end. In thi6 a fire i6 made with bricks and mud, similar to the old-fa6hioned arrangement which used to be employed for heating greenhouses. A trench is then dug along each side of the bed, close to the roots, in which a stove-pipe 3 or 4 inches in diameter is laid. Thi6 communicates with the fire at one end, and rises slightly therefrom, so as to be on a level with the crowns at the opposite end. A short length of pipe is then attached to the stove- pipe to carry off the smoke, the piping thus serving both as a heating medium and a chimney. The 6hort pipe is placed upright, not too near the manure with which the whole bed is finally covered. The manure is fresh and is spread over the whole bed, except where the fire-pits are ; it is piled into a ridge 3 feet high in the centre, and rough straw mats are laid on the top to keep off heavy rains. The fire is kept burning for twelve or fourteen days, according to the weather, and the bed is then left for four or five days without fire. After this process has been repeated three times, or four in very severe weather, the chicory is found to be ready for cutting. A very small fire is found sufficient — half a pailful in each pit. If two beds are laid close together three fires are sufficient, the middle one serving to heat one end of each bed. For the purpose of placing their produce on the market the growere here have formed a kind of co-operative society, of which the local clergy- man is the secretary. The Chicory is collected and sent to the large centres in consignments, the expenses of cartage, etc., and finally the re- turns on the transactions, being divided among the growers according to the amount they have contributed to the consignment. In this way they are able to compete with large growers. I use the same system that I liave described above for forcing the Chicory in my gardens, except that my beds are much smaller — about 3 feet wide and 6 feet long. By starting a bed every fortnight I am able to keep up a constant supply all through the winter. I consider Chicory a most useful vegetable and distinctly superior to Sea-kale. E. C, Brabant. HOME CORRESPONDENCE. (The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.) National Insurance Act.— The following further decisions from the National Insurance Commissioners are of interest to gardeners : — 446. — A man is employed as groundsman of a cricket club from March to September at a wage of £2 a week. During the winter months he contracts with the club to do all the necessary work im connection with the club grounds for a fixed sum of £5. He does the work in his own time, and no control is in practice exercised over him as to the way in which the work is to be done. The question asked is whether the man is employed under a Contract of service dur- ing the winter months. [Decision. — That the groundsman of the Cricket Club, who is en- July 5, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. ^aged during the winter months for certain work under the conditions set out in the application, is not during the.se months employed under a contract of service within tie meaning of the National Insurance Act, and is accordingly not liable to be insured thereunder for such period. — Question 1359. ] -224. — A graduate of a University who is engaged in research work at the School of Agriculture is employed by the authorities of a college as garden steward. Her duties are to manage the garden generally, to appoint and control the gardener and his assistants, and to present a monthly account of expenses entailed in the upkeep of the garden. Her duties occupy about twelve hours a week, and she works for twenty-nine weeks in the year, the amount of time devoted to the work being left to her dis- cretion, provided that the work is done to the satisfaction of the College Council. [Decision. — That the employment of the garden steward at a college connected with a University, under the conditions set out. in the application, is employ- ment for part-time service only at a rate of re numeration exceeding the equivalent of £160 a year for whole-time service, and is accordingly not employment within the meaning of the National Insurance Act. — Question 1300.] A. C. Hill, secretary, United Horticultural Benefit and Provident Society. Reminiscences of the Yorkshire Galas — After an interval of thirty years I again visited this famous flower show a week or so ago. The huge " Chelsea " tent was a real acquisition — its capaciousness, airiness, and huge proportions ad- mitted of a whole-picture effect in the general arrangement of the exhibits. Yet something re- mains to be done in this direction. As in all big flower fetes, by far the greater part of the ex- hibits are staged by the " trade," and are honorary ; and whilst this is a progressive feature from a national and commercial point of view, it is to be feared that the high-class productions of the private gardener of a few years ago are becoming correspondingly fewer, and this is a point of possible decadence. One of the outstanding features of 1883, as impressed upon my mind, were the gigantic Crotons and other foliage and flowering stove and greenhouse plants staged by Mr. Letts, of Aske Hall, the late Mr. James Cypher, of Cheltenham, Mr. Tudgey, Mr. W. Cole, of Wit- tington, and others. Mr. Simpson, of Selby, who with his late father exhibited at the old shows (and still continues without a break), smiled aloud at the mention of one of the finest plants ever grown of Erica ventricosa, and shown by- Mr. Tudgey at York. Phaenocoma prolifera and Hedea-oma tulipifera are names merely to the present-day gardener. These, in common with the so-called " New Holland " plants, require great skill and much patience to produce the specimens such as were seen in the okl days at York. I would not dare suggest the absence of skill to-day, but it will probably be admitted that up-to-date gardening conditions have put patience to flight. But if we deplore the loss of the high culture in specimen plants, there is much compensation .to be found in the newer and highly artistic grouping of smaller and well- grown plants. These marvellous groupings in our leading shows have called into practice latent artistic powers in the modern gardener previ- ously unknown, and this to the general advan- tage. Anpther of my early impression? was the fruit — in single dishes and in collections — and such fruit ! put up by such men as Mclndoe, Mclntyre, Elp'hinstone and others — the fore- named are, I think, all departed — but if I re- member aright there is still among us an honoured nam? who figured in 1883 in the prize list. Mr. Goodacre. of Elvaston Castle. It would be interesting to turn up the back pages of the Gar il triers' Chronicle for a report of the fruit section of York Show in that, vear and compare with your very studiously moderate remarks on this occasion. I, too, will emulate your reporter and refrain from characterising this year's dis- play, but I must not be misunderstood either, for there were several very fine dishes in the some- what meagre displav. One of the fruit judges in 1883 was the late Mr. R. Gi'b^rt. of Burghley. I can easily imagine the word " decadence " fall- ing from his lips had he been present this year. It is a temptation to recall other prominent features and incidents which occur to tlhe mind in connection, with 1883, including the great cart- wheel-trained Show, Fancy and Zonal Pelargo- niums. In this same tent in the old days were gigantic, well-flowered Fuchsias and huge multi- coloured Coleses. These are seen no more at York. Roses in 1883 were well staged, particu- larly on boards, but not so numerous as at pre- sent; and the mention of Roses reminds me of an incident which Mr. Avey declares to be im- possible now. It- was no unusual tiling for ex- hibitors from a distance to put in the few hours " between lights " on the exhibition boards, some falling into the arms of Morpheus, others by the flickering of their penny dips (no electric light in those days) endeavouring to gain in- spiration for arranging their exhibits when day- light appeared, whilst one very wide-awake indi- vidual perambulated and explored such exhibits as were to his liking, and honestly — or at least openly — appropriating such flowers from the various Ri>se bushes as enabled him to stage a winning stand on the morrow. York was a great show in 1883. It is a greater show in 1913. There have been many changes for better and worse. It is the same old ground — but much improved. There is the same spirit of determination ap- parent in the powers that be to succeed. There is the same substantial backing to the efforts of those responsible in the glorious and changeless old city ; and there is the same rugged, hearty geniality in the indefatigable secretary and his committee in their generous and unani- mous " Welcome to York." " On the Walls." The Plague of Caterpillars in the Dunkeld District.— The enormous damage done to forest trees in the above district must be seen before one can effectually realise the extent to which caterpillars can devastate the young foliage on nearly all kinds of trees. Of course, this is no new thing in the district, as visitations of more or less severity occur every year, but this season the pest seems to have reached unprecedented dimensions. For the benefit of those who have not had the pleasure of feeling the influence of the granleur of these parts, which were made famous in Macbeth, a few details of the country will not be out of place. The well-wooded heights of Birnam and the mountains surrounding the River Tay at this point form a basin, which has been likened to a cauldron, in which the air has little or no chance of circulating quickly, and consequently it is oppressively hot and still --a set of circumstances which are entirely help- ful to the propagation of insect pests when they are once established, and the absence of rain which we have experienced during the past few weeks has been favourable to their develop- ment. All kinds of trees, excepting Firs, seem to be subject to this devastating influence, and the Oak especially, which at Inver is defoliated, has been in its line of route during this season. Beech, Birch, Limes, Planes, Acers, and Larch have not suffered to the same extent, although Larch was subject to the most severe defoliation two years ago. This naturally leads one to enquire for a prob- able cause as to why one kind of tree should suffer most in one season, and another kind later. The caterpillar swings on a silken thread and is so light that the direction of the swing is in the same way as the wind. If the direction pre- vailed for any length of time in one quarter the caterpillars might easily move a considerable distance. If we also apply this theory in regard to the movement of the winged males and wing- less female when she is seeking a suitable place to deposit her eggs, we can readily conceive suffi- cient movement to account for the infestation being in a new quarter, determined by the direc- tion of the prevailing wind during the migratory periods in the life history of the pest ; the kind of tree would then be determined, not by its con- stitution, but by outside influence. This would also account for the fact of trees in the midst of the most affected part being comparatively free when there is an open space on one side of a plantation, but open spaces in the lncalitv are more the exception than the rule. It is much easier to state the fact and suggest the cause than it is to invent a remedy. Birds are the natural enemy of the pest, and they have had a grand time among them in the worst in- fested part : but possibly, like animals more in- . telligent, they can get a surfeit of a good " high " feed, especially when it is so easily cap- tured. Possibly something could be done to let more air into this area so that the strong gales could help to clear the caterpillars from the trees, but anything in this way would have to materially alter the climate of this part before it would do any good. And that could only be brought about at the expense of the beauty of the landscape. The conditions at present "pre- vailing would make a splendid object lesson to those who have charge of the afforestation scheme, and they might do worse than send a few men there to study the matter to gather and record information so that it will be avail- able for any scheme which might be advanced. T. W. '-. Yew-woods and Beechwoods on the Chalk.— Mr. Sprague (p. 364) believes that Beeches have invaded and replaced Yew-wood on chalk escarpments, but he offers no evidence that such a process is going on. His belief appears to be based on cases of the invasion of chalk scrub by Beechwood. Such cases I also have observed, though I do not find the process very general. But the conditions of chalk scrub are very different from the conditions of Yew-wood, and one cannot argue from the one case to the other. The Yew rejuvenates by seed quite successfully in many- places on the chalk escarpment, and there ap- appears no reason why naturally occurring gaps in Yew-wood should not be replaced by young Yews, rather than by young Beeches. On the other hand there is a reason, as I have pointed out, why Beechwood should not, in general, in- vade Yew-woods, and in the absence of evidence that such a process occurs I think we are justified in disbelieving it. Mr. Sprague believes that the invasion of the chalk escarpment by Beech took place from Beech plantations on the top of the escarpment. It is certainly true that many such plantations exist, but it is hard to believe that any of them are old enough to have given origin to the extensive invasion of the escarpment that would have to be postulated if we suppose that all the Beechwoods on the escarpment originated by invasion from above. Mr. Sprague does not definitely state that this is his view, but he im- plies it. It is the general belief of botanists who know the south-east of England well that the Beech is native on the chalk escarpments, and a careful consideration of the whole of the available evidence convinces me that this view is probably justified. If the " summit plantations " are ante- cedent to the escarpment woods whence came the Beech that was used for the plantations? That there are local cases of invasion of chalk scrub by Beech plantations above may well be true. It seems to me probable that in some cases Oak woods, in others mixed Oak and Beech woods, especially covered parts of the chalk plateau. I should be inclined to doubt the general extension of heaths on the chalk plateaus suggested by Mr. Sprague ; I think the former distribution of woodland and heath on these plateaus is largely a question of the variation of soil, which is very wide. But the whole question of the relation of woodland to heath in south-eastern England presents another and also a difficult problem. I do not at present see anv reason for modifying the views expressed in Types of British Vegeta- tion on all these questions, except that I am now prepared to believe that the Yew-woods of the chalk may be older, at least in some cases, such as the magnificent King'ey Vale wood near Chichester, than the Beechwoods, and that when the invasion of the Beech came it failed to dis- place the existing Yew-woods. In conclusion, I should like to say that I do not recognise any valid method of approaching these or any other problems concerning the distribution of vegeta- tion except that of " studying the present vege- tation in a limited (not too limited !) tract of country, and endeavouring to reconstruct the original vegetation from the portions that re- main." On the other hand, one must use not only the results of study of existing distribution and of the changes now going on, but also considerations based on well-ascertained conditions existing in various types of vegetation which tend to prevent, retard or encourage the replacement of one kinl of vegetation by another. Of these shade is an obvious example, but there are many others, par- ticularly soil conditions, of which we know at present very little, and which must be made ^he subject of careful investigation and experiment. A. G. Tansley. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 5, 1913. The Week's Work. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By W H ^hite, Grower to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burtord, Dorking. Calanthe and Phaius. — Deciduous Calanthes of the C. Veitchii and C. vesti/ta sec- tions are growing vigorously, and well-rooted plant need plentiful supplies of waU: - ery great care must be exercised in applying mois- ture to plants that are not yet well established or 'the young leaves will soon become spotted. The best-rooted plants may ibe afforded weak liquid manure made from cow dung at alternate waterings ; the drainings from the farmyard are also suitable as a fertiliser for these Orchids. Do not use the stimulant at too great a strength at first j about one part to three parts of water will be sufficient for the , first few waterings, afterwards increasing the amount to albout one- half of each liquid.- Thic will favour the de- velopment of stout, healthy pseudo-bulb6 and strong flower-spikes. Generally, at this season, many young roots appear on the surface of the compost, and if a thin layer of fibrous yellow loam be placed lightly over them they will root quickly into this material with benefit to the plants. Keep the hou6e warm with sun heat ; there will be no danger from scorching if the glass immediately over the plants is lightly stippled j a denser shading is only necessary for a few hours during the hottest part of the day. With this thin shading gradually increase the amount of ventilation, especially on hot, sunny day6. Under these conditions the plants will dry quickly, but if an abundance of water is afforded the treatment -will greatly benefit them. Do not crowd the plants, but arrange them so that each growth obtains plenty of light and air, and grow them near to the roof-glass. Back pseudo-bulbs that were placed in Sphag- num-moss a few months ago for purposes of pro- pagation should be examined, and those that have formed new growths re-potted. The dis- tinct Eulophia guineensis may be treated exactly as the Calanthes a6 regards potting, watering and resting, but it does not, while growing, re- quire such a hght situation. The large Tose- lipped flowers last a long time fresh, and the plant is a good garden subject. Such evergreen Calanthes as C. veratrifolia, C. macroloba, C. Masuca, C. japonica, C. densiflora and C. Cecilia may be re-pctted if necessary, using similar compost to that advised for the deciduous kinds. When these plants are in full growth they re- quire liberal supplies of water and occasionally weak liquid cow manure ; the stimulant is espe- cially beneficial when the flower-spikes begin to develop. Do not expose these plants to direct 6unshine after the young growths have started, but place them in a shady position in the Cattleya house, but if at any time they show signs of spotting or damping remove them at once to the intermediate house. Habenaria.— Such species as H. rhodochila and H. pusilla (militaris) are in full growth and require an abundance of water at the roots. These plants are grown in a rather shallow layer of compost, and the principal roots being on or just below the surface of the soil, the plants should be constantly examined to see if water is necessary. Grow the plants in the hottest house, and stand them on inverted pots close to the roof-glass, so that they may obtain plenty of light, but not direct sunshine. Diffused light coming through open lattice-wood blinds suits their requirements ; whereas they seldom pro- duce fine, dwarf spikes of bloom when grown in denser shade. A light spraying overhead at closing time is beneficial all through the glowing season. Catasetum, Cycnoches, Mormodes and Cyrtopodium.— The different species and varie- ties of these singular and interesting Orchids are growing vigorously, and all well-rooted plants need plentiful supplies of water, but speci- mens that are not yet well-established need watering with extra care. The flower-spikes generally appear as the pseudo-bulbs become matured. After the plants have bloomed they should be exposed gradually to full sunshine, and be watered at the roots till the new pseudo- bulbs are ripe. At that stage the leaves com- mence to fall, when root-waterings should be reduced. These plants grow best on the lighter side of a very warm house and, it convenient, they should be suspended from the roof with their foliage within one foot from the glass. A temperature such as is maintained in a Pine stove, Cucumber or Melon house in summer, is suitable for Cycnoches and Mor- modes. Such plants as Cyrtopodium Andersonn, C St Ledgerianum. and C. punctatum require a similar treatment to that, recommended above. But these Orchids flower during the early spring months, the spi.kes appearing in conjunction with the young breaks. Eulophiella.— E. Elizabethan and E. Peetersiana are generally considered difficult subjects to cultivate, but with proper treat- ment and suitable conditions generally no trouble will be found in growing both species successfully. Both plants appear to thrive best in a moist, shady position in the hottest house. Immediately new roots grow from the young rhizomes an abundance of water must be afforded, and the plants liberally treated in every way till the growths are fully matured. The plants of E. Peetersiana at Burford are attached firmly to their original clumps of Platy- ceriums into which the new roots have penetrated freely. A loose layer of living Sphagnum-moss has been placed around the bases of the Ferns, and into this the old roots are pushing large num- bers of rootlets. The Fern and Sphagnum-moss is sprayed several times daily, so that at no time is a thorough soaking with water necessary. Plants of E. Elizabeths grow and root well in a mixture of Osmunda-fibre and Sphagnum-moss, baskets being the more suitable receptacles. Thrips and red-spider soon infest the young growths, especially the under sides of the leaves, and constant attention is needed to keep them :n check. Pleione.— The Indian Crocuses, as these Orchids are termed, are in full growth, and if the plants are strong specimens they should be sup- plied plentifully with water at the roots supple- mented by occasional doses of weak liquid manure, made from cow dung. This treat- ment should be continued until the foliage shows signs of maturity, when the use of manure water should be discontinued. When the leaves begin to fall moisture should be withheld gradu- ally. Grow these Pleiones in a light position, suspended near to the roof-glass either in the in- termediate or Cattleya house. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By Edward Harriss, Gardener to Lady Wantage, Lockinge, Berkshire. Spring- flowering Plants. —Transplant seedling Wallflowers, Pansies, Aulbrietias, Alys- sums, and Silenes in the open as soon as the plants are large enough for shifting. If the soil is very dry, it should be soaked with water, levelled, and raked to a fine tilth. During veTy hot weather it will be an advantage to shade the plants for a day or two after they are re- planted. Polyanthuses may be pricked out first into boxes, to be transplanted in the open when they are larger. Delphinium, Anchusa, Chelone or any perennials which have been raised from seed this spring may be set out in "well-prepared ground in the reserve garden. Let the soil be broken thoroughly, and, if it is of a stiff texture, mix plenty of light material with it, so that when shifting the plants in the autumn they may be lifted with plenty of soil attached to the roots. The Wild Garden. —The same bright effects cannot be had in the wild garden during the summer and autumn months as in the spring, -when the bulbs and early flowering shrubs are in their full glory, but much can be done to make this part of the pleasure grounds interest- ing, if not showy, during the next two or three months. The foliage of spring-flowering bulb- ous plants having now sufficiently ripened, it may he cut level with the grass, but care must be taken that other plants are not damaged when carrying out this work. Plants of Oriental Poppies which have finished flowering may be cut partly back. Subjects suitable for planting or plunging in the wild garden comprise not only bedding plants, but any species which have been employed in the greenhouse or conservatory. Stove plants also may be used beneath trees pro- vided they have been somewhat hardened in pre- paration. Scented-leaved Pelargoniums are ex- cellent subjects for the purpose ; others include- Daturas, Crinums, Aloysia (lemon-scented Ver- bena), Agapanthus, Abutilons and Humeas. Before putting out the plants it is advisable to give the soil a thorough soaking by means of the hosepipe. Humea elegans. — These plants attract con- siderable attention when in flower, but unfor- tunately they cannot always Ibe relied upon to- last in good condition throughout the season. They often die suddenly when they have reached the height of their beauty without any apparent reason. For this reason they should not be made use of extensively in positions of importance. The utmost care is necessary in applying water to the roots when they have been placed in their flowering quarters, as irregularities in this matter are, in my opinion, one of the chief causes of failure. Provided they are regularly supplied with water, the plants succeed best plunged in- the ground in their pots r.\ a position that is partially shaded. If sc^>Ls are not already sown for raising plants for next season lose no time before inserting them, as the Humea requires a long season to grow into a good specimen. More than ordinary care is necessary in the treatment of the seeds of this plant. They should be sown- in shallow pans in a very fine, sandy compost and covered only slightly with fine soil or sand. Place a sheet of glass over the seed-pan and cover the gloss with damp moss till the seeds have germinated. Place the pan in a moderately warm pit and keep it shaded. Pinks.— It is necessary to raise fresh stocks of Pinks each season or the clumps will become weak and straggly. This work may be done now either by layering the grass in the same manner as Carnations, or by striking cuttings. The latter method is usually adopted. The cuttings may be .pulled off the old plants and, after trim- ming off the lower leaves, inserted in boxes of sandy soil placed in a close frame for a week or two and kept shaded. As soon as the pipings are rooted they should be inured gradually to more light and air. Geum Mrs. Bradshaw.— Seeds of this pretty border plant should be sown to furnish plants for flowering early next spring. The seeds should be sown in boxes filled with light compost, and the soil watered with a fine-rose can. iStand the seedJboxe6 in a cold frame and keep them shaded until the seeds have germi- nated. When the seedlings are large enough for re-potting place them singly in 60-sized pots and plunge them in ashes in a cold frame, where they may remain for the -winter. Another sow- ing may be made in the autumn to furnish plants- for flowering later. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. By B. Goodacre, Gardener to Sir Eknest Cassel. Moulton Paddocks. Newmarket. Morello Cherries. — Trees of the Morello- Cherry trained against north walls should be examined carefully for the presence of black aphis, which infests the points of the new shoots. If there are bad infestations the growths most affected should be cut off and burned, and the tree syringed afterwards, first with an insecticide and later with clear water. These trees aro trained very similar to the Peach. Shoots growing at right angles to the wall — known as foreright shoots, and others that are not required for fruiting, should be cut clean away, for the Morello Cherry- requires a different treatment to the Sweet Cherry, which develops its fruits on spurs. A sufficient quantity of young wood should be trained in annually on Morello Cherries to furnish the fruiting wood of next season. In tying the growths take care not to cramp the soft points of the shoots, but tie them loosely and encourage a healthy, clean growth. In these gardens we get good results with Morellos as standards. When trained in this way the growths need rather closer restrictions, and, at the time when summer pruning is done, it is sometimes an advantage to- cut out some of the older wood and allow young shoots to grow in its place. The shoots may be spurred in a little to encourage the development July 5, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. of fruiting wood towards the central parts, much in the same way as is practised in the case of bush Apples. Peaches.— The crop of Peaches in the open is generally a light one, and as those fruits which have set will be the more valuable in consequence, they should receive every encouragement to ripen. The trees should also be given every attention, as the next season's crop largely depends upon the growth which is made now. All lateral growths arising from strong shoots of the current year should be kept constantly removed, except when young trees are required to furnish the wall space quickly, in which case a few of the more forward breaks may be allowed to remain. Lateral growths may, however, be encouraged to develop on rank-growing trees, as these ripen better and prove more fruitful than the thick, sappy branches from which they arise. If these laterals are trained in carefully, they will add to the neat appearance of the trees. They should be tied loosely at first, or they may be pegged back with light pieces of Birch stuck between the wires or older parts of the tree. The latter system is certainly preferable at this busy season than tying done hastily and carelessly. Let the trees be watered regularly whenever they require mois- ture, and those with fair crops may be afforded a little stimulant, but I do not advise applying food to trees bearing few or no fruits, as this may cause them to develop rank wood and set up gum- ming, whilst the few fruits that have developed may split their stones. A good mulching of light stable litter may be placed on the border, as this will keep the soil moist and encourage the roots to grow near the surface. THE KITCHEN GARDEN. By John Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor. Broccoli and Cauliflowers. — Autumn Broccoli should be. planted now. Varieties in- tended for use before the New Year should be planted in the richest ground available, allowing a space of 2 feet between the plants each way. Make the soil firm about the roots and afford the latter a copious watering. Moisture should be afforded on frequent occasions until the plants are well established. Broccoli intended to remain over the winter for use in the spring should not be planted in very rich soil, as this would cause growth to be succulent and tender and unable to withstand the cold of winter. Let the ground be made moderately firm before the plants are put out in order to promote stocky growth. If Halloween Giant Cauliflower is planted at the present time the heads should be ready for use just before the autumn Broccoli ; this is a splendid late Cauliflower and the heads are well covered with foliage, which protects them from early frosts. Water all Cauliflower plants liberally during times of dry weather and stir the soil after each application of water. Preparing the Ground for Winter Crops. — All plots recently occupied by early crops should be cleared and pre- pared for plantations of Coleworts and other winter vegetables. Ground which has been occu- pied by early Peas and other spring crops should be planted with some vegetable which will be removed in time to prepare the soil for planta- tions of early Potatos or Cauliflowers. If these matters are settled before the winter crops are planted there will be less difficulty in finding sheltered positions for the early spring crops. Onions.— Plants that were set out in April for the purpose of furnishing extra large bulb6 should be plentifully supplied with moisture at the roots. Liquid manure from the farmyard may be applied freely, but take care not to use it at too great a strength. Soot is an excellent, stimulant for this crop and should be applied when the atmosphere is moist. iSpring-sowu Onions growing in light soil must receive careful attention. In dry weather a mulching of horse droppings is beneficial, and by keeping the ground moist reduces the labour of watering. Late Peas.— Do not wait until the plants show sign6 of injury from drought before apply- ing moisture to the roots. Soft water is best, and it should be given in sufficient quantity to reach the lower roots, for culinary Peas require much moisture when they are growing freely. Place the stakes in position when the plants are a few inches high, using new sticks as far as possible, as they will best withstand the rough winds of autumn. Lettuce. — Make weekly sowings of Lettuce in order to secure an unbroken supply. It is better to sow the seeds thinly and allow the plants to mature in the same position than to transplant the seedlings. In this way the plants will afford a succession of heads and grow better during the next few weeks, especi- ally if the weather is dry. Chicory.— Chicory raised from seeds sown- a month ago should be ready for thinning; this is beet done when the plants are very young. Allow a distance of 9 inches between the indi- vidual plants, in the rows. Another sowing may be made to furnish plants for use during the spring. When the plants are well through the ground stir the soil on frequent occasion's with the hoe to promote a free growth. PLANTS UNDER GLASS. By F. Jennings, Gardener to the Duke op Devonshire, Chatsworth, Derbyshire. Chrysanthemums. — Chrysanthemums which are intended to flower in small receptacles, and which are now in 3-inch pots, should be trans- ferred to 5-inch ones, in which they will flower. The compost for this final potting should consist of three parts rich loam and one part leaf-mould, coarse sand, and wood ash. To each barrow- load of this compost, add a 9-inch potful of soot and the same measure of fine bones. After pot- ting, the roots should be soaked with water, and, if the weather is hot and dry, the pots may be plunged in ashes. The plants should be stopped until the end of July, if the flowers are required late in the season ; otherwise the stopping should be done according to circumstances. The plants must not be allowed to suffer for want of water, especially as the pots become filled with roots; and they should be liberally supplied with liquid manure and soot-water. Regular and frequent syringings will be necessary, using some effective insecti- cide, as a preventive of green fly and other pests. Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations. — Preparations should now be made for layering Carnations of the "Malmaison" type. If suf- ficient frames are not available it is a good plan to make an improvised frame of a few old boards and rest some fair-6ized lights upon them. A border should be chosen which is not exposed to the full glare of the sun, and the soil carefully prepared of good sifted loam, leaf-mould and coarse sand in equal quantities. The plants and growths should be prepared and cleaned for layering ; the foliage should not be removed too high up the growth, as nothing is gained by the production of a short layer. The cut should not be too drastic; it is much better to cut too lightly than to penetrate too deeply, and when inserting the peg care' must be taken not to break the part of the stem which i6 left after making the out. The layers should be kept as near to the glass as possible, well watered and shaded during the day, and syringed both night and morning. Until the layers begin to root they should be kept rather close ; afterwards they may be allowed a free circulation of air, and when well established the lights may be re- moved altogether. They should be well soaked before potting, as this will make the lifting process much easier. When they are being potted do not knock the pots on the bench to make the soil firm, as this is apt to split the 6tem of the young plant, often causing total withering. Border Carnations grown in pots should be layered and treated generally in the same way as " Malmaisons," but they can also be layered outside in the open border with good results. Statice Suworowii. — The seeds of this plant may now be sown, in a pot or pan, using finely sifted loam mixed with plenty of sand, leaf-mould and fine peat. Place the pans on a shelf in a warm house, first water- ing the soil well ; keep the plants shaded from direct sunshine. When the seedlings are large enough to handle they should be pricked off. placing three in each 60-sized pot, and grown in a frame or on a shelf in a glasshouse. They should finally be transferred to 4-inch or 5-inch pots and placed to flower in a greenhouse. Batches of seeds should be sown at different periods, to keep up a succession of flowers. General Work.— Chrysanthemums should be staked, to secure the growths from damage by wind and rain. Standard Heliotropes should be ready for their final potting, and Browallia seedlings for stopping and potting for autumn flowering. Examine Tree-carnations for the pre- sence of green fly, which may attack the plants at this stage. Re-pot Clerodendron fallax. Plumbago rosea, and plants of late batches of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine. As Hydrangeas pass out of flower the dead trusses should be re- moved and the plants placed out-of-doors to ripen. As the foliage dries up cut it off, and store the plants closely together until the flower- spikes appear. FRUITS UNDER GLASS. By James Whytock, Gardener to the Dukb of Buccleuch, Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian. Pineapples.— At this season many fruits may ripen together. This is a disadvantage, and mea- sures should be taken to retard some of the plants, selecting those witlh fruits just about to colour. These plants should be taken to a more airy house, where the conditions are cooler, and allowed less moisture at the roots and no Stimu- lants. Specimens with the fruits swelling must be watered with especial care. At each applica- tion a small quantity of guano may be added to the water. The weather may now be expected to be sufficiently warm to enable most of the fire heat to be dispensed with in the pits. It will be advisable to make the most of the sun's heat by closing the houses at 4 p.m., allowing the temperature to rise as high as 90° or 100°. At the same time the .plants may be sprayed lightly, and the paths and bare surfaces damped freely in order to provide plenty of atmospheric moisture. Should the weather turn dull, wtt, and cold, it will be necessary to keep the temperature up by means of the hot-water system. Ventilate the pits early in the morn- ing on all bright days, and admit sufficient air, ■ is nothing is more detrimental to Pines in nil I their stages than a close atmosphere, which causes the growth to become drawn. Plants of the smooth-leaved Cayenne and Charlotte Rothschild varieties which have been rest- ing during May and June, with a view to furnishing ripe fruits during the winter, may now be started into growth by increasing the temperature and providing more moisture. Both these are strong-growing varieties, and care must be taken that the plants do not become dry at the roots; whilst drought is harmful, guard against an excess of moisture, as the result of syringing too freely Plants of the Queen variety, from which the pines have been cut, with suckers required for purposes of propaga- tion, should receive every encouragement to make strong growth. Attend to such details as syringing and watering, with extra care, for it is important to have the suckers fairly well rooted in 6 inch pots before the winter arrives. Successional Pin Es.— Plants intended for fruiting next season are growing rapidly and fill- ing their pots with roots ; they will therefore need great care in watering, as the soil may become dry quickly. At the same time, moisture must not be applied to the roots unless it is required, and then it should be given copiously. Appli- cations of soot water and weak guano water may be given with benefit. During times of warm weather, when bright sunshine prevails, attend to the ventilation of the house early in the day, increasing the amount of fresh air up to noon, as this treatment will keep the plants robust. Close the house at 5 p.m. on the afternoons of fine days, and allow the temperature to rise as high as 90° to 95°. At the same time spray the leaves very lightly, but prevent any wate'r accumulating in the axils of the foliage. During fine, summer weather, there should he no difficulty in maintaining a minimum night temperature of 70° without the use of much fire heat. If however, the conditions are not favourable, the hot-water system must be utilised to provide a minimum warmth of 70°. In the culture of successional Pines the grower should guard against the plants becoming pre- maturely pot-bound, and also against the growth being soft and immature. 10 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 5, 1913. EDITORIAL NOTICE. ADVEETISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C. Editors and Publisher. — Our Correspondents would obviate delay in obtaining anxuert to their communications, and save us much time and trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice printed weekly to the effect that all letters relat- ing to financial matters and to advertisements should be addressed to the Publisher; and that all communications intended for publication, or referring to the Literary department, and all plants "to be named, should be directed to the Editors. The two departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct, and much unnecessary de- lay and confusion arise when letters are mis- directed. Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of plants for naming, should be addressed to the EDITOBS, 41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London. Communications should be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, sent OS early in the week as possible and duly signed by the 'writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. Special Notice to Correspondents- — The Editors do not undertake to pay for any contribu- tions or illustrations, or to return unused com- munications or illustrations, unless by special arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for any opinions expressed by their correspondents. Illustrations— The Editors will be glad to receive and to select photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon- sible for loss or injury Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUINC WEEK, TUESDAY, JULY R— Wolverhampton Floral Fete (3 days). Baltic Rose and Sweet Pea Sh. at the Merchants' Hall, London. Roy. Scottish Arbor. Soc. Exh. and general meet, at Paisley (4 days). Cork Fl. Sh. (2 days). WEDNESDAY, JULY 9— Dover Fl. Sh. Elstree Fl. Sh. Saltaire FI. Sh. West Surrey Fl. Sh. at Camberley Park. THURSDAY, JULY 10— Potter's Bar Fl. Sh. Wevbridge Fl. Sh Women's Agric. and Hort. Soc. Sh. at Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. FRIDAY, JULY 11— Manchester Fl. Sh. (2 days). SATURDAY, JULY 12— Nat. Amateur Gaid. Assoc. Sh. Congleton Rose Sli. Edgware and Little Stanmore Fl. Sh. Co-partnership Festival at Hampst-ead Garden Suburb. Averagb Mean Temperature for the ensuing week deduced from observations during the last Fifty Years at Greenwich— 62.4. Actual Temperatures : — LONDON.— Wednesday, July 2 (6 p.m.) ; Max. 70°, Min. 53o. Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden, London, Thursday, July 3, (10 a.m.); Bar. 29.7; Temp. 61. W7" earner— Overcast. Provinces.— Wednesday, July 2, Max. 64°, Aberdeen, Min. 56°, Paisley. SALE8 FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. THURSDAY NEXT— Special sale of Orchids at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe and Morris, at 1. Mr. Collinge has done TheFood g00Cj service to horti- Wild Birds. culturists in bringing together in this volume the results of his laborious investiga- tions into the nature of the food of our British birds. The importance of such investigations is manifest. No one de- sires the indiscriminate destruction of bird life, and no one would wish our own countryside reduced to the dismal state of that of some parts of Europe where wild birds are not, and where a dozen guns are levelled at any small feathered ♦ The Food of Some British Wild Birds. By Walter E. Collinge, M.Sc. (Du-'au and Co., Ltd. London, 1913.) interloper misguided enough to stray thereto. We are all aware that the small birds are some the friends and some the foes of the garden. We know that some do much harm to the fruit and buds and seedlings, and some seem to revel in destruction from pure devilment; — choos- ing a quiet Sunday for uprooting and lay- ing out rows of seedlings — yet even many of the worst offenders have the grace to mix good with evil, and to clear our fields and gardens of many of the insect pests which infest them. Further, as Mr. Collinge has shown, in not a few cases a bird may be an in- sectivorous friend at one period of its life and a fruitreating nuisance at another. For these specific reasons, therefore, as well as for the fact that the collection of knowledge is good for man, the task which Mr. Collinge has under- taken is to be commended. In illustra- tion of the difference between adult and nesting birds Mr. Collinge describes the daily food ration of the young houise wren. Judd observed in the case of this bird that the young were fed 67 times in the course of three hours. The author refers also to Newstead's similar obser- vations on the starling. This bird was seen to make 169 journeys to the nest during some 17 hours. The importance of this greediness on the part of young birds is considerable, for if, as appears to be the case, a young bird consumes dur- ing the first few days of its life a weight of food in excess of its own weight, and if, as appears probable, the food consists in most cases of insects, worms and slugs, much must be forgiven the adults for 11. e sake of the annual "weeding " which they perform on behalf of their young. Into the detailed feeding habits of the various birds which are described in ( lie present volume we cannot go now, but anyone, who will study for himself the ac- count given by Mr. Collinge will endorse Mr. Theobald's aphorism that "the economic value of birds must be con- sidered from all points of view in a very broad spirit." Following on the account of the feed- ing habits are chapters devoted to the subjects of birds as destroyers and dis- tributors of weed seeds, birds in relation to forestry — in which latter connection our readers will recall Professor Hick- son's valuable description in these pages of the use of birds in destroying the large Larch Saw Fly in the plantations of the Manchester Corporation's waterworks at Thirlmere. Of the 29 species of birds examined by Mr. Collinge, 5 are regarded by him as being distinctly injurious — the house sparrow, bullfinch, sparrow-hawk, wood pigeon, and stock dove — 6 are too plenti- ful, and consequently injurious — missel- thrush, blackbird, greenfinch, chaffinch, starling, and rook ; the blackcap is in- jurious, but not plentiful, the jay is neutral, and the remaining 16— song thrush, white throat, great tit, blue tit, wren, goldfinch, linnet, yellow bunting, magpie, skylark, barn owl, brown owl, plover, etc. — are beneficial, and most of them merit protection, especi- ally the owls, the wren, and the plover. There is ample room for further inves- tigation into this interesting subject, and it is to be hoped that people of leisure who have the opportunity will assist Mr. Collinge and contribute to the welfare of horticulturists and agriculturists by making observations on the food and feeding habits of birds. Gardeners have a The crystal special interest in the Palace. effort now being made by the Times to pre- serve the " great conservatory " — the Crystal Palace — from destruction. Not only are the grounds which surround the Palace of considerable extent and of great beauty, but the Palace itself owes its existence to the hardy genius of a great gardener — Sir Joseph Paxton. When the critics heard of Paxton's proposals to erect a building of glass and iron for the 1851 exhibition they predicted woeful things, and it required firmness and diplomacy on the part of the Prince Con- sort to prevail over the prophets of evil. The building itself cannot be called beau- tiful ; but it is a remarkable tour de force, a notable landmark and memorial. Mean buildings have crept past it, stretching away into the country, and it would be a great disaster if the grounds were to be sold for building purposes. This disaster will doubtless be averted by the public- spirited action of the Times. In doing what we can towards this end we as horti- culturists are actuated by motives which, though mixed, are all of equal cogency. In common with the general public we desire the site to be reserved, and in help- ing to secure that end we pay a tribute to the memory of Sir Joseph Paxton, whose greatness as a gardener deserves com- memoration. In the latter connection it may be mentioned that it was Paxton who, next to Lindley, played the most conspicuous part in founding this journal, and in making it the medium for both practical and scientific horticulture. Not only was Paxton one of our founders, but he established the custom which his suc- cessors have maintained of dealing evenly with the many sides of horticulture. He began and wrote regularly for many years the articles on the Week's Work of the garden, and by establishing this custom, which has been adopted by many of our contemporaries, Paxton made a notable and lasting contribution to the popular- isation of horticulture. If all the men who as boys have seen from the Surrey hills the sunlight flashing on the Crystal Palace will but subscribe according to their means there is no doubt but that that sunny beacon and all which it sym- bolises will be preserved from its impend- ing and ignoble fate. Coloured Supplement.— Of the numerous fine greenhouse Rhododendrons of the R. javanico-jasminiflorum section, raised by Messrs. Jas. Veitch and Sons, Clorinda (see Supplemen- tary Illustration) represents one of the latest and most charming varieties. The inflorescence and individual flowers are exceedingly attractive, and larger than most others in this class. R. jas- miniflorum was introduced by Thomas Lobb, July 5, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 11 Messrs. Veitch and Sons' collector in the East. He also sent home R. javanicurn, but this was introduced at the saime time by Messrs. Rollisson, and it is difficult to say by whom it was first discovered. The first two hybrids, Princess Royal and Princess Alexandra, were raised at Exeter by Sir Harry Veitch's grandfather, who died in 1863, so that the family of Veitch has been working with these plants for more than fifty years. The colours in the hybrids range through many shades, in- cluding white, rose, yellow, orange and red. Moreover, the habit of most of the varieties is so dwarf that the plants make excellent subjects for the stage of a greenhouse, or the warm con- servatory, whilst a collection is capable of afford- ing flowers in every week of the year. They grow best in a temperature of about 60 deg. , and a moist atmosphere. The variety Clorinda received an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society on July 30, 1912. Testimonial to Messrs. Adnitt and Naunton. — Messrs. N. F. Barnes and W. G. Brazier, the hon. secretaries for the testimonial which is being raised to Messrs. Adnitt and Naunton in recognition of the services they have rendered as hon. secretaries of the Shropshire Horticultural Society for a period of 38 years, inform us that it is proposed to close the list of subscribers on the 5th inst. Up to the pre- sent upwards of 200 subscriptions have been re- ceived. Any of our readers who still desire to take a part should send their subscriptions to the secretary of the Shropshire Horticultural Society, The Square, Shrewsbury. "R.H.S. Daffodil Show, 1 91 4.— The Pre- sident and Council of the Royal Horticultural Society have arranged to hold next year's Daffodil Show on Tuesday and Wednesday, April 21 and 22. The secretary informs us that the schedule of the sihovv will be ready for issue in, a few weeks' tune. Kears ney Court.-Iii respect to the note on Kearsney Court, which appeared in Vol. LIII., p. 438, Messrs. Clark, Ltd., Dover, inform us that, whilst the designing of the grounds was the work of Messrs. Mawson Bros. , the actual work was carried out by themselves. Messrs. James Gray, Ltd., Chelsea, state that they erected the glasshouses to which reference was made. It must be understood that in describing the features of a garden we do not necessarily set out to enumerate the firms who may have been employed there at one time, and who have therefore con- tributed towards the effects obtained, but at the request of our correspondents we have pleasure in publishing the particulars given above. Flowers in Season.— Mr. G. B. Black- well, Woodgreen Park Estate, Cheshunt, has kindly forwarded two large boxes of Dianthus barbatus (Sweet Williams), representing an excellent strain of these old-fashioned border flowers. We have received a box of beautiful Pseonies from Messrs. Kelway and Son, the varieties including Miss Ada Chamberlain, rose coloured, single; Conference, red; Lady Car- rington, blush-pink ; A. J. Hunter, pink ; and Sophia Millar, the cream centre set off by large pink petals. Nigerian Chiefs at a Nursery. — On Tuesday, the 24th ult., the Southern Nigerian chiefs who are at present visiting England went over Messrs. Sutton and Sons' nursery at Read- ing. They were hospitably received by members of the firm, and were shown over the premises and trial grounds, their tour of inspection occu- pying several hours. They were entertained to luncheon at the Abbey Hall, after which they drove to the trial grounds on the London road. Many of the chiefs wore their native costumes. Violas at Wisley.— After the Floral Com- mittee of the Royal Horticultural Society had inspected and reported on a large trial of Violas grown at Wisley in 1912 it was suggested in these columns that the plants might be allowed to remain undisturbed during the winter with a view to determining those varieties which would best stand such a test. In our present issue will be found a list of varieties commended by the Floral Committee for hardiness — i.e., varieties which have stood the test of living through two seasons and are still in good condi- tion. In many instances not a single plant died. Apart from the question of hardiness, it is most interesting to observe the behaviour of the dif- ferent varieties. All which were commended were in good condition, the plants being in ex- cellent health, with abundance of bloom, but in regard to the height to which they had grown there was great variation. The indispensable Maggie Mott, pale blue, Virgin White, a most floriferous white, and Kitty Bell, small flowered, pale heliotrope in colour, had each reached a stature of 15 to 16 inches. Varieties which had risen to a height of 12 inches were numerous, and included Walter Welch, deep yellow; Archi- bald Grant, indigo purple ; W. Robb, a light shade of violet ; Primrose, sulphur-yellow ; Ara- bella, plum-violet ; and Kingcup, a fine rayless yellow variety. Among dwarfer varieties — those which had not grown more than about 9 inches in height to the top of their flowers — were Pen- caitland, %vhite, with a yellow eye; Grievei, pale yellow ; Molly Pope, early yellow ; Bullion, early rich yellow; and Palmer's White, a new white variety, which received an Award of Merit last year. It would be useful if the Royal Horticultural Society prepared a tabulated list of all the Violas on trial, classifying them according to their heights and colours, as was done at the Viola Conference at Regent's Park in 1896. Such a list published in the Society's Journal would be valuable to all in- terested in spring and early summer bedding. Great interest has been taken in the Viola trials by the majority of those visiting the Wisley gardens. It will be seen from the list of Awards on p. 18 that the veteran, Mr. Grieve of Messrs. James Grieve and Sons, Edinburgh, has raised a large number of the varieties that received awards. After fifty years' work amongst these beautiful flowers thJ6 success is a fitting reward for his labours. Gardeners Benevolent Institution.— During the past year the Berkshire, Reading and District Auxiliary of the Gardeners' Royal Bene- volent Institution has contributed a sum of £119, the largest amount forwarded (with one excep- tion, 1911) since the formation of the Auxiliary, making a total of £1,264 16s. 6d. contributed to the Institution. The Fruit Crops on the Continent. — According to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries the fruit prospects in Germany are most unfavourable. Cold weather, with frosts and snow, which set in about the middle of April, did great damage to almost every kind of fruit, and in all quarters much damage was done to what had promised to be an exceptionally plen- tiful crop. Baden, Wurtemburg, Hesse and Saxony appear to have suffered most. Red, white and black Currants promise small to medium crops, and Gooseberries and Strawberries a medium crop ; most of the Raspberry blossom stems were frozen, but it is hoped that fresh 6'hoots may yet make the crop a medium one. Large Cherries may be a good crop, but it is feared that the cold days at the beginning of May did further damage ; in many districts sweet Cherries have been for the most part destroyed, whilst sour Cherries are expected to have suffered more than the larger kinds. Peaches and Apricots suffered most severely, and failure of these crops is reported. Apples and Pears were not much damaged and good crops are ex- pected. Early Zwetschen Plums promise a scanty crop, but a slightly betteT crop of later kinds is hoped for. Mirabelles are expected to be a good crop on the whole; in the interior of Lorraine they are promising well, but in the left Moselle valley the crops have been frosted. With respect to France, the cold, windy weather in early spring was most prejudicial to fruit trees such as Plum, Peach and Apricot at C6tes-du-Nord, so that these crops are failures. There is promise of a plentiful crop of Gooseberries, and a very good crop of Strawberries. With favourable weather a full crop of Apples may be expected. In the Mor- bihan district the crop of Pears will be slightly under average and less abundant than last year. An abundant crop of cider Apples is expected. There will be a poor crop of Cherries, very small crops of Peaches and Strawberries, and the crop of Plums will be practically of no value. With the exception of Apples, the crops will be so small that it will be impossible for growers to export their products. In Loire-Inferieure good crops of Pears are expected. In Maine-et- Loire, Mayenne and Sarthe black Currants are more abundant than in 1912, but the crop is variable. A small crop of some varieties of Cherries may be obtained, but on the whole the crop is a failure. Very small crops of Plums will be obtained, whilst Pears will be below average, especially dessert varieties. There will be a very small crop of nuts. Abundant crops of Strawberries and good crops of Apples are looked for. The Apple crop at Ille-et- Vilaine is good, and there is a fair crop of Pears. Black and red Currants are full crops. Ap- pearances are not very favourable for fruit in the Department of Calvados. Stone fruit suf- fered much from the frosts during the flower- ing period. Dessert Apples and Pears promise a medium to small yield, according to localities. In the Honfleur district there are good prospects for Williams Bon Chretien Pears, but only a quarter of a crop is expected of the Duchesse variety, and two-thirds of a crop of winter varieties. Plums are a failure, and Cherries are unsatisfactory in general. Currants and Goose- berries seem likely to yield only half crops. With regard to Holland, the prospects for the Apple crops in Groningen, near Leeuwarden and Drachten are reported to be fairly good. Fair crops of Pears are expected in Groningen, Fries- land, Overyssel and Guelderiand north of the Rhine. In the Tielerwaard and round Utrecht the early Cherries are good, whilst late Cherries are fair in the Tielerwaard, Bommelerwaard and Betuwe, and fairly good round Utrecht. Pros- pects for Damsons are fair in the south-western part of the Province of Utrecht, in other parts of the country they are very bad. The condi- tion of Plums is good in Upper Betuwe and Groningen ; fair in Overyssel, Guelderiand north of the Rhine, around Utrecht and Lower Betuwe ; rather bad in the Tielerwaard, and bad in the Bommelerwaard. Peaches grown under glass in Overyssel and in Guelderiand north of the Rhine are reported to be fair. Fair crops of red and white Currants are expected. Goose- berries are moderately good in the Beem- ster. Lower Betuwe and the Veoht district, and fair in Upper Betuwe, Tielerwaard and Utrecht. Raspberries are reported to be fairly good near Utrecht, in the Tielerwaard and near Leeuwar- den, and fair in the Lower Betuwe and near Groningen. There are good prospeots for Wal- nuts in the Lower Betuwe, and fair prospects in the Tielerwaard and near Utrecht. From Belgium there are reports of poor Plum crops. Pears are altogether unsuccessful, and Apples were considerably damaged by hail. In the Ghent district bad crops of all varieties of Plums are expected, fair crops of Gooseberries, Cherries, Currants and late varieties of Apples, and bad crops of early varieties of Apples and Pears. In the Liege district the snow falls in April had no bad effect upon the fruit, and crops are expected to be as good as in the pre- vious season. R.H.S. Assistant Superintendent. — The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society has appointed Mr. Blakey, a foreman in the Society's gardens at Wisley, to be Assistant Superintendent. 12 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 5, 1913. MOYAL H0MTHCULTUMAL SOCIETY Summer Exhibition at Holland House. July 1, 2 and 3.— Many of the recent shows at Holland House, Kensington, the -beautiful and historic residence of Mary Countess of Ilchester, have been marred by unfavourable weather, but on this occasion the climatic con- ditions in London on Tuesday and Wednesday were perfect. This had the effect of making the attendance on the first day the largest on record, and notwithstanding the increase in the number of Fellows, the receipts at the gate also constituted a record for these shows. In some respects the exhibition differed from those that have preceded it, the most notalble change being in the open, wnere large rock and water gardens were arranged, also ex- hibits of arbours, glasshouses, summerhouses, tents, seats, and other garden buildings and furniture. Of the more prominent floral exhibits in the tents we may mention Roses, Orchids, Sweet Peas, Carnations, Irises, Phloxes and Delphiniums, and other hardy flowers. The exhibition was equal to the best held at Holland House, and the Society's officials are to be congratulated on the splendid results of their efforts. The premier Award, the Coro- nation Cup, was given to Messrs. Sander and Sons, for their fine group of Orchids. No fewer than fourteen Gold Medals were awarded 'by the Council . The Committees sat on the morning of the first day ; the Floral Committee recommended two First Class Certificates and twelve Awards of Merit to new plants, and the Orchid Committee three First Class Certificates and four Awards of Merit, but the Fruit and Vegetable Committee made no award to a novelty. As usual the mem- bers of the Committees and the judges met at luncheon, at which the new president, Field- Marshal the Rt. Hon. the Lord Grenfell, pre- sided. In proposing the toast of the judges Lord Grenfell referred to the number of com- mittees now working for the advancement of the Society's aims, pointing to the fact that several new committees had 'been appointed during the past year including one to deal with the ques- tion of a National Diploma in Horticulture, and a Parliamentary Committee which would watch the interests of horticulture in the matter of fresh legislation. The permanent committees and the judges who acted on such occasions as the Holland House shows gave their services un- grudgingly to the Society entirely from the love for horticulture -which all of them possessed. Im the name of the Society he thanked them. Mr. Charles E. Pearson responded. Orchid Committee. Present: Sir Harry J. Veitch (in the chair), and Messr6. Jae. O'Brien (hon. sec), De B. Craw- shay, W. Bolton, Gurney Wilson, A. Dve, Sid- ney W. Florv, R. G. Thwaites, W. H. White, W. P. Bound, Walter Cobb, A. McBean, Stuart Low, J. Wilson Potter, W. H. Hatcher, H. G. Alexander, J. E. Shill, H. J. Chapman. R. Broo- man White, R. A. Rolfe, W. Waters Butler, G. F. Moore, F. Sander, J. Charlesworth, C. J. Lucas, J. S. Moss, A. A. Peeters, and Sir Jere- miah Colman, Bart. The Orchids occupied the greater part of the central staging in the spacious No. 6 tent, the number of groups being less than in some of the former shows on account of the exhibition at Bristol at which Sir George L. Holford, K.C.V.O., Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, and other exhibitors were arranging groups of Or- chids. The quality of the exhibits was good throughout, and all the groups excellently well arranged. On one side Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt. , V.M.H., Gatton Park, Reigate (gr. Mr. Collier), com- menced with a very effective and interesting group, in which the orange and red sprays of Epidendrum Boundii, raised at Gatton, appeared at the back, the central elevation being of white Phalamopsis Rimestadiana overhanging and mingling with sprays of Laelio-Cattleya Hippo- lyta Phoebe with yellow, ruby-lipped blooms. Some bright scarlet Odontiodas, with well-flow- ered Miltonia vexillaria; some pretty hybrid Odontoglossums, including the Gatton hybrid 0. Lady Roxborough, with four spikes of its pretty white, purple-spotted flowers showing up well beside the scarlet Renanthera Imschootiana ; a good display of Ladio-Cattleya Canhamiana, and other large-flowered hybrids; two forms of the beautiful Sobralia Colmanise, one with clear yellow flowers, and the other with pale pink blooms, and many other showy kinds, were noted, and among the curious and rare Catasetum Clif- tonii, Epidendrum prismatocarpum with five spikes, Bulbophyllum tremulum and B. barbi- gerum, several pretty Pleurothallis brightly coloured Masdevallias and Eria pannea. Messrs. Sander and Sons, St. Albans, continued with a magnificent group, the centre of which was of the large white Moth Orchid Phalamopsis Rimestadiana. about forty large sprays of which were gracefully drooping over the fronting of Miltonia vexillaria of varying shades of pink, and M. Bleuana. The end elevations were of fine specimens of Cattleya Warscewiczii San- deriana, of the time type originally introduced by Messrs. Sander, and which is the most beau- tiful and floriferous form of this favourite plant. The plants bore a profusion of magenta rose flowers of varying shades with rich ruby- crimson lips. At each side of the central eleva- tion a fine display of good varieties of Cattleya Mossia;, including white forms, and the pheno- menally large and beautifully coloured C. Mossia?. Dreadnought, with a very broad and richly-coloured lip, and a selection of hybrid Odontoglossums were arranged. Again, in this group, Messrs. Sander showed the decorative value of their Miltonia Warscewiczii crosses. The varying and prettily-marked flowers are very effective and seem to be available at all seasons. Most of the forms were shown, includ- ing Odontonia St. Alban and 0. Ladia Sander, both of which had secured Awards of Merit. The novelty at the present show was Odontonia Magali Sander (M. Warscewiczii X 0. ardentissimum), with blush-white lip effectively marked with reddish rose, the sepals and petals purplish red. The gem of the group was Miltonia Sanderse (St. Andre X vexillaria Memoria G. D. Owen), whose flowers follow closely the famous Memoria G. D. Owen, but are whit? flushed with pink and the mask at the base of the lip almost black. Miltonioda Cooperi (M. Warscewiczii X C. Noez- liana) is a remarkable cross with slender branched spikes of brick-red flowers with lighter tip to the labellum, and a number of other un- developed crosses of interest were included. Among others noted were Cirrhopetalum graveo- lens with a fine spike, Ornithocephalus grandi- florus, Nanndes Medusa?, a very interesting selection of species of Masdevallia, and several probably new species of botanical interest re- ceived from their collector Micholitz. Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards Heath, on the other side of the central stage, arranged a very fine group, the elevated portions being of handsome Ladio-Cattleyas, hybrid Odontoglossums, scarlet Odontiodas, and other popular Orchids, all excellently well grown. The group contained several very fine novelties, the most attractive of which were the new Odon- tioda Brewii (0. Charlesworthii X O. Harry- anum), the large flower of a deep bronzy-red with yellow freckling on the broad lip : 0. Wil- sonii the President (0. Vnlcanica X 0. Pesca- torei), a neat and pretty flower, white spotted with purple ; Odontoglossnm President Poin- c.are, and 0. percultum Olympia. two massive flowers finelv coloured : the alreadv certificated Miltonia Charlesworthii with its rose-pink flowers with rubv-crimson mask; and the verv beautiful Ladio-Cattleya Cottoiana the Presi- dent, and Grammangis Ellisii from Madagascar were well shown, one specimen having two spikes from one bulb bearing sixty-four flowers. The scarlet Odontiodas Chanticleer, Lambeauanum, and the prettily marked Vuylstekea? arranged with the numerous hybrid Odontoglossums, with the sides arranged with white Phalamopsis Rimestadiana drooped over scarlet and purple Masdevallias, and were fronted by a selection of Miltonias, M. vexillaria La Niege being a fine pure white. Good forms of Ladio-Cattleya Can- hamiana, L.-C. Ulysses, L.-C. Aphrodite ; fine Cattleya Mossiae, including Reineckiana and The Bride, Cattleya Mendelii Queen of Spain and C. M. leucochila, two very good forms, Oncidioda Charlesworthii, Aeranthes grandi- florus with many slender sprays of cream-white flowers ; Cynnbidium tigrinum, Oncidium Claesii, and many other rare specimens were noted. Messrs. Mansell and Hatcher, Rawdon, Leeds, staged one of the largest and most effectively ar- ranged groups, in which the white Phakenopsis Rimestadiana drooped over scarlet Renanthera Im- schootiana and Odontiodas, Miltonia vexillaria extending along the front and at points of van- tage in the group. Ladio-Cattleya Canhamiana, L.-C. Aphrodite, and others were shown in good form, and among hybrid Cattleyas C. Serenata (see awards) was noteworthy. Cattleya Mossia?, C. Mendelii, and C. Warscewiczii were well shown. Odontoglossum crispum and hybrids, and many interesting species were exhibited, in- cluding Bulbophyllum Binnendijkii, Brassia caudata, Disa grandiflora and Trichopilia Back- housiana. Mr. Sidney Flory, Tracey's Nursery, Twicken- ham, staged an attractive group, a telling feature in which were some good pans of beautiful leaved Anoectochilus, which were in fine health, and included A. regalis, A. Turneri, A. setaceus, A. intermedins, and A. Petola. Cattleya Mossia?., including white forms and a singular variegated or bizarre variety were shown ; good C. Men- delii, one variety being specially distinct ; C. Warneri alba, a very remarkable form of Ladia purpurata, with richly-coloured lip and petals ; good Laelio-Cattleyas, the finest being L.-C. Bletchleyensis King George, a pretty Odonto- glossum hybrid, and various good Odontoglos- sums, including 0. ardentissimum xanthotes. Mr. Harry Dixon, Spencer Park Nursery, Wandsworth Common, staged a group of Odon- toglossums, Cattleyas, Cypripediums, and various hybrids, including pretty Odontoglossums and Odontiodas. At the back the old yellow Onci- dium flexuiosum and other Oncidiums were ar- ranged. Messrs. Stuart Low and Co. completed the side with an extensive group, well set up, in which Dendrobium Dalhousianum and other Den- drobiunis showed up well beside Phalsenopsis Rimestadiana, and bright red Renanthera Im- schootiana. Among the many good things staged, Cattleya Dupreana Gorgeous was a superb flower, of perfect shape, and with a broad and finely expanded lip of ruby-claret colour. Ladio- Cattleya Aphrodite Crowborough variety, large and of fine colour; Cattleya Mendelii Crow- borough variety, a charming white-petalled form with pink-tinted margins and deep purple front to the lip ; Cirrhopetalum graveolens, Bulbo- phyllum saltatorium, Stanhopea tigrina, and other showy species were also noted. Messrs. Jas. Vettoh and Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea, staged a good group, in which fine forms of their hybrids Ladio-Cattleya Canhamiana, L.-C. Aphrodite, and some secondary hybrids of L.-C. Dominiana were remarked. Also a selection of their pretty Disa Luna, hybrid Odontoglossums, including Solon, Jasper, ardentissimum and illustrissimum, were well displayed. Mr. E. V. Low, Vale Bridge, Haywards Heath, staged a selection of rare Orchids, including seve- ral albino Cattleyas, the novelty being C. Men- delii Lambeauana, a pure white flower with July 5, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 13 bluish-pink front to the lip. Good examples of Cypripedium Rossettii Westonbirt variety, C. callosum Sanderas, C. Lawrenceanuxn Hyeanum, Odontioda Vuylstekeae, Bulbophyllum Lobbii Colossus, B. barbigerum, and other pretty Orchids were also included. Thirty-five subjects were entered for certi- M. Jules Hye de Crom, Ghent (gr. Mr. Coen), sent three beautiful Miltonias — M. Hyeana gracilis, a charming white flower, with distinct rose flush on the lip and petals ; M. Hyeana ardentis6ima, a large milk-white flower ■with dark mask on the lip ; and M. vexillaria gigas, a gigantic bright-rose flower. De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Seven- oaks (gr. Mr. Stables), showed Odontoglos- sum Boadicea (triumphans Lionel Crawshay X ardentissimum), a grand flower, with broad petals, resembling 0. triumphans Lionel Crawshay ; and 0. Vesta (bellatulum X percultum). J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford (gr. Mr. J. Davis), showed two fine ■forms of the deep rose-red Odontioda Lam- Ibeauana, Fowler's variety, and the very beauti- ful cerise-rose Miltonioda Harwoodii, Fowler's variety. (See awards.). W. Waters Butler, Esq., Southfield, Edgbas- ton, sent Cattleya Warscewdczii J. Charles- worth, a very large and finely coloured foi-m : and C. lymene, Southfield variety, a pretty- cross of C. Rex. Mr. W. A. Manda, St. Albans, sent Cattleya Warscewiczii Mandaiana, of a peculiar salmon shade of colour, and two forms of C. Mendelii. AWARDS. First Class Certificate. Miltonioda Harwoodii, Fowler's variety (M. vexillaria x C. Noezliana) from J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., a charming flower, far superior to the variety which had previously had an award of merit. Flower bright cerise-rose with yellow crest to the lip. Miltonia Scunderae (St. Andre X M. vexillaria Mcmoria G. D. Owen), from Messrs. Sander and Sons, St. Albans. Certainly one of the most beautiful of modern hybrid Miltonias, and probably because the key of the cross depends on the unique form of M. Bleuana, Sander's variety, bought from M. Bleu in a very small plant of a superb variety, as it proved on flowering. The flowers of the new hybrid are clear white with a charming flush of rose-pink, the mask on the lip with its radiating lines in front being nearly black — the darkest of any known hybrid Miltonia. Odontioda Brewii (Charlesworthii x Odonto- jlossum Harryanum), from Messrs. Charles- worth and Co., Haywards Heath. The famous 0. Charlesworthii (0. Harryanum x C. Noez- liana) with which Messrs. Charlesworth and Co. took the Orchid world with surprise, and which in its best forms still takes front rank, in point of colour is excelled by this handsome secondary hybrid which is larger in size and darker in colour. Flowers dark bronzy-red, larger than Charlesworthii, the lip having a seven-cleft yellow crest. Award of Merit. Cattleya Mossiae Olympia, from Messrs. Charlesworth and Co. Flowers of fine shape, blush-white veined with rose, lip large with claret-purple markings. Odontioda Wilsonii The President (C. vulcanica x 0. Pescatorei), from Messrs. Charlesworth and Co. — A charming flower in this form. Flowers white, shaped like 0. Pescatorei, and densely blotched with violet. Cattleya Mossiae Dreadnought, from Messrs. Sander and Sons. — Viewed from all points the best C Mossife, the rose-pink sepals and petals — the latter being 4ins. across — being very mas- sive, broad, claret-crimson veined lip. Cattleya Serenata, from Messrs. Mansell and Hatcher. Rawdon. Leeds. — A brightly-coloured hybrid of C. Whitei, with rosy-mauve floweis shaped like C. labiata. Cultural Commendation. To Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Hay- wards Heath, for fine plants of the Madagascar Grammangis Ellisii. To Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart. (gr. Mr. Col- lier), for Odontioda Bradshawiae. Stove Plants. Caladiums arranged by Messrs. John Peed and Son, of West Norwood, were models of skil- ful cultivation. In the centre of the group was a plant of the variety Harry Lovatt, which bore upwards of 50 large, richly-coloured leaves. Somewhat smaller, but even more highly coloured, were the specimens of Madame Mitr jana, Maj Lek, Princes Sansparcet, and Fastuo- sum, whilst in the front a comparatively small plant of Red Indian glowed with warm, tropical colouring. At the end of the Caladiums a rather formally arranged collection of Carna- tions contained many beautiful blooms. Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, exhibited the finest group in this section. The collection was a very extensive one, and embraced Codiseums (Crotons), Caladiums, Dracaenas, Cycads, Alo- casias, Marantas, Anthuriums, Aralia Veitchii, Ansectochilus, Stenandrium, Lindenii, Reidia glaucescens and other handsome-leaved exotic plants. The centre of the display was formed of plants of Nertera depressa in fruit, with the green and silver-leaved Dracaena Sanderiana at the back and showy Caladiums on either side. Mr. Russell also exhibited a fine scarlet Salvia named Glory of Richmond, in which were inter- spersed plants of the large-leaved Nicotiana colossea variegata. Ferns. Messrs. H. B. May and Sons, Edmonton, ar- ranged a large group of excellent Ferns. On this occasion the collection was composed chiefly of warm-greenhouse and tropical species. The splendid pale-green, billowy Nephrolepis Will- mottae occupied the central place of honour, and served as an admirable foil for the rosy-purple tints on the young growths of Adiantum Veitchii. A large group of Pellaea rotundifolia, a species which is reminiscent of the hardy, wall-loving Asp'.enium trichomanes, but characterised by rather larger pinnaa and brown hairs on the stems, was seen to advantage luxuriating on the stem of a dead Tree-fern, Polypodium Vid- genii, and P. Mayi cristatum, with large glaucous fronds, attracted attention. The very tall pil- lars of Lygodium japonicum lightly and taste- fully relieved the level of the prostrate species, and the Gold and Silver Ferns (Gymnogrammes) added just the needed touch of brightness. Roses. The prominence given to the hybrid Tea and the Wichuraiana Roses in the magnificent ex- hibit of Messrs. Wm. Pail and Son illustrated the great popularity of these types of Roses. The tall standards of the latter kind were ex- exceedingly dainty and graceful. The baskets, each containing a dozen or more of perfect blooms, showed the great decorative value of the Tea-scented varieties. The charming and fragrant variety, Juliet, was shown in per- fect form, and for bright effect was only equalled by the rich apricot-red of Beaute de Lyon. The chaste, flesh-pink centred Ophelia, which re- ceived an Award of Merit, attracted atten- tion, and led the eye to the charms of Madame Segond-Weber, a variety which flourishes in town gardens, and very many other splendid blooms in this excellent collection. A corner of the large tent was filled by Messrs. Paul and Sons, Cheshunt, with a wealth of Roses. A few tall-stemmed Wichuraiana stan- dards placed at infrequent intervals served to relieve the mass of the group, which was ar- ranged in the form of a low sloping bank, which owed its effect to a multitude of H. P. and H. T. Roses in glowing colours effectively massed. The best of the exhibition varieties were G. C. Waud, Lyon Rose, Lady Alice Stan- lev, Madame Segond-Weber, Hugh Dickson, Lady Ashtown, Mrs. W. J. Grant, and Caro- line Testout. Stands of bright red Roses, relieved by tall standards of Wichuraiana varieties were splen- didly shown bv Mr. Charles Turner Slough. The former included Ulrich Brunner, Hugh Dickson and Duke of Wellington, and con- trasted well with such pink varieties as Lady Ashtown, Madame A. Chatenay. and the ubiquitous Lyon Rose. Of the Wichuraiana varieties. Coronation was especially desirable. As is their custom, Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., ar- ranged the tall clean-stemmed standard Wichu- raiana hybrids, chief amongst them being the popular varieties Hiawatha, Minnehaha and Dorothy Perkins ; Coquina, a small single- flowered pink variety, bears pretty blooms, but is not equally effective. Several baskets of Rayon d'Or, which were suspended from Smilax- covered supports, were very pretty. Just inside the large tent, Messrs. Wm. Cut- bush and Son, Highgate, exhibited an exceed- ingly bright and artistically arranged group of Carnations and polyantha Roses ; weeping pyra- mids and tall pillars of such Roses as Dorothy Perkins, Excelsa and White Dorothy rose high above a groundwork furnished with Lady Coventry, Maggie Hodgson, Monk and other varieties of Carnation, which were delightfully interspersed with garden Pinks and the dwarf floriferous Rose "Jessie." Although Mr. George Prince, Oxford, re- lied principally on large bamboo stands of such Roses as Ulrich Brunner, Mrs. John Laing, Lady Ashtown and Gardenia for the chief effect the smaller exhibits of Lady Pirrie, Juliet, Rayon d'Or, Irene Watts, and similar varie- ties were equally worthy of admiration. The central feature of the large stand of cut Roses exhibited by Messrs. W. and J. Brown, Peterborough, was an arch of the Lyons Rose. On either side there were tall stands in which Frau Karl Druschki. Marquise de Sinety, Harry Kirk, and Joseph Hill were effectively massed. Stands of exhibition varieties were the pre- dominant feature of the Rose exhibit from Messrs. G. Bolton and Co., Buntingford. The very best blooms were of Dean Hole, Mildred Grant, Jonkheer J. L. Mock, Mrs. Ed. Maw- ley, and His Majesty. Mr. R. C. Notcutt, Woodbridge, included in his collection of cut Roses a vase of Rosa Sinica ain-mane, a large pink single-flowered variety, which luxuriates on a warm wall. The dark velvety sorts, Victor Hugo, Duke of Edinburgh, •Senateur Vaisse, Comimander Felix Faure and Chateau de Clos Vougeot were also noteworthy. Messrs. Jackman and Son, Woking, showed Roses in large bunches, with exhibition blooms in boxes along the front. A box of White Maman Cochet and Maman Cochet was espe- cially good, the blooms of each variety being arranged alternately. Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., Colchester, filled a large table space with excellent Roses, the blooms remaining fresh even under the very hot conditions. We noticed the newer Juliet, Rayon d'Or, Mrs. Walter Easlea, cherry-red ; Lady Hillingdon, Viscountess Enfield, blush ; Mme. Chas. Lutaud, a hybrid tea variety, coloured apricot-yellow and gold ; Miss Ada Francis, yellow ; and Braiswick Charm, white with yellow at the base of each petal. Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester, ex- hibited Roses finely; notable varieties were Rayon d'Or, Killarney, Sunbeam, St. Helena, a blush flower with creamy centre ; Marquise de Sinety, Mrs. Peter Blair, Leslie Holland, Edward Mawley, and the new H.T. varietv, Joan, the blush petals showing a trace of gold at their bases. Messrs Stuart Low and Co., Enfield, showed a collection of Roses, which was much admired for the clever arrangement, the colours being massed in harmonious shades; great clusters of blooms were emploved in stands, on pillars or in vases. We special'lv admired the two varieties Rayon d'Or and Molly Sharman Crawford. Roses were also shown by Messrs. H. Cannell and Sons. Swanley, Kent ; Messrs. Morse Bros., Woodbridge ; Messrs. Jarman and Co., Chard ; Mr. John Mattock, New Headington, Oxford; and Mr. W. Easlea, Eastwood, Essex. Carnations. The Right Hon. Lord Burnham, Hall Barn. Beaconsfield (gr. Mr. Geo. Johnson) exhibited a large group of magnificent Souvenir de la Mal- maison Carnations. Of the 70 or more plants the majority were unusually large and well fur- nished with the healthy glaucous foliage which gives evidence of skilful culture. Souvenir de la Malmaison varieties figured largely in the collection from Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Enfield. The large stands of such varieties as Lady Coventry and Sir Charles Freemantle glowed with warm colouring. Not less beautiful was a bowl of the rich pink Prin- cess of Wales. 14 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 5, 1913. Mr. James Douglas, Great Book ham, staged varieties of border Carnations. There were several novelties, two of which received awards. Others specially noticed were Innocence, blush pink and of exquisite form ; Bookham White, Fijiyama, red; Robert Berkley, scarlet; Ellen Douglas, heliotrope-grey, and Renown. Mr. H. Burnett, Guernsey, showed Carna- tions, as usual, of splendid quality, but the ar- rangement was a little too dwarfed, owing to limitations of space, to produce the best effect. Mr. Bertie E. Bell, Castel, Guernsey, exhi- bited Carnations in variety, the group being very prettily arranged. At the top was a beautiful basket of Mrs. C. W. Waud, arranged on a fancy stand, a most delightful piece of flora work. Mr. C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, Essex, showed Carnations of the peTpetuai-flowering type. The beautiful blooms were arranged in tall epergnes at the back, the centrepiece con- taining magnificent flowers of Pioneer, a lovely rosy-cerise variety. Sweet Peas. Sir Randolf Baker, Bart., Ranston, Bland- ford (gr. Mr. A. E. Usher), showed a collection of Sweet Peas remarkable for the uniformly high culture and excellence of the blooms in so large a display. Tall columns of Barbara, Dob- bie'6 Cream, and Edrom Beauty reached to the roof of the tent. The rest were arranged in vases. They were not too densely packed, and showed to advantage. Among the 'best varieties were True Lavender, Anglian Orange, Princess Victoria, Dobbie's Cream, Clara Curtis, Marks Tey, May Campbell, Lady Millar and Dorothy. This excellent group was lightly relieved with a few Adiantum Ferns and Grasses. Messrs. Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh, exhibited a magnificent collection from their Marks Tey Nursery. The flowers were arranged on wide staging in a series of four steps, the uniformity of the vases being broken by tall pillars, and the whole relieved by Smilax, Kochia and varie- gated Maize. Dobbie's Cream was outstand- Messrs. E. W. King and Co., Coggeshall, staged a representative group. It faced both gangways, and baskets of choice varieties were hung between arches of flowers which linked the two sides. The general level of the group was broken with bolder masses of a few varieties. The Anglian novelties were the feature of the group, those shown well including pink, crim- son, lavender, orange, cream and white Anglian, and the novelty for distribution in 1914, Anglian Royalty, a dark bronze-crimson flower. Mr. James Box, Lindfield Nurseries, Hay- wards Heath, showed a collection of standard sorts, using Asparagus and broad Antholyza foliage for relief. Some of his best varieties were Nubian, Scarlet Monarch, Rosabelle, Em- press, Blue Belle, and James Box (orange). Messrs. John K. King and Sons, Coggeshall, staged a large group, facing both ways, on the central tabling. Several varieties were well shown in large bunches, especially the blues and mauves, including True Lavender, Nettie Jen- FlG. 7. — HOLLAND HOUSE COLLECTION OF SWEET PEAS EXHIlilTED liV MESSRS. SUTTON .AND Splendid plants of Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations were shown by W. M. Gott, Esq., Trempthon, Cornwall, relieved with Smilax and Adiantum Ferns. The varieties Princess of Wales. Mrs. Trelawney, Maggie Hodson and Calypso were all uncommonly good. Clematis. Messrs. Geo. Jackman and Son, Woking, ex- hibited a collection of exceedingly floriferoos Clematis. The large-flowered Jackmanni hy- brids were represented by Caroline Neville (mauve), Mrs. Spencer Castle (bright heliotrope), Star of India (reddish-plum) and Mrs. Geo. Jackman (satiny-white with cream bar). The best of the free-growing sorts, which are valu- able for training over pergolas, were Kermesiana (bright red), Viticella alba (greyish-white) and Flammula purpurea (sweet scented, rose-purple). Following the Clematis Messrs. Jackman ar- ranged such valuable border flowers as Gaill- ardia Mrs. Rollinson, Helenium cupreum, Sidal- cea "Rosy Gem " and mixed Japanese Irises. ingly effective, and with a number of new un- named seedlings the following sorts were specially good : Melba, Frilled Pink, True Laven- der, New Marquis, T. Stevenson, Brune'ttei, Edrom Beauty and Inspector. The colour ar- rangement of this group was particularly pleas ing. Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading, made a very rich and varied display (see fig. 7). Some of the choicest varieties were placed against black velvet shields, between each of which rose tall pillars of other varieties linked up by trails of 'Smilax. The groundwork was filled with vases and bowks of flowers. The varieties staged were very numerous. We noted the salmon-orange Barbara, Melba and Earl Spencer, the flesh-pink Lady Millar, 'the rose-coloured Decorator, the white Moneymaker and Etta Dyke, with Mrs. Hugh Dickson, Orion, Sunproof Crimson, the giant-flowered W. P. Wright, Asta Ohn, and many others. The collection was very effective, and its striking feature was the large numlber of tinted flowers. kins, Mrs. Hesliugton, and R. F. Felton. Other good sorts included Agrieola, King Alfred, Gladys Burt, Edrom Beauty, and Edith Taylor. Messrs. Bide and Sons, Ltd., Farnham, showed a considerable collection in vases, inter spersed with a few Roses, but arranged in a rather uniform bank. Edna Harland, Bertha Massey, Mrs. Cuthibertson, and Walter P. Wright were among the varieties best represented. Robert Sydenham, Ltd., Birmingham, showed a small collection. The varieties, Ber- tie Usher, Zarma Spencer, Edith Taylor, Lilian. Princess Mary and others were included with a few novelties. Messrs. G. Stark and Son, Great Ry burgh, had an interesting group with a number of novelties. At the back were tall pillars of Wen- voe Castle (deep mauve), Primrose Beauty, Bert- rand Deal, A. A. Fabius (deep pink), and the double Maggie Stark. Mr. D. Webster showed a small collection, most notable for the good; bamboo stands of Mrs. Henry Bell, R. F. ' Felton and Doris Usher. July 5, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 15 Begonias. Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon, Twerton, Bath, showed Begonias of superb quality, the plants being equal to any we have seen. They were truly described by visitors as " wonder- ful." On this occasion the firm grouped the varieties in batches of colours. Thus there were several plants of the charming Rose Queen in a group, a cluster of the White Empress Marie," Duchess of Cornwall, crimson ; Milli- cent, salmon ; Mrs. Robert Morton, yellow ; and George Pike, bright red. The finest indi- vidual p^ant was a specimen of Lady Tweed- mouth variety, with petals of salmon-pink colour. Mr. A. Le Gwillim, Sidcup, Kent, showed abundantly flowered plants of the double- flowered bedding Begonia, Washington, and its yellow companion, Colonel Lauserat, in the centre of a group of very large double-flowered varieties. Hardy Plants and Flowers. Messrs. James Carter and Co., Raynes Park, carried out on a large scale a design for an Iris and water garden. A rectangular pool furnished with Lilies was fed by dolphin fountains at the four corners. On three sides this was surrounded by a mass of Japanese Irises, but on the fourth was a low wall in shallow bedded stone retain- ing an upper walk, reached from either end of the pond and paved with square marble paving. On the pond side of the path was an edging of Snapdragons, and on the other were masses of Cannas behind an edging of dwarf polyantha Roses, with large, traimed pink ramblers placed between the large stone columns, of what might be one side of a pergola. Messrs. J. Piper and Son, Bayswater, built a large formal wall and water garden. A low, rectangular foundation was used to level up the ground and to form a base for the semi-circular walled garden. The space thus left at the corners was turfed over and ornamented with miniature cannon, which emphasised the em- battled character of the heavily-pierced bastion-like wall, topped by a low Yew hedge with taller trained figures on each pier. The enclosed area included a paved upper walk curv- ing to connect the two heavily-pillared temples at either end, which were directly connected by an herbaceous border planted with Lilies, Cam- panulas, Delphiniums, and other border flowers. Sunk ata lower level in'thecentre weretwo pools, divided by a path and a large lead figure of Hermes. Mr. Chas Rassell, Earl's Court Road, Lon- don, designed a small railed-in town garden, some 38 by 18 feet in dimensions. The irregular lawn was surrounded by a narrow pa.ved walk, which led to the features of interest, the herba- ceous border of Stocks, Violas, Marguerites, Marigolds and Delphiniums ; the raised seat screened by trim Box and variegated Privet, which gave opportunity for varied planting at the base, and in one corner the inevitable rock garden, furnished with Heuchera, Candytuft, Sedum and Wistaria. Messrs. Thompson and Charman, 11, Adam Street, Adelphi, staged an ornamental and prettily balanced group, with border flowers at the back and the smaller Alpines nearer the eye. Among the latter were noticed Teucrium pyre- naicum, Gentiana cruciiata, Viola bosniaca and Dianthus Napoleon III. Mr. H. Hemsley, Crawley, arranged a steeply- sloping rock bank to give effect to a number of interesting Alpine and herbaceous plants. The Antirrhinums derived from A. glutinosum and A. sempervirens pollinated with A. majus, already give some range of colour and habit. Messrs. Rich and Co., 2, Walcot Street, Bath, showed bunches of Campanulas, Phloxes, English Irises, Ostrowskia and other herbaceous plants, with a collection of Violas. Mr. Howard H. Crane, Woodview, Highgate. N., made a pretty arrangement of Violas and Violettas, placing the blooms in wet sand in shallow dishes and giving a touch of green with Thorn and Hornbeam foliage. Mr. Reg. Prichard, Westmoors, Wimborne, staged the most varied collection of dwarf Alpines in a limited area, arranging the plants on the flat and without any rockwork in a manner that has become novel, although equally effective with many more ambitious designs in atone. The Burton Hardy Plant Nurseries, Christchuroh, Hampshire, displayed a small col- lection of Campanulas, Sedums, Stachys, Sem- pervivums and other rock plants. The Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, Mill- mead, Guildford, staged a number of interesting hardy plants, massing the blues of Delphiniums at one end, and the yellows of Helenium, Verbascum and Thalictrum at the other. Mr. H. C. Pulham, Elsenham, Essex, made good use of dwarf Campanulas and Hypericums on a small rock-garden exhibit. There were numbers of pretty forms of Dianthus, place of honour being given to the very large D. annu- latus Pulhamii, and space at the back was found iw Escallonia langleyensis, Veronica, Spiraea and Philadelphus. Messrs. Whitelegg and Page, Ohislehurst, staged a good collection of herbaceous flowers and rock plants. The clumps of Nepeta Mussinii, Potentilla Miss Willmott, Saxifraga pyramidalis and Wahlenbergla vinc;eflora were fine, and good use was made of Galega, Astilbe Queen Alexandra, Artemisia stelleriana and the pleasing pink early Gladiolus Queen Mary. Messrs. Barrie and Brown, King William Street, London, showed a small collection of Gladiolus, Spiraeas and Gloxinias. Messrs. Godfrey and Son, Ex mouth, Devon- shire, arranged a fine batch of their excellent strain of Canterbury Bells. Those of pink and pale blue shades were particularly admired. Scabiosa coucasica superba and a few Oriental Poppies were also well shown. Messrs. Kelway and Son, Langport, Somerset- shire, staged an up-to-date collection of their Delphiniums, with, at the foot of the group, a few vases of Paeonies, Coreopsis and the dark ni.'inthus Caesar's Mantle. The Delphiniums were the feature of the group, and many magni- ficent varieties were included. Messrs. H. Cannell and Sons, Eynsford, Kent, showed a small group of Delphiniums, Spiraeas, Pentstemons and Canterbury Bells. Messrs. Fells and Son, Hitchin, against a background of Crambe, Erigerons and Delphi- niums, showed a number of choicer dwarf plants, Thymes, Campanulas and Veronicas, with a fine clump of the little-known Polemonium pauci- florum and masses of Gaillardias. Mr. Stuart Maples, Lytton House, Stevenage, showed a small moraine clothed with Saxifraga Cfesia, Coronilla cappadocica. Campanula Miss Willmott and Veronica Bidwillii. Mr. H. Newman, 16, Woodford Road, Wat- ford, staged a large, massed group of the new border Pink, " Challenger." Mr. T. R. Hayes, Keswick, Cumberland, showed an interesting little square group of Alpines and dwarf Shrubs. Sedum obtusatum. Campanula turbinata pallida, C. abietina, Thymes and Edraianthus were well represented. Mr. G. W. Miller, Clarkson Nurseries, Wis- bech, showed a number of choice herbaceous flowers. Viola cornuta " The Clarkson," is a pretty variety, with darker flowers than the well-known var. purpurea. Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft Nurseries, Lewi- sham, staged a large collection of Phloxes, re- presenting perhaps the best-grown group of these flowers in the show, although arranged in rather a solid bank. The centre was marked bv the enormous Goliath, 5 feet high, G. A. Strohlein, Gen. Van Heutsz and Dr. Konigshofer, among scarlets. Iris, Le Mahdi and Antonim Mercie, blues, and the new Rose Queen show the up-to- date character of the varieties included. A large group of " calycanthema " varieties of Campanula medium (Canterbury Bells) were also shown. Messrs. Fred Smith and Co., Woodbridge, Suffolk, staged a collection of well-grown herba- ceous flowers, with well-contrasted masses of clean colour. At the back were large vases of Alstroemeria chilensis, Lathyrus latifolius albus, Delphiniums, Verbascums and other large-growing subjects. Miss K. Hopkins, Mere Gardens, Shep- perton-on-Thames, arranged two oblong beds of rockwork, connected at one end by a small water garden. Mr. J. S. Arkwright, Kinsham Court, Pre- steign, shewed a large batch of Lychnis Ark- wrightii. This appeared to be a rather good strain of L. Haageana, showing considerable variation in the shades of scarlet, and some of the varieties showing the crimson leaf. All were well-grown pot plants, and some time ago the Scientific Committee recommended the Botanical Certificate for the strain, which the Council duly confirmed. Messrs. B. Ladhams, Ltd., Shirley Nurseries, Southampton, staged good bunches of Gaillar- dias, Salvia turkestanica superba, Malva Ollbia Potentilla Rollissoni, and Campanula persici- folia coronata. Especially good were the border Pinks Coronation, a large white with distinct crimson eye, and Favourite, a very pale pink flower with small dark eye. Mr. James Box, Lindfield Nurseries, Hay- wards Heath, arranged one of the largest dis- play of hardy plants, filling the end of one of the tents. Nymphseas, backed by Iris Kaampferi and Thalictrum flavum and flanked by Funkias, Phloxes and Spirteas formed a centre piece. To right and left were large wings devoted mainly to florists' flowers, Gladiolus and Delphinium in variety at the back, and such plants as Erica, Prunella, Gypsophila repens monstrosa, Geum. Mrs. Bradshaw, Betonica grandiflora and Adian- tum pedatum in the foreground. Messrs. W. and C. Bull, Eames' Floral Nur- series, Frome, Somersetshire, showed cut bunches of Poppies, Pyrethrums, Heueheras with Geum, Sidalcea, Erigeron and other flowers. Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son, Highgate Nur- series, N., built up from the ground space a large decorative group of hardy flowers. Nym- phseas and Japanese Irises at the ground level, with Spiraeas were used effectively. Eremurus Bungei with Delphiniums and other tall-growing plants were displayed with spreading spikes in tall stands above them. Mr. Clarence Elliott, Stevenage. Herts, ar- ranged in the open a little group of alpines in a manner that has become characteristic of him ; he appreciates so finely the value of mass of flower and shade of stone. Campanulas were the feature of the group C. pulla, C. pusilla Miss Willmott, C. pulloides, and C. linifolia being best represented. Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, Kent, staged an in- teresting group of hardy flowers. Lilium Han- sonii and L. pomponium gave good patches of colour. Escallonia Philippiana was represented by large bushes. The trusses of Rhododendron cinnabarinum were a beautiful shade of colour, and the dwarfer plants of interest included Hypericums, Ericas, Statices and Campanulas. Mr. Reuthe also staged groups out-of-doors, in- cluding good plants of Allium pedemontanum and Patrinia palmata among the lesser-known plants. Lady Mary Countess of Ilchester (gr. , Mr. C Dixon) exhibited a collection of Sedums and Silver Saxifrages grown in small pans, includ- ing 72 varieties of the former and 63 of the latter. Very few varieties were in flower, but they were mostly a picture of health and good condition, and represented a very interesting collection. Messrs. Harkness and Sons, Leeming Bar, Bedale, staged a group of hardy flowers on tabling which, though not so rich in variety as many others, compared favourably with the best for the quality and freshness of its plants. The Oriental Poppies Mrs. Perry and Mrs. J. Hark- ness (a shade deeper) were particularly good. The bicolor English Iris Almona with violet standards and blue, falls, and the white Mont Blanc were excellent. Lupines, Anohusas and Delphiniums were also well represented. Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd., Wisbech, showed good collections of Delphiniums and border Car- nations. Notable Delphiniums were the rich deep purple Clara Stubbs and Norman Garston. Lize was a beautiful pale blue, while we con- sidered LTstane and Nellie Irvine the best of the intermediate mauve and blue varieties. Messrs. Watkins and Simpson, Ltd., Tavistock-street, Co vent Garden, staged a group of annuals and Snapdragons on the ground in the open. The strains of Nemesia compactum Blue Gem and N. strumosa hybrids were much admired, and the Antirrhinums in- cluded some very pretty shades. The whole was connected up and bounded by a dwarf edg- ing of Alyssum minimum. Messrs. G. Gibson and Co., Leeming Bar, Bedale, Yorks, arranged a small group on the 16 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 5, 1913. ground with a curving edge. Verbascum Cale- donia, Lupinus polyphyllus roseus, varieties of Spanish Irises and Iceland Poppies were the notalble features of the exhibit. The Wargrave Plant Fabm, Ltd., Liver- pool-street, London, arranged a small rock-gar- den out-of-doors, and a collection of Gaillardias, Pinks, Delphiniums, Gladioli, and other border flowers under canvas. The 'best plants in the open included Stachys ,pyrenaica, Campanula Raddeaua, Viola bo6iiiaca, and Primulas angus- tidens and capitata. Messrs. W. Wells and Co., Ltd., Merstham, Surrey, staged a group of Phloxes, including the varieties Rose Queen, Andre Laurie, Antonin Mercie, King Edward and Elizabeth Campbell. The first-mentioned is of a very rich colour, and has particularly large "pip6." Messrs. Bees, Ltd., Mill-street, Liverpool, staged an interesting group of hardy plants most notable for its inclusion of new Chinese introduc- tions, amongst which we ^noticed Dracocephaluiii bullatum, Primula Bulleyana, Trollius yunnanen- sis, T. patulus, and Primula angustidens. The double white Dianthus petrseus, Spiraea digitata nana (four inches high), Oxalis enneaphylla and Oenothera caespitosa are also worthy of mention. Messrs. Geo. Bunyard and Co., Ltd., Maid- stone, exhibited finely grown and very fresh- looking hardy flowers, staged in bold masses, of which the monotony in arrangement was broken by clumps of Spiraeas, Eremuri, and Lilium longiflorum. Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt, staged a bank of herbaceous flowers with showy bunches of Spirsea Aruncus, Verbascum Chaixi, Thalic- trum flavum, Eryngiums, Heucheras and Poten- tillas. Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon, Twerton Hill Nursery, Bath, showed some of the finest spikes of Delphiniums in the show. Most of the varieties had already won awards. The mauve and pale blue Statuaire Rude was particularly fine, both in flower and spike. Messrs. Barr and Sons, King Street, Covent Garden, staged a collection of cut flowers, in- cluding Lupines, Canterbury Bells, Ixias. Messrs. John Forbes", Hawick, Ltd., Hawick, N.B., arranged a showy bank of named varieties of Delphiniums, Pentstemons and Phloxes. Mr. A. St. Gwillim, Cambria Nursery, Sid- cup, showed a small collection of cut bunches of Campanulas, Erigerons, and other flowers, with a number of varieties of Mimulus. Mr. Frank Lilley, Guernsey, staged a collec- tion of early flowering Gladioli, with Ixias and English Irises. Messrs. Gunn and Sons, Olton, Warwickshire, made an effective display of Phloxes, showing the best varieties in great masses of from a dozen to nearly fifty trusses, which admirably brought out the colour values. The best varieties in- cluded G. A. Strohlein, Gen. van Heutz and Coquelicot (scarlet), Le Mahdi (violet), E. Danzanvilliers (lavender), F. von Lassberg (white), Elizabeth Campbell (pink) and the fine crimson-eyed Josephine Gerbeaux. Mr. J. Macdonald, Harpenden, showed his novel method of growing Grass on fabric. Messrs. R. Wallace and Co., Colchester, furnished a large space at one end of the large tent to great advanage. The predominant feature was a large Water-lily pool flanked by stepping stones which gave access to a paved terrace where the very many border plants might be easily viewed. Of these latter perhaps the huge-flowered Japanese Irises by the water-side were the most noteworthy, but we also admired the groups of Eremurus, E. Bungei pallidas, E. B. superbus, with bright yellow flowers, and the buff-coloured E. Warei rising above dwarfer plants which were freely grouped, making a magnificent spectacle. On the opposite side to the Water-lily garden the exhibit was enclosed by a " dry wall " where many less showy, but equally valuable, plants found a place. Messrs. John Piper & Sons, Bishop's Road, Bayswater, built an unostentatious rock-garden of weathered boulders, amongst which they planted a variety of Alpines. The Stonecrops (Sempervivum arachnoideum) were so cunningly planted that it appeared as though they had occupied their positions for several years. Although the season of the Primula is over, Messrs. Piper were able to exhibit good breadths of P. japonica and of P. warleyensis. In sharp, but not unpleasing, contrast to the quiet tone of the rocKery was an exhibit of border flowers in which bright colours were freely used. Gaillardias gigantea, Gladys and LadyRolleston, bunche6 of rich orange-coloured Pap'aver nudicaule aurantiacum and AUtrce- meria aurantiaca served to enhance the rich blues of the Delphiniums. The exhibit of Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, took the form of a semi-formal wall garden and a small rockery, with a dividing paved walk and backed by a narrow shrubbery. The principal Alpines were Sedum Maweanuni. Dianthus granitious, Artemisia lanata, and various Campanulas. Vases with cut sprays of Rose Aennchen Miiller were placed along the path. Messrs. Phillips and Taylor, Bracknell, Berks, planted two Water-lily pools in an ex- ceedingly effective manner. The bordering groups of Ranunculus lingua grandiflora, Cy- perus longus, Calla palustris and Alisma Plan- tago efficiently removed any effect of formality. The background was furnished with Typhas and a variety of herbaceous Spiraeas. Not less at- tractive was the adjoining group of hardy border flowers, in which prominence was given to Pink "Progress" and Sedum obtusatum. Messrs. " Bakers," Wolverhampton, special- ised Delphiniums, of which they exhibited a splendid collection. Other plants of note were Thymus coccineus, which is so valuable for planting in the interstices of paved walks, Heuchera "Lady Greenall," and the Giant Thrift, Armeria cephalotes rubra. Following their excellent exhibit of pot fruits Messrs. James Veitch and Sons arranged a col- lection of splendid Eremurus amongst a ground- work of Spiraeas and Astilbes. Chief amongst the Eremurus was a large batch of E. Warei, which was in harmony with the bright yellow colour of E. Bungei. To have properly appreciated the effect of the group arranged by Messrs. R. and G. Cuthbert, of Southgate, it should have been viewed from a greater distance. Exceptionally , well-grown plants of Humea elegans gave a feathery light- ness to the brilliant batches of Viscaria ocuiata " Brilliant," Streptosolen Jamesonii and the salmon-coloured variety of the Ivy-leaved Pelar- gonium Madame Crousse. In the foreground several little groups of Delphinium " Blue Butterfly," a valuable annual variety, were very effectively placed. Delphiniums of many shades of colour, ranging from the almost pure white Moerheimii to the very dark blue-purple Mrs. Creighton, occupied the centre of the group arranged by Mr. Amos Perry, Enfield. Along the front many circular pans with a great variety of Water- lilies floating in water attracted attention. At one end of the Delphiniums a collection of her- baceous Phloxes, Senecio Grayi, and the orange- coloured Trollius abschasicus adjoined an ex- tensive collection of hardy Ferns. The design of the exhibit arranged by Mr. Maurice Prichard, Christchurch, was that of a long, narrow rockery supporting a well-filled flower border. In the rockery the principal plants were Sedum caeruleum, Asteriscus mari- timus, Erythraea diffusus, and several species of Dianthus. The outstanding features of the newer-border were the splendid spikes of Del- phinium and a bold group of the deep-red Spiraea palmata. Messrs. T. S. Ware, Ltd, Feltham, divided a water garden and hardy flower exhibit into three sections. The central portion contained a good group of Romneya Coulteri prising from Geum Mrs. Bradshaw and hardy Ferns. On the banks of the pool Mimulus cardinalis, various Campanulas and Delphinium nudicaule relieved and brightened the still water. The dividing paths were bordered with Thymus serpyllum coccineum, Sedums, Linaria pallida, Erythraea diffusa, and other low-growing plants. Messrs. G. and A. Clark, of Dover, also placed a pool in the centre of a gorgeous display of border flowers, but in this case the pool was larger and contained more Nympha?as ; of these N. Laydeckeri fulgens and N. Maiiiacea carnea were especially bright. Boldly arranged vases of Alstrcemerias, border Phloxes, tall, stately Delphiniums, Heucheras and Verbascum Weid- mannia also assisted in making a noteworthy dis- play. The exhibit staged by Messrs. Barr and-' Sons, Covent Garden, took the form of a Water- lily pool surrounded by a very pleasant rockery which was backed and flanked by choice border- flowers. The weather-worn boulders of the- rockery were planted with Sempervivums (S. arachnoideum, S. Laggeri and many others), which were set off by breadths of Campanula pusilla, Artemesias and other appropriate plants. The most attractive of the border flowers were Lilium myriophyllum, Lavatera Olbia, and aj good strain of Orchis maculata. Trees and Shrubs. Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, Ltd., Chel- sea, exhibited a large group of new trees and shrubs introduced by the firm from China. This exhibit included 130 distinct qpecies- and varieties, some of the plants being large specimens. Practically all were raised from the first consignment of seeds received from their co'-lector, Mr. E. H. Wilson, in 1899. Among the more notable were Magnolia Dela- vayi, with lemon-yellow flowers terminal on the branches; Cotoneaster Harroviana, in flower,, but more attractive when furnished with its bright coral-red berries in the autumn ; Vibur- num Henryi, with loose panicles of white flowers, succeeded by coral-red berries ; Aristo- lochia heterophylla, with diminutive flowers : Lilium myriophyllum, having the exterior of the trumpet flushed with rose colour and sweetly scented ; Diospyros armatus, an evergreen species ; Liriodendron chinensis, Populus lasib- carpus, the largest leaved Poplar ; and Rubus Veitchii, with finely cut leaves and tiny pink flowers. Adjoining this exhibit Messrs. Veitch showed splendid specimens in tubs of Laurus nobilis (Bay Laurel), is pyramidal, columnal and standard form. Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, Surrey, showed magnificent tree-Ivies in golden and silver varieties : a group of Dimorphanthus Manchuricus, and hardy Fuchsias. The Ivies represented about 30 of the finest gold and silver leaved forms, with a few uncommon green-leaved sorts. We noticed the beautiful silver Ivy known as Hedera. dentata variegata flavescens ; elegantissima, a silver-leaved variety grafted on the Common Ivy ; and Sheen Silver, a dwarf silver Ivy suitable for edging bed6 and borders. The finest Fuchsias were F. Riccartonii Enfant Prodigue, F. R. Drame, a fine form of F. Thompsonii. and brightonie.nsis. Messrs. W. Fromow and Sons, Chiswick. arranged an imposing group of Maples, relieved with a few other kinds of ornamental-leaved trees. The beautiful Acer palmatum lacinia- tum. A. japonicum aureum, A. palmatum roseum marginatum, A. p. linearifolium pur- pureum, A. p. sanguineum, A. dissectum varie- gatum, A. japonicum aureum, A. palmatum ver- sicolor, and many more were sihown well as stan- dard pyramid or bush plants, with varie- gated Bamboos, Eurya latifolia variegata, Nan- dina domestica, and other pretty shrubs as foils. Mr. Reuthe, Keston, Kent, showed rare shrubbery species, including dwarf Conifers, large plants of Desfontania spinosa finely in flower, Restio sub-venticillata, Preonia lutea, Rhododendron caimelliaeflorum and Berberis Bealii. Messrs. J. Piper and Sons, Bayswater, showed' examples of topiary in Yew and Box, also splen- did plants of Acer palmatum. Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son, Highgate,. showed examples of topiary. Mr. Carlton White, New Bond Street, Lon- don, showed good specimens of topiary. Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt, showed orna- mental-leaved trees and shrubs, also Pihiladel- phus Avalanche, P. Souvenir de Billard, Spiraea* Fraebellii, Abutikm vitifolium and Ligustrum- multiflorum in bloom. A number of model gardens were shown by the Yokohama Nursery Co., Kingsway, Lon- don. They were arranged in porcelain dishes that in nearly every case held a pool of water, which was spanned by a miniature bridge. The inclusion of pigmy trees and shrubs, with tinjr summeT-houses and figures of .men and animals placed at appropriate spots, sometimes on a miniature bill, gave these pretty toy gardens a> realistic appearance. July 5, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 17 Messrs. Barr and Sons, King Street, Covent Garden, showed numerous pigmy trees in orna- mental porcelain pans. Miscellaneous Greenhouse Plants. Messrs. James Carter and Co., Raynes Park, had a separate tent filled with banks of flowers. They grouped a large batch of Petunia Queen of the Roses with tall stands of Sweet Peas at the back, relieved with the greenery of Palms and Ferns. Next to the Petunias was a mass of finely-flowered Streptocarpuses, separated from, a central exhibit of Sweet Peas by a band of Stocks, and edged by the pretty dwarf Rose Jessie. Next was a fine clump of tuberous- rooted Begonias, with more Sweet Peas, and finally a bay filled with Viscarias, Phlox Drwn- mondii and Verbena Miss Willmott. The tent was a fairy-like bower of bright blossoms. Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, Ltd., King's Road, Chelsea, showed large batches of green- house flowers, including Solanum Wendlandii, Cannas, Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations, Exacum macranthum {extra fine) ; Lavatera assurgentiflora, Begonia Lucerna, Sollya Drum- mondii, and a new Calceolaria named Stewartii. All the plants were flowering profusely, and re- markably healthy. A bank of the showy Crassula coccinea was exhibited by Lady Northcliffe, Sutton Place, Guildford (gr., Mr. J. Goatley). Mr. H. Page, Hampton, Middlesex, showed his new Pelargoniums : Fiscal Reformer, sa'.mon rose ; His Majesty, scarlet ; Her Majesty, salmon ; and Winter Cheer, scarlet cerise, a very free-flowering variety. Messrs. Godfrey and Sons, Exmouth, showed Pelargoniums, of the zonal-leaved, Regal, show, and scented -leaved sections. Of the last, Mrs. B. Smith, white splashed with crimson-lake j Godfrey's Pet, white with rosy-maroon upper petals ; and Mrs. Galsworthy, white suffused with blush-pink, were shown for the first time. Mr. W. A. Manda, St. Albans, showed hardy Cacti, Ferns, Asparagus elongatus, and Catt'.eyas. Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Bush Hill Park, Enfield, displayed the free-flowering fancy Pelargonium Juvenal amongst large bushes of Metrosideros floribunda. The bright red bottle brush like flowers of the shrub considerably en- hanced the glowing pink of the Pelargonium. Along the front of the group a row of Heeria ^legans illustrated its trailing nature ; the flowers are purplish-rose coloured. A large number of well-bloomed Gloxinias were •displayed by Messrs. J. Peed and Son, West Norwood. Messrs. H. Cannell and Sons, Swanley, ■showed varieties of zonal-leaved Pelargoniums. Pelargoniums were also shown by Mr. W. Treseder, Cardiff. AWARDS. First-class Certificates. Adiantaim trqpeziforme var. " Queen Mary." — This is a sport from the type showing the first approach to a plumose form. The pinnules are more densely placed on the branched fronds and hang gracefully instead of being held flat, so that the frond is as beautiful from below as .above. The pinnules themselves are expanded from the typical trapezoid shape into that of an •expanded fan, with the margin beautifully fringed and undulated. The young fronds as- sume a very delicate green, but the plant has -the same vigour as the type, the black, wiry stems reaching about 24rft. , and the lowest pair of pinnae branching. (Messrs. H. B. May and Sons.) Magnolia Delavayi. — A new species from Southern China, which has proved hardy at 'Coombe Wood, Kingston, but which would ap- pear to require the shelter of a south wall in most gardens. The flowers are 6 inches in dia- meter, and the petals of great substance and ■breadth. The colour is a rich cream, but the •central column of anthers and stigmas, which rise 2 inches in the saucer-shaped flower, is "tinged with red. The leaves are evergreen, of a leathery texture, with entire margin, but waved at the edge. The upper surface is slightly glossy. Their beauty lies largely in their size, as they are nearly 12 inches long, and "broadly oval or ovate in shape. A tub plant about 4 feet high was shown, and the only two flowers were solitary at the ends of this season's growths. (Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons, Ltd.) Awards of Merit. Adiantum Siebertianum. — This beautiful fern, named in honour of a curator of a German botanic garden, is what may be called a " gra- cillimum " form of A. Wiegandii. The pin- nules are lighter in colour and more slender and graceful in form than the type. The young fronds are pleasingly shaded with rose colour, which runs strongly through the central vein and shows finely against the black rachis. It resembles the species in having the quaint, wedge-shaped pinnules which overlap to form an oblong-like blade. Polypodium Mayi var. crist-atum. — P. Mayi is a fringed form of P. glaucum, and in this new variety the fringing of the lobes of the frond is carried further, and the tips become lightly crested. It is a distinct and handsome form, retaining the vigour and colour of the type. [These two Ferns were shown by Messrs. H. B. May and Sons.] Iris Kaempferi " Morning Mists." — Of the single forms of Iris Kseimpferi this is the largest and most beautiful. The falls are pure white, touched at the claw with yellow, and suffused in the upper half very finely with a shade of pale blue, which is bright in the expanding bud, but gradually fades as the flowers age. The blade of the fall is circular and 4 inches in dia- meter, as shown, so that the expanded flower is nearly 1 foot across, but the falls arch grace- fully with their own weight, as they are of un- usual substance. The standards are pure white. The plant is of medium height, and has distinct broad, arching foliage. (Messrs. R. Wallace and Co.) ■ Erigeron hybridus " Pink Pearl." — This is a very bright pink variety. The flowers are not large, being onlv 1| inches in diameter at the best, but the habit is vigorous and free, and the colour is very bright and pleasing. The disc is greenish-yellow. (Mr. Amos Perry.) ttose " Ophelia." — A hybrid Tea Rose in colour very close to Prince de Bulgarie and Antoine Rivoire, but the form is better. The bud is longer and more pointed, and the outer petals expand flat, recurving at the margins. The flower gives shades of cream-flesh and pink. and a delightful touch is given by the glint of yellow in the shadows at the bases of the petals. "(Messrs. Wm. Paul and Son.) 7?o.s-e "Muriel Dickson." — The blooms are a brilliant cherry-rose colour, a very delightful and novel shade, but with little substance ; large, loose, open, and with a weak centre. This variety was described as a hybrid Austrian Briar, but appeared to have been disbudded. ffo.se " Ulster Standard." — This is a glowing, velvety-crimson, single, Hybrid Tea variety. The petals show great breadth, and the expanded flower is some 5 inches in diameter, but it ap- pears to lack the beautiful bud form of some of the Irish singles, and belongs to a different section. From the mass of buds on the plant the variety promises to be a most profuse bloomer. Pose "Mrs. Godfrey Brown." — A very large flower, flesh-coloured on the inner side of the petal and pink on the reverse. It is described as a glorified Mrs. W. J. Grant, with the colour rather of Lady Faire. but in size and form it suggests Mildred Grant, although it has much less substance than that variety. These three Irish-raised R-C6es are essentially garden Roses, not exhibition varieties. Their appeal is through their freedom in blooming and in their advance in colour, rather than in form and substance. They are said to be of excel- lent habit and constitution for the garden. (Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd.) Carnation " Virginia." — A buff-ground, fancy, border varietv, suffused and broadlv edged with rose-pink, with a suggestion of lilac. A large flower, with plenty of substance. Carnation " The Baron." — A pale, yellow- ground, fancy border variety, lightly splashed with lilac and rose. A large and handsome flower. Both the above have good stems and calyxes. (Mr. J. Douglas.) Nepenthes a tro purpurea. — A finely coloured seedling, raised from N. sanguinea and N. Cur- tisii superba. The total length of the pitcher and lid is nearly 1 foot. It is cylindric in shape, with a slight constriction in the upper half, and the cap spreads horizontally. The general colouring is deep brownish-crimson, which also suffuses through both stalk and cap. The finely-fluted rim is also crimson coloured. Inside the pitcher the surface is seen to be green blotched with chocolate. Nepenthes "Lewis Bradbury." — This beauti- ful variety was raised from N. sanguinea and N. mixta ; it has larger pitchers than the last, but is scarcely so finely coloured. The pitcher is a greenish-crimson, irregularly covered with narrow blotches, running longitudinally. The interior is heavily blotched, and shows well under the erect lid. Like the last variety, the shape is cylindric, with a scarcely perceptible constriction in the upper half. In this one the stalk is not well coloured. Both these Nepenthes were shown by Messrs. Jas. Veitch and Sons, Ltd. Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading, showed the new chestnut-banded or " red " sunflowers, which have resulted from crossing with Helian- thus annuus, a red-marked variety of Helianthus lenticularis (the common wild Sunflower of North America), which Professor Cockerell, of Colorado, had discovered wild and found to breed true. The hybrids vary considerably in markings, some showing merelv a defined maroon band and others being wholly suffused with brown. It is to the former that the greatest garden interest attaches, as they are much more showy than the others. Fruit and Vegetables. Visitors to flower shows in the metropolis have come to expect splendid exhibits of vege- tables from the gardens of the Hon. Vicary Gibbs, at Aldenham House, but on this occa- sion his gardener, Mr. Edwin Beckett, may be said to have excelled himself. Mr. Beckett is not only a skilful cultivator of high- class vegetables, but he is also a past master in the art of displaying them to the best ad- vantage. Even as a master's painting deserves an ornate frame, so a master collection of vegetables is worthy of an uncommon setting, and this exhibit was fittingly set out on a green enamelled frame. To enumerate the kinds of vegetables so well shown would be to make a list of the vegetables possible at this season, with the exception of Parsnips, and each item was as near to perfection as human skill could make it The "bloom" on such kinds as Cucumbers, Tomatos and Peas was such as to make many a Grape-grower envious. Lord Llangattock, The Hendre, Monmouth (gr. Mr. T. Coomber) exhibited 26 Queen Pine- apples. This monster collection of pale-golden, fragrant fruits was reminiscent of the days when every garden of any pretensions had its pine- stoves and grew the noble Pineapple. But Pine- apples were never grown to greater perfection than Mr. Coomber cultivates them to-day. Messrs. Laxton Bros., Bedford, exhibited 25 varieties of ripe Strawberries. It was interest- ing to note how the more recent varieties show the characteristics of one parent. In the best of the late varieties the influences of British Queen and Waterloo are, for instance, readily apparent. The fruits of such varieties as Lax- ton's Utility, probably the best variety for a heavy soil, and Epicure all have, in a modified degree, the green tip of British Queen. This will undoubtedly be "bred out" in a few genera- tions. The Waterloo parentage is obvious in the rich, dark flushes on the fruits of Laxton's Profit, The Laxton, Bedford Champion and Laxton's Reward. These sorts are, like the predominant parent, eminently suitable for cul- ture on light soils. Messrs. Laxton were still able to exhibit baskets of their newest early Strawberry, King George, which is said to be decidedly earlier than Royal Sovereign and to possess superior qualities. Messrs. Laxton Bros, also showed a dish of a new Peach, " Laxton's Advance," a large, pink- flushed fruit, much like Royal George in ap- pearance, but larger and of superior flavour. The Committee expressed a wish to see it again, and accompanied by specimens of foliage. Messrs. W. Seabrook and Sons, Chelmsford, exhibited fruiting branches of " Seabrook's " 18 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 5, 1913. Black Currant, a very prolific variety, which bears large, round fruits. The exhibitors were asked to send plants to Wisley for trial. Messrs. James Vettch & Sons, Chelsea, exhibited a selection of their well-known fruit bushes in pots. At the back of this exhibit of splendid quality there were standard and fan-trained Peaches and Nectarines studded with Tipe fruits. The body of the group was composed chiefly of dwarf pyramid Apples, Pears and Plums and short-stemmed, fan- shaped Peaches, all loaded with ripe fruits The most attractive items were the red-streaked Lady Sudeley Apples and the Precoces de Cron- cels Nectarines, but the pale-golden Early- Transparent Gages bore even more fruit. S. Hellibttt, Esq., The Lodge, Holyport, Maidenhead (gr. Mr. G. Camp) exhibited a group of such large and heavily-fruited pot Cherries and Plums as are rarely grown in private gardens. The largest bush, that of Cherry Bigarreau Noir de Guben, was fully 10 feet high and bore a large number of luscious fruits. The red Cherries were, however, the most attractive, especially those on the bushes of Bigarreau Napoleon. The Gages were Early Transparent and McLaughlin. Messrs. Stuart Low & Co., Bush Hill Park. Enfield, exhibited many different sorts of fruiting Figs in pots. Trees of the well-known Brown Turkey variety bore ripe fruits of good Bize. In point of fruitfulness the variety White Ischia, which bears such luscious fruits, was a good second ; for home consumption there is no more desirable variety, but^ the fruits are too soft to travel in good condition. Messrs. Whitelegg and Page, Chislehurst, Kent, showed in long fruiting branches fes- tooned on a pergola-like structure and in fruits laid out in dishes the fruiting capabilities of their Newberry, which was derived from the Loganberry and the Superlative Raspberry. A small collection of seasonable Vegetables was exhibited by the Rev. Chalmers Hunt. Letch worth, Herts. The leading feature was the dishes of Peas— Sutton's Early Giant, Prince of Wales and Centenary Marrowfat. Messrs. J. Pither, Ltd., Uxbridge, presented a large quantity of Mushrooms, lifted, as grown, from the beds'. These illustrated in a marked degree the fertility of the " Pither spawn " as well as the cultural skill of Mr. Bide, the manager. Trials of Violas. June 5. — The deputation of the Floral Com- mittee which visited Wisley on June 5 re- commended Awards of Merit to the follow- ing varieties of Violas grown under trial. The awards were confirmed by the Council at the meeting held on June 17. The raisers' names are given in parenthesis : — Royal Scot (Grieve), Agnes Kay (Kay), Sulphurea (Grieve), Purity (Forbes), Red- braes Bronze (Grieve), Bethea (Gold), Alex- andra (Grieve), Admiral of the Blues (J. P. Robertson), Redbraes White (Grieve). Blue Duchess (Dobbie), Redbraes Yellow (Grieve), and Virgin White (Todd). All these varieties were sent by Messrs. Dobbie and Co. Bridal Morn (C. Turner. Slough), and Fred Williams (Forbes), sent by Forbes, Hawick. The following Violas were commended for having stood well through two seasons : — Kitty Bell, Pencaitland, Archie Grant, Walter Welsh, Maggie Mott, Snowfiake, Grievei, Mrs. Chi- chester, William Robb, Primrose, Arabella, Max Kolb, Ivanhoe, Countess of Kintore, James Pilling, Kingcup, Mollv Pope, Virgin White, Bullion, Rotherfield Belle, Kate Blyth, V. cor- nuta, Dawn and Palmer's White. CITY OF LONDON ROSE. June 26. — The first exhibition of the above Society, which was formed to " foster and in- crease the love of the Rose and of Rose-gTowing amongst our city workers, who stand most in need of the freshening influence and beneficial relaxation that the exercise of such a hobby affords," exceeded the expectations of its most sanguine supporters. The large hall at the Cannon Street Hotel proved to be inadequate to contain the exhibits, which overflowed into an adjoining room. The high quality of the flowers was surprising. The first-prize stands in Classes 9 and 10 were of "championship quality. In nearly every class the competition was keen, and this was especially noticeable in the classes confined to the smaller growers. Such well-known cultivators as Messrs. J. Burrell and Co., B. R. Cant, Frank Cant and Co., Alex. Dickson and Sons, Paul and Son, Prior, Prince, and Stuart Low and Co. staged trade exhibits. Open Classes. The Nurserymen's Challenge Trophy for the best collection of 48 varieties was won by Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons, Newtownards, Ire- land. This winning stand was exceptionally strong in the deep-red varieties, of which there were velvety, fragrant blooms of such varieties as Earl Dufferin, Horace Vernet, and Edward Bohane. The brighter-coloured H. V. Machin and large blooms of Francois Michelon, Mildred Grant, Mrs. Edward Mawley, and the Lyon Rose were all noteworthy. 2nd, Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons. Colchester, whose collec- tion was Tich in the pink-coloured varieties, and contained in the bright-red A. Hartman the pre mier bloom shown in classes 1 to 16. There were 12 exhibits in the class for 12 varieties, three blooms of each, and the first prize was awarded to Messrs. G. and W. H. Burch for a splendid collection, in which Lady Ursula, the Lvon Rose. Mrs. T. Roosevelt. Dean Hole, and William Shean figured largely. 2nd. Mr. George Prince, Oxford, who showed the rich-red Edward Mawley and Bessie Brown in excellent condition. The bunches of decorative Roses were excel- lent, and the arrangement was very tasteful. Mr. John Mattock, Oxford, whose best vases were of Marie Van Houtte, Duchess of Welling- ton, and Lady Pirrie, won the first prize. Tin' exhibits of new Roses (varieties intro duced to commerce during the past three years) were very interesting. The first prize was won by Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons, whose best b'ooms were Mrs. H. Hawksworth, Lady Greenall, Mrs. Amy Hammond. Mrs. Foley Hobbs, and Duchess of Sutherland. Class 7 in the open division was reserved for competition amongst amateurs, irrespective of the number of plants grown. The best collection of 24 blooms was shown by Mr. W. 0. Lines, Bedford Road, Hitchin, who had fine examples of Bessie Brown, Lohengrin, Dean Hole, J. B. Clark, and Wm. Shean. The next class was open to amateurs who grow fewer than 1.000 exhibition varieties. HeTe Mr. E. F. Brown. Sussex Place, Slough, in whose stand Comtesse de Nadaillac, Dean Hole, and Mildred Grant were the finest blooms, was the most successful exhibitor. Members' Classes. The first four of the members' classes were for open competition. The City of London Cham- pionship Trophy induced excellent competition, and the winning collection of 12 blooms, shown by Mr. H. L. Wettern, 16. Water Lane, Lon- don, was magnificent. The blooms of Wm. Shean. Mrs. J. Laing, Mildred Grant, Caroline Testout, Hugh Dickson, and Yvonne Vacherot were fit for exhibition anywhere. The bloom of the last-named variety was awarded the premier prize offered in Classes 9-17. The second prize was won by Mr. L. S. Pawle, Stock Exchange, with a very creditable collection. In the classes open to growers of fewer than 1,000 plants of exhibition varieties Mr. A. C. Brown, Brookes Lodge, Reigate, showed the (best exhibit of 12 blooms, and Mr. R. DE Eschofet, 55, Holborn Viaduct, the finest col- lection of 6 blooims. Metropolitan Classes. The fir6t classes in this section were restricted to competition amongst members who grow their Roses within eight miles of the Royal Exchange. The Champion Trophy for the best 12 blooms was won by Mr. A. E. Coxhead, 10, Ambleside Avenue, Streatham, with well-set-up, beautiful blooms of such varieties as Caroline Testout, William Shean, and Florence Pemberton. The Champion Trophy offered to members within five miles of the Royal Exchange was won by Mr. R. de Eschofet, whose exhibit included a splendid bloom of Frau Karl Druschki. ROYAL AGRICULTURAL. Floral Exhibits at ths Bristol Show. July 1-5.— The horticultural section of the Royal Agricultural Society's Exhibition at Bristol was by general consent among thebest ol the Society's successes, notwithstanding that the dates clashed with those of the Holland House Show There may be no outstanding fea- ture as was the case at Norwich, when Messrs. Wallace, of Colchester, enhanced their fame by a wonderful production in the way of a sunken wall garden; but the excellence of the trade and private exhibits throughout is such that justify this high praise. As at Gloucester a few years ago, Sir George Holford, K.C.V.O., is represented by truly magnificent exhibits of Orchids and Amaryllis, the latter containing many distinct self-colours of great merit and the 'former a brilliant and extensive collection of Cattleyas; an old and seldom seen well- flowered brides odoratum ; Odontoglossums, in- cluding a fine variety named Amabile ; Brasso- Cattleya Euterpe, and many other choice plants. This magnificent exhibit of Orchids has been awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Horti- cultural Society, and the Hippeastrume the R.H.'S. Silver-Gilt Medal. In the competitive class for a group of mis- cellaneous plants occupying a space of 3oU square feet, Messrs. J. Cypher and Sons, Chel- tenham, are awarded the first prize for a de- lightful arrangement of highly-coloured foliage and flowering plants, the self tone of colour in the flowers throughout the arrangement being very telling. Mr. Holmes, of Chesterfield, is placed second for a fine collection of plants most creditably arranged. 3rd, Mr. C. J. Ellis, Weston-super-Mare. In the class for a collec- tion of Orchids, arranged for effect in a space of 100 square feet, Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Tunbridge Wells, are placed first ; 2nd, Messrs. J. Cypher and Sons. For a group of Carnations occupying 100 feet, with other foliage plants included for effect, Mr. Charles Wall, Melrose Nursery, Bath, the only competitor, is awarded the first prize. The first prize for a group of tuberous- rooted Begonias in pots, occupying a space of 100 square feet, is won by Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon, Bath, who well merited the first place, though they had no rivals. Messrs. Artindale and Son, Sheffield, are the only exhiibitors in the class for a group of hardy plants, Bamboos and Aquatics, and are awarded the first prize.. In the next class, that for a group of hardy herbaceous plants and cut flowere, arranged on a ground space 25 feet by 10 feet, the last-named firm were given third prize, the second and first being awarded to Messrs. Gibson and Co., Bedale, and Messrs. Harkness and Sons, Bedale, respectively, all three worthy exhibitors hailing from the broad- acred county. This form of staging has much to commend it, the effect created being much better than the usual talble arrangement. Mr. Charles Wall, Melrose Nursery, Bath, is placed first for cut sprays of Carnations, occupy- ing 12 feet by 5 feet space, with a light and bright arrangement, followed by the Duchess of Somerset, with Mr. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, third. One of the keenest competitions is seen in the class for 72 cut Roses, Messrs. Dickson and Sons, of Newtonards, being first, with very little dividing them from the King's Acre Nur- sery Company, who are second. The best col- lection of cut Roses in a space 15 feet by 5 feet is staged by Mr. R. Adams. White Wells Nur- series, Bath, who has fine blooms; 2nd, Messrs. G. Cooling and Sons, Bath. For Sweet Peas there was a spirited competi- tion. Messrs. King and Co., Coggeshall, are placed first; Miss Hemus, TJpton-on-Severn, second ; Mr. J. Stevenson, Wimborne, third. The Duke of Portland, Welbeck (gr. Mr. Jas. Gibson), without opposition wins the first prize for a decorative display of ripe fruit, thirty dishes in a space of 20 feet by 4 feet, with excellent Peaches and Nectarines, Figs, "King George" Melon, and Madresfield Court Grapes. Thi& exhibitor also excels in the classes for (a) four bunches of Grapes, distinct ; (6) two bunches of Black Hamburgh ; (c) two bunches of Madresfield Court; (d) two dishes of Nectarines; and (e) two dishes of Peache6. £ JulyS, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 19 Non-Competitive Exhibits Non-Competitive Exhibits, as already stated, are so numerous as to constitute the chief part of the show Large Gold Medals are awarded the follow- ing : — Sir George Holfoed, K.C.V.O., Weston- birt (1) for a group of Amaryllis, and (2) for Orchids ; Sutton and Sons, Reading, for a su- perb stand of vegetables and flowers; Geo. Mal- lett and Co., Cheddar, for a display of rock- work and plants. Gold Medals to James Carter and Co., Raynes Park, for vegetables; E. W. King and Co., Coggeshall, for Sweet Peas ; W. J. Unwin, for Sweet Peas; Young and Co., Cheltenham, for Carnations, arranged on 300 or more square feet of space, with massive pyramids in bold colours ; Stuart Low and Co., Enfield, for Orchids, Roses, and Carnations ; H. B. May and Sons, for a choice collection of Ferns ; King's Acre Nur- series, Ltd., fruit trees in pots, Apples, Lady Sudeley, James Grieve, being finely coloured ; Jefferies and Sons, Cirencester, for a collection of Conifers; Jarman and Co., Chard, for Sweet Peas, Roses, etc. ; Isaac House and Son, West- bury-on-Trym, for a collection of Alpine and herbaceous plants and flowers ; Alexander Dickson and Sons, Ltd., Newtownards, for a collection of Roses containing several novelties ; Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh, Sweet Peas, etc. ; Vernon T. Hill, Mendip Nurseries, Bristol, herbaceous and Alpine plants, etc. Silver-Gilt Medals to Blackmore and Lang- don, Bath, for a fine collection of Delphiniums; W. Artindale and Son, Sheffield, for Violas, Sweet Peas, and Roses; James MacDonald, Har- penden, for a collection of Grasses ; H. N. Ellison, West Bromwich, for a collection of Ferns; James Garaway and Co., Clifton, for a good stand of Schizanthus, Petunias and a num- ber of well-flowered Eucharis grandiflora ; Geo. Cooling and Sons, Bath, for hardy shrubs ; Godfrey and Sons, Exniouth, for Canterbury Bells, Pelargoniums, etc. ; A. J. Keeling and Sons, Bradford, for Orchids ; Parker and Sons, Bristol, for Roses, etc. ; A. Walters and Son, Bath, for herbaceous flowers, Roses, etc. ; Robert Veitch and Sons, Exeter, for a most in- teresting collection of c'hoice shrubs, which in- clude Rhododendron Falconeri, Leptospermum flavescens obcordatum, L. Nichollsii, Grevillea alpestris, G. longifolia, Ozothamnus rosmarini- folius, Celmisia Monroii, Mitraria coccinea, etc. ; A. F. Dutton, Iver, Bucks, for Carnations ; John Waterer and Sons, Ltd., Bagshot, for Kalimia latifolia, late- flowering Rhododendrons, Japanese Maples, etc., and Kelway and Son, Langport, for Delphiniums. Silver Medals to Cutbush and Sons, High- gate, N., for Carnations, Roses, etc. ; E. C. Bowell, Alpine Gardens, Cheltenham, for col- lection of Alpines ; C. J. Ellis, Weston-super- Mare, for Alpines ; Miss Hemus, Upton-on- Severn, for Sweet Peas, etc. ; J. Milburn, Vic- toria Nurseries, Bath, for Alpines, etc ; Rich and Co., Bath, for hardy cut flowers; W. Treseder, Ltd., Cardiff," for Roses, Pelar- goniums, etc. ; Geo. Massey and Sons, Spalding, for hardy cut flowers ; Col. Cary Batten, Leigh Lodge, Bristol, for a collection of Orchids; Too- good and Sons, Southampton, for a collection of choice vegetables. Awards of Merit to Young and Co., Chelten- ham, for Carnation Hon. John Boscawen, a new pretty flesh-pink, and Lady Nunburnholme, a new delicate salmon shade of pink, with petals of good substance; Rose Mrs. A. Glynn Kid- stone, a new H.T. variety of a pearly-pink colour, and R. Denis, a new flowering vermilion variety, said to be good in growth and free- flowering, shown by A. Dickson and Sons, New- townards. Awards Made by Royal Horticultural Society. Gold Medal to Sir Geo. Holford, Westonibirt (gr. Mr. Alexander), for Orchids. Silver-Gilt Medal to Sir Geo. Holford for Hippeastrums ; Blackmore and Langdon, Bath, for Begonias; Duke of Portland, Welbeck (gr. Mr. Jas Gibson), for a collection of fruit; H. B. May and Sons, Edmonton, for Ferns, and Kelway and Son, Langport, for Delphiniums. Large Silver Cups to Cypher and Sons, Chel- tenham, for a group of plants; Kingsacre Nurseries Co., Ltd., for fruit trees in pots, and Sutton and Sons, Reading, for vegetables and flowers. Silver Cups to W. Holmes, Chesterfield, for a group of plants; Harkness and Co., Bedale, for hardy herbaceous plants ; Stuart Low and Co., Enfield, for plants and cut flowers; R. Veitch and Son, Exeter, for miscellaneous plants; H. J. Ellison, West Bromwich, for Ferns; A. F. Dutton, Iver, for Carnations ; and Garaway and Co.,. Bristol, for Eucharis, etc. Silvi r Banksian Medals to A. J. Keeling and Sons, Bradford, for Orchids; Slade, Taunton, for Pelargoniums ; Parker and Sons, Bristol, for Roses ; Miss Hemus, Worcester, for Sweet Peas; and Col. Cary Batten for Orchids. Standard Cups to Mallet and Co., Cheddar, for rock plants; J. Carter and Co., Raynes Park, for vegetables ; Gibson, Bedale, for hardy plants ; Jefferies, Cirencester, for hardy shrubs ; Alex. Dickson and Sons, Newtown- ards, for Roses ; Godfrey and Son, Exmouth, for Pelargoniums, etc. ; Wall, for Carnations ; Armstrong and Brown, for Orchids, and Vernon Hill, for Sweet Peas. Silver-Gilt Flora Medal* to Dobbie and Co., Marks Tey, for Sweet Peas; Young and Co., Hatherley, for Carnations ; and Adams, Bath, for Roses. 8il m r-Gi/t Banksian Medals to E. W. King and Co., Coggeshall, for Sweet Peas; Jarman and Co., Chard, for Roses and Sweet Peas; W. J. Unwin, Hinston, Cambridgeshire, for Sweet Peas; and G. Cooling and Co., Bath, for Roses. Silver Knightian Medal to Toogood and Son, Southampton, for vegetables. Silver Flora Medals to Artindale and Co., Sheffield, for water garden; Walters and Co., for Roses ; and Kelway and Son, Langport, for Delphiniums. RICHMOND HORTICULTURAL. June 25. — For many years the summer shows of the Richmond Horticultural Society were famous for their exhibits of Roses, but then came the inevitable lean years, and for a time Roses ceased to occupy their former prominence. But it would seem that the old glory of the Richmond Roses has returned. Last year the Roses were truly magnificent, and at the show held on the above date in the Old Deer Park Roses shared with the dinner table decorations the honour of being the chief features of a successful 6how. The hardy border flowers were finely shown, and the stove and greenhouse plants were also very attractive. As compared with last year's show, the weak 6pot on this occasion was in the Sweet Pea classes ; the 1912 exhibits were exception- ally fine, but this year it must be confessed that the display was below the average. Queen Amelia of Portugal visited the show during the afternoon and made a prolonged inspection of the exhibits. Open Classes. Sir Max Waechter, Richmond (gr. Mr. H. Barfoot), was the most successful exhibitor in the class for a large group of plants. His pleasing arrangement of well-grown plants attracted a deal of admiration from the visitors. The prin- cipal flowering plants were Carnations, Cam- panulas, and Orchids. 2nd, C. M. Bartlktt, Esq., East Sheen (gr. Mr. H. Hicks). Sir Max Waechter was the only exhibitor of three varieties of Palms, and was awarded the first prize for a collection of healthy and graceful plants. The. prizes for Orchids were won by Dr. M. Lacroze and the Rev. D. L. Chandler, Ashford, Middle- sex, in the order named. Exotic Ferns were well shown, the first prize being awarded for a nice collection of large plants to Mrs. Vaughan Arbuckle, Richmond (gr. Mr. H. Lawrence) ; 2nd, Dr. M. Lacroze; 3rd. Mrs. King Farlow. The competition in the class for five stove and greenhouse foliage plants was also good ; Mrs. Arbuckle won the first prize ; 2nd, C. M. Bartt.ett, Esq. ; 3rd, E. R. W. Bennett, Esq. (M. W. Chant), Sunbury-on-Thames. The collection of Caladiums which won the first prize for Lionel Warde. Esq., Petersham (gr. Mr-. A. Allum), was composed of exceptional! v fine plants ; 2nd, C. M. Bartlett, Esq. ; 3rd, Mrs. Arbuckle. Mr. Lionel Warde also deservedly won the first prize for Coleus. The best tuberous Begonias were shown by G. Atkins, Esq., East Sheen (gr. Mr. W. J. Hill), who also won the first prize in the class for Streptocarpus. Mrs. Kino Farlow was awarded the first prize for a very good collection of Gloxinias. Roses. As already indicated, Roses were splendidly shown, and the first prize collection of 48 varie- ties, three blooms of each, shown by Messrs. R. Harkness and Co., Hitchin, was "good enough for anything"; 2nd, Messrs. B. R. Can't and Sons, Colchester ; 3, Messrs. D. Prior and Sons, Colchester. In the class for 24 varieties the premier prize was awarded to Messrs. W. and J. Brown, Peterborough; 2nd, Messrs. C. and W. H. Burch, Peterborough; 3rd, Messrs. R. Hark- ness and Co. The best 12 blooms, distinct, were exhibited by Messrs. C. and W. H. Burch, who also won the first prize for 12 blooms of any one variety ; whilst Messrs. W. and J. Brown showed the best 12 Tea Roses. The class for 24 bunches of hardy herbaceous flowers was responsible for a splendid array ; Lionel Waiiih:, Esq., was placed first with an excellent collection ; 2nd, Messrs. Massey and Son, Spalding; 3rd, Marquis of Ripon, Kingston Hill (gr. Mr. Thos. Smith). Sir Walpole Green well, Bart., Caterhara (gr. Mr. W. Lintott), was the most successful ex- hibitor of fruit. He won the first prizes offered for a collection of six dishes of fruit, for white and for black Grapes. Amateurs' Classes. In this division Roses also occupied great pro- minence, and in the two classes (for 24 and for 12 blooms, distinct), both of the first prizes were won by the Rev. Chalmers Hunt, Letchworth ; whilst the Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Havering- atte-Bower, received the second prizes. The "Carter's" prize for a collection of vege- tables was won by Miss Langworthy. The baskets of plants were again very attrac- tive, the first prize being awarded to Lionel Warde, Esq., and Sir Walpole Greenwell showed the best six dinner table plants. SOUTHAMPTON ROYAL HORTICULTURAL. June 25. — By permission of Ellen Lady Swaythling, the annual Rose Show of the South- ampton Horticultural Society was held in the grounds attached to South Stoneham House. The exhibits were not very numerous, but were of an interesting character. They were of first- class quality and included a very large number of newer varieties, many of the old favourites being almost unrepresented. There were scarcely any H. P. varieties to be seen, so much more popular have the H. T.'s become of late years. The arrangements for the show were excellent, having been made under the superintendence of the secretary, Mr. Fuidge, and the chairman of Committee, Mr. H. E. Molyneux. Twenty-seven classes for cut flowers were provided, ten being open competitions. The principal class was for forty-eight distinct varieties; there were four competitors, and an effective display was made by each. Mr. G. Prince, of Longworth, Faring- don, was first, with medium-sized specimens of a high quality. Messrs. D. Prior and Sons, of Colchester, were placed second ; their specimens were larger, but not so well coloured, though one of their blooms, Lady Barham, was so fine that it was selected as the premier bloom in the open classes. Mrs. J. Mattock, of Headington, Oxford, was third. Mr. G. Prince was also first in a class for twelve triplets, in which four exhibitors competed. Mr. J. Mattock was a good second, but his specimens were rather smaller than Mr. Prince's. In the competition for twelve Tea or Noisette Roses Mr. Prince was again placed first, with a splendid exhibit of well-coloured healthy blooms. The second place was allotted to Alex. H. Gray, Esq., Beaulieu, Newbridge, Bath, foT a very creditable exhibit. Mr. Gray won the first prize for six specimens of any yellow or white Ro6es with Mrs. Foley Hobibs; Messrs. Prior and Sons took the second prize with Bessie Brown. Six competitors entered in a class for a representa- tive group, to occupy 50 square feet ; but only two finally competed, Mr. J. Mattock being placed first, and Messrs. W. Rogers and Sons, Southampton, second. Baskets of cut Roses, in three distinct sorts, made a good display. Mr. J. Mattock won the first prize in this class with several sorts well blended ; Messrs. D. Prior and Sons came second, and Mr. G. Prince third. 20 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. fJuLY 5, 1913. Five ladies competed in the class for a decorated dining table 6 feet by 4 feet. Mrs. A. M. Burnett, Southampton, was placed first for an effective arrangement of Irish Elegance with its own foliage. Mrs. Bealing came second, hut her centre-piece of Mime. Albel Chatenay was rather too heavy for perfect Ibeauty. This lady gained the first prize for a vase of cut Ro6e6, and Mrs. Burnett was successful in the class for a Ibasket of mixed kinds, very effectively arranged. There were several classes for amateurs. For eighteen distinct varieties four competitors en- tered, and Mr. W. Jarratt Thorpe, Grans- moor, Hucclecote, Glos., won the first prize. Mr. A. H. Gray came 6econd, with rather smaller specimens; and Dr. Seaton, Lymington, was third. In the clas6 for six triplets there were five competitors. Mr. A. H. Gray won the first prize with a fine set, and was also first in the class for twelve Tea or Noisette varieties. A class for twelve distinct blooms, open only to growers of fewer than five hundred plants, was well contested. Dr. J. T. Gillett, of Andover, was placed first, with some very neat specimens. Mr. J. A. Fort, the College, Winchester, won the piece of plate which formed the first prize in the class for twelve specimens, open to growers of less than three hundred plants. Among the classes confined to the county of Hants was one for twelve distinct blooms, the prize for which is the " Allan Gunn " Cup. This was won by Mr. H. K. Molyneux, of South- ampton, five other competitors taking part. For twelve Tea or Noisette varieties Mr. AlaN Searle, of Bas6ett, was placed1 first. Mr. Moly- neux gained the first prize for six ibunche6 of decorative varieties, and Mr. A. Searle was second. In the class for a display of garden or decorative varieties Mr. F. M. Vokes, Birch Lawn, Sholing, was placed first. There were classes for a few other flowers besides Roses ; and good varieties of Sweet Peas were to be seen in the classes devoted to this flower. Messrs. Toooood and Sons offered prizes for 6ix bunches of distinct varieties. There were three entries, and the first prize was awarded to Mr. Usher, gardener to Sir Randolph Baker, Bran- stone. In the amateur class for six bunches the first prize was won by Mr. S. T. White, East- leigh. Trade exhibitswere numerous and effective. Messrs. J. K. Kino and SoNS,Coggeshall, showed a remarkably fine collection of well-grown iSweet Peas, and Messrs. B. Ladhams and Sons, Shirley, received a Silver-Gilt Medal for a fine display of hardy-cut flowers, charmingly ar- ranged, and a lange collection of Pinks, for which their firm is noted. Messrs. W. H. Rogers and Son showed Roses, hardy plants, and an effectively arranged rockery. Mr. E. J. Wootten, Eastleigh, showed numerous varieties of well-grown Carnations. CROYDON HORTICULTURAL. June 25. — For many years past unfavourable weather has attended this society's shows, but this year a shower of rain about noon was the only drawback to an otherwise perfect day. The Park Hill recreation ground, where the show was held, is admirably adapted to such a purpose. It is central in position, and the stately trees with which it is partly bordered, and the proximity of the beautiful grounds of Coombe Cliffe. greatly enhance the charm of the site. Coombe Cliffe Gardens were opened on this occasion by the kindness of Alderman Allen, and many of the visitors enjoyed a stroll through tlhem. Rose exhibits have always been made a special feature in the shows of the society, and over a dozen cups, bowls, and pieces of plate are offered in this seetion alone. This ensures keen competition, and the display of Roses shown on Wednesday is considered to have been the best ever known in the forty-six years' history of the society. The Croydon Challenge Silver Cup, which was competed for in the open class for nurserymen, was awarded to Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester. These people showed a 'collection of forty-eight distinct varieties, each perfect in its own way. Messrs. R. Harkness and Co., Hitchin, and Messrs. F. Cant and Co., Colchester, came 2nd and 3rd respectively. In the class for twenty-four distinct trebles Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons were again success- ful, and were followed by Messrs. F. Cant and Co., and Messrs. D. Prior and Sons, Colchester. The remaining classes in tihe open sections were well competed. In the section for amateurs competition was exceedingly keen. Mr. H. L. Wettern, Wara- tah, Sanderstead, was the winner of the society's Cap in the principal class, for twenty-four dis- tinct varieties ; Dr. J. E. Pallett, Earl's Colne, ■ come 2nd ; and Mr. G. C. Eversfield, Deime Park, 3rd. Mr. Wettern also gained the National Rose Society's Silver Medal for the best H. P. or H. T. Rose in the amateur's section. His choice was a H. T. " Avoca," a splendid specimen. Dr. Lamplough, Alverstoke, was also successful in gaining the Silver Medal of the National Rose Society for the best Tea Rose (amateurs) — this was a white " Maman Cochet." Besides this, he was the winner of two cups. The "Frank Cant" Challenge Cup and the " Bowman" Silver Cup were won by Dr. Pal- lett, and Mr. E. B. Lehman, Crawley, Mr. P. T. Davis, Burgess Hill, and Mr. Fred Slaughter, Steyning, were among other winners. The ladies' class for table decorations was very poorly represented, Mrs. H. L. Wettern being the only competitor. In the open class for twelve bunches of Sweet Peas the number of ex- hibitors was not large. Mr. R. J. Lemon, of Godstone, was the winner, with some very fine blooms. Mr. T. N. Collyer, gardener to Mr. A. H. Allen, Beddington, showed a very fine group of plants, and secured the 1st prize for a group of Gloxinias. Specimen plants were not very well shown ; and vegetables, probably owing to the recent drought, were not up to the usual standard. This was most evident in the cot- tagers' classes, in which the produce is usually of a very high order of merit. Trade exhibits were numerous and good, many well-known nur- serymen contributing excellent groups. After the exhibition a sale of flowers was held in one of the tents, the proceeds of which (amounting to £6 2s.) were sent to the Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund. The attendance was very good, and the grati- fying result of the exhibition is that a sum of nearly £40 has been raised, which will be de- voted to the purpose of wiping off last year's deficit. REIGATE ROSE AND SWEET PEA. June 29. — The eighth annual exhibition was held on the above date in the grounds of Brake's Lodge. Fine weather prevailed, and, as the classes were exceptionally well filled , there was a brilliant display of exhibits. The Challenge Cup offered for forty-eight distinct varieties of Roses (open to nurserymen) was won by Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., Colchester. This firm also won the Challenge Cup offered for twelve bunches of garden Roses, distinct. In the class for twenty- four distinct varieties the 1st prize was awarded to Mr. W. Hammond, Burgess Hill, who showed choice blooms of the varieties Edward Mawley, Lyon, Mrs. T. Roosevelt, Hugh Dickson, Mine. Jules Gravereaux, and Mrs. Rx>oseve!t ; 2nd, Mr. Geo. Prince, Longworth ; and 3rd, Mr. Ernest Hicks, Wallingford. Mr. Geo. Prince, Oxford, was successful in the class for eighteen distinct varieties, Teas or Noisettes, prominent blooms being Mrs. Myles Kennedy, Mime. Jules Grave- reaux, White Cochet, Med'ia, and W. R. Smith; 2nd, Messrs. Benjamin R. Cant and Sons. Intheamateurclasses the Challenge Cup offered for twenty-four distinct varieties was awarded to Mr. H. L. Wetterne. His bloom of Mine. Jules Gravereaux was awarded the. Silver Medal offered for the best bloom in the amateur classes. For twelve distinct varieties open to growers of fewer than 1,000 plants, Dr. Lamplough was successful in winning the Challenge Cup. The most successful exhibitor of Sweet Peas in the open section was Mr. Noel E. Thornton, who won the premier award in the classes for six bunches of distinct varieties, two bunches of scarlet or crimson varieties, two bunches of pink varieties, and the Challenge Cup for twelve distinct varieties. Non-competitive exhibits included a magnifi- cent display of Sweet Peas from Mr. John K. King, Coggeshall, and an exhibit of Roses from Mr. Elisha J. Hicks, Twyford. Berkshire, both of whom were awarded Gold Medals. Messrs. W. Wells and Co., Mersthom, J. Cheal and Sons, Crawley, and the Guildford Hardy Plant ■Co. showed attractive exhibits of flowers. Mr tiondenk Asplentum biforme Unhealthy : J. and A. H. The plants are infested with small thrips, which attack the crown. The pests are not readily destroyed by syringings or fumigations, and the best treatment for infested plants is to place them in a cold greenhouse, or better still, a cold frame. The pest is a tropical spe- cies ' and will not succeed under cool condi- tions. The plants may be expected to grow out of their present unhealthy condition and produce healthy fronds by the* autumn. Fir Tips Damaged : P. W. The injury is caused by the Conifer Coccus. It is too late to spray now, but next winter drench the trees thoroughly with soft soap and paraffin emul- sion. Mushroom Beds : H. H A fungus— Hypo- myces perniciosus, is causing the injury, and is present in the soil or dung. The most cer- tain remedy is to remove all the old soil and start afresh, otherwise outbreaks of the die- ease may occur from time to time. Names of Plants : Mrs. Crum. Acer Negundo (Box Elder).— W. P. 1, Holcus lanatus ; 2, Festuca duriuecula ; 3, Holcus lanatus ; 4. Loiium perenne; 5, Arrhenatherum avena- ceum ; 6, Poa trivialis ; 7, P. pratensis ; 8. Deschampsia flexuosa; 9, Festuca ovina; 10, Alopecurus pratensis; 11, Bromus mollis; 12, Holcus lanatus variegatus. — C. S. and Co. Phlox lilacina. — L. L. 1, Saxifraga Aizoon var. ; 2, Sempervium filiferum ; 3, Sedum rupestre monstrosum ; 4, Sempervivum sp., too scrappy to identify. — C. W. 1, Reve d'Or i 2, Wm. Allen Richardson ; 3, Albert Stopford ; 4, Reine Olga de Wurtemburg ; 5, Alberic Barbier. — Mr. 0. 0. Wrigley. Linum cathar- ticum. F. W. S. : Petrea volubilis. — Moselri/ : Steptosolon Jamesonii. — F. F. 1, Cattleyai luteola ; 2, Oncidium pubes ; 3, Stelis micran- tha; 4, Oncidium divaricatum. — J. D., Black- heath. The leaves sent for determination are of a type common to many plants, and it is impossible to say to what they belong. The onlv climbing plants with which we are ac- quainted that would agree with your descrip- tion are the Actinidias, of which several species are in cultivation. — C. B. G. Per- nettya mucronata. Peach Leaves Diseased : 7?. 7?. G. Shot-hole- fungus is present on the leaves. It is too late to treat the plants now. Next season spray them when the leaves are quite young with the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture. Phlox Growths : A. E. T. B. Eel-worm is present in the root. Treat the soil with gas- lime. Roses Failing : Delta. Both the soil and the plants are evidently at fault ; the flowers of named varieties would not open like wild Toses, which have no doubt developed from suckers. As you say that the plants have shed their buds the roots would seem to be defec- tive in action. This might be the result of poor or unsuitable soil, of insufficient work- ing, or an excess of strong, artificial manure. The best plan is to trench the ground next autumn to a depth of 2 or 3 feet, adding if possible some new soil. Such Roses as are healthy can then be re-planted and the stock made up with fresh plants. Four suitable varieties for standards are :— Madame Hoste (yellow), Frau Karl Druschki (white), Hugh Dickson (crimson), and Caroline Testout (pink). Vine Leaves : /. L. The injury is known as sap-warts, and is caused by the presence of too much moisture in the air. Afford the Vines plenty of ventilation. Communications Beceived— W. Newman [thanks for Is. 6d. for ll.G.O.F. box.— EDS.]— E. H.— F. E. V. _F E G.— G. J. and Son— R. S.— W. W., Newcastle- upon-Tyne-A. B. H.-R. T.-T. W.-Castell— W. H.. Euston— J. W.— J. W., Clreckendon— G. M.— J. S.— Dublin-W. T. and Co.-W. S C.-A. H. B.-C. E. V. E. M.-F. A. W.-H. F. B.-G. S.-R. W. T.- A. W.— G. H. H. W.-T. H. R.-J. A. J. B.-F, G, B,- B O u X U 'm u 4) e v •o i- « 4> H e 4) £ a & 3 < q u — ' w Q C X X < ) July 12, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 21 chlorophyll disappears and the affected leaves become yellowish, then whitish, and finally drop prematurely. In very advanced stages the disease is also noticed on the stems, causing dwarfing', yellowing and rolling, though this is not THE (Bartonm' (Kljrnttirk Ao. 1,885 —SATURDAY, JULY /.'. 1913. CONTENTS. inaectochilus at Tracy's N mseiy, Twickenham Antirrhinums Books, notices of— Flora of the Lower and ' Middle Congo Botanical Magazine Journal of Ecology The Garden Manual . . The Young Gardener . . Bulb garden, the— Some new Irises Cabbage, early Canary Islands exports . . Chicory cultivation in Belgium i Irystal Palace, the Edraianthus Flowers in season Fruit buds not flowering Fruit crops, spring frosts and the . . Gibson, Mr. James Harvest weather forecasts Law note — Railway and canal com- mission Market fruit garden, the Plum trees, second bios- Bomingof R.Il.s. Daflfodil show, 1914 Rosary, the— RoBes at Messrs. M. Peruet-Ducher's nur- sery Rose Ciflsie Easlea Societies Horticultural Club Liinn.au . . Manchester and North of England Orchid .. National Carnation and Picotee National Hose North of England Hort. Royal Horticultural 33, Wolverhampton Floral Fete Sweei Pea, diseases of the Truffaut, ML, honour for Watering plants Week's work, the — Apiary, the Flower garden, the Fruits under glass Hardy fruit garden, the Kitchen garden, the . . Orchid houses, the Plants under glass York Gala, reminiscences ILLUSTRATIONS. Anthracnose disease on leaf of Sweet Pea, 24; on stem and flowers, 25 Apple affected with Anthracnose disease Collar-rot or Wilt disease Of Sweet Pea Kdraianthus dalmaticus and E. Pumilio Eel worms causing galls on roots of Sweel Peas Leaves of sweet Pea affected with mosaic disease Mosaic disease i if sweet Pea Nodules on Sweet Pea roots caused bj bacteria Root-rot Of Sweet Pea eaused bj Fusariuin, 23; by Thielavia, 22 : by Rhizoctonia, 23 Rose Queen Mary DISEASES OF THE SWEET PEA. THE object of this paper is two-fold. First, to describe certain diseases of the Sweet Pea; second, to add to some topics of discussion in the horti- cultural press. From these discussions and from correspondence which we have carried on, it is evident that English gardeners are very much alert to the diffi- culties which beset the growing of Sweet Peas. The American growers are be- ginning to realise that the failure in Sweet Pea culture cannot be attributed always to the ravages of the green aphis or to overfeeding, but that there are also definite disease factors to be taken into account. These are in the form of fungous and bacterial parasites which are capable of producing various diseases. We shall therefore enter at once into a discussion of some of these diseases. The Mosaic Disease. This disease is readily recognised by the yellow dotting or mottling of the leaves, hence the name mosaic (see figs. 8 and 9). In varieties with thick leaves this mottling is associated with curling; a cessation of growth results, but later the plant may overcome the disease. In varieties with delicate and thin leaves the yellow mottling ■soon reaches a state where much of the Fig. 8. — the mosaic disease. dwarfing of plant and rolling of leaves, chabactbristic symptoms. common. The mosaic disease affects the seedlings at an early stage, and for some time keeps pace with the growth borne on comparatively long ones, they have their petals curled and distorted, and the natural colour of the blossom is faded. All varieties, with the exception per- haps of the Cupid or dwarf varieties, are subject to the disease; but some sorts are much more severely affected than others. It is not uncommon to see in- fected plants so badly diseased as to be unable to make any further growth. In the majority of cases under our observation, however, infected plants outgrow the disease entirely, showing a distinct line of demarcation between the early affected parts and the healthy, new growth made at a later period. Other leguminous plants which suffer from a similar mosaic disease are the Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and several forage species of Lathyrus. The mosaic disease of the Sweet Pea may be induced artificially by thrusting a sterile needle from an infected into a healthy plant. The check punctures re- main free. Under field conditions the green aphids appear to be active agents in the distribution of the disease. The malady may be reproduced on healthy plants' in the laboratory by transferring stem mothers of green aphids from infected plants to healthy ones. In twelve to fifteen days the typical mosaic appears. The mosaic disease can- not, however, be reproduced when the stem mothers are free from — that is, not carry- ing— the disease, which shows that the mosaic is not a disease which is induced by the puncture of aphids but that the aphids are carriers of the disease. The mosaic, therefore, is a contagious disease, although all attempts to discover the organism have as vet failed. The mosaic affects green- house plants as well as those in the garden. Root Rot Caused by Thielavia. Chittenden* and Masseet have suspected the fungus Thielavia basicola to be the cause of" " Streak." This latter disease we have shown to be of bacterial origin, and related to a bacterial disease of the clovers. Plants severely infected with Thielavia have practically little or no root system, since the latter is destroyed by the fungus as rapidly as the roots appear. Whatever root system be present is of a stubby nature, charred in appear- FlG. 9. — THE MOSAIC DISEASE. SHOWING THE CURIOUS MOTTLING OF THE LEAVES. of the plant. Infected seedlings or older plants often show a curling of the youngest leaves, suggesting the rolling due to green aphids (see fig. 8). Badly diseased plants often bear flowers, but the blooms occur either on very short peduncles, or, ;f anoe (see fig. 11 at x). The fungus sometimes works up on the stem to a dis- * Chittenden, F. J., " Diseases of the Sweet Pea," Sweet PeaAnminl, 14 24, 1912, Eng. t Massee, George, "A Disease of Sweet Peas, Asters and other Plants— Thielavia basicola Zopf., Roy. M. Garden, Km, Bid., Miscl. Inf., 44-52, 1912. 22 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 12, 1913. tance of 2 to 3 inches above ground, but never to the extent of invading the entire stem. It is probably due to this blackened appearance of the roots and of the stem nearest the ground that some workers have mistaken this disease for the well-known "Streak" disease. Chittenden, in his report to the National Sweet Pea Society of England, gives an accurate descrip- tion of the " Streak," so that there can be no doubt but that he had the disease healthy Sweet Pea seedlings have been readily infected by placing the Thielavia fungus on the roots of plants growing in sterile soil. In two to three weeks the roots were thoroughly diseased. Over- watering was not found necessary to bring about infection, although such treat- ment as well as injury to the roots favour the fungus in its activity. The fungus Thielavia basicola is a very common source of seed-bed trouble in Root Rot Caused bt Rhizoctonia. This fungous disease is common to many seedlings, namely, Lettuce, Tomato, Tobacco, Pea and others. Like the culi- nary Pea, the Sweet Pea in its early stages is also subject to the disease. The fungus is known as Rhizoctonia and also Corticum vagum. Severely infected plants have practically no root system (see fig. 12 b). In less in- fected plants only one or two rootlets may be destroyed. By the layman this disease may be confused with the stem rot, a de- scription of which follows. It differs from the latter in its browning effects on the Fig. 11. — root rot caused by thielavia. comparing root systems of healthy plant with diseased plants same age. Fig. 10. — root rot caused by thielavia. contrasting healthy with diseased plant same age. well in mind — that is, he described it as a stem disease. The Thielavia disease, as already mentioned, is not a stem but a root disease. Chittenden seemed to have been unable to infect healthy Sweet Pea seedlings with the fungus Thielavia basicola under nor- mal conditions of growth. It was only when his plants were subjected to over- watering that the fungus became an active parasite. In our own inoculation experiments, tobacco and trucking districts in the United States. Undoubtedly this fungus is common in the gardens of Great Britain, which explains its occurrence on the roots of plants attacked by "Streak." Plants infected with Thielavia basicola do not quickly die ; they may linger for a long time, or indeed sometimes throughout the entire growing season. However, such infected plants remain very dwarfed, and are practically useless for flower pro- duction. roots, and in severe cases in the total de- struction of the root. The latter disease rots the stem at or near the surface of the ground. Stem or Collar Rot. This is usually a seedling disease, al though it may attack plants of all ages. Like the Rhizoctonia rot it attacks many different kinds of seedlings. This trouble is most severe in houses poorly ventilated and in beds over-watered or lacking proper drainage, and in damp places out- of-doors. The disease spreads very quickly, and is soon fatal. Affected plants first show a wilting of the tip and flagging of the leaves, and then the July 12, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 23 seedlings fall over and collapse (see fig. 13). The cause of this disease is a fungus (Sclerotinia libertiana), which also causes Fig. 12. — root rot caused by rhizactonia. (a) HEALTHY, (6) DISEASED. a drop disease of Lettuce and of other plants. The fungus does not seem to at- tack the roots, but penetrates the collar of the stem and completely invades the usually have a water-soaked appearance, later to be overrun with a white weft, which is merely the mycelium of the fungus ; this is followed by sclerotia (fruiting bodies), which are found scat- tered here and there on or within the affected stems. The fungus is a soil organism which occasionally caiises root trouble on clover. It is sometimes intro- duced with animal manure. Fusarium Wilts, or Root Rots. Another form of root rot is that caused by two species of the fungus Fusa- rium. The fungi are distinct and yet pro- duce the same symptoms in disease, namely, that of a wilt and root rot. Each Fusarium when once introduced is a per- sistent soil organism. Seeds ger- minate normally, and everything looks promising for a good stand. However, when the seedlings reach the height of about 8 to 10 inches they suddenly wilt, fall over, and collapse (see fig. 14). Seedlings thus affected may be readily pulled out, the central woody region easily slipping out from the bark or cam- bium which has been rotted by the fungus. If the collapsed seedlings are allowed to remain on the ground the stems will soon be found covered with the sickle-shaped spores of the fungus. The rotted seedling becomes a breeding place for small flies which infest decaying organic matter. These spread the spores of the fungus from infected to healthy plants. Rain and running water also distribute this disease. These species of Fusarium are as yet un- determined; however, more work is in progress on them. Root Galls (Eel Worms). The presence of eel worms is character- ised by small swellings on the roots. These Fig. 13. — collar rot or wilt (sclerotinia) — (a) healthy plants in sterile soil, (b) and (c) infected seedlings. creating a beaded appearance (see fig. 17). These galls cannot be mistaken for the normal root nodules of leguminous plants (see fig. 18), as the latter are consider- ably larger and lobed, while the former «ft- vessels of the plants, thus clogging the upward flow of the water from the roots to the stem. Freshly collapsed plants are either formed singly, thus giving the roots the appearance of a minute swelling, or they run in pairs or in strings, 'thus Fig. 14. — fusarium wilt or root rot. (a) healthy plants in sterile soil, (b) wilted seedlings in soll infected with disease. are small and elongated. Affected plants stop growing and show a1 dwarfed and sickly appearance. Such plants may pro- duce a few blooms which are of little value since they are borne on small peduncles. The disease is not often met with in the field, but it is a common greenhouse trouble. Sometimes the disease is mani- fested in spots which gradually spread , at other times the entire bed is uniformly infested, and the prospect of a crop of blooms cannot be realised. The cause of the root gall is one of the eel worms (Heterodera radicicola), a com- mon root trouble in greenhouses on Roses, Violets, Carnations, Begonias, Lettuces, Cucumbers and Tomatos. The eel worm is introduced in the greenhouise with infected soil or manure. Bud Drop, or Failure to Set Blossoms. A common trouble in the culture of Sweet Peas for market and show purposes is the failure of apparently healthy and rapidly-growing plants to complete the bud development. The bud appears, but quickly withers, finally dropping. Hence the term "bud drop" well describes this behaviour. It results from the use of a too highly nitrogenous food ration. That is, the trouble is one of nutrition, in which the mineral elements are too low, especially phosphorus and potaissium. We have successfully controlled this trouble within one week by the application of phosphoric acid and sulphate of potash along the row. 24 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 12, 1913. Anthracnose. The symptoms of a disease known as Anthracnose are diverse. Sometimes it attacked and die. On the leaves the dis- ease starts as whitish spots, which enlarge and involve the entire area (see fig. 16). Fig. 15. — bitter hot of apple caused by anthracnose. is manifested in a wilting or dying of the (tips, which become whitish and brittle and Such infected leaves become brittle, soon drop. Examination of an and in- fected leaf with a hand lens shows that it is peppered with minute salmon- coloured pustules. At the time of blos- soming the fungus makes its attack on the peduncle at the point of union with the buds, in this case producing bud-drop, the bud hangs wittingly from the peduncle, or the fungus attacks both the flower bud and the peduncle, in which case both dry up but do not fall off. The most easily distinguishable symptoms of this disease are on the seed pods. Infected pods lose their green colour, become shrivelled, and are soon covered with salmon-coloured patches which can- not fail to attract attention. The cause of the anthracnose is the fungus Glo- merella rufo-maculans (B) Sp. and Vsch. the Sweet Pea and vice versa, in each case reproducing the typical symptoms of the diseases. The anthracnose, like the " Streak," is of great economical importance. When once introduced into a field the disease spreads rapidly, often destroying the Fig. 18. — sweet pea nodules caused by nitrogen-fixing organism. entire crop. Unlike the " Streak " the an- thracnose may attack young seedlings ; this sometimes being the case in green- house conditions. In field conditions the disease starts about July 1, when the plants are in their bloom and in the prime of beauty. This is also the time Fig. 16.— the anthracnose disease on sweet pea leaf. Fig. 17. SWEET PEA ROOTS AFFEI.TED WITH EEL WORM. readily break off. At other times the dying works downwards, and involves the entire (branch. Frequently also the leaves are This fungus causes also the bitter rot of Apple and the ripe rot of Grapes. Cross inoculations by Sheldon J and by one of us§ have definitely proven that the fungus can go back and forth from the Apple to t Sheldon. J. L., "Concerning the Identity of the Fungi Causing the Anthracnose of the Sweet Pea and the Bitter Hot of the Apple," science, N.S., 25, 51-52, 1905. § Tauhenhaus, J. J., "A Study of some Ulceosporiums and their Relation to a Sweet Pea Disease," rimlupath., 1, 196, to. v., 1911. Taubenhaus, J. J., " A Further Study of some Glueosporiuins and their Relation to a Sweet Pea Disease," Phytopath., 2, 153-160, 1912. when the bitter rot disease of the Apple (see fig. 15) makes its appearance in the orchard. The fungus is carried over win- ter on cankered limbs and mummied fruits of diseased Apples, or on the diseased podls and seeds of the Sweet Pea and also in the soil. Powdery Mildew. The powdery mildew is a very prevalent disease on greenhouse Sweet Peas and on July 12, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 25 irrigated fields or on low land or where the plants are grown too thickly. Ordinarily, however, in small garden lots, and especi- ally where the plants do not receive any water, the disease is practically unimpor- tant since the attack is usually very mild during the active growing season, though it becomes somewhat more abundant when the plants have passed all usefulness. Massee attributes the Sweet Pea1 mildew in England to Erysiphe polygoni. Thus far only the conidal or oidium stage has drawn from the noe-sncce6s of such, a cross. For instance, it is known, that Sir Michael Foster tried many times to obtain hybrids of Iris tectorum, and similar attempts were also made in the south of France, where there is usually more chance of obtaining sound seed6 of Irises than in our variable climate. These at- tempts remained fruitless, and it 6eemed as though I. tectorum would not unite with any other species. More recently, however, its pollen has fertilised the Loppio variety of I. cengialti and also a form of I. chamaeiris. In both these cases the resultant plants are puny — at any rate in England, though I hear Fig. 19. — the anthracnose disease on sweet pea stem and blossoms. been found in the United States, so that the identity of the fungus here is ae yet not definitely established. /. /. Tauben- haus and Thos. F. Manns, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Delaware College Experiment Station, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A. THE BULB GARDEN. SOME NEW IBISES. The hybridisation of species is at best an unsatisfactory pursuit. It may be argued that the success or failure of attempts at crossing plants which seem to be only very distantly related to one another may throw some light on the real relationship between them, but it is at least doubtful whether any inference can be that I. Loptec is doing well in Herault. More- over, they have proved so far to be sterile both to their own pollen and also to the pollen of either parent. It is, however, a curious fact that such plants go to the trouble of forming capsules in which the seeds do not develop. Even a hybrid between 6uch apparently close relations as I. Korolkowii and I. stolonifera pro- duces huge capsules 5 inches long which con- tain not a single seed, though the meaning of this apparent waste of energy is haTd to see. It i6 possible that hybridisation only has a stunting and debilitating effect when species are used that are really widely separated. At any rate, several instances of hybrids which are far more vigorous than either of their parents have oc- curred here this year. Early in May I was surprised to see that a number of plants which were producing masses of narrow leaves and which had the appearance of being some form of I. sibirica had no signs of flower steni6, as all the other sibiricas had. Closer examination showed, however, that numbers of spike6 were developing, and I looked with some mriosity to the reference for the number on the label. To my astonishment the plants came from a cross between I. tenax, a Californian species, and I. Wilsonii, the taller of the two yellow-flowered relatives of I. sibi- rica, introduced a few years ago from China. At the beginning of this month these plants were literally covered with flower-spikes and were the most vigorous and floriferous in my garden, each seedling plant producing twenty or more stems. The leaves are of a pale green, distinctly ribbed, about 3 feet long 'by % inch wide, linear in the lower part and then taper- ing gradually to a point. The stems are a little longer than the leaves — or, at any rate, rise above their drooping tips — and are slender and wiry. They are not, however, solid like those of I. tenax, but have .a small hollow running down the centre, a feature which is character- istic of I. Wilsonii. In the vast majority of cases the 6tem6 bear a single terminal head of two flowers, though a lateral flower occasionally develops about 4 or 6 inches below. The spathes are long and narrow, as are those of both the parent plants, and are persistently green even when the floweT6 have withered The flowers resemble in shape those of I. tenax, except that the standards are not erect but incline outwards, though not to the extent of those of I. Wilsonii. It is remarkable that the flowers have that curiously mottled appear- ance which is also found in another hybrid between the sibirica and the Californian groups — namely, I. Olarkei crossed with 'pollen of I. Douglasiana. On the falls the white ground is nearly obscured by suffused colour from the close-set, deep-purp'e veins. Near the end of the styles the ground colour becomes a deep yellow or orange, as in the case of I. Wil- sonii. The standards have to a remarkaible ex- tent the curious mottled appearance, an effect which is apparently produced by red-purple veins and suffused colour on a slightly bluer ground. The short perianth tube is purple ae in the mother plant, and what is more surprising is that the plants are apparently fertile even to their own pollen. At any rate, the capsules are now swelling and have not the puffy ap- pearance that usually betrays the absence of contents. Another instance of a hybrid which sur- passes in vigour both its parents comes also from I. tenax, the pollen-parent being in this case I. Purdyi. This has leaves of considerable substance and a polished upper surface, not un- like those of I. Douglasiana, about 2 feet long by i inch wide. The leaves do not stand erect, but droop gracefully round the stems, which are about 12 or 15 inches high, closely covered with large tract-like leaves which entirely con- ceal it. In some cases there is a lateral branch of some inches in length besides the terminal head of two flowers. The flowers are in shape not unlike those of a large I. tenax, being veined with a faint pinkish-mauve on a white ground. In strong sun the colour soon fade6 to a soft grey, and the old and the new flowers thus form a striking contrast. Thi6 plant pro- duced apparently fertile pollen, and capsules are now developing with even' appearance of being sound. It is curious that some Irises seem to pro- duce true albinos, which breed true, such as I. tectorum alba and I. orientalis alba, which is largely grown under the name of Snow Queen, while others produce white flowers from which indications of the purple shade are not entirely absent. Of these latter, obvious ex- amples are the albo-purpurea variety of I. laevigata and the white form of the true Euro- pean sibirica. The flowers of the latter have usually some slight tinge of mauve, and that the purple element is theTe has been strikingly proved by hybridising one of these white sibi- ricas with the yellow I. Wilsonii. The resultant plants are very similar to true sibiricas. The J6 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 12, 1913. tall, hollow stems raise their head of three or four flowers well above the foliage, and the colour of the flowers is, as far as I know, en- tirely new among sibiricas. The falls have rounded blades, which are held out stiffly and not allowed to droop. They are veined with paie 6ky-blue on a creamy white ground, which near the margin is entirely obscured by suffused colour from the veins. Near the end of the styles the white ground is more conspicuous and the veins become violet. Further back still the ground becomes yellow, and the yellow colour of the haft of the talks contrasts with the blue of the styles and standards. This plant seems also to be readily fertile, though it still Temain6 to be seen whether the capsules now developing will contain sound 6eed. The hybrids are very vigorous, for each seedling plant has produced from ten to twenty flower stems. A hybrid which is distinctly less desirable than either of its parents has resulted from the crossing of I. chrysographes with pollen of I. Forrestii. The plant is very similar to I. chryso- graphes, but the wonderful velvety richness of the latter has given place to a violet-blue colour. The flower retains, however, the bright yellow reticulations on the falls, from which I. chryso- graphes takes its name. Another new hybrid, which it is unnecessary to describe beyond 6aying that it is an excep- tionally vigorous sibirica, with as many as eight flowers on a 6tem, has resulted from cross- ing I. Wilsonii with pollen of typical I. sibirica. The shape of the flowers is somewhat different, especially in the standards, which are unusually large; but in other ways the influence of I. sibirica seem6 to have entirely dominated that of the Chinese mother- It will be interesting to see whether the plants prove to be fertile and what the second generation will give us. W. B. Dykes, Charterhouse, Godalmina. THE ROSARY. EOSE CISSIE EASLEA. This variety is one of the latest Pernetiana novelty. The great fault of many yellowish Roses is that the older flowers turn nearly white, but this is not so in the variety under notice, for even during the very hot weather recently experienced the petals retained their lovely Naples-yellow colour. The bud is de- lightful ; it is even more shapely and richer in tint than that of the variety Arthur R. Good- win. I am of the opinion that Cissie Easlea will replace Madame Ravary and Le Progres as a yellow bedding Rose ; indeed, I know of nothing to equal it for coIout effect. The blooms are carried erectly, and the plants are vigorous growers. The foliage is of a bronzy-green colour and glistening as in Rayon d'Or. M. PERNET-DUCHER'S ROSES. Lyons is the Mecca of the rosarian. I had long promised myself a visit to my friend M. Claude Pernet, but it was only this season that I was able to go and to feast my eyes on the world-renowned Roses of his father, M. Pernet- Ducher. On my way to Lyons I passed through the ancient, picturesque town of Dijon. My thoughts irresistibly travelled back to the early days when the Gloire de Dijon was the most popular variety grown. Indeed, it is not so very long ago that a vote was taken as to the m06t popular Rose, and the Gloire de Dijon headed the list. On arriving at Lyons I was met by M. Claude Pernet (who speaks English excellently), and we proceeded together to the village of Venissienx, where he lives. It was too late to see the Roses the same evening, but I was promised a view the next morning, before breakfast, if the weather was fine. After a night of sound 6leep I awoke before six to find the sun shining brightly. I got up at once, and was pleased to find my friends astir already. They believe in early rising, and the Rose-bud- ding is done while the day is still cool, the workmen being allowed two hours for luncheon — time for a really good rest. Notebook in hand, we made our way to the seedling quarters, where a perfect blaze of colour rewarded our inspection. Among other lovely varieties, a mass of Madame Edouard HeTriot provided a feast of glorious tints ; no wonder everyone is so anxious to grow this beautiful Rose. I noticed many first-rate varieties among the seedlings, bearing the now well-known characteristics of the Pernetiana tribe, the large 6pines and glistening foliage. As I looked at the original plant of Soleil d'Or, it seemed wonderful to think that all the novel- ties around me owed their origin directly or indirectly to this one marvellous cross. There were some seedlings with colours even deeper than that of Sunburst, and larger blooms than Souvenir de Gustave Prat. Others had the same golden ground and scarlet markings as Rayon d'Or, with more elongated buds. Few had been christened as yet, most of them being known only by number. There were novelties innumer- able— some with blossoms of bright 6carlet, others of the deep crimson of Louis van Houtte, others again imitating the glorious tints of Mme. Edouard Herriot. There is a large glasshouse filled entirely with seedlings raised this year, all in the best possible condition. As I saw the "Wizard of Lyons" moving quietly about among his flower6, gathering for pollen and crossing the blossoms, I was struck by his un- assuming, modest manner. There was no osten- tation in this man who had given so many and such fine novelties to the world. There is much bon camaraderie among the Lyons growers. They are all on the most cordial terms with each other, and will freely help any one of their number who may be back- ward with his budding. We paid a visit to M. Guillot's famous gardens ; the proprietor was himself away, but Mme. and Mile. Guillot (whom I happened to have met in Ireland last year) gavo us a very kind reception and showed us over the grounds. We saw some very in- teresting Roses, including some seedling Wichu- raiana6. We al6o visited M. Dubrieul, who is the raiser of several Polyantha Roses, and M. Chambard, an experienced grower, who showed us some very good seedlings, including a new Frau Karl Druschki — more double than the type, with a lemon-coloured shading — which he is going to call Mile. Louise Cratte. On another day we went to see M. Bernaix's nur- series, and I was pleased to see some almost forgotten varieties in the extensive collection grown there. The soil is very stony, and I marvelled how Roses could grow there at all. We visited the Pare de la Tete d'Or, where there is a splendid collection of old Roses. On seeing this collection I (felt more con- vinced than ever that we ought to have in England a public Rose garden. In the Tete d'Or there were numerous narrow beds contain- ing one plant of a variety, and every plant labelled accurately and legibly. At Kew Gardens there are great masses of a single variety — very effective as bedding, but such beds are not nearly so useful or informative as the arrange- ment at Tete d'Or. I found the old Madame Knorr, and many another friend of earlier days — beautiful in their way and far more fragrant than the newer sorts. Experience. Horticultural Club : Excursionto Friar Park.— We are now able to print particulars of the excursion announced on p. 439, vol. liii. The party will leave Paddington in first-class saloon carriages on the 24th inst. at 9.57 a.m., and proceed to Marlow Station. Sir Frank Crisp's launch will be in waiting at Marlow to convey the party by river to Henley, where the president will entertain the visitors at lunch in the boat- house. After luncheon inspection will be made of Friar Park gardens. Before joining the launch again, en route for Caversham lock, Reading, the company will again partake of the president's hospitality at tea. From Reading the return journey to Paddington will be made by rail. Ap- plications for tickets should be made to the Hon. Treasurer, Sir Harry Veitch. THE MARKET FRUIT CARDEN. From May 12 to July 1, a period of seven weeks, the rainfall at my station amounted to only 0.83 in., rain having been measured on no more than eleven days, and in minute quanti- ties, except on one occasion, when the fall was just a quarter of an inch. Most parts of the coun- try have been less unfortunate in this connection ; but generally last month was one of the driest of Junes. Results were all the worse on account of the severe drought having followed a flood of rain for a prolonged period ; for when that is the case the land is converted from a state of mud to a consistency approaching that of burnt bricks. For all classes of vegetation the trial was a very severe one, while for many it was almost fatal. Moreover, at the time of writing, the trial is not finished. A little rain fell on the evening of July 2 ; but it amounted at my station to only one-tenth of an inch.* Drought and Fruit Crops. To describe the effects of the drought on corn and vegetable crops would be beyond the scope of my notes. In relation to fruit those effects are very serious. The Strawberry crop gave a good first picking, but fell off immediately after- wards, giving a total yield below the average, and very much less than early prospects indicated. To myself this is not a matter of importance, as 1 do not grow Strawberries for market. I do grow Black Currants extensively, however, and my estimate is that the drought reduced my crop by at least four tons, as the berries were only about two-thirds of their proper size. This is not all the injury, however, for the hard- baked condition of the soil has prevented the shoots that should bear next year's crop from making normal extension. Young bushes parti- culai-ly present a stunted and starved appear- ance, the liberal dressing of artificial manure applied to them never having had a good chance of getting down to their roots. The Raspberry crop has been injured to a still greater extent, so that the yield of fruit will prove comparatively small, and the young canes for next season's crop will be stunted un- less an abundant rainfall occurs speedily. Both Apples and Plums have suffered more or less from lack of moisture. The swelling of the fruits has been checked severely, and their drop- ping will be increased. The drought penetrated the soil all the more deeply on account of its cloddy condition after cultivating and hoeing. In an ordinary season these operations would have formed a drought-resisting mulch of fine soil, which is lacking this season. The ArHis Blight. It is hardly necessary to say that the effects of the drought are particularly serious on trees which have been smothered with aphides. The pest has now left Plums, after sapping the vitality of a large proportion of the foliage, which has turned brown, giving the trees a very unhealthy appearance. The case is similar with Apples, particularly in relation to the foliage around the fruits. The latter are small where the aphis has been, and in some cases they have turned yellow, and will either drop off or prove nearly worthless. Beauty of Bath, a special favourite of the aphis, has suffered more than any other variety that I grow. Quite a large number of the fruits have become yellow or even striped where the trusses were smothered with aphides. They are ripening prematurely, and will not swell to any considerable extent, while most of them will drop. This variety is much given to dropping, even in a normal season, and this year it will be more so than usual. Since these notes were written a fall of 0*40 inch of rain hasoeenrred. This is the greatest quantity registered at my station since April 29. It cannot fail to do a great amount of good to angathered fruit crops. July 12, 1913.] IRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 27 But what grieves me most is the effect of aphis blight on young trees, and particularly on those of Beauty of Bath. Last year a field of Apples in the third season from the planting was very badly infested, in spite of spraying, and many trees had to be cut back severely in the winter pruning in order to get to wood buds below the dwarfed and twisted parts injured by the pest. This season the new wood of some varieties has suffered another severe attack, Beauty of Bath again being the most unfortunate victim- Some trees of this variety present an almost hopeless appearance, and it will prob- ably be deemed advisable to replace them with fresh trees. Top-Grafting Apple Trees. Nothing impressed me more forcibly in my recent visits to Kent orchards than the extent to which top-grafting had been practised. The best growers appear to have recourse to the operation on slight provocation. If a variety does not give them fair satisfaction in growth, fruiting, or price of produce, they cut the trees back and top- graft them. Equally striking is the fact that in the great majority of instances the variety chosen to provide scions was Bramley's Seedling. In the course of a few years there will be immense supplies of Bramleys in the markets from the great number of top-grafted trees. If anything will "cut-out" the swamping supplies of Ameri- can and Canadian Apples in our markets to any considerable extent, it will be a liberal supply of Bramley's Seedling fruit kept over Christmas. The Apple Sawfly. Many varieties of Apples are badly infested with the maggots of the Apple sawfly (Hoplo- campa testudinea) this season. In thinning the fruits numbers of Apples containing the maggots have been picked off the trees, placed in bags, and burnt. This appears to be the only satisfactory method of dealing with the destructive pest, at least if it be true that arsenical spraying is of no avail against it. Why the poison does not kill the maggots, as it kills the larvae of the Codlin moth, is not at all c'ear. Perhaps the reason is that the period during which the maggots enter the fruit is not as clearly defined as is that of the other pest. The varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Worcester Pearmain are special sufferers from the attack in my orchards : but many other varieties have suffered more or less. Unfortunately, Apple thinning (which my workpeople curiously term " slightening ") has been stopped for a time by the necessity of em- ploying all available hands in the picking of Black Currants. A Doubtful Point. So far as my reading enables me to judge, no definite period has been given by any authority as the latest time at which a fresh shoot resulting from pruning may start without the risk of the new growth being cut off by the frosts of winter. In summer pruning it is usual to avoid the cutting back of any leaders left for extension growth, deferring that operation until the winter pruning ; but if a shoot arising from the cutting of a branch at the present time will survive the winter, it wrould be an advantage to cut it in certain cases. For example, Apple shoots of this year's growth infested with aphides, and covered with curled leaves, might be cut back with advantage, if the new shoots proceeding from the bud or buds just below the cuts will not be liable to injury from winter frosts. In summer pruning it has been found advantageous to strip off the curled leaves in- fested with aphides ; but cutting-back would be better, if it can be done without the risk named above. The experiment is being tried on some of the most badly infested trees at the present time. Much valuable information on the summer pruning of fruit trees was published in Gard. Chron., June 22, 1907, when correspon- dents gave their experience not only upon the general results of the practice, but also in regard to the best dates to commence the work in their particular localities. Southern Grower. NOTICES OF BOOKS. Flora of the Lower and Middle Congo.* The classical saying, "Always something new from Africa," still holds good in the vegetable kingdom, though few striking or singular new types have been discovered quite recently. For many years there have been four specially active centres of publication of new African Plants, namely, Berlin, the British Museum, Brussels, and Kew, and, in a lesser degree, Paris. Kew led the way in the early sixties of the last cen- tury with Gustav Mann's excellent collections from the tropical and temperate zones of the Cameroon region and some of Welwitsch's novel- ties from Portuguese West Africa, followed by Speke and Grant's Nile Plants and the beginning of Oliver's Flora of Tropical Africa, still being continued under the editorship of Sir William Thiselton-Dyer. The Belgian or Brussels contributions are almost confined to the Congo, and are mostly the work of De Wildeman and the late Th. Durand. Their works are illustrated by some 400 quarto plates, and the part before us is the third and conclud- ing part of the third volume of De Wildeman's Etudes. It includes additions to the Fungus- Flora and to nearly the whole of the families of Flowering Plants represented in tropical Africa. In this connection De Wildeman states there aro types in foreign herbaria of at least 500 species from within the limits of his labours, which are unrepresented by authenticated specimens in the Brussels herbarium. The African species of the genus Dioscorea have engaged the attention of botanists of all the nationalities named above, notably of Dr. A. Chevalier (who has travelled widely in tropical Africa), both for syste- matic and economic reasons. In the work under notice De Wildeman describes about a score of new species, illustrated by seventeen plates. Chevalier refers a larger number of the forms cultivated in tropical Africa to D. prehen- silis of Bentham (D. cayenensis, Lam.), but, as De Wildeman observes, his classification is per- haps open to revision. D. prehensilis was founded on African specimens collected by Vogel, and Chevalier identifies this with the American D. cayenensis. Of this he distinguishes a score of varieties from Dahomey and fifteen from Baouli, on the Ivory Coast. These varieties are distinguished by the size, shape and colour of the tubers, by the presence or absence of spines on the stems, and by the shape and colour of the leaves. While admitting that much remains to be done before a satisfactory classification of the African Dioscoreas could be attempted, De Wildeman discusses and criticises Chevalier's choice of characters. He also illustrates and amplifies an earlier description of the root spines of his D. Liebrechtsiana, and raises some in- teresting questions as to their biological import- ance. Some particulars of these organs by Dr. D. H. Scott will be found in the Annals of Botany for 1897. Several of the new species de- scribed by De Wildeman yield edible tubers, and this general contribution to our knowledge of the genus is a very valuable one, even to showing how much remains to be done. W. B. H. The Younq Gardener^ The object of this little book is to interest children in garden operations, so that they may work the more proficiently and keenly in their school gardens. Each chapter, which deals with some special aspect of gardening, is supplemented by a series of questions and answers relating to the subject of the chapter. Excellent judgment has been exercised in the selection of the subjects, and considerable art is shown in the simple style in which the chap- ters are written. * Etudes de. SysKmatique et de Geogravhie Botaniquef nar Emile De Wildeman : Annates du Musee du Congo Beige. Botanini'e, Eerie 5, lome iii., fascicule lii., pp. 317- 533; tt. 50-68. Bruxelles. t Th' Young Gardener. An Elementary Guide to the First. Principle? of Cottart Gardening. By the Countess of Selborne. (London : Edward Arnold.) 4d. Occasionally, however, the writer falls into the error of giving wrong explanations of correct observations, as, for example (p. 13), in stating as a reason for draining soil that " plants get cold if they are kept too wet." Similarly, on pp. 17 and 18, with respect to seed saving, it is risky advice to recommend 'the children to collect their own seed unless the necessary precautions are indicated. Nevertheless, and, although we cannot sub- scribe to all the writer's statements as, for example, that only Crab Apples arise from seed of a cultivated kind (p. 23), we can offer our sincere congratulations to the writer on the general excellence of the booklet. It lacks al- together the stuffiness which is not rare in more pretentious garden books, and it betrays evi- dence that it is written by a keen gardener and a born teacher. We feel sure that the children whom she is addressing will listen to the lessons. The Garden Manual.: This is a new and revised edition of a very old, very practical, and very unpretentious book issued from the Journal of Horticulture office, written by contributors to that paper, and edited by its editor. Its pages run to over 450, its type small, but clear, closely spaced, and broken up with numerous illustrations. Its editor disclaims its being more than a " hand- book or compendium ; a concise, yet comprehen- sive guide to the subjects with which it deals." That is just what it is, and withal one of the most satisfactory horticultural handbooks that have appeared for some time. As is but natural the several parts of the manual are somewhat unequal, some of the matter being very good, some not quite so good, but it never sinks to a low level. Start- ing with a brief review of the History of Gardening, not so correct as one would wish, followed by a short chapter on French Gardening, which ought to prove a wet blanket to the most impulsive, the volume goes on to its more legitimate task of showing in four sections how to manage the Kitchen Garden, the Flower Garden, the Fruit Garden, and the Plant Houses, concluding with an appendix de- votel to soils, manures and fertilisers. Besides the brief cultural details, which are admirable, the selections all through are to be commended, being neither too short nor too long, but gener- ally all the varieties of vegetables, flowers and fruits named are those cultivated in our best gardens. The details of Grape-growing form a model of brevity and excellence, and very useful are the numerous pictured methods of doing various gardening operations, with their accompanying remarks, which are scattered pro- fusely throughout the book. For those who are not gardeners nothing could be more informative, and to the gardener who can spare half-a-crown for its purchase it will prove a ready-at-hand book to refer to in the moments of forgetfulness which overtake most of us sooner or later. B. Publications Received.— An Introduction to the Chemistry of Plant Products, by Paul Haas and T. G. Hill. (London : Longmans, Green & Co.) Prico 7s. 6d. net. — Sheep Raising in Ontario : Does it Pay ? (Toronto, Ontario : Ontario Department of Agriculture.) — The Garden Manual. (London : Journal of Horticulture.) Price 2s. 6d. net. — Vegetable Culture for Amateurs (third edition), by Trevor Monmouth. (London : Upcott Gill.) Price Is. — Principles and Practice of School Gardening, by Alexander Logan. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) Price 3s. 6d — Leberecht Migge die Gartenkultur des 20 Jahrhunderts. (Eugen Diederichs Verlag., Jena, Germany.) Price M. 5. — Elementary Tropical Agriculture, by W. H. Johnson. (London : Crosby Lockwojd and Son.) Price 3s. 6d. net. t The Garden Manual. Price 2s. 6d. net. 'Journal of Horticulture,' 28 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 12. 1913. The Week's Work. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By W. H. White, Grower to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Bnrford, Dorking. Platyclinis.— Plants of Platyclinis glumacea that have completed their growth should be suspended in a light, airy position in the inter- mediate house. For the present the plants will need but little water at the roots, but must not be allowed to suffer from ex- cessive dryness. Sponge the leaves frequently to keep them from insect pests. P. uncata and P. Cobbiana require similar treatment. The pretty P. filiformis, with its long, thread- like spikes of small golden-yellow flowers, is in full growth, and the roots require an abundance of water, whilst the foliage will be benefited by overhead sprayings until such time as the flowers open. All the species of Platy- clinis thrive well in the intermediate house during the whole year. Formerly these plants were grown in too much heat ; being natives of the Philippine Islands, it was considered that they needed considerable warmth, but the plants, as a rule, deteriorated gradually, and were always infested more or less with insect pests. Now, in the cooler atmosphere of the intermediate house, they grow and bloom pro- fusely. These Orchids may be repotted at any time between the fading of the flower and the commencement of growth. Shallow pans are preferable to pots, as they are more easily sus- pended from the roof, in which position the plants grow best. They root freely in a mixture composed of equal parts of Osmunda-fibre and Sphagnum-moss. Freshly potted plants should be shaded until they are established. Epidendrum radicans. — This beautiful scarlet-flowered Epidendrum has been in bloom for several months past, and the long panicles of flowers have been extremely useful for furnishing cut blooms. Now that the plants have started to grow again the flower spikes should be re- moved, and if it is desirable to grow the plants as large specimens, the young shoots should be tied around a few neat stakes, keeping the tops of each growth well up to the light. A good plan is to remove the young offshoots which appear on the old growths and insert four or five of these around the centre of each 6-inch pot, using one part of Osmunda-fibre to three parts of Sphagnum-moss as the rooting medium. Encourage these plants to grow as quickly as possible, standing them in a light position in the Mexican house, where they may be afforded plenty of water at the roots, and overhead syringings whenever the weather is suitable. By the end of October they will have made con- siderable growth, and at that time my prac- tice is to cut each stem off at the bottom, leaving the growth about 18 inches long, repotting them as before, and tying each shoot to a neat stick. Under this treatment nearly every growth will develop an inflorescence, and when the flowering time arrives the plants, being dwarf, will be ser- viceable for many purposes ; whereas if the growths are allowed to extend at will they take up considerable room, and seldom bloom satis- factorily. Odontoglossum. — Odontoglossum grande, O. Insleyi, and O. Schlieperianum are grow- ing freely, and specimens that require larger pots should be attended to. A very porous compost should be employed, for although Odontoglossums require plentv of water when growing actively, moisture should pass away quickly, as the fleshy roots are liable to decay if the soil is waterlogged. As the young breaks push up and the leaves commence to ex- pand, see that no water lodges m the centre of the growths, or they will probably damp off. All plants of this section grow well on a high, dry shelf in a cool house, as they require plenty of light, but not direct sunshine. Slugs are fond of the outside tissues of the young growths, also the succulent roots, and must be guarded against. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By Edward Harriss, Gardener to Lady "Wantage, Lockinge, Berkshire. Carnations.— Thin the flower buds of the late-flowering varieties and support the stems to stakes. The work of layering will soon demand attention, and a quantity of soil should be got ready for the purpose. Loam and leaf-mould mixe"d with a good sprinkling of coarse sand or road grit furnishes a suitable compost. Raby Castle is still one of the best garden varieties, and where large quantities of cut flowers are in demand a special plantation of this variety should be included in the reserve garden. A bed of the Perpetual-flowering variety Mrs. Burnett, planted here at the end of May, has just com- menced to flower. The plants are in perfect condition and give promise of a wealth of blos- soms all through the summer. It is my opinion that this race of Carnations will in time super- sede the border kinds for planting in beds and borders in the flower garden. At present the varieties suitable for out-of-doors are limited in numbers, but with a demand the supply is sure to increase. If large quantities of cuttings will be required for propagating purposes later on, old plants which are being removed from the flowering houses should be cut back and plunged in ashes outdoors. They should be encouraged to develop clean, healthy shoots by strict atten- tion to such important details as watering and syringing. Propagating may commence next month, and the insertion of cuttings may be con- tinued until the end of the autumn. Gladiolus.— Neat stakes should be placed to Gladioli to prevent winds damaging the flower spikes. The plants require to be watered fre- quently during hot weather. The benefit of top dressings applied earlier in the season is now apparent, and it is not too late to place a little top-dressing material over the roots now. The soil about the plants should be stirred with the hoe occasionally. The Mixed Border.— The staking of the plants that were set out in May is one of the most important details needing attention. Certain kinds of Annuals, such as Lavateras, Cosmos, Coreopsis, Carnations, the taller- growing Godetias, and Larkspurs all require sup- port. The stakes should be as little in evidence as is possible, or the natural beauty of the sub- jects will be marred. The border should be examined at least once a week with a view of removing dead flowers and foliage. The first flower spikes of Delphiniums should be cut down as soon as possible after the blooms are over to encourage later spikes to develop. Water the border thoroughly every three or four days, and hoe between the plants frequently. Dahlias. -These plants have needed regular waterings with the garden hose to get them to start freely into growth. When they are esta- blished and the ground between the plants covered with a dressing of some moisture-retain- ing material they will not need so much atten- tion in the matter of watering. The new Collerette varieties are splendid for massing in beds if the colours are selected carefully. They come into flower directly after planting and con- tinue to bloom all through the season. Some of the flowers of this type hang their heads and need supporting by a tie. THE KITCHEN GARDEN. By John Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor. Cabbage.— A sowing of Cabbage seed may be made now, and a second sowing a fortnight later, according to the locality. In northern gardens the sooner the seeds are set the better. Cabbage seeds are often sown on a border from which some early crop has been gathered, but it is better practice to choose an open space where the ground is not too rich, as plants grown in the open are much hardier than those raised in a sheltered position. Sow the seeds thinly in shallow drills, which should be made at 1 ft. apart in order to allow the Dutch hoe to be worked between the rows. If the ground is still dry the drills should be watered before the seeds are sown. .The following varieties are suitable for present sowing : Flower of Spring, Offenham, Milecross Marrow, and Improved Excelsior. , Shallots. — The bulbs should be lifted and placed in an open shed as soon as the foliage has died down. Turn them frequently in the store, and when quite dry place them in a well-ventilated loft until they are required for use. Cucumbers. — Sow seed to furnish plants for cropping in early winter. If the seeds are sown singly in small pots and germinated in a temperature of 70° the seedlings should be ready for planting by the middle of August. Pre- vious to planting cleanse the house thoroughly, washing the woodwork with soft soap and water. When the work of cleansing is finished burn a little sulphur in the house to destroy any insects that may be present. Make a mild hotbed, and on this place small mounds of soil at 4 ft. apart, and set the plants when the soil is warmed through. Secure the main stem of each plant to a small stick as a precaution against injury when syringing. The soil should consist of a mixture of three parts turfy loam and one part decayed manure. As soon as the roots ap- pear through the mounds of soil apply fresh soil as top dressings. Dust the beds frequently with soot, which promotes a dark green colour in both the fruit and foliage. Plants in bearing should be kept free from decaying foliage. Thin and regulate the growths, stopping the shoots at the first or second joint beyond the fruits. Turnips.— A sowing of Turnip seed should be made now to furnish roots in the late autumn, and again a fortnight later to supply roots next winter. In mild winters the latest- sown Turnips may be allowed to remain in the open for a long time, and for this purpose the variety Green Top Stone may be sown as late as the end of July. During dry weather this crop will be benefited by waterings. On fre- quent occasions wood ashes and soot should be dusted along the plants and rows to keep the Turnip fly in check. Winter Crops. — All kinds of Broccoli should be planted as soon as possible. Water the roots of all green vegetables thoroughly as soon as they are transplanted ; this is especially necessary in the case of Broccoli. Salads. — Make sowings of Endive and Lettuce at frequent intervals throughout July, and thin the plants as soon as they are large enough to handle. Radishes should be sown behind a north wall and the seeds watered liberally to ensure a quick growth. Mustard and Cress should be sown in the coolest situa- tion available. PLANTS UNDER GLASS. By P. Jennings. Gardener to the Duke op Devonshire, Cliatsworth, Derbyshire. CALLICARPA AMERICANA AND C PURPUREA.— Young plants of these species raised from seeds or cuttings in the spring should now be ready for their final transfer into 6-inch pots. The compost should consist of three parts good loam and one part peat and leaf-mould, with the addi- tion of a little sand, wood ashes and decomposed cow-manure. The young shoots should be stopped to two or three 'joints until the beginning of August, and the plants shou'd be grown in a temperature of 60° to 65°. As soon as they show signs of flowering plenty of ventilation must be provided, and if they are to be planted out they may be placed at the warm end of a conservatory or Palm-house and trained to a stake or planted against the wall. The old plants should be cut back in the spring, and directly the young shoots are made they may be taken off and rooted quite easily. Statice profusa. —As the young plants of this Statice finish flowering they should be trans- ferred to larger pots to produce good flowering specimens for next spring. A suitable compost for them is one consisting of three parts good loam and one part leaf -mould, wood ashes, and coarse sand- If the loam is rather heavy add a little peat. The plants should be placed after potting in a cool house or frame, and well soaked with water. They should be shaded during the hottest part of tlie day, and well ventilated as July 12, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 29 soon as they become established. The old plants should be carefully layered or divided if the stock requires replenishment ; the layering may be done by filling up the pots with prepared, sifted soil mixed with plenty of sand. The shoots should be cut in the same way as those of " Malmaison " Carnations or Primulas. The plants must be kept damp and shaded during the heat of the day. Statice profusa can also be propagated from cuttings placed under a bell glass, but layering is more satisfactory. Pot Liliums for Autumn. — L. tigrinum, L. Fortunei, L. speciosum rubrum, and L. s. album should be frequently fed with good liquid manure, never letting the roots suffer for want of water. The growths should be staked and the plants kept in a shady place so that they will bloom in the autumn. 'Frequent syringings with quassia extract are useful to destroy aphis. General Work.— Scented-leaved Pelargo- niums should now be ready for putting into their final pots, viz., 6-inch or 7-inch pots. They re- quire a compost of rich loam, with a little coarse sand, leaf-mould and wood-ashes. Add also a 7-inch pot of soot and some fine bones to a barrow - ful of soil ; pot the plants firmly, and well soak the soil with water. It is a good plan to put a strong stake in each pot, to which these plants can be attached later in the season. They should be grown in a cool greenhouse, and shaded from hot sunshine. The shoots should be stopped, to make the plants bushy, and when the growth is estab'.ished applications of artificial and liquid manure should be given. Green-fly must be guarded against by frequent fumigations. FRUITS UNDER GLASS. By James Whytock, Gardener to the Duko op Buccleuch, Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian. Peaches and Nectarines.— The fruits hav- ing been gathered from Peach and Nectarine trees in the earliest house, the foliage should be- syringed thoroughly or washed by means of the garden engine two or three times each week. This will cleanse the leaves from insect pests. If the border is dry it should receive a thorough watering ; in the case of old trees liquid manure may be used. The trees should be kept cool by opening the ventilators top and bottom to their fullest extent. Houses with trees bearing ripe fruit should be kept moderately cool, with plenty of ventilation. Ripe fruits should be gathered and placed in a cool, airy fruit room, on some soft material, until they are required. Trees in succession houses with fruit that is still swelling should be syringed early in the mornings and again in the afternoons. The air should be allowed to circulate freely, but the house should be closed at four o'clock in the afternoons of bright days with a minimum temperature of 65°. If fire heat is necessary at night the paths and bare surfaces should be damped in order to moisten the atmosphere. The borders, and es- pecially those insi.le, must be watered freely. If the trees are fully grown and bearing good crops, liquid manure may be used and a mulch of short manure applied ; but this does not refer to young trees, for which clear water wall be better. Any leaves which may tend to shade the fruit must be drawn on one side, in order that the sun may have full access. In the late Peach houses the superfluous shoots should be cut out. leaving only the lowest one at the base of each branch. Any growths which seem stronger than the rest should be cut back severely, or removed altogether, in order that the balance of the tree may not be disturbed. The final thinning of the fruit should be left until after the stoning period. Ventila tion should be regulated by the time at which the fruit is required ; but the watering and manuring of the borders can be done on the same lines as those indicated above for earlier crops. Strawberries. — Strawberries required for forcing may be transferred into their fruiting pots. Young plants layered in 4-inch pots may be removed from the old plants when sufficientlv rooted and placed in a shady position. They should be well watered before re-potting. The soil should be carefully prepared, and should consist of fresh, fibrous loam from an old pas- ture. If rather light, add to every three barrowfuls one barrowful of old mushroom-bed manure and two six-inch pots of bone meal, mixing the ingredients well together. If the soil is heavy and retentive (the 'best kind for Strawberries), in addition to the manure some finely-sifted, mortar should be mixed with it. The 'best size of pot is the 6-inch, except for the late batches, which may be placed in seven - inch pots. 'The receptacles should be thoroughly cleansed, and a layer of crocks placed in the bottom, over which should be laid a few i-ineh bones and a little soot. The heart of the plant should not be lower than the sur- face of the soil, and the mould should be in a condition to be firmly packed around the balls. After potting the plants should be shaded for some days from sunshine and thoroughly watered with a rose-can. After- wards they should be removed to a warm, sheltered place on a raised trellis, where they can obtain the maximum of sun heat. If the weather is hot they should be watered morning and evening. On "the evenings of bright days the foliage should be syringed with an insecticide to check red spider. The plants should _ be fre- quently watered with manure water, with soot and guano sometimes added. All runners should be removed, and if the plants produce several crowns all but the strongest should be taken away. Figs.— Old Fig trees which were forced early and are now producing a second crop of fruit are apt to be rather too prolific and should be severely thinned. All fruits of a third crop should be removed or next year's fruit will suf- fer. With the increased heat of the outside air a higher temperature may be maintained in the. house, which can be closed in the afternoon of fine davs with a temperature of 80° to 85°. The foliage should he syringed twice daily when the weather is warm and fine, and the house kept damp. If the .borders are very full of roots, and the roof of the house covered with fruit-bearing wood, liberal supplies of rich top- dressings and copious manure waterings should be given until the ripening period, after which the roots and atmosphere must .be kept a little drier. In the cool houses, the Figs in which pro- duce only one crop of fruit, the foliage should be syringed on all bright days, and the house closed in the afternoon with much sun heat. They should receive liberal supplies of manure, and the atmosphere of the house must be kept drier as the fruit approaches the ripening stage. Figs in pots should be thoroughly cleansed from red spider and other pests as soon as the fruit has been gathered. Any which require re-potting shouldbe attended to at once, so that the roots may be introduced into the fresh soil while still active. The potting should be firm, the soil consisting of turfy loam mixed with fine lime rubble and a little artificial manure. and require watering. The crop this year is a small one in most peaces. THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. By B. Goodacre, Gardener to Sir Ernest Cassel. Moulton Paddocks. Newmarket. Fruit for Preserving.— This is the best time for gathering fruit for preserving pur- poses, and every fine day should be made use of in this way. 'If the fruit is allowed to become over-ripe, or is gathered when damp the flavour of the preserve is very adversely affected. For Brambles, Raspberries, etc., the vessels used should be of china, and the fruits picked quite clean and ready for im- mediate use. In all other cases shallow trays are the best, on which the fruit should be laid upon fresh green leaves or greased paper. Strawberries.— Some varieties of Straw- berries, such as Givons, Utility, and Lax- ton's Latest, are just coming into bearing. They should be well watered at the roots, or the later fruits will not swell. If the nets have been placed over the beds for a considerable time they should be taken off and the ground cleared of weeds. Useless or superfluous runners should also be cut away. Thinning Apples.— Apple trees should now be finally thinned, and in no case should overcrop- ping be permitted. Fruit should never be left in clusters ; they do not attain perfection in such a position, but serve to harbour insects and other pests. Many trees are now suffering from drought THE APIARY. By Chloris. Swarms. — Should the weather become wet after hiving bees which have swarmed, thin syrup should be given them until the weather is better, but it is necessary not to give it to them in such quantities that they will store it. They require sufficient only to meet their daily needs and to stimulate the queen to lay a maxi- mum number of eggs per day. Showing Extracted Honey.— In the issue of May 23 I pointed out how to exhibit section honey," but. omitted to mention that sections should never be exhibited in glazed cases to hold four, six, or eight, but singly. The jars chosen shou'.d be perfectly clear, without air bubbles or rough ingrained markings. Bottles made of the best English flint glass will give entire satis- faction. Generally it will be found advisable to use square, not round bottles, as they may be packed better, and the corners reflect light and thus give the honey a much brighter appearance. To assist the judge use a metal screw cap, which will screw down tightly enough to prevent leak- age, but not so tightly that it cannot be easily unscrewed with the hand, as a competent judge will taste and smell the exhibit. In place of the usual cork wad use white cardboard to reflect as much light as possible to give the honey a spark- ling appearance. Before using the bottles thoroughly wash them and then polish with a dry cloth. The honey that is being gathered now will be best for show purposes, because it will not granulate readily, and care should be taken to use that from combs which are perfectly sealed in order to secure thoroughly ripened honey. Some beekeepers, in order to run no risk of using any other than ripe honey, strain the honev into a perfectlv clean ripener, then place it 'in water heated to 120° or 130° and leave it there for about 20 minutes. Great care is needed, for if the temperature rises much above 130° the honey will lose much of its delicate aroma and may become seriously discoloured. Afterwards strain the warm honey into a warmed covered tin furnished with" a tap. In about four or five hours the air bubbles will have risen, when the honey should be run off into well-warmed clean bottles, holding them at an angle of 60° so that the honey will strike the side just below the neck. Screw down whilst the nectar is warm and place the bottles on a shelf in a warm room to help air bubbles that may be present to rise. These will be formed on the top as a scum and should be 6kimmed off with a piece of pasteboard ; after- wa.rd6 the honey should be stored in a dark, cool place until the show. Those who have granu- lated honey for showing should, before despatch- ing it, remove the caps, and if these are dull or soiled replace with new, bright covers and a clean wad. Before replacing the screw cap polish up the neck of the bottle, removing at the same time anything in the shape of a deposit that makes the exhibit unsightly. Poisoned Bait for Insect Pests.— Experi- ments carried out by Mr. J. F. Illinq- worth (Cornell University Agricultural Ex- periment Station) on the destruction of Cherry fruit flies suggest that the method of " poisoned bait" used with success in the case of these pests may prove useful in the case of other fly pests. The method adopted with success by Mr. Illlngworth consists in scattering, by means of a syringe, drops of the bait on the foliage of trees infested with the Cherry fly (Rhagoletis cingu- lata). The bait used consisted of arsenate of lead , 3 ounces (or 5 pounds) ; cheap molasses, 1 pint (or 3 gallons) ; water, 4 gallons (or 100 gallons). As Mr. Iixingworth points out in Bulletin 324, the feeding habits of flies of this class sug- gests the adoption of some such method as that just described, for the flies continu- ally moisten and sip the gum of the fruit trees, the fruit of which they attack. Hence they may be destroyed if the fruit or foliage be covered with an insecticide. Moreover, the use of poisoned bait has proved effective in the case of other fruit flies, in Italy and South Africa. 30 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 12, 1913. EDITORIAL NOTICE. ADVEETISEMENTS should be sent to the PTJBLISHEB, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of plants for naming, should be addressed to Oie EDITOHS, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London. Communications should be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, sent 08 early in the week as possible and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the signature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK, MONDAY, JULY 14— United Hort. Ben. and Prov. Soc. meet. TUESDAY, JULY 15— Roy. Hort. Soc. Oome. meet. (Masters Memorial Lecture at 3 p m. by Prot. E. F. Biffen, M.A., on "Some Factors in the Prevention of Disease in Plants.") Nat. Rose Soc. Sh. at Gloucester, in con- junction with Gloucestershire Rose and Sweet Pea Soc. Sh. Southampton Fl. Sh. (2 days). WEDNESDAY, JULY 16— Reigate Fl. Sh. Nottinghamshire Hort. and Botanical Soc. Fl. Sh. (2 days). Bishop's Waltham Fl. Sh. Watford Hort. Soo. Sh. ectochilus at Tracvs Nursery, Twickenham. — The sturdy plants of these prettily-leaved Orchids in the group staged at Holland House by Mr. S. Flory, Tracy's Orchid Nursery, Twickenham, were much ad- mired, and many who had failed to grow them successfully were curious to know in what conditions they were grown. Subsequent inspec- tion of the plants at Twickenham seems to point to the fact that failures in many gardens have been brought about by employing too much heat and too much nursing. Mr. Flory's plants are grown in a case placed over the tank at the end of a small house in which Phalsenopsi6, Vandas, Saccolahiums, etc., are growing, al6o in rather cool conditions. The bottom of the case is of perforated zinc, on which a layer of small coke is placed, then some Orchid pans, on which a wooden stage is placed, which leaves openings at the back, front, and sides for moist air to come up. There is a glazed light, but it is not U6ed much. In summer it is removed, and at other seasons tilted as required for ven- tilation. The plants are potted in a mixture of leaf-mould, peat and Sphagnum-moss, the mate- rial being always kept moist, but no water over- head is given. An intermediate heat and a low night temperature are maintained. The plants have been grown from very small specimens, and increased by propagation. Gene- rally these Orchids are kept in a very warm, moist house and under bell-glasses, and their life is short. Here they were placed in a very inexpensive case for a trial, and the resiult has been satisfactory in every way. Visitor. Second Blossoming of Plum Trees. — Several trees of Victoria Plum in these gardens are flowering for a second time this year, some at the extremities of the young growths. I have never seen this occur with Plums before. We have most extraordinary crops of Goc6e!berries, Currants, and Raspberries; otherwise our fruit prospects are similar to those described by " Southern Grower." A. J. Blgar, Killarney Bouse Gardens, Ireland. fWe hear of this second blossoming of Victoria Plums from several quarters. In our own garden, a tree of Wil- liams' Bon Chretien Pear has developed a second crop of blossoms at the ends of the branches. The blossoms should be picked off. — Eds.] Chicory Cultivation in Belgium. — In my note on this subject printed on p. 6 a small error has crept in. The paragraph in col. 3 should read : " The fire is kept burning for twelve or fourteen hours, according to the weather, and the bed is then left for four or five days with- out fire." E. C., Brabant. SOCIETIES. ROYAL HORTICULTURAL. Summer Exhibition at Holland House. (Concluded from page IS.) Horticultural Sundries. All the exhibits of horticultural sundries of a perishable nature, the paintings of garden scenes and garden literature were accommodated in a special tent. The principal exhibitors of the first-named were Messrs. Bark and Sons, Covent Garden, whose chief " lines" were garden tools and special manures ; Messrs. Joseph Bentley, Ltd., Barrow-on-H umber, who specialised chemical manures and insecticides ; Messrs. Cooper and Nephews, Berkhamsted, with weed killers and sprayers ; Jeyes' Sanitary Compound Co., 64, Cannon Street, London, who displayed various washes and disinfectants ; Messrs. H. Pattissox and Co., Streatham, on whose stand were displayed horse boots for use on lawns and golf greens; Messrs. Wakeley Bros and Co., Ltd., Bankside, London, with samples of their well-known Hop manure and plants il'.ustrating its fertilising properties ; Messrs. E. A. White, Ltd., Paddock Wood, Kent; and the Four Oaks Spraying Machine Co., Sutton Coldfield. Messrs. Robinson Bros., Ltd., West Bromwich, erected an attractive, castellated building in the grounds, where they displayed " Guaranteed Gardenalities," including the Carmona fertiliser and Cliffs fluid insecticide. In a separate tent the " Lamp Pump," made by the Lamp Pump Engineering Co., Ltd., West- minster, which is worked by a small paraffin- heated dome boiler and lifts 400 gallons of water per hour at an estimated cost of less than one penny, was steadily working. Missis. T. Crowther and Sons. Fulham, London, had a very large collection of beautiful marble garden seats, o'd lead vases, and ham- mered gates of exquisite workmanship, with elegantly designed pediments. Messrs. Lloyd, Laurence and Co., 29, Wor- ship Street. London, effectively watered the parched grass with the newly designed " Pluvi- ette " sprinkler, which, by an ingenious adapta- tion of the turbine principle, evenly projects the water over a considerab'e area — an area of from 300 to 500 square yards, according to the water- pressure available. The appliance is automatic, and is easily adjusted. AWARDS MADE BY THE COUNCIL. Coronation Challenge Cup Sander and Sons, St. Albans, for Orchids. Gold Medals. The Rt. Hon. Lcrd Langattock, for Pineapples : Sir Randolf Baker, Bart., for Sweet Peas; I lie Hon. Vicary CHbbs is?. Mr. E. Beckett), for Vegetables I Blackmore and Langdon, for Begonias ; H. B. May and Sons, for exotic Ferns; Paul and Son. for Roses'; Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham Cross, for Roses ; Sander and Sons, fcr Orchids ; Sutton and Sons, for Sweet Peas; James Veitch and Sons. Ltd., for Fruit Trees in pots; James Veitch and Sons, Ltd., for Chinese Plants; R. Wallace and Co., for ornamental water garden ; Charlesworth and Co., for Orchids; and Debbie and Co., for Sweet Peas. Silver-gilt Cups. James Box, for water garden. Sweet Peas, etc. ; and L. R. Russell, for stove plants, shrubs, and Irises. Large Silver Cups. Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., for Orchids; Wm. Cut- bush and Son, for Carnations, Roses, herbaceous flowers, cut trees, and flowering plants ; G. Bunyard and Co., Ltd.. for Roses and hardy flowers ; and Charles Turner, for Roses. Silver Cups. Ilansell and Hatcher, Ltd.. fcr Orchids ; Stuart Low and Co., for Orchids. Roses, Carnations, New Holland plants, and fruit ; J. Piper and Son, for formal garden, rock and water plants. Fuchsias, Japanese trees, etc. ; J. Carter and Co.. for water garden, and flowering plants; J. Veitch and Sons, Ltd., for flowering plants, Bay trees. Orchids, etc. ; Barr and Sons, for flowering plants, foliage plants, and herbaceous and water gar- den ; W. and J. Brcwn. for Roses and hardy flowers ; M. Prichard, for herbaceous and Alpine flowers ; Mr. 1'iichiid, for bog plants; and A. Gwillim, for Begonias and herbaceous plants. Standard Cups. Stuart Low and Co., for Orchids ; J. Peed and Son, for Caladiums and flowering plants ; Amos Perry, for herbaceous plants, alpines, Ferns, etc. ; G. Jackman and Son, for roses, herbaceous plants and Clematis ; J. S. Arkwright, Esq., for Lychnis Arkwrightii ; and W. Fromow and Sons, for Japanese Maples. Silver-gilt Hogg Medal. S. Hedbut, Esq. (gr. Mr. Camp), for fruit trees in pots. Silver-gilt Knightian Medal. Laxton Bros., for Strawberries. Silver-gilt Flora Medals. Sw ' tWt Fl0r)>. '°r Orchids ! J- King and Sons, for nW«.T: GV.and„A- cla^. Ltd.? for herbaceous p ants and aquatics ; Bakers, for herbaceous plants and alpines; B. E. Bell, for Carnations; H. Burnett for Carnations ; C. Engelmann. fcr Carnations ; F. Cant and Co for Roses; B Cant and Co., for Roses; Hobbies, Ltd for Roses; Wilfred W. Gctt, for Carnations; and J. Ltieal and Son, for ornamental garden. Silver-gilt Banksian Medals. G. Reuthe. for border flowers, Alpines, and shrubs; b. Bide and Sons., Ltd., for Sweet Peas; E. W King and Co., for Sweet Peas; Gunn and Sons, for Phloxes* Haikness and Sons, for border flowers and Spanish Irises ; Geo PrlDce> fcr Roses . Fred Smi(h and £ s° hardy herbaceous plants and flowers ; G. Stark and bon, for Sweet Peas and Kniphofias ; Bees, Ltd for alpines and hardy plants; Rt. Hon. Lord Burnham (gr., G. Johnson), for Carnations; John Forbes (Hawick), Ltd., for summer-flowering plants; H J Jones, for Phlox and Canterbury Bells ; Thos. S Ware' Ltd., for Begonias; and Mary Countess of Ilchester' for bempervivums and Saxifrages. Silver Flora Medals. H Dixon, for Orchids; J. Veitch and Sons, Ltd., for Orchids; Rev. Chalmers Hunt, for Roses, Sweet Peas and vegetables; Ph.llips and Taylor, for water garden Peas RVneH sT^ ^''f'^S and Page, for Sweet r A 5S , S/denham, Ltd., for Sweet Peas; R. and n„ G.uth0?rt. for Humea elegans and Spira-a ; Jas. Douglas for border Carnations; the Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, for herbaceous plants- T R Haves ™.Ht* and Alpines ; H. Hemsley, for Antir'rhinums and rock garden; J. Mattock, for Roses; R. C. Notcutt Fr„ lOS*T;nR*?1,nald„Pri,chard- for herbaceous plants Frank Lilley. for Spara-xis and Gladioli ; Thompson and C barman, for herbaceous plants, Alpines, etc., and W. Fells and Son, Hitchin, for hardly herbaceous plants. Silver Banksian Medals. Lady Northclifte (gr.. Mr. J. Goatley), for Crassula cocc.nea, E. V. Low, for Orchids; Jas. MacDonaW fo? exhibit of grasses; Carlton-White, for clipped trees; K. 11. Bath. Ltd., for Roses and herbaceous plants; Webster, for Sweet Peas ; Kelway and Son, for Delphi- niums, hweet Peas, etc. ; Carter Page and Co., for flowering plants; G. Bolton and Son, for Roses; Howard Crane, for Violas and Violettas ; Walter East- lea, for Roses; Clarence Elliott, for Alpines; G. Gib- son and Co., for herbaceous plants; G. W. Miller for herbaceous and small plants; Morse Bros., for Roses' W. H Page for flowering plants; Watkins and Simp- sen, for Antirrhinums ; W. and C. Bull, for herbaceous flowers ; Wargrave Plant Farm, Ltd., for herbaceous flowers; Godfrey and Son, for flowering plants. Certificate of Appreciation. Mr. Hemsley for work in raising new Antirrhinums. AWARDS TO HORTICULTURAL SUNDRIES. Silrcr-gilt Banksian Medals. T Crowther and Sen. for ornamental stone and iron work; and Gamage and Co., garden tents, etc. Silver Banksian Medals. Abbott Bros., for table trays, etc.; Benton and Stone, Ltd., for spraying machines, etc.; Castles, for garden furniture; and Liberty and Co., for Japanese garden ornaments, etc. B Bronze Banksian Medals. Barr and Sons, for tools and implements; Jos. Bent- ley, Ltd., fcr horticultural chemicals; John Bradley for Bunty tea-house; Miss Edith Fisher, for water- colour drawings ; Four Oaks Spraying Machine Co for spraying machines; Heathman and Co., for ladders hose, etc. ; Robert Hughes, for water-colour drawings : Miss .Mitchell, for garden baskets; John Pinches, for labels, exhibition boxes, etc. : W. Vcss and Co., Ltd for insecticides; and E. A. White, Ltd., for insecticides sprayers, etc. ' NATIONAL ROSE. July 4. — The great Rose event of the year, the National Society's Metropolitan Exhibition, took place on this date in the Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. It was the thirty-seventh of these annual shows, which have been held at different periods in various places of the Metropolis, but never in a more suitable place than the Botanic Gardens. The fortunes of the Society have always been rosy, but never more so than at the present time, when it can claim to be the most important Association connected with a special flower, for the Rose Society is second /only to the Royal Horticultural Society in membership. These exhibitions have grown in importance, and they are now greatly superior to those of only a decade ago. They have a great attraction for the public, and when'a flower show " takes," the competition is sure to be good. The schedule is so extensive — there are 111 classes — that almost every section of the flower and class of grower is provided for. The pre- sent summer, so far, has suited Roses, and es- pecially those flowers which exhibit the lighter 36 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 12, 1913. tints. The red Roses are never so good, by com- parisons, as the paler sorts, in very hot seasons. To single out varieties that were shown unusua.ly well last week, we may instance Mildred Grant, Bessie Brown, Maman Cochet, White Maman Cochet, and Mrs. Edward Mawley. The number of new Roses was, as usual, very large, and these were staged in a tent by them- selves. Everyone appeared anxious to see the novelties, and although the tent was much larger than usual, many gave up the attempt to inspect them, owing to the crush. The Floral decorations were also arranged in a separate tent apart from the rest of the show. It would have been a great advantage and added to the import- ance of the exhibition had all the exhibits been arranged in one large tent, such as at the recent York gala. Nurserymen's Classes. The Champion Class in this section is for 72 blooms of distinct varieties, a large number for any grower to stage in exhibition form at one time. Some of the best known firms competed, and a splendid contest resulted, in which Messrs. Ben C\nt and Sons, Col- chester, excelled, beating four other exhibitors. Not only in the winning stand was the quality splendid", but generally, also, in the other col- lections. The following varieties were staged by Messrs. B. Cant and Sons :— 0. Terks, Hugh Dickson, Marquise de Ganay, Gustave Piganeau, Earl of Warwick, Mrs. J. Laing (a magnifi- cent specimen), Mildred Grant (of very fine form), Lieutenant Chaure, Frau Karl Druschki, Mrs. Stewart Clark, St. Helena, J. B. Clark (a big red Rose), Bessie Brown (a finely formed flower of this creamy-white variety), Caroline Testout (extra good), Alice Cory Wright, Gloire de Chedane Guinoisseau (a splendid bloom of this fine red, sweet-smelling variety), Her Majesty, Helen Keller, Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt (a big blush Rose), Mrs. W. J. Grant, Mrs. Corn- wallis West (of fine shape and nearly white), Mrs. Wallace Rowe, Mrs. Sam Ross (coloured cream, rose and gold), Ed. Mawley (a fine red Rose), Lady Barham, Freda (exquisite in form), Nad'ia, Mrs. Arthur Coxhead, Mme. Jules Gravereaux, Geo. Dickson (a fine example of this beautiful red Rose), Mrs. Ed. Mawley (a large, blush variety), Dr. O'Donel Browne (cerise colour), Maman Cochet, Frances C._ Seton (bright rose). Dean Hole (extra good), Elizabeth, Lady Helen Vincent, Lohengrin, Duchess of Nor- mandy, Mrs. J. Bateman (a very choice speci- men of this, carmine- rose coloured variety), Mabel Drew (pale yellow), Duchess of West- minster. Mme. Constant Soupert, August Hart- mann H.T. seedling (cherry red — a fine shade), Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, W. Shean, Alice L'md- sell, Flore'nce Spaull (a seedling of pale rose colour), Mrs. A. Hammond, M. H. Walsh, British Queen, Mrs. Geo. Rhawyer, White Maman Cochet, Mrs. Maynard Sinton, Lady Ash- town (a big specimen), Comtesse de Nadai.lac, Lvon Rose, White Killarney, Chas. J. Graham, Mme. Melaine Soupert, Les'ie Holland, Beatrice, Freiherr von Marschall, Margaret, Claudius (extra good), Yvonne Vacherot, Ulrich Brun- ner, W. R. Smith, Aimee Cochet, Lady de Bath and Alfred K. Williams. 2nd, Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons, Ltd., Newtownards, whose choicest blooms included those of the varieties : —Lady Barham (palest pink, almost blush colour), Lohengrin (pink), Mrs. Geo. Preston. S. M. Rodocanachi (cerise), Mar- chioness of Downshire, Mrs. John Laing, Florence Pemberton (cream, with rose flush), W. Shean, Pharisaer (cream and rose), Mrs. G. W. Kershaw, Mamie (rose coloured), Bessie Brown (a fine bloom of this pale rose), Ulrich Brunner, Mildred Grant, and Brilliant, a fine new red rose, which was awarded a Gold Medal ; 3rd, Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., Colchester, •whose collection included a magnificent speci- men of George Dickson, that was awarded the Silver Medal offered for the best H.T. variety in this section. 4th, Messrs. R. Harkness and Co.. Hitchin. The next class was for 40 varieties, three blooms of each variety. Here again the con- test was keen, and Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons succeeded in winning the 1st prize, fol- lowed closely by Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons with Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., 3rd. The blooms, as shown in triplets, were per- haps even more striking than in the Cham- pion class. Those that appealed to us most in Messrs. Dickson's fine collection were H. V. Machin, Mine. Jules Grave- reaux, Ulster (a pale pink Rose of fine form), Mabel Drew (pale yellow, shaded a deeper yellow in the centre), Mrs. John Laing, Con- way Jones (cherry red), Lohengrin, Mrs. Arthur E. E. Coxhead, Denis (new), Lyon Rose, Mrs. Geo. Shawyer, Alice de Rothschild (of gold colour, a pleasing change from the red and pink varieties), Xavier OH bo (a dark coloured Rose), Bessie Brown, and Mildred Grant, with big curving petals of exquisite form, just flushed with rose. 2nd, Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, who had Gloire de Chedane Guinoisseau, Mrs. John Laing, Theodore Roosevelt, Ulrich Brun- ner, White Maman Cochet, J. B. Clark, Walter Speed, Lieutenant Chaure, Dean Hole, Mildred Grant, Lohengrin, and Augustus Hartmann. 3rd, Messrs. Frank Cant and Co. The contest for the China Trophy, which was offered for the best exhibit of 43 blooms, dis- tinct, was a very spirited one amongst 11 com- petitors. Mr. George Prince, Oxford, was placed 1st. His choicer blooms were : Bessie Brown, Mi's. Amy Hammond, Geo. Dickson (a fine Rose of rich "red colour). George C. Wand, Mrs. Joseph Welch (pink), Mrs. Arthur E. E. Coxhead, Florence Pemberton, Mrs. Maynard Linton (very pale in colour, almost white), and Avoca (a fine rose-red bloom). 2nd, Messrs. Perkins and Sons, Coventry, who showed amongst others Mildred Grant (the large spread- ing white petals just tinged with pink). Gloire de Chedane Guinoisseau (a beautiful red Rose, with strong scent). Her Majesty, and Mrs. Corn- wallis West (white). 3rd, Messrs. G. and W. H. Burch. Peterborough. Eleven entered in the class for 24 blooms, dis- tinct, in which Messrs. W. R. Chaplin Bros., Ltd.. Waltham Cross, won the premier honours, followed by Mr. W. R. Hammond, Burgess Hill, the 3rd prize being won by Mr. J. Mattock. In the smaller class for 16 varieties, distinct, shown in triplets, the Kino's Acre Nurseries, Hereford, excelled. 2nd, Messrs. G. and W. H. Burch; 3rd, Mr. W. H. Frettingham. Not- tingham. Tea and Noisette Varieties. The D'Ombrain Cup formed the most import- ant prize in this section. It was offered in the class for 24 blooms, distinct, and attracted five competitors. Mr. G. Prince secured the trophy for an excellent collection, which included the varieties Souvenir de Pierre Netting (apricot- yellow), Bridesmaid, Mme. Constant Soupert, Mrs. Edward Mawley (awarded the Silver Medal for the 'best (bloom in this section), Muriel Graham, Innocente Pirola, and Golden Gate. 2nd, Mr. H. Drew, in whose collection we noticed Mme. Jules Gravereaux, Mme. Constan- tin, Maman Cochet, Freiherr Von Marschall, Media (a perfect bloom of this pale yellow variety), Souvenir d'Elise Vardon (a blush Rose of exquisite shape), Alexandra Alice Hill, and White Maman Cochet. 3rd, Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons. For twelve 'blooms, distinct, no fewer than 14 entered. The first prize was awarded to Mr. John Mattock, and the 2nd Prize to Messrs. J. Burrell and Co. ; whilst for 16 varieties, shown as triplets, Mr. H. Drew excelled. Blooms Shown in Vases. There were two classes for blooms shown in vases, the one for 12 varieties and the other for 9. In the larger class Messrs. D. Prior and Sons, Colchester, won the 1st prize with- splendid blooms shown on tall stands. The varie- ties were Bessie Brown, Pharisaer, Lady Ash- town, Mrs. T. Roosevelt, Leslie Holland, Mme. Jules Gravereaux, White Maman Cochet, Mons. J. Hill, Mr. J. Bateman, Lyon Rose, Kaiserin A. Victoria, and Mrs. A. E. E. Coxhead. 2nd, Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons, Ltd., for G. C. Waud, Mildred Grant, Countess of Annes- ley, Countess of Derby, Bessie Brown, Mabel Drew, Mrs. W. J. Grant, and others. In the smaller class Mr. Henry Drew had the best of five exhibits. He showed Mme. Jules Gravereaux, W. R. Smith, Mme. Con- stantine Soupert, Mrs. Hubert Taylor, Medea (yellow), and Alex. Hill Grey (a darker yellow than the preceding). 2nd, Messrs. D. Prior and Sons. Perpetual Flowering Decorative Roses. In this section the 'best 9 'baskets of cut Roses were shown by Messrs. G. Paul and Son, Cheshunt; their blooms of Lady Ashtown, Joseph Hill, Mollie Sliarman Crawford, Mar- quise de Sinety, and Lyon Rose were all excel- lent. 2nd, Mr. John Mattock. For five baskets Messrs. Chaplin Bros, excelled with such beautiful varieties as Lyon Rose, Duchess of Wellington, Pharisaer, Mme. Abel Chatenay, and George C. Waud. Other 1st prize winners, in this section were (a) Mr. John Mattock, for 18 varieties, shown in vases; (b) Mr. W. Bentley, for 9 varieties, shown in vases; (c) Mr. E. J. Hicks, for 16 varieties, shown in two exhibition boxes. Decorative Roses. The classes for decorative Roses enabled growers to make large displays of their speciali- ties. In three classes the number of varieties- were stipulated, and a given space allotted. For 36 distinct varieties, arranged in a space measuring 14 feet iby 3 feet, Mr. John Mattock won the A. G. Turner Challenge Cup ; the 'best exhibit of 18 distinct varieties, in a space not exceeding 14 feet 'by 3 feel, was displayed by Mr. E. J. Hicks ; whilst Messrs. W. Spooner and Son had the winning stand of 18 varieties of summer-flowering Roses. Mr. John Mattock exhibited the best 9 varie- ties of new decorative Roses, Messrs. F. Cant and Co. the best 12 varieties of dwarf Poly- antha Roses, and Mr. E. J. Hicks the best ±2 varieties of Wichuraiana Roses. The imposing exhibits of groups of Roses ar- ranged in Class 22 were arranged on the ground. Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd., Dereham, excelled with a pretty collection, in which Ramblers gave grace and lightness over a ground of the larger H.P., T. and H.T. varieties. 2nd, Messrs. G. Paul and Son. The group of cut Roses arranged by Messrs. W. and J. Brown, Peterborough, on a table space measuring 33 feet by 3 feet, was amongst the finest exhibits in the show, and included a very comprehensive collection of varieties. For a smaller exhibit of cut Roses arrangee} on staging Messrs. G. Jackson' and Son were awarded the 1st prize. Amateurs' Classes. The Champion Trophy, which is open to all amateurs, and is offered for the best col- lection of 36 blooms of distinct varieties, induced a splendid competition. The 1st prize was won by Franklin Dennison, Esq., who showed a collection of blooms but little inferior to the winning exhibit in the premier open class. Mr. Dennison's examples of such varieties as Oberhofgartner Terks, Mrs. Welch, William Shean. Mrs. Myles Kennedy, and Lady Myra Bcauclerc were all that could be desired. Mr. Dennison also won the 1st prize for 24 distinct varieties. In this class he included excellent blooms of Florence Pemberton, Her Majesty, Mabel Drew, Bessie Brown, and Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi. The nine blooms of Avoca which won the 1st prize for Dr. T. E. Pailett in the 'class for any one variety were almost perfect. The 2nd (prize was awarded Mr. A. Hill Gray, who showed a splendid set of Florence Pemberton. In the premier class for growers of fewer than 3,000 plants of exhibition varieties the quality of the blooms were not so high. The 1st prize was awarded to Mr. W. Onslow Tines ; but the nine blooms of Dean Hole, which won the 1st prize in Class 42 for Mr. E. E. Eversfield, were excellent. This variety was shown largely throughout the amateurs' classes, and in excellent condition. The Ben Cant Memorial Prize, which is re- stricted to growers of fewer than 2,000 plants of exhibition varieties, was won by Mr. W. J. Thorpe, whose 24 blooms included fine examples of Hugh Dickeon, Mildred Grant, and Mrs. Foley Hobbs. The President's Prize for the best collec- tion of 12 blooms exhibited by growers of fewer than 1,000 plants of exhibition varieties was responsible for a large number of very meritorious blooms. Dr. C. Lamplough, who won the Silver Cup, showed an excellent dozen blooms, those of Mrs. J. Grant, Florence- July 12, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. '37 Pemberkm, Mrs. T. Roosevelt, Mrs. Foley Hobbs, and Madame Jules Gravereaux being •equal to any others in the show. In this division Dean Hole, shown by Mr. L. S. Patole. was placed first in the class for six blooms of any Rose except T. or N. ; whilst in the division ■restricted to growers of fewer than 750 plants ■Frau Karl Druschki was similarly placed. The vases of Roses in the amateurs' classes were for the most part tastefully arranged, and ■contained exceedingly good blooms. The collection of seven distinct varieties of •exhibition Roses which was placed first in Class 87 included very fine blooms of Lyons Rose and Mrs. John Laing. Amongst the five varieties which won the first •prize in the next class for Mr. J. Hart there •was a splendid vase of Souvenir de Pierre Notting. The bamboo stands of rambler Roses were generally effective, and several which were filled with such varieties as American Pillar were very charming. Decorated Dinner Tables. The entries in both the open and the amateur classes were unusually numerous, and the long rows of tables, each measuring 6 feet by 4 feet, •were very attractive. Pink Roses were chiefly used, and although this choice was, from a prize-win- ning point of view, wise — the white canvas walls and roof of the tent made red Roses look garish and the lighter shades insipid — the display only just escaped being monotonous. In our report of last year's shows, when we noted the overwhelm- ing use of the single-flowered variety Irish Ele- gance, we suggested that the society would pro- bably consider the advisability of making two classes for the amateurs' dinner-table decorations. This suggestion was adopted, and has proved to ■be very popular with the exhibitors. Perhaps influenced by last year's preponderance of Irish Elegance, several exhibitors made good use of other varieties in the class restricted to Single- flowered Roses, "but the variety named again won the chief prizes, although other tables, not- ably that decorated with Blush Ramb'er, ran them very close. It was interesting to note the ■variability of Irish Elegance ; in the 1st Prize table, arranged by Mrs. E. M. Burnett, the tuds as well as the ortter-petals of the mature flowers were of an unnsnalry reddish tint; ■while the flowers in Mrs. E. P. Woods' 2nd prize exhibit were considerably paler. Miss M. West arranged the most successful table in the class in which the single-flowered Roses are debarred and cleverly toned the Rich- mond Roses with the free use of foliage ; in the 2nd Prize table, arranged by Mrs. G. C. Saw- day, pink Roses were used ; a few sprays of the pale green foliage of a rambler variety struck a jarring note in an otherwise admirable exhibit. Mrs. A. Bide won the 1st Prize in the Open Class with an exceedingly artistic arrangement ; 2nd, Mrs. F. M. Bradley. The general effect of the Decorative Classes suffered somewhat from the almost universal use of one variety of Rose ; occasionally an exhi- bitor placed a small-flowered Wichuraiana hybrid with a Hybrid Tea variety, but the contrast, in size and form was not pleasing. Nevertheless, some at least of the many exhibitors should be quite capable of filling bow's and vases with three •or four, or even more, distinct varieties in an attractive manner. Too often the flowers were arranged in a very formal fashion, and in several 1st. prize exhibits it \va,s only the accompany- ing sprays of buds and tinted foliage which saved them from mediocrity. New Roses. Although the tent set aside for the new seed- ling Roses was twice as large as that of last year the fascination of the novelties was so great that throughout the afternoon Rose en- thusiasts were formed up in a long queue wait- ing, more or less patiently, their turns to enter. The most severe critic could not accuse the judges of lightly bestowing their awards, for of the many exceedingly meritorious seedlings pre- sented only three reoeived the coveted Gold Medal. There were nine Silver-gilt Medals, and a like number of Cards of Commendation also awarded. Gold Medals. Queen Mary (H.T.) (see fig. 21).— A very dis- tinct bloom somewhat suggestive of the fragrant Juliet, but more globular in shape. The com- bination of bright pink with the pale golden re- verse is enhanced by the golden centre of the flower in this most delightful variety. Shown by Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons, Ltd. Brilliant (H.T.).— A very striking dark red variety : the centres of the broad, stout petals have a streak of purplish magenta, which is un- commonly effective. The young foliage is pret- tily tinted, and the blooms are borne on long, stout stems. Shown by Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd. Mrs- James Lynas (H.T.).— The flowers of this fascinating Rose are large and pointed, the centres are of medium pink colour, which fades to nearly white on the broad expanded petals. Shown by Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd. Silver-gilt Medals -Ko.se Mrs. Ambrose Ricardo (H.T.). — The round lemon-coloured blooms are flushed with pink at the base ; briefly, this variety may be described as being a slightly-improved Madame Jules Gravereaux. Shown by Messrs. S. Mc- Gredy and Son. William Cooper (H.T). — A very sweetly- scented Rose, which has broad petals of a charm- ing deep, cherry-red colour. It has a robust habit, and is said to be a splendid garden Rose. Mrs. J. 11". Parker (H.T.).— The blooms of this variety are large and full ; the base of the petals is tinted with green, and the centre of the flowers flushed with pink. Ulster Gem (H.T.). — An unusually large- petalled single variety with a very small eye ; colour yellow. Muriel Dickson (H.A.). — Next to Queen Mary this very attractive hybrid Austrian Briar Rose was the general favourite amongst the visitors. Unfortunately it has but little scent. The large petals are of a bright cerise colour. Mrs. Hugh Dickson (H.T.). — A deliciously- scented, full flower with a lemon-yellow centre. This and the four previous varieties were shown by Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd. Bed Letter Day (H.T.). — A nearly single variety with charming velvety petals, much like Ulster Standard, but with more petals. Conway Jones (H.T.). — A highly-scented, almost scar'et Rose : the flower is very full, and has recurved petals. Both were shown by Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons. Mrs. George Norwood (H.T.). — The medium pink shade of this deliciously-scented variety is very like that of the popular Mrs. John Laing, except that it is a trifle brighter. Shown by Mr. Elisha J. Hicks. Cards or Commendation. Rose Duchess of Abercorn (H.T.), Mrs. God- frey Brown (H.T.), Mrs. Wm. Sargent (H.T.), all shown by Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd. ; Naarden (H.T.), shown by Mr. G. A. van Rossen ; J. F. Barry (H.A.), shown by Mr. G. W. Piper; Moyna (H.T.), shown by Messrs. Alex. Dickson, Ltd.; Mary Greer (H.T.), shown bv Messrs. Alex. Dickson, Ltd. ; Freda Welter (P.), shown by Mr. H. Welter; Pink Pearl (Climbing H.T.), shown by Messrs. Hobbies, Ltd. Premier Blooms. nurserymen's classes. Tea or Noisette. — Mrs. Edward Mawley. Shown by Mr. George Prince. Hybrid Tea. — George Dickson. Shown by Messrs. Frank Cant and Co- Any Other Variety. — Mrs. John Laing. Shown by Messrs. R. Harkness and Co. amateurs' classes. Tea or Noisette. — Mrs. Foley Hobbs. Shown by C C. Eversfield, Esq. Hybrid Tea. — Avoca. Shown by Dr. Pal- lett. Any Other Variety. — Horace Vernet. Shown by A. Foley Hobbs, Esq. WOLVERHAMPTON FLORAL FETE. July 8, 9, 10. — The Wolverhampton Flower Shows have reached an. importance equal to that of any provincial exhibition with the exception of Shrewsbury. On Tuesday last, on the occa- sion of the judges' luncheon, Alderman Crad- dock, who has been a committeeman during the twenty-five years since the Society was estab- lished, referred to the assistance which he re- ceived in the early days from Mr. Naunton, and he (Alderman Craddock) then determined not to rest content until his Show was equal to that of Shrewsbury. Working with this fine spirit, it is not surprising to find the com- mittee getting nearer to their ambition, year by year, and it is certain this year's show was much the best of the series- The entries numbered 900, a great advance on last year, and everything on the first day pointed to'the attendance being a record. Like Shrewsbury, Wolverhampton is'in- debted to its flower shows in more ways than one. Upwards of £8,000 has been contri- buted from the profits for the improvement of the parks and open spaces of the town, and it is to the efforts of the committee that the borough is indebted for the conservatory in the West Park, the greenhouse at the East Park, the shelter and seats there, and for assistance in the provision of the children's playground at Blaken- hall and the open space round St. Peter's Church. The West Park is an ideal site for the holding of a flower show, and just now it . is looking its very best. Roses and other flowers were no less charming features out-of-doors than in the competitive area enclosed by the tents. Groups of Plants. The sum of £100 was offered as prizes in a class for a display of miscellaneous flowering and foliage plants arranged in a space of 30 feet by 14 feet. Three exhibits were forthcoming, and each was worthy of the excellent exhibition. The 1st prize was won by Messrs. James Cypher and Sons, Cheltenham, for one of the finest groups we have seen at this or any other show. It was characterised by lightness and bright colouring, and was arranged by a master hand in grouping. Foils of tall Codiaeums and stands of Orchids served to break the for- mality, whilst the ground was studded with splendid specimens of fine-leaved and beau- tifully flowered exotics. The back was crowned with a magnificent Kentia, in front of which was a rustic archway furnished with bright flowers and foliage. The 2nd prize was awarded to Sir G. H. Kenrick, Edgbaston (gr. Mr. J. V. Macdonald), for a more solid arrange- ment but splendid nevertheless, and composed of excellent specimens of a variety of subjects. Orchids were employed freely, and these gave just the necessary touch of bright colour, to make a harmonious blending with the fine foliage plants. Miltonias, Epidendrum vitelli- num, Cattleyas, Masdevallia Harryanum, Odon- toglossums, Thunia Marshalliana, and Phalae- nopsis grandiflora were all shown excellently. The 3rd prize was won by Mr. W. A. Holmes, Chesterfield, for a remarkably good exhibit, in which Galadium6, Codiaeums, Dracaenas, Ixoras, Lantanas, Polyantha Roses, Francoa ramosa and Liliums were prominent subjects. The class for a group of ornamental foliage plants arranged in a space measuring 250 square feet attracted four competitors. The groups were arranged along the side of the principal tent, opposite those in the preceding class, and presented a magnificent spectacle. Messrs. Cypher again excelled, but they had worthy rivals in the other competitors, for all showed finely. Messrs. Cypher's plants were of excel- lent quality, and the group was especially rich in brightly-coloured Codiaeums. The ground was a splendid conception of bright colours mingled with banks of moss-like Ferns, the more sombre greys and metallic greens of Anthuriums and Dracaenas, lightened here and there with tall specimens of Veitchii, Eulalia lucida variegata, and other graceful plants. The 2nd prize was awarded to Sir G. H. Kenrick, whose magnificent display included a central archway ; not obtrusive, furnished with a Phoenix Palm in the centre, and grouped with Caladium argyrites, Begonia Rex, Selaginella and fine plants of Anthurium Veitchii and A. Warscewiezii. In the body of the groups were showy plants of Nandina domestica, Caladiums, Codiaeums, Ferns and Saxifraga sarmentosa. 3rd, Mr. W. A Holmes. For a group of flowering plants of one kind only 5 competed, the subjects employed being Clerodendron fallax, Tuberous-rooted Begonias, Gloxinias and Pelargoniums. The 1st prize was awarded for the Clerodendrons, which were 38 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 12, 1913. shown by Sir C. T. Mander, Bart., Tettenhall Wood (gr. Mr. J. F. Simpson). There were 50 plants, and each bore a good inflorescence of the showy red blossoms. But we preferred Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon's Begonias, -which were placed 2nd. These beautiful flowers never appear so effective massed on the ground as on a table, but this group merited attention, as much for the splendid quality of the flowei'6 as for their delicate tints. 3rd, Mr. J. E. Knight, Wolverhampton, for standard-trained Pelargoniums. The class for a collection of decorative plants and bunches of cut flowers was well contested. Messrs. Cypher and Sons won the 1st prize, their fine Orchids contributing largely to their success, whilst the flowers were set off by stately Codiaeums. 2nd, Mr. W. R. Manning, Dudley, who also emploved Orchids extensively. Messrs. James Cypher and Sons were also successful in the class for 20 plants in pots not exceeding 10 in. in diameter, beating two other exhibitors. The best of these large specimens were Stephanotis floribunda, Statice intermedia, Ixora Williamsii, Anthurium Scherzerianum, Clerodendron Balfouri and Erica ventricosa Bothwelliana. The 2nd prize was awarded to Sir C. T. Mander, Bart., whose plants included Gloriosa superba, Allamanda Williamsii, Hydrangea Mme. Moulliere, Acalypha hispida, various Codiaeums, Palms, and Dracaenas. 3rd, Mrs. H. Mander, Wolverhampton (gr. Mr. C. Weaver). So excellent were the Gloxinias staged by Mr. G. C. Manda, Wightwalk (gr. Mr. J. Dickson), in a class for 12 plants, that the judges awarded a Cultural Commendation, in addition to the 1st Prize. Mr. F. Taylor showed best in the class for 12 flowering Begonias. Mr. E. Shaw-Hellier, Wombourn (gr. Mr. Parnwell), won the 1st Prizes in the classes for 12 trusses of single, and 12 trusses of double zonal Pelargoniums respectively. Mr. John E. Knight, Wolverhampton, was the only exhibitor in the new class for a display of growing bedding-out plants. The arrangement was in the style of an old English garden, with archways of climbing Roses, leading by a flagstone pathway to a pool containing Nymphaaas, with beds of Be- gonias, Verbena Mdss WiUmott, and early- flowering Chrysanthemums around. The 1st prize was awarded. Two excellent groups of plants were shown in the Amateurs' Classes, the better by Mr. J. A. Kenrick, Edgbaston (gr. Mr. A. Cryer), who Iwas awarded the 1st Prize. The centrepiece was a stand built up with Humeas, Liliums, Codiaeums, Orchids, and crowned with a Palm; whilst this was grouped with Orchids, Dracaenas. Begonias, Streptocarpuses, Caladiums, Ixoras and other stove plants; 2nd, Mr. H. C. Prin- cent, Harborne (gr. Mr. J. Corbett). Roses. The 1st prize in the class for 72 blooms, dis- tinct, was won by Messrs. Ben. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester, who thus repeated their suc- cess at the National Rose Society's Show in the previous week. The blooms were equal in merit to those they showed at Regent's Park. We may single out the varieties St. Helena, Mrs. Amy Hammond, Hugh Dickson, Maman Cochet, Bessie Brown, Mrs. J. H. Welch, Victor Hugo, Lieutenant Chaure, Dean Hole, Comte de Raim- haud, and Mildred Grant as the pick of this splendid collection. 2nd, Messrs. R. Harkness and Co., Hitchin, who had Avoca, Mildred Grant, Lieutenant Chaure, Horace Vernet, Mrs. W. J. Grant, and Mrs. Edward Mawley in fine condition. 3rd, Messrs. Perkins and Sons, Coventry. In the smaller class for- 36 varieties, distinct, Mr. W. H. Frettingham, Nottingham, had the best of eight exhibits. This exhibitor had mag- nificent blooms ; there was not a weak flower in the whole three dozen. The specimen of Mrs. Myles Kennedy was conspicuous for its size and general good quality. Other varieties that de- served mention are Mme. Jules Gravereaux, Clau- dius, Queen of Spain, Alice Lindsell, Mrs. Foley Hobbs, La France (1898), and Mildred Grant. 2nd, Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester. 3rd, Messrs. R. Harkness and Co., Hitchin. There were five classes for baskets of Roses. The most important one was for nine baskets, each containing a distinct variety. The 1st prize was won by Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd., Belfast, for the varieties William Cooper, Mrs. James MacKellar, Golden Gem, Countess Clanwilliam, Archie Gray, Blush Queen, Mrs. Mona Hunt- ing, Mrs. James Lynas, and Mrs. James Wil- liamson. Equal 2nd prizes were awarded to Mr. J. Mattock, Headington, and the King's Acre Nurseries, Ltd., Hereford. The best exhibit of five baskets was shown by Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd., who also showed the best single basket of a dark variety in their new Brilliant and the best single basket of a light coloured variety in the blush-pink Mrs. James Lynas. In the class for 12 new Roses, distinct, Mr. J. Mattock, Headington, excelled with the varieties Mrs. W. H. Rowe, Edward Mawley, Mrs. H. Taylor, His Majesty, St. Helena, Earl of Gosford, Nita Weldon, Claudius, Mrs. Foley Hobbs, Elizabeth, Mrs. Maynard Sinton, and Mrs. J. H. Welch, none of these being in com- merce previous to 1909. 2nd, Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons. Mr. John Mattock excelled in the class for 18 Tea varieties, followed by Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., with the King's Acre Nurseries, Ltd., 3rd. Mr. Frettingham showed best in the class for 18 blooms of perpetual-flowering varieties ; whilst Mr. H. Dickson was easily first for nine distinct varieties of any perpetual-flowering Roses, his vase of Countess of Granard being splendid. Messrs. Gunn and Sons, Olton, led for a col- lection of Roses arranged in a space measuring 12 feet by 4 feet. The only other exhibitor, Mr. John Mattock, was awarded the 2nd prize. Both these collections were excellent. In the local class for 12 Roses, distinct, the 1st prize was won by Miss Leek, Shifnal. In the Amateurs' Classes, the principal prize- winners were Mr. F. Dennison, Leamington, Mr. G. Speight, Market Harborough, and Mr. F, Foley Hobbs. Mr. Dennison won in the classes for 36 blooms distinct, and 12 blooms dis- tinct ; and was placed 2nd for 6 distinct varie- ties, in which class Mr. Speight excelled. Mr Hobbs had the premier collection of 24 blooms, distinct. Sweet Peas. The Society offered prizes foT exhibits of 18 varieties of Sweet Peas arranged on spaces measuring 8 feet by 4 feet. The competitors included Sir R. C. Baker, Bart., Blandford (gr. Mr. A. E. Usher). It was not surpris- ing to find this well-known exhibitor occu- pying the first place in most of the Sweet Pea classes. In the class for 18 bunches Mr. Usher won, but he met keen rivals, especially in Cap- tain G. Lubbock, Warminster (gr. Mr.. J. B. Lowe), who was placed 2nd, and Mr. F. J. Bealing, Southampton, 3rd. Sir R. Baker's fine stands of Lavender George Herbert, Maud Holmes, Audry Crier, Barbara, Marks Tey, and Etta Dyke, were greatly admired. Sir Randolf Baker also won the first prize in Mr. Robert Sydenham's class for nine distinct varieties, in which Mr. L. Webb, Welshpool, was placed 2nd. In Messrs. Webb's class for six bunches Mr. W. H. Holloway, Shrewsbury, won easily with splendid bunches of Elsie Herbert, W. P. Wright, Sunproof Crimson, King Manoel, Dazzler, and Hercules; 2nd, Sir Randolf Baker, Bart., whose orange and pink varieties — Barbara, Edrom Beauty and Anglian Pink — were mag- nificent. Sir Randolf Baker won the first prize for Sweet Peas in a class open to amateurs and gentlemen's gardeners. Carnations. The best display of Carnations arranged on a space measuring 12 feet by 4 feet was exhibited by Mr. Chas Wall, Bath. The blooms were massed, but not too densely, and they were borne on long stems, with a setting of Asparagus Sprengeri beneath them. The beautiful salmon-pink Mrs. C W. Waud was conspicuous amongst other choice varieties ; 2nd, Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon, whose group was broken by the inclusion of bamboo epergnes. The finest Souvenir de la Malmaison varieties were shown by Lady Grey, Stourbridge (gr. Mr. F. Green). Hardy Flowers. Messrs. Harkness and Sons, Bedale, had an easy win in the class for an arrangement of hardy border flowers, in which there were three exhibitors. Oriental Poppies contributed largely to make the exhibit so striking, to- gether with Gaillardias, Delphiniums, Lupins, Gladioli Colvilei, English Irises, Verbascums and Iceland Poppies. 2nd, Messrs. G. Gibson and Co., Leeming Bar, Yorkshire. 3rd, Messrs. F. Smith and Co., Woodbridge. Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon, Bath, showed the best exhibit of Delphiniums in a class for a collection of these stately border flowers, whilst Sir C. T- Mander, Bart., excelled in the class for seedling Delphiniums with a new white variety. The finest exhibit of Pansies and Violas was staged by Mr. A. R. Dempster, Kidderminster. Fruit. There were two exhibits in the class for a collection of 12 dishes of dessert fruit in not fewer than 9 distinct kinds, and a magnificent exhibit by Lord Savile, Ollerton (gr. Mr. J. Doe), was awarded the 1st prize. This splen- did collection included large, finely-coloured bunches of Madresfield Court Grapes — two splendidly matched bunches ; very large bunches of Black Hamburgh, uncommonly good Buck- land Sweet Water, and rather green-berried Muscat of Alexandria; also Pineapple, Necta- rines, Early Grosse Mignonne and Stirling Castle Peaches, Brown Turkey Figs, Lady Sudeley Apples, Early Transparent Gage Plums, Queen of the West Melon and superb berries of Royal Sovereign Strawberries. The Duke of Westminster, Eaton, Chester (gr. Mr. N. F. Barnes), was the only exhibitor in the new class for a collection of 30 dishes of fruit in not fewer than 10 distinct kinds, ar- ranged on a table decorated with flowers. This imposing exhibit of high quality fruit was awarded the 1st prize. There were of Grapes Black Hamburgh, Madresfield Court, Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat Seedling and Buckland Sweetwater ; Lord Napier and Elruge Necta- rines, Royal George and Violette Hative Peaches, Jefferson Plums, Brown Turkey Figs, Royal Sovereign Strawberries, magnificent Mar- guerite Marillat Pears, Triomphe de Vienne Pears, James Grieve and Rival Apples and Melons. The decorations were mauve-coloured and white Carnations, Thalictrum and Onci- diums, with sprays of Asparagus. For a collection of 6 varieties of fruits the Duke of Westminster again excelled, with pro- duce of sterling quality, daintily decorated with pink Carnations and sprays of the mauve-col- oured Thalictrum. Lord Savile, the only other exhibitor, was awarded the 2nd prize for a good collection. The best four bunches of black and white Grapes were shown by Lord Savile ; the best two bunches of white Grapes (Muscat of Alex- andria) by the Duke of Westminster, and the best black Grapes by Lord Savile, who had excellent bunches of Black Hamburgh. Vegetables. The exhibits of vegetables were good, but not so numerous as might be expected for so impor- tant a show. For a collection of ten kinds of vegetables, distinct, the 1st prize was awarded to the Marquis of Northampton, Castle Ashby (gr. Mr. A. R. Searle). for fine Marrowfat Peas, Emperor Tomatos, Reliance Globe Beets, De- fiance Intermediate Carrots, New Supreme French Beans, Early Mammoth Cauliflowers, Green-striped Marrow, Colonist Potatos, and Commander Cucumbers. 2nd, H. Andrews, Esq., Winchcombe (gr. Mr. J. R. Gorley). Messrs. Sutton and Sons offered prizes for a collection of six kinds, and five competed. The 1st prize was won by the Marquis of Northamp- ton, who showed Perfection Tomatos, May Queen Potatos, Favourite Carrots, Centenary Peas, Purity Cauliflowers, and White Leviathan Onions. 2nd, Mr. E. Winchester, Birming- ham. July 12, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. Messrs. Edward Webb and Sons offered prizes in two classes, for eight and six kinds respec- tively. In the larger class the Marquis of Northampton again excelled ; his Stourbridge Marrowfat Peas and Conqueror Tomatos were both excellent. 2nd, Mr. E. Deaken, Hay Mills. H. W. Smith, Esq., Stourbridge (gr. 'Mr. H. Davis), was placed 1st in the smaller class with •a moderate display. Non-competitive Exhibits. Messrs. Pipers, Bayswater, furnished a space of nearly 3,000 square feet in the largest tent with a garden scheme representing a fine her- baceous, Alpine and water garden. This ex- hibit was a show in itself. Three large bays were planted with Liliums, Spiranas, Delphiniums, Gaillardias, and other 'border flowers, and next was a rockery that led to two pools planted with Nymphaeas, and at the back of these were out- crops of stonework gay with Alpines in flower. The group was completed with a bog garden and several feeds of flowers cut in the turf. In the same tent Messrs. Pipers showed specimens of topiary. (Large Gold Medal.) Messrs. Edward Webb and Son, Stourbridge, were awarded a Gold Medal for a magnificent exhibit of flowers, fruits and vegetables. Arches furnished with Sweet Peas were a feature of this fine collection, which included good Melons, Tomatos, Peas, Cucumbers, Onions, Potatos, and other produce grown from seeds. Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading, had one of the finest non-competitive exhibits in their collection of Sweet Peas, for which a Special Gold Medal was awarded. This magnificent ex- hibit was the feature of the Sweet Pea tent, and included some eighty varieties. Messrs. Dobbie and Co., Marks Tey, were awarded a Gold Medal for Sweet Peas. ' There were ninety vases, representing about 60 varie- ties, including King White ; New Marquis, rosy- mauve ; Ruby Pa.mer, rich ruby red ; Mrs. Mcllwrick, mauve and pink ; Blue Picotee, white, faintly-edged with purple ; and Queen of Spain Spencer, shell pink ; all of which are novelties. This firm also exhibited Violas and Collerette Dahlias. Messrs. W. H. Simpson and Sons, Birming- ham, showed varieties of Sweet Peas, for which a Silver Medal and a Certificate of Merit were awarded. Sweet Peas were also shown by Messrs. E. W. King and Co., Coggesha'l, Essex (Silver-Gilt Medal) ; and Miss Hemus, Upton-on-Severn (Silver Medal). Mr. A. F. Dutton, Iver, Buckinghamshire, showed Carnations. (Gold Medal.) Lady Grey, Enville Hall, Stourbridge, also showed Carna- tions, for which a Silver Medal was awarded. Mr. H. J. Jones, Ryecroft, Lewisham, showed splendid border Phloxes. It was a mas- sive group of fine colours well blended for colour effect, and all the plants were growing in pots. (Gold Medal.) Messrs. Young and Co., Hatherley, were awarded a Silver-Gilt Medal for a grand exhibit of perpetual-flowering Carnations. Messrs. Godfrey and Son, Exmouth, staged Canterbury Bells of a good strain. (Silver Medal.) Mr. William Lowe, Beeston, Nottingham- shire, showed Roses, for which a Silver Medal was awarded. Messrs. Dicksons, Chester, exhibited border flowers on a table space 40 feet long, for which a Silver-Gilt Medal was awarded. Messrs. Forbes. Ltd., Hawick, displayed Pentstemons, Delphiniums, Phloxes, and border Carnations. (Silver-Gilt Medal.) Mr. W. A. Manda, St. Albans, showed hardy Cacti. Ferns, and Orchids. (Bronze Medal.) Miss S. Thompson, Handsworth, exhibited cactaceous plants. (Bronze medal.) Messrs. Jarman and Co., Chard, showed Sweet Peas. Roses. Pelargoniums, and Cen- taureas. (Silver Medal.) Mr. H. N. Ellison, West Bromwich. had greenhouse Ferns in variety. (Silver Medal.) 39 and that details would be circulated in due course. Dr. C. E. Moss introduced the recent dis- coveries of varieties in Britain of certain plants, instancing three varieties of Populus nigra and as many of Alnus glutinosa, Ranunculus ficarire- formis, Primula scotica var., Lyceum barbarum confused with L. chinense, both of which occur, and the Orchids Gymnadenia Wahlenbergii and G. densiflora, both figured by Reichenbach. MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND ORCHID. June 5.— Committee : Messrs. Z. A. Ward (in the chair), H. Thorp, J. Evans, D. McLeod, Dr. Hartley, J. Bamber, C. Parker, G. Weatherby, A. J. Keeling, W. Shackleton, A. G. Ellwood, J. Lupton, J. Cypher, and H. Arthur (secretary). A Large Silver-Gilt Medal was awarded to Mr. R. Ashworth, Newchurch (gr. Mr. Gilden), for a miscellaneous group, and Messrs. Arm- strong and Browji, Tunbridge Wells, for a mixed group. A Larr/e Silver Medal to Mr. A. Warburton, Haslingden (gr. Mr. Dalgleish), for a miscel- laneous group. Silver Medals to Messrs. Cypher and Sons, Cheltenham ; the Liverpool Orchid and Nursery Co. ; and Messrs. A. J. Keeling and Sons, Bradford. Other exhibitors were : Mr. 0. 0. Wrioley, Bury (gr. Mr. Rogers); Mr. Z. A. Ward, Northenden (gr. Mr. Weatherby) ; Col. J. Rutherford, M.P., Blackburn (gr. Mr. Lupton) ; Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Enfield ; and Messrs. Charlesworth and Co. NEW AWARDS. First-Class Certificate. Coelogyne Pandurata variety, from Messrs. Armstrong and Bhown. Awards of Merit. Odontioda Vuylstehe " Ashlcmds " var.; and 0. Verlumis, both the property of Mr. R. Ash- worth. LAW NOTE. LINNEAN. June 19. — The President announced that a dinner wou'd take place on Thursday, October 30 next, at 7 p.m., to inaugurate the new session, RAILWAY AND CANAL COMMISSION. Increased Rates for Garden Produce. In the Royal Courts of Justice, before Mr. Justice Bankes, the Hon. A. E. Gathorne Hardy, and Sir James Woodhouse, Wednesday, July 2, 1913, the S.E. and Chatham Railway Company asked for a day to be fixed for the hearing of their application for leave to raise their rates for merchandise traffic by 4 per cent. Mr. Lynden Macassey, Counsel for the Railway Company, said : Will your lordship permit me to mention the case of the application of the South-Eastern and Chatham Railway Com- pany, the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway Company, and the South-Eastern Railway Com- pany's Managing Committee? As the Court knows, it is an application for an increase of three different kinds of rates, and, acting on the directions of the Court, we published a notice in The Times and various other newspapers, asking all persons who deemed themselves aggrieved by the increase to furnish objections to the Registrar within twenty-one days. In pursuance of that notice, the Registrar, I believe, and the South-Eastern and Chatham Managing Committee have received objections from three persons. One set of objections is sent by Messrs. Elders and Fyffes, Limited. It is a notice to abstain from the proposed increase of rates in respect of banana traffic and certain other kinds of fruit ; another is an objection by the Horticultural Trades Association of Great Britain and Ireland, who object to an increase in rates in the case of trees, plants, and shrubs ; and then there is another general notice of objec- tion from the Corporation of Reigate. As re- gards the first two objections I have mentioned, those of Elders and Fyffes. Limited, and those of the Horticultural Association of Great Britain and Ireland, they seem to me. as far as I can understand them, to be notices rather in respect of through traffic than in respect of the local traffic, to which alone our application to this Court relates. I should tell the Court that under Section 30 of the Act of 1899 we are, of course, precluded from raising our rates on our own line until we obtain the prior approval of the Court. It seems to be suggested by some of these objections that Section oil of the Act of 1899 applies not merely to local rates, but to through rates which are quoted and charged by other companies for traffic on their line on to our line, and in the reverse direction. That, of course, is a view which the Managing Committee do not accept, and, anyhow, it is a view, if there is any issue between the parties on that score, which will not be adjudicated upon by this Court; it will be a matter for the Court of Chancery to restrain the South-Eastern Company, or to grant the complainants any remedy that they think fit. But, so far as this application is concerned, it purely relates to local traffic on the South- Eastern and Chatham Managing Committee's system, and not all local traffic, but local traffic of two kinds — merchandise traffic between com- petitive local stations, and also merchandise traffic by passenger trains— at company's risk and at owner's risk. My application now is to ask the Court to fix a day for the hearing of this application. I am in a little difficulty about the objections by Messrs. Elders and Fyffes and by the Horticultural Trades Association. No doubt we can ascertain between this date and the date which the Court may fix for the hearing what exactly their position is — whether they are object- ing to through rates with this particular traffic, or to local rates. Sir James Woodhouse ; Are they here now? Mr. Veitch : I appear for Elders and Fyffes and for the Horticultural Trades Association. Mr. Justice Bankes : You hear what the learned counsel says, that the objection seems to be with reference to through rates. Mr. Veitch : I do not admit that for one moment. There is nothing in this objection to show that it relates to either through rates or local rates, one or the other ; it applies to both. Mr. Lynden Macassey : No doubt the difficulty arises in this way : There were two notices which were published by the South-Eastern and Chat- ham Managing Committee ; there was first the notice in respect of the increase of the local rates to non-competitive stations, and there was the other notice which was published by them in conjunction with all the other railway com- panies in respect of through traffic. The notices of objection we have heard appear to relate to both those rates, and, of course, my friend is entitled by Act of Parliament to bring, as far as the local rates are concerned, any objection before the Court. It may be a question of con- venience afterwards for the Court to say whether, if there is to be a case for the con- sideration of the increase of local banana rates and also a case to consider the question of the increase of through banana rates, whether both those cases might not more conveniently be dealt with at one and the same time. Mr. Justice Bankes : You are only asking now for an increase in the local rates. Mr. Lynden Macassey : That is all. Mr. Justice Bankes : That would be the only point before us in your application. Mr. Lynden Macassey : That will be so, but, of course, if the question of the increase of the through banana rates is to be raised under the Act of 1894, it would seem to be a little incon- venient that a case involving very much similar circumstances should be tried by the Court at different times. Probably an arrangement might be come to by which both those might be taken by the Court on one occasion. Of course, I can- not bind the advisers of Messrs. Elders and Fyffes. Air. Veitch : Of course, this is a case of very great importance, because, although it is only an anplication of the South-Eastern and Chatham Managing Committee, at the same time it may create a very serious precedent in the case of the other railway companies, who are not obliged to come to this Court in the first instance. Mr. Justice Bankes : That leads me to make this suggestion. I have been looking at the re- cent Act, and that Act contemplates in one of its provisions that this Court would make an order which shall give persons the opportunity of the matter being reconsidered, that it should be an order not necessarily applicable for all time, but 40 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 12", 1915. it should be an order with liberty to apply, or an order, we will say, for a certain number of months. It has occurred to me whether, from the point of view of these objectors, it would suit their case better for the Court to make an order of that kind in the first instance with re- gard to your company, which would give them, of course, an opportunity of replying at any later stage if they were so advised. Mr. Veitch : I am very anxious that the rail- way companies now should justify the increase in rate rather than put upon me some months hence the onus of showing why the Court should re- trace its steps. Mr. Justice Bankes : You wish to maintain your objection. Mr. Veitch : If your lordship pleases. Mr. Justice Bankes : Very well. Of course, that being so, we must deal with it. If you want a decision before the Long Vacation J think you will have to take Tuesday, the 15th. Mr. Veitch : Will your lordship make it two or three days later. In this case we have to go into an enormous number of railway accounts over a series of years, and work of preparation will be very heavy. Mr. Justice Bankes : I quite follow that, but we must, in fairness to the railway company, con- sider this before the Long Vacation if we can. I partly threw out the suggestion I did because I realised the difficulty of presenting this case in anything like detail in the short time at your disposal, but if you want to do it we must do it. I cannot promise the following Monday because I may have to sit in the Court of Criminal Appeal. Therefore, I must begin it that week ; and it is much more convenient for my other work that I should begin on Tuesday, at the beginning of the week, than, perhaps, commence jury work and have to break off and to come here. Mr. Lynden Macassey : May I say this, if it is at all for the convenience of my friend who appears for Elders and Fyffes, that the South- Eastern Managing Committee are quite prepared, as the objection relates only to a specific class of traffic, to defer the increase of rate on that par- ticular class of traffic until such time as the general increase is adjudicated upon in the case of all the railway companies. My friend is ap- pearing, I understand, to support a complaint against other railway companies for an increase of through rates on this particular banana traffic, and it should all be dealt with at the same time. That would enable a modified form of your lord- ship's suggestion to be given effect lo. Mr. Justice Bankes : What I think we had better do is, we had better fix Tuesday, the 15th. and meanwhile you have my suggestion before you, and you have now the offer of the railway company, and if between now and the 15th the objectors think that the best course to take, under all the circumstances, is to allow the railway company, if they make out a prima facie case, of course, to take an order which shall be a limited order — that is to say, shall be without prejudice to the liberty to apply — if they think that the best course, then we can dispose of it without much difficulty in a short time. Mr. Lynden Macassey : Yes, they have my offer on that. Mr. Justice Bankes : I think that will be the best course, then. Sir James Woodhouse : Does your offer apply to all the objectors? Mr. Lynden Macassey : Only one limited class of traffic. Sir James Woodhouse : But there is also the horticultural traffic. Mr. Lynden Macassey : I am quite prepared in that case to make the same offer. Mr. Justice Bankes : Very well, we will fix that day, and you shall all consider your position in the meantime. If the objectors make up their minds that they will not persist in their present objection, but will reserve any objection for some future occasion, they will intimate that to the Registrar, and then we shall know where we stand. Sir James Woodhouse : Of course, I think it is desirable the objectors should understand that the Court should have the fullest assistance as re- gards rtny objections that are going to be taken. If the time is insufficient for that it would be well worth while considering whether the suggestion thrown out by the Court should not be adopted for the purpose of having the matter thoroughly threshed out. Mr. Veitch : Do I understand Mr. Macassey's offer applies also to through rates? I understand the company's construction is that through rates do not come within Section 30 of the Act of union between the two companies. Mr. Justice Bankes : You had better discuss that with him ; I do not think we have any power. You must deal with that by friendly arrangement. Mr. Lynden Macassey : I can give no under- taking on behalf of the other companies who are parties to the through rates. Mr. Justice Bankes : You are not being shut out for all time — that ij to say, it is a mere ques- tion how far Mr. Macassey has suggested the concession ; you must arrange that. All we say is, the date shall be the 15th. You must inti- mate the position you are going to take up through the Registrar. to Corm^pofde Attar of Roses : E. S. You will find particu- lars of the Attar of Rose industry in Bulgaria in Gardeners' Chronicle, April 20, 1912, page 252, where it is stated that the Rose culti- vated in Bulgaria and East Roumelia is a variety of Rosa Damascena, the red Damask Rose. Around the borders of the plantation either a single or double row of a white Rose is usually planted, a variety of Rosa alba ; but the perfume from this variety is not so good as that obtained from the red Rose. Names of Plants : G. H. H. II'. Seedling variety of Heuchera sanguinea. — T . H . It. 1, Hemerocallis flava ; 2, Oenothera fruticosa ; 3, Philadelphus coronaria ; 4, Campanula latifolia ; 5, Tradescantia virginica ; 6, Veronica prenja. — A. W. Williams- 1. Cistus salvifolius ; 2, Cistus corbariensis ; 3, Clematis recta. — /. A. J. Briggs. 1, Rhus canadensis; 2, Pit-tos-ponum tenui- folium ; 3, Cedronella triphylla. — B. T. 1, Cryptomeria japonica ; 2, Cupressus pisifera var. squarrosa ; 3, Cedrus Libani ; 4, Cupressus Lawsoniana var. ; 5, Cedrus Deodara ; 6, Tamarix gallica. — A. W. Roses : 1, Renee Wil- mart-Urban ; 2, Madame Ravary ; 3, Prince de Bulgarie ; 4, Cbeshunt Hybrid ; 5, Exquisite ; 6, Madame Leon Pain ; 7, Tuscany ; 8, Le Progres. — T. Bridge. Rose Paul Lede. — T. Sexton. Roses Mrs. F. W. Flight (pink), Non plus Ultra (crimson). — J. W. 1, Betty; 2, Prince de Bulgarie ; 3, Madame Ravary ; 4, Gustave Griinerwald ; 5, Hugh Dickson ; 6, George C. Waud. — E. B. Hedysarum coro- narium. — W. H. Euston. 1, Campanula per- sicif olia ; 2, Melittis Melissophylluim ; 3, Salvia Horminuni ; 4, Salvia rutilans ; 5, Oxalis flori- bunda. — B. G. Tragopogon pratensis — W. T. and Co. Deschannpsia caeapitosa. — Dublin. 1. 2, Roses too faded to identify ; 3, Geranium ibericum ; 4, Buphthalimuim salicifoliuim ; 5, Linum flavum ; 6, Spiraea Aruncus. — F. E. G.~ Coronilla cappadocica. — .4. B. H. Iris sibirica var. orientalis alba, and Escalkmia hybrid, near exoniensis. — Gardner, (a). White, Lychnis alba ; (b) mauve, L. coronaria. — E. W. Begonia argyrostigma ; 2, Begonia President Carnot. The variety Gloire de Lorraine is affected with "rust" due to the presence of mites. Dip the leaves in tobacco water. — ■ /. 77. 1, Lantana hybrida ; 2, Sedum carneum variegatum ; 3, Diosma ericoides. — A. M., Londonderry. 1, Astrantia major; 3, Claytonia perfoliata. — B. T. A. 1, Vanda parviflora ; 2, Saccolabium bellinum ; 3, Soph- ronitis cernua. F. Z., Rotherfield. 1. Ges- neria tubiflora ; 2, Stachys lanata; 3, Santo- lina incana ; 4. Geranium pratense; 5, Sedum reflexuim ; 5, Sedum album. Peach Leaves : J. T '. The Peach trees are at- tacked by the Shothole fungus (Cercospora circumiscissa). Sipray wdth the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate just as the leaves are expanding, and repeat the operation at in- tervals. A correspondent writing in our pages for October 14, 1905, p. 282, sitated that he had used Campbell's sulphur vaporiser-- against the disease with good results. Peach Stones Splitting : F. G. W. The split- ting of the stones is due to some check to the plants, caused most probably by excessive moisture at the roots early in the season. Next, spring, if the weather proves very wet, cover, the border with spare lights or some other material to ward off the rains. See reply to- J. H., p. 444, vol LIU. Photographing Flowers : E. P. — In reply to your inquiry as to the best apparatus for photographing horticultural subjects, it will be found that a half-plate camera, taking pic- tures 6^ inches by 4j inches, is the most use- ful all-round size, and you should take care- to choose one by a good maker. Rigidity is of' great advantage, also a long extension — viz.,. Jong bellows — so that the front of the camera draws out a very considerable distance. A substantial tripod should be used, and one- which has a long sliding joint, such as the " Ashford " stand. It is almost a necessity to have at least two lenses of varying foci, useful sizes being 8 inches and 12 inches. These need not, for plant photography, be of the very high-priced anastigmat variety, the more modest rapid rectilinear, provided it- gives perfect definition, even though working at only //8. will serve excellently. A shutter is rarely, if ever, required. The plates used should be orthochromatic (or equally colour sensitive, a term which is by no means accu- rate, though useful in the sense in which it is used), and these plates should always be backed to prevent halation or spreading of the high lights. There are many varieties of excellent plates, and it is largely a matter of personal choice which is considered the best. Satisfactory results have followed the use of Royal Standard Orthochromatic plates, using, in addition, a yellow light filter where neces- sary. Personal tuition is the best way of learning how to use the camera, the chief points to master being exposure (which should' always be ascertained by the use of an actinometer) and development. No matter- how excellent the outfit unless the worker is skilful and painstaking no certain and reli- able results can be anticipated. Rose Trees : Delta. The soil mentioned would be suitable for your purpose, especially as you suggest mixing sand and horse manure with it. Do not employ the lowest layer, but some of the stiffer soil, just below the dark loam. Vines : E. H. Your vines are in a very en- feebled condition ; the foliage is not of suffi- cient substance to withstand injury by strong- sunlight. The trouble arises from the roots not being in a suitable medium. The soil may contain too much of some manurial substance ; it may be insufficiently aerated, or it may contain something deleterious. The stronger vines have done better because, not being cut back, they have produced a comparatively large number of leaves which caused a more vigorous root action and enabled them to overcome, unfavourable conditions which were- too much for the weaker vines. Propagating Brambles : G. A. Constant. Reader. The best method of increasing the Loganberry and American Blackberry is to cover the tips of the current year's shoots with light, sandy soil in the autumn. These will be found to root freely the first vear. When sufficiently rooted thev may be detached and planted in good soil in their permanent quarters. Another method of propagation is by layering, but this requires a longer time. Neither of these subjects grow vigorously when raised from seed. Figs Diseased : If. //. The Figs are attacked with Cercospora Bolleana. All diseased leaves and fruits should be collected and burned, and the trees sprayed with diluted Bordeaux mix- ture, which will check the disease. Where the disease is very bad, it is best to root up and burn the trees, afterwards planting new stock in fresh soil. Communications Beceived.— G- and Son~:B- K T. C— C. H.— Bumrrkaig— I. S. E — T. T. A.— G. S.— Journeyman — H. F. — Outside Foreman — Constant Reader— T. L— W. R. R-, Canada— O. F. B— W. I. July 19. 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 41 THE